4 COLLEGIUM
BOSTONIENSE

Tm PADRAIC UA CAS AIDE
M3Í-I0RIAL GOLLdlGTION

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ScAttit-ctinnuAr At^ fAotAtt tucu tei5ir,

1 n-éitvinn.

ÍRÍSH ETHNO^BOTANY

AND THE

Evolution of Medicine in Ireland.

BY

MICHAEL F. MOLONEY,

B.A. (Hon.), R.U.I. , M.B., Ch.B., N.U.I. , L.A.H. (DUBLIN).

DUBLIN:

M. H, GILL & SON, Ltd.

Upper O'Connell Street.

1919

X5 im

mm

^OLUlXjj:^^^^^^ I

^

PREFACE.

IRISH ETHNO-BOTANY AND THE EVOLUTION
OF MEDICINE IN IRELAND.

This book aims to give in outline the evolution of Medicine
in Ireland and to indicate the comprehensive character of
Irish Ethno -Botany. Our country's share in the development
of medical science is unknown, and, therefore, unrecognised.
The names of Graves, Stokes, and Corrigan are undoubtedly
impressed on the annals of Medicine. Yet these men do not
represent the Irish so much as the Anglo -Celtic school.

The medical profession in this country suffers like the rest
of the race from England's pedagogy. Somebody has criticised
the educational system because it ignores the life history of
the subject with which it deals. Not only does it ignore the
life history, but it hides the race history. The exotic educa-
tional tree which the Irish child must climb bears but one
fruit worth having. That fruit grows on a graft so carefuUy
placed that it hides the poisonous nature of the tree itself.
Education without Nationality is, however, no less absurd
than Education without Religion.

In this book I have endeavoured to indicate the wealth
now lying hidden in the Gaelic nature creeds, and look forward
with hope to the day when " Nature, the sombre and veiled
companion of the children of unfaith," will become " the
revealed and laughing nurse of the children of belief."

a2

The character of this» work necessarily means obligation to
many sources. Grateful acknowledgment is expressed to all,
and especially to 'Liam O'Meehan for his valuable aid in
elucidating the Irish nomenclature.

mi re,

tniceAt Ó ITlÁotiDoninAij.

1 iiT)éifii:) ITltiitiAri,
1919.
(Dungarvan, Co. Waterford.)

IRISH ETHNO-BOTANY

AND

THE EVOLUTION OF MEDICINE IN IRELAND,

Part I. — Irish Ethno-Botany.

Sections : —

(I.) Introduction.

(II.) The Native Materia Medica of Vegetable Origin.

(a) The Land Flora.

(b) The Marine Flora.

Part II. — The Evolution of Medicine in Ireland.

Sections : —

(I.) Pre-Christian or Druidic Period.

(II.) Early Christian.

(III.) The Hereditary Physicians of the Septs or Clans.

(IV.) The Rise of a Medical Profession in Europe.
Introduction of Continental Methods.

(V.) Mediaeval Guilds, Corporations, and Chartered
Bodies.

(VI.) Private Medical Schools.

(VII.) Obstetrics in Ireland.

(VIII.) "Trinity," "The CoUeges," and "The
Universities of the present day."

>.

IRISH ETHNO-BOTANY.

INTRODUCTION.

Out of the shades of history and from the babel of tradition
we must collect the fragments that will serve to build the
Ethno -Botany of the Celts.

The religion of early Ireland consisted largely of nature
worship.

The primitive Celt sought ever3rwhere for An Ti Ta (He
who is). As a follower of the Druids, he worshipped groves,
and held in veneration the oak and the mistletoe. The moun-
tains, rivers and seas claimed his attention, and were objects
which called forth his greater Naturism. These again he
peopled with Naiads, Dryads, Fauns and Fairies. His pan-
theon extended " to the seas around and to the skies above."

These pagans were not barbarians, and Christianity crys-
tahsed rapidly out of the flux. The Druids taught them the
immortality and transmigration of the soul, but animism
mainly formed their naive philosophj?-. The religion of the
country, then, was an indefinite mysticism, and with nature-
worship as the dominant devotion, the transition to Chris-
tianity was accomplished with ease.

These pagan " listeners in the woods " had actually blazed
the trail for their more dogmatic yet very similar followers.
The first Irish Christians lived their lives and loved their
Coim-óe r\A nT)Aoine (Lord of Folk) at the feet of nature.
St. Columban, like his predecessors, sensed the Sabbath of
the woods and fields, and tells us that his profession was " to
be always on the alert to find God in nature."

^*

The early literature of the country, reflecting the naturism
of the times, is largely a nature hymnal. Marbhan's shieling
in the wood had a lure and a charm greater for him than the
palace of his princely brother Guaire. In the swineherd's
reply to the prince's surprised demand : —

" Oh, Marbhan, Oh, hermit, why dost thou sleep abroad,

thy head upon a floor of pine rather than upon a

quilted couch ? "

we get the true note of sylvan ascetism. (This poem is said to

have been written in the tenth century and refers to seventh

century practice).

The anchorite and monk, having penetrated the fastnesses
of nature, brought forth material and spiritual wealth. The
traditional knowledge of the hereditary physicians of the
septs or clans concerning the actions and uses of our native
herbs is a portion of this wealth. We have no less an authority
than Van Helmont for the wonderful results accomplished
by these hereditary healers, who were acquainted with and
used the materia medica of their own country. The Irish
herbalists of to-day are, in the vernacular, " knowledgable
persons," mostly women, who possess a smattering of our
folk botany. The vicissitudes of the nation have retarded
the transmission of this knowledge until it is well nigh lost
in the wilderness whence it was gained.

Oui nature heritage is rich. We are modern mystics despite
our dogmatic religion. We believe that we are well within our
rights when we protest against the attitude of some who would
throw contempt on all learning that does not emanate directly
from the laboratory. Science, they say, has shaken off the
trammels of tradition, and it is the fashion to deride Empiri-
cism. The triumphs of empiricism, however, cannot be gain-
said. Our concern here is not to glorify the herbalist or the
homoeopath, and certainly not to decry orthodox medicine.
But somehow it seems that the ethno -botany of the Red-

9

Indian and Romany tribes claims the attention of our thera-
peutists and pharmacologists, while that of the Celt is
neglected and unknown. Is it not possible that autocratic
science has caused us to over-look an Irish Mendel, or relegated
to oblivion many a herb with virtues just as magical as those
possessed by the Lusmore ? At all events it is not too much
to hope that a study of the Ethno -Botany of the Celts allied
with the Pharmacology of to-day may win back some of the
fame of the Irish Physicians of the long ago, and help at the
same time the common cause of humanity.

Some would perhaps think that the English and Cymric
folk botany provides all the material that is necessary in this
particular field of research. And it is true that the flora of
Ireland is on the whole a reduced British flora. Yet we have a
number of species very rare or altogether unknown in Great
Britain. Besides, just as we are a distinct national entity,
so we possess a specific herb lore, and one which will bear
comparison with that of any other country.

There are many reasons why the study of these Celtic
nature creeds should prove interesting. Ireland has acted
missionary to many lands, and early medicine and religion
went hand in hand. From the economic view point alone
Irish folk botany is worthy of attention. The knowledge of
vegetable dyes is proved by the variety and richness of colour
schemes exhibited in articles of apparel, and above all in the
illumination of manuscripts.

Again, if considered from the educational standpoint, this
naturism is a spiritual inheritance which should not be denied.
A study of this native flora in his own tongue will enable the
student to inherit some of the scientiflc, literary, aesthetic,
and religious possessions of the race.

Recent world events have given to natural science
the prominence which it deserves in any educational
curriculum.

10

The system adopted as the basis of the following account
of Irish herbs is in accordance with modern scientific practice.
The herbs are arranged in their natural orders, the botanic
name being placed first, then follow the English and Irish
equivalents.

For the convenience of readers who may not be conversant
with scientific terminology, in addition to the botanic index,
English and Irish indices are provided.

The work as it now stands is necessarily incomplete, and
the author would feel grateful to any reader who would furnish
him with the Irish names of herbs not now included in this
book. It is therefore to be hoped that should a further edition
be called for, the book will then represent, in full, the culture
and wealth of our native herb-lore.

11

THE NATIVE MATERIA MEDICA OF
VEGETABLE ORIGIN.

THE LAND FLORA.

RANUNCULACEAE.

Thalictrum Alpinum. Alpine meadow rue. Uuit) (RuIda)

Thalictrum collinuni. Lesser meadow rue. Unit) Xíqa^.
Thalictrum flavum. Meadow rue. Ku\X) léAriA.

Interually antispasmodic, and were given in " falling

sickness."
Anemone Nemorosa. Wood Anemone, luf ha ^-^oite ; Co^At

T)eAf\5 ; TleAt) Coitte.
Recommended for a " cold " in the chest ; water passages,

and as a stimulating application to indolent sores.
Ranunculus aquatilis vel circinnatus. Water Crowfoot, put)

tJifce ; pteAnn tlifce; Lion wa nAttAnn.
Ranunculus Flammula. Lesser Sjpearvjort. ÍAf ai|\ téAriA.
Ranunculus Lingua. Great spearwort. ^^-^f^ií^ téAriA.

Both of these, the lesser and the greater spearwort, are

occasionally the cause of poisoning in cattle ; the latter

was formerly used as a cure for swine fever.
Ranunculus Auricomus. Goldilocks. ^\\ua^^ ^^^u^\(e ; '^Ai[KX)tu]-'

riA TTIoriA.
Ranunculus Acris. Meadow Crowfoot. CeAfxbÁn peói|\.
Ranunculus repens. Sitfast. peAjvbÁn.
Ranunculus Bulbosus. Bulbous Crowfoot or Butter-cup. puit

UAtniAn ; Unite UAttriAn.
The previous three, Acris, Repens, Bulbosus, are recom-
mended for " stitches " and St. Anthony's fire.
Ranunculus Ficaria. Lesser Celandine. SeAfXfVAij ; 51^^^"

A-pcÁin.
An ointment was made from the plant for use in the

treatment of piles.

12

Caltha Palustris. Marsh Marigold. t3eÁ|\nÁn t)eAtcAine ;
pUibAi|\fin ; ttif t)iiit)e t)eAtcAine ; TliAfc-t>tÁt Oj\t)A.
The herb of the May Day festival. Associated more
with divination and magic than therapeutics. Gar-
lands were made of it to protect the cattle and
produce from the evil influence of fairies and witches.

Aquilegia Vulgaris. Columbine. Itif ati Cotuim ; C|\tibA
Leifin.

Aconitum Napellus. Monkshood. T)acaóa T)iit).

The Monkshood and Columbine are not true natives.
The Monkshood is very poisonous and very rare. The
Columbine is frequently found " wild."

NYMPHAEACEAE.

Nuphar Luteum. Yellow Water-lily. tDiteog bÁi-óce ti)uit)e ;

CAbÁn Ali)Ann.
Nj'mphaea Alba. White Water-lily. T)iiilleó5 (biteój) bÁróue

t)ÁTi ; Ciii|\inín t)Ári.

PAPAVERACEAE.

Papaver Somniferum. Opium Poppy. CoT)tAiT)íii ; C|\oniii}f ;
pAipíri ; luf An Ceo Ait.
Has established itself in some parts as a " native." The
juice coming from incisions made in the capsule when
dried constitutes opium.
Papaver Rhaeas. Corn Poppy. CAitteAc T)eAH5 ; "blÁc tia
int)ot)Ac ; Caiíicííi.
The petals are used as a colouring agent. A syrup made
from the petals is useful as an anodyne expectorant.
Glaucium Flavum. Yellow horned Poppy. t)Á|A|Aó5 Riiat).
Chelidonium majus. Celandine. Iaca ceAnn|\tiAt) ; Aonf cot.
Is a purgative and diuretic ; an ingredient in cancer
cures, and recommended for corns.

FUMARIACEAE.

Fumaria officinalis. Common Fumitory. T)eACAc UAln'iún ;
CAtnÁn SeA-pfiAij ; T)eA|\5 UAlniAn ; 51*01 í^í-^^''-
Given as a decoction in skin affections, especially to
infants with scalp trouble.

13

CRUCIFERAE.

Cheiranthus Cheiri. Wall Flower, luf An "DaILa ; tiif leAc
An cSAttinAiX).
The flowers were used (a) steeped in oil as an anodyne and
stimulating liniment. (6) As an infusion (one oz. to one
pint of water) for nervous troubles. The flowers con-
tain eugenic acid and caryophyllin.

THE CRESSES.

Nasturtium Officinale. Watercress. t)iotA|\ ; t)io|\A|\.

Nasturtium Sylvestre. Woodcress. "biotA|A CoitteAt).

Nasturtium Palustre. Marshcress. t)iotA|\ Cti|AfVAi§.

Nasturtium Amphibium. Water Radish. ITIeACAn iiA^uim
uifce.

Barbara vulgaris ^

,, intermedia >Winter Cress. U-f\eAt3Ac.
,, praecox J

Arabis petraea ^

,, hirsuta yRoch Cress. 5^r ^1^ CAittig (riA CAittige ?)..
,, ciliata J

Cardamine Amara. Bitter Cress. t)iotAn SeAf\ti).
See Cardamine Pratensis below.

All the Cresses possess antiscorbutic properties and were
in great favour in the complaints scurvy and scrofula.
They contain potash and calcium salts, iodine and the
valuable sulphocj^anide of allyl, as well as iron. The
cultivated varieties of Nasturtium were introduced
from France into Ireland, as is indicated by the names
given to those herbs. The garden cress was known as
^A^X GiotA-fA and "DiotA-ft $A|\t)A, and the " town " cress
as t)iolAtv PíAAnntAc, " town " being an English cor-
ruption for the French tonne, or enclosure. The Cress
has lost favour in the Ireland of to-day owing to the
introduction of the other varieties of vegetables. The
Nasturtium is still used as a table decoration for the
blanc mange made from Carrageen Moss ; a sprig or
flower being used much as the holly is in the Christmas
pudding. The combination of the Nasturtium with
Carrageen Moss is certainly excellent from the scientific
view point. No better article could be placed in the

14

dietary of the consumptive than the Carrageen, which

is nutritious, demulcent, and has an iodine content.

The sulpho cyanide of allyl in the nasturtium is again

coming into vogue in the treatment of phthisis.
Card amine Pratensis. Ladies Smock, Cuckoo Floiver, or

Bitter Cress, léine 1"hi.ii-f\e ; Seilin CuAice ; 5l-^ó|vÁn.
The flowering tops were used as an antispasmodic remedy

in St. Vitus dance, falling sickness, etc. It flowers on

or about Lady Day.
Cochlearia Officinalis. Scurvy Grass, Spoonwort. CiippÁn ;

The remedy formerly used by all mariners to prevent

scurvy on long voyages. Is said to be useful in the

treatment of spong}^ gums. The habitat of this herb

is maritime and sub-maritime, i.e., it is found on the

coast and along the banks of estuaries.
Erophila Vulgaris. Whitlow Grass. t3iot^f gt^^^S^^^-
Sisymbrium Officinale. HedgcMustard. Luf ah Oi|\; TTIeilife.

Was used for hoarseness, throat and chest complaints.
Sisjmibrium Sophia. Flixweed. pinéAl. tÍUii|\e.

Formerly used for dysentery or flix, hence the name.
Sisymbrium Alliaria. J ack-by-the-liedge, or Garlic Mustard.

'^Á^x^X.eó-^ CoitteAt) ; t)ó CuinneAtt.
Brassica Nigra. Black Mustard.\ p^^^.^^^^ X)ume.
Brassica Alba. White Mustard. j^ ! ' -
Brassica Sinapis. Charlock. ppAifeAc J^t^^ '> ^^f i^^ Si'it

m'bui'óe ; Cii|v-f\Án t)iiit)e ; Tlóinín t3tiit)e.
Both are official in the B.P. The seeds of both collected

from cultivated plants form the mustard of commerce

when mixed and pulverised.
Capsella Bursa Pastoris. Shepherd's Purse, liif An SpAfÁin ;

Luf Co 'CAT) riA PgLa ; S|\ái'0Íti ; Luitt riA nAofÁn.
Was used in hoemorrhages, also as diuretic and

emmenagogue. Is said to contain an alkaloid

" bursine."
Senebiera Coronopus. Sioine's Cress. SlÁninf riA llluc ;

pociA ; Cl,At)tAc 'biii'óe.
Lepidium Latifolium. Dittander. \ -i ^^^^ ^^, íSh^i. ..^
Lepidmm Campestre. Fep'perwort. j
Thlaspi Arvense. Pennycress. Pj\AifeAc riAgCAoiAAc; P|\AifeAc

pi Alt).

Crambe Maritima. Sea-Kale. pjAAif eAc ha TinA|\A ; P|\Aif e^c

Raphanus Raphanisturm. Wild Radish. XWqacaw Kai"oi5 ;
Cu^ifvAri T)eA-|A5.

Raphanus Maritimus. Sea Radish. ITIeACAn 11lA|tA.

One herbalist whom I have met uses one variety of radish
in an ointment as a cure for " evil," and as it is col-
lected from a stream this is probably the Water Radish
N, amphibium, vide supra.

Cochlearia armoracia. Horse Radish. ITSeACAn Gac ; ITIeACAn
tlA^tiim ; tlif ce t)e^tA riA mt)|\ÁCA|A.
Used internally in the form of sauce made with
milk, as a condiment externally applied as a counter-
irritant.

RESEDACEAE.

Reseda Lutea. Wild Mignonette. X)ume XWoy^.

Reseda Luteola. Dyers' Weed. 1luAt)ciri ; 1xi.iAt)cÁn t3tiit)e.

BERBERIDEiE.

Berberis Vulgaris. Barberry. tDAfvbfó^.

A decoction of Sulphur and Barberry bark in Stout is
used with good effect for Jaundice, both in veterinarj^
and human subjects.

CISTINEAE.

HeHanthemum Guttatum."^

Shotted Rock Rose. \^ ^^ ^ . ^ ..^ca^^^^^.

Helianthemum Vmeale. j < " -

Hoary Rock Rose. J
Both of these are said to have been used in the treatment
of shingles or wild fire (Herpes Zoster).

VIOLACEAE.

Viola Palustris. Marsh Violet. ^

Viola Odorata. Sweet Violet. \

Viola Hirta. Hairy Violet. )- SaIcuac ; CogAl 5o|\tn.

Viola Arvensis. Field Violet. \

Viola Sylvatica. Wood Violet. J

15

Viola Canina. Dog Violet. pAtiAigf e ; "biot) a Leitei-o.
Viola Tricolor. Wild Pansy. ^^ox^mÁv^ Sqa\<\^a\% ; ^oi^i^íi^ ',

SAtCUAC (?).

Viola Lutea. Mountain Pansy, ^o^f ^í^ Stéit)e.

The general rendering for Violet in Irish is S-AtcuAc ;
other terms are C05AL ^oiAtn ; ^OT^^"'^!^ » Eo^T^^^^> "imt.

The explanation of how this flower was named SAtcuAo
is in doubt. Some suggest that the literal translation
is Cuckoo's Heel, or stocking. This leads us to the
extraordinary resemblance to a miniature bird which
can be contrived by removing the calyx and corolla
ofí the flower. The stigma then forms a head and
neck, the anthers a golden flecked breast with their
tongues protruding like green wings.

Another interpretation is that the spur of the violet
resembles the old Irish drinking horn (Cuac). This
modest little flower is rarely used medicinally nowadays
It was formerly used as an ingredient in cancer cures,
and was in great repute for skin affections, especially
those of childhood.

A laxative sj^rup was made from the whole herb and given
internally.

FOLYGALACEAE.

Polygala vulgaris. I ^^ ^^ t)Ainne ; BtúitieAC ; TIa

Milkwort (genus), y X)e^x<úv^mrúm.

Polygala serpyllacea. J

Was used by nursing women to increase the flow of milk.

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

Saponaria Oflicinalis. Soapwort. Itif Ati cSiAbinnn ; '^AfX)Án
C-peA^Ac ; Luf ticcA.

Saponin is the active principle of the herb and exists
in all parts of the plant, root, leaves, and flowers.

The herb was used on the Continent for syphilis. The
chief use to which the herb was put in Ireland was the
treatment of inflammation of the lungs, hence the nams
tuf tJccA, herb of the chest. It was the soap of mendi-
cants.

17

Silene Cucubalus. Bladder Campion. ~\

Silene Maritima. Sea Campion. I Coi|\eÁn CoHteAc

Silene Anglica. English Catchfiy. V (Coitij ?) ; Cí|\eÁti

Lychnis Vespertina. White Campion. C01I15.

Lychnis Diurna. Red Campion. J

Lychnis Flos-cucuh. RaggedRobin. tuf SiCoa; ptti|\nACtiAióe.

Lychnis Githago. Corn Cockle. \.mX) \.ao^X)qaq. ; Cq-^ai.

Is a common weed in corn fields, since its seeds are poisonous
their mixture with grain may have serious results.
Cerastium Glome ratum. "^ Mouse Ear. CttiAf Iiac ; CtuAf
,, Triviale. > t-ucói^e ; CtuAf Luc ; tuf

,, Arvense. J niróe ; tuf wa tTliol.

Stellaria Media. Chickweed. piiot).

Contains Potash Salts. Was formerly given for rheu-
matism. Is now given only to moulting cage birds.
Stellaria Holostea. Greater Stitchwort. UuiixfeAc; Utif\fAf\|VAin.
Stellaria Graminea. Lesser Stitchwort. UuiAf Ai|\|\inin.

Both contain silica, and, as the name indicates, were used
for " stitches " and the j)ains of muscular rheumatism.
Spergula Arvensis. Corn Spurrey. CiuAin tin ; Cti|\|vÁn Lin ;
Ctúli)Án.

HYPERICINEAE.

There are several varieties of Hypericum native in Ireland.
The varieties given below occor most frequently.
Hypericum Androsaemum. Tutsan. íTleAf Uui|\c AttcA.
The reason why this flower received the title " Rose of
Sharon " is obscure. It is known to all herbalists,
and is used by them internally and externally in a
variety of affections. The chief use in the past for this
herb was as a cleanser of punctured wounds. The herb
is given internally as a diuretic.
Hypericum perforatum. "] St John's Wort, tuit) Coin t)Aif ce;
,, pulchrum. I ttif Cotuimcitte ; Attuf lT1ui|Ae ;

,, dubium. y t)eAtntiAt) t)oineAnn (Common) ;

,, tetrapterum. "be^tntiAt) 'pif\eAnn (Square

stemmed) .
The St. John's Wort of England is in Ireland associated
with the Blessed Virgin and St. Coluimcille as weU as
St. John. The herb is recommended by the chief

B

18

herbalist in County Waterford as an excellent remedy
for " an airy fit," i.e., to dispel the clouds of melan-
cholia and other forms of insanity.

MALVACEAE.

Althaea Officinalis. Marsh Mallow. te-AtfiAc ttlui^e.

Malva Sylvestris. Common Mallow. ITIitrheACAn ; "Ltif tiA

rriiot xwó\< ; UcAf (Ocof) ; ticAf ^lA-oAin.
Malva Ro tun difolia. Dwarf Mallow. tlcAf ^|\AnncAc.

The herbs are used internally as demulcent remedies for

coughs and hoarseness. An ointment made from the

root is still in demand as an emollient for rubbing into

painful and stiff joints.

LINEAE.

Linum Catharticum.

Purging Flax. TTliof ac ; CAotAc.

Fairy „ lion riA m'DAn Sit)e ; lllionntiAC.

Dwarf ,, tion beAj;.

This is the indigenous variety which occurs in abundance
in all divisions of Ireland. It is said that when
boiled with the flower end uppermost the infusion
prepared wiU promote vomiting. When the flov er end
is placed in the water with stem uppermost purging is
produced by the infusion. If purging and vomiting
are the desired effects the herb is placed accordingly.
This herb, boiled in beer, has been given with good
effect in Jaundice.
Linum Usitatissimum. Flax, lion.

The Flax grown for linseed and linen manufacture.
Flax Seed, Siot Utiif ; llóf-tíon. Used in Menorrhagia.

Tow o ' Coarse Flax. "bunAo ; t)uA|AAc.

Is used with white and yolk of egg by bone setters and
makes excellent splinting material when supported
with leather.

GERANIACEAE.

Greranium Sanguineum. ^

Bloody Crane's Bill. 1 C-tAeAccA6T)eA|A5 ; CjAot» pfveAcAm ;
Geranium Mo Ue. [ eAiAbAttKioj (Stinking C.)

Soft Crane's Bill. J

19

Geranium Dissectum. Dove's Foot. C|\ot) Cottiim ; Cfiexi^^-ftAc.

Geranium Robertianum. Herb Robert. C^voG T)ex^|\5 ; KuiteAt
tliog ; Hi An Hi 05.
Known to every farmer in Ireland as CtAot!) T)eA|\5 and
said to be an infallible remedy for red-water in cattle.
An intelligent diabetic was recommended to take an
infusion made of C\^ot> T)eA|\5 (a handful of the herb
to one pint of water) in wineglassful doses night and
morning, and tells me that it has put new life into him.
He has tried manj^ a doctor's bottle previous to this,
and was always a rigid adherent to the recognised
dietary.

Oxalis Acetosella. Wood Sorrel. Saitia-o Content) ; SeAm|\ó5
CoiiteAt) ; SeALt)ó5 piot)A ; "biteój ha nOAn.

ILICINEAE.

Ilex Aquifolium. Holly. CinteAnn.

CELASTRINEAE.

Euonymus Europaeus. Spindle Tree. peotiAf ; Oi|\-e.

A characteristic shrub of the limestone pavements in
Ireland. Euonymin, the resinous principle of the berry,
is purgative, emetic, and a liver stimulant. The bark
also contains euonymin and has been used to destroy
lice in children's hair.

RHAMNEAE.

Rhamnus Catharticus. Purging Buckthorn. KArfTojAAigeAn ;

in Alt) e t)|\éAn.

Is rare in Ireland. The berries are powerfully purgative.

Rhamnus Frangula. Alder Buckthorn. IxAtu-ojAAigeAn 1T!in.

Is still rarer in Ireland than Rh. Catharticus. The cascara

of the shops is a preparation made from an American

Buckthorn (Rhamnus Persiana). An efficient substitute

can be made from our native Rhamnus Frangula bark,

but this latter has the disadvantage of griping.

LEGUMINOSAE.

Ulex Europaeus. Gorse, Whin. AiceAnn.

The flowers were used to produce a yellow dye.

20

Cytisus Scoparius. Broom. '^^o\.cAc, ; ^iotcó^.

The active principles Scoparin and Spartein are powerful

diuretics and are contained in the " tops " or terminal

twigs. The remedy is given in dropsy of all kinds,

sometimes alone and sometimes combined with other

herbs. The usual plan is to boil down a handful (one

ounce) of the tops in a pint of water, until the quantity

is reduced to \ pint. Strain, and give a wineglassful

three times daily. In the old days the jiotcAc held the

place of the modern disinfectant, the process was a

fumigation of the premises by burning the broom

twigs in the centre of the affected area.

Ononis Repens. Rest-harrow. SfveAtig "OogA ; pnéACA

(Pf\éACA) UAi|\n5ce ; pneutii (P|AéArh) tA-iA-fAAin^te.

Wild Liquorice. l.iocótAtiif ; CA|\f\A ílleAiA ; Ca|A]aa Tllitif .

The juice expressed from the leaves was employed as an

emollient application for chapped and rough hands.
The juice of the root is sweet and viscid.
Melilotus Ofiicinalis. Melilot. VC\QAloX)At ; C|\úibíní Ctnc ;
ptúi|Aín SeAngÁn.
A homcEopathic remedy for epilepsy and nervous
headache.
Trifolium Pratense. Red Clover. SeAtnA|^ CApAiit.

An ingredient in mixtures to " clear " the blood.
Trifolium Arvense. Hare's Foot Trefoil. Cof mAxx^e At.
Trifolium Repens. White or Dutch Clover. SeAxr\A\<t)Ár\.
Trifolium Dubium. Shamrock. SeAmfvó^.

The vexed questions as to which of the Clover tribes is
the Shamrock, and the claim of Oxalis Aceto sella
{Wood Sorrel) to the title, is by no means settled.
There are just a dozen varieties of clover native to
Ireland : two of these dispute the title of national
emblem. The claimants are Trifolium Repens and
Trifolium Dubium vel Minus. Both share the honour
of being worn on St. Patrick's Day, but as the leaves
of T. Repens are marked with a white spot and the
smaller forms are preferred, T. Dubium is undoubtedly
the Shamrock of to-day.
Despite the statement, " there appears to be absolutely
no evidence that this species was at any time used by
the Irish as their national badge " {Cybele Hibernica,

21

Ed. ii.), some authorities still hold that the Wood Sorrel
(Oxalis Acetosella) is the true Shamrock {see Gerani-
aceae). The three, Trifolium Re pens, Dubium, and
Oxalis Acetosella, are found in all countries from the
Mediterranean to the Arctic Circle.
Anthylhs Vulneraria. Lady's Finger. lTleói|\ TTUnfe ; Cofi.n

Ornithopus Perpusillus. Bird's-foot. CfúbA Cín.

Lotus Corniculatus. Bird's Foot Trefoil. t)Áf\|\ An tfiiftéin.

Astragalus Hypo glottis. Purple Milk Vetch. btioccpifeAm.

Said to increase the milk supply in goats.
Vicia Hirsuta. Hairy Tare. peAf ai^x An xX|\l3Aif .
Vicia Cracca. Tufted Vetch. peAf ai|\ nA t/uc ; peAf ai|a tuc

nA Coitte ; pif eÁnAc Uni^.
Vicia Sepium. Bush Vetch. peAfAit\ fiAi^Ain.
Lathyrus Pratensis. Meadow Vetchling. peAf ai|\ i3tiit)e ;

pif ti)tiit)e.
Lathyrus Macro rrhizus. Heath Pea. pif Sléiii)e.

The tubers of this are eaten, and in Scotland used to

flavour whiskey.

ROSACEAE.

Prunus Spinosa. Blackthorn. 'OixAigeAn. Sloe. Am^wq.

Sloes are considered unwholesome by all herbalists of the

present day. They are powerfully astringent.
Prunus Avium. Wild Cherry. Si|\if ; Seitin piAX)Ain.
Prunus Cerasus. Dwarf Cherry. Seitin.
Spiraea Ulmaria. Meadow Sweet. A^y.^^QAX> ttiAc-fiA ; ttif

CneAf ; Cfviof ConctitAinn, (S. Galicifolia.)
Was used as a " sweetener " for scouring milk churns.

The root was mixed with copperas (sulphate of iron)

for producing a black dye.
Spiraea Filipendula. Dropwort. Inf b|\AonAc ; ^\\.eAX)Ár\.
Rubus Idaeus. Raspberry. SugcfxAot).
Rubus Fructicosus. Blackberry. SmeA|\ Dnt? (Fruit).

Bramble, tDfif eó^ ; 'Ofif ; SceAc (Plant).
The roots were used to furnish a black dye.
Rubus Chamaemorus. Cloudberry. GitjAeóg; l_iif nAn-Gittxeóg.
Rubus Caesius. Dewberry, gofvm tDeA^vc.
Rubus saxatilis. Stone Bramble. Siig nA mt)An fllin.

22

Dryas Octopetala. Mountain Avens. ITlACAt Stéit)e ;

'Lectin .
Geum Urbanum. Wood Avens. TriACAt Content).

Is given for " chills."
Fragaria Vesca. Strawberry. Su^-UAttfiAn ; UlAccfmg. Wild

Strawberry. Sú5-tÁi|\ ; Oi5t\eó5.
Potentilla Fragariastrum. Barren Strawberry. Stig-UAtniAti

SeAfc.
Potentilla Reptans. Creeping Cinquefoil. CÚ15 l1léA|\ Tiltiit^e.
Potentilla Tormentilla. Tormentil. t)eneT)in ; \.eAr\A\<CAC ;

HeAtririAit) ; "Luf ha CcoLaua ; t)ÁiA-fv t3|\AonÁTi wa gCon.
This, in conjunction with Yellow Pimpernel, is used as a

hj^pnotic for Insomnia.
Potentilla Anserina. Silverweed. biMOfclÁn.
Potentilla Palustris. Marsh Cinquefoil. CÚ15 bileAc tlif ce ;

SeAm-fvó^ C1Í15 l3iteAC.
Alchemilla Vulgaris. Lady's Mantle. "bfAcóg ttltii|\e; pAUÁinj;

Tntii|\e ; X)eÁ]\r\A tTltii-|\e ; Coca p|\eAf ac ; LeACAc

t3iiit)e.
This herb, like Saxifrage and Knawell, is also called

TniotiÁn ThuitAe from its supposed curative properties

in urinary calculus. It is also an astringent, owing to

its tannin content.
Alchemilla Alpin a. Alpine Lady's Mantle. UiAufSAri.
Agremonia Eupatoria. Agrimony. tTléifiín ua ITlÁj ; geiftDiteAC ;

Ai-p5eAT)Án.
Was used in preparation of a lotion for wounds.
Poterium Sanguisorba. Salad Burnet. t)iteAc tof cÁm ; "Ltif

ATI tlitte.
Pyrus Aucuparia. Mountain Ash ; Rowan. CAontAtiri*;

puinnfeój CoitteAt) ; ttnf .
The berries, contrary to popular belief, are edible. The

leaves contain prussic acid and are, therefore,

poisonous. An infusion of the leaves is a popular

remedy for rheumatism (an oz. to one pint) ; dose, one

wineglassful. The leaves, when burned and inhaled,

are said to be useful in asthma.
Pyrus Malus. Crab Apple. t1t)Att Pia-daiti ; AtDlACAn ;

Used with buttermilk for relaxed throat and hoarseness.
*A famous tree in Irish legend.

23

Crataegus Oxycantha. Hawthorn. SceAc JeAt.
The native roses are listed below : —

(1) Rosa spinosissima. The Burnet Rose. Common.

(2) ,, involuta. The Unexpanded Rose. Uncommon.

(3) ,, mollis. The Softleaved Rose. Rare.

(4) ,, Hibernica. The Irish Glabrous Rose. Very rare,

N.E. only.

(5) ,, tomentosa. The Downy Leaved Rose. Frequent.

(6) ,, rubiginosa. The Sweet Briar Rose. N.E., frequent.

(7) ,,. micrantha. The Small-flowered Sweetbriar,

Cork and Kerry.

(8) ,, sepium. The Bush Rose.

(9) ,; Canina. The Dog Rose. Common.

(10) ,, glauca. Rare.

(11) ,, arvensis. The Trailing Rose. Fairly frequent.

(12) ,, sabina. Sabine Rose.

Rose. — The various Irish renderings are : — tlóf ; Con|\óf ;

CocÁn ; plúi|\ín, -]mt. pífvt)|\if (Wild Rose Tr-í).
Corn Rose — CÁiticín ; CAMteAc T)eA|\5 ; "btÁc riA mt)o'OA6 ;

ttii-IA^neAC 'Óeúfg.
Damash Rose — CocÁn l,iAt ; Hóf le^ctDAn.
Wild Rose — tlóf X^AX>Am ; 1lóf VC\ax)x,a HtiAit).
Rock Rose — ptiif\ wa 5l^éine.

The Rosa Rubiginosa, or Sweet Briar, is probably the

Rose of Jerusalem, Kof tia \}Am\<\o%V[A V(\u^\<e of which

" Men saw the thorns on Jesus' brow,
But angels saw the roses."

SAXIFRAGEAE.

Saxifraga Umbrosa. London Pride. 5^t)Aifce (CAbÁifce)

T)Aoine incite ; 5^t)Áifce inAt)|\AÍ Kuavo.
Chrysosplenium Oppustifolium. Golden Saxifrage. 5toi|\if.
Pamassia Palustris. Grass of Parnassus. pionnAri t3ÁTi.
Saxifraga Granulata. 'I

Meadow Saxifrage ; and
Saxifraga Aizoides. y tTlionAn TtltiiíAe ; mó|\Án.

Yellow Mountain
Saxifrage.

Ribes Grossularia. Gooseberry. Sp|\iúnÁn ; SpionÁti ; ^fof^i'o '>
Spionó^.

24

R-ibes Rubnim. Red Currant. TlAofAfv T)eAH5 ; SfionAn

Ribes Nigrum. Blijick Currant. tl-Aof a^ tDutt ; StMon^n t)ut) ;

R-ibes Album. White Currant. TlAOf ^tA "bÁn ; S|Mon^r» bÁn ;
T)exi|Acó5 bin.

CRASSULACEAE.

Cotyledon Umbilicus- Veneris. Pennywort. CofVTiÁn leACÁin ;

Co|vnAri CAifit ; luf ha pinjne.
Sedum Telephium. Orpine. l_uf riA "Laoj.
Sedum Acre. TFaZZ Pepper or Biting Stone Crop. 5j\A]:4r\ riA
5CI0C ; lufAijAe r\A SeAn^Án.
Produces vomiting.
Sempervivum Tectorum. House Leek. Uoijtpín ; ttif An
UóiceAn ; Ofp ; Smcin. ^l-^^^'^-^^Sl-^-
Formerly grown on roofs as a charm against fires.

DROSERACEAE.

Drosera Rotundifolia. Round-leaved Sundew. T)eAtcf\uAi'D ;

Luf WA 'peá|\nAi5e.
Drosera Anglica. Great Sundew. T)fúiccín tllónA ; Kóf aw

cSotnif ; CAilíf 1tltii|Ae.
This plant is characteristic of the peat bogs, where it is

found in abundance.

HALORAGEAE.

Hippuris Vulgaris. Mare's Tail. Cáicí Cott-AgÁn.
Myriphyllum Verticillatum. Water Milfoil. ^Uox> tlif ce ;
SnÁice t)Áit)ce ; "LinneAf^Ac.

LYTHRARIEAE.

Lythrum Salicaria. Purple Loosestrife. CpeAccAc ; "beAtAn
X^éAWA ; bjMAn t)-peÁ5 ; tuf r\A SioccAnA ; ConAif e ;
OA-pbAtt Cuicin.
The title C\<eAtJZAt (wound 'plant) would suggest its use as
a wound remedy. I have not met any herbalists who
use it internally or externally at the present day.

25

ONAGRARIEAE.

Epilobium Angustifolium. Rose-bay Willow Herb. Róf

Circaea Lutetiana. Enchanter's Nightshade. ptiinf eAó ;

UMBELLIFERAE.

Hydrocotyle Vulgaris. Marsh Pennywort. ttif pingne

(Cuft^Aig).
Eryngium Maritimum. Sea Holly. CtnteAnn "Z^^a^a.
Sanicula Europaea. Wood Sanicle. t)ot)Án Coitte^t).

Is employed as a haemostatic internally and externally.
Conium Maculatum. Hemlock. iniiintrieA|\ ; CofnÁn p^it ;
"bxMnn e-Ci o c-G ah .
An excellent anodyne poultice is made by mixing the
leaves with linseed meal. Is used also for the cure of
" evil." It is given internally, never alone, but in
combination with other herbs in a variety of diseases.
Smymium Olusatrum. Alexanders, ttif nA n^t^Án T)titi) ;
"LufAfAn 5M^ X)uV).
One of the vegetables formerly cultivated, but now
unknown .
Apium Graveolens. Wild Celery, tuf wa SmAiteóg.
Cicuta Virosa. Water Hemlock. Uj^eAnttif ; 'peAtlAbog ;
X)AtAX)A t)Ári.
Thought to be the poison that killed Socrates. Like
the true Hemlock it is used as a curative poultice in
glandular swellings which have suppurated.
Petroselinum Sativum. Parsley. peijAfit; pionriAf ^Ai^jAAi-oe.

Naturalized on old buildings. Used as a garnish.
Carum Carui. Caraway. CA\<AX)ViAt> ; CeAflDiif ; ttif ttlic
Ctiitnin ; Ainif .
Seems naturalised in parts of Ireland, but is rare.
Slum Latifolium. Water Parsnip. tTleACAn "Uifce.

Is used for scrofulous swelKngs in the neck in combination
with garlic and butter.
Aegopodium Podagraria. Goutweed. ttif An Júca ; tuf An
CAfbtiig.
The leaves are boiled and made into a poultice, which is
applied to the painful parts. Is used also for sciatica.

28

Pimpinella Saxifraga. Burnet Saxifrage. ClAt)|\uf .
Pimpinella Magna. Greater Burnet Saxifrage. ClAt!)|\i;if TTIóf .
Both of these grow on chalky ground, and are said to

increase the milk of cows.
Conopodium Denndatam. Pig -nut, or Common Earth Nut.

Cnó UAtniATi ; Cnúc^nlÁn ; CticA|\tÁn ; Coice-A-pAn

ITltiice ; pfvÁicíní CttitA|VAcÁin.
The roots are roasted and eaten by boys, to whom they

are known as " Fairy Potatoes."
Myrrhis odorata. Sweet Cicely, luf Amteoije.
A garden escape naturalized in a few parts.
Chaerophyllum Temulam. Bough Chervil, tuf riA KiocAc ;

C-AtnÁri ^Att.
Scandix Pecten -Veneris. Shepherd's Needle. C^eA^Ac.
Anthriscus Sylvestris. Cow Parsley. Cof tlif ce.
Foeniculum Officinale. Fennel. IpméAt tiTuice ; luf ah

cSaol
Crithmum Maritimum. Samphire. Luf riAjCriATfi ; CnÁnittif.
Oenanthe Fistulosa. Water Dropwort. Ut\éAnttif "bjAAoriAo.
Oenanthe Crocata. Hemlock Water Dropwort. "CiAéAnttJf

t)|\A0nAC An CujlfAlg.

Oenanthe Phellandrium. Horsehane. ^^^mCA'pAlV,'^x<eAX)Áv{\r\m.
Aethusa Cynapium. Fool's Parsley, peij^fit AtriAit).
Ligusticum Scoticum. Scottish Lavage. SuriAif ; Luf An

tiA^Aifxe ; t-uf An "LujAiiAe.
Angelica Sylvestris. Wild Angelica. "^AltviAnÁn piAt)Ain ;

Cuinneó^ itlige ; C. ttltiit\e.
Peucedenum Sativum. Wild Parsnip. TTleACAn U105 piAiDAin.
Heracleum Sphondylium. Cow Parsniy ; Hogweed. Ctii]M'oin

"ÓÁn ; O'óAiAÁn ; peAttjAAn ; "puAfvAn ; pleAf cÁn ; 'pteAtD-pÁn.
Daucua Carota. Wild Carrot. t)ti|\5oniÁn ; ITItijomÁn ;

Tniot)tticÁn.

ARALIACEAE.

Hedera Helix. Ivy. OmneÁn ; peit)neÁn ; 6i"óeAnn.

Recommended in a bath as an astringent for " soft "
or perspiring feet.

CORNACEAE.

Comus Sanguinea. Dogwood. C|\Ann Coií\néit; Cí\Ann TTIttcófVA.

27

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

Sambucus Nigra. Elder. Ufom ; "buAtcnAit) ; tluif,-e.

The flowers were formerly official in the British Pharma-

copoea. An ointment made from the leaves was a

popular Dublin remedy for piles. Elderberry wine

has been lately recommended for sciatica.

Sambucus Ebulus. Dwarf Elder or Banewort, péit ; péit "Óog ;

lTlottii|\c ; 'ptiot) AW "OAttA ; X)a\X^u\\(Tz ; ltifn^riT)AriA-|\.

Said to grow where battles were fought against the Danes.

Viburnum Opulus. Guelder Rose. An tlóf V^oWvcoac.

Originally introduced from Guelduland in Holland.
Lonicera Pericljnuenum. Woodbine ; Honeysuckle. 'CÁ^t-
peiteAnn ; "péicteóg ; l,tif via tTle-AtA.

RUBIACEAE.

Rubia Peregrina. Madder. Ví\ax)ai[^.

The root contains a red dye, but does not seem to have
been employed for this purpose. The plant is not
common in Ireland, and is aiways found near the coast.

Gahum Verum. Lady's Bedstraw. Hú Th tiif\e ; X)AiAt> Cnif .

Galium Saxatile. Heath Bedstraw. luf tia t)^eAi(K mtfeA-^ ;
tuiti) riA iD'peAfv n^onuA ; VÍ\ax)ai(\ 'p-p^oig.

Galium Palustre. Harsh Bedstraw. Ku An Cu1(\1[\A^^.

Galium Aparine. Goosegrass, Robin-run-the-hedge. '^a\\X)'Iu\' ;

tuf 5 Aft).

There are several other varieties of Galium native to
Ireland, but they are rare and difficult to identify.
The title " Herb of the little m.en " is given to both
Galium Saxatile {Heath Bedstraw) and Galium Palustre
(Marsh Bedstraw). Perhaps to other varieties also.

The Galium Aparine was used as an application to ulcers,
and was especially used for cancerous growths that
had ulcerated surfaces. It was cut up and applied
en masse to the affected surface. The juice was given
internally at the same time.
Asperula Odorata. Wood-Ruff, luf ITIoIac ; íTloteAf .

Used in flavouring wine.
Sherardia Arvensis. Field Madder. t)AtlA Cnif ConoutAnin ;
T)eAfi5 pAitte.

Used as a dye.

28

VALERIANEAE.

Valeriana Officinalis. Wild Valerian, tuf tiA t)Ufi mt)itte;
CAotitAnn CufiAAig. Itif riA "oUtvi tnt)AttÁn.
The volatile oil contained in the rhizome and root is an
excellent remedy for " nervy " and hypersensitive folk.
It is used internally and externally.

DIPSACEAE.

Dipsacus Sylvestris. Teasel. teAT)Án tiof ca ; tuf nA teAT)Áti ;

teA'OÁn An tíc^ifve ; Ltif An púcAt)ói|v.
Scabiosa Succisa. Devil's Bit. 5|Aeiin xi.n T)iAt3Ait; Ot)A-^Ac

tnultAij.
Scabiosa Arvensis. i^^e/<i Scabious. "Do-oac ^ot^tn ; Ctoigne

^ofvmA.

COMPOSITAE.

Eupatorium cannibinum. Hemp Agrimony. CnÁib tlifce ;

tn A|\1i)T) |\A15 eAn .
Solidago Virgo -aurea. Golden Rod. SIaz Ó^]\ ; tuib Ati

pAttf AOf\A ;* tuit!) An Qa^a ; luit) TlAoitri SeÁn.
* The " herb of the palsy " is a well known remed}^

amongst herbalists for what doctors call neurasthenia.

It is said to have worked wonders in cases of general

apathy and depression. There is a certain ritual to be

gone through, however, whilst taking the remedy.

But as some who have benefited by the treatment sst,y,

" These things (i.e., the ceremonies prescribed besides

the actual ingestion of the medicine) are only pishogues.'
Bellis perennis. Daisy, rióinín.

Aster tripolium. Sea Starwort. X^mX) bléine ; tuf 5locÁin.
Erigeron acre. Blue Fleahane. ttif 5o|\tn n^ nX>eAnAtA\\<z'\

i^X^eAncAvo) .
Filago germanica. Common Cudweed. CÁt)tuit) ; ^riAGtuf .
Gnaphalium sylvaticum. Upright Cudweed. tiAtttif t)eÁ5 ;

tocAtt CaoI.
Inula Helenium. Elecampane. AitteAn ; XWeACAn Ailinn.
According to Praeger, an obvious relic of cultivation to

be found in the neighbourhood of the ancient monastic

establishments.

29

Inula salicina. Willow-leaved Inula, ttif T)|téím|\eAc tiA

iiT)eAiiAúAi|icí.
" Confined in the British Isles to the shores of Longh

Derg. ' ' — Praeger .
Inula Crithmoides. Golden Samphire. g^^fSíi^ y Eí^^o^o^Sí^-
Pulicaria Dysenterica. Fleabane. ttif t)tiit)e nA riT)eAnA-

t^if\ci ; Ltif uA gCof CAfvc ; T)|\eAncAiT) T)ibeA|\cx3kC.
Calendula Officinalis. Garden Marigold. X)iÁt 11ltii|Ae ;

tiAcAn ; Ó|v tlltiifve.
Is an escape from cultivation. Was used to impart a

deep colour to butter. Externally it is used in the

form of a lotion for wounds, sprains, and bruises.

Internally it is recommended as a uterine tonic
Achillaea Millefolium. Yarrow, Milfoil. AtA^-\\ UAlniAn ;

Was powdered and used as a snuff in congestive headache,

to draw blood from the nose. Was also recommended

as a cure for toothache, the patient being advised to

chew the leaves. Boyle is said to have worn a

little muslin bag of it as a protective charm against

ague.
Achillaea Ptarmica. Sneezewort. UoiiDe ; CntiAt)ttif .
Anthemis Nobilis, Chamomile. "piogATiAri ; other varietieties : — ■

CAmAn tniontA; "pinéAt 1TIat)|\a. imt.
The flowers on analysis show nine definite compounds.

The synthetic chemistry of Nature is still able to point

the finger of scorn at the products of the laboratories.

Internally the flowers are used as anodyne stupes.

Internally chamomile tea is excellent for the win.dy

dyspepsia of old people.
Chrysanthemum Sergetum. Corn Marigold. btiACAtAti

(t)tiApAnÁn) "buTOe ; "bite 13111136 ; ícDtÁt ÓfX)A.
Is said to diminish sweating.
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. Ox Eye Daisy ; Dog Daisy.

Suit X>A^m ; Hóiriín 1T1ó-|a ; CAfbojÁn.
Matricaria Inodora. Scentless Fever Few. VCieAx>-X)UAt ;

tDeAt) T)-ptiAt) ; tuf TDeAncAn.
Used in uterine irregularities. As a preventative of

insect bites.
Tanacetum Vulgare. Tansy, ttif ha bPfVAnncAc; PfAiiuctuf ;

(Black) tuf riA bpeAcó^.

30

Is said to be useful in expelling intestinal worms. Was a
remedy for gout. Is a popular flavouring ingredient in
" drisheen." The latter is an excellent table delicacy
made from sheep's blood and milk, enclosed in a casing
of sheep gut.

Artemisia Absinthium. Worm Wood. tnojAmoncA; "boiAmoncA.
One of the cures for falling siclaiess. Also used as an
insecticide.

Artemisia Vulgaris. Mugwort. tnujA-pt) ; liAttuf ; "btJACAiÁn
(tiAt) t)Ari ; TnongAc-tneAfgA.
Also used as an anti-epileptic.

Artemisia Abrotanum. Southern Wood. "Ltjf ah cSeAti-
t)tiine; Suf\f\At!)Ári.

Tussilago Farfara. Coltsfoot. Spounc; T)uitteAti)A|\ Spu inn c ;
t)iteó5 Sptunnc ; '^A\.\.Ár\ "^x^eAwwtA^x^ ; IuiId i n-AgAit»

COfACCAC.

The leaves are used for asthma and spasmodic bronchial
affections. Extract of Coltsfoot is an ingredient in
some modern bronchial lozenges.

Petasites Fragrans. Winter Heliotrope. ptújA r\A 5féine ;
5|\éinfeiceAc.

Petasites Officinalis. Butterbur. "botxivAn.

Senecio Vulgaris. Groundsel. 5i^onnLtif ; 5fi3nttjf ; t)tiAóAtÁn
TiA nOAf CA|\Án.
Said to be a vermifuge. Before Castor Oil had attained
its popularity as a safe and efficient purgative for
children it was the practice in Ireland to add a sprig
or two (according to age) of groundsel to the milk,
which was then boiled, strained, and given to con-
stipated babies.

Senecio Jacobaea. Ragwort, or St. James's Wort. t)uA6AiÁr\
'btJi'óe ; peAn UAtiiiAn ; t3otcÁn t3tiit)e ; Ctai-peóg
t)ume.
The leaves were applied to foul wounds and sores of
animals in the form of a poultice. Was not used in
human therapeutics except as an ingredient in applica-
tion for cancer.

Senecio Aquaticus. Marsh Ragwort. {Fairies' Broomstick).
SArhAX) Cufv-pAig.
The pounded leaves were applied as poultice to sup-
purating wounds.

31

Carlina Vulgaris. Carline Thistle. peóóAT)Án tTlin.
Arctium Lappa. Burdock. Cocóit; C\<ax)áx\ (Ctiaidáii) ; tTleACAti

Uoti)Aó ; TTIeACAn T)o5A ; CApój UuAitit.
There are three varieties to be found everywhere in

Ireland, majus, intermedium, minus. This division

relates only to size. Plant contains Inulin, Carbonate

of Potash and Nitre.
Recommended as a blood purifier. Externally was

applied to glandular swellings.
Cnicus Lanceolatus. Spear Thistle. peócAT)Án ; ^orAnnÁn.
Cnicus Palustris. Marsh Thistle. ]reócAT)ÁTi Cti|\HAi5.
Cnicus Pratenses. Bog Thistle. Cttitf\Ári léAHA.
Silybum Marianum. Milh Thistle. t)eÁ|\riÁn X)\^eAC.

Said to stimulate the flow of milk in nurses.
Centaurea Nigra. Black Knapweed. CnApÁn tDtiti) ; ITliitt-óc

X)vCo ; tliATif cot.
Centaurea Cyanus. Corn Blue Bottle. '^o\^mÁn ; luf ^oí^tnAiti ;

Coi|\ce ^ot^tn.
Cichorium Intybus. Chicory, ttif av\ cSnicAijAe; bAffvtiATi

mót\.
Said to be a waif of cultivation, evidently used when

coffee was the prevailing drink.
Lapsana Communis. Nipple Wort. T)uitieó5 (iDiteóg)

'Dfvi5T)e ; T)tiitteó5 ltlAit.

Picris Echioides. Bristly Ox Tongue. 'CeAnjA t)ó ; t)05ttn\
Picris Hie racio ides. "]

Hawk Weed. I tuf r\A SeAttAc; SeA|\ti)Án

Hieracium Pi lo sella. ' ha TTItic.

Mouse Ear Hawk Weed.^

Taraxacum Officinale. Dandelion. CAifeA|\li)Ári (CAifCfeA|Ati)Án);
C — . Caoí T)eA|V5 ; C — . Cof T)eA|\5.

The root contains Taraxcin, Taraxacerin, Inulin, and
Potash. It is best collected in autumn.

Sonchus Oleraceus. Sow-Thistle. t)Ainrie tTluice ; teicif
5eif|\piA*ó ; "btiocc 'peócAt)Án.

Tragopogon Pratensis. Goat's Beard. peAfóg 5At!)Ait\ ;
5Ati)A|\tJtóA ; pinTOij HA TTItJc.

32

CAMPANULACEAE.

Lobelia Dortmanna. Water Lobelia. ptú\< An tocÁin.
Jasione Montana. Sheep's ^Scabious. CaX) ad 'OeAfAin ; CAb

Campanula Rotundifolia. Hare-bell, ttif nAgCoinrite^CAiAAc ;
TnéA|\ACÁn 50 1^^-

VACCINIEAE.

Vaccinium Vitus-Idaea. Cowberry. t)ót)eA|\c ; "biAAicleog.
Vaccinium Myrtillus. Bilberry or Whortleberry. Pf\AocÁn ;

PflAOCÓ^.

Vaccinium Oxycoccus. Cranberry. Cot^nÁn ; ITItiiteog ;
inionó5 ; CtM3ibín.

ERICACEAE.

Arbutus Unedo. Strawberry Tree. C|\Ann Sug-ÚAtriiAin.
Arctostapliylos Uva-Ursi. Bearberry. Itif riA ScAtój.
Andromeda Polifolia. Marsh Andromeda. ]?|\aoc Cu^a^aaij.
Callima Vulgaris. Ling. P^aaoc.
Erica Tetraiix. Crossleaved Heath. PfXAoc An Rtiinnf e ; P|\Aoc

TiAOfCAige.
Erica Cinerea. Bell Heather. P|\Aoc pi|\eAnn.
Erica Mediterranea. Mediterranean Heath. ]?|\aoc CAmó^Ac.
Dabeocia Polifolia. St. Dabeoc's Heath. Pi^Aoc '^A\.vt>A ;

P|AAoc nA li-Aoin-Coife.

PLUMBAGINEAE.
Statice Rariflora. Looseflowered Sea Lavender. Ltif Uac nA

V(\A\<A.

Armeria Maritima. Sea Pink or Thrift. Uonn An CIat)ai5 ;
Tlóinín An CtAiDAij ; Cip UfvÁgA. Prob. cibc.

PRIMULACEAE.

Primula Vulgaris
Primrose.

SAttiAiiAcin ; pAt)cÁn fBotli indiscrimi-
t)iiit)e ; "buróeACÁn | natety styled —
1 J t)Ainne-t3ó-t)teAci: ;

[ j 'bAinne-t)ó-t)tii*óe ;

Primula Officina- | t)Ainne-t)ó -t)Áine ; | peACÁn t)tiit)e ;
lis. Cowslip, j pieAfc 1 mbéAt bó. ^ tTliiifeÁn, -|nit.
Is said to be narcotic. Cowslips were given in insomnia.

33

Lysimachia Vulgaris. Yellow Loosestrife, luf ha SíotcÁriA

(t)tiit)e).
Lysimachia Nummiilaria. Moneywort ; Creeping Jenny.

ttif An X)Á pirijin,
Lysimachia Nemo rum. Yellow Pimpernel. Luf Cottiimcilte ;

SeAmA|\ Th til |\e; 'LufAi|\enAlitl|vcóiT)e; Luf nAtTlAigiDeATiA

tritiine.
Anagallis Arvensis. Scarlet Pimpernel ; Shepherd's Weather

Glass. pAtcAifve ptiAfi ; pAtcAi|\e piA'óAiri ; l.tiili)r!Ainuc.
Anagallis Tenella. Bog Pimpernel. pAtcAife CtiiAf\Ai5.
Samolus Valerandi. Brook Weed. pAtcAifie An Uifce.

OLEACEAE.

Fraximus Excelsior. Ash. puinnf eó^ ; TItiin.

The bark is recommended in the form of a foot bath for
tender feet.
Ligustrum Vulgare. Privet. p^ntieAT» ; Uo|\ tuAtpÁf .

GENTIANEAE.

Erjrthraea Centaurium. Centaury. CeAt)-t)i;iitieAc ; T)|\éitnij\e
ttltii|\e ; T)|\éimine X)ume,
Used as a tonic ; also given internally for muscular
rheumatism.
Gen ti ana Amarella. Felwort. tlltiitceAnn.
Menyanthes Trifoliata. Bog Bean. pónAi|\e CApAitt ; pónAi|\e
Cti|\|VAi5 ; t)eA|vnÁn LAcÁin ; pACA|\Án ; pófi An CApAitt.
A bitter tonic and cathartic. Has been recommended for
rheumatism.

BORAGINEAE.

Symphytum Officinale. Comfrey. tuf nA gCnÁtfi mt)|Mfce ;

TDeACAn X)uX).
Is said to be of use in knitting fractures in bones if taken

internally ; it was also bound round the site of fracture.

Said to have been formerly used for fattening pigs.
Myosotis Palustris. Forget-me-not. Suit An Cuic ; ttif TTIinte ;

Luf tniolA.
Echium Vulgare. Viper's Bugloss. ttif nA UcAngAn ; UeAngA

nA TiAt-pAC ; "Luf nA tlAt|\AC.

Borago Officinalis. Borage. t)of|\Áifce ^oí^^-

c

34

CONVOLVULACEAE.

Calystegia Sepium. Great Bind Weed. Ctif\|\Áii CAfCA ; lAt)ttif .
Convolvulus Arvensis. Small Bind Weed. T)tiitl,itieAt.
Cuscuta Epithymum. Dodder. Ctúti)Án (xteAf^).

SOLANACEAE.

Solanum Dulcamara. Bitter Sweet. SeA^Attog ltlitif ; tuf ha
n-Oit)ce, StAc gofvm ; puAtjoiAtn.
Is narcotic like most herbs of this order. Its name
(ttif riA ri-Oit)ce) would suggest that it was formerly
used to promote sleep. None of the present-day
herbalists use it.

Hyoscyamus Niger. Henbane. Caoc ha 5CeA|\c ; T)eót)A ;
^ApAnn ; CyvAnri ^^P-^^^^-
Occurs sparsely but throughout the country. It is of
immense importance in modern medicine ; its leaves
are a source of the powerful alkaloids Hyoscine and
Hyoscyamine.

Atropa Belladonna. Deadly Nightshade. miocog t)i:iit)e ;
"Luf tnojA CoitleAt).
Has established itself as a native on the shores of Coney
Island, in the river Fergus, and on the shores of Lough
Mask, near BaUinrobe, Co. Mayo. Was known, as is
evident from the Irish rendering, in ancient times.

SCROPHULARINEAE.

Verbascum Thapsus. Great Mullein. CoinneAl tiltii]\e ; luf
mot^.
In the past this plant bore a great reputation for curing
consumption ; an ounce of the dried leaves was boiled
in a pint of milk, which was then strained and given
to the patient at intervals during the day. Modern
herbalists use the same decoction for the cure of
diarrhoea. A poultice of the leaves was applied as a
cure for " running sores."

Digitalis Purpurea, Foxglove, tuf tnot^ t3AirieAnn ; inéAfACÁn
riA int)An Sme. Síot)Án Stéit!)e. Itif riA mt)An SiiDe.
It is hard to determine why the title " Great Herb "
should be conferred on this plant except on the

35

assumption that its virtues were recognised. I per-
sonally know of only one instance in which the herb
was used by the unorthodox practitioner in recent
times. The old men and women " with the charms "
will always deny their use of it in internal medicine.
They admit its use as an ingredient in ointments for
scrofulous swellings. A modern clinician, referring to
the use of Digitalis in cardiac disease, states " Digitalis
deserves no reproach when it fails in many of these
cases, for it always will and must fail until some drug is
found which can develop new tissue for old ; and
when such a drug is found, to use a Biblical expression,
' there will be no sorrow, neither will there be any
more pain,' and possibly, I may add, neither will there
be death."
Linaria Vulgaris. Toad Flax. tofcÁn-tíon "biii-oe.

Was not used medicinally. Linum catharticum, q.v.,
also called Fairy Flax, is the herb used by the herbalists.
Linaria Elatine. Fluellin. SeAtn^fv CtMAt) (Ct^e) ; tuf Ct^e.
(See Speedwell).
The first form of the Irish rendering denotes the " male,"
the second the " female " herb. One cannot explain
this system of sex morphology on any other than
the grammatical basis. There are only two genders
in Irish, masculine and feminine, there being no neuter.
One can easily conjure up the reason why a plant in
fruit would be relegated to the female sex and earlier
in its life history, before pollination occurs, to the
male sex.
Scrophularia Aquatica. Water Fig wort ; Water Betony.
T)únttif tlifce. SÚ5 peAjAriA. biA^ocAf tíifce.
One of the many herbs used as a cleanser of wounds by
local application and internal medication.
Scrophularia Nodosa. Knotted Figwort. tuf nA gCn^pÁn ;
pottxiim ; lpAi(\Ac T>uX) ; T)únttif .
While Digitalis is known as the queen of herbs, S. nodosa
is said to be the king. An ointment was made from
the knots or knobs powdered and mixed with lard.
This ointment was applied to relieve piles and skin
lesions of all kinds. A similar preparation is used by
farmers in the treatment of farcy in horses.

36

Veronica. Speedwell. Itif riA X)avía\x:x^a ; (also SeAmAf\ C|vé
and tuf C^e.)
As the name implies, was used by nursing mothers for
sore breasts. There are fourteen varieties of Veronica
found native to Ireland.

Veronica anagallis aquatica. Water Speedwell. ptiAtAccAi|\.

Veronica Beecabunga. Brooklime. locAt tTlotAi|\ ; t)iotA|v
ltltii|Ae ; Loc-dt.
All the varieties of Veronica besides V. officinalis were
used in coughs proceeding from chest trouble of any
kind. The V. serpyllifolia {Thyme-leaved Speedwell)
was and is to-day the classic remedy for whooping-
cough. This herb is known in Irish as tuf ha U|\eACA.

Euphrasia officinalis. Eyebright. lion 1lAt)A|\c ; Soittf e ha
Sút; Luf tiA leAc.
Is an astringent. Was used in respiratory and eye trouble,
and especially in measles where both occur.
A special variety is peculiar to the West, viz., E. Salis-
burgensis. It flowers in July and August, with white
medium sized blossoms and rich dark coppery brown
foliage.

Pedicularis Palustris, Pedicularis Sylvatica, Rhinanthus
Christi-galli. Lous ewort or Battle. ITIít-J^^^ií^ J l^^f -ah
JiottA ; l,uf K^AV)Ac ; t)oT)Án Ctoigín ; TTlilfeÁn íTlónA;
ÍTlAOtlÁn ITlónA.

OROBANCHEAE.

Orobanche Rubra. Red Broom Rape. \ Siof ; Siofi^c ;
Orobanche Hederae. Ivy Broome Rape, f mucog.
Orobanche Major. Greater Broom Rape. Sf\AtmAn.

Orobanche Major is rare ; the Red Broom Rape is found

only in the West and North, and the Ivy Broom Rape

chiefly in the South.
Lathraea Squamaria. Tooth Wort. Iiif tia Id^iacaI.

LENTIBULARIEAE.

Utricularia Vulgaris. Bladderwort. tuf ah "Doiajaai^.
Pinguicula Vulgaris. Butterwort. tiAit; téit-tiifce; ITleAfcÁn;
"bcoAn-tneAfCAin ; "bfogA tiA cuniAig.

37

léit-tiifce denotes the disease of Liver Fluke in Sheep,
and is always contracted on moist lands where this
herb is also found. The leaves i)ossess the property
of curdling milk.

VERBENACEAE.

Verbena Officinalis. Vervain. C^úhA teórriAin ; tfumeAc.
It was worn round the neck for scrofula. Is found in the
limestone districts in the South ; is rare in the North.

LABIATAE.
Mentha Rotundifolia. Bound-leaved Mint. tTleAncuf ; tTlionc;

TTlioncAf .
Mentha piperita. Peppermint, tuf An piobAi|\.
Mentha hirsuta. Watermint. pif imin ; CAi|\ceAt; tTlifimin ;

triifimin T)eA|\5.
Mentha arvensis. Cornmint. mioncAf A|\ti)Ai|\.
Mentha Pulegium. Pennyroyal. A|\Án glAf ; "botvójAc.

The mints are said to have been introduced, and are
spreading, especially in the South. The above species
and Mentha sativa are now classed as natives.
Lycopus europaeus. Gipsywort. peó|AÁn Cuiaivaij.

An ingredient in cough cures. Said to be used by gipsies
for colour effect on the complexion.
Origanum vulgare. Marjoram. Gi^A^Án ; tTlÁitAcíii 'piAt)Ain.
Has the botanic title originated from the Irish appel la-
tion ? The oil extracted from the plant is used as an
application for rheumatic joints.
Thymus Serpyllum. Wild Thyme. "Luf tine II15 tDfveACAin.
Used in the treatment of whooping-cough ; is anti-
spasmodic and carminative.
Salvia Verbenaca. Clary or Wild Sage. CeAnn Cinncoiile ;
Uo|\tnAn ; SÁifce Cntiic ; SÁifce piAt)Ain ; AtAi|\ tiAt.
Teucrium scorodonia. Wood Sage. SÁifce CoitleAt).

These are the only native sages. Sage is recommended
for intestinal colic. There is an old Irish saying —
" 1f triAifvj t)oi5eót!)At) bÁf 1 ah SÁifce a|a ah gcnoc."
(While the sage is on the mountain no one should die).
Nepeta Glechoma. Ground Ivy. At A^\<-V.^^x', Git)neÁn UAtrhÁn.
It was given in the form of an infusion for bronchitis.
It is also recommended as a tonic and diuretic.

38

Prunella Vulgaris. Self-heal, tuf An Ctioit)e ; CeAnnAti)Án
t)eA5 ; T)u1i)Áinín An cSeAncnif ; T)viti)Án CeAnncAf ac ;
Ué nA n5^fi^t)AnuA.
Was used to make " Cailleach's Tea," recommended for
a " weak " heart.
Marrubium Vulgare. White Horehound. ^-pApÁn "bÁn.

A household remedy in the form of tea or candy for colds
and coughs. It is not a true native.
Ballota Nigra. Black Horehound. 5|\A-pÁn X)uX) ; t)|\éAnttif .
The leaves are used in the form of a poultice for ulcera-
tion of the skin.
Stachys Betonica. Betony. tnf t)eACAi5 ; tuf rhic "DeACAij.

Is rare in Ireland.
Stachys palustris. Marsh Woundwort. T)tiitleó5 nA SAo-p.
Stachys sylvatica. Hedge Woundwort. Cf\eAccttif .

Both of the above were used asapplications to fresh wounds.
Galeopsis Tetrahit. Common Hemjp Nettle. "^At 'Dtii'óe.
Lamium amplexicaule. Henbit. íleAnncós itluife.
Lamium purpureum. Red Dead Nettle. TleAnncoj tDeAjAg ;

HeAnncóg Caoc ; V[ — TÍlAiAt).
Lamium album. White Dead Nettle. neAnnco^ l3Án.
Ajuga reptans. Common Bugle. tTleACAn T)nti) piA-óAin ;
^tAfAI]! CoitteAT).
Vulnerary and general healing application.

PLANTAGINEAE.

Plantago major. Waybread, Plaintain. Copój pÁt)f A15 ;
Cfó pÁT)|\At5; ; CnuAc pÁT)^Ai5.
Connected with the life of St. Patrick, legendary and
traditional.
Plantago lanceolata. Ribwort. SlÁnttif.

The leaves of both P. major and P. lanceolata were
applied to wounds and sores of all kinds.

ILLECEBRACEAE.

Scleranthus annuus. Knawell. Ca1í)ai|\ ítltii|\e ; ÍDionÁn
tllin^e ; t,tif C)\<tA.
Is given in urinary complaints. Is a favourite herb with the
herbalists of the present day. It is given by them in all
diseases accompanied by a disordered urinary function.

39

CHENOPODIACEAE.

Chenopodmm album. White Goosefoot. "Ltif Coif e ^é (bAn) ;

pfAifeAc piAt)Ain.
Chenopodmm rubrum. Red Goosefoot. tuf Coif e ^é (T)eA|\5).
Chenopodium murale. Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. P|AAif e^c riA

mt)Atl.A ; p — , Ar\ "pAttA.
Chenopodmm Bonus Henricus. All Good, Wild Spinach.

p^Aif eAc t3f\Ác-A-f\.
Beta maritima. Sea Beet. t)iA"ócAf ; t)ein-e pi At) Am.

POLYGONACEAE.

Polygonum Convolvulus. Black Bindweed. "^iúmeAc X)uX).

Polygonum Aviculare. Knot Grass. '^lúmeAc X)eA^.

Polygonum Hydro piper. Water Pepper. '^iúmeAc ttló|\ ;
^túmeAó Úeic.

Polygonum Persicaria. Persicaria. ^túmeAc *0eA|\5.

Polygonum Bistorta. Snakeweed. Copóg niitie ; Scóinf e.

Rumex obtusifolius. Broad-leaved Dock. Copóg SfÁTOe ;
"biteóg S-iAATOe.

Rumex Hydrolapathum. GreatWater Dock. Copóg itlóftlifce.

Rumex Conglomeratus. Sharp Pointed Dock. Copó^ JeA^x.

Rumex acetosa. Sorrel Dock ; Sorrel. SAmAX> ; tlibteAcÁn ;
ptiinneój.
Formerly used as a mordant in dyeing garments.

Rumex acetosella. Sheep's Sorrel. SArfiAt) CA0f\Ac.

All the above furnish chrysophanic acid. The leaves of
R. acetosella are said to have been used in former
times with fish. The danger attendant on the use of
these herbs as a vegetable is evident when one bears in
mind the extremely poisonous nature of their contents.
Rumex acetosella is sometimes given for its diuretic
effect.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

Euphorbia Hiberna.

t)Ainne Caohi ; ttif An leAfAit) ;
Sptuff e ; 'biii'óe tiA nlngeAn ;

Irish Spurge
Euphorbia Helioscopia

Sun Spurge.
Euphorbia Peplus

UleACATi btn'óe An cStéibe
y '^éA\<v^AX) ; OfbeA|\nA ; T)eAfv-
Petty Spurge. 1 gtAoic (Bog S.) ; t)Ainne nA

Euphorbia Exigua. néAn.

Dwarf Spurge.

40

The Irish Spurge has been used in Kerry and other parts
to stupefy fish. A small creel filled with the bruised
plants is placed in the river, and for several miles
down stream its efi^ects are noticeable. The juice is
used as an application for warts.

Mercurialis Perennis. Dog's Mercury. P|\Aife^c X)x<ÁtAx<.

Mercurialis Annua. French Mercury. p^AifeAc ^A\<^^A.

URTICACEAE.

Ulmus Montana. Wych Elm. LeArhÁri ; teArh.

Humulus Lupulus. Hop. SAM-t)\\A^c ; lionnttim ; SeA|\li)tuf;

tuf An teAtiriA.
Urtica Dioica. "]

Great Nettle. 1 ^

Urtica Urens. ^ lleAnncos ; neAnnrA ; CAottAM.

Small Nettle. J
Pariet aria Officinalis. WallPellitory. ]^eAX)i(\Ao\T); tuf An t)AttA;

THioncAf (íTleAnctif) CAifit.
All the members of this order are diuretics. Parietaria

Officinalis is given for its laxative effect and as a safe

diuretic.

MYRICACEAE.

Myrica Gale. Bog Myrtle. TlAit)leó5 ; TxATOeoj.

CUPULIFERAE.

Betula verrucosa. Divarf or Knotty Birch, "beic CAf\|AAi5eA6.

Betula Pubescens. Common Birch. t)eit.

Alnus glutinosa. Alder. peAfinój ; peA|\n-A.

Coryllus Avellana. Hazel. Coll.

Quercus Robur. Oak. X)am(\ (Ki nA Coille).

The fruits of the oak, acorns (TlleAf nA T)A|AAi5e, DeAf cÁn,

etc.), are said to produce wasting in cattle. Irish

literature contains frequent references to the swine

fattened on acorns in the forests.
The mistletoe (Viscum album) 'OfvtiA'óitif, or "Uile-íce,

and the oak are intimately connected with Druidism.

41

SALICINEAE.

Salix alba. White Willow. S^ite^c ; SAileóg.

The leaves are recommended for the disease known as
pip in chickens.
Salix cinera. Common Sallow. C|\Arin StviomtA ; CfAnn

SmorhtA.
Salix Viminalis. Osier. ^AttfAiteAc ; m^ot^n.
Populus tremula. Aspen. Qáúax) ; Cf\Ann C-piteAc.

Salicin, a crystalline glucoside, is obtained from the bark
of the various species of Salix and Populus.

EMPETRACEAE.

Empetrum nigrum. Crowberry. tuf n^ pioriTioije ; Cao|\
pionnói^e.

CONIFERAE.

Juniperus communis. Com^mon Juniper. t3eÁ|\nÁn t)|M5T)e ;

ItitD^fi "beinne ; t)iof\^ l,eAC|\x)., -]ml.
Taxus Baccata. Yew. \

Taxus fastigiata. Irish Yew. j '•^^^t^ > ^ó.

The Irish or Florence Court yew is now commonljT^ cul-
tivated, and had its origin at Florence Court demesne
County Fermanagh, whence its name. The seedling
from which the tree (to be still seen at Florence Court)
was produced was found " wild " by George Willis in
1767.
- he tree is female, consequently all trees produced by
cuttings are also female The seeds produced by
crossing the Irish Yew with the common Yew almost
invariably reproduce the typical form, and not the
variety. This fact provides an interesting Mendelian
study.
The leaves and seeds are poisonous, the berries are not.
The aril or berry induces birds to distribute the seed.

HYDROCHARIDEAE.

Elodea Canadensis. Canadian Weed ; Water Thyme. cim

tJifce.
Hydrocharis Morsus-Ranae. Frog-hit. tuf tof ciin ; "biotA-jAof .

42

ORCHIDEAE.

Malaxis Paludosa. Bog Orchid (or Orchis). tTlAgAiiAtin An

Ctit^lAAlg.

Neottia Nidus Avis. Bird's Nest Orchid. tTlAjAiftin Hit) éin.
Listera Cordata, Heart-leaved Tway Blade. T)Á-t)tiitteó5

(ati ct\oi'óe).
Listera Ovata. Tway Blade. T)Á-t)tiitteó5 (aw XW^).
Spiranthes Autumnalis. Fragrant Lady's Tresses. Cúitíri

ttltjifve.
Epipactis Latifolia. Broad-leaved Helleborine. tTlA5A|\l,in

C-f\tiAt)-l,tif teACAn.
Epipactis Palustris. Marsh Helleborine. inA^Aijxtin C|\tiAt)-

tuf An Cu-f\|\Ai5.
Orchis Pyramidalis. Pyramidal Orchid. 1TlA5Ai|\tin nA

SctiAice.
Orchis Morio. Green Winged Orchid. tTlAjAiiAtin An SciAtÁin

StAlf.

Orchis Mascula. Early Purple Orchid. tTlA^Aifviin tneit)iAeAc.
A reputed aphrodisiac and referred to as such in Brian

Merriman's famous Irish poem, " Mediae Noctis

Consihum " (Cúit\c An ltleAT)ón Oit)ce).
Orchis incarnata. Common Marsh Orchid. ITlAgAifvtin 1Tló|\

An Cu|\fVAi5.
Orchis Latifolia. Broad-leaved Marsh Orchid. tTlAjAifviin

"LeACAn .
Orchis Maculata. Spotted Orchid. Vii(\Ac "ÓAitAc ; CeA|\c

"ÓfveAc.
Ophrys Apifera. Bee Orchid. ITlAgAiiAtin nA t)eice.
Ophrys Muscifera. Fly Orchid. TTlA5Ai|\tin nA Cuileóise.
Habenaria Conopsea. Fragrant Orchid, ttif UaJIa ; tuf

UAijce.
Habenaria Intacta. Close-flowered Orchid. An niA^AifvUn Unij.
Habenaria Albida. White Mountain Orchid. ínA5Ai|\tín t)Án

An cStéit)e.
Habenaria Viridis. Frog Orchid. ITlAjAifxtin An tofcÁin ;

CtiigeAt An "LofcAm.
Habenaria BifoUa. Lesser Butterfly Orchid. ITlA^Aifitin "ÓeA^

An peitiocAm.
Habenaria Chloraleuca. Greater Butterfly Orchid. ITlAjAiiMin

inó|\ An peitiocÁin.

43

IRIDEAE.

Iris Pseud -acorus. Yellow Flag. ^eHeAf ct\om ; Soite^f cx^]\ ;
CuiACAif ; Seitifct\otn.
The roots were used in the production of a black dye,

LILIACEAE.

Asparagus OfficinaHs. Asparagus. Luf StigAc ; tuf pfAicit) ;
C|\eAtti TTltie lf!^At>A^t^.
Is found in, Ireland on the Waterford and Wexford coasts,

but is more prickly than the cultivated variety.
Asparagus was known as a table vegetable in the days of
Swift, and is said to have been introduced from Holland
by his patron, Sir Wm. Temple. It was known to the
Greeks and Romans in pre-Christian times. The third
Irish rendering {Wild Pig's Garlic) shows that in former
times, as at present, it was not esteemed a delicacy.
It is an excellent kidney stimulant, and is recommended
for gout and rheumatism.
Allium Ursinum. Ransoms or Wild Garlic. C\\eArf] ; Cnex\rh ;

^Aifiteo^ ttliiif\e ; ^^^í^^^óg f^At>Am.
Allium Sativum. Cultivated Garlic, ^^^t^^^óg.
Flower of Garlic. l.u-|AAcÁn.
Clove of Garlic. ^or^■^A '^Á^\KX,eó^^e.
Allium Schaenoprasum. Chives. S^AbAl ; Siot)-Af ; SAi'ótDín ;
"peti-fAAn.
The virtues of garlic were appreciated in former times.
Occasionally medical men of the present day laud it
in. particular cases. It is undoubtedly of value in
tuberculous lesions internally and externally, and
deserves attention both in human and veterinary
therapeutics.
Scilla Nutans. Wild Hyacinth or Blue-bell. X)u^a ; t)utA
tritic ; IpuAt intiice ; Sulso called Connie Cof|\^. {See
Harebell).
The exudation from stem and roots was used as a gum or
paste.
Colchicum Autumn ale. Meadow Saffron. Cfvóó "LéAnA.

Is found near Carlo w and Kilkenny. (The corms are used
to make the official tincture of Colchicum).

44

Crocus Sativa, the true saffron (Ctvoc) was used for dyeing
linen sheets and garments. It is used by the country
people to-day " to bring out the rash " of measles.
Sheep's dropping (Faeces) (Cjaoc ha mbAncA) is also a
common remedy for measles throughout the country.

JUNCACEAE.

The rushes listed below are common all over the country.
Many and varied were the uses to which these were put.
Not many years ago we had rush candles, thatch for
houses and corn stacks, matting for human dwellings,
litter, hats, toys, and ropes.
Juncus Bufonius {Toad Rush) ; J. Squarosus {Heath Rush) ;
J. Gerardi {Round fruited Rush) ; J. Glaucus {Hard
Rush); J. Effusus {Loose flowered Rush) \ J. Conglome-
ratus {Common Rush) ; J. Supinus {Bog Rush) ; J.
Obtusiflorus {Blunt flowered Rush) ; J. Lamprocarpus
{Shining fruited Rush) ; J. Acutiflorus {Sharp fruited
Rush) ; Luzula Maxima {Great Wood Rush) ; Luzula
Campestris {Field Wood Rush) ; Luzula Erecta {Many
headed Wood Rush).

The Rush is rendered in Irish by the following : — -
l,ucAi|\ ; tijA-tuACAit^ ; t)fiot) ; bogbuinne ; -[mi.

The peeled Rush ready for candle making is : —
5eAUAi|\e ; piAj {a).

The Rush hght :—

Át>Ann ; Át)Anti ^teA^nAc ; U-pitlfeAn ; pAi'Deo^.

TYPHACEAE.

Typha Latifolia. Great Reedmace. CmgeAt r\A mt)An Sit)e;

t)oT)Ári X)uV) ; GA|\bAtt Cuic.
Sparganium Ramosum. Branched Bur-Reed. tlig-feifc

{C-\\AOt)Ac).

Sparganium Simplex. Unbranched Bur-Reed. Rig-feifc (tom).
Sparganium Affine. Floating Bur-Reed. Ilij-feifc {A]\ fnÁtri).
Sparganium Minimum. Small Bur-Reed, llij-feifc liiin.

AROIDEAE.

Arum Maculatum. Cuckoo Pint or Wake Robin. boT) 'S^a\^ >
CtuAf C-Aoiu ; ^Aoicín CticAig ; 5^-<^<^a]a.
The roots contain starch.

45

LEMNACEAE.
Lemna Trisulca. "^

Ivy-leaved Duckweed. 1 Uóf Lac^ti ; 5í^^^ Uonnó^
Lemna Minor. | g^n AtA^x< 5 An lllÁtAifv.

Common Duckweed. J

ALISMACEAE.

Alisma Plantago-aquatica. ^

luf

(xreai Water Plantain.
Alisma Ranuncaloides.
Lesser Water Plantain.

J

^biofvf lÁnUif ; Co|\copó5 (inóf).

(beAg),

NAIADACEAE.

1

y X)Á\<\< AW triiticij.

Triglochin Palustre.

Marsh Arrow Grass.
Triglochin Maritimum. ,

Sea Arrow Grass. J

Potamogeton. Pondweed. 'OtiileAfcnATiAli)Ann;T)tiitleó5péite.
Zostera Marina Sea Grasswrack. TTlit-pétifAc.

CYPERACEAE.

Tiie commoner members of the order are the sedges and
those listed below : —

Carex Pulicaris. Flea Sedge.

C. Echinata. Lesser Prickly Sedge.

Remota. Distant Spiked Sedge.
Vulgaris. Lesser Tuft Sedge.
Glauca. Smooth Heath Sedge.
Panicea. Pink Sedge.
Binervis. Green Ribbed Sedge.
Praecox. Vernal Sedge.
Flava. Yellow Sedge.

> Self c ; SeAf c
Cib.

ClAt)

Hirta. Hairy Sedge.

AmpuUacea. Bottle Sedge.
Cladium Mariscus. Twig Rush. Cot5f\of c ; Co 15^0 c.
Eleocharis Palustris. Creeping Spike Rush. \.uAtA\\< Sinue.
Scirpus Caespitosus. Scaly Spike Rush. \^\xACA\y. ttléif crveAc.
Scirpus Lacustris. Bull Rush. "bog-tDtiinne ; Cti|\cAif ; péite^cA

piAt)Airie.
Eriophorum Angustifolium. Narrow-leaved Cotton Grass ^

t)tÁC POflCAlg.

46

GEAMINEAE.

The grasses listed below are those members which are used
or have some bearing on medicine and economic botany.
A complete list is out of the question when one is dealing with
such a multitude of species as the grasses afford.

Phalaris Arundinacea. Reed Grass. "bio-pfVAc lAc^n ; SiofjAtAó.

Anthoxanthum Odoratum. Vernal Grass, petifv CurhfXA.
The reputed cause of Hay Fever. The grass is frequent
in all parts. Hay Fever is rare. It is this grass which
gives the odour to new mown hay. It is said to con-
tain Coumarin and benzoic acid.

Milium effusum. Millet Grass. muite^T) ; ineArili)pfeAfAi|v.

Phleum Pratense. Timothy Grass. boT)Án ; petifv C^pAitt.

Agrostis Vulgaris. Fine-leaved Bent. t)í|\íneAc ; bi 5;íneAc ;
t)iníneAC.

Arrhenatherum Avenaceum. Oat Grass. Coifce piAt)Ain.

Phragmites Communis. Reed. t)io|\|\Ac.

Sesleria Caerulea. Moor-grass. Síot)a íTlónA ; t3éiceAn.

Cynosurus Cristatus. Dog-tail Grass. U|vAitnin ; Coinpéti|A.

Dactylis Glomerata. Cock's-foot Grass, "peuii ^A-ptj.

Briza Media. Quaking Grass, pétl|^ 5of cac.

Poa Annua. Meadow Grass (genus). ^lAy téAriA ; móinpétií\ ;
CeAnriA X)uX)A ; tífioli) 1 t)Uóiti.

Glyceria Aquatica. Reed Meadow Grass, 'peufv rtlitif .

Festuca Ovina. Sheep's Fescue, peufv Caoi[\ac.

Lolium perenne. Rye Grass. Coif\ce PféAcÁin.

Lolium Temulentum. Darnel. "bfeAtiÁn; t)AomeAtÁn; X)^teAr^;
Uoitte.
Known to produce drunkenness. Said to be an adulterant
in malt and other liquors.

Agropyrum Caninum. Wheat Grass (genus). pio^vtAn.

Agropyrum Repens vel Triticum Repens. Couch, Scutch,
Switch Grass. "bi^uim-petiii.
One of the most diihcult weeds to eradicate on account
of its long jointed root stock. Each joint is capable of
producing a new plant. There is a considerable demand
for this root stock in medicine owing to its introduction
into the B.P. It is a demulcent and is said to relieve
irritative conditions of the bladder. Its use in medicine
is not new by any means, but is on the increase. Irish

47

farmers burn the " weed " or throw it over the cliffs
into the sea when working on the coast line. It is
" saved " by the people of the poorer districts and used
as fodder for the donkeys in the winter. The difficulty
in economically preparing the root, in washing, drying,
cutting, and cleaning the product for the drug market
is, so far, insurmountable.

Nardus Strictu. Matweed. luACAifi jAtDAi-p.

Hordeum Secalinum. Barley (genus), eó-pn^.

FILICES.

Ireland, owing to the moisture of its climate, is the Fern's
Paradise. More varieties and more elegant fronds are found
here than in Great Britain.
Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense. Tunbridge Filmy Fern.

XlAAtneAC ScAnÁnxic.
Trichomanes Radicans. Killarney or Bristle Fern. tlxMcne-Ac

'RwAmr\eAt.
Adiantum Capillus-Veneris. Maiden Hair. T)tit!)cof ac ; Ué

ScAitpeAó ; pAitceAnn pionn.
Sometimes used as an expectorant.
Pteris AqUilina. Bracken. tlAitrieAc.
Blechnum Spicant. Hard Fern. CeAnnAlDÁn T)iíl3cof ac ;

"Raich eAc C\<uAVt>.
Asplenium Adiantum Nigrum. Black Spleen Wort. lutiAf

UAtttiAn ; "Luf riA Seitge. tuf An Co-p-pAin (T)titi)).
Asplenium Trichomanes. Maiden Hair Spleen Wort, tuf An

Cot\-f\Áiri.
Lastrea Oreopteris. Sweet Mountain Fern. "RAitneAc ltlitif

An cStéi1i)e ; C-|Aim-f\AitneAc.
Lastrea Aspidium Filix-mas. Male Fern. TTlAfc tlAitneAC
Important medicinally ; is a remedy for intestinal worm,

particularly the Tape Worm.
Poljrpodium Vulgare. Polypody. SceAiti tiA^Cloc ; tneA|\tA5.
The root was used for (1) Rheumatism as an infusion^

(2) as a snuff when powdered.
Polypodium Dryopteris. Oak Fern. SceAtfi T)a|\ac ; Scim

T)A-f\AÓ.

Osmunda Regalis. Royal Fern. tlAitneAc ah Kioj ; t)iotA-
|\AitrieAc ; '^aX.X. tlAitrieAc ; 1nriiúiri-Tnóm.

48
Opioglossum Vulgatum. Adder's Tongue. Luf tia Ue^njAn ;

\,Uf WA V\At\<AC.

Botrychium Limaria. Moon Wort. Luf r\A lHíof a ; tuAntuf ;

'OeAtctuf ; ÓAfgttif .
Asplenium Viride. Green Spleen Wort, ttif An Co|\fÁin (giAf).
Asplenium Ruta-muraria. Wall Rue. luiii) riA Sqactz ví'^áxía.
Athyrium Filix-foemina. Lady Fern. RAicneAc tiliii|\e ;

tlAicneAc 1TlAT>|^A ttlAit.
Scolopendrium Vulgare. Harfs Tongue. C\\eArh r\A TTItiice

pi Alt) ; UeATI^A pi Alt).

Ceterach Officinarum. Scale Fern. RAitneAc ttléif cf\eAc.
Aspidium Lonchitis. Holly Fern. llAitneAc Cuitinn.
Aspidium Aculiatum. Prickly Shield Fern. ^X)eA^^ ^a]\V).
Aspidium Angulare. Soft Shield Fern. ^X)eA■^ ttlin.

EQUISETACEAE.

Equisetum maximum. Great Horse Tail. eA|\bAti CApAilt ;

peA'005.
Equisetum Palustre. Marsh Horse Tail. Ciii|\ifcin.
Equisetum Nudum. Naked Horse Tail. CuAi|MT)in.
Equisetum Hyemale. Dutch Bush. X)^01(\ó^.

LYCOPODIACEAE.

Lyco podium Selago. Fir Club Moss. ^Afvbo^Ac (1ofóipe) ;

CtAúibíní SionriAig.
Lycopodium inundatum. Marsh Club Moss. ^^t^^ogAc An

Cu|\|\Ai5.
Lycopodium Clavatum. Common Club Moss. ^^l^^ogAc.
Lycopodium Alpinum. Mountain Club Moss. '^a]\X)o-^ac An

cSLéil3e.

49

THE MARINE FLORA.

OLIVE COLOURED SEA WEEDS

MELANOSPERMEAE.

(A) Fucaceae.

Fucus Vesioiilosus. Bladder Wrack. C|MOfCAfi T)iit) r\A
5CI05 ; peAtriAin iDtiitgineAc ; peAm^in CÁitíneAc.

Fucus Nodosus. Knobbed Wrack. Cf\iof cAf\ T)tilD wa tltiA'005.

Fucus Serratus. Serrated Wrack. Ut\iofCA|A T)tit!) tAt)A|\cx^c.

Fucus Canaliculatus. Channelled Wrack. 'OuAtAiriAn.

The Bladder Wrack has been used for fattening pigs in
the North of Ireland. Some modern therapeutists
recommend it as a cure for obesity.

(B) Sporochnaceae.
Desmarestia Aculeata. 5i^^^^5 'Ci[ká^a.

(C) Laminariaeeae.

Laminariae (various). Sea Tang, Tangle, Girdles, etc. Ut^iofCAf,
U]Aiof cAf\ An Aitcinn ; ^tnp ; SIajz W\ai(\a ; ScAtii ;
t)ii|A|VfCAiiti ; t)Á|^tó5 ; peAtnnAc ; peAtn ; TTIúiiac 1 mt.

The dried stems are used as dilating agents in surgery.

The Laminariae, owing to the high percentage of iodine
which they contain, are used in the " kelp " industry.

THE RED SEA WEEDS.

(a) Cryptonemiaceae.

Iridea Edulis, also styled Schizymonia Edulis. Dilisk, Dulse.
T)tiiteAfc tnin.

Chondrus Crispus and Gigartina Mammilosa. CA|\t\Ai5ín ;
CofÁinín CAf|\Ai5e ; TnÁCAifA aw T)tiitifc ; CeAnn T)onn.
Both of these Algae are gathered indiscriminately as
" Carrageen Moss." The dried product is known as
" Lichen Hiberniae " to the chemist, who sells it under
the name of " Irish Moss " for making demulcent
cough mixtures.

D

50

They belong to the group of Red Algae, otherwise known
as Florideae. They contain a red pigment called
Phycoerjrthrin , combined with the usual green colouring
matter Chlorophyll, Floridean starch, oil drops, and
Iodine.

Owing to the low content of heat-producing elements,
Carrageen provides an excellent summer food in the
form of blanc-mange. For this reason also, and for its
demulcent properties and iodine content, it is useful
in the dietary of the consumptive.

(b) Corallinaceae.

Corallina officinalis. CiinAc UjaaJa.

(c) Rhodymeniaceae.
Rhodjmienia Palm^-ta. T)tiiteAfc 5^f^-

(d) Laurenciaceae.

Lauren cia (various). Pepper Dulse, Tufted, and Obtuse.
triitfeÁn UjAÁgA.

(e)
Polysiphonia Fastigiata. Cún^c U|iiofCAi|\.

GKEEN SEAWEEDS.

CHLOROSPERMEAE.

ULVACEAE.
Porphyra Lanciniata. Laver or Sloke. SleAX)AcÁn ; SleAV)AC ;

StAlDAC.

Is stewed for hours until tender, and when dressed with
butter, vinegar and pepper, it is served as a vegetable.
Ulva Latissima. Green Laver. '^X.ax'áv^.

Is sometimes sold as " Sloucawn." It is usually employed
as packing for oysters and lobsters.
Enteromorpha Intestinalis. LíonÁin tlAitrie, tineÁit tlAitne.

51

Part II.

HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN IRELAND.

Section I.
PRE-CHRISTIAN OR DRUIDIC PERIOD.

Druids and Druidesses. — Their Role as Healers.

Next to the kings in Ireland this class ranked in importance.
They were priest -physicians and teachers. They had a
monopoly of learning. The etymological derivation of the
word Druid is obscure. Though some derive it from the
Greek, we must look to our own language for its origin and
significance. As Druidism is intimately connected with the
oak, learning, and magic, the following words Dair and Drus,
signifying Oak, Darmhaigh (pronounced Drew), meaning oak
plain, and Druidh or Draoi, meaning wise-man, charmer, or
magician, seem to provide a very natural derivation.

It is beyond doubt that Druidism is Celtic and existed in
its pure state among the tribes of ancient Britain. The evidence
as to the existence of Druids in Ireland is contained in the
Tripartite Life, in which a special garment for wizards is
referred to, called the Tonach Druadh or Vestis Magica.
There is also St. Patrick's hymn entreating Christ's aid against
the spells of w^omen, smiths, and druids. In the " Feast of
Bricriu " Cathbhadh appears in the role of a Filidh (seer or
poet), though elsewhere he is mentioned as the Druid of
Concubhar's court. Further evidence of a Druidic regime in
Ireland presents itself in a Cork and Kerry version of the Lord's
prayer, in which we find " na lig sinn i n-draoidheachd "
(aUow us not into Druidism or Wizardry), instead of the usual
*' lead us not into temptation." These, to my mind, present

52

sufficient evidence that the Druids held sway in Ireland — a
fact which some deny — but those people who are acquainted
with the folk-lore and customs in connection with Halloween,
Hogmanay, and May-day will not need any further evidence.

Amongst the deities worshipped hy the Druids was a god
of medicine named Rictenus. To him was dedicated the
herb Belinimica, said to be a species of henbane.

Pliny says that nothing was so sacred to the Druids as the
mistletoe and the oak. Whenever the mistletoe was discovered
growing on the oak it was the occasion of great ceremonj^
The Druids on the sixth day of the moon ascended the oak
with a golden knife, gathered the all -healing mistletoe and
placed it on the altar under the parent tree. Here, at least,
in the early days of Druidism, were offered human sacrifices ;
the victims included prisoners, criminals, and at times even
their (the druids) own children.

As a sanitary precaution somewhat similar to our modern
quarantine, but more drastic, was the practice of offering in
sacrifice all persons suffering from dangerous and contagious
diseases by placing them within a circle of osier twigs, to
which fire was applied, thereby reducing the unfortunate
mortals to ashes, but at the same time preventing the spread
of disease.

While we have evidence that the sufferers from contagious
diseases were put to death, we also hear of more humane treat-
ment for the sick and feeble. Even in the remote pagan times
Princess Macha, B.C. 300, founded the Broin Bhearg (house
of sorrow). This is one of the earliest hospitals on record.
It was used by the Red Branch Knights, and served as the
royal residence in Ulster until its destruction in A.D. 332.
(Seanchus Mor).

In the Genealogies of MacFirbis we get a glimpse of the
ancient Irish masters of medicine. O 'Curry's translation
reads thus : —

" Thus saith the ancient authority :■ — ^the first doctor,
the first builder, and the first fisherman that ever were
in Erin : —

Capa, foremost healer of the sick in his time, was all

powerful.
Eaba, the female physician, who accompanied the
lady Ceasair, was the second doctor.

53

Slangha, the son of Partholan, was the third doctor

that came into Ireland ; and
Feargna, the grandson of Cridhinbheal, was the fourth.
" The doctors of the Firbolgs were Diibhda Dubh-
losach, Condan Corinchisnech, and Finghin Fisiocdha
Main a, the son of Gressach, and Aongus Anternniach.

" The doctors of the Tiiatha De Danann were Dian-
checht, Airmedh, Miach, etc. Dianchecht lived in the
reign of King Nuadha Airgeadlamh (of the silver hand) ;
his name signifies vehement power. His skill enabled
Nuadha, who had lost his arm in the battle fought
between his tribe, the Tuatha, and the Firbolgs, to
return to his throne, from which he was debarred, having
lost his hand. Creidhne, the metal worker, made and
fitted the artificial hand when Dianchecht had cured the
wound in a bath of herbs. The skill of Dianchecht was
again instanced in the battle with the Fomorians, when
the wounded Tuatha were brought to the lus magh — or
plain of herbs — where a bath was prepared, presided over
by Dianchecht with his daughter Ochtrinil, and his two
sons, Airmedh and Miach. From the herbal bath the
warriors returned to the fight refreshed and made whole
by this efficient field medical organization."
In the Book of Leinster we find a reference to Finghin
Faithliagh, physician to Conchubhar MacNeasa, king of
Ulster A.D. 33.

Finghin was called to Conchubhar, whose skull was pene-
trated by a missile from the sling of an enemy in battle. The
Ultonians besought Finghin to save Conchubhar 's life.
Finghin proceeded to tell them that if the missile were re-
moved the king would die. But again, if allowed to remain a
blemish would be upon their king. The Ultonians replied,
" Is fearr linn ar ri do bheith ainmheach iona a eag " (We
had rather that our king should have a blemish than that he
should die).

Conchubhar was restored to life, but was restricted in his
movements. " He was to be cautious, not to get into a
passion, to avoid sexual intercourse, to avoid riding en horse-
back, to abstain from violent exertion, otherwise that by the
repelling motion of his own brain he would hurl the ball from
his head and die."

54

An instance of cosmetic surgery, as performed by Finghin,
is foimd in the suture of the scalp wound with threads of
gold to blend with the golden locks of the royal patient.
The story of Conchubar's death, as popularly told, bears out
the excellent advice and skilled prognosis of his physician.
The story runs thus — Conchubar asked his druid what was
the cause of the change in the heavens, and the druid replied,
" Jesus Christ is being put to death by the Jews." " That is
a pitj^," replied Conchubar, " and if I were present, I would
slay all that are putting him to death." And with that he
drew forth his sword and went into an oak wood, and set to
felling the trees, saying that if he were amongst the Jews he
would treat them in the same way ; and through the strength
of the fury that seized him the ball bounded from his head
and a portion of his brain followed it, and with that he died.

The female Druids, or Druidesses, were divided into three
classes. The first lived together in sisterhood, having vowed
perpetual virginity. They possessed supposed powers of
divination, healing and sorcery.

The second were married women, who, however, cohabited
only for a short time or occasionally with their husbands.
They lived mostly with the Druids.

The third, the lowest in rank and estimation, performed the
menial duties in connection with all Druidic rites.

As Druidism is intimately connected wdth the oak, it is easy
to understand that the mistletoe was a favourite remedy.
The shrub, the}^ believed, gave fertility to man and beast, and
was used by them as a specific against all kinds of poison. The
Vervane was another plant in their pharmacology. It was
gathered on a moonless night at the commencement of the
dog days. From it they made an ointment which was con-
sidered efficacious not only in preventing and curing diseases,
but also in conciliating friendship. They used the herb
Selago, a species of Savin, for diseases of the eye. This plant
was used by burning and allowing the smoke to ascend to the
eyes.

Just as our modern surgeons are clothed in white when
performing operations, so the Druids were robed in white when
performing their rites. All other classes were forbidden to
wear this colour.

55

Section IT.

Early Christian or Monastic Period.

The spirit of monasticism is the dominant feature charac-
terising the early Christian period in Ireland. It was in the
fifth century that St. Patrick introduced the Christian religion.
Paganism had disappeared in the seventh century. Under
monastic influence there grew up a number of schools.
Students, attracted by the fame of the Irish schools attached
to these monastic institutions, came from all parts.

Medicine was taught and practised by the monks in the^e
schools. One has only to glance through the numerous
manuscripts now to be found in the great libraries of Britain
and the Continent to see that the monks were diligent students
of medicine.

From the schools of the West, such as Clonmacnois, Lismore,
Glendalough, the torch of civilization was brought forth to
the barbarous populations in Britain and on the Continent.
This might well be called the sacerdotal stage of medicine in
Europe, for a somewhat similar condition existed in all the
countries now being civilized by the monks of the West.
The only country, however, which can bear as high repute
as Ireland is southern Italy, the old Magna Gra-ecia. The
famous medical school of Salerno flourished from the eighth
to the thirteenth century. Its work, including that of its
women professors, is well known.

It is very difficult to get authentic and specific information
concerning the practice and methods of these sacerdotal
practitioners, but it is beyond doubt that the monks exercised
the calling of physicians and surgeons.

Nobody denies that the nursing of the sick, especially during
epidemics, was well organised by the early Christian com-
munities. We have ample evidence to prove that hospitals
and leper houses were established in Ireland at a very early
period in connection with the monastic institutions.

On the continent there were established in the sixth century
by the Irish monks institutions known as hospitalia scothorum.
We read later an order by the Council of Meaux, A.D. 845,
for the restoration of these institutions, which had fallen into
decay. Perhaps these hospitalia scothorum were only a refuge

56

for the Irish in those alien countries. The terms hospitium,
domus hospitalis, and Xenodochium applied in the early
periods to such refuges or hospices for the numerous pilgrims
of that time. The tirst hospitals, in the modern sense of the
word, existed in the monasteries under the name of infirmi-
toria. Within the clausura was an infirmary for members of
the community, and outside an infirmary for the ordinary
individual. Just as medical science found a refuge in the
monasteries, so in their infirmitoria were housed the sick
and infirm.

Another source of information concerning the early Irish
Liagh, or leech, is the Seanchus Mor, or great code of Brehon
Laws. These laws operated in early pagan times, but were
modified in the fifth century when Christianity was intro-
duced. They contain regulations to protect the people from
unlawful practitioners and malpraxes. We read of : —

Uoi|\eAT)oi|\, ^eÁm — probe.

puititijAt) — bloodletting.

'Po^uf ^v^á^te — territory house or hospital.

The hospital was built over a running stream, and was
protected from fools, dogs, and women scolds.

From the quotation below it will be seen that medical know-
ledge was possessed by women at an early j)eriod, and we
must assume that such knowledge was gained in the monastic
schools.

" In the time of Alfred, King of the West Saxons,
Anno 872, as Fabian and Cooper have noted, there was a
grievous malady reigning among the people called the evil
ficus, which also took the king, so that, say mine authors,
an Irish maid came out of Ireland called Modwen, whose
monastery in time of rebellion was destroyed, and cured
the king." — Hanmer's Chronicles.

Some would have us believe that the part plaj^ed by the
monks in the progress of medicine was insignificant. This
much is true, however, that as teaching centres the monas-
teries were active ; they provided homes for students and
afforded a safe repository for manuscripts. Bearing in mind
the numerous edicts issued from time to time forbidding the
practice of medicine or surgery by ecclesiastics, we shoul^j

57

wonder if our own religious were not seduced from the cloister
in common with their continental brethren to the unfortunates
languishing under disease outside, and were thus involved
in one of the many admonitions and rulings of their superiors
on this matter.

Various Decrees forbidding Priests and Monks to
PRACTISE Medicine and Surgery.

Council of Rheims, 1131, forbade law and medicine.
Innocent III., Fourth Synod of Lateran, 1215, forbade surgery.
Alexander III., Council of Tours, 1163, forbade study of

surgery after ordination.
Boniface VI., end of 13th century^ Medicine and surgery were
Clement V., at Avignon, early in J^ forbidden under pain of

14th century J excommunication.

It is interesting to note that it was Pope Alexander III.
who revived the clerical tonsure, and from this circumstance,
coupled with the fact that he had forbidden religious to leave
the cloister in pursuit of the practice of medicine or surgery,
history first learns of the barber craft. In cases of external
diseases, blood-letting and other manual operations it was the
custom of the priests to send their ov^n servants, who were
also their barbers, to perform the operation . Concerning the
barber craft in Ireland, we shall learn more when treating of
the guilds.

The Bishops in Ireland, at the time of Charles II. and
James I. possessed the power to grant licence to practice
physic, surgery, and midwifery. They do not seem to have
used this power. A quarto manuscript belonging to the
Diocese of Down and Connor, entitled a " Book of Presedents
for the Ecclesiastical Court," contains the form " Licentia
Concessa A.B. ad practicand Artem Chirurgicam."

58

Section III.

The Hereditary Physicians of the Septs or Clans. — •

E-isE of a Medical Profession in Europe,

Introduction of Continental Methods.

The Irish chieftains always possessed, even during the early
Christian or monastic period, their own hereditary physicians,
for whose maintenance they allotted large tracts of land. The
territory so allotted was regarded as sacred, both in times of
peace and war. We are not told, but surmise, that portion of
the land was devoted to the cultivation of medicinal herbs.

The medical works of the period under review are for the
most part translations from the Latin of Avicenna — the
aphorisms of Hippocrates, Galen, Razes and other fathers of
the healing art. Some of the names of these hereditary
physicians have been transmitted through their works.

The O'Cassidys were physicians to the Maguires of Fer-
managh for fully two centuries 1320-1504. A tract entitled
" Nature and Cure of the different diseases incident to the
human frame " w^as written by Thomas O'Cassidy, one of the
hereditary practitioners. Aiiother work in the fifteenth
century was written by O'Lee in Latin and Irish. The O'Lees
were physicians to the O'Flahertys of West Connaught.
Murrough O'Lee was looked upon as a magician, a.nd was
supposed to have received all his knowledge from the genii of
the enchanted island of Hy-Brassil.

The O'Hickeys were physicians to the O'Briens of Thomond
and other heads of septs. They possessed a copy of " The
Lily of Medicine." The " Lily of Medicine " was the work of
Bernardus De Gordon, professor of the Montpelier School, who
died in the year 1305.

Nicholas O'Hickey, a member of the same family, translated
" The Rosa Anglica," a manual of medicine celebrated in its
time. This was written by Gaddesden, who flourished in 1305,
and O'Hickey's translation into Irish was made in 1400.

The O'Callaghans of Cork were hereditary physicians to the
McCarthy's of Carbery ; the O'Nellans and O'Quinns were also
noted practitioners.

59

The O'Mearas, physicians to the Butlers of Ormond, were
the first to publish medical works in Latin. Dermot O'Meara
has left us a book entitled Pathologica Hereditaria Generalis,
which was printed in Dublin in 1619. A tract entitled
" Hippocraticam Febrium Etiologium et Prognosim " has
also been attributed to him. His son Edmond was the author
of " Examen diatribae, Thome Wilisii," London, 1665, a work
on fever written against the theories of Willis.

The " Book of the O'Sheils," now in the Royal Irish
Academy, contains the aphorisms of Hippocrates, commen-
taries on Galen, Avicenna and Vesalius, besides a dissertation
on the therapeutics of our native flora. The date of the manu-
script is unknown, but so great was its repute that it was
transcribed in 1657.

A reference to Murtough O 'Shell is found in the Annals of
the Four Masters. He was mortally wounded in the petty
revolution in the principality of the MacLoughlins. His death
took place in 1548 ; he is styled in the Annals as the best
physician of his age. The O'Sheils were physicians to the
Macmahons of Oriel, and held the estate of Ballysheil, on the
banks of Brosna, in Kmg's County.

We may rest assured that the wars with Elizabeth entailed
plenty of surgical work, but on the accession of James I. these
hereditary practitioners were stripped of their holdings and
followed their liege lords to foreign lands.

Owen 0 'Shell was the first of the Irish physicians who set
out for the Continent to acquire a more extensive loiowledge
than could be obtained at home. With this object he went to
Paris in 1604. He studied there, but did not feel justified in
taking out his diploma because, as he observed, the Parisian
faculty was " somewhat lax at and favourable in the con-
ferring of graduation." He therefore proceeded to Louvain
to study under Vanderhayden, Vangaret and Vieringhen.
Here he took out his diploma after three years' study. Thence
he came to Padua, then " the nursery of Gallian Phisick, prime
angular stone of anatomy, the only phoenix in Europe of
medical science in speculative as well as theorick." He
remained there a year, and having passed his examination he
received the degree of doctor " to tlie high repute of all
present." O'Shiel then spent half a year in Rome, whence he
returned to Flanders, where he was appointed chirurgeon

60

doctor to the army of Albert and Isabella, joint sovereigns of
the Low Countries, There he became chief of the medical
faculty in the Royal Hospital of Malines, where he worked
until 1620. In that year he returned to Ireland and settled in
Dublin. After some years he earned the sobriquet of the
" Eagle of Doctors." Later at the siege of Duncannon he was
surgeon in chief of the Leinster Forces under Preston. Here
he had ample field for his resources of leech craft.

In the autumn of 1646, having lost confidence in the trea-
cherous Preston, he thenceforth devoted his skill to the service
of the troops commanded by Owen Poe. Before quitting the
camp of his former chief O'Shiel sent him the following letter,
which proves that he did not cease to take an interest in
Preston's bodily health : — ■

" My Pight Honorable Lord,

" Having known the condition of your body this long
while, and calling to memory also how some years since
I have given directions in the Low Countries whereby
your honour should abstain from aU sorts of wine, only
' Vin de pays ' and ' Phenish wine,' excess in which
direction was altogether excluded then ; and now also,
my Lord, according to my obligations I do once again
forbid the same.

" Assuring your honour that no other end can be ex-
pected than to shorten your own days, whereby you will
be an executioner of yourself if you follow the contrary.
This much to discharge myself and my duty towards you
I thought fit to certify, and so do rest and will ever remain

" Your true servant,

" Owen O'Sheil."

0 'Shell died under the O'Neill banner, and was found
amongst the slain between Letterkenny and SchearsauUis,
leaving many men and women bemoaning his loss.

Pichard Arthur, M.D., was a distinguished contemporary
and rival of O'Sheil ; his " fee book " is published in Kil-
kenny Archaeological Journal.

John Baptist van Helmont, born 1577, died 1644, writes in
his Confessio Authoris : — " For I remember that the Chieftains
of Ireland used each to give a piece of land to a healer who

61

lived with them ; not one who came back trained from the
universities but one who could really make sick people well.
Each such healer has a book crammed with specific remedies
bequeathed to him by his forefathers. Accordingly he who
inherits the book inherits also the piece of land. The book
describes the sjrmptoms and ailments and the country
remedies used for each, and the people of Ireland are cured
more successfully when ill, and have generally far better
health than the people of Italy."

62

Section IV.

The Rise of a Medical Profession. — Introduction of
Continental Methods.

About 1628 Valentine Greatrakes, of Aifane, Co. Waterford,
by passing his hand over the part affected in various diseases,
is said to have restored health. He was so famous that he
was eventually ordered to England by Charles II. In the
memoirs of the Earl of Orrery by Love we learn that " the
Royal Society and other modern philosophers," not able to
dispute the result which he obtained, found words to define
it, and called those strange effects " a sanative contagion in
his body which had an antipathy to some particular disease
a,nd not to others." Some instances of the cures performed
by Greatrakes are given in the " Philosophical Transactions "
by a Mr. Thoresby.

Greatrakes was one of the first to develop this method of
healing, which, we believe, emanated from the doctrine pro-
pounded by Paracelsus in De Peste ; this was the beginning of
modern hypnotism and animal magnetism. A similar method,
in conjunction with exorcism, was used by an Irish priest
named Jas. Feenachty about the period of the restoration.
Both Greatrakes and Feenachty eventually lost their fame.
Greatrakes died in Dublin in obscurity.

The " Philosophical Society of Dublin " was founded in
1683 by Wm. Moljmeux, who was a lawyer with a leaning
towards science. This society was the only means by which
Irish medical men could announce anything new or make
known their opinions, previous to the foundation of the
Medical School of Trinity College in 1710. One of the subjects
discussed by Mol3nieux was the microscopic examination of
the blood. His paper read before the Society would suggest
that even at this early date medical jurisprudence was studied
on a scientific basis in this country. A younger brother,
Thomas Mol3meux, was a physician, botanist, and classical
scholar. He has written papers on " Stone in the Bladder,"
*' Epidemic Influenza " and the " Vesiculae Seminales."

63

It is interesting to note that Molyneux records for the first
time Saxifraga Umbrosa as a Kerry plant in 1697, and, as he
states, " vulgarly called by the gardeners London Pride,"
it must have been already familiar in cultivation,

Allen Mullen, whose work on the comparative anatomy of
the eye and his attempt to calculate the amount of blood
in the human body have received the approbation of Sj)rengel
and Von Haller, was one of the most original members of the
Dublin Society. He died in Barbadoes, it is said, from a surfeit
of the wine of that country.

Many Irishmen never returned to their native land but
gained fame in the country of their adoption. Amongst these
may be mentioned Doctor Thady Dunn, who in 1538, shortly
after the publication of Kenny's Catechism (the first book
printed in Ireland) published his Epistolae Medicinales. He
was domiciled at Locarno, Switzerland. In his De Morbis
Mulieribus he advocates the warm bath in tedious labour.

Neil O'Clacan, a native of Donegal was appointed
physician to the King of France and was privy councillor of
that kingdom ; he was successively professor of physic at the
universities of Toulouse and Bologne. His principal writings
are Tractus De Peste, 1629, and Cursus Medicus, 1655.
Bernard O'Connor, a Kerryman, studied at Mont Pelier ;
he was later a physician to John Sobieski, King of Poland.
His works are — De Humani Hypogastri Sarcomatei, Disser-
tationes Medicophysicae and the Evangelmm, Medici, in which
he advances the opinion that fecundation is possible without
the actual contact of the sexes. At the age of thirty-two
O'Connor died in London, 1698.

The subject matter of a work, Ireland's Natural History, by
Arnold Bo ate, a Dutchman, practising in Dublin in 1649,
entitles it to mention here.

64

Section V.
Medieval Guilds and Chartered Bodies.

The first medieval corporation of which we have any record
was the Guild of the Art of Barbers or Guild of St. Mar}^
Magdalene of the City of Dublin.

This guild was established by a charter of Henry VI. in
1446 for the promotion and exercise of the art of Chirurgery.
Men and women were members until the union of the Barbers
with the Chirurgeons — ^who had sprung up in the meantime —
in 1576 by charter of Elizabeth. In 1687 the guild was further
enlarged by the entry of the Apothecaries and Periwig makers.

This latter guild was constituted the Corporation of the
Apothecaries Hall by Act of Parlia^ment in 1792, and still
exists as such.

The members of the guilds appear to have kept strictly to
their own particular branch from the beginning of the 18th
century. The operation of bleeding and the extraction of the
teeth were practised by the barbers. Dentistry as a profession
had not yet arrived. All other surgical operations were per-
formed by the Chirurgeons.

The origin of the barber craft was seen when treating of the
clerical or monastic physicians. These latter, owing to various
decrees forbidding the priests to practice, were compelled to
hand over this part of their work to their barbers, who were
their servants. These barbers performed, previous to the
papal decrees, all indelicate operations, especially for women
folk, and applied remedies for external diseases as well as their
tonsorial work.

The collection of natural discharges for examination by
their masters within the cloister was also part of the work
performed by the barber.

When the CoUege of Physicians was founded in 1692, the
members of the CoUege came into conflict with Barbers,
Chirurgeons and Apothecaries. An attempt was made by
the coUege to prevent them from administering internal
medicine, but without avail.

65

It would seem that surgeons other than members of the
guild of Barber Chirurgeons existed and practised during the
period when these companies flourished ; these included Army
Surgeons, University Graduates, and men who had served an
apprenticeship of five to seven years with surgeons of repute.

There is a pamphlet in the Thorpe collection written during
the reign of Queen Anne, which sets out " that there is not
the least affinity between Surgery, Peruke -making, and the
Feat or Craft of Barbery," " the barbarous and inhumane
practices of impudent and ignorant Pretenders," and that
" the Guild was a refuge for Empericks, Quacks, Women and
other idle persons."

The secession of the Apothecaries, together with the move-
ment on foot at the time to regulate the practice of surgery,
weakened the power of the guild. In the provincial towns,
e.g., Cork and Limerick, in each of which a company of Barber-
Surgeons flourished, the same process of disintegration went on.

66

Section VI.

The Private Schools.

The earliest private school of which we have any record was
Brennan's, on Arran Quay. An advertisement of this school
appeared in the Dublin Weekly Journal, 1728, as follows :

" A course of Anatomy in all branches (viz.) Osteology,
Myology, Neurology, Adenology, and Enterology will be
given by James Brennan, M.D., etc. The charge of this
course is two Pistoles."

This school was in existence before the foundation of the
school in connection with the College of Surgeons, and in all
likelihood many others existed even before the foundation of
the School of Physic in 1710, but of these there are no records
available.

The principal private schools of the nineteenth century in
Dublin were Crampton's, Jervis Street Hospital School,
I^rby's, The Theatre of Anatomy, the Park Street, Car-
michael, Hargreaves, Peter's Street, Ledwich, Stephen's
Hospital Medical School, and the School of Medicine of the
Apothecaries Hall, which latter became the Cecilia Street
School of Medicine of the Catholic University.

In 1812 Woodroffe's School of Anatomy existed in Cork,
where Hogan, the sculptor, studied. Caesar's " recognized
School of Medicine " was established in Cork in 1828, and
existed until the foundation of the Queen's College. Warren's
Place School of Anatomy, Medicine and Surgery in the same
city flourished 1835 to 1844.

67

Section VII.

Obstetrics in Ireland.

Since women formally rejected the assistance of male prac-
titioners in their labour, progress in the art of midwifery was
difficult. We have progressed wonderfully since the days of
Agnodice of Athens. Yet this Grecian lady can still be held
up as a model to our present day midwife despite the fact
that the modern Trotula is much in evidence.

The hereditary physicians of the clans are not known to
have specially practised this branch of the profession. But it
is not at all unlikely that a better system prevailed than that
obtaining in the years that followed.

As late as 1753 the College of Physicians refused to license
anybody in phj^sic who was concerned in the practise of
midwifery. We can therefore readily imagine what a barrier
to progress existed when the art remained absolutely in the
hands of the uneducated.

Although in the charter granted to the College of Physicians
in 1692 was given " full power and authority to examine all
midwives," no use was made of the privilege.

Previous to 1740 four persons were examined by the College
of Physicians for License in Midwifery ; Mrs. Cormack,
1696-7, was the first woman thus licensed.

We have undoubted evidence that the hereditary physicians
were acquainted with the Hippocratic writings, which include
reference to version, position and dismemberment of foetus
and table for facilitating delivery. All the achievements of
ancient times seem to have been forgotten by the physicians
and surgeons of the later centuries.

To Fielding Ould credit must be given for calling attention
to the fact that no means existed in Ireland by which medical
men could obtain instruction in midwifery. In 1740 he stated
in a preface to his Manual of Midwifery that he was indebted
to the Paris school for his practical knowledge. His descrip-
tion of the mechanism of labour, although incomplete, is the
first attempt to put this subject on a scientific footing. He
advocated turning and extraction by the feet in cases of slight
contraction of the pelvis. He was the inventor of a contrivance

68

called the " terebra occulta," long since obsolete, but he will
be remembered, chiefly for the dictum " meddlesome mid-
wifery is bad."

Bartholomew Mosse saw the need for a Ijdng-in hospital
that would serve the double purpose of charity and instruction.
He set about the task, and with unflagging energy, aided by
his intense gambling spirit, brought into being the world-
renowned Rotimda Hospital. The embryonic stage began in
1745 when Mosse took over a house in George's Lane, now
South Great George's Street, which he converted into a lying-
in hospital of twelve beds at his own exxDense.

The good work done at the hospital in George's Lane led,
through many vicissitudes, to the Rotunda Hospital proper.
With the aid of parliamentary grants and the proceeds of
lotteries and public amusements, all organised by Mosse him-
self, the foundation stone of the Rotunda building was laid
in 1751 and the charter of incorporation from George II. was
granted in 1756.

The Coombe Ljdng-in Hospital was also started as a private
effort. It was part of Kirby's famous school and was carried
on as such in 1822, providing clinical training for the students.
It was taken over as a public charity in 1829 for the people
of the Liberties.

The problems of the early days were puerperal fever and
Trismus Nasentium. The groping in the dark is dull reading,
but the zeal exhibited by these pioneers in advancing their
theories, if not admirable, is amusing.

Joseph Clarke is noted for his researches in Trismus
Nasentium and the application of statistics to the study of
midwifery. He improved the conditions of the hospital by
his insistence on thorough ventilation.

Doctor Douglas' essay on spontaneous evolution is often
quoted.

The CoUege of Physicians had progressed sufficiently in 1827
to appoint a professor of Midwifery at the School of Physic.

William F. Montgomery, who fiUed the chair, is noted for
his treatise on the signs and symptoms of pregnancy.

In 1838 Evory Kennedy, one of the masters of the Rotunda
Hospital, founded the Dublin Obstetric Society.

As elsewhere, Semmelweiss' discovery of the cause of
puerperal fever was taken up slowly. It was an uphill fight.

69

for the old school was well entrenched. It is impossible to
assign credit to anyone in particular, but Macau's rule of 1882
proved the death -knell of the terrible epidemic and the endless
discussions to which these epidemics led.

This rule ran somewhat as follows : — ^All persons who
examine a patient in this hospital (Rotunda) must previous
to the examination sign the patient's bed chart, wash
thoroughly the hands with a nail brush, and then immerse
the hands in carbolic solution. This rule not only guarded
against infection, but also enabled it to be traced.

Macan also interviewed all students before entering the
hospital, and took special care that no student who was
working at dissections obtained admission to the hospital.

70

Section Ylll.

"Trinity/" ''The Colleges," and the Universities.

Although the University of Dublin and Trinity College were
established by Charter of Elizabeth in 1591, and the founda-
tion stone of the College building was laid in the same year
by Thomas Smith, Apothecary, we do not see any evidence
of the study of medicine within its walls for many years after
the foundation.

For the initiation of a medical faculty the College is indebted
to John Stearne, born at Ardbraccan, Co. Meath, in 1624.
He spent part of his student days at Trinity College, and left
the country at the time of the Rebellion (1641). He next
went to Sidney College, Cambridge, and thence to Wadham
College, Oxford. On his return to Dublin he proceeded to
carry out his plan to establish a Fraternity of Physicians.

In 1662 he was elected Professor of Medicine in the Uni-
versity of Dublin, when he had succeeded in establishing
Trinity Hall for " the advancement of the study of Physick
in Ireland . ' ' Shortly afterwards Stearne established the College
of Physicians, in 1668, by obtaining a Charter and the settle-
ment of Trinity Hall and the lands belonging thereto on the
newly incorporated College.

This was the beginning of the College of Physicians, which
has since maintained its connection with the University of
Dublin.

Trinity Hall was restored to the University in 1880, and
the articles drawn up include an agreement that the President
of the College of Physicians shall be a Protestant of the Church
of Ireland. The attempts of King James in 1686 to appoint
Arthur Green, "one of the king's converts," who was a
graduate of Physics of the University, to the Lectureship in
Irish, and to appoint Bernard Doyle of Drogheda as Fellow,
met with no success. Dr. Crosby, although elected to the
Presidency of the College about this time, the appointment
would not be sanctioned by Trinity because he was a Roman
Catholic.

71

The College of Physicians in 1692 obtained a new Charter.
It was now constituted as the King's and Queen's College of
Physicians, with Sir Patrick Dunn as President,

The foundation of the Medical School of Trinity CoUege
really dates from 1710, in which year a laboratory, anatomical
theatre, and physic garden were provided.

The Royal College of Surgeons was founded by Charter
granted in 1784 to the Dublin Society of Sugeons formed in
1780 by men who were dissatisfied with their brethren the
Barbers and Periwig makers of the Barber Surgeons guild.
Various supplemental Charters have since been granted.

A curious controversy between the Colleges occurred in
1837, when the physicians endeavoured to secure some of the
appointments which were in the hands of the surgeons. The
County Infirmaries, for which the appointments were sought
by the Physicians, were attended solely by the Surgeons
until the inequ?Jity was removed by the Medical Act of
1876.

In 1850 the School of Physic in Trinity required a conces-
sion from the College of Surgeons, namely that aU candidates
for the M.B. degree of the University should spend one annus
medicus in Trinity ; in return they asked the College to
recognise the lecturers in the School of Physic.

Their refusal of this request led to the granting of a Diploma
in Surgery by the University of Dublin in 1857.

In 1862 the Irish Poor Law Board issued an Order requiring
candidates for the Poor Law Dispensaries to possess diplomas
in Medicine and Surgery. The College of Surgeons imme-
diately began to issue diplomas in Medicine as a result, but
these were not recognised, and soon fell into disuse.

The University of Dublin first opened its doors to Catholics
in 1793, but would give them no share in its emoluments, and
did not abolish religious tests until 1873. The Queen's
Colleges, three in number, one at Galway, Cork and Belfast,
were the constituent Colleges of the Queen's University of
1849. These Colleges were meant to provide the higher
education demanded by Catholics, and each had a Medical
faculty.

They did not meet with the approval of the Catholic
Bishops, as they made no provision for religious teaching.
In 1850, at the Synod of Thurles, it was resolved, on the advice

72

of Rome, to set up a Catholic University in Dublin. Cardinal
Newman was brought over and made Rector. Work was
started in 1854, a Charter was sought but not granted.
Students were few ; the famine, with its accompanying
diseases, had taken off many of our youth. Newman, like all
Englishmen, forgot that he was dealing with men of a different
nationality, although of the same religion. Irishmen took as
their model Louvain. Newman would insist on his Oxford
and Cambridge ideas. The only school of the Catholic
University which struggled on was the Medical school. The
Cecilia Street School of the Catholic School of Medicine (which
had previously been the school of the Apothecaries' Hall) was
bought over for the Catholic University in 1854, and continues
to exist to the present day, being now the dissecting room of
the faculty of Medicine in the National University. When the
first Medical Act was passed in 1858 the qualifications obtain-
able and registrable in Ireland were the Licence and Fellow-
ship of both Colleges (Physicians and Surgeons), the Licence
of the Apothecaries' Hall, the Licence in Medicine and M.S.
of the University of Dublin, the M.D. and M.S. of the Queen's
University.

In 1876 the B.Ch. became registrable, and the Register was
open to women.

In 1879 Queen's University was abolished. The Royal
University took its place, and was empowered to give degrees
to all who passed its examination. In 1908 Mr. Birrell's
Irish Universities Act set up two new Universities, the Queen's
University at Belfast, with its own CoUege ; the National
University at Dublin, with its constituent Colleges at Cork,
Galway and Dublin.

73

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"bAftiún mót». 31
"beAÍÁri l^éAtiA. 24
X)eÁ\\r\Ár\ t)etilrAine. 12
,, t3]ieAC. 31

40

35

22

"beÁiinÁn 131115-06. 41
„ LACÁin. 33

"beAcntiAt) tDoineAnn. 17
,, -piiieAnn. 17

"beme piAT)Ain. 39

t>eic. 40

„ CAtljAAISeAC,

"beiceAti. 46
lOene-oín. 22

t)lAT)CAf. 39

„ Uifce

t3ileAC l^ofcÁin.
t)ile t)tii-óe. 29
t)ileÓ5 .1. X)viilleÓ5.
"bileój t)ÁiT)ce 13ÁT1. 12

„ ,, t)tiiT)e, 12

„ t>]^^^■oe. 31

„ l1lAlt. 31

,, riA néAri. 19
„ Sptiirinc. 30
„ SiiÁToe. 39
iDingíneAC .1. "biníneAC. 46
t)íoT) A l^eitéiT). 16
t)iolAii. 13

,, CoilleAT). 13
„ Ci^titiAij. 13
„ ■piiAtincAC. 13

„ 5A|ttfOA. 13

» 5reA5ÁiTi. 14
,, rhtii^e. 36
„ SeAjib. 13

„ CjlÁJA. 14
t)lO|1A t-eAC|1A. 41
"blOtlAjt .1. blolAlt.

"biot^ós. 48
t)io|ittAC. 46

,, Lacati. 46
bio-|i-|iAitneAC. 47

„ -ttóf. 41

,, flÁnltif. 45
t)i|\ÍTieAC .1. "biníneAC. 46
"blÁt ttitiitie. 29

,, riA mt)oT)AC. 12-23

74

blÁt P011CA15 45
'bliocc-fíeócA'oÁn. 31

„ -pifeÁn. 21
"bó CtiinneAll. 14
"bo-OAC gotim. 28
t)o"OÁn. 46

,, Cloigin. 38

„ CoilleA-D. 25
*Otit). 44

„ meAfcÁin. 36
t)ó-T)eA|ic. 32
"bo-o ^éAfi. 44
t)05-1i)xiinne. 44, 45
"bosltif. 31
"bolcÁn t)tiiT)e. 30
"bonójAC. 37
"boitmóncA. 30
"boiiiiÁifue ^ojim. 33
"bo-piAÁn. 30
l^liAitleój. 32
"btiAcós ttltiiiie. 22
"biieAllÁn. 46
"bftéAnlvif. 38
"biiiAn "biieÁj;. 24
biiiofclÁti. 22
bt^ob. 44

„ 1 -oCóin. 46
"b^tójA riA CÚTÍ1A15. 36
tD-fitíim-pétii-t. 46
t3uACAlÁn l3Án. 30

bui-óe. 29, 30
,, riA nCAfCAiiÁn. 30

t3xiAr-pATiÁn .1. t)tiACAlÁn,

btlAlcjIAlf). 27
bviAtlAC. 18

bvisA. 43

„ muc. 43
"btii-óeAC. 37
■btii-óeACÁn. 32
"bt^i-óe móti. 15

„ HA nln^eATi. 39
"btiriAC. 18
l)ti|i5omÁn. 26
"bxj^iiifCAini. 49

CaIjaiii l1ltiiiie. 38
CAbÁifre .1. gAbÁifre. 23

CAbÁn AbAtin. 12

C-Ab Ati "OeAfÁin. 32
„ „ SAfÁiTi. 32

CA-óltJib. 28

CAilicín. 12, 23

CAilíf t11tii|ie. 24

CAilleAC *ÓeAti5. 12, 23

CAittceAl. 37

CAifreAiibÁn. 31

„ CaoI "OeAtis. 31

„ Cof T)eAti5. 31

Caicí CollAgÁn. 24

CATnÁn 5aII. 26
„ míonlA. 29
„ SeA|i|iAi5. 12

Caoc riA 5CeA|ic. 34

CaoIac. 18

CAOl-pAll. 40

Cao|i "pionnóijíe. 41
CAO|ir;Ann. 22

,, Cv!ti|iAi5. 28

CAPÓ5 .1. Copóg.

CAjAAbtlAX). 25

CAHtiAigin. 49
CAtljlA TÍIeAlA. 20

„ tinlif. 20
CéAT) TmilleAC. 33
CeAnriAbÁn "beAg. 38

„ *Otil!)-cofAC. 47

CeAnriA *OúbA. 46
CeATin Cinncoille. 37

„ 'OoriTi. 49
CeAjibÁn "peóiiA. 11
CeAiibxif. 25
CeA^ic t)|ieAC. 42
CiAb .1. Cíb. 45
cíp C11Á5A. 32
Cí|teÁn C01I15. 17
ClAbjitjf. 28

tnótt. 26
CtAT)tAC "btii-óe. 14
Cloigne 5011mA. 28
CltiAin-Un. 17
CltíAf ÓAOin. 44

„ tlAt. 17

„ t-tic. 17

,, Lticóise. 17
ClijbÁn. 17

T>eAti5. 34
CltJCA^Án LéAtiA. 31

75

CriA-oÁn. 31

CnÁib tíifce. 28

CnÁrhltif. 26

CriApÁTi "Ovth. 31

CneAiri .i. CjieATri.

Cnó CAlrhAn. 26

CTiúrA|tlÁn, 26

CocÁTi. 23
„ tiAt. 23

Cocóil. 31

CcolAiXiin. 12

CogAl. 17

„ *OeAti5. 11
„ 5oiim. 15, 16

CoiceAiiÁTi rntiice. 26

Coinf>éti]t. 46

CoinneAl ríltii|ie. 34

Coinnle Co|1|ia. 43

Coijice pAT)Aiti. 46
„ Sotim.^ 31
„ PiiéACÁin. 46

Coi]ieÁn-coilleAC. 17

Coljttóc. 45

Colgnofc. 45

CoU. 40

ComÁn .1. CAmÁti.

CoriAi|te. 24

Con-fióf. 23

CopÓ5 -pÁ-0|iAi5;. 38
5éA|i. 39
niTÍie. 39
fhó\\ tlifce. 39
StiÁiT)e. 39

ÚtlAICll. 31

Co|tcopÓ5. 45

CojtnÁn. 32

-pÁil. 25
„ CAifil. 24
„ LeACÁin. 24

CofÁiníri CA|i]iAi5e. 49

CofÁn UAin. 21

Cof rilAiTDeAC. 20
„ tlifce. 26

CócA P|teAf AC. 22

C|iAX>Án .1. CuA-oAn.

C]AATin Coitinéil. 26

„ C^iiteAC.

41

,, ^ApAinn.

34

,, mtJcó|iA.

26

,, SníomcA.

41

„ Sjm'oitica.

41

CjlAntl St15-ÚAltTlA1T1 32

CjieACCAC. 24

X>eA|i5. 18

C^teACcltif. 38

C|teA5AC. 26

C|teA5|iAC. 19

CjieATTi. 43

„ muc pA-ÓAin. 43
„ TiA muice piAi-ó. 48

C|\im-|iAicneAc. 47

C|iiof ÓonctilAinn. 21

C|Aot) Coltnm. 19
„ -OeAtts. 19
„ pttéACÁm. 18

Cjtóc. 44

,, LéAnA. 43

,, riA mt>ÁncA. 44

C|tomltif. 12

C]\ó PÁ-011A15. 38

CiixiAC „ 38

C|ttlAT)ltlf. 29

CtttibA éin. 21

„ teifín. 12

„ teórhAin. 37
C|iiJibín. 32

C^uibirii Cuir. 20

„ SionnAi5. 48
CtiAi|ii'oín. 48

CÚ15 "bileAC Uifce. 22

CtiijeAl An tofcÁin. 42

„ riA m'bAn Síf)e. 44

C1J15 rhéAti rhtíijie. 22
CtiileAnn. 19

„ C|\Á5A. 25

GtJilín tritiiiie. 42
CtiinneÓ5 tllije. 26

,, rtltii^e. 26
Ctiiiiix»ín t)Án. 26
Ctii|iinín t)Án- 12
Ctii|tifrín. 48
CtíifeÓ5 iDtii-óe. 30

CÚtlAC UjlÁJA. 50

„ UfiiofCAiii. 50
CtijicAif. 43, 45
Cx^^\\Ár^. 14

,, "btii-óe. ]4

„ CAfCA. 34

„ *OeAti5. 15

,, Un. 17
CijtA|tlÁTi .1. CruJCAnlAn. 26

76

T).

T)Á-*DtiilleÓ5 (An CtioTÓe). 42

„ (An Uili)). 42

•OAljI. 40
X)aca'5a 13 An. 25

„ 'Ouft. 12
T)eAlrltif, 48
T)eAlc|ttiAix). 24
TieAiicÁn. 40
*OeA|icÓ5 bÁn. 24
-OGAtAs. 24
*Oiit. 24
*OeAti5lAoic. 39
T)eA|i5 I^Aille. 27

„ CAlnuvn. 12
*OeÁnnA tl'ltiijie. 22
*OeAUAC CAlniAn. 12
X)ei|it)fiúi|tíní. 16
*Oeo-ÓA. 34
*OireAn. 46
TiiAAijeAn. 21
*Onéiini|ie "btii-óe. 33

„ tlltntie. 33

*0-|ieAnncAi-ó *OíbeAiArAC. 29
T)nif .1. *OnifeÓ5. 21
*0|ttiA"óltif. 40
T)|nncrín tTlonA. 24
*OtiAlAniÁn. 49
*OvibÁinín An uSeAnctiif. 38
*Ovil3Án CeAnncAfAC. 38
'Oti'bcofAC. 47
•OtnlleAlDAit Sp-uinnc. 30
*OviilleÓ5 .1. "bileój.
'Otiilleós t)Áix)te "ÓÁn. 12

„ "Óiiij-oe. 31

„ ^éite. 45

„ itlAIC. 31

,, nA Sao|i. 38

•OuileAfc. 49

5Atib. 50
mín. 49
,, nA ViA'bAnn. 45
*OtiillnieAl. 34
*Otnilti-p. 35

„ tlifce. 35

GAtibAll Ctiir. 44
„ Ctiirín. 24
„ -RÍ05. 18

eAfbojÁn. 29

ÓAfsltif. 48

ei-DGAnn .1. eiT)neÁn. 26

eiT)néAn UAlniAn. 37

Git|ieÓ5. 21

eó. 41

eó|inA. 47
efbeAjinA. 39

e.

eAbAT). 41
eAjlbAll CApAlll.

48

pAilreAnn pionn. 47

pAlcAi^e An Vlifce. 33
„ CtijijiAij. 33
„ pAT)Ain. 33
-ptiAti. 33

pAllAing liltni^e. 22

pAnAigfe. 16

pAttAC "Ovib. 35

peAbjAAn. 26

peAbnAoiT). 40

peAX>Ó5. 48

-peAS .1. -pÍAS-

-peAllAbos. 25

peAni .1. -peAmAin. 49

"peAniAin t)tiil5ÍneAc. 49
,, CÁilíneAC. 49

"PeAtnnAC. 49

'PeAn UAltiiAn. 30

"PeAiibÁn. 11

"PeAiin. 40

peAtínój. 40

"pei-óneÁn .1. éif)neÁn. 26
peileAfc-pom. 43
péiteACA pA-ÓAine. 45
peicleog. 27
'peócAX)Án. 31

„ CtititiAij. 31

„ mín. 31

"PeóiiÁn Cu]A|iAi5. 37
i:eó]iAf. 19
"PeuiiÁn. 43
■peti^i Caohac. 46

„ CApAlll. 46

77

"Peiíii C-uTÍipA. 46
„ 5o|icAC. 46
„ niilif. 46
-pÍAS- 44

pnéAl rriA-oiiA. 29
,, inviice. 26
,, rhuijie. 14
piniT)i5 TiA tnijc. 31
'pío5AX)Án. 29
ponnÁn X)Án. 23
pionriAf 5A-ti|iAi-óe. 25
"PioiitAn. 46
'pítA"ó|iif. 23
-piGAlDtiÁn 26
"pieAnn Uifce. 11
"pleAfc 1 mt)éAl "bó. 32
-plio-ó. 17

„ An "ÓaIIa. 27
„ tlifce. 11, 24
-poclA. 14

"PotAnnÁri .1. 'peócA'OÁn.
potiium. 35
"PjAAtiricltif. 29
-pjiAoc. 32

'PliAocÁn .1. PjiAOCÓs. 32
"P^iAoc An Uninnfe. 32
,, CAmógAC. 32

Cnr^tiAis. 32
„ "pijieAnn. 32
„ 5aII-óa. 32
„ nA h-Aon Coife. 32
„ riAOfCAije. 32
■puAlACCAiti. 36
"PtiAitÁn, 26
•puAcjo-iim. 34
ptJAC ITinice. 43
ptnl CAlrhAn. 11
"PninfeAC. 25
ptiinnfeAgAl. 25
p-uinnfeÓ5. 33

„ CoiUeA-ó. 22

-ptiip. 49

^AbÁifre *OAOine ITlAice. 23

„ tTlAT)|tAÍ RtlATO. 23

5AlÍ)A|inlCA. 31

gAi^Ann. 34

5ÁiiileÓ5. 43

„ CoiLleAT). 14
„ 'f'iA-ÓAin. 43

„ l1ltiijie. 43

gAllÁn 5iieAnncAiii. 30

5All-l3iolA|t. 13
5, -fiAicneAC. 47
,, -fAileAC. 41

gAllnAnÁn "piA-ÓAin. 26

J^AttbÁn CjieA5AC. 16

gAiilaltif. 27

„ nA mónA. 11

SA^lbogAC. 48

5AOicín CncAi5. 44

5Af-An-CAillij;. 13

5At t)tii-óe. 38

5éA|inAb. 39

5eAT:Ai]ie. 44

geAtAp. 44

geifi-'bileAC. 22

5eitA5Ín. 29

5iT)i|n'Am. 12

510ICAC .1. 510ICÓ5. 20

5lAn-eA5lA. 24

5lA-pAi|t COllleAT). 38
„ l/éAnA. 11

glAfÁn. 50

5lAf "LéAnA. 46

5;leó|tÁn. 14

SloijAif. 23

5lúineAC. 16

,, lÍ)eA5. 39

,, *ÓeAti5. 39
t)nb. 39
l1ló|i. 39
„ Úeic. 39

gnÁBltif. 28

goinimín. 16

„ Sléiláe. 16

^onmÁn. 16, 31

„ SeAftjiAi^. 16

5o|ini-*óeA|ic. 21

Soticóg. 22

5^ApÁn iDAn. 38
*Onb. 38
„ nA 5CI0C. 24

5HÁin AjicÁm. 11

g-fiAn ConnÓ5. 45

5lieAli)Án. 21

mín. 26

5Heim An X)iAbAil. 28

78

;5|téinfeiceAC. 30
^■piolóisÍTi. 29

^llOfAlT). 23

5Honnltif. 30
511« ATÓ tTltii]ie. 11
„ C^AJA. 49
5Hijnltif .1. 5|tonnliif.

1.

lAT)ltlf. 34

1t)eA5 gA-pl!). 48
itiÍTi. 48
Inniúin-tnóin. 47
longA 5Ái|tleói5e. 43
ItblÁt Ó]\x)A. 29

ItllJAjl. 41

,, t)einne. 41
,, CAtrnAn. 47

t.

1.ACA CeAnti-fAtiAX). 12

LAfAI^ téAriA. 11

teA'oÁn tiofcA. 28
„ ATI ÚcAijie. 28

teAitín. 22

LeArh. 40

l^eATTiAc itltiise. 18

LeAtriÁTi. 40

teAHAtiuAC. 22

LeAtAc "Dtii-óe. 22

Léine ltltii-|ie. 14

Leicíf geiii-pf^iAT). 31

léiú-riifce. 36

t-iAit. 36

l.iAcÁn. 29

tiAcltif. 30

"beAS. 28

XinneAiiAC. 24

tin .1. Uon.

tineAil VlAitne. 50

tiocóiitJif. 20

líoti. 18

UonÁin llAiúne. 50

líon t)eA5. 18
,, riA "hAlbAnn. 11
5, riA mlDAn Srae l^

t/íon VLax)á\[c. 36
LionnLtiit). 40
LocaII. 36

„ CaoI. 28

,, mocAin. 36
LofCAn-tion "btii-óe. 35
LtiACAiji. 44

„ 5'<^^'<^il^- 47
„ ttléifctveAC. 45
„ since. 45
t-UAnltif. 48
Ltiilb .1. Ltif.
ttiib 1 n-A5Ai"ó CofAccAc. 30

„ An eAfA 28

,, „ ■pAllfAOjIA. 28

„ méme. 28

„ eóin iDAifce. 17

„ LaoiBgac. 17

,, nA bpeAji ngoncA. 27

,, tiA mxic. 33

,, nA nAofAn. 14

,, HAOirh SeÁn. 28

„ nA SeAcc n5ÁT)A. 48
ttJi]i5neAc *OeA|i5. 23
ttiif. 22
Lti-tiACÁn. 43
Ltif .1. Ltiili).
Ltif Áinleóige. 26
LtifAiiie nA htl|icói-oe. 33
„ HA SeAn5Án. 24
Ltif An l3Ainne. 16

„ „ "OaUa. 13, 40

„ „ lÍ)otitiAi5. 36

,, ,, COT)All. 12

,, ,, Coltnm. 12

,, ,, CoititÁin. 47

„ „ „ -OtJb. 47

„ „ _ „ 5^Af. 48

,, „ Ciioi-óe. 38

,, ,, 'OÁ -|0in5inn. 33

„ eAfpuig. 25

,, 'fúcA-oói|i. 28
,, „ j;iollA. 36
„ „ 5úrA. 25
,, ,, LeAnnA. 40
,, ,, teAfATÓ. 39
,, ,, tiAjAijie. 26
,, „ tti^Aiiie. 26

„ Óitt. 14
„ „ piobAiii. 14, 37
,, ,, SpA^iÁin. 14. 37

79

tti-p An CóiceÁin. 24

„ cSaoi. 26

,, rSeArix)tiine. 30

,, rSiAbtnnn. 16

„ rSiucAijie. 31

„ tliUe. 22
t-ufAtiÁn 5|tÁn X)uX), 25

ttif TDeACAij. 38

,, "bitAonAC. 21

„ "btii-óe "beAlcAine. 12
,, „ riA n*OeAnAtAi|ic;i. 29

„ CneAf. 21

„ Coife 5é. 39

„ ColtiiTncille. 17, 33

,, CofCA-o riA polA. 14

„ C\\é. 35

,, X)eAticAn. 29

„ 'Onéim|teAcnAn*OeAnAtAiiicí.

29

,, 5An AcAiji 5An 1ÍlÁtAi|t. 45

„ 5Aiib. 27

„ ^lócÁin. 28

„ gojimÁin. 31

„ 5otim TiA nX)eAnAt:Aiiio. 28

,, teAC ATI CSAtiljtAlT). 13

,, V^At tiA mA|tA. 32

,, LofcÁin. 41

,, ttlic "beACAij. 38

„ „ Cviimin. 25

,, „ 1^105 t)lieACAin. 37

„ mí-óe. 17

.„ tninle. 33

„ miolA. 33

„ iTiolAc. 27

„ niót^. 34

,, „ "boineAtiti. 34

„ ,, CoilleAT). 34

,, riA X)Ar^Ál^c1[\A. 36

,, ,, Co-olArA. 22

„ ,, lá'peACÓg. 29

,, „ 'b'peAjt mbeAg. 27

„ „ bpACAl. 36

„ ,, "bp^iAnncAC. 29

„ ,, -oUjii mlDille. 28

,, ,, „ mbAllAn. 28

„ ,, "Pionnóije. 41

„ „ -polA. 29

„ „ "peAtiriAise. 24

„ „ sCltiAf. 29
„ ,, gCnAiii. 26

ttif riA gCnAni mbiiifce. 33

gCriApAn. 35

gCoinnle sCaiiac. 32

SCofCAittc. 29

h-Oi-óce. 34

tAog. 24

teAC. 36

t.eAT)Ár), 28

1TlAi5X)eAnA mtiiiie. 33

inbAn Sí-óe. 34

ineAlA. 27

iniol. 17
„ moll. 18

tniofA. 48

nAtjiAC. 33, 48

nT)AnA|i. 27

neicj^eog. 21

ngiAÁn TDvilJ. 25

pinsne. 24

RÍOCAC. 26

SoaIdac. 31

Seilje. 47

SíoúcÁriA. 24

(bui-óe). 33

SmAileóg. 25

ScAlog. 32

SijI mt)tii-óe, 14

CeAtisATi. 33, 48

UjieACA. 36
Otic A. 38
pingne. 25

PltAICIT). 43

RiaIdac. 36

SÍO-OA. 17

StigAC. 43
UA5IA. 42
OAis^e. 42

UCCA. 16

m.

triACAl Coille. 22
„ Sleibe. 11
inAX)Ati -pjiAOij. 27

triASAIjllÍTl An Ctl|t11A15. 42

An SciAtÁin 5lAif. 42
An tofcÁin. 42
"bÁn An cSléibe. 42
t)eA5 An f?eiliocÁin. 42
CjtnA-óltif An Cti|tiiAi5.
42
„ teACAn . 42

80

mA5AÍ|ilín LeAtAti. 42

„ mó\\ An CvinnAij. 42

,, „ ,, "peiiiocÁin. 42

,, meraiieAC. 42

,, riA "beice. 42

„ ,, Ctnleoige. 42

,, ,, SctiAice. 42

„ rii-o éin. 42

01 U5. 42
niAi-oe X)i[\éAr\. 19
inÁittcín "piA-ÓAin, 37
niAotÁn. 41
mAoúlÁT) tnóriA. 36
inAt<b-óiiAi5eAn. 28
niAtic-iiAitrieAC. 47
mÁcAitA An *Otiilifc. 49
meACAn Ailinn. 28

,, "btii-óe An rSléi^e. 39

„ X)05A. 31

-Ottb. 33
,, „ pA-ÓAin. 38

„ eAc. 15

„ triAiiA. 15

„ tlAgtiini, 15

„ „ tlifce. 13

„ Uatoij. 15

„ 1^105 "PlATDAin. 26

,, (Cob AC. 31

„ tlifce. 25
meA-o *Ot^tiAT) 29
-T)tiAc. 29
iTleAlo-OAC. 20
llleAnTDp-fieAfAitt. 46
tneAnctif .1. mioncAf.
méAiiACÁn 5o|im. 32

„ nA mt>An Si'-óe. 34

ITIeAjilAS. 47
meAfCÁn. 36
meAf nA *OA-iiAi5e. 40

„ UtJIftC AtluA 17
meilife. 14
méinín nA mÁ-s- 22
nieoyi rhtiitte. 21
ITIil-pétinAC. 45
11í1iI-5a1Í)ai|i. 36
mil-iiieACAn. 18
iriilfeÁn mónA. 36

„ U-11Á5A. 50
mio-ólticÁn. 26
mionÁn rhtn-fte. 23, 38
mionnuAC. 18

inionog. 32
ITlionc .1. ITlionuAf. 37
mioncAf CAifil. 40
,, AitlDAi^u 37

míofAc. 18
iriiocós 1i)t3i-oe. 34
niifimín "DeAjij. 37
1Tlóin-feti|t. 46
nioleAf. 27
moltnttt:. 27
inonjAC-meAfSA. 30
móiiÁn. 23
tno|\ínóncA. 30
inticÓ5. 36
1T"lti5Án-o. 30
irivigoniÁn. 26
inuiléA-o. 46
nitiileós. 32
niviilceAnn. 33
mtnnnieAjt. 25
múifeÁn. 32
mnllAC Xíuh. 31
ITIújiAC. 49
múitÁn. 15

n.

neAT» CoilleAT). 11

lleATTinAiT). 22

lleAnnc .1. HeAnnró^. 40

11eAnnuÓ5 t)Án. 38
,, *óeAtt3. 38
„ Caoc. 38
„ rhAiilD. 38
„ ttltiitie. 38

11 1 An f cot. 31

11irh Cap All. 26

nómín. 28

„ An cIatdaií;. 32
,, iDni-óe. 14
mó^. 29

num. 33

o.

OCOf .1. UCAf. 18
0-ÓA-[AAC mnllAi5. 28
OT)AttÁn. 26
Oi5t\eÓ5. 22

81

Oii^e. 19
0|AA5Án. 37
Oji riltnt^e. 29
Otip. 24

p.

Paca^iati. 33
Pax)cáti t)vii-oe. 32
pÁi-oeÓ5. 44
pAipín. 12
peACÁn "bvii-óe. 32
peAfAit^ An Atit)Ain. 21

„ iDtii-De. 21

„ pA-ÓAin. 21

,, Í.-UC riA Coille. 21

„ tlA ttic. 21

peitifil. 25

„ AmAi"o. 26
peic. 27

„ -óps. 27

Jl^^ 1 . >.i. peAfAiti,

PlfeAtlAC J

Uitij. 21
pifimín .1. ITlifimín. 37
pif Sléili)e. 21
pleAfCÁn. 26
pltibAittfhi. 12
pli^i|iÍTi. 23

„ SeAtisÁn. 20
pKili All tocÁin. 32

„ riA CtiAice. 1 7

„ TiA 5t\éiTie. 15, 23, 30
pneACA UAii-|iAin5ce. \ oq
pnetirh (C:A|t|tAin5te. f
pÓTiAine ÓApAill. 33
„ CtijinAij. 33
pótt An ÓApAill. 33

PjlAlfeAC ATI "pAllA. 39

„ X)\\ÁtA\y. 39, 40

„ t)uix)e. 14

,, "piA-OAin. 39

., 'piAi-ó. 14

„ ^A\<b. 14

,, lAjllA. 40

,, riA 5CA011AC. 14
., riA rtlAiiA. 15

,, riA mt)AllA. 39

„ C^IAJA. 15

Pl^Áiríní CltitA|tACÁin, 26
PttéACA .1. pnetiCA. 20

PltéATTi .1. pneuni. 20
PliiíriéA-o. 33
ptiinTieÓ5. 39

n.

ílAi-oeós. 40
RATÓleój. 40

RAitneAC. 47

ATI RÍ05.
CjTVlAIT).

Ctiilinn.

47

47
48
iriAx»ttA tiiAic. 48
rhéifciieAc. 48
rililir ATI rSléibe, 47
nitii|ie. 48
U-UAiriTieAC. 47
ScATiÁriAC. 47
RAni-ó|\Ai5eAn. 19

inín. 19

RAOfA^I t)ÁTl. 24

XieA-ps. 24
X>nh. 24
R1AT1 R105, 19

RlAfC-blÁt Ót1T)A. 12

RibleACÁn. 39
Ri5-feifc. 44
Roibe. 29
RoiUe. 46
Róf. 23

An cSoltiif. 24

pA-ÓAin. 23

ílolón-OAC. 27

l_ACAn. 45

teAtbÁn. 23

tíon. 18

rriA-otiA RtiAi-ó. 23

nA iDAiniiíojnA tnuijTe. 23

nA CAttjiAige. 15

SAileÓ5. 25
Rú. 27

An otiiijiAig. 27
rílvii|Ae. 27

RtIA"DACÁn. 15

„ t)uiT)e. 15

RubA .1. Rtiib. 11
Rviib AilpeAC- 11

„ t)eA5. 11

,, léAnA. 11
Rtiif. 27
RtiiteAl RÍ05. 19

82

SATÓbín, 43

SAileAC .1. SAileóg. 41

SaiI-'5|iaic. 40

SÁifce Cntiic. 37
5, CoilleAT). 37
„ "fiA-ÓAin. 37

SAlctlAC. 15, 16

SAniA'ó. 39

„ CAOjlAC. 39

„ CoilleAX). 19
„ Ct3|iiiAi?;. 31

SArhAiitcín. 32

SceAc 21

„ ^eAl. 23

SceAtii X)A^Ac. 47
„ riA 5CI0C. 47

Scíni *Oa|iac. 47

SeAl5Ó5 "pío-ÓA. 19

SeATTiAiA .1. SeAm|tÓ5.

SeArriA-p lÍ)Án. 20

„ ÓApAlll. 20

„ C-tiiAX), 35
„ ílltii^ie. 33

SeAmjAOj. 20

„ CoilleAT). 19
„ Ctii5-1i)ileAC. 22

SeA]ií)Án riA ITltíc. 31

SeA|ili)ltif. 40

SeA|i1i)Ó5 tllilif. 34

SeAjijiAis. 11

SeAfc .1. Seifc. 45

Seilín. 21

„ CtiAice. 14
„ pA-ÓAin. 21

Seilifciiom. 43

SiAbAl. 43

Sincín. 24

Sío'bAf. 43

Sío-OA inónA. 46

SÍO-ÓÁT1* Sléilje. 34

Síol Rtiir. 18

Siop. 36

Sío-plAC. 36

Siof5AlAC. 46

Sijiif. 21

SIaIÍac .1. SleAt)AC.

SlÁnltif. 38

,, riA nitic. 14

SIac 5oiini. 34

SIa-c niAtiA. 49

„ Óit^. 28
SleAbAC .1. SleAlbACÁn 50
SméA-ti X)vif). 21
SnÁite "bÁTÓce. 24
SoileAfcA^. 43
Soillfe riA S\U. 36
SpionÁn .1. Spionój. 23
Sponnc. 30

SpiiiúnÁn .1. SpionÁn. 23
Sptirfife. 39
S-ftÁiX)ín. 14
SnAtmAn. 36
SjieAns "óoJA. 19
SjiionAn t3Ári. 24
,, 'OeAjij. 24

*Ol3l3. 24

ScAiii. 49

Sróinfe. 39

S-úgA "peAjiriA. 35
„ -tÁin. 22
,, -UAliriATi. 22
„ _ „ SeAfC. 22

„ C^IAOli). 21

„ riA mbAn triín. 21
S-úil An Ciiir. 33

,, X>A^^v.. 29
StlTlAlf. 26

SiiiiHAlDAn. 30

c.

cÁiúf eileAnti. 27
CeAnsA "bó. 31

„ "PlAIT). 48

„ riA tlAÚi^AC. 33
Cé nÁ tigA-jiii-OAnrA. 38

„ ScAilpeAC. 47
Uíni tlifce. 41
rAACrfÚ5. 22
'Có^]\pm. 24
Conti Ati ClATDAii;. 32
COjt tvAt^AV' 33
UonmÁn. 37
c-pÁirTiín. 46
CjieAlJAC. 13
CiiéAtilxif. 25

„ t)llAOT1AC. 26

83

■Ct^illfeÁn. 44

i;]MOfCA|t. 49

„ An .Aitcinn. 49

„ 'Oia'b LA-OAiitAC. 49
„ • „ riA 5CI05. 49
„ J5 ■riA RtiA-óo5. 49

ciiom. 27

ciitif5Án. 22

Utiile UAlriiAri. 11

CtiijifeAC. 17

CtitifAi]i|tinín. 17

íltiHfAiit^Am. 17

13.

tll3AU pA-ÓAin. 22

UCAf. 18

„ "piA-ÓAin. 18

,, "PiiAnncAC. 18
Uile-íce. 40
tlif ce-t)eAtA riA mX)\{ÁtA-\\. 15

Cl-|1AC t)AllAC. 42
tlyi-l.\ÍACA1|l. 44

ENGLISH INDEX.

A.

Adder's-tongue. 48
Agrimony. 22

,, Hemp. 28

Alder. 40
Alexanders. 25
Allgood. 39
Andromeda, Marsh. 32
Anemone. 1 1

Wood. 11
Angelica. Wild. 26
Apple, Crab. 22
Arrow Grass, Marsh. 45

„ „ Sea. 45

Ash. 33

„ Momitain. 22
Asparagus. 43
Aspen. 41
Avens. 22

,, Mountain. 22

„ Wood. 22

B.

Barberry. 15
Barley. 47
Bear -berry. 32
Bedstraw. 27

Heath. 27
,, Lady's. 27

Marsh. 27
Beet, Sea. 39
Bent. 46
Betony. 38

Water. 35
Bilberry. 32
Bindweed. 34, 39

Black. 39
,, Great. 34

Small. 34
Birch. 40

„ Dwarf. 40
Bird's-foot. 21

Trefoil. 21
Biting Stone Crop. 24
Bitter Cress. 13, 14

Sweet. 34
Blackberry. 2 1
Blackthorn. 2 1

Bladderwort. 36

Bluebell. 43

Bluebottle, Corn. 31

Bog-bean. 33

Bog Myrtle. 40

Borage. 33

Bracken. 47

Bramble. 2 1

Stone. 21

Brook Lime. 36

Brook Weed. 33

Broom. 20

Broomrape. 36

Buckthorn. 1 9

Alder. 19
Purging. 19

Bugle. 38

Bugioss, Viper's. 33

Bulrush. 45

Burdock. 31

Bui-net, Salad. 22

Bur-reed. 44

Butterbur. 30

Butterwort. 36

C.

Campion, Bladder. 17
Red. 17

,, Sea. 17

White. 17
Caraway. 25
Carline Thistle. 31
Carrageen Moss. 13, 49
Carrot, Wild. 26
Catch Fly, English. 17
Celandine, 1 2

,, Lesser. 11

Celery, Wild. 25
Centaury. 33
Chamomile. 29
Charlock. 14
Cherry, Dwarf. 21

„ Wild. 21
Chervil, Rough. 26
Chickweed. "l7
Chicory. 31
Chives. 43
Cicely. 26

85

Cinquefoil, Creeping. 22

Marsh. 22
Clary. 37
Cloudberry. 21
Clover, Dutch. 20

Red. 20
Club-moss. 48
Cock's-foot, Grass. 48
Coltsfoot. 30
Columbine. 1 2
Comfrey. 33
Corn-cockle. 1 7
Couchgrass. 46
Cowberry. 32
Cowslip. 32
Crabapple. 22
Cranberry 32
Crane's-bill, Bloody. 18

Soft. 18
Creeping Jenny. 33
Cress, Bitter. 13, 14
,, Marsh. 13
Rock. 13
,, Water. 13
,, Winter. 13
„ Wood. 13
Crowberry. 41
Crowfoot, Bulbous. 11
„ Meadow. 1 1

Water. 1 1
Cuckoo Flower. 14

,, pint. 44
Cudweed, Upright. 28

„ Mountain. 28
Currant, Black. 24
Red. 24
White. 24

D

Daisy. 28

„ Dog. 29

„ Ox Eye. 29
Danewort. 27
Dandelion. 3 1
Darnel. 46
Deadnettle, Red. 38

White. 38
Devil's-bit. 28
Dewberry. 2 1
Dilisk. 49
Dittander. 14

Dock, Broad-leaved. 39
,, Great Water. 39
Sorrel. 39
Water. 39
Dodder. 34
Dog's-tail, Grass. 46
Dogwood. 26
Dove's-foot. 19
Drop wort. 21

Water. 26
„ Hemlock. 26

Duckweed, Common. 45
„ Tvy-leaved. 45

Dulse. 49

,, Obtuse. 50
,, Pepper. 50
Tufted. 50
Dutch Rush. 48
Dyer's -weed. 15

E.
Earth Nut, 26
Elder, Dwarf. 27
Elecampane. 28
Elm, Wych. 40
Enchanter's Night Shade. 25
Eyebright. 26

F.
Felwort. 33
Fennel. 26
Fern, Filmy. 47

Hard. 47

Holly. 48

Ki Harney. 47

Lady. 48

Maidenhair. 47

Male. 47

Oak. 47

Royal. 47

Scale. 48

Shield. 48

Sweet Mountain. 47
Fescue, Sheep's. 46
Feverfew, Scentless. 29
Figwort, Knotted. 35

„ Water. 35
Filmy Fern. 47
Flag, Yellow. 43
Flax, Dwarf. 18
„ Fairy. 18, 35

86

Flax Purging. 1 8
Fleabane. 29

Blue. 28
Flixweed. 14
Fluellin. 35
Fool's Parsley. 26
Forget-me-not. 33
Foxglove. 34
Frog-bit. 41
Fumitory. 12

G.

Garlic, Cultivated. 43

,, Wild. 43
Gipsywort. 37
Goat's-beard. 31
Golden Rod. 28
Goldilocks. 1 1
Gooseberry. 23
Goosefoot. 39
Goose-grass. 27
Gorse. 19
Gout weed. 25
Grass, Cock's-foot. 46

Cotton, 45

Dog's-tail. 46

Meadow. 46

Millet. 46

Moor. 46

Oat. 46

of Parnassus. 23

Quaking. 46

Reed. 46

Reed Meadow. 46

Rye. 46

Switch. 46

Timothy. 46

Vernal. 46
Grass-wrack. 45
Ground Ivy. 37
Groundsel. 30

H.

Hard Fern. 47
Hare Beh. 32
Hart's -tongue. 48
Hawkweed. 3 1

Mouse Ear. 31
Hawthorn. 23
Hazel. 40
Heath, Cross -leaved. 32

Heath Mediterranean. 32
Heath, St. Dabeoc's. 32
Heather. 32

Bell. 32
Hedge Mustard. 14
Heliotrope, Winter. 30
Helleborine, Broad-leaved. 42

Marsh. 42
Hemlock. 25

,, Dropwort. 26
Water, 25
Hemp -Agrimony. 28
Hemp -Nettle. 38
Henbane. 34
Henbit. 38
Herb-Robert. 19
Hog weed. 26
Holly. 19

„ Sea. 25
Holly Fern. 48
Honeysuckle. 27
Hop. 40
Horehound, Black. 38

White. 38
Horse -bane. 26
Horsetail. 48
House-leek. 24
Hyacinth, Wild. 43

I.

Inula, Willow -leaved. 29
Ivy. 26

,, Gromid. 37

J.

Jack-by -the -hedge. 14
Juniper. 4 1

K.

Ejiapweed, Black. 31

Knawel. 38, 22
Knot-grass. 39

Lady Fern. 48

Lady's Finger.

21

,, Mantle.

22

,, Smock.

14

,, Tresses.

42

Laver. 50

,, Green.

50

87

Lavender, Sea. 32
Leek, House. 24
Lily, Water. 12
Ling. 32

Liquorice, Wild. 20
Lobelia, Water. 32
London Pride. 23
Loosestrife, Purple. 24
Yellow. 33
Lovage, Scottish. 26
Lousewort. 36

M.

Madder. 27

„ Field. 27
Maidenhair. 47
Male Fern. 47
Mallow, Common. 18
,, Dwarf. 18
Marsh. 18
Mare's-tail. 24
Marigold, Corn. 29
,, Garden. 29

,, Marsh. 12
Marjoram. 37
Marsh Cress. 13
Matweed. 47
Meadow Grass. 48
Meadow-sweet . 2 1
Melilot. 20
Mercury, Dog's. 40

,, French. 40

Mignonette, Wild. 15
Milfoil. 29

Water. 24
Milkwort. 1 6
Millet -grass. 46
Mint. 37

,, Corn. ':?7

,, Pepper. 37

,, Round-leaved. 37

„ Water. 37
Mistletoe. 40
Moneywort. 33
Monkshood. 12
Moonwort. 48
Moorgrass. 46
Moss, Carrageen. 13, 49

„ Club, 48

„ Irish. 49

Mountain Ash. 22
Mouse -ear. 17
;' Mug wort. 30
Mullein. 34
Mustard, Black. 14
„ Garlic. 14
White. 14
Myrtle, Bog. 40

N.

Nettle. 38, 40

Dead. 38
,, Hemp. 38
„ Great. 40
Small. 40
Nightshade, Deadly. 34

,, Enchanters. 25

Nipplewort. 31

O.
Oak. 40

Oat -grass. 46
Orchid, Bee. 42

,, Bird's-nest. 42
Bog. 42
Butterfly. 42
,, Close -flowered. 42

,, Early-Purple. 42

Fly. 42
,, Fragrant. 42

Frog. 42
,, Greenwinged. 42

Marsh. 42
,, Spotted. 42 ,

White Moimtain. 42
Orpine. 24
Osier. 41
Ox-tongue. 31

P.

Pansy, Mountain. 16

„ Wild. 16
Parsley. 25

Cow. 26
Fool's. 26
Parsnip, Cow. 26

Water. 25
Wild. 26
Pea, heath. 21
Pellitory, Wall. 40

88

Pennycress. 14

Peixny royal. 37

Pennywort. 24

Marsh. 25

Pepper, Water. 39

Pepperwort. 14

Persicaria, 39

Pig -nut. 26

Pimpernel, Bog. 33

Scarlet. 33
Yellow. 33

Plantain. 38. 45

Polypody. 47

Pondweed. 45

Poppy, Corn. 12
„ Horned. 12
,, Opium. 12

Primrose. 32

Privet 33.

Q.

Quaking Grass. 46

R.

Radish, Horse. 15
,, Sea. 15
Wild. 15
Water. 13
Ragged Robin. 17
Ragwort. 30

Marsh. 31
Ranisons. 43
Raspberry. 21
Rattle. 36
Reed. 46
Reedgrass. 46
Reedmace. 44
Rest-harrow. 20
Ribwort. S8
Robin-run-the-hedge. 27
Roekcress. 1 3
Rockrose. 15, 23
Roses. 23, 27, 17
Rosebay, Willow. 25
Rowan. 22
Rue, Meadow. 11

„ Wall. 48
Rush. 44, 45
„ Bog. 44
,, Dutch. 44

Rush Flowering. 44
„ Spika. 44
„ Toad. 44
„ Twig. 44
„ Wood. 44

Ryegrass. 46

Saffron, Meadow. 43
Sage, Wild. 37
„ Wood. 37
St. James's Wort. 30
St. John's-wort. 17
Salad Burnet. 22
Sallow. 41
Samphire. 26

Golden. 29
Sanicle, Wood. 25
Saxifrage, Burnet. 26
Golden. 23
Meadow. 23
,, Mountain. 23

Scabious, Field. 28

Sheep's. 32
Scale Fern. 48
Scurvy Grass. 14
Scutch Grass. 46
Sea Girdles. 49
Seakale. 1 5
Sea Pink. 32
„ Tang. 49
Sedge. 45
Self-heal. 38
Shamrock. 20
Sheep's Scabious. 32
Shepherd's Needle. 26
,, Purse. 14

,, Weather Glass. 33

Shield Fern. 48
Silverweed. 22
Sitfast. 11
Sloe. 21
Sloke. 50
Snakeweed. 39
Sneezewort. 29
Soap wort. 16
Sorrel. 39

„ Sheep's. 39
Southern-Wood. 30
Sowthistle. 31

89

Spearwort, Great. 11
,, Lesser. 11

Speedwell. 36, 35
Spinach. 39
Spindle Tree. 19
Spleen wort. 47
Spoonwort. 1 4
Spurge, Dwarf. 39
Irish. 39
Petty. 39
Sea. 39
Spurry, Corn. 17
Starwort, Sea. 28
Stitchwort, Greater. 17

„ Lesser. 17

Strawberry. 22, 32
„ Barren. 22

Wild, 22
Sundew, Great. 24

,, Round-leaved. 24

Swine's-cress. 14
Sweet Cicely. 26
„ Briar. 23

Tang, Sea. 49
Tansy. 29
Tare Hairy. 21
Teasel. 28
Thistle, Bog. 31
,, Carline. 31

Marsh. 31

Milk. 31
„ Spear. 31
Thrift. 32
Thyme, Water. 41

Wild. 37
Timothy Grass. 46
Toad Flax. 35
Toothwort. 36
Tormentil. 22
Trefoil, Bird's-foot. 21

Hare's-foot. 20
Tutsan. 17
Tway blade. 42

„ Heart -leaved. 42

V.

Valerian, Wild. 28
Vernal Grass. 46

Vetch. 21

„ Bush. 21

„ Milk. 21

„ Tufted. 21

Vetchling, Meadow.

21

Vervain. 37

Violet. 1 5

Dog. 16

Field. 15

,, Hairy. 15

Marsh. 15

,, Sweet. 15

Wood. 15

w.

Wake Robin. 44

Wallflower. 13

Wall Pepper. 24

Wall Rue. 48

Watercress. 1 3

Water Pepper. 39
,, Radish. 13

Way-bread. 38

Weed, Canadian. 41

Wheat-grass. 46

Whin. '19

"WTiitlow Grass. 14

Whortleberry. 32

Willow, White. 41

Winter Cress. 13

Woodbine. 27

Woodcress. 13

Woodruff. 27

Wood Sorrel. 19, 20, 21

Wormwood. 30

Woundwort. 38

,, Hedge. 38

Marsh. 38

Wrack, Bladder. 49
,, Channelled. 49
Knobbsd. 49
Serrated. 49

Yarrow. 29
Yew. 41
Yew, Irish. 41

90

SCIENTIFIC INDEX.

Achillaea millefoliuiTi. 29

,, ptarmica. 29
Aconitum napellus. 12
Adiantum capillus Vensris. 47
Aegopodium podagraria. 25
Aethusa cynapiun?, 26
Agrimonia eupatoria. 22
Agropyrum repens. 46
Agrostis vulgaris. 46
Ajuga reptans. 38
Alchemilla, alpina. 22

,, vulgaris. 22

Alisma plantago. 45

„ ranunciiloides. 45
Alismaceae. 45
Allium sativum. 43

,, schaenoprasum. 43
,, ursinum. 43
Alnus giutinosa. 40
Althaea officinalis. 18
Anagallis arvensis. 33
,, tenella. 33
Andromeda polifolia. 32
Anemone nemorosa. 11
Angelica sylvestris. 26
Anthemis nobilis. 29
Anthoxanthum odoratum. 46
Anthriscus sylvestris. 26
Anthyllis vulneraria. 21
Apium graveolens. 25
Aquilegia vulgaris. 12
Arabis ciliata. 13

„ hirsuta. 13

,, petraea. 13
Araliaceae. 26
Arbutus unedo. 32
Arctium lappa. 31
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. 32
Armeria maritima. 32

Aroideae. 44

Arrhenatherum avenaceum,
Artemisia abrotanum. 30
„ absinthium, 30

„ vulgaris. 30

Arum maculatum. 44
Asparagus officinalis. 43
Asperula odorata. 27
Aspidium aculeatum. 48
J, angulare. 48

,, lonchitis. 48

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum.
,, ruta-muraria. 48

,, trichomanes. 47

,, viride. 48

Aster tripolium. 28
Astragulus hypoglottis. 21
Athyrium filix-foemina. 48
Atropa belladonna. 34

B.

Ballota nigra. 38
Barbarea intermedia. 13
,, praecox. 13
,, vulgaris. 13
Bellis perennis. 28
Berberideae. 15
Berberis vulgaris. 15
Beta maritima. 39
Betula pubescens. 40
,, verrucosa. 40
Blechunm spicant. 47
Boragineae. 33
Borago officinalis. 33
Botrychium lunaria. 48
Brassica alba. 14
,, nigra. 14
,, sinapis. 14
Briza media. 46

46

47

91

C.

Calendula officinalis, 29
Calluna vulgaris. 32
Caltha palustris. 12

Calystegia sepium. 34
Campanula rotundifolia. 32
Campanulaceae. 32
Caprifoliaceae. 27
Capsella bursa -pastoris. 14
Cardamine amara. 13

„ pratensis. 14

Carex ampullacea. 45

„ vinervis. 45

„ echinata 45.

,, iiava. 45

„ giauca. 45

,, hirta. 45

,, panicea. 45

,, praecox. 45

„ pulicaris. 45

,, remota, 45

„ vulgaris. 45
Carlina vulgaris. 31
Carum carui. 25
Caryophylleae. 16
Celastrineae. 19
Centaurea cyanus. 31

„ nigra. 31

Cerastium. arvense. 17

,, giomeratuni. 17

,, triviale. 17

Ceterach officinarum. 48
Chaerophyllum tsmiilum. 26
Cheiranthus cheiri. 13
Chelidoniuni naa,jus. 12
Chenopodiaceaa. 39
Chenop odium album. 39

,, boniis-Henricus. 39

,, murale. 39

,, rubrum. 39

Chlorospermeae. 50
Chondrus crispus. 49
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum 29

,, segetum, 29

Cbrysosplenium Oppustifolium 23
Cichorium intybus. 31
Cicuta virosa. Í5
Circaea lutetiana. 25
Cistineae. 15
Cladium mariscus. 45

Cnicus lanceolatus. 31
Cochlearia armoracia. 15
„ officinalis. 14

Colchicum autumnale. 43
Compositae. 28
Conif erae. 4 1
Conium maculatum. 25
Conopodium denudatum. 26
Convolvulaceae. 34
Convolvuluii arvensis. 34
Corallinaceae. 60
Corallina officinalis. 50
Cornaceae. 26
Cornus sanguinea. 26
Coryius avellana. 40
Cotyledon umbilicus. 24
Crambe maritima. 15
Crassulaceae. 24
Crataegus oxyacantha. 23
Crithmum maritimum. 26
Crocus sativa. 44
Cruciferae. 13
Crypt onemiaceae. 49
Cupuliferae. 40
Cuscuta epithymum. 34
Cynosurus cristatus. 46
Cyperaceae. 45
Cytisus scoparius. 20

D.

Dabeocia polifolia. 32
Dactylis giomerata. 46
Daucus Carota. 26
Desmarestia aculeata. 49
Digitalis purpurea. 34
Dipsaceae. 28
Dipsacus sylvestris. 28
Drosera anglica. 24

,, rotmidifolia. 24
Droseraceae. 24
Dryas octopetala. 22

E.

Echium vulgaria. 33
Eleocharis palustris. 45
Enteromorpha intestinalis. 50
Elodea canadensis. 41

Empetraceae. 41
Empetrum nigrum. 41
Epilobium. angustifoiium. 25
Epipactus latifolia. 42

„ palustris. 42

E qui seta ceae. 48
Equisetum hyeniale. 48
, „ maximum. 48

,, nudum. 48

,, palustre. 48

Erica cinera. 32

,, mediterranea. 32
,, tetralix. 32
Ericaceae. 32
Erigeron acre. 28
Eriophorura Augustifolium, 45
Erophila vulgaris. 14
Eryngium maritimum. 25
Erythraea centaureum. 33
Euonymus europaeus. 19
Eupatorium cannabinum. 28
Euphorbia exigua. 39

,, hiberna, 39

,, lielioscopia. 39

,, peplus. 39

]iuphorbiaceae. 39
Euphrasia officinalis. 36

„ salisburgensis. 36

F.

Festuca ovina. 46
Filago germinaca. 28
Filices. 47

Foeniculum officinale. 26
Fragaria vesca. 22
Fraxinus excelsior. 33
Fucaceae. 49
Fucus canaliculatus. 49

,, nodosus. 49

„ serratus. 49

,, vesiculosus. 49
Fumaria officinalis. 12
Fumariaceae. 12

G.

Galeopsis tetrahit. 38
Galium aparine. 27

,, palustre. 27

,, saxitile. 27

„ verum. 27

Gentiana amarella. 33
Gentianae. 33
Geraniaceae. 18
Geranium dissectum. 19
,, molle. 18

,, robertianum. 19

,, sanguineum. 18

Geum Urbanum 22
Gigartina mammilosa. 49
Glaucium flavum. 12
Glyceria aquatica. 46
Gnaphalium sylvaticum. 28
Gramineae. 46

H.

Habenaria albida. 42
bifolia. 42
chloroleuca. 42
conopsea. 42
intacta. 42
viridis. 42

Halorageae. 24

Hedera helix. 26

Helianthemum guttatum. 15
,, vineale. 15

Heracleum sphondylium. 26

Hieracium pilosella. 31

Hippuris vulgaris. 24

Hordeum secalinum. 47

Humulus lupulus. 40

Hydrocharideae. 41

Hydrocharis morsus-ranae. 41

Hydrocotyle vulgaris. 25

Hymenophyllum tunbridgense. 47

Hyoscyamus niger. 34

Hypericineae. 1 7

Hypericum androsaemum. 17
,, dubium. ] 7

,, parforatum. 17

„ pulchrum. 17

,, tetrapterum. 17

I.

Ilex aquifolium.
Ilicineas. 19
Illecebraceae. 38

19

93

Inula crithmoides. 29
„ helenium. 28
,, salicina. 29
Irideae. 43
Iridea edulis. 49
Iris pseud-acorus. 43

J.

Jasione montana. 32

Juncaceae. 44

Jiincus acutiflorus. 44
,, bufonius. 44
,, congloraeratus. 44
,, efíusus. 44
,, gerardi. 44
,, glaucus. 44
,, lamprocarpus. 44
,, obtusiflorus. 44

„ squarrosus. 44
,, supinus. 44

Juniperus communis. 41

Labiatae. 37

Laminariaceae. 49

Laminariae. 49

Lamium album. 38

,, amplexicaule. 38
,, purpureum, 38

Lapsana communis. 31

Lastrea filix-mas. 47
,, oreopteris. 47

Lathraea squamaria. 36

Lathyrus macrorrhizus. 2 1
,, pratensis. 21

Laurenciaceae. 50

Laurencia. 50

Leguminosae. 1 9

Lemna minor. 45
,, trisulca. 45

Lemnaceae. 45

Lentibularieae. 36

Lepidium campestre. 14
,, latifolium. 14

Lichen Hiberniae. 49

Ligusticum scoticum. 26

Ligustrum vulgare. 33

Liliaceae. 43

Linaria elatine. 35

,, vulgaris. 35

Lineae. 18
Linum catharticum. 18, 35

,, usitatissimum. 18
Listera cordata. 42

„ ovata. 42
Lobelia dortmanna. 32
Lolium perenne. 46

,, temulentum. 46
Lonicera periclymenum. 27
Lotus corniculatus. 21
Luzula campestris. 44
„ erecta. 44
,, maxima. 44
Lychnis diurna. 17
,, flos-cuculi. 17

githago. 17
, , vespertina. 1 7
Lycopodiaceae. 48
Lycopodium alpinum.. 48
,, clavatum. 48

,, inundatum. 48

,, selago, 48

Lycopus europaeus. 37
Lysimachia nemorum. 33

,, nummularia. 33

,, vulgaris. 33

Lythrarieae. 24
Ly thrum salicaria. 24

M.

Malaxis paludosa. 42
Malva rotundifolia. 18

,, sylvestris. 18
Malvaceae. 18
Marrubium vulgare. 38
Matricaria inodora. 29
Melanospermeae. 49
Melilotus officinalis. 20
Mentha arvensis. 37

,, hirsuta. 37

,, piperita. 37

,, pulegium. 37

,, rotundifolia. 37
Menyanthes trifoliata. 33
Mercurialis annua. 40

„ perennis. 40
Milium effusum. 46
Myosotis palustris. 33

94

Myrica gale. 40
Myricaceae. 40
Myriophyllum. verticillatum.
Myrrhis odorata. 26

N.

Naiadaceas. 45

Nardus stricta. 47

Nasturtium araphibium. 13
,, offtcinale. 13

„ palustre. 1 3

,, sylvestre. 13

Neottia nidus-avis. 42

Nepeta glechoma. 37

Nuphar luteum. 12

Nymphaea alba. 12

Nymphaeaceae. 12

O.

Oenanthe crocata. 26
,, fistulosa. 26
„ phellandrium. 28
Oleaceae. 33
Onagrarieae. 25
Ononis repens. 20
Ophioglossum vulgatum. 48
Ophrys apifera. 42

,, muscifera. 42
Orchideae. 42
Orchis incarnata. 42
latifolia. 42
maculata. 42
mascula. 42
morio. 42
pyramidal is. 42
Origanum vulgare. 37
Ornithopus perpusillus. 2 1
Orobanche hederae. 36
„ major, 36

,, rubra. 36

Orobaneheae. 36
Osmunda regal is. 47
Oxalis acetosella. 19

P.

Papaver rhoeas. 12

,, somniferum. 12
Papaveraceae. 12
Parietaria officinalis. 40

24

Parnassia palustris. 23

Pedicularis paJustris. 36
,, sylvatica. 36

Persicaria. 39

Petasites fragrans. 30
,, officinalis. 30

Petroselinum sativum. 25

Pence danum sativum. 26

Phalaris arundinacea. 46

Phleum pratense. 46

Phragmites communis. 4Q

Picris echioides. 31
,, hieracioides. 31

Pimpinella magna. 26

,, saxifraga. 26

Pinguicula vulgaris. 36

Planta,gineae. 38

Plantago lanceolata. 38
,, major. 38

Plumbagineae. 32

Poa annua, 46

Polygala serpyllacea. 1 6
,, vulgaris. 16

Polygaleae. 1 6

Polygonaceae. 39

Polygonum aviculare. 39
,, bistorta. 39

,, convolvulus. 39

,, hydropiper. 39

,, persicaria. 39

Polypodium dryopteris, 47
„ vulgare. 47

Polysiphonia. 50

,, fastigiata. 50

Populus tremula. 41

Porphyra. 50

,, lanciniata. 50

Potamogeton. 45

Potentilla anserina. 22

,, fragariastrum. 22

,, palustris. 22

,, reptans. 22

,, tormentilla. 22

Poterium sanguisorba. 22

Primula officinalis. 32
,, vulgaris, 32

Primulaceas. 32

Prunella vulgaris. 38

Prunus avium. 21
,, cerasus. 21
„ spinosa. 21

95

Pteris aquilina. 47
Piolicaria dysenterica. 29
Pyrus aucuparia. 22
malus. 22

Q.

Quercus robur. 40

R.

Ranunculaceae. 1 1
Raniinculus aquatilis. 1 1
aoris. 1 1
auricomus. 1 1
bulbosus. 1 1
ficaria. 1 1
flammiola. 1 1
lingua. 11
repens. 1 1
Raphanus maratimus. 15
Raphanistrum. 15
Reseda lutea. 15

„ luteola. 15
Resedaceae. 15
Rhamneae. 19
Rhamnus catharticus. 19

„ frangula. 19

Rhinanthus crista -galli. 36
Rhodomelaceae. 50
Rhodymeniaceae. 50
Rhodymenia palmata. 50
Ribes album. 24
„ grossularia. 23
„ nigrum. 24
„ rubrum. 24
Rosa arvensis. 23
„ canina. 23
,, glauca. 23
„ hibernica. 23
,, involuta. 23
,, micrantha. 23
„ mollis. 23
„ rubiginosa. 23
,, sepium. 23
,, spinosissima. 23
„ tomentosa. 23
Rosaceae. 2 1

Rubia peregrina. 27

Rubiaceae. 27

Rubus caesius. 21

,, chamaemorus. 21
,, fruticosus. 21
,, idaeus. 2 1
„ saxatilis. 21

Rumex acetosa. 39
,, acetosella. 39
„ congiomeratus. 39
,, hydrolapathum. 39
„ obtusifolius. 39

S.

Salicinae. 41
Salix alba. 41
,, cinerea. 41
,, viminalis. 4 1
Salvia verbenaca. 37
Sambucus ebulus. 27
,, nigra, 27

Samolus valerandi. 33
Sanicula europaea. 25
Saponaria officinalis. 16
Saxifraga aizoides. 23
,, granulata. 23
,, umbrosa. 23
Saxifrageae. 23
Scabiosa arvensis. 28
,, succisa. 28
Scandix pecten-veneris. 26
Schizymenia edulis. 49
Scilla nutans. 43
Scirpus caespitosus. 45

„ lacustris. 45
Scleranthus annuus. 38
Scolopendrium vulgare. 48
Scrophularia aquatica. 35

,, nudosa. 35

Scrophularineae. 34
Sedum acre. 24

,, telephium. 24
Sempervivum tectorum. 24
Senebiera coronopus. 14
Senecio aquaticus. 31
,, jacobea. 30
„ vulgaris. 30
Sesleria caerulea. 46

96

Sherardia arvensis. 27
Silene anglica. 17
,, cucubalus. 17
„ maritima. 17
Silybum marianum. 31
Sisymbrium allia.ria. 14
,, officinale. 14

,, sophia. 14

Siixni latifolium. 25
Smyrnium olusatrum. 25
Solanum dulcamara. 34
Solidago virgaurea. 28
Sonchus oleraceus. 31
Sparganium af¥ine. 44

„ minimum. 44

„ ramosum. 44

,, simplex. 44

Spergula arvensis. 17
Spiraea filipendula. 21

,, ulmaria. 21
Spiranthes autumnalis. 42
Sporochnaceae. 49
Stachys betonica. 38
,, palustris. 38
,, sylvatica. 38

Statice rariflora. 32
Stellaria graminea. 17
„ holostea. 17
,, media. 17
Symphytum officinale. 33

Tanacetum vulgare. 29
Taraxacum officinale. 31
Taxus baccata. 41

,, fastigiata. 41
Teucrium scorodonia. 37
Thalictrum alpinum. 11
,, coUinum. 11

„ flavum. 11

Thlaspi arvense. 14
Thymus serpyllum. 37
Tragopogon pratensis. 31
Trichomanes radicans. 47
Trifolium arvense. 20
,, dubium. 20

„ pratense. 20
,, repens. 20
Triglochin raaritimum. 45
„ palustre. 45

Tussilago farfara. 30
Typha angustifolia. 44
Typhaceae. 44

Ulex europaeus. 19
UIixius montana. 40
Umbeliferae. 25
Ulvaceae. 50
Ulva latissima, 50
Urtica dioica. 40
,, urens. 40
Urticaceae. 40
Utricularia vulgaris. 36

V.

Vaccinieae. 32
Vaccinium myrtillus. 32
,, oxycoccus. 32

,, vitis-idaea. 32

Valeriana officinalis. 28
Valerianeae. 28
Verbascum thapsus. 34
Verbena officinalis. 37
Verbenaceae. 37
Veronica anagallis. 36
„ beccabunga. 36

., officinalis. 36

„ serpyllifolia. 36
Viburnum opulus. 27
Vicia crassa. 21

„ hirsuta. 21

,, sepium. 21
Viola arvensis. 15

,, canina. 16

,, hirta. 15

, , lutea. 1 6

,, odorata. 15

„ palustris. 15

,, sylvatica. 15

,, tricolor. 16
Violaceae. 15
Viscum album, 40

Zostera marina. 45

Date Due

-8 ií

97

!

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