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IRISH GARDENING
A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND ARBORICULTURE IN IRELAND
VOL. IX.
JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 191 1
UBRARY NEW YORK ^OTAMCAl ILLUSTRATED <iAkL»h.*-
DUBLIN
PUBLISHED BY IRISH GARDENING, LIMITED
AT 53 UPPER SACKVILLE STREET 1914
\
,/^
NOTE.
INDEX TO VOL. IX.
-Tlic various plants nientloticd in the " MontlCs Work'' atid other general articles are not indexed. Illustrated subjects are printed in italics.
Acantholimon venustum, 139.
Aconitum Wilsoni, 156.
Aloe ierox, 82.
Alpines: A search for, in the granite region oj
the ]\laritime Alps, 2H, 4:3. Alpines in ih Dal key girden, 152 A)idrosace sarmentosa, 169. Annuals as pot jilants, 105. Annuals for the rockery, 85. Annuals, uncommon, 40. Aponogeton distachi/on, 09. Appeal to garden lover.«, 100. Apple, black, 181. Apples for i)rofit, 4.
Av>ples, the .storing and ripening of, 145 Aquatics, htrdy, 09. Aralia Sieboldii, 12. Arum Lilies, the cultivation of, 57 Aster Ainellus and its varieties, 21 Aster batangensJ!?, 101. Astilbe Arendsii. 102. Auriculas, 71. Azaleas, the Indian, 74.
Baniboos, hard/, 54.
Barberries, neu\ 11.
Begonias, icinter floioering, and their culture, 8.
Behan, Mr. T., 13.
Berberis aggregata, Praitii, 11.
Bomarea Caldasiana, 90.
Books, notices of : — A Naturalist in Western China, 12. A Pilgrimage of British Farming, 45. Les Plantes des Montagnes et des Kochers, 59. The Small Bock Garden, 59. The Manuring of Market Garden Crops, 59. Bock Gardening for Amateurs, 75. Flowering Plants
• of the Biviera, 94. Commercial Orchid Grow- ing, 94. The Week-end Gardener, 94. Saxi- frages or Bockfoils, 140. Gardening for Amateurs, 94. Ireland's Food in War Time, 153.
Border, the herbaceous, 1.
Border i)lants, early summer Howering, 84.
Bulbs for early planting, 115.
Bulbs in bowls, 24, 130.
Burma, i)lants in, 100.
Calanthes, 24.
(calceolarias, herbaceous, 155.
(*amellia reti(-ulata, 173.
Campanula Hillside (Jem, 170.
Campanula J'ulla, 114.
Cam panula Raineri, 115.
Campanulas, dunirf, easi/ and (/ifficult, 113.
Carnation, Tree or I'erpelual, I Si.
Ciirpenleria californica, 173.
Caryopteris masta.ca.nthus, 150.
Chionanthus cirginica, 100.
Corysan themums, 100.
Chrysanthennnns, early-flowering, 130.
Chrysantheiiuims, ]jroi)agation, 8.
Clematis jouiniana, 35.
Clem,atis montana and its varieties, 74. Cochlearia Sempervivum, 58. Crataegus Laneyi, 171. Crocus speciosus, 117. Cyaniding, 53. Cyclamen, 25. Cyclamen, 138. Cyprepedium insigne, 183.
Daffodils, seedling, in Co. Antrim, 85 Day Nettle. Is it i»oisonous? 01. Delphiniums, new, 83. Dendrobiums, 55. Dick, Mr. Harrison, 58 Dipclta fioribunda, 157.
Editor's Table, the, 171. Eremurus robustus, 75. Erica australis, 99. Erica Mackaii fl. pi., 184. Erinacea pnngeiis, 87. Eryngium spinalba, 140. Erysinmm linifolium, 125. Escallonis niontevidensis, 171.
Fendlera rupicola, 119.
Food supply, how to conserve our, 133.
Fota Island, Co. Cork, 38.
Freesias, 139.
Fruit croy) and fruit crop prospects (1914),
Ireland, 120. Fruit, storing and grading, 172. Fruits, huge, at record prices, 172. Fruits, trees and shrubs icith ornamental, 104.
Gardens and nur.series. some, in England. 179.
Genista si)athulata, 104.
Geni«ta Villarsii, 140.
Globularia incanescens, 104.
Gloxinias, 118.
Crafting, 47.
Greenhouse ]»lants, useful, 71.
Haberlca rhodopcnsis, 108.
Hamamelis mollis. 27. *
Helianthus sparsifolius, 171. Helichn/suni bellidioides, 87.
Hints to novices, 10, 42. 50, 89, 1 l(t, 120, 150, 170, 185
I rises, Dutch, 107.
Irish gardening, a ti^) for, 5.
Kabschias for the plain muM, 51. Kilmacurragh, 99.
" King Beech " in Knowle Park, Kent, 140. Kniphotias, three new, 150.
190
Ivaburnuni, juitumn Howt-iiun. 1T3. La\<'nd(M" and Hosemary, l.')?. lA-plosync luarilima. 11. Lvsiiiiarliia Ih-iirvi. 157.
Mdijuol'ui roiis)ii<u(i siipirbd, 8J).
Mttiiiinliii CdtHfihrUi. IHl.
}/(iriiiirrili's, 1 1 8.
.M<-i)iii'lism. 17, ;{:?. 49. 67.
M ichdclnids Daisies, 119.
Mildew. Aiiicrican (i(n>seberry. 90.
Mouth's work in the (iarden : — .January, 14:
Fcbnia.rv. :iO : Man-h. 4(i : Ai)ril. t>2 : May, 78 ;
.Iiine. 9."i : .lulv. 110 : August. 120 ; September,
142 : Octobei.'ir>8 : November, 174 ; December,
180. Moraine gardening, notes on, 81. Mardinr. /ilants for the, 108. Muvkldijh, 00.
Narcissus Sir Horace Plunketf, 58.
Obituary :— Mr. George Dickson, .T.P., V.M.H.
132. Mr. George Gordon, V.M.H., 112. Onion, cultivation of the potato, 14.
Pansies and \'iolas, the cultivation of, by allot- ment holders. 104. Pear culture, 154. Pears, " Sleejiy," 135. Peas, a few good, 30. Pelargoniums, Regal, 73. Pentstemon Davidsoni, 83. Pcnlstcmoti Scodleri, 43. Phlox, herbaceous, 135. Phlox, herbaceous, how to grow, 37. Phcenix Park, 15. Physalis Bunyardi, 185. Plant names, 178. I'ofitihis (jidcrosu, 180. I'rimiild dcurum, 01. Primula Inayatii, 58. I'rimtila invnlucrata, 29. Primula .Julian, 53. Prinuila ^lycnoloba, 58. I'ruindff of hdrrly fruit trees, 5. J'runvis Miqueliana. 23. Ptilotrichum ( ■a]i])adocicum, 109.
Quince (Ugantesque de Vranja, 10.
Ri'slio KtihrrrtiriHaliin, 141. Rhododendron Davidii. 58. Hhodoileudit 11 lojigistylum, 58.
INDEX
Rock garden, in a small, 80.
Nock garden id May, 74.
Rock garden, the aftermath of the, 138.
Rock gardens, the making and ])lanting of, 101,
177 Eomneya Coulter i, 57. Roscoea cautlioides, 101. Nose frd(/radre, 97. Rose pruning, 30. Hose, Killaniey Brilliudt, 93. Roses, 82, 119. Roses, decorative, 163.
Roses, new. at the " National " Show, 125. Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland, 144. Roval Horticultural Society (London), S])ring
Show at Chelsea, 92. Ruhus deliciosus, 108. Rudbeckia speciosa, 134.
Saxifraga aizoides atrorubens, 109.
Saxifraga Boydii add Faldodside, 51, 53.
Saxifraga Cotyledon add some of its varieties, 72.
Saxifraga Cotyledon in dature, 72.
Saxifraga Rockeliadu. 49.
Schizostylus coccinea, 21.
Shows, Royal Horticultural Society — Spring, 76 ;
Summer, 123 : Holland House Show, London,
124. Shrubs, some of recent introduction, 22. Solanum capsicastrum, 41. Solanum jasminoidei-% 172. Spirceas and Astilbes, herbaceous, 102. Spraying fruit trees with lime-sul]ihur wash, 30. Spring frost, damage to forest trees by, 129. Stock, spring feeding for, 141. Straffad, 147. Straffad, Daffodils at, 58. Sweet Pea Annual (1914), 44. Sweet Peas for the garden and house, 19.
Tamarisks, 27.
Tender shrubs and plants, notes on, 81.
Thlaspi rotuddi folium, 43.
Thudbergia datalensis, 137.
Tiarella cordifolia, 184.
Tomatoes, 54.
Tour, a holiday, 26.
Trama auriculae, 144.
Tree ferns at Killiney, 83.
Trees and their varieties, 62.
Tricuspidaria, lanceolata, 171.
Trollius ])umilus, 118.
Tulipa. dasystemon, 65.
Tulips, (»5.
Tulips, Cottage and Darwin, 131.
Watering, hints on, 106.
^\'isley, trap for turdip fleas, 160,
Wood, green, 178.
Printed by John Falconer, Dublin.
JANUARY 1914-
TWOPENCE
Irish Gardening
Contents
The Herbaceous Border (lUiutrated) .
Apples for Profit . . . .
The Priming of Hardy Fruit Trees (Illustrated) ....
Chrysanthemum Propagation
Winter^flowering Begonias and their Culture (Illustrated) . . . .
PAGE I
4
Hints to Beginners
New Barberries (Illustrated)
Aralia Sieboldii (Illustrated)
Naturalist in Western China Cultivation o( the Potato Onion Month's Work — Flower. Fruit, ami Vegetable Garden
PAGE . 10
11 12
12 14
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction
for Ireland.
LIST OF THE DEPARTMENT'S LEAFLETS.
N*
9 10
II la ■I
«4 >i i<
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at sj «4 *i at
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30
SI 3« 3S U
II
J7 38 39 40 4« 4« 43
44
49
!•
5« S<
S3
Nun*
Th6 Warble Fly.
The Use and Purchase of Feeding Stuffs
Footrot in Sheep.
The Sale of Flax.
Out of Print.
Charlock (or Preshaujh) Sprayinf;
Fluke in Sheep.
Timothy Meadowa.
The Turnip Fly.
Wireworms.
Prevention of White Scour in Calvea.
Out of Ptint.
Contagious Abortion in Cattle.
Prevention of Potato Blight.
Milk Records.
Sheep Scab.
The Use and Purchase of Manurea.
Swine Fever.
Earl)' Potato Growing.
Calf Rearing.
Diseases of Poultry — Gapes.
Basic Slag.
Dishorning Calvea.
Care and Treatment of Premium Bulls.
Fowl Cholera.
Winter Fattening of Cattle.
Breeding and Feeding of Piga.
Blackleg, Black Quarter, orBlueQuarter
Flax Seed.
Poultry Parasites — Fleas, Mitea, and
Lice. Winter Egg Production. Rearing and Fattening of Turkeys. Profitable Breeds of Poultry. The Revival of Tillage. The Liming of Land. Field Experiments — Barley.
,« , Meadow Hay.
II I, Potatoea.
II II Mangolda.
I. M Oata.
I. ,. Turnips.
Permanent Pasture Grasses. The RearingandManagementof Chickens "Husk" or "Hoose" in Calvea. Ringworm on Cattle. Haymaking.
The Black Currant Mite Foul Brood or Bee Peat. Poultry Fattening. Portable Poultry Houaea. I j
The Leather-Jacket Grub. (I
Flax Experiments. 1 !
The Construction of a Cowhouse • '
No. 54
P
37 38
12 61 63 63
67
68
69 70
7'
7» 73
74 75 76
77 78 79 80 Si 8t »3 84
:i
12
«9 90
9' 92 93 94 95 96
97 98
99
Calf Meals.
The Apple.
Cultivation of the Root Crop
Marketing of Fruit.
Sprouting Seed Potatoes.
Testing of Farm Seeds.
The Packing of Butter.
Field Experimenta — Wheat.
Out of Print.
"Redwater" or "Blood Murrain" in Cattle.
Varieties of Fruit suitable for cultiva- tion in Ireland.
Forestry : The Planting of Waste Lands.
Forestry : The Proper Method of Plant- ing Forest Trees.
Forestry : Trees for Poles and Timber.
Forestry : Trees for Shelter and Orna- ment.
The Prevention of Tuberculosis In Cattle.
Forestry' : Planting, Management, and Preservation of Shelter-Belt and Hedgerow Timber.
Forestrj' : The Management of Planta- tions.
Forestry : Felling and Selling Timber.
The Planting and Management of Hedges.
Some Common Parasites of the Sheep.
Barley Sowing.
American Gooseberry Mildew.
Scour and Wasting in Young Cattle.
Home Buttermaking.
The Cultivation of Small Fruits.
Catch Crops^
Potato Culture on Small Farms.
Cultivation of Main Crop Potatoes.
Cultivation of Osiers.
Ensilage.
Some Injurious Orchard Insects.
Dirty Milk.
Barley Threshing.
The Home Bottling of Fruit.
The Construction of Piggeries.
The Advantages of Early Ploughing.
Black Scab in Potatoes.
Home Preservation of Eggs.
Marketing of Wild Fruits.
Cost of Forest Planting.
Store Cattle #r Butter, Bacon and Egga.
Packing Egga for Hatching.
Weeds.
Tuberculosis in Poultry.
Seaweed as Manure.
TOBACCO-GROWING LEAFLETS.
A . — Introductory.
B. — Suitable Soils and their
Treatment. C. — Curing Barna.
D. — Suitable Varieties.
E.— Seed Beda.
F. — Manurea.
G. — Transplanting
H. — Cultivation, Suckering, and Topping I. — Harvesting and Curing. J. — Grading, Packing, and Maturing. K.— Marketing.
Copies of the above Leafleta can be obtained, FREE OF CHARGE and poat free, on application to the Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin. Letters of Application so addressed need not be stamped.
[RISH GARDENING
VOLUME IX
No. 95
Edited by C- F. Ball.
A xMONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND
ARBORICULTURE IN IRELAND
JANUARY
1914
The Herbaceous Border*
By J. W. Besant.
' LIBR>
NEW Y
60TANI
QAkO
The revival in the cultivation of herbaceous plants during the last ten years or so has been not less remarkable than the wonderful enthu- siasm displayed by lovers of iVlpines. True, Aljiines or those plants usually looked upon as such lend themselves more readily to cultiva- tion in small gardens since a very fair collection may be grown in quite a small space, yet the herbaceous border has become a necessity in gardens of moderate size, and may be con- sidered quite indispensable in large gardens and public parks.
This revival is due to several causes, chief ami:)ng them being a greatly increased love of gardening, dissatisfaction with the bedding out system, which is costly, and the more permanent joys of herbaceous plants.
There are few positions where herbaceous plants of some kind may not be grovvn, and it is in their wonderful variety that the chief attrac- tion lies. Quite a number may be grown in shady places, many are adapted for wild garden- ing, and in this latter connection it is doubtful if the possibilities of such things as Oriental Pojipies, Asphodels. Lupins, Aquilegias, &c.,for planting in grassy meadows has yet been fidly realised.
The most brilliant effect, however, is obtained in the well cultivated border, the position care- fully chosen, the work of prei:)aration done thoroughly, and the subsequent selection and planting ])erforraed with judgment.
Although as stated above there are sorts adaptable enough for various positions, it is best where there is choice in the matter to form the border in an open sunny position away from the im])overishing influence of large trees, but if possible with some shelter from the i)revailing direction of rough winds.
It is very desirable, hovvever, that the border should have a good background, as nothing so much enhances the general ap])earance at all times, emphasising and throwing into relief, as it were, the various components.
Various means of achieving this end rise to mind. Should a wall happen to be in a suitable position it may be made beautiful with a choice
collection of climbing and trailing plants which will lead down naturally to the border and form a j)leasing harmony with the herbaceous plants. An evergreen hedge of Yew or Holly is hardly inferior to the creeper-clad wall, the sombre hue of the hedge contrasting well with the bright colours in the border. In the same way a shrubbery may be made to serve as a background, and many good effects are obtained in this way. Where no background exists it is quite possible to make one of trellis wovk furnished Avith Roses, of which there are so many delightful kinds — Clematises, Honeysuckles and Vines. The latter plan of course involves some expense in providing the trellis, but the subsequent result will amplv' justify it. Lastly, there may be no immediate background to the border except, as in the illustration, that which is formed by tall, strong growing plants forming an irregular line along the back, and against which dwarfer kinds show up remarkably well.
An important point, where it can be managed, is to have a broad grass edging along the front, or, better still, allow the lawn to form the fore- ground of the picture. The fresh green coloui of the grass plays as important a part in develo])- ing the beauty of the border as does a suital)le background.
It is, perhaps, unnecessary in these enligh- tened days to labour the question of thorough preparation of the soil, but nothing less than two feet of rich material should satisfy those desirous of a fine and lasting dis])lay. To achieve this it is necessary to trench the ground, an 0])eration which requires some judgment. To the writer's mind there is nothing like turning the soil upside down, but if the work is to be done in spring this is not advisable, as the plants have to be got in as soon as possible, and the subsoil has not had time to become aerated and suital)le for the roots to make use of. Again, if the subsoil be stoney or gravelly, it is obviously useless to bring it to the surface, and the only \Aay, in such circumstances, is to remove it to get sufficient depth; then, when passed through screens, the stones and gravel may be used on roads and walks. Well rotted manure,
IRISH GARDENING
leaves, garden refuse and road scrapings may all be incorporated as the work of trenching l)roceeds. and each layer should l)e well trodden tioAvn to prevent, as much as ])ossible, subsequent sinking. When the work of trenching is com- pleted, the surface should be well firmed by tramping, and raked level.
The work of planting and ])lanning a her- baceous border is one of the most fascinating a gardener is called upon to do, and requires a thorough knowledge of herbaceous plants and a great deal of forethought if a good display is to be maintained over the longest possible period. If a good selection of kinds is used the border should be gay from March to October. To achieve this it is clear that the earliest disj)lay must come from bulbs and other spring Howcring plants, and it is etiually obvious that these nnist be replaced later in the season with an- nuals, of which there are so many beautiful kinds.
NoAV, annuals are just as much herbaceous plants as are perennials, and so are bulbs, so that their use is quite i:)ermissible and even essential if the best results are desired. All the annuals ret|uired for the border, illustrated in this issue, are raised in nothing more than a cold frame, some being sown in autumn and others in Fel)ruary and March. It is found desirable to raise even hardy annuals in boxes, as there is much less risk in planting out sturdy young plants than in sowing in the open. Less seed is required, and when the bulbs are up it is much easier to judge just where to put groups of annuals, so as to fill out the space left by the bulbs when they lie down.
The earliest di.s])lay of bulbs is got from Snowdrops, {h\arf Scillas, Winter Aconite and Crocuses. These are followed by Daffodils in many varieties, and they in turn give place tM (Jottage and Darwin Tulips, which, flowering in May in gorgeous profusion, usher in the main summer display. In the case of the border illiistrated, which is a portion of one of the long herbaceous borders at Glasnevin, the front por- tion has, in addition to bulbs, very many groups of other spring flowering plants, such as double Arabis, Yellow Alyssum, Polyanthuses, Auri- culas, Pansies, Violas, Forget-me-Nots, and Aubrietias of several sorts. The.se make a fine .set ting for the bulbs, and being evergreen, give the border a furnished appearance even in winter.
Interspersed with the spring flowering plants just mentioned are grou])s of Heucheras, Pinks, Carnations and otlier summer flowers which come into bloom as the others go out, and keej) the front of the border gay while the annual.s, hardy and half-hard>- which replace thcAral)is, &c., are growing on for a late summer and autumn disjilay
The mo.st of the bulb.s in the borders at
Glasnevin remain in the ground from year to year, but any clumps showing signs of weaken- ing are lifted and replaced in the summer with annuals, the space being planted in autumn again with stronger bulbs. In this way, without an annual lifting of all the bulbs, a gjod dis]ilav is assured every spring.
Needless to say, the bulk of the display, taking the season through, is contributed by perennials, of which a large and comprehensive collection is grown. Although in the illustra- tion there apj)ears to be a background of trees, there are none in the immediate vicinity of the border. Tall strong-growing perennials, such as Helianthuses, Rudbeckias, Delphiniums, Michaelmas Daisies, interspersed with groups of (Sweet Peas, Hollyhocks, tall Dahlias, &c., form a background for plants of lesser stature. Not all the tall plants are kept to the back — some are allowed to extend to the middle of the border, while j^lants of from two to three feet reach quite to the front, and thus we get that i>illowy appearance which is so much more natural than the regular slope favoured by jjlanters of earlier years. The middle of the border is furnished mainly with plants of medium height, such as Irises, Paeonias, Lupins, Campanulas of several kinds, Pyrethrums, Chrysanthemum maximum in several varieties, but nothing ai^proaching straight lines of plants uniform in height is anywhere attempted. Likewise, no jDarticular colour scheme is kept in view, though, as far as possible, colours which do not contrast or blend pleasingly are kept apart. This is fairly easy since spring, summer and autumn flowers are judiciously arranged to come in in their respective seasons, and so distributed as to give the maximum amount of colour from spring to autumn.
In planting, medium-sized groujos are favoured rather than the two extremes of huge masses or single plants, l)ut this, of course, must be regulated by the size of the border and the time when the chief display is required. It is i)est to so arrange the groups of early flowering perennials that later flowering kinds may be staked out to fill their place. This may be done by planting in narrow drifts — in fact it is wise to vary the shape of the groups throughout the border. It is also advisable to bear in mind the possibilities of coloured foliage plants, such as those with grey leaves. Among these we have Veronica incaiia and V. Candida, Nepeta Mus- sini, Stachys lanata, Achillea clypeolata and A. jcgyptiaca, and many others, valual)le not only for the colour effect of their fohage, but harmon- ising beautifully with pink or red Pentstemons, Antirrhinums, &c. Among golden-leaved plants Veronica Trehane is one of the prettiest.
It is a good plan where no grass edging is
IRISH GARDENING
3
available to have an irregular margin of stones, furnished with clumps of evergreen rock plants. Here many of the early spring flowers may be left to form a permanent edging, and will annually make a fine display, if cut over and attended to as the flowers go over. With regard to the cultivation of the perennials, subsequent to planting the border, much must he left to the judgment of the gardener.
Many strong-growing fibrous-rooted plant;- like the tall Michaelmas Daisies, Heleniums, Helianthuses, &c., may with advantage be lifted and divided every autumn, others like Del- phiniums^iEryngiums, Pseonias, Lupins, Irises,
nient of their shoots, but among the dwarfer things which are planted closer it is difficult to apply manure, and a compost of old potting soil, mixed with leaf-mould or old hotbed uianure, is easier to point in, and effectively maintains the soil fertility, which must be kept at a high pitch. Basic slag is an excellent artificial for herbaceous borders, but it should be applied in autumn or very early spring. It is good on all soils, but especially for those deficient in lime. Superphosphate is more readily soluble, and it is excellent when applied in early spring to soils which have enough lime. It is an acid manure, and should be very carefully
The TIerbaceous Border at Glasnevin.
and many others resent root disturbance, and are better left alone for several years. An all important operation too frequently neglected is the rigorous thinning out of weak shoots in spring. This is particularly desiral)le in the case of Delphiniums, but is equally applicable to Michaelmas Daisies and similar plants which may not have been moved. Half a dozen good strong shoots are infinitely more satis- factory than a forest of weak ones.
Where bulbs are largely used in the border the annual digging must be left till early spring, when they are pushing through the ground Thoroughly rotted manure uuiy be dug in l)et\veen the groups of tall plants, which are planted further apart to allow for the develop-
used on heavy retentive soils deficient in lime. A final word may be said about staking, and we may take it as a safe rule that the less stakes we have in the l)order, compatible with safety, the better it will look. Some staking, however, must be done, and enough should be used to each plant or groups to allow of a natural appearance when the operation is com])lete. One or t\\o stakes with a bundle of shoots tied uj) to them present an absurd picture, entirely- spoiling the whole border. In large gardens this work should be entrusted to a trained gardener, as it is useless to expect an unskilled labourer to do it satisfactorily. In most gardens there are far too few trained gardeners and much too great a proportion of unskilled labour.
miSH GARDENING
Apples for Profit.
By Sir F. W. Moore, M.A.
Readers of Irish Gardening who are interested in fruit growing for profit must feel indebted to Mr. F. W. Hammond for the two interesting and practical articles which appeared in the November and December numbers of that periodical. As many growers are now ordering trees for planting and getting the ground prepared, a few criticisms and supplementary remarks may be useful. Mr. Hammond frankly states that he has not had much experience in Ireland, and adds that his remarks are "of a general character, and applicable to almost all localities."" Nothing could be more practical and sound than the suggestions and directions as to soil, situation, preparation, cultivation, exposure, and selection of plants, and all growers can with advantage study these portions of the articles. During the past ten years a very extensive and practical series of experiments in fruit growing for profit by farmers have been conducted in Ireland by the Depart- ment of Agriculture, and some instructive lessons have been learnt, and carefully noted for future guidance. These experiments prove that local conditions have to be seriously con- sidered, and that no general fixed regulations as to suitable varieties, nature of soil, and aspect of orchard can be accepted. In certain localities where ever}'" condition seemed suitable the prevalence of spring frosts has, year after year, done irreparable damage to the flowers, and ruined the prospect of a crop. The life of a bush apple on the Paradise stock is, I consider, generally under estimated, as is also the size to which the bush grows. There are instances of Bramley"s Seedling, Blenheim Orange, and Bismarck on the Paradise stock, twenty-tMO years planted, which are in full health and vigour, and which are producing excellent crops of sound marketable fruit, quite as good as fruit from similar varieties of the same age on the crab, or free stock. Further, in many districts it has been found that apples on the Paradise stock, ten years planted, and now at their prime, which were planted 12 feet apart every way, are now inteilaced, and some have to be cut out. These were not neglected plants, but plants which were carefully pruned and handled by skilled operators from the beginning up to the present date. In planting a per- manent orchard I am convinced that better results will be obtained from planting the bushes 15 feet apart every way, and the half standards on crab or free stock 30 feet ajaart, the other disposition of the trees being as described by
Mr. Hammontl. In no case of orchard planting should the bushes be only 10 feet apart. It is very d.ifificult to induce a farmer to cut out a bush tree ten years old which is carrying better crops than a half standard, because it is injuring its neighbour, which is destined to be the permanent tree.
In the orchards originally planted under the supervision of the Department twelve varieties, including both eating and cooking apples, were put down, and it is now apjiarent, and well recognised, that this is at least six too many. Six, or at most eight, varieties are ample for any orchard. The diflficulty is to ascertain which are the best varieties. At the conference held last October in connection with the fruit show some valuable information was given ; and with the object of getting clear and definite informa- tion from as many districts of Ireland as possible, I requested j^ractical men who Avere well acquainted with the fruit industry to send nie a list of the best varieties for commercial work in their several districts. I asked them not to name varieties which gave good results only in small private gardens, or walled in highl_\' protected enclosures, but to name the varieties not exceeding six which succeeded in ordinary orchards. Twenty-two have so far responded to my request from all parts of Ireland^ — Donegal to Kerry, Galway to Dublin — and I append the list of names sent in, ^ith the number of votes given to each varietv : —
|
COOKIXG |
Apples. |
Votes |
|
|
Braialey's Seedliii |
b |
22 |
|
|
Lane's Prince Alb |
ert |
'. 21 |
|
|
Gi'enadier |
. 21 |
||
|
Early Victoria |
. lo |
||
|
Lord Derby |
. VA |
||
|
Xewton Wonder |
12 |
||
|
Bismarck |
() |
||
|
Lord Grosvenor |
5 |
||
|
.J ubilee |
3 |
||
|
Ecklinville |
■s |
||
|
Mere de Menage |
2 |
||
|
Hawtbornden |
1 |
||
|
Stirling Castle |
1 |
||
|
Lady Henniker |
1 |
||
|
Domino |
1 |
||
|
Tower of Cilaniis |
1 |
||
|
The Queen |
1 |
||
|
Golden Spire |
1 |
||
|
Dessert |
Apples |
Votes |
|
|
Beauty of Bath |
. 21 |
||
|
Worcester Pearniain |
. 21 |
||
|
Allington |
1(> |
||
|
.lames Grieve |
:i |
||
|
(dadstone |
•> |
||
|
Charles Ross |
2 |
||
|
King of Pippins |
2 |
||
|
Cox's Orange Pii)[ |
)iu |
2 |
|
|
American Mother |
1 |
||
|
I^ady Sudeley |
1 |
||
|
Blenheim Orange |
1 |
IRISH GARDENING
5
Of the varieties named by Mr. Hammond, Stirling Castle, Pott's Seedling, Warner's King, Wellington, in tive cases out of six have been distinct failures for orchard Avork in Ireland, although all four are admittedly excellent apples. Lady Sudeley and King of Pij^pins have not been generally successful, and Cox's Orange Pippin has totally failed in all cold or exposed situations. Out of 150 separate orchards in Ireland this variety has only been a success in about twenty-five. Where, how- ever, it does succeed it is without a rival for quality, or as a profitable variety. Langley Pippin and James Grieve, as early and micl- season varieties, promise to give better results, but neither has as yet been fully tested. All things considered, intending planters may safely take the voting as given above as a safe and reliable guide as to the varieties to plant. Further, attention must be given to the necessity of not planting all the orchard with one variety only. Cross pollination is now known to be essential for some varieties, and beneficial for almost all. If four cooking and t\vo dessert varieties be planted, not necessarily in equal numbers of each variety, the result \vill probably be satisfactory. As regards sprays and spraying, the simpler the nature of the sprays recommended, and the easier they are to prepare at home, the more likely they are to be generally used by farmers and market growers. For winter spraying when the leaves are off the trees, sulphate of copper (Bluestone). 1 tb. to 20 gallons of water, as a remedy for scab and spot cannot be beaten, and the ordinary Soda Caustic Wash, 2 tbs. Caustic Soda to 10 gallons of water, to be used warm, has no rival as a cleansing wash. For summer spray- ing against insects. Quassia and Arsenate of Lead are the simplest and best.
^^ ^^* ^*
A Tip for Irish Gardening.
To make a rock garden where there is no specially suitable place — viz., to use the frontage of the kitchen garden i>aths where there is usually an lierbaceous border, substitute for the box edging, which encourages slugs, the tiles which look stiff and ugly, or the grass edging on which everybody walks and which gets trodden down and sjioilt, and on which the mowing machine breaks and spoils the herbaceous stuff — a roughly squared rockery border, which is all frontage, so that all plants can be easily seen. This has proved a great success at Aidenham, and is generally adniired, and would if ado})ted enable many people with small gardens to show rock ])lants who could not otherwise do so. It looks well even in midwinter, and where there is stone handy would not be an expensive job. — From the Hon. Vicaky Gibb.s.
The Pruning of Hardy Fruit Trees.
By Alfred Barker, Gardener to Lady Fitzgerald, Carrigoran, Newmarket-on-Fergus, Co. Clare.
Broadly speaking, there is no great divergence of opinion amongst gardeners and fruit growers as to the absolute necessity for i^runing or as to the manner in which it may be carried out, though it is by no means novel to hear the asser- tion that " You shouldn't be so free with the knife," or when once the trees are a coui>le of years grown no pruning is required. I maintain that this is an absolute fallacy, and no matter how suitable the soil or how favourable climatic conditions may ;)revail, if you leave fruits of anj- kind uninuned, or leave them to unrestricted growth, then any or all of them will grow headlong to a state of complete unfruitfulness or produce fruit of such poor quality as to be almost useless : and especially is this the case with the much- debated apple. The apple is probably the most widely grown and most valuable of all the hardy fruits, both as food product and from a financial l)oint of view, and considering the great difference of opinion oft'eied in recent debates, ^c, on this ])oint, I may he pardoned for here expres.sing my own opinion, that a well managed (including well i>rvined) plantation of ap])les (and i)ears) is in itself, or, as an adjunct to farming, a highly l)rotitable investment.
In orchards. ai)ple trees are almost invariably grown as bushes, standards, and half-standards ; any of these require little pruning the first year of planting, those that are planted in November and December, having made sufficient growth to need pruning, should in the following late February and March have the weakly and cross growths cut away, also any .side shootsi on the main branches cut back to four or five buds. The leading shoots (past summer's growths) uiay be shortened to half their length (not more), being careful to cut the.se growths at a bud pointing in the direction it is desired that the main branch should grow ; in drooping branches cut to a bud on ui>i)er side of branch to induce more uiuight growth. Trees planted, say, after Christmas should not be pruned at all until the following sea.son. In gardens devoted to the growth of a great variety of crops, and in most cases sui-- rounded by walls, we find greater variety in the shai)e of trees — \.e.. Cordons upright and obli(iue. horizontal and fan -trained trees, espaliers and pyramid trees, with others more or less fancifully trained. Whatever form the trees are to be trained in. the actual pruning is very similar in all cases. The ])rincipal exceptions are espalier trained trees, by the side of walks. a)id horizontal trained trees on walls, these trees being furni.shed with a centre stem from which .side branches are trained horizontally. The leader or centre growth must be trained quite upright, and annually cut back to 12 or 14 inches from the last formed row of branches, several shoots will be iiroduced at this point ; as they grow, the centre one nuist be trained upright, and the mo.st suitable side shoots trained one to the right and one to the left, to form another row of branches, ])roceeding thus ujitii the required number of rows or tiers of braiudies are jnoduced. At the
IRI8H GARDENING
annual winter pruning of the side branehes, all the lateral growths must be cut back to three or four buds, the leading shoot at the end of branch must be cut according to its strength, at from one-third to half its length, and trained horizon- tally, and so on until the branches have iilled their allotted space : subsequently fruiting S])urK will be formed the whole length of branches ; these, when grown too long, or overcrowded, may be tliinned more or less in alternate years, or annually, leaving two or three inches of base to produce shoots, which will by annual i)runing again form fruiting spurs : weakly spurs may be cut away comi^letely.
Fan-trained trees may be primed in the same manner, the desired branches in thiss form bcitig trained from the upper side of ]ireceding branches. Well trained and fruited pyramid trees are, no doubt, liighly ornamental, but, being com- paratively unproductive and requiring a con- siderable* amount of tying or training, this form of tree is seldom met with : when desired, pyra- midal trees may be formed by tying the centre stem to a bam- boo cane or other durable stake for training u])- right ; train the side branches laterally and evenly all round from centre, until desired size of tree is obtained, the branches to be s p u r red a n d pruned as in bush trees, but cut the leading shoots somewhat shor- ter ; always cut leading shoots to a bud pointing outwards.
Cordon trees may be grown as upright. Cordons on single stems and on double stems, trained more or less obliquely against walls or wire fences ; they are also trained hori- zontally by the side of walks : in whatever way these may be trained, the pruning is in all cases similar, and consists in cutting the side shoots to three or four buds to form fruiting spvu's, the leading shoots to be shortened to about half their length at the winter pruning. With all these formally trained trees, summer ])r\uiing should be carried out, the side shoots to be luuned back to three or four buds not earlier than the end of .July and in August, the leading shoots being allowed to grow their full length and shortened at the winter pruning.
Earlier pruning of side shoots causes secondary growths most prejudicial to the trees, and these secondary growths should be i)ulled out after making two or three leaves. This manner of pruning applies equally to a])ples, pears, dessert cherries and plums, though ]ilums should not be so closely spurred as the other fi-uits. Moi'ello cherries aic produced on the current year's growths, and a suitable number of these should be tied in to bear the croii in following
A Collection of 12 Varieties of Apples,
Grown by Mr. A. Barker, which received First Prize and
Gold Medal at the last Dublin Fruit Show.
summer; siu'plus j^hoots should be cut clean out.
Lifting or I'oot ])ruiuiig must l)e resorted to in all cases where trees are making an undue amount of gross growths and j)roving unfruitful. It frequently ha])|j(»ns that fruit trees a few years i)lanted, from vanous causes, break away into excessive wood growth, and ])roduce little or no fi'uit; in such cases the trees should be lifted, more or less root pruned, and re[)lanted in the same position again ; shorten all thick libreless roots to witliin twelve or fourteen inches of main stem tree, trim all jagged ends off other roots, spreading them out carefully in the course of replanting, taking care that the roots are arranged horizontally and having no downward tendency. This operation will effectually check excessive growth land cause the trees to at once become fruitful. Trees may be quite safely lifted up to ten or twelve years of age. Older and larger trees must be root ])runed, operating on one side of the tree in autumn as the leaves change colour, and taking
the other side of the tree the fol- lowing season : in this operation cut away all thick fibreless roots found in the trench, others
may be slightly shortened and preserved, to be laid in the trench when refilling ; take tills oppor- tuning to add some well rotted manure or new compost as the 1 rench is refilled, making the ground very firm by trampling as the refilling of trench proceeds.
Standard trees should not be lifted or even severely root ) runed at any time, as this Avould render them liable to be blown over by gales. Eoot pruning is a very important matter in the successful cultivation of the larger fruits, among young orchard ti'ees, and frequently large old trees inay be induced to bear satisfactory crops of fruit where previously only carrying crops of small scabby fruit. I have also seen many cases where root pruning alone has i^roduced a very marked diminution of scabby api^les and pears, as well as considerable improvement in size of fruit, on trees which many growers might be inclined to destroy. No doubt many trees owing to neglect of, or improi)er ])runing. great age, &c., attain to such a condition that ])runing of any descri]jtion will not restore them suffi- ciently to ])roduce croi)s of serviceable fruit, but it seems synonymous with "losing a sheep for a haporth of tar " to cut down trees large enough to produce ten or twelve bushels of apples, to be replaced by young trees that in many cases might not pi'oduce a bushel of apples in half a dozen years, while the large trees could by a course of branch and root pruning be given a new lease of fertility.
IRISH GARDENING
/
We have very old trees in the gardens here hearing ahnost annually splendid crops of fruit (some producing fruit fit for exhibition) which when I took charge of them, though being in a deplorable condition between fungoid and insect pests, neglect of and improper pruning, I had no authority to destroy so I attacked the toi)s with saw and secateurs and root ])runed them ; this, with stibsequent liberal treatment, spraying, etc., restored them in a most satis- factory manner : many must be well over half a century old. bvit they still ai)pear fit to bear profitable crops for many years to come.
Heverting to Bush and Standard trees which I left at the commencement of my remarks. For these 1 strongly advocate a system of extension, jiruning annually, limiting the number of main branches and growing them sufficiently far apart to allow of light and sun having free access to all parts of the flees, especi- ally w h e n t h e y have attained a good height and size. \\' h a t e V e r number of main bran- ches the tree m ay c o m - mence with. l»iune away all side shoots, cut- ting to three or four buds, and cut back the leading s h o o t to from a third to half its length, being always care- ful to cut to a bud tend- ing to pro- duce a shoot to grow in the desired direc- tion. With |) e ndul ou s growing var- ieties chose the nuist cicct growing shoots to form leading branches, and c\it any pen- dulous shoots to a bud on iii)i)er side of shoot. The future good shape and fruitfulness of the tree depends in a great nu>asure on the pro])er anmial pinning of the leading shoots ; the pruner must be guided here by the way in which fruifiiig spU!-« are being foiMiied, and by the varia- tion in strength of nuiin branches in (Ufferent va;ieties. Comparatively weak growers nmst be pruned shorter than the strong erect growing vaT'ieties or the resultant branches will become deformed when carrying heavy crops of fruit, or need su])porting to keep them erect and prevent breaking of branches. Some vai'ieties also need to bave leading shoots ])i'uned more s(>vei'ely, to cause more fruit spui's to foi-m. As the frees attain height, suitable side shoots nuist be selected 1o form further main branches as necessary to iiH-rease size of tree, and later on other side
A WETj.-PKT'XKi) Ai'PiJ^: Thee — Peascood's Xonsic ii.
shoots must be selected to grow into nrain branches, with a view to their taking the place of older branches which may be sawn out on attaining an inconvenient height. In case of fruiting spurs becoming overcrowded or too long, they may be shortened or cut away altogether: weakly ones a \^,always batter ciit out comjjletely. This system of pruning will give most excellent results, the vitality and fruitfulness of trees will be maintained many years beyond that of trees left unpruned altogether, or pruned in an un- sy.stematic manner, and the fruit will be of a very sui)eiior quality, even though in some cases the tiulk of crop may not be so great.
The apple tree illustrated has been pruned in the manner described, since I planted it twenty years ago ; it was then seven years old ; it has been only once lifted, and not root pruned since the lifting : two years ago it produced three and
a half hun- dredw eight of ap|)les, and looks tit to continue f r u i t i n g for the next twenty years or more, being very robust and perfectly free f r o m a n y disease. It is a Peas- good's Non- such, and I believe the fruit from this tree has w o n prizes at fruit shows in all I tarts of Ireland that will c o ni J) a r e very favoiu-- a b I y with any tree of this variety extant. We also have many trees of same age even better shai)ed, and annually carrying heavy crops, notably one that last year yielded over £8 worth of fruit (an acre or nu>re of such trees would form a jjrolitable asset in any plantation or farm holding). This tree has never been lifted or root pruned since it was planfed.
'IMie collection of apples illustrated are also the liroduce of trees pruned in the manner described. Size has been obtained by liberal manuring, and colour by the fullest exposure to sun and light. Our shallow top soil is moderately good for fruit growing, oiir subsoil is very bad, and we have a very small nvunber of trees of each variety to select from (in many cases only one tree), this being the case, and the character of Carrigoran apples being so well vindicated at vari<nis fruit shows for many years past, I (may confidcnitly claim as a strong recommendation for the maimer, <if ]»runing described,
IRISH GARDENING
Chrysanthemum Propagation.
By I). McIntosh, Gardener to Alderman liewley, Danimi, Eathgar.
Xo flowers are more highly esteemed during the autumn and winter months than those of the Chrysanthemum. From start to finish through- out their jjeriod of growth it is very important that they should be grown on slowly, cool, and steadily, without the slightest check. In the first jilace. it is the duty of the cultivator to see that solid sturdy cuttings have been i)rei)ared for insertion.
If the best results are to be achieved, it is well to have one or two j^lants of each variety cvit over as early as ])ossible after the flowers have fully expanded. These pots should then be set up in a position near the glass, where they will receive ])lenty of light and air. Any that have an over- abundance of suckei's should be well thinned, cutting out those that are soft and spindly. The next important item is the preparation of the soil in which the cuttings are to be rooted. The best for this i)urpose is good old fibrous loam — that which has been stacked for several months. When in a suitably dry condition rub it through a J-inch sieve and retain the fibry material for drainage. To evei'y two parts of loam add one ])art leaf-mould and one ])art silver or river sand with a sprinkling of wood ashes. Mix the whole together thoroughly. Thumb pots are the best receptacles for the cuttings. If these have been thoroughly washed and dried, place a little' fibry material at the bottom of the pots to act as drainage, and then fill up to the lim with the ])re])ared compost, pressing it down gently as the work ])roceeds. Cover the surface of each pot with a good sprinkling of sand. The next job will be to look round for those cuttings which are ready for taking off. The inexjierienced are a]it to jump at a big thick sucker. Believe me it is not the treasure it looks. What should be the aim of the cultivator is to select medium sized cvittings. more solid and wiry than other- wise, about three inches long. Remove the two V)ottom leaves, make a clean cut immediately underneath the joint and the cutting is ready for insertion. If any trace of green or black fly is ])resent, dip the cuttings in a solution of soft soap and water. With a smooth round dibble make a hole in the centre of the ]iot, carrying with it some of the sand previously laid on, insert the cutting and press the soil firni against its base. Finish off by making the soil firm all round with the blunt end of the dibble. Label each cut-ing, water them well in with a fine rose, and allow them to stand on the bench for an hour or so. For reference, it is a good plan to have a smooth board himg up in the potting shed, containing a list of the varieties to be giown. It may be marked ofT in the following manner : —
|
m |
o |
o |
o |
||
|
No. |
Name of Varietv |
•CO 4; ft |
2 a |
||
|
«*-* a: |
o d a— |
a- |
p.— |
||
|
O |
o |
d |
o |
||
|
y. |
V, |
25 |
S5 |
||
|
1 |
A. T. Miller |
ITIIII |
mil |
mi |
III |
|
2 |
Her Majesty |
Tim |
nil |
III |
II |
It can thus be seen at a glance what (cuttings have been inserted and how many ])lants have been potted on.
Boxes with sheets of glass laid over the top make ideal rooting enclosures. Place one inch of fine cinder ashes at the Ijottom of the box so as to have a moist drainage underneath the pots. Keep the temperature at 15° by night and 50^ by day. On no account must fire heat be used unless absolutely necessary in the event of a sharp frost. The glass should be lifted off for an hour or so every day and set back to dry. Very little water will be required before the ])lants are rooted. If they have a tendency to flag at any time a slight s|)ra>ing will be sufficient to freshen the leaves. As soon as signs of rooting are shown, tilt the glass a little higher every day, until it can be removed altogether, , gradually inuring the plants to the atmosphere of the house. In a few days they can then be lifted out and stood on a staging laid with ashes, and as near to the glass as possible. The m.ore light and air the plants get the more stocky will be their growth. While the plants are in thumb ])ots careful watch must be kejjt that none of them become dry. The roots are so (ino that they are easily injured.
Winter^flowering Begonias and their Culture.
Few plants during the last decade have made such rai)id strides in public favour as these Begonias. They are the result of intercrossing the jnnk and winter-flowering B. socotrana with the tuberous -rooting varieties that are so highly prized for summer bedding and greenhouse decoration.
To Messrs. Veitcli, Chelsea, and Messrs. Clibran, of Altrincham, is due the credit of bringing out these beaAitiful svibjects. The first one to be sent out by the former firm was named .John Heal, a bright rose-carmine ; other single varieties are Mrs. Heal, brilliant rose-carmine, and Ideala. Among the senu-double kinds are Elatior. Ensign, Julius, Winter Cheer and Winter Perfec'tion, which are for the most ])art carmine or rose-pink. Messrs. Veitch's newer varieties embrace Fascination, bright orange-salmon : Exquisite, pink and white ; Emita, dee]) orange : Oi)tima, salmon-orange ; and Her Majesty, a charming salmon-yellow.
In Messrs. Clibran's (;atalogue will be found a number of new sorts now offered for the first time. Many have received awards of merit from the Royal Horticultural Society, Vincent Square, during the la-st year or so. They embrace Scarlet Beauty, Splendour, reddish scarlet ; Eclipse, salmon-scarlet : Lucy Clibran, bright salmon- pink suffused with orange in centre : Clibran's Ci'imson ; Clibran's Scarlet ; Disi)lay, a striking novelty, with rich deep salmon flowers ; Alti'incham Pink ; A]n-icot, orange-ai)ricot, suffused with pink ; Mr. T. H. Cook, a lov^ely shade of rose-pink : and a host of othei' good things could be quoted if si)ace permitted.
These charming Begonias i)roduce a wealth of blossoms from October till the end of .fanuary, and are almost indisjjensable where a bright show of flower is required. For a long time the dominant colour was rose-ptink or carmine, but now we have some glorious shades f)f oi'ange-
IRISH GARDENING
scarlet and crimson, and it is only a question of time befoi-e we shall have all the beautiful tints seen in the tuberous-rooted section reproduced in the group now under notice. At one time the culture of these Begonias was considered extremely difificult. but to-day their reqviiremeilts are more fully understood.
After the flowering period is over, the i)lants rest until the end of March, but they are not dried off altogether', as they do not form tubers. It is a kind of compro- mise, which has been de- scribed as a t lii c k en e d I' oo t-s t ock, a n d w h-e n giving water d u ring the season of re- pose this im- portant fact slioul d be borne in mind The best plan is to give just enough water to keep the stems and leaves from falling, while if too mvich is ai>i)lied, the 1 ) 1 a n t s will decay. About the end of .March or early in April growth com- mences, and the tempera- ture should fluctuate be- tween 60 ° and 6.5° F., and the at mo- sphere ought to be kept moist.
When the s li o o t s are about three inches in length cuttings may be taken.
Place each one into a small thumb l)ot, and then arrange them
in the projjagating frame oi' a hand Ught. with the tem])erature about 70° F. Pot them on as they fill their receptacles with roots, and they will make nice flowering examjdes the following winter. For full sized i)lants, jxits from six to seven inches in diameter will be ample, and they should be filled one-fourth of their dei)th with drainage.
A suitable conipost consists of good fibrous loam three parts, and one part leaf-mould, with a sjirinkling of sharp sand. If the loam is of i)oor (piaiity a little well decayed manure or some reliable fertilizer may be added with advantage. During the growing season the tem]ierature should
vary between 60° and 70° F., giving a little ventilation when the elements permit : keep a buoyant atmosphere by occasionally syringing between the pots, but never spray the plants overhead, while shade will be necessary during hot bright weather.
The two i)ests to guard against are thrips and a small mite which attacks the under surface of the leaves, but these can be kept down by fumigation. — Southerner.
Two Fine Cypripediixms — Cypripedi- u m s are very often grown in ])laces where there is no a t t e m p t made to cul- tivate other orchids, a n d this is pro- bably due to the fact that they are of easy culture, and fl o w e i' d u ring t he dull period of the year. The two we especially re commend are varieties o f the o 1 d C. insigne^viz., Sandera? and II a r e fi el d Hall. The former is the finest of the yellow s e c - tion, being a b e a u t i f u 1 l)rimrose yel- ! o w. exce])t the up])er half of tlie doi'sai sepal, whicli is pure white. The latter variety is also the best a m o n g tlic si)otted kind. It is a giaiid bold flower, the dorsal sejial being heavily spotted with chocolate - i)urple, and broadly margined with white. The rest of the bloomi is yellowish green suffused with rich brown. An intermediate tein- l)erature is most suitable, and the atmosphere shovUd be kei)t fairly moist during the summer months. The repotting ought to be done soon after the flowers are removed, using a mixture of loam, partly decayed oak leaves, peat, and sphagnum moss in equal parts. Ordinary flower ])ots are chosen and filled one-third of their depths with drainage. After the rei)otting care must be taken not to over water the plants or the roots will soon decay. T. W. B.
(i.iBKAN.s Pink. One of the'ncw Winter-flowering Begonias, with bright pink flowers
8 inches across.
being heavilv
10
IRISH GARDENING
Hints to Beginners.
By M. Crosbif.
Considering the line weather that lias l)eeii general during November and December, all winter work ought to be well ahead, and it is to be ho])ed it is so, as for the amateur in ]jarticular January is not a nice month for outdoor work. The soil is usually wet and cold, and the sleet showers and north winds which ])revail are not pleasant. But when alterations have been done the regular work gets behindhand. In this cese digging, trenching, and pruning of fruit trees of all descriptions should be hurried on whenever weather permits, as all ought to be completed by end of the month. Borders that want remaking can be done now. First, lift out all the plants ard heel them in ; trench the border at least two feet deep, adding manure, road-scrapings or wood ashes. Leave the border to settle for a few weeks before replanting. Divide any clumps of her- baceoi's stuff that may have got too big, using the outside pieces of the clumps for replanting.
Any new shrubs or Roses that have still to be planted, or any moving of old ones, ought to be done this month whenever weather conditions are favourable. Any Roses, shrubs, or other plants that arrive when the soil is too wet to ])lant, or in hard frost, are much better left for a few days packed as thej' ctime from the nui'sery, and placed in a shed where the frost cannot get at them. When unpacking, if roots of Roses or shrubs are found to be very dry, it is a good plan to soak them in a puddle of clay and water for a few hours before ijlanting ; and any torn or jagged roots should be cvif clean with a sharp knife. If the soil is heavy, some tine dry soil (old ])ott'ng stuff, wood ashes for instance) shoiild be worked in between the roots. The earth mark on stems, which shows the depth which they were in the ground before, will be a guide for de])th of present planting. Tread soil firmly and put a stake to all shrubs, being ]>articularly careful with those that are evergreen, as, of course, the wind has much more effect on them. Care must be taken that the tying is loose enough to permit of the stem swelling The tying materirl ovrght first be firmly tied to the stake and then given a loose twist before knotting round stem of ])lant. Even when well staked, newly planted shrubs some- times get loose in high wind, so that it is well to look at the tyings occasionally until the roots are well established. But all care at planting time is thrown away unless the ground they are put in has been well prepared. For Roses or shrubs the ground ought to be trenched, adding manure, leaf- mould, &c. After trenching it would want nearly a month to sink and settle before planting.
Wallflowers ought to be looked over now and again, as unless they are in a very sheltered position, high wind tends to loosen them in the soil, and then they whirl round and round with every wind that blows, with very bad results to the plants. The surface soil round them should be lightly forked over and then the soil well firmed round the base of each stein.
If not already done, plans for summer bedding ought to be made. The best plan, of course, is to take notes in the summer of any new plants or good combination of colour (seen in or sug- gested by other gardens) that strike one as suitable for one's own garden the following summer. Seed catalogues are sent out this month, and where the notes were made last summer .^ordering
seeds is very little trouble. It is as well to oj'der seeds required as early as possible, so as to be sure of getting the varieties one wants. It is as well to remember too that in seeds, as in every- thing else, it is far more satisfactory and cheaper in the end to pet them from a reliable source so as to be sure of getting a good strain true to name. Everyone knows the disappointment of raising a. line batch of ))lants from se<'ds only to see them produce flowers of cp'ite the wrong colour.
If the directions given in tlie September issue for growing bulbs in bowls were made use of, many of them will be in full flower now : but in addition to them every garden here ought to have some outdoor flowers for cutting in .lanuary. Such gardens seem to be far and few between, and, of course, where there is glass they are not so much missed, but even then the brightness they give to the garden now is a great considera- tion. If shrubs are being planted, space ought to be given either to the yellow winter .lessamine or to the Garrya elliptica — both if possible. Everyone knows the .Jessamine ; it will grow almost anywhere : it prefers a wall, and is ex- cellent on a north wall, which is often difficult to cover.
The Garrya is not so well known : it is an ever- green with grey-green glossy leaves, and forms a handsome, well-shaped bush in a few years after planting, and in December and .January bear long, graceful, pale-green catkins, which last a very long time, even when cut.
Iris stylosa and Christmas Roses are both very beautiful, easily grown, and flower freely. The hottest, driest, sunniest spot in the garden is the place for I. stylosa; at the foot of a south wall or the hot corner in an angle of the house or green- house, a spot so hot and dry that little else would grow there. Give them the poorest of soil and they will be perfectly hai)py and bloom con- tinually from November to March. March or A]n'il is the best time to i)lant.
Christmas Roses like a partially shaded and damp situation : and when preparing the ground for them dig deej)ly, adding plenty of old manure and leaf mould, and if the soil is naturally very heavy some wood ashes or road scrapings. The end of January is a good time to plant. Put plants about 2 5 feet apart. They dislike disturbance, and when planted in properly prepared soil all they require is a mulch of manure every spring, and they will flower freely through IJecembei- and .January. Flowers are best picked in the bud and allowed to open in water. They last cut for a fortnight.
^5* 6^^ ^^^
Quince Gigantesque de Vranja.
JUDCiiNG by its appearance in a young state this promises to make a very handsome lawn specimen. The leaves are large and leathery, varying from 2 to 3 inches wide and from W to 5 .V inches long, and furnished with a soft yellow tomentum on the under side. The veins and leaf-stalk are reddish and the bark of the young shoots dark brown. The prominent stipules are fairly per- sistent, many of them being still retained with the leaves in November. The fruits are large and handsome, about the size of an average Keswick Codlin apple, and of the same yellow colour. Should this variety ])rove free fruiting, it might be worth planting on this account as well as for its ornamental value. .1. W. B.
IRISH GARDENING
II
New Barberries,
Our gardens have lieeu greatly enriched by Mr. E. H. Wilson's travels in China, and to the Bar- berry family numerous additions have been made, several of " which are likely to become great favourites.
These notes are made from i>lants at Cllasneyin, and on some species they are necessarily limited and inromplete, because the plants have only been in cultivation for a short time.
For garden ])uri)oses we can roughly divide them into two groups —
(1) those valuable on account of their fruit ;
(2) those valuable for their evergreen foliage and flowers.
In the first section come the Polyantha? group with deciduous foliage.
Berberis Prattii, if it will always fruit like it has done this autumn, is far away the finest of the Polyantha set, and in fact one of the best of all fruiting Barberries. A bush 3^ feet high, about 4 years old, has been a beautiful sight from October to Decern her covered with sal- mon-red or cerise fruit with a plum-like bloom. The bush is a pyramid s h a ]) e, sending up strong erect shoots from the base, bearing the following season large clusters of fruits, lyateral branches when fruiting often have the clusters closely to- gether so as to resemble large drooping panicles 6 or 8 inches in length ; the ]ihoto illustrates some of the side shoots. The leaves, before fall- ing about the beginning of December, turn a beautiful red.
Berberis Prattii is found at an altitude of about 8,000 to 9.000 ft. in \V. Szechuan, and there grows to a height of 0 fi'ot or more.
The young shoots are light brown, usually bearing slender trifid spines nearly an inch long, the leaves varying in size and shape, fioni l to 1 inch long, and from oblong to obovate. iiuicronate with margins entire or spiny. The flowers are sDiall anrl yellow borne in long panicles. The fruits are oval, nearly a quarter of an inch in length with i)ersistent style, and contain two seeds.
Berberis Prattii var. recurvata is said to differ botanically from the type by its narrow in- tlorescence and ciirved pedicels. When growing it ap]>ears less vigorous and has smaller leaves, hut is a very pretty shrub.
Berberis
\ new Chinese Barberr
coloured
Berberis polyantha is making a strong growing erect bush, and bears numerous deep yellow flowers, but is very shy here in producing its red fruits. Berberis brevipaniculata for garden purposes may be termed an inferior B. Prattii, with much- smaller clusters of fruit. " Botanically it differs from Prattii in the glabrous branches and in- florescences, and smaller leaves which are dis- tinctly glaucous underneath and shorter ])anicles and bracts " from Planta? Wilsoniana'. This species and B. polyantha were sent out by Witch a few years ago.
Berberis aggregata is allied to the former ones : it is said to gi'ow live feet or naore high, and was shown by Hon. Vicary Gibbs at tlie R, H. S. on October 7th last. The berries are densely clustered on the branches, and there is something very at- tractive about t h e bright red fruits. Up to the present it has not fruited very freely at niasnevin, but the bushes are still very young. Two delightful fruiting Barberries, which are closely allied, are B. Wilsonse and B. Stap liana, both are ex- ceedingly spiny and bear coral red fruit sprays, which are most useful for autumn de- coration: it is difficult to know at which stage they are most beautiful . when ripening they ai'c yellowish white flusherl vvdth rose and gradually assume the warm coral coloiu' towards Novem- ber. Berberis Wilsona? we cannot praise too highly, for whoever grows it at all well soon gets to love it. [It forms a sin-eading (^lose-grow- i n g b \] s h , u s u a 1 1 y broader than hii-h : at Glasnevin it has not reached 3 feet in height.. B. Staiifiana does not cover the uround so much, but is more erect and loose in habit, and looks like growing nuu-h taller, and carries the fiaiit where it will not be soiled by winter rains. Cut si)ravs of these two species are much alike, although the fruit of B. Wilsona^ mav be slitrhtlv rounder: the • young shoots of B. Wilsona-" are i)ubes(ent. while those of B. Sta])fiana are glalnous. The foliage of both species is very nuich alike, and variable m size from i to 1 inch long, oblanceolate in shape with a peciiliar grey green above and slightly glaucous hereath. B. Stapflana was described by Dr. C. Schneider lastveai, and was raised by Maurice de Yihnorin. and also collected by Wilson in China. Messrs. Veitch received an award of merit for this species when they showed a specimen 4 feet high in October, 1912.
Prattii.
y with beautiful cerise berries.
12
IRISH GARDENING.
B. subcaulialata appears to ripen its friiit later and seems a stronger }:;ro\ver tlian the other two, the leaves are larger and the branches are angled.
The following eveigreen Barberries of the Wallichiana section ha\'e a general resemblance, and bear blackish fruit covered by a bluish bloom.
Berberis Gagnepainii has now been introduced sonie years ; it suckers freely, grows vigorously, and has a narrow waved leaf spiny on the margin about 2 to 3i inches long.
According to Professor Sargent, Berberis Sargentiana is the only evei-green Barberry which has i)roved ])erfectly hardy in the Arnold Arboretum : in Massachusetts theVinters are much more severe than in any itarts of Britain. All the Barberries here mentioned have not been affected by Irish winters, but it is w o r t h knowing that B. Sargentiana is much hardier than Wallichiana and others, for hardy evergreens are very useful. Tt resembles a strong growing form of the latter species with the young stems reddish.
Berberis ,] ulianae has been named by C. K. Schneider in comi)liment to his wife, and promises to make a hand- some dense grow- ing evergreen ; the leaves are a very deep green, with spiny margins, from 2 to 4 inches long and broadly lanceolate in shape.
Berberis levis and Bergmannia^ r'ar. acantho))hylla are two more new forms, the former with long narrow leaves, and the latter somewhat resembling small holly leaves.
Berberis verruculosa, with warty branches, is a dwarf sturdy bush, with dark green spiny leaves about 1 inch long, which are glaucous underneath.
B. Wallichiana var. ])allida, which was sent out by Vilmorin, has been changed to B. candidula. Its very jirostrate habit and slow growth should make it valuable for the rockery.
C. F. B.
Aralia Sieboldii.
OUK illustration is from a phot()gi'ai)h of a line specimen of AraUa which was in fidl flower on the 1st of December, 1913. Mr. Buthven, who kindly sends the photograi)h, writes : —
" This plant usuahy blooms in September;
I'hofo hit
Aralia Sieboldii. In Achnacarrv Garden, Sandymount.
this year it is not only two months later, but the blooms are double th(^ (juantity. The plant is growing in the open facing south-west, sheltered overhead by a glass-i'oofed verandah."
"^rhe Ivy is a relative of the Aralia, both belong- ing to the same natui'al ordei' called Araliacea^, so that the flowers are similar in shape and structure, but those of the Aralia are white, borne in much larger clusters, consequently when in flower the ])lant is strikingly 'handsome.
Although in gardens it is usually known as Aralia Sieboldii or A. japonica, its real name is Fatsia japonica, the word Fatsia being derived from the .lapanese name of one of the species. In England, exce])t in the south-west, this Aralia is not hardy enough to stand the winter, but in
most of our Irish gardens it will sur- vive afid make a beautiful evergreen bush.
On account of its handsome shin- ing green leaves many j^lants are raised from seed annually and sold for indoor deco- ration, for this Aralia is one of the best ])lants to stand the
somewhat ad- verse conditions to ])lant life
found in a dwelling h o u s e. "Castor Oil Plant " is a
name frequently but w r o n g 1 y applied to this Aralia, for Cas- tor Oil is ob- tained from the seeds of Kicinus communis, which is treated as an annual when g !■ o w n i n t li i s lountry, but in S. Euroi)e may be seen growing like a shrub.
J. A. V. Tiutliven,
A Naturalist in Western China.*
This is the most interesting book of travi'l we liave seen for many years, and embodies .Mr. Wilson's eleven years of exi)loration in the little known ])arts of the Flowery Kingdoju.
Robert Fortune, for " the Royal Horti- cidtuial Society, and then Charles Maries on behalf of Messrs. Veitch in 1S7!), collected many valuable plants, but api)arently they did not go far enough into the interior, so it was left to later years, when the collections of the Roman Catholic i)riests, les Abbes David and Delavay, also those of Pratt and Henry, astounded botanists, and they began to realise China's
* '■ A Naturalist in Western China," by Ernest Jlenry Wilson, V.M.H. London: Methuen cV Co., Ltd., 36 Essex Street, W.C. 2 vols. Price 30s. net.
IRISH GARDENING
13
enormous floral wealth. To-day it is recognised that China has the richest tenii)erate flora in the whole world. Our gardens are indebted to China for the originators ol om- Tea and K ambler Roses, Chrysanthemums, Camellias, Indian Azaleas, Greenhouse Primulas. Tree Paeonias and Clematis, and also many fruits.
Mr. Wilson's travels in Western China began in 1S99 : the flrst and second journeys were under- taken for Messrs. Veitch. the third and fourth for the Arnold Arboretum, U.S.A. Mr. Wilson tells us he was singularly fortunate in his wanderings. Although in the interior duiing the Boxer out- break and the Russo-.Jai)anese war. he never met with any incivility meriting the name, and the Chinese peasants whom he trained as col- lectors were very faith- ful, and their final part- ing was with genuine regret. As the route taken was along the Yangtsze River, said to be over M,000 miles in length, there is nuich written about the won- derful scenery along its basin, its tributaries, falls and the famous Yangtsze gorges.
The illustrations of snow-capi)ed moun- tains, 21,000 feet high, bring home to one their grandeur, while Mr. Wilson believes that some of the Yun-ling mountains, which di- vide W^estern Cliina from Tibet, exceed in height those of the Him- alavas.
The "Red Basin" of .Szechuan is said to be one of the richest and f.airest regions in the Chinese Empire, self rontaiiicd. with the ex- ception of cotton, which is imported ; of vast agri- cultural wealth, teem- ing with towns and abounding with salt, coal and iron : the jjre-
dominant rocks are red clayey sandstone. The formation of Hu])eh is carboniferous limestone, sparsely ))opulated and too wild and savage for agricidtural development, therefore of particular interest to the botanist.
Patience, tact and abundance of time are essentials in Chinese travel when away from the beaten track, for the oriental methods ol)taining there are the native sedan chair <ir one's own legs. This is forcibly l)rought honir in Wilson's journey across the Ilupeh-Szccluuin front icr in his own wojds : — "For twenty-two consecutive days my followers and I had struggled thi-ough the wild, lonely fastnesses of N. W. llupeh, sul'fering nuich from bad roads, worse accom- nuxlation and scarcity of food supplies. For the liist time on record the joiirney had been accom- plished by a foreigner."'
The potato comes in for notice as follows : — " The decaying stumps and stark tree trunks speak eloquently of the magnificent forests which must have fornierly existed here until destroyed by axe and fire. To the botanist and lover of nature this vandalism is painful, but presumably it was necessary for economic reasons. The univitti)i(j cause of it all has been the Irish potato.'' Professor Sargent, in a valuable introduction, compares the forest flora of eastern continental Asia with that of eastern North America, and rightlv savs that Mr. Wilson has shown us more than anv ()ther traveller the floral richness of China. Near Tacb.ienlu Wilson found a freestone peach, with long narrow leaves, I'ather small fruits, downy on the outsides, jibout which he writes : — ■• At the time I i)aid no fiuther attention to this i^each. but in 1910 1 secured ripe fruit and found — to my astonish- nrent — that the stones were perfectly smooth, free and relatively very small — characters de- noting a distinct species of peach. It jtroved to l)e new. and has since been named Prunus niira. I regard this as the most remarkable of the discoveries I have been ])rivilegedto make. This new peach is now in ciiltivation, and by eross-breeding with the old varieties of the gar- den peach (P. persica) may result in the pro- duction of entirely new and improved races of this favourite fruit."
A wild species of ciu'- rant (Ribes loiigerace- niosum) is stated to bear large black fruit of good flavour on ra- cemes 1 k feet long ! So it is i^ossible that these Chinese fruits mav intercross with T. Behax. our fruit with good
results.
Appointment.
Mii. 'I\ liKiiAN. who wrote the Dublin .Market
Reports last year for our i)ai»er, has been recent ly appointed Horticultural Instructor to the County Committee of Agiicxilture for West Cork. After some years' experience in gardening. Mr. iiehiin went to the Horticultural School of the All)ert Agricultural Ci liege to be technically trained, lie also had an excellent and successful course under Mr. Atlams at Clonakilty, and he is n(»w back again at the scene of his past study, lo promote Horticulture, Clonakilty being one of his districts. We sincerely wish the fidlest measure of success to Mr. Behan in liis new duties, and hope we may still retain his services as a con- tributoi'.
1+
IRISH GARDENING
Cultivation of the Potato Onion.
This vegetable ifj loxuid in many Irish gai'dens, but growers do not plant it largely because there is ditticulty in keeping the bulbs through the winter. Very often one finds this crop planted on ridges with a good layer of fresh manure uzider the bulbs, and then the grower wonders why his bulbs will not keep for any length of time. The early decay of the bulbs is due to one or both of the following causes : — Too much fresh manure ap])lied at the time of ])lanting. or the bulbs are harvested and stored before they are thorouglily ripe. like all varieties of onions, this crop delights in a rich deep soil, and to get the best results the ground intended for this crop should be manured and deeply dug in the autumn or early Avinter. If the ground has been inanured for a previous crop about three barrowsful of well decayed manure to every perch of ground will be quite sufficient. It is imiiortant that this croj) should have a long season, and the bulbs should be planted at the end of January or early in February. Many people consider the smaller bulbs are good enough to plant, but this is a mistake ; medium-sized bulbs should be selected for this work. Keep in mind that there is sometliing in the old saying : " The man with the biggest feet grows the best onions," and make the soil firm, particularly if a light. sandy or gravelly nature. The bulbs can be planted on the flat or on a slightly raised bed, and the proper distance is 1 foot between the lines and 9 or 10 inches from plant to plant. Avoid deep planting, and allow the top of the bulb to be on the surface of the soil. A dressing of soot applied when the plants are making good growth will be beneficial to the crop. Run the Dutch hoe through the ground frequently on 'dry days. This oi)eration cannot be done too often, and it not only warms the soil when every degree tells, but hastens growth in the early part of the season. Do not harvest the bulbs before they are thoroughly matured and dry. Any cool place where frost or damp can be excluded will answer for storing the bulbs. In an average summer the bulbs will be fit to lift before the end of July, and the ground can then be forked over and planted with Savoy, Cabbage, winter or spring Broccoli, &c.
Generally speaking, seedsmen and others have great difficiilty in obtaining a sufficient supply of home-grown bulbs, and I have never yet met any grower who had any trouble in selUng his surplus stock. The prices offered vary from 12s. to 18s. jjer cwt., and as an acre of ground under fairly good cultivation will yield from 3J to 4 ton of bvilbs, the c\iltivation of this cro]) might with advantage be taken U]) by cottagers and others. ,T. Dearnaley.
6^^ ^* C^^
Phoenix Park.
Walsh states that the Phoenix Park derives its name by corruption from the native I^^ish name of the manor " Fionn-uisge," which signifies cleai- water, and applies to the chalybeate spring near the Vice-Iiegal Lodge. The word " Fionn- uisge " is properly pronounced " Finniske," and has been corrupted by the English into Phoenix. Lord Chesterfield, when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, erected the column with the figure of the mythical bird surmounting its capital, which has assisted in perpetuating this absurd misnomei'.
The Month^s Work. The Flower Garden.
By Wm. (i. VVAD(iE, (iardener to Lady O'Xeill, Shane's Castle, Antrim.
(Jenekal. — The work in this department during .January consists chiefly in cleaning and renovat- ing any defects in lawns and walks and in making l)reparations for the coming months.
Tidiness in the pleasure grovuids is as iin- l)orta,nt now as at any season. The fallen leaves are all now under control, and the outer parts, at least, of shrubberies raked, so that no leaves will be blown from thence by the flrst gale to annoy us. The lawns should have a Ught sweeping with a birch or bamboo broom to scatter any wormcasts, and if the weather and the turf is fairly dry, a rolling afterwards will put on a finishing touch.
Lawns. — This is a good time to improve lawns. No other part of a garden is treated so meanly. If we consider the constant mowing and sweeping, the taking away of every bit of leaf or grass that would nourish the roots, and how rarely anytliing is returned to it by way of manure, it is not surprising that daisies, plantains and other weeds and coarse grasses take posses- sion. The great objection to topdressing with soil or natural manure is its unsightliness for two months or more. Where this can be over- come, thoroughly decayed manure, wood ashes, road scrapings, and the remains of the rubbish fire, any or all of these mixed together and spread evenly over the grass will have a marked effect. A dressing of Basic Slag may be given as an alternative. Returf any s[)ots made bare by hard wear or under trees, and hollows may be levelled by paring oft" the turf and replacing after adding some fine soil.
Walks. — Where by constant use of the edging iron walks have been made wider than they were originally intended to be, and than it is desirable they should be, take them in hand now. Level up with soil on one or both sides and lay the desired breadth of turf. Thoj-oughly beat and roll it, afterwards cutting a good straight edge to the Une. Where there are only slight crooks in the verge to be remedied, make a cut with the edging iron about (3 inches away from the edge. Push the turf out further than the straight hne of the verge to allow for trimming the edges, and fill in behind with pieces of turf.
Summer Bedding;. — It is not too early to think of this. If the plans are made for ]jlanting the beds, we can tell approximately what number of plants of the different subjects we shall require, and begin propagating to make ui) any deficiency. Remember one well grown j^lant furnishes better than two or three ]>oor ones. If there is a scarcity of any variety of Creraniums, and some of the old i)lants were boxed up, place them in heat, and when the shoots are :} inches long root them in light sandy soil, (live autumn struck plants ample ventilation, l)ut very little water. Calceolarias. I'eiitstemons, and \'iolas may have file light removed From them on mild dry days. Kee]) any decaying leaves i)icked off, and loosen the surface soil with a pointed stick. Make sure that Begonia tubers are safe from frost and drip. Swainsonias, Streptosolens, and Marguerites must be i)ottecl into larger pots before the roots get matted together, where they are grown as large specimen plants for the flower beds.
IRISH GARDENING
J5
Shrubberies. — In many gardens there are corners lilled with conunon shrubs, as Laurel and Privet, that would be niuc-h improved if replanted with choicer shrubs and flowering plants. The present occupants could be cleared out now, the grovmd dug or trenched, and some manure or new soil added. Planting will be best deferred till the end of March. When ordering the plants, include a good proiiortion that give colour in the autumn and winter, either by variegated foliage or berries ov coloured stems. It is at this season that the shrubbery is more i)rominent when the beds, and even the herbaceovis borders, are dull and comparatively uninteresting.
Azaleas and Khododendrons need topdress- ing every second year, and it is better if done annually owing to their surface rooting habits. They like i)eat, but loain, free from lime, mixed with leaf-mould, will do equally as well. Place a layer 2 or 3 inches deep over the grovmd as fav as the branches cover.
Heed Sowing. — >sot many seeds need sowing this month, but Antirrhinums and East Lothian Stocks should be got in without delay, also librous-rooted Begonias may be sown late in the month and the tuberous-rooted if the stock of tubeis is small.
Preparing Ground. — Any beds not lilled with s])ring flowering subjects may be nianured and trenched or dug, and the surface left rough. The trenching will helj) to rid the soil of slugs and insects, while the beds will be in good order when ])lanting time arrives. The ground where it is intended to grow Sweet Peas should be l)repared now if not done already. Trench it '6 feet deep, adding a heavy dressing of manure ; mix the manure with the soil as the work pro- ceeds. The toj) soil may be left rough, the rougher the better, but it is advisable to break up any lumps in the under soil.
Reminders for Stormy Days. — Get stakes pointed and tied in bundles of different lengths for Dahlias, Delphiniums, etc. Tallies may be made, large ones for the herbaceous borders, smaller ones for the seed beds. When birch or snowberry branches can be got, time niay be l>r<>fitably spent in making a good stock of i)rooms. Should snow fall, look around for any laden trees and relieve them with a pole, or serious damage may be done to some choice specimens.
The Fruit Garden.
By 1'eter Brock, Horticultural Instructor for Co. Fermanagh. The cultivation of fruit for commercial purposes is increasing steadily, and in many cases very satisfactory returns are now being obtained from (•om])aratively young orchards.
Pj.antin(; Preparations. — If tlu; weather and coiuiition of the land j)ermit, such woi'k as drain- ing, digging, and i)loughing may be given attention. Where horse labour can be apj)lied cart" should Ite taken io loosen the i)anned ci-ust that is li-e([uently found too neai' the siU'face to be suitable foi' laying down to fruit i)lantations. If no sj)ecial trenching imjjlement is available, 1 have found a cast-off ])lough from wliich the coulter and mould -board have been removed suital)!e for loosening the bottom of the fui'row. In this way the plough i)an, if it exists, is broken and the land evenly deepened and aerated to a suitable depth. Land that has been cidtivated for green crops in ridges is generally in the best
possible condition for planting orchards, the si)litting of the I'idges, if only^one year from lea, being as a rule sufficient to give a depth of 18 to 20 inches of loose surface.
Planting. — Trees arriving from the nursery should — if the weather is open — be immediately unpacked, and any strong roots with a down- ward tendency or those that have been roughly cut with the s]jade should be cut back to sound wood with a sharp knife, then they may be heeled in a trench and the roots firmly covered with tine soil. Treated in this way the callusing of the wounds on the roots goes on as well as if they were permanently ])lanted. If, however, the trees arrive during hard frost, place the package, unopened, in some outhouse and cover with littier till the frost goes. Do not attempt to plant when the land is in a mortary or saturated condition. So long as the trees are safely heeled in they will be quite .safe, even if no chance should occur of getting the land in a suitable condition till Jlarch. If planting should be done under a bright sun or drying wind do not allow the roots to become dried l^y laying out too many trees ahead of the planting without temporarily covering the roots. Whatever spac- ing and arrangement is decided on it is an advantage to have the position of each tree marked with a peg, or, if the trees i-equire a permanent stake for a few years, the stakes should be driven before the planting is started. Avoid planting too deep, especially on heavy land. The earth mark on the trees showing the depth they had been growing in the nur.sery is a safe guide. Plant firmly by treading with a jerk, so that the fine soil will be ])laced in close contact with the roots. Secure the tree to tiie stake with fibre coir rope, better known as " haryi)ed " or hay rope, by iirst placing a collar of cloth on the tree, then wind the roi)e three times round the stake, near the top, to form a pad for the tree to rest against, and clas|) the tree by crossing the roi)e between the stake and the tree, and tie behind the stake. If there is any risk of rabbits or hares peeling the trees each tree should get a thick coat of lime wash, or, better still, place a collar of wire netting round each tree.
Manuring. — If not already done, any trees or bushes requiring assistance with topdressing of farmyard manure shovdd be attended to. Those situated on the coast and within reach of sea- weed should have plenty of this valuable nuilch- ing washed up on the shores of late, and if such is now applied ft) such gross feeders as black currants, let it extend fully as far as the rt>ots; afterwards apply about two three-gallon biu-kets- ful of liquid manure from the drainage of stables oi' byres, it will be suificient to i)roduce a vigorous growth and the finest |)ossible samjile of fi'uit. Old trees stunted from starvation and overcro])i»ing deiive great bi-nedt fi'om occasional waterings duiing winter with li(|uid maniu-e. As a ride too much mamu'c is ap|>lied to young trees and not enough when they come into full heaving. Following a seasi>n such as the past, when so riaiiy orchard ti'ees ]»roduced little or no friiit, an ai)plic;ition of two tons of lime to the statute acre would, in nuiny cases, be mcire beiiedcial than farmyard manure.
Winter Sprayincj. — Tlu^ greater i)art of the injuries caused by fungoid and insect jjests is largely due to the accunuilation of ijarasitic growths which afford a favourable shelter and pro])agating groimd for such as pa-^s tin- winter
i6
IRISH GARDENING
stage on the trees. Trees that have been neglected for some years should be si)rayed with 2 lbs. caustic soda to 10 gallons water. Ai)ply it on a calm, dry day, damping every part of the tree right over the smallest twigs. It is seldom we get the weather so calm as to be able to si)ray trees thorouglily all round ; it is, therefore, advisable to watch for an oi^portunity when the wind changes to thoroughly complete the work on the side where there may be tiaces of parts of branches being ruined. The lime sulphur has given great satisfaction as a winter cleanser of the bark, and for plums and gooseberries it is asserted to be a protection against sparrows and bulllinches attacking the buds of plums and goose- berries as they begin to swell about the end of .January. Ajjplied at a strength of one gallon commercial lime sulphur to 20 gallons water ; it is a self marker, and shows where any part of the tree has not been svifficiently si)rayed, it sticks to the bark for months, leaving it bright and clean the following summer. Trees affected with scab should get a second spraying towards the end of February or early in March. In the treatment of scab on apples and pears I have seen good resvilts from spraying during winter with 1 lb. copper sulphate (bluestone) to 10 gallons water. I have also known of cases where this has failed to show any benefit, but I have no doubt the failure was due to imperfect spray- ing. When any kind of spray fluid is applied with a certain object in view, unless the spray reaches every part of the tree, to the smallest twig and crevice, spraying is sure to end in dis- appointment, especially when dealing with such small objects as spores.
The Kubbish Corner — Every fruit garden should have a corner set apart for all kinds of burnable refuse, such as prunings of fruit trees and bushes, trimming of hedges, &c. When sufficient free-burning material is available for starting a good fire it should be set agoing, and when sufficient foundation is obtained slow bvirning material should be heaped on so as to check the progress of the burning and reduce it to a slow smouldering lire which, with a little care in management, can be kept burning veget- able refuse for several days. The ashes accumu- lated at the completion of the burning will afford an excellent topdressing for some choice fruit trees, or it may be protected from rain by storing in some dry place, and kept for topdressing seecl beds in spring.
The Vegetable Garden.
By Arthur Hortox, (liardener to Colonel Claude Cane, 8t. Wolstan's, ('elbridge.
The Seed Order. — To the vegetable grower one of the most important items at the present time is the making out of the seed order, and should be taken in hand at once. It is often put off as long as i)ossible and then made up in a hurry, consequently some important seeds are omitted, and ])robably the mistake will not be found out until they are wanted, which is very annoying and means a loss of valuable time. A good |>lan and one that can be recommended is, before mak- ing out the list to go over the (catalogue and carefully mark each variety and quantity re- quired. It is advisable to keep the i)revious year's marked catalogue for reference, and any variety that has not come up to expectations
score it off and make up th(> quantity with anotlier ])roved to be good.
Another important point is. do not place too much reliance on old seed : although they may germinate well enough, the plants seldom have the same vigour as plants grown from new seed. Melons, cucumbers, and runner beans are ex- ceptions, and some ])eople prefer old seed to new.
Digging and Tkenching. — Where there is much digging and trenching to be done get it forward as weather and time permit. Oa very heavy and wet soils it is often advised to leave it until late in the spring, but where labcnir is scarce it is impossible to do everything in its proper season, and most gardeners know to their cost if work is behind in the spring, when everything requires to be done at once, the season will be well advanced before the lost time can be made good. Trench- ing, if carried out in the pro])er manner, is slow and laborious work, but it well repays the extra time and labour expended on it, and if possible a portion of the garden should be done every year, as undoubtedly deep cultivation is one of the chief factors in successful vegetable growing either for kitchen or exhibition. What people call good luck is frequently only the result of the ai)plication of shrewdness, ])luck. determination and hard work.
Hotbeds and Forcing. — In most gardens the forcing of vegetables is carried out to a gi-eater or less extent, and as no two gardens are alike in their conveniences or lack of them, as the case may be, no hard and fast lines can be followed, but each one has to make the most of what he has at command. Generally speaking, where leaves and long stable litter are plentiful, frames will be found as good if not preferable to pits or other striu-tures heated by hotwater pipes. Pits or frames may be got ready for an early supply of potatoes, leaves and half-spent horse manure well turned several times is best for this purpose. After the fermenting materials are in position and the heat on the decline, place about a foot of light soil on top, leaving i)lenty of room between soil and glass for tops to develo]). For most early varieties, such as Ashleaf. Sharp's Victor, Harbinger, and May Queen, which are all good for forcing, 15 inches between the lines and 1 foot between the sets is about the right distance to plant.
►Seakale, when it is well grown, is always acceptable, and probably more of this vegetable is forced than any other. Until the permanent beds are ready for use, a succession can be kept up by crowns lifted in November for that ])urpose. Large pots, boxes or barrels are all suitable if placed in any warm structure : light and cold air must be excluded.
Asparagus. — There are many methods of forcing this useful vegetable, but one of the best is in frames, the same as recommended for l)otatoes, with the exception that about 1 inclies of soil will be found sufficient; plant the stools thickly : afterwards give a good watering ; always kee]) on a little air night and day ; a nice tenq)erature is between sixty and seventy. As the season advances less heat will be required, therefore successional bat dies may be grown iix the same frame.
General Remauks. — Look over seed ijotatoes and idace them in a light position for sprouting. Seeds of onions, leeks, tomatoes and cucumbers for early supplies may be sown in boxes and pots during this month.
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FEBRUARY 1914
TWOPENCE
Irish Gardening
Contents
Mendelism
Sweet Peas for the Garden and House
(Illustrated) .... Aster Amellus and its Varieties . Schizostylis coccinea Some Shrubs of Recent Introduction Prunus Miqueliana (Illustrated) Calanthes ..... Bulbs in Bowls ....
PAGE
17
19 21 21 11 23 24 24
Cyclamen (Illustrated) . . . .
A Holiday Tour . . . . .
Hamamelis mollis . . . .
Tamarisks ......
A Search for Alpines in the Granite Region of the Maritime Alps (Illus.) . Primula involucrata (Illustrated) A Few Good Peas ....
Month's Work — Flower, Fruit, and Vegetable Gardea
PAGE . 25 . 26 . 27 . 11
28 29 30
30
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction
for Ireland,
LIST OF THE DEPARTMENTS LEAFLETS.
K«.
9
10
II
la >J «4 ■S It
\l
«9 ae zi aa «S «4 «S t6
:i
«9
30
3«
i»
33 34
Si
39 40 4« 4a 43 44
Jl
49
5«
S« 5»
53
Nam*
Tb« Warble Fly.
The Use and Purchase of Feeding Stuffs
Footrot in Sheep.
The Sale of Flax.
Out of Print.
Charlock (or Preshaugh) Spraying
Fluke in Sheep.
Timothy Meadows.
The Turnip Fly.
Wireworma.
Prevention of White Scour in Calves.
Out of Flint,
Contagious Abortion in Cattle.
Prevention of Potato Blight.
Milk Records.
Sheep Scab.
The Use and Purchase of Manures.
Swine Fever.
Early Potato Growing.
Calf Rearing.
Diseases of Poultry — Gapes.
Basic Slag.
Dishorning Calves.
Care and Treatment of Premium Bulls.
Fowl Cholera.
Winter Fattening of Cattle.
Breeding and Feeding of Pigs.
Blackleg, Black Quarter, orBlueQuarter
Flax Seed.
Poultry Parasites— Fleas, Mites, and
Lice. Winter Egg Production. Rearing and Fattening of Turkeys. Profitable Breeds of Poultry. The Revival of Tillage. The Liming of Land. Field Experiments — Barley.
M I Meadow Hay.
,, ,, Potatoes.
,, ,, Mangolds.
,, „ Oats.
M M Turnips,
Permanent Pasture Grasses. The Rearing and Managementof Chickens "Husk" or ••Hoose" in Calves. Ringworm on Cattle. Haymaking.
The Black Currant Mite Foul Brood or Bee Pest. Poultry Fattening. Portable Poultry Houses. The Leather-Jacket Grub. Flax Experiments. The Construction of a Cowhouse
A. — Introductory.
B.— Suitable Soils and their
Treatment. C. — Curing Barns.
54
S7 S«
1; 61 63 63
64
%
69 70
7«
72 73
74
?l
81 82
83
«4
"&
87 88 89 90
9« 93
93 94 95 96
97 98
99
TOBACCO-GROWI NG
D. — Suitable Varieties.
E.— Seed Beds.
F. — Manures.
Gi — Transplanting
N«.
Nam*
Calf Meals.
The Apple.
Cultivation of th« Root Crop
Marketing of Fruit.
Sprouting Seed Potatoes.
Testing of Farm Seeds.
The Packing of Butter.
Field Experiments — Wheat.
Out 9f Print.
"Redwater" or '* Blood Murrain" 10 Cattle.
Varieties of Fruit suitable for cultiva- tion in Ireland.
Forestry : The Planting of Waste Lands.
Forestry : The Proper Method of Plant- ing Forest Trees.
Forestry : Trees for Poles and Timber.
Forestry : Trees for Shelter and Orna- ment.
The Prevention of Tuberculosis in Cattle.
Forestry : Planting, Management, and Preservation of Shelter-Belt and Hedgerow Timber.
Forestry : The Management of Planta- tions.
Forestry : Felling and Selling Timber.
The Planting and Management of Hedges.
Some Common Parasites of the Sheep.
Barley Sowing.
American Gooseberry Mildew.
Scour and Wasting in Young Cattle.
Home Buttermaking.
The Cultivation of Small Fruits.
Catch Crops.
Potato Culture on Small Farms.
Cultivation of Main Crop Potatoes.
Cultivation of Osiers.
Ensilage.
Some Injurious Orchard Insects.
Dirty Milk.
Barley Threshing.
The Home Bottling of Fruit.
The Construction of Piggeries.
The Advantages of Early Ploughing.
Black Scab in Potatoes.
Home Preservation of Eggs.
Marketing of Wild Fruits.
Cost of Forest Planting.
Store Cattle «rButter, Bacon and Eggs.
Packing Eggs for Hatching.
Weeds.
Tuberculosis in Poultry.
Seaweed as Manure.
LEAFLETS.
H. — Cultivation, Suckering, and Topping I. — Harvesting and Curing. J. — Grading, Packing, and Maturing. K. — Marketing.
Copies of the above Leaflets can be obtained, FREE OF CHARGE and post free, on application to the Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin. Letters of Application so addressed need not be stampecL
IRISH GARDENING
VOLUME IX
No. 96
Edited by C- F. Ball.
A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND
ARBORICULTURE IN IRELAND
FEBRUARY
1914
Mendelism*
By Professor James Wilson, M.A
For the ])reeder of plants there has been no more important discovery than that made half a century ago by Gregor Mendel, the abbot of Brunn : for it explains why plants are or aie not like their parents, and so becomes a guiding principle to breeders whether they woidd main- tain their stock at its present level or alter or improve it in one direction or another.
Till Mendel's Mork was discovered and its importance imderstood, some thirteen years ago, the producer of new varieties had only two methods of operation at his command. He might search the globe for something new or strange, or he might cross the varieties already in his possession in a haphazard kind of way in the hope that something unusual might emerge from among their descendants. Then when the novelty was discovered the great trouble was to preserve it and keep it pure. Mendels discovery sets aside neither of these methods, but rather emphasises the need for both. Above all, how- ever, it makes the breeders work far more precise, by j^ointing with some certainty to the plants to be selected as i)arents and by indicating how their descendants should be dealt with in order that those worth kee])ing may be sorted out. preserved and purified.
It used to be believed that when tAvo varieties were crossed their descendants split up capri- ciously, in the second and subsequent genera- tions, into an irregular array of many different varieties. The hrst part of Mendels work was to show that this is not so, but that, although they do split up into many varieties, these varieties are produced on a legular plan and in mim])ers peife('tly detiiiite and clear.
Befoie Mendels time a large amount of work had been done in the hybridisation of plants ; and Mendel, who was keenly interested in the subject, and saw that no one had gone to the trouble of counting the numbers of varieties produced by the hybridising of two different pai'ents, determined to undertake the woi'k. To this end he set about selecting his parent plants with e.xtraoi'dinaiv judgment and care. First of all he laid down three lulcs to which they must conform, viz. : — (1) They miist differ from each other by characters which bred true. (2) Their hybrids must be naturallj^ protected or readily
protectable from strange })ollen during the flowering period. (3) The hybrids and their descendants must suffer no serious diminution in fertility.
He then decided that the plant Avhich ful- filled these conditions best, and was also most easily cultivated, was the ordinary edible pea ; and, having purchased the seed of 34 varieties, he grew these under his own observation for two years before starting his experiments, in order to see that they fulfilled the conditions laid down and that they bred true.
At the end of the two years only 22 of these varieties Avere retained, the rest haA'ing been discarded. Among these 22 A-arieties he found a number diffeiing fiom the ethers in one or more of their salient features. Home had round seeds, some Avrinkled ; some had long stems, some short ; and so on ; and he mated a niimber of plants Avhich differed from each other as regards these salient features. For instance, he made 60 cross-fertilizations between plants haA'ing round seed and ])lants having wrinkled : some- times using the one kind as the male ])arent and sometimes the other. All the progeny had rouiul seeds only ; none had Avrinkleil. Similar results folloAved all the other crosses. The hybrid progeny were ahvays like one ])arent only as regards the features in which the tAvo ])arents diffei'cd.
Th.e follouiiig taltle gi\^es the feature borne by the ])areirt i)lants and the feature borne by the hybrid ])rogeny of each se])arate pair : —
Bij the Parenls. Rinmd set'd and wrinkled Yellow albumen and jireen . (irey seed-coat and white Inflated j)od.s and eonsf ricted (Jreeii unripe pods and yellow Axial flowers and terminal Stems from fi to 7 feet lontjand ffom ? to l.i feet ......
Bi/ lilt' Progeni/. Round seed. Yellow albumen. Grey seed-coat. Inflated pods. (Jreeii uin-ipe j)ods. Axial flowers. Stems () to 7 fi'ct
lonK.
In connection Avith this phenomenon of a feature — or chamder. as he called it — of one parent being retnined Avhile the complementary feature of the other ])arent is lost in the ])rogeny, Meiulel used tAvo words a\ hich it is necessary to remember. He called the feature Avhich is re- tained the dominant and the one which is lost the recessive.
i8
IRISH GARDENING
The next part of Menders work was to o])serve how the hybrids bred which were produced as related above ; and, as he saw to it that they were self-fertilized, this means that he observed the kinds of progeny produced by the hybrids when fertilized by their own pollen. The result was remarkable for two things : first, that the characters wliich had disappeared in the hylnid generation — i.e., the recessive characters — re- appeared again ; and second, that they appeared only once in every four cas3s, the dominant characters appearing in the other three. Thus, in the second hybrid generation the dominr.nt character which was carried by one original parent ajipeared three times as often as the re- cessive character which was carried by the. other. In order that this result may make the fullest impression on the reader, we shall set doAvn the actual figures obtained by Mendel with each of the seven sets of hybrids dealt with ; and, at the same time, we shall set down in parallel columns the ratios which the figures for the dominant characters bear to those for the recessives : —
Actual numbers. Batios.
Round seeds . . 5,474, wrinkled 1,850 = 2.9(5:1
Seeds with yellow 6,002, with green 2,001 = 3:01 : 1
albiime n Seeds with grey 705, with white 224 = 3.15 : 1
seed-coat Plants with green 428, with yellow 152 = 2.82 • 1
unripe pods Plants with inflated 882, with con- 299 = 2.95 : 1
pods stricted
Plants with axial 651, with terminal 207 = 3.14.1
flowers Plants with long .stems 787, with short 277 = 2.84: 1
A farther experiment of Mendel's showed that the distribution of the first pair of characters among the descendants of the original parents was independent of the distribution of the second pair ; and, as a knowledge of this helps towards an luiderstanding of the whole pi'oblem, we shall consider it now, even though in doing so we depart from the order of Mendel's own exposition. Mendel mated plants having I'oimd seed and yellow albumen with others having wrinkled seed and green albumen, and observed how these characters were distributed among their descendants. That is to say : he mated plants differing from each other in two pairs of characters and observed hoAv these characters were distributed among their descendants. In the first generation the seeds were all round, with yellow albumen — the dominant cliaracters only appeared ; but in the second generation they split up as shown by the following table, which gives the actual numbers and the i)ro- portions to which these numbers can be reduced :
|
Round |
Round |
Wrinkled |
Wrinkle |
|
|
and |
and |
and |
and |
|
|
Yellow |
Green |
Yellow |
Green |
|
|
Aciial numbers |
= 315 |
108 |
101 |
32 |
|
Proportion |
= 9 |
: 3 |
3 |
: 1 |
It will be noticed that there Avere 556 seeds in all, of which 423 were round and 133 wrinkled, while 4l6 had yellow albumen and 140 green. Thus the dominants were to the recessives in the proportion 3 : 1 as regards both pairs of char- acters. It will be noticed farther that, whether we take the roun I group of peas or the wrinkled, those in it having yellow albumen were to those having green in the proportion 3:1, and whether we take the group having ytllow albumen or that having green, there were in it three round peas to one wrinkled. The distribution of one pair of characters did not affect that of the other. The cause which operates either pair works independently of the cause which operates the other. This may be made still clearer if set doAvn in diagrammatic form, thus : —
Round 423
Yellow Green
315 108
i.e.. proportionally — 9 : " 3
Yellow 101
Total 556
Yellow 416
Round Wrinkled
315 101
, proportionally — 9 : ' 3
Green 140
Round 108
Wrinkled 32
Mendel's own experiments went no farther in this direction, but we can elaborate his result as far as we please. From the fact that he says nothing to the contrary as well as from our oAvn knowledge we know that the distribution of none of his seven pairs of characters was interfered with by the distribution of any one of the others. Thus, when the original parents differed in one pair of characters, there were two kinds or groups in the second hybrid generation, and when they differed in two pairs there were four. The additional pair of characters in which the original parents differed split the previous groups in two, and thus doubled their total number. Had Mendel gone farther he would have found each additional pair of parental differentiating characters splitting the previous groups into twice as many more. One pair of differentiating chaiacters gave two groups, two pairs gave four, three woidd have given eight, four woidd have given sixteen, and so on.
The proportionate numbers in each group can be better understood by a non-Mendelian ex- ample with which we are more familiar of how the proportions in sub-divided groups increase with every additional sub-division. Among men
IRISH GARDENING
19
there are tall and short individuals, dark and fair, old and young, and so on ; and we know that the distribution of any one of these pairs of characters is unaffected by that of any one of the others. Suppose there were three tall men to one short, three dark to one fair, three old to one young, and so on. It we divide a population of this kind by th" fir-^t of these dividing lines there are two groups in the proportion 8 tall : 1 .short. If we ■split these two groups by the second line of division there are in each group three dark men to one fair. In the short groups there are three dark and short to one fair and short. But as there are three times as many men in the tall group, the proportions of the tall and dark and of the tall and fair men, as comjjared with the other two groups, must be 9:3. Perhaps the proportions for the first two and for any ad- ditional number of dividing line^ can best be indicated diagrammatically, thus : —
Tall men 3
Dark 9
Fair 3
A
Old Young Old Young
27
9
9
|
Short 1 A. |
men |
|||
|
Dark 3 : |
Fair 1 A ^ |
|||
|
Old 9 |
Young : 3 |
fJkl 3 |
"1 Young : 1 |
and so on.
We shall leave these figures for the present, but we shall have to return to them again and again. They sho.v how many different kinds may be produced by hybrid plants and the probable number of individuals in each kind. Until Mendel's paper was discovered, the pre- vailing notion was that hybrids bred in an ex- ceedingly capricious manner, but he showed by his experiments that their reproductive be- haviour was characterized by the utmost regu- larity, and, having done so, the next part of his work was to deduce a law which would explain this regularity. We .shall deal with this in next month's number.
[Mendei>ism is a subject which is by no means easy to conii)rehend. Many expositions so abound with intricate phrases and long sylla})ied words, and make the subject even harder than it really is.
Knowledge worth having usually takes some pains to acquire, and so mendelism is a subject witli which it is re;illy well worth wliih; taking some trou})le and i)ains to under.~tand, for now- adays it is a most vahuible aid to the breeder, and every up-to-date garden(>r should be acquainted with its laws.
Professor Wilson has kindly luidertaken to exi)lain mendelism to the readers of Ihish Gardening in as simi)le words as comi)atible with the subject. Several articles will be neces- sary, so that readers should thoroughly digest each month's article befoJ'" starting on the next — Editok.]
Sweet Peas for the Garden and House,
By MacDuff Simpson, Eastwood, Newtown- monntkennedy, Co. Wicklow.
So much has been written in recent years on the intensive culture of the Sweet Pea that many amateurs are led to l)elieve that in growing this favourite annual satisfactory results can be only obtained where the soil is both rich and deep ; and my object in writing this short article is to show that in any ordinary soil beautiful results can be obtained, although the finest exhibition flo A ers may not be produced. The fact is, that by ordinary care and the observance of a few simple cultural instructions, flowers may be grown in profusion which will satisfy those who want a display in the garden and ]:>lenty of decoration in the house ; indeed I may go further and say that in many cases flowers not nmvorthy of the show table may be gathered.
To begin, let me say that the case stated is in accordance with my own experience. When I lived in Scotland I grew in the garden of Edrom Manse ] eas which, in the opinion of the Rev. D. Denholm Fraser, whose name is a.ssociated with the Daily Mail £1,000 Prize, were marvellous for size, colour and flnish ; and yet the soil was light, and for the greater part not more than a foot deep. Since I came to reside near the coast of Wicklow I have grown peas which have elicited the admiration of many experts ; and yet they have been produced on the hillside where heavy timber had grown for nearly a century, and where the soil is little over a foot deep, and the subsoil very porous.
As deep trenches could not be secured without great labour and expense, I had to content myself with such depth of cultivation as the soil would allow. The ]ilan adopted was what is known as bastard trenching — i.e., the removal of the top " .spit " and forking a good dressing of rotted manure into the u])per part of the sub- soil, and replacing the soil in its natural ])osition An important point to be observed is that want of depth may to a large e.rtent be compen- sated by adding to the iridfh of the cultirated area ; so that instead of making narrow trenches 3 feet deep, stri])s 6 feet wicb were pre])ared. In adflition to the farmyard manure a good dressing of basic slag and bone meal was worked in nearer the surface. The process should be com- ])leted before the end of Decem])er, and the ground allowed to settle till the peas are ready for j^lanting out in April.
The .seeds should be sown in antmnn and kept in pots or boxes in a cold frame, where the
20
IRISH GARDENING
young plants can have plenty of light and air in A\hen the seedlings are two inches high, and fine weather : or seeds may he soAvn in gentle hardened off before transferring them to their heat in February, and removed to a cold frame permanent quarters. If 5 to 8 seeds ))e placed
around the edge of a 7-inch pot, it will he easy to t\;ni out the ball and separate the }:)lants withovt injuring the small rootlets. Everi/ root should be carefully conserved, and when they are shaken out to their fullest length they should be set in holes deep enough to receive them without cramp- ing, and at spaces w>/ less than 2 feet apart. If the work is carefully done the plants will grow rapidly, and soon form a dense hedge covered with fine flow- ers from end to end of the row. Faihires most frequently are the result of too close j)lanting.
To secure long stems I'apid growth is essen- tial, and this can only be produced by a co- pious supply of moist- ure. My own practice has been to give a liberal application of liquid manure once a week. This I jirepare by placing in a barrel of water a bag of sheeji droppings and a bag of soot, and stirring up occasionally to kee]) the liquid at a uniform strength. In wet weather watering need not be so frequent, but an application of some suitable nuxnure to the surface will soon be washed in by the falling shoAvers.
The method of a]?- plying the liquid man- ure in dry weather is of vital importance. Most ]ieople sjirinkle it on the surface with an ordinary watering
can, with the residt """"] King White. ['^'S"-'- Drommomi ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^
The best white Sweet Pea )et introduced, large waved Jlowere, \isuall.v four to a stem.
IRISH GARDENlNGf
±i
encouraged to seek the moisture on the top of the ground ; and if the watering should be discon- tinued the roots suffer in the hot sun, and the last state of the plant is worse than the first.
My plan is to form with a draw-hoe a cavitv in every alternate 2-foot si)ace, big enough to hold two buckets of liquid, which can be poured in with ease and rapidity, and when the water has soaked away, the loose earth should be shoved back to its place as lightly as possible. The advantages of this system are almost self- evident. Not a drop of water is wasted, and the moisture is quickly carried down to such a depth that there is no encouragement for the roots to seek the surface, and so they can with- stand the effects of dr>- weather. And in i5rac- tice this whole process can be carried out more quickly than the old system of surface aj^plica- tion.
If the ground be level and a slight depression left about the roots of the plants, water may be applied in the old way, but it is never so efficient, while on a hillside (as in my own case) the method here recommended is absolutely neces- sary.
The best Spencer or waved varieties shoidd be selected, and let them be i^rocured from some reliable seedsman, so that you can depend on their being true to name and absolutely pure. Apart from the superiority of the fiowers in size and form, there is the further advantage that Spencers when well grown seldom set seed, and the plants continue to bloom for a much longer season, and the trouble of picking off old flowers is avoided.
There are now hundreds of beautiful varieties in commerce, and the task of naming the best dozen is quite impossible, but I can recommend the following : — Edrom Beauty (orange-pink), Scarlet Emperor (scarlet), Kmg White (M'hite), Dobbie's Cream (cream), Melba (light orange), KingManoel (dark purple), Hercules (deep pink), R. F. Felton (lavender), Rosabelle (rose), Mrs. Hugh Dickson (pink on cream), Mrs. C. W. Breadmore (picotee), Maud Holmes (crimson).
There are many ways of providing supports for the climbing plants, but it should always be borne in mind that generally plants treated as recommended will grow 8 or 9 feet high.
■■ Melba "" is the only one in my list which ■ burns ■■ badly in the sun ; but if it be giv^eii a very slight shading of muslin or cajivas the most beautiful flowers will be produced.
1 would like to add a word of warning against the folly of growing impure or inferioi- seeds. Have nothing but the best Spencers, which you should procure from some trust\\'orthy soiu'ce. The resu ts will amjjiy reward you, and you will never regret the small additional outlav.
Aster Amellus and its Varieties.
Jn small or large gardens these Michaelmas Daisies should iiud a place, for in September and October the Italian Starworts give such a wealth of bloom, useful alike in a border or when cut for indoor decoration. Their habit is neat and couipact, with an average height of about two feet, and their sturdy stems seldom require supports. Old or young plants flower with equal freedoni, and they are not particular as to soil unless it is exceptionally poor. A dressing of manure dug into the soil in autumn will greatly heli) the plants where the .soil is impoverished, 'i'liey may be easily increased by dividing or froni cuttings taken in spring when the j'oung shoots appear.
A. Amellus bessarabicus and major used to be the best varieties. Then we have had other good varieties, such as Charles Davis, Ke.ston, l>istinc- tion, and Ferry's Favourite.
Now. the Continental nurseries have sent out varieties which are taking the lead, the colours varying from deep mauve, almost a ])urple, to rosy mauve, or nearly pink.
Probably the best of all is Beaute parfaite, of good habit, about 20 inches high, with bright mauve flowers and lovely yellow centres, which seem to make the blooms stand out well. A. Preziosa is probably the darkest mauve, and Fleuve Bleu, with lighter mauve flowers, has ])robably the largest flowers, sometimes measuring 2 A inches across, but its growth is taller than the others.
In the shades approaching to pink we have Beauty of Honsdorf, with flowtn-s nearly as large as Fleuve Bleu : Madame K. Gaugin, very showy and free flowering, almost a rosy magenta ; and Madame Poichevin, with flowers of a deeper tone, but not quite so pleasing. Another, under the name of A. Amellus nana mifltiflora, grows scarcely more than a foot high, and is covered by a mass of rather small flowers of pretty ])ale nink mauve.
Schizostylis coccinea.
The Kafflr Lily is a South African i)lant belonging to the order Irideas and derives its name from the style being cut into three thread-liki^ branches.
Where cut flowers are wanted late in the season this plant should lind favour if given a fair trial. The llowers are of a very bright crimson colour, in shape like a Montbretia, with a slender tube, and are borne on one-sided spikes. Though the plant is hardy, the flowers open so late in the season— from October onwards — that a sheltered iiosition is necessary if the best results are desiretl. It succeeds best when given a sheltered border and good rich soil. The great point to be remembei'ed in the culture of this plant is that it is a moisture-loving plant, and therefore in sunuuer when in full growth should be given an abundance of water.
The Schizostylis may be [)ropagated in spring by division of the roots. Tlie stems are bulV)ous and thickened at the base. It is a good [)lan tf> ct)llect and pot up the strongest shoots for the greenhouse, as it makes a first rate pot plant, and the flowers come to perfection. A IS-inch pot will take about six plants, using a compost of loam with some leaf mould and sand*
22
IRISH GARDENING
Some Shrubs of Recent Introduction.
A LARGE niiiuber ot new shrubs hav^e been intro- duced diu-ing the last ten years or so, and there is reason to believe that there are many more to follow. Most of them luiil from China, and a good many have been noted in past issues of Irish (Gardening — notably, Berberis, Cotoneaster. Deutzia, etc.
It may therefore prove interesting to readers of Irish Gardening to further extend these notes so as to include the newest kinds and others not hitherto noted.
Camellia cuspidala seems likely to be ^ useful hardy evergreen, and has received an award of merit from the K. H. S. of England. The dee )) green pointed leaves turn to a rich bronze- green in winter. The flowers are white.
Cotoneaster aniopua adds another to the now con- siderable list of Cotoneas- ters in culti- vation, and is likely to b e c o m e a f avourite when better known. It will probably prove nearly evergreen in mild locali- ties. The leaves are smalLandthe clusters of white flowers are followed in autumn by red fruits.
Cotoneaster harroriaiia is quite evergreen, with lance-shaped leaves on long graceful slioots, which also bear coryml^s of white flowers in summer. The fruits and young shoots ere reddish brown.
Cotoneaster reflexa is a deciduous species re- commended for wall culture. The ovate leaves and white flowers are very attractive. This should pi'ove a usefrl kind for those who like interesting plants on w?lls and houses.
Cytisus DaUiniorel is a beautiful and interesting hybrid between ('. albvis and (". scopariiis Andreanus, and is named in compliment to Mr. Dallimore, late of the Arboretum, and now assistant curator of the Forestry Museum at Kew. The flowers, produced with all the i)ro- digality of the Broom family, are ])ale rose shaded with mauve. It has been honoured with the award of merit of the B. H. S. of Englaiul.
Daphne retusa is a dwarf compact species, and
A BUSH OP Prunus Miqueliana flowering early in last April.
tij) to the |)i'('Sent only small plants are in (ulti- vation. It is evergreen, and i)roduces fragrant flowers, white tinted wit h rosy-violet. Tnis choice little shrub is sure to Ijc much sought after in a very sliort time.
Drutzia longifolia j)romises to be a welco:"; addition to this already much-i)rized genus. It is, of course, deciduous, growing 4 feet to 5 feet or more in height, and freely i)roducing corymbs of rose-coloured flowers in early summer.
Dcutzia mollis and D. M'ilsonl are two desirable white-flowered species, the latter remarkable for the large size of the individual flowers, while Deut~.ia Veitchii is said to be the best of the Chinese Deutzias, bearing large deep rose-coloured flowers. It, also, has received an award of merit. Dipeltu floribunda and D. ventricosa are two in- teresting introductions with ovate lan'-e-shai)ed leaves and tubular flowers, the former jjale rose
with an orange tlu'oat and the latter deep rose and pale yellow within with orange throat The lirst- named grows about 4 feet or .5 feet higli, and the latter 0 feet and over.
Eaoiiymus sant/idnea is a new species of 8])indle Tree which will pi-obably be more a tree than a shrub as the ])lants get older. It is ot i)articular value for the dark crimson autumn tint of the leaves. Magnolia Delavayi is one of the m o s t r e - markable members of a strikingly beautiful geiuis. The dark green leathery leaves are from 12 irches to 13 inches long and 5 inches to <j inclu's wide, and are the jirominent featiu-e of this plant. The creamy-white flowers are not ver> freely ])roduced, and are not so beautiful as in some other members of the genus. Here it has grown freely on a shady wall facing north-west, but i)ossibly in a sunnier i)osition more flowers might appear. A first-class certitica-te has been awarded.
Osvianllnis armatus, like most of its kind, is of slow growth, beai'ing long lance-shaped leaves with deeply tootlu'd margins. The sweet-scented white flowers ap|)ear in autumn.
()s7nanthus Dchtvayi is a delightful dwarf ever- green with small ovate pointed leaves, and pro- ducing quantities of small white flowers early in the year.
PhUadelphus " Norma " adds another to the long list of varieties of Mock Orange, and is re- markable for the large size of the single white
IRISH GARDENING
2^
Howtn'S. It is very tree fluweiiiifi, and will be useful in beds or shrubberies.
Sarcococca humUis and S. ruNci folia are two useful evergreens thriving well in shady pieces, and valuable for growing under trees. The bright green glistening leaves are (i(uite attractive, and will be ai>])reciated by those who have wanted something that will do iu shade. The last named species has received an award of merit.
Sahx tmniiiifica must receive notice since it is, perhaps, the most striking willow known. The fully developed leaves are said to be 6 inches long by 3 inches wide, glaucous above and pale purplish-green below. The catkins are said to reach a length of one foot. Plants in culti- vation here are yet small, and have not shown their true chai- acter. An award of merit has been con- ferred.
*S' y m ph oricar p u s occident(iIis, now called S. Icevigatus, is the best of the " Snowberries,"
l)roducing in profusion long "ropes" of white fruits which are highly ornamental in autumn.
It api)ears to require
good cultivation to do really well, and should
be given good soil to
grow in. Spirrra arhorca (/raiidi.s
is a new form of autumn-
tlowering Spiraea in the
way of the better known
si)ecies Aitchisoni and
Lindleyana. The im- mense flower heads are
said to grow 18 inches
in length. It should
])rove useful for massing
in large ])arks and
pleasure grounds.
Sh/rax Wilsoni is a
iu!W dwarf species, form
ing stiff wiry growths
which produce clusters
of wliite flowers at the
tijjs of the short side
growths. It ap])ears
to want protection in
cold situations, but is
worth persevering with.
award of merit.
Viburnum Davidii has also received an awai'd.
and is a choice little shrul) of dw.'ji-f liabit l)eaT'ing
ovate leaves and white flowers, followed in
autumn by blue berries.
Vibunnim harri/nintm is another dwarf ever-
gret'U sjiecies with small round leaves, and seems
likely to be usefid for situations I'eciuiring a plant
of limited dimensions.
Viburinim propinqidim, with ovate leaves and
bearing clusters of white flowers in early summer.
is 3lso evergreen, but of more spreading habit. Viburnum Veitchii, anotlier evergreen, is more
in the way of some of the older species, and makes
a larger Inish, bearing coarsely-tootlied leaves and
])anicles of white flowers. This should be a good
A Spray from the Bush
FLOWERING AGAIN It has received an
shrubbery i)lant, adding beauty and variety where they are often wanting.
Viburnum Henriji is worthy of juention on account of the panicles of coral-red fruits borne in autumn. It is an evergreen species witli lance- shaped glossy green leaves, and will yet prove a l)oi)ular shrub.
Viburnu7n utile is yet another evergreen, with ovate leathery leaves, and bearing white flowers in spring.
Viburnum phlebotrichum is deciduous, produc- ing white flowers in spring ; and a similar, but more vigorous, species is Viburnum thcifcrum, which is proving a good grower, and seems likely
to i)rove a useful shrub. .1. W. H., Dublin.
Prunus Miqueliana-
The number of hardy trees which jjroduce conspicuous flowers out of doors during the winter months is ex- tremely small, and plants which ])ossess this peculiarity are therefore most welcome. Prunus Mi(pieliana is one of the earliest and most free of the winter flowerers. Formin'; a. branching shrub or small tree, it commences to open its starry flowers in November, and from then well into Ai)ril it never lacks a few blooms. Even in the very dei>th of winter, if the weather be at all mild, it pre sents a gay apix-arance. The flowers, which are about three-cpiart ers of an inch aci-oss, open an almost jjure white, but as they get older assume a i)inkish colour. j.'.iving them ((uite a dift'erent ai)i)earance. The flowers are peiulu- lous, on jtedicles I l inclies lojig, and Iwive about If) jietals. ea(di slightly toothed at the
a,H'x. They are arrangi-d in twos and threes on
the twiggy leafless branches, and wlien at their
best the bush is really beautifid.
The leaves, whi(h unfold in April, aic ovate in
;diape and somewhat acuminate, (piite glabrous.
aud having the margins (inelv serr.ited. .At t he
cut
OF 1'rum's .Mii7ri;i.iAN.\
LAST DecKMHKK.
- linely
.Ini.in. .ini
base of e;i( h leaf is a pa-ii' of v si ipules.
I'runus .Mi(pieliaiia is a naii\(' w vs given an Awanl of Mei'it by t h" H. 11. S. (liOiulon) in December, llMli.
This shrub belongs t() the cherry section of the I'lunus family, and is i)erfectly hardy, but it is as well to i)lant in a sheltered corner to i)revent the flowers being damaged by frost, even when one ci'op of flowers is spoilt another one usually follows after a short interval.
24
IRISH GARDENINC^
Calanthes.
By T. W. Briscoe. The Calauthes are a valuable group of oi'chids to supply a succession of bloom throughout the winter and early spring months. The principal species are C. rosea, rubens, dark red, and the various forms of vestita, the type being creamy- white with a coloured eye, which varies in colour, thus the variety known as gigantea is larger, and has an orange-red spot on the lip ; C. luteo- oculata has a lij) with yellow eye ; C. rubro- oculata has a red-i)urple blotch on the disk of the lip ; C. Turner is white, with a rose-colovired eye ; while the late-flowering C. Regnieri is. also white, but the lip is a i)leasing shade of rose- pink. This is a splendid kind for growing near large towns, because the fogs have disappeared before the flowers open, and it is very useful to follow on after the other varieties quoted above.
Numerous hybrids have been raised, and some of them are indispensable where the best flowers are desired. One of the lirst hybrid orchids to be I'aised was C. Veitchii, which was secured by Dominy in 1850 from the intercrossing of C rosea and C. vestita. It is still largely grown, and is rather variable, but usually a rich rose colour. C. Harrisi is a beautiful white Calanthe, and ('. William Murray is a strong growing plant with })ure white sepals and petals and a crimson lip. C. bella is also a line hybrid with bright rose sepals and petals and a dark carmiiuj lij).
Calanthes are terrestrial orchids which are divided into two sections — deciduous and ever- green ; and those dealt with in the present article belong to the former. They have well defined pseudo-bulbs, often 8 or 9 inches high, which bear broad plicate leaves. These usually fall about the same time as the flower scapes push up, which vary in height from 20 to 30 inches.
Cultural Details. — Calanthes have been successfully grown in such structures as a plant stove, the warmest orchid house, ciu-umber house, and ])ine stove — in fact in almost any kind of house where the necessary heat can be maintained. Annual re])otting is advisable, and this operation should be carried out in early spring, as soon as they begin to start into growth. If )iot already done, remove the pseudo-bulbs from their old re- ceptacles, shake away the exhausted soil, and cut off the dead roots, except a little tuft at the base of each bulb, whi<;h will serve to hold it in position. Calanthes enjoy generous treatment, and the soil should consist of the best fibrous loam two- thirds, and one-third peat or osmunda fibre. A few i)artly decayed oak leaves rubbed through a i-inch mesh sieve, and a s])rinkling of silver sand or finely crushed crocks, may be added with advantage. Some growers include dried cow manure, but this is only necessary when the loam is of poor quality. As a general rule the pseudo-bulbs are i)otted singly, ajui large pots are not used, because if reciuired fhey can be shifted into others of larger dimensions later on. A full- sized bulb generally requires a O-ineh or 'A2 size flower pot, and fi'om this statement an aiiuitcur or beginner can usually gauge the pot needed for his own particular bulbs. Some of the varieties of C. vestita, such as rubro-oculata, have sub- erect or nodding scapes, and they are well adapted for large ])ans where there is sufficient si)ace for three or four bulbs. Whether pots or pans are chosen they nuist be filled one-third of their dei)th with drainage, upon which is placed a thin layer
of sphagnum hioss or fibrous loam. The com])Ost is pressed moderately firm, and when the re- ])otting is completed the soil ought to be half an inch or so below the rim, while the new growth should rest u])on the siu-face, and the base of the old ])ulbs slightly embedded to keep it firm. Directly the repotting is done, remove the i)lants to a warm moist house, where the temperature does not fall below 65° F. For several weeks very little water is necessary, but when the new growth begins to root freely the sui)i)ly of water at the base can also be increased, and from this stage frequent and liberal waterings must be api>lied till the foliage begins to decay.
When the rece])tacles are well filled with roots, it is a custom with many cultivators to give weak liquid cow manure once a week, and no doubt in many cases it proves most beneficial, not only by increasing the size of the bulb, but also intensifies the colour of the flowers. A little ventilation is essential occasionally, both from the top and bottom ventilators, and enough shade nuist be jirovided to ])revent the foliage being injiu'ed by the sun's rays. Asthe new iiseudo-bulbs apiiroach maturity, and the leaves show signs of turning coloiu', the surroundings ought not to be kept so moist, water will be needed less frequent, the shading can be dispensed with, and a little more ventilation given. The spikes will then soon appear near the base of the current pseudo-bulbs, and till they are removed the i)lants should be kept just moist at the base.
After flowering, water nuist be entirely with- held, and the pseudo-lnilbs kejjf dormant through the winter months by ])lacing them on a shelf where the temjjerature fluctuates between 55° and 00° F. If the space is required, the bulbs may be taken out of their jJots as described above, and stored in a box with a lilt le silver sand around the tuft of old roots.
Insect i)ests are not very trouljlesouu-, and if any are seen, the leaves should be carefully sponged with a weak solution of some reliable insecticide. Regarding vai)orising the house, it must be done rather on the weak side, as the foliage may be damaged if the vapour is strong ; therefore the safest plan is to fumigate lightly two nights in succession.
Bulbs in Bowls.
By II. M. Pollock To those to whom the luxury of a greenhouse is denied, and whose garden is not of sulliciently large ])roportions to pUow of the growing of such ])lants as (Jari'y? elliptica, Chimonantlius fragrans, the commo)! willow, with its silvei-y (i^tkius. and others, and where the shigs and other destructive <-reatiu'es are so aljiuidaut, that to grow early Irises is only waste of nu)ney — even I. stylosa is not immune from the ravages of caterpillc'rs — there can be little doubt that bulbs grown in fibre ?re most welcome.
In an issue of Irish (iAiJDENiNc; which appeared in the autumn some reader remarked that one heard a great deal about what to plant in the way of bulbs, and how to i)lant, but one never heard of any resiilts. I have grown bulbs in bowls now for four successive years, and I have never yet been disapixunted with them. This autumn I took the advice of a well known gardener, and i)Ut some of the bowls when i)lanted immediately into the light. This " i>()sition " was a. very sm?ll frame situated in the warmest
Irish gardening
25
coruerof a back garden, and the bowls were raised on inverted pots to bring them asclose to tlie glass as possible. The other bowls were ])iit, as I had always done previously, into a dark place (which was a bicycle shed), and stood on a stand, and covered with some old sacking- This shed is supposed tt) be I'lost -proof, but it isdoubtrvil. Among these bowls were two f\dl of early single Tidips — ■ Proserpine and Mon Tresor, which according to the catalogues are supposed to flower at the same time. The bowl of Proserpine w&s put in the dark for live weeks, and is now in full flower, strong and healthy. In the Mon Tresor l)owl, whicli was in the liglit all the time, the bulbs are now 2 inches high, and the flower buds can only just be felt at the base of the leaves. The same api)lies to two bowls of ordinary Hyacinths, that taken from the dark- ness are now stronger and more forward than tlie other which was in the light. One buwl of Roman H y a c i n t li s and one of the " Tenby"' Daffodil I risked no ex- 1 1 e ]• i m e n t s with. Romans at 2s. 3d. ])er dozen are too dear to ]jlay with, and a dozen of these were id anted on Septem- ber 29th: they were in tlowei- on December 1 0 1 h , and these flowers wereordy ciit from tliem on the 10th of January. The bowl of
Narcissus oljvallaris, the " Tenby '" Daffodil, will be in full flower before this is in print. My experience is that as socm as they are removed from the darkness they should, where jjossible, be kept in a living room — that is, a room where there is a fire and where the atmosphere is kept fairly warm. This, of coiu-sc is not very easy to manage, i>s the bowls take up a consideral)le amount of sjiace, added to whicli they must be near the window to get ail tiie ligiit and, we hope, sun. When onci; in flower they should jiiways l>e remcjved wh(?n the dusting operations commence, and an occasional watering with a line I'ose can, or a sprayer, will freshen llieni up ami w.isii off all dust collected on the lea\es and liowcis. The. real watering reciuii'cd is very slight. Some- times the suiface of the bulboline or libre will a|)pear to be dry. but if a little of the sur'are material be removi'd. it will probably i)c found (pute moist underneath. Over watering is dangerous to success, as in these bowls, made witliout any means of drainage. siu'i)lus water nmst lie in the bottom, and will rot the roots. If this has haiipened it will very soon be detected by the yellow tips of the foliage and jtoor weak flowers.
Cyclamen.
Cyclamen tiuowx from thkee-yeau old coKJr.-
MucH has been written lately to various garden- ing papers about the treatment of tlvis charming flower. Some growers believe it best to sow seeds every year and throw out the plants after they have flowered. I am a strong advocate of growing on the old corms f(.r at least Ave years. Here we grow a large quantity, and I find that the old corms when properly treated make nmch flner plants for grouping in a la.rge stove than seedlings. We grow three or four dozen from seeds every year, and discard any corm that has begun to split, but so long as they are smooth and Arm there is no fear but that they will make splendid jdants if thev are well looked after and liberally
treated, and I see no dif- ference in the size of the flowers, al- though some growers main- tain that the young jjlants ]>roduce the largest flowers The idants shown in the p h o t o graph are t hree years old, and I have never seen ])lants one year or nf teen months o I d c a r r y- ing anything like.so^ many flowers. Twelve of the 1)1 ants iti the group w hen they were at their b est e a c h carried from ISO to 200 fully develop- ed flowers; aiul I do not think it is possible to prod\ice so large a plant in lift ecu months fj-om seeds. It stands to reason that a large corm, which often develo])s four or live flowering crowns, is capable of prodiuing more flowers and foliage than a small bulb with only one crown.
The twelve plants mentioned above wt-re grown in S-incli pots ; t he flowers and foliage were all that could bedesii-ed: the variety isSutton'stJiant While. 1 do not believe in the common practice of (Irving off the plants when they have finished flowering. Certainly it is better to keep them a little <lrier at the roof, but I do not think it is advisable to dry off altogether: this treatment offi-n causes f hebulb to ciack.aiul the i>lants are (linicult to start iido giowt h after the drying off
process.
Aftci' tile llowcrs ;Me past 1 feed liberally for about a month, in fact till the leaves begin to turn vellow and drop off natm-ally; and here I nuiy say that I have measured some of the corms before starting to feed and after feeding was stopped, and have fmmd them to measure as much as half an inch more in circumference, so I have come to the conclusion that it is a serious check to (he plant to dry it off completely.
IRISH GARDENING
The soil we vise foi" potting is a good sumly loam used as rough as i)ossible, with the adilitiou of one 8-iui-h pot full of clean wood ashes, one 5-inch pot full of Peruvian guano, and one 4-inch pot full of soot to each barrow load of loam.
They are grown in a shaded fiamo on an a^sh bottom all siimmer, and housed in September.
I find that a night temperature of 55° to (50° in winter suits them well. They should be grown on a stage within 18 inches of the glass and frequently syringed until they begin to ])ush up flowers.
Care must be taken not to begin feeding until the pots are well lilled with roots, and then it is ]iiuch better to feed weak and often, than with occasiojial strong dosss. — .J. Besaxt, Oak Park Gardens, Cariow.
A Holiday Tour.
By J. H. CuMMiNG.
It has been often remarked that to one keenly interested in gardening the oi)i)ortunities of a holiday are taken advantage of to see and learn what others are doing. Gardening has no finality. It is indeed possible to improve the beautiful : the progress and improvements that one sees during a holiday is an education from which the wisest may learn something.
Crossing to Glasgow on September 2nd, lOlo — it hai)i»ened that the West of Scotland Hcu'ticid- tural Kxhibition was held there that day. Paying it a visit I was pleased to see Dublin well represented in the fruit classes. The ])rincipal class in fruit was for eight dishes, and Alderman Bewley, Danum, Rathgar, was placed first in a strong class. For size and colour his pears and apples were far ahead of anything else in the Show. This exhibition, thovigh in a bvisf city like Glasgow, does not receive the patronage of the public it deserves and which one would expect. Glasgow is well sitviated for jjublic parks, and some very fine bedding can be seen despite the smoke from numberless chimneys.
Passing on to Perth and Dundee I noted, in the latter city, some flower V>eds on the shady side of the City Museum jtlanted with single Asters, Mignonette and Heliotrope. This was in a busy and ])opulous district, and the sweet perfume wafted on to the street must have cheered many a weary toiler.
Several days were next spent in East Fifeshire. At Naughton, near Wormit, I came across something which was impressed on my notice in subsequent wanderings — the large use of Antirrhinums and other annuals for summer beddin^;. The geranium-calceolaria-lobelia order is fast disappearing. A grand border at Naughton was made uj) of Sweet Peas, Dahlias, Salvia Blvie Beard and Antirrhinums, tall and medium-sized. The Sweet Peas were specially good, and, though
II feet high, were clothed with flowers to the ground. Each gardener has his favourite method of manuring and growing Sweet Peas. The gardener at Naughton has his method. lie takes out a trench 3 feet deep and tills it up with grass that has been cut in the grounds. Turned and well rotted he finds it an excellent manure for Sweet Peas, and they showed they liked it. I spent a day in the famous Carse of Gowrie, a track of heavy flat land, about 20 miles long by 5 or 6 miles wide. Here there are numerous orchards, each several acres in extent. The trees jn a large majority of them are old and worn out.
The grass underneath is invariably giazed by cattle all summer. In the older orchards the varieties of apples are mostly local sorts. Worcester Pearmain is favoured for its selling colour, and for a cooker Warner's King is much grown for its size, it sells well in Dundee, where a great quantity of the fruit goes. The crop is small in size of fruit and only fit for the jam manufacturers, who are the largest purchasers. The growers there unfortunately lack the leading and guidance of a Department as we have it in Ireland. Instruction, too, is at ]iresent very meagre. One Horticultural Instructor for the whole of Perthshire — a county of 1,(500 sqviare miles in extent — what wonder then many of the orchards in the district are never sprayed and are consequently full of all sorts of insects and disease.
A visit was paid to St. Andrews, known to most people as the home of golf. The ancient city is full of historical associations. Accom- panied by friends I had the pleasure of an intro- duction to Dr. Wilson, Lecturer in Agricultiire at the St. Andrew's University. The Scottish Board of Agriculture have their ex})erimental station at St. Andrew's. Dr. Wilson is in charge of this and no more enthusiastic and devoted chief could be found to control such an under- taking. The Doctor had 3,000 varieties of l)otatoes under trial. Seedlings possessed with a pedigree ])arentage impossible to remember, yet all tabulated in correct form, were to be seen carefvdly tended in frames. In the open fields, varieties that have some promise of a future are given a fair trial, and thus weeded down to Avhat constitutes a disease resister, cropper, and all that is required in a first-class potato. The turnip is another crop that receives much attention, some thirty sorts being vinder trial in one field. Oats also receive attention with successful results. The culinary pea has also an energetic improver in Dr. Wilson. We saw some of his latest results, of which we may hear in the future. The dry summer had not been kind to the growth of many of his specialities, and without severe testing in different seasons nothing is passed out as sujierior to what is already on the market.
The Standard Bearer of Scotland is Mr. Wedderburn, and owns an estate called Birkhill, in Fifeshire. I ])aid it a visit specially to see an old yew hedge surrounding what was once an orchard. It is some (500 years old. The spread of branches at the base is 50 feet in diameter and the height 70 feet. No trimming is done, and the growth is still vigorous and healthy.
My next place of call was in Midlothian. The public roads in that county are considered very well made and are kept in first class comlition. (iardeners are interested in road nuiking, and as I was fortunate in seeing the rei)airs going on in that county, I here give the method followed : — Three inches of rough metal was spread on the road, then steam rolled ; a coat of boiling distilled tar was i)Oured over the metal, then a covering of small chips ; this was again rolled. Another spraying of distilled tar was ap])lied and another covering of chii)s, which was finally rolled to a smooth surface. I was informed the cost was about 4s. i)er sui)er. yard.
The Koyal Caled(Uiian Horticultural Exhibi- tion, held in Edinburgh each September, attracts a big entry, and numerous visitors from through- out the United Kingdom. This year herbaceous cut flowers appeared better than ever. It wa$
IRTSH GARDENING
27
indeed the featvire of the Show. Hardy fruit bore evidence of the dry summer, both in quality and quantity, apples and ]iears not being good in Scotland this year. The Seottish Department of Hortitulture had an interesting exhibit of bottled fruits. The type of bottle is different from that recommended by our Irish Department. The former use a wider-moutlied bottle. The lid is of glass on a rubber ring and, while per fectly air-tiglit, is easily opened. The wide mouth allows whole fruits of peaches, apricots, and even tomatoes to be preserved.
While in the Edinbvirgh neiglibourhood, with some friends, I paid a visit to TTo])etown House, the home of the Marquis of llopetown. It is a princely jilace about two miles from the famous Forth Bridge and overlooking three miles of river, the new Naval Base at Rosyth, where 9.000 men are working. Bedding at Hojietown is done very extensively, but it is done mostly with annuals raised in spring. A very telling border was ])lanted in panels with red and blue Lark- sjuirs. The back of it was seedling Hollyhocks and the front a mass of Verbenas. Another long border was gay with dwarf Phloxes in lines of different colours, a specially good one in the front line being Kegulas, a rosy salmon. A border entirely of blue was something unique. It was planted with blue Sweet Peas. Salvia patens and Blue Beard, Verbena venosa, Ageratum, and Nigel la Miss Jekyll. The Rose garden is a geometrical one, the beds being cut out in grass. Each bed is planted with one variety of Rose, and all the beds are carpeted over with Viola Kitty liell, a i)ale lavender, which gave the garden a quite beautiful a])pearance. An adjoining border was filled with Carnations, two varieties especi- ally being the })est I have yet seen of their kind — King Edward is scarlet and Duchess of Rothsay is a i)ure white. Both are jjerfect in form, vigorous growers and are invaluable border sorts. Time did not ijermit of seeing all there was to be seen in this magnilicent ))lace, but it way strongly impressed upon us tliat flowers were grown here to interest and give ])leasure at every turn. t'ar])et designs and firework displays in gardening are not attempted.
Returning to Perthshire I noted at (JrantuUy Castle (iarclens the idea again of flower btn^ders in one colour. In this case it was a yellow lioi'der planted entirely of Morning Star ( 'lirysant lienuun. Another wide border presented 1 lie liritish colours of red, white and blue. It was planted with a broad band each of a red Antirihimim, a white Antirrhinum and as a blue. Salvia patens was used. Here also I noticed a grand batch of American Carnations. They were the young i)lants whicli flowered under glass last year. In April they were planted out. and at the beginning of September were full of flower and being potted up to again flower inside.
Most of my readers have heard of Andrew Carnegie and his native town of Dunfeiiiiiine. lie invested a sum of money which yields C 10, 000 pi'r year, and this is all sjx'nt yearly in Duti- i'crndine. Liln-aries, Schools, Institutes, Hat lis, Tcmiis and Howling (ireeiis ai-e all jJi'i^vidcd for- the people of this favoured town. I'itt eiicrieff. an estate adjoining the town, was bough; up some years ago and laid out as a public park for the use of the inhabitants. Not a jienny of taxes is levied for all this. The park has been caref\illy planned to accommodate the ])ublic convenience and also jireserve thenatviial 1 eauties of the place. What formerly was the walled-in kitchen garden had the walls removed and all
laid out as a flower garden. To give an idea of what is reciuired for a spring display alone, 100,000 plants are annually ])ut down in October. All kinds of plants are pressed into the service of nuiking a continuous disjilay of flower. Masses of Pentstemons, Phloxes, Montbretias, and Dahlias nuike a great show in the borders, ami all suitable herbaceous plants are largely grown. Roses in big beds of one sort wei'C very gay, and here I was informed the rose most favoured for a continuous show was La Tosca, a soft pink, tinted with rosy-white and yellow. Among dwarf Polyantha roses Baby Dorothy is l)eing replaced by Orleans, an excellent kind for bedding or masses, and of a beautiful ciimson colour. Jessie is another ideal bedding rose, a free bloomer which lasts well and also is crimson in colour. A range of glasshouses serves to keep uj) a display of flowers during winter, iind iiuleed more or less all the year round.
Hamamelis mollis.
When with a friend visiting a garden one calm afternoon in January our attention was drawn towards this shrub by its sweet scent when several yards away, and even before we caught sight of it in the shrubbery. I'ntil then I was under the impression that this Hamamelis lacked the charm of fragrance peculiar to other winter flowering shrubs like the Winter Sweet and Stand ish's Honeysuckle.
This soft-leaved Witch Hazel is quite the finest of the family and distinct both in leaf and flower, and can always be relied ui)on to flower about the end of December or .January.
The flowers are borne freely in clusters, t e calyx is red, and the petals are a soft yellow, strap-shai)ed and hooked at the ends, not twisted like the flowers of other Witch Hazels.
The leaves are oval, larger than those of any other member of the genus, sonu'times I to ."> inches long and covered with soft greyish hairs, the specific name being derived from this character.
Hamamelis mollis is said to grow 20 to ;^0 feet high in China, and is quite hardy, while the flowers are rarely aft'ected by frost. The soil to jdant in is a good loam mixed with a. sin.iil quantity o£ peat. Drm.iN.
Tamarisks
Thkse hardy shrubs are seen at their best wlicu ]>lanted in snuill groups, where their light ;ind fc.ithery growth will be an attraction through I he summer and autumn.
At seaside gardens t lu>y nuiy l)e used for shelter, for their natural home is by the sea- shoi'es of Hritain and other countries.
At Llandudno the common kind Tauiarix gallii a is used with good effect as an ornaiiu-nt al hedge, wliili- to cover banks it i; also very s.iitable.
As a decorative shrub Tamarix Ixispida a'sti- valis, or T. I'allasi rosea, as it is souu'times called, is ipiite one of the most graceful and i>relty shrubs which flowers in August. The flowers are |)ale i)ink on tipeniiig, tinning to a deeper i)ink. When ari'anged in a vase the feathery plumes remind one of the beautiful i)ink Spira-a Queen Alexandra.
The name Tamarix is taken from the Tamaris, a river in Spain, on the banks of which the Tamarisk abounds.
Some species jiroduce galls which have been used in medicine txs an astringent, the ashes of others contain much sulphate of soda.
IRISH GARDENING.
A Search for Alpines in the Granite Region of the Mari' time Alps.
One can get to the Mfritiiues by going to Nice or Ventiiniglia a,ncl journey northwards, or by the over-land route i-ia Paris and Turin. The latter way being the ciiiicker was chosen, and Mr. IT. M'Clenaghan and I arrived at Turin on Sunday, 11 th August, 1913. A slow train cairried us to Cuneo p^long the base of the Cottian Alps. From the window one sees Monte Viso, a lofty solitary peak 12,600 feet high, its grandeur accentuated by the lesser heights of its neighbours.
At Cuneo we slept the night, or at least got as nivich rest as a noisy fete held under the hotel windows would allow. If economi- cally inclin- ed one can take t h e rickety post omnibus which carries one to the 'S" a 1 d i e r i Baths in about live hours. At first the road is dry, dusty and uninter- esting as far as the tram runs — to Borgo San Dalmazzo. When Val- dieri is reach- ed, progress is slow, for the road ascends con t i n u o u s 1 y along the valley of the Gesso river. One passes
the King's hunting lodge at Saint Anna: the stream thunders down between huge granite rocks, and the scenery is wild a,nd rugged, until we rea,ch the Baths, 4 41H feet high. The Valdieri Baths are noted for the sulphurous and sa,line springs and a singular flowerless ])la,nt (I'lva labyrinthiformis) with healing properties. The l?rge solitary hotel is ojien from .July to Se])tember.
The flora of the district is rich, antl includes .such ])lants as Anthericum Liliastrum, Lilium bulbiferum, Achillea llerbarota. Primulas, 6io. AU)ng the N'alletta glen we took an afternoon stroll : the mountain side must have been a sheet of i)ink some two months eai'lier, jiulging by the numerous seed i)ods of Lychnis Flos-jovis. In moist boggy places, Saxifraga aizoides and Pinguiculas were flowering: by the mountain streams Gardamine asarifolia was producing rather ■weedy-looking white flowers, but the round glossy Asarum-like leaves are handsome. In turfy soil not far away Gentiana punctata threw u]) flower stems 2 feet high ; the yellow- spotted flowers are decidedly uncommon looking.
i-hotoby] The Ciriega Pass in August [c.f.b.
Where Viola nummulaifolia, Saxifraga retusa, t&c, are to be found,
The l*arsley fern grows luxuriantly among the stones in <;ompany with Aspleniuni septentrionale, with its thi'cad-like fronds. The beautiful Diantlius neglcctus is plentiful in th's glen, and was still in flower : its i)ink flowers with their buff under surface are always attractive. It is variable both in colour and form of petals. Another variable plant is Potentilla Valderia ; sonie of the better forms have leaves of a pure glistening silver, while others are dvill, even when growing side by side, so that it cannot be a question of soil, but of seedling variation. The good forms of this ]>lant are well worth cultivating for their foliage, although the flowers are poor with small white ])etals.
Higher up we met with Senecio Doronicum, still in flower, and the fluffy heads of seed of the Alpine Anemone ; growing higher still in tight crevices of the solid granite rock was Senecio incanus, also known as S. Persoonii. In such ]ilaces where one would expect the plants to be
burnt u]) by the hot s c o r c h i ng sun, the elegant leaves assume a w h i t e n e ss probably unrivalled b y any Alpine plant and the yel- low flowers are f r e e 1 y ])r o duced. After seeing this plant in a wild state I am con- vinced that the]dacefor it is a ci'e- vice between stones or in t he wall garden. Our object i n coming t o Valdieri was to collect seed of the rare Viola Valderia. Receiving instructions (possibly well meant) at the hotel as to its whereabouts, we started oft' in the morning. The path led up the hill side, and was soon lost in thickets of the Alpine Laburnum, which here ascends beyond the limits of all other deciduous trees, and covers whole mountain sides. After an hour of a rather trying time the Laburnum grove finished' at the edg(! of a i)recii)ice with a deep dro|) of some hundreds of feet, so, more warm than ])leased, we scrambled downwards and came to a dry river bed. Among the tunibled stones were numbers of Ilouseleeksand Sedumsand large mats of the Cobweb Sempervivum. In the poor stony ground tlu; Alpine lettuce (Lactuca i)ereiuiis) with its blue flowers was quite a dwarf and pretty ])lant : the same ap])lies to the dee|)-roote(l Epilobium Fleischeri, or Dodonsei, with pink flowers, and Scabiosa holosericea with its grey leaves and ])ink flowers. However, time would not permit of a long delay here, so we proceeded on to a idace where we had already noted a single plant of Viola Valderia. After a time a .steep
IRISH GARDENING
stony bank rewarded (hu- search, but unfor- tunately the pods had already opened their boat- like segments and shot away their seeds, and after searching over hundreds of ])lants the hai'vest of seed was small, and to make matters worse a terrific thunderstorm of several hours' duration did not improve our spirits. Viola Valderia has downy gray-green leaves, which when ^-rowing one nught easily mistake for a Campanula ; they are entire, long and narrow ; although the flowers are not brilliant, yet there is something about them which appeals most strongly. They are true little Pansies of a reddish- lilac colour, with bright yellow eyes and petals bearded at the centre like most of their set. This Pansy will require moraine treatment, or possibly it will do in soil and grit in equal i)arts, but seemingly it will need a dee]) root-run, for from one main root a i)erfect network of libres descends to a foot f>r nu)re in de])th. On returning to the hotel we were just in time to see the King of Italy stej) into his motor after a walk along the X'alasco (ilen. A guide was chartered for the following day to cross over the Ciiiega Pass to the Boreon Valley, just above St. Martin Vesubie and we arrang- ed with the propi'ietor of the hotel to start at four in the morning with breakfast before stai'ting. Four o'clock came but no breakfast. After ex])loring
the hotel we managed to get a roll and some milk, and set out for our long tram]), oin- o)>ject being to visit the home of that rare and difficult i)lant Saxifraga florulenta ami also Viola nummulari- foiia. This gi'anitic i-egiou is the only known i>lace where S. Horuleuta grows wild, on .such high l)eaks as the Argentera, Mont .Matteo, Ciriega. (\A delle Finestre, and according to our guide a. few other crags. The morning was dark, cold and dreary as we left the huge Vrldieii Hotel, so beautifully situated in the glen among the beech woods. P'ollowing the roaring (iesso river, turn- ing up the N'alley of N'allelta. tramping for miles along an easy l)ath. in front, growing bigger and nearer very slowly, lay the high l)lank wall of the f'iriega. The base of the rock looked dai'k and black, and above this a waJl of snow. At the base one sees the Alpine Rhododendron already bearing seed pods; climbing steadily, Init surely, higher and higher one comes again across ifjust opening its flowers where the snow has recently melted. Among the stony parts one sees colonies of a queer thistle with whitish bracts. It grows
PlUMULA INVOLUCRATA AT :\roUNT I^SHEH, Co. Wu KI.oW,
about a foot to eighteen inches high, and is known as Cirsium spinosissinmm. Adenostvles leuco- phylla covers a good stretch, and when its leaves are young makes quite a silvery caipet. Later on, when bearing pink blossoms, it seems a coarser ])]ant, although by mountain streams it looks effective. Here and there among huge tumbled boiUders is Saxifraga pedemontana. The large luscious green rosettes of this mossy Saxifraga are always attractive, and ajjpeal to "me more than any of its section when not in Hower. The flowers are ])roduced on branching stems, but are a trifle thin and narrow in petal. At home Saxifraga bryoides is very scant and sparse with its flowers, but at this height it mimics a Kabschia, forming tight little cushions covered with dainty whitish flowers spotted with red, or. stems about 2 inches high. I'ossibly it wants moraine treatment to induce it to flowerfreely. The
highei' (ien- tiaiis are here forming seed pods with the Alpine Ane- mones bv their
si <l e . * T h e 1 > o !• o n i (• u m still raises its golden head, and Viola cal- carata varies fro ni yellow, white to purple blue. Leaving the rocks we step on to t he snow co\ei-e(l l)ass of 1 li e Ciriega. we jilod on s t e a. d i 1 y oxer the fi'ozeii snow bv a zig- zag path. Tlu' snow rises gi'aduaily in seeiniMuiy never eiuling teri'act's l.ea\iiig t h e path we ex- amine plants on the side ol I he rock, but lind the ground frozen almost as hard as the granite, for live sun has not risen above the walls of mountain which surround this gorge.
(To hi cntiiinol) ('. l-\ li.
Primula involucrata
This beautiful l!imala.yan siiecies loves to be in the vicinity of water, aiul nowhere have we seen it better than in .Mr. Walpole's favoured garden at Mount Usher in Co. Wicklow. Plant<'.d by the side of a small stream in a colony it bears freiily at the end of Ai)ri! and into May sweet scented flowers raised on stems a. foot high.
Although by water its highest development is ■ seen, yet it nuiy b(^ grown on the rockery if a cool ])Osition is chosen, but a smaller stature is att£iined than when growing by water. The root- stock is similar to that of the " Pilcwort," the narrowly oblong leaves are a shining smooth gr<?en, while the flowers are white tinted with lilac, nearly an inch acro.ss, with round corolla lobes, and borne in umbels. P. involucrata .Munroi is a variety with flowers sufl'used with blue.
30
IRISH GARDENING
A Few Good Peas.
In writing these few notes on this most important vegetable I will only deal with the varieties I have given a fair trial, either in the demonstrjition plots in (V). Kildare or the school garden at Naas. In order to be successful in the growing of this vegetable a thorough cultivation of the soil is necessary, and the easiest way to secure for jilants the soil* conditions that best suit them is to cultivate deeply either by digging or trenchin;^,-. but as the writer of the Month's Work in the Veget- able Garden column will deal with methods of cul ti vat ion. I will only say a few words on varieties.
If very early peas are required and autumn sowing in October or early November is practised. I would sow William I., as I find it very hardy. and it turns in early. For early spring sowing select Multiple and Pilot: the last-named is a grand pea, but in heavy soils should not be sown too early or many of the peas will decay. Gradus is a grand early marrowfat pea. but in heavy soils should not be sown before the end of February. Another good pea is Early Bountiful. a grand cropper, but not so early as the others mentioned, so that for early pulling I would grow William I. autumn sown. Pilot and Gradus to follow in order named. All grow about 3i feet high, or with very good culture 4 feet. As a second early variety I would grow Senator, 3 feet high." which l' find the best and heaviest cropping pea in cultivation for private use or growing for market : the pods are only medium size and a light colour, so it is not much use for exhibition. Alderman and Quite Content being best for this purpose for early shows, and Glad- stone for late shows. To follow Senator, sow Eureka, one of the most useful peas raised by Sutton & Sons, and now a long time in commerce : it is an immense cropper, but again the pods are only medium size and a light colour. When cooked the flavour is delicious : many experts consider it the best flavoured pea.
For late use Gladstone and Rereguard aie about the best, but care must be taken that the seed is sown in good time, as late sowing is often the cause of failure. I have tried many othei good peas, such as Webb's King George V., Webb's Champion and Webb's Stourbridge Marrow, three varieties hard to beat for size of pod and cropping qualities. The three best dwarf peas are Webb's Little Marvel, New Surprise for early use, and Carter's Daisy for mid- season. " Wm. TYxnAi-i..
e^* 5^^ ^^
Spraying Fruit Trees with Lime-Sulphur Wash
From the results of a second year's experiment as to the efficacy of lime-sulphur wash against the diseases of fruit trees (peach, a]>ple. i>ear), the writer recommends this wash as a successful means of controlling leaf-curl of peaches (Exoascus deformans) and ap])le scab (Venturia inaequalis). In order to obtain good results, the mixture must be apjilied three times — (a) just before flowering : (6) when the blooms are falling : (c) three weeks later. — From the Monthly Bulletin of Agr'icxiltural Intelligetice and Plant Diseases,
The Month^s Work.
The Flo'wer Garden.
Hv W.M. G.
O'Xeill.
\\ ADGE, Gardener to Lady Shane's Castle, Antrim.
Lkn(;thenino days bring additionul duties in the flower garden. It is very im] tort ant that the work be kept well in hand, every week bringing f^ -^f^mMT' \^'ifli '^ fresh work. Mudi may be S|VjlS^ done by a good method of organising f|m^i4*^ the work and the labour at com- 11 ^vujiJ laand by the man in charge, but with bad weather and other advers- <ircumstances it is sometimes im- |iossible to do all thr- work just at tin- time we would wish. Push on al! outside work when the weather is favourable, let any inside j<»K>s stand over, even if it is a favourite date for doing them. There will be plenty of bad days during the month when these things can be done. Arrange that any necessary wheeling on walks l)e done when they are dry or when liard through frost. If done when they are soft it entails further labour getting them back into good con- dition again. Dig the ground in shrubberies, leaving the .surface i(^ugh. it may be raked down later when wind and frost have acted on the soil : of course discretion must be exercised in digging, not to dig deeply near to the shrubs, especially such as are surface-rooting. Strong- growing shrubs that have been planted as screens, either to hide some unsightly object or to break the force of the wind, and are not subject to an annual pruning, may have got out of bounds. Attend to any such now. Cut the branches back to the desired height, and tie in a few suitable pieces with tar cord to hide anv bare stems. This work and the cutting of ivy on walls may be done when weather and soil are not suitable for ground work. Get a heap of soil readv under cover, consisting of loam, leaf-nuvald and sand. This will be found suitable for potting most of the bedding plants, also for seed sowing and for cuttings, with a more liberal addition of sand. See that sufficient boxes are at hand for seeds and cuttings, and that flower jiots are clean, readv for use. Lawn mowers should be overhauled and 'anv necessarv repairs attended to.
Beds and Borders. — Complete any necessary work in the herbaceous borders. Where these have been trenched and re]»lanted in recent years, deep digging between the plants and working in some rotten manure will suffice now. Mont- bretias that have been wintered in a cold frainr can now be planted. Pick out the strongest corms. and idant them in small bunches of 3 or 4 at 0 inches apart, and cover with a few inches of soil. Where these are left in the open ground through the winter they shoidd be lifted and divided annuallv. or there will be nui.h leafage and little flower resulting. Tliis is the month to plant Ranun<ulus. .Mlow S inches between tli.- tubers and plant 2 inches deep. The claw-likr tubers are very easily broken, being very brittle,
IRISH GARDENING
31
Dahlias. — Roots of these should be exfiinined, and any varieties that it is desirabh^ to increase may be placed in gentle heat to throw up cuttings. Cover the roots with 2 inches of fine soil. The first shoots do not as a rule root so readily as the later ones, so that the earliest shoots should be cut back unless very scarce. Salvia patens nuiy be treated tlxe same as Dahlias. Shake out Cannas, rei)ot, and divide some if an increase is needed.
8eed-sowin<;. — Seeds of Larkspurs. Scabious, Statice Siworowi. Perilla nankinensis, Xicotianar., Lobelia, and other annuals that x>equire a long season of growth should now be sown. East Lothian stocks sewn last month nuist l)e i)ricked off while finite small, 2 inches a})art. Begonia seedlings need careful handling. Prick them off into boxes or ])ans in the house in which they are growing, the seedlings are so tiny they cannot be handled singly. The operation is l)est ch>ne with a pointed stick or two sticks. Sweet Peas are usually- sown in October for exhibition pur]>oses, but for garden decoration February is a good time. Sow them thinly in Ijoxes, let the seeds be at least an inch a])art each way. Boxes are more easily handled than })ots, and the plants can be kept in a more uniform state of moisture ; if lifted carefully a.t planting time the roots need not be damaged to any extent. Keep the jilants from avitunm sown seeds hardy ; a little su|)port is now necessary, and when the wea-ther is mild they sliould be divided and potted singly. Even if they were sown singly, they will be benefited if some of the old soil is removed, and a little fresh added.
Potting Bedding Plants. — Geraniums should now be shaken out of tlie cutting boxes and ]iotted singly into 4-inch pots ; they will reciuire a warmer house after ijotting, one having a tem- perature of about tiO° will be suitable until they are rooting freely. If the sajjply of pots is limited some of the plants can be mossed. Place a piece of moss flat on one hand, cover this with soil, then ])lace the roots on this, draw the moss up and around it and secure with a piece of matting. The mossed i)lants should be returned to the cutting boxes and the spaces between filled with soil. Young plants of Fuchsias rooted in the autunm will now need a larc;er pot, and they shoidd be k<'pt growing steadiU. Large standard and ])yramid ])lants that have been rested by with- holding water, ])rune into shaj)e, place them in a warm house, and syringe daily to encourage tliem to break freely. Tlu; stock of Begonia tubers nuist b(! examined, and tlie sound ones started into growth, eithei' laid out in boxes, or on the border of a fruit house ; do not cover with soil till the growing liud ap])ears, and it can be made certain that all the tubers are right side u|>. tiieii shake a iittli! light soil ovei- them.
The Fruit Garden.
By T'etki! Hhock, Horticultural Instrudoi' for Co. Fei'managh.
The weather is the pi'im'ii)al factor in controlling work on the hand at this season. Tlie snap of frost at the close of the year permitted the carting of farm-yard numure on to tillage and grass land to be done to the Ix'st advantage.
PRUNiN(i Old oh Esta hushed Apple Tuees, — The season of 1913 will be I'cinembered bv iiianv
apple growers on account of the abnormal de veloi)ment of fungoid diseases siudi as leaf-spot or scab, canker, and brown rot on varieties that had previously been comparatively healthy, and under favourable conditions were recognised as good doers. The varieties that have suffered most are Lord Derby, James Grieve, Early Victoria, and in some places Lane's Prince Albert. Bramley and (ireiuidier, although not immune, are not yet so seriously affected. The sitotting and i)renui- ture droi)i)ing of the leaves, and the branches dying from the extremities back into two-year old, and in some very bad cases into three and four-year old wood, is typical of how some trees of the above mentioned varieties have fared. Spraying as a remedy while the dead twigs or branches remain on the trees is nothing short of the purest waste of time and material, and is, in fact, like " tlu'eshing the wind." All dead or dying branches should be cut back to sound wood, where no trace of discoloration is shown at the core. All such ])runings of diseased twigs or branches should be collected as the work goes on and immediately burnt. Any knife or secateurs used on such diseased trees should be disinfected with a cloth damped with ])araflin or other disinfectant before being again used for cutting healthy trees. There is ample evidence that some of the neglected and worn-out orchards of local sorts such as Eight-sciuare and Dido, are largely responsible for the i)ropagation of fungoid disea,ses that are threatening the very existence of the more modern orchard. The time seems to be within measurable distance when legislation will be absolutely necessary to compel the burning of or otherwise treating such hotbeds of disease.
Winter Sprayin(;. — This will demand constant attention on calm, dry days till <'om]ilt't ed, especially in mixed plantations where goose- berries are grown as an undercroj) between apples, as, owing to the mild and spring-like weather in December and i)art of this inoiitli. the buds may soon be too far advanced to pi'rinit of safely spraying overhead trees with copper sul- phate or caustic solution washes. If the mild weather continues, i)ears and plums — esi)ecially in early districts — may also soon be too far ad- vanced for winter spraying. Tliere is a wide range of winter wa,shes that keep the Ijark in a clean and healthy coiulition. and act as a fungicide as well. Any sjiray or wash to be effective should be a])plied under a high |)ressure and from a small no'//le, and every twig and ci'eviic on the t ree thoroughly damped.
IM.antin(;. The land has been in such good condition for planting fruit-trees and bushes on sevi'ral occasions this winter, especially at the close of the year and nf lale. that this woi-k should now be comi)leted. if. however, some may still be in arrears, it should be pushed forward on every favourable ojtiKut unit y when the soil is in suitable condition and does not dog on the tools.
(ioosiOHKUUY SaWKLY. — \\'here this Jlest is known to exist remove abcuit two and a half inches of the surface soil with a draw-hoe from beneath the bushes and to om' foot Iteyond the spread of the brandies. This soil will contain lu-arly all the cocoons, and should be buried to a de))!!! of S or S) inches below the surface, either between the bushrfl, oi- taken to some adjacent vegetable ground and placed in tlie bottom of a trench. Replace the soil i-enioved with other good rich soil.
32
IRISH GARDENING
Preparatiox for Ctrafting. — rnprolitable varieties, but otherwise sound and vigorous trees. can be turned to good account by re-grafting. The heads of such trees should now be cut off t<i a i)oint near where they can be re-grafted witli a more profitable sort. Cut well below any canker wouncls, and as far as possible leave the arms so tliat a well-furnished new head may be quickly jiroduced. The scions for grafting, if not already secured, should be taken off early this month and heeled in some shady, damp corner, such as along tlie north side of a wall or bank where they will ke('i) fresh till required. Choose for scions well develo])ed and ripened shoots of last year's growth. Two essential conditions to success in grafting are that the scions should be dormant and the sa;) rising in the stock \yhen the oj)eration is i)er- formed.
Seasonable Cultivation. — With the land in suitable condition the cultivation of the space allotted to vegetable or such like croi)s between the trees should be dealt with on every favourable opportunity till completed. Fruit trees and bvishes, like aniniated nature, derive great benefit from a change of food. Trees on what may be considered good land may show a lack of vitality, which Diay arise from a sour or inert condition of the soil through getting too much of one par- ticular kind of plant food. In many cases a dressing of about one and a half tons of lime to the statute acre W(juld put new vigour into such trees ; or if lime liad been applied say three years ago, and farmyard maniu-e last year, 8 cwt. of potassic superphosphate per statute acre would be a suitable change. This dressing will give best results when followed with light dressings of nitrate of soda or sul))hate of ammonia when the trees start into growth. All digging among fruit trees or bushes should be carefully done with a digging fork. In ai)i)lying well-rotted farmyard manure to trees or bushes bury a portion of it slightly in advance of the roots so as to coax them along. On no account should a si)ade be em]>loyed by a careless man for digging among fruit trees and bushes, as considerable damage may be done to the iibrous I'oot system, thereby leaving the tree to depend on deei)er acting roots and laying the foundation of unfruitfulness.
Orchards in Grass. — ^Attend to manuring and widening the stations to meet the requireuu'iits of the trees. It is false economy not to give i)lenty of room, as so niany light vegetable crops, sucJi as dwarf peas and early potatoes, <;an be ])rolit- al)ly gr(»wn on the outer edge of such beds, and the cultivation of such crops is generally sufficient to maintain a sound and vigorous growfli in fin- trees.
The Vegetable Garden.
By Arthur Horton, Gardener to Colonel Claiule Cane, St. Wolstan's, Celbridge.
February is generally a very changeable month as regards the weather, and is often the wettest month of the whole year, consequently it is very difficult to get on with outside work, but no opportunity should l)e missed to forwai-d the digging and trenching as advised in last month's notes.
Seed Sowing : Parsnips. — As the seed of this vegetable takes a long time to germinate. adv;^n-
tage should be taken of the iirst good day to get in the seed. The ground for this crop shoidd be deei)ly trenched, but not manured: drills shonld be drawn about H inches deep and IH inches apart. Where exhibition s))ecimens are re(piired holes will have to lie bored at least !> feet d<M-|) and filled with a suitable mixture of loam, leaf-mould and sp^nd in about equa,l jjroportions, and all imt through a ^-inch sieve. Most ))eople find it more difficult to grow perfect specimens of i)arsnips and carrots than any other vegetable, but an enthusia.stic grower will overcome the difficulty. Onions. — Any time after the 20th of this montli summer onions niay be sown when the ground is in a favoiu'able condition. Fork over the ground thoroughly, breaking uj) the lumps as small as possible. A good sprinkling of wood ashes, lime and soot spread over the ground and I'aki'd in will be very beneficial. Make the ground firm by treading or rolling. The drills should be 10 to 12 inches a])art. 12 for ])reference. After the seed is sown draw in the soil with the feet or the back of a wooden rake, and finish off with a. steel rake the same way as the drills ate running.
.lERusALEM AuTiCHOKES should be planted during this month. If the ground is already dug or trenched, drills may be drawn the same as for potatoes, at 3 feet ai)art, giving a distance of 2 feet between the tubers.
Peas. — Many methods are practised for the earliest supplies of this popular vegetable. Some ])eople make their first sowing outside in autumn, while others i)refer waiting until February and sowing in pots, strips of turf or boxes. Personally 1 much i)refer the latter method, as less risks are run of loss by rats, mice and birds. Ordinary cutting boxes 3 J or 1 inches deep ai'e very suitable for this ]nir]iose, and are equally as good, if not ])referable. to ])ots or strijis of tiu'f, as much less room is taken ui> by boxes, which is a great con- sideration in most establishments at this ])eriod of the year. Place about I inch of any rough materipol in the bottom of the boxes, then fill up to about li inches froni the top, and sow evenly, but not too thickly, and finally cover with one inch of i'\ne soil. An early ])each house or vinery will be found suitable for starting them, but at no time must they be forced. As soon as they are well above the soil place the boxes in a cool, airy structure near the glass, and harden off gradually. When ])ossible a south or west b(»rder sliituld be reserved for the first i>la.nting, and should be deejily trenched and manxired. Where labour is scarce and manure limited a good ])lan is to dig out trenches at least two s]»adings deej), l)lai-ing a good layer of mamire in the bottom and .■mother between the first and second si)ading; this is best carried out some tune ])revious to the time of ])]anting or sowing to allow the soil to settle down. This not only ai)])lies to early peas but also to successional croi)s, and if carried out good results are sure to follow.
Broad Beans. — Where broad beans are used a few should be sown in boxes the same as advised for i)eas, and will be ready for use at least a fort- night before the first outside sowing.
Shallots. — Any time during the ])resent month shallots should be i)lanted. Clioose a rich piece of ground and ])lant in lines 1 foot apart and about 0 inches between the sets; ]»ress down the sets with the thumb and linger to about half their de]ith, and make as firin as po.ssible.
■■■-KBBPINfl MADK PROFITABLB.
Brcry ■•••Km^w wk« im\nt iiKnt (htali nU
THE IBISH BEE JOUBNAL
(BM*klUi«4 if*i.)
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MMllilr Id. : It. 8d. M' Anaom, Poit Fr«i.
fHE PRACTICAL BEE GUIDE. %f J.'J."^'ft,;'{^»^\'
an the lubjael jral paklished. ■■• pa^e*. 15a illuttnlionf. Papar aav«r, ■•. ; ^oata«a, jd. Linan eotar. ji. ; poaUKa, jd. f ram tha affiaa, Ibub Bbb JaviNAL, Lough Rrnn. Dromod, aad af aU aawaaganta.
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Irish Gardening
Contents
Mendelism (Second Article) Clematis jouiniana (Illustrated) Annuals for the Rockery Rose Pruning . . . . How to Gitow Herbaceous Phlox . Fota Island, Co. Cork (Illustrated) Uncommon Annuals (Illustrated) . Solamum capsicastrum ... Hints to Novices
PAGE . 43 . 43
Pentstemon Scouleri (Illustrated) •
Thlaspi rotundifolium (Illustrated) .
A Search for Alpines in the Granite
Region of the Maritime Alps . . 43
The Sweet Pea Annual, 1914 • . 44
A Pilgrimage of British Farming • • 45
Month's Work — Flower, Fruit, and
Vegetable Garden . . .46
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction
for Ireland.
LIST OF THE DEPARTMENT'S LEAFLETS.
N9.
Name
9
10
II
la
»4 IS
M
'9 to
21 22
»3 "4 'S
26
%
«9
30
31 3> 33 34
it
37 S8 39 40 4» 4« 43 44
49 5° 5« 5«
53
The Warble Fly.
The Use and Purchase of Feeding Stuffs
Footrot in Sheep.
The Sale of Flax.
Otti of Print.
Charlock (or Preshaugh) Spraying
Fluke in Sheep.
Timothy Meadows.
The Turnip Fly.
Wireworms.
Prevention of Wlfite Scour in Calves.
Out of Pf int.
Contagious Abortion in Cattle.
Prevention of Potato Blight.
Milk Records.
Sheep Scab.
The Use and Purchase of Manures.
Swine Fever.
Early Potato Growing.
Calf Rearing.
Diseases of Poultry — Gapes.
Basic Slag.
Dishorning Calves.
Care and Treatment of Premium Bulls.
Fowl Cholera.
Winter Fattening of Cattle.
Breeding and Feeding of Pigs.
Blackleg, Black Quarter, orBlu«Quarter
Flax Seed.
Poultry Parasites-^Fleas, Mites, and
Lice. Winter Egg Production. Rearing and Fattening of Turkeys. Profitable Breeds of Poultry. The Revival of Tillage. The Liming of Land. Field Experiments — Barley.
M , Meadow Hay,
n ,1 Potatoes.
5, ,, Mangolds.
,, ,, Oats.
II M Turnips,
Permanent Pasture Grasses. TheRearingandManagementof Chickens "Husk" or "Hoose" in Calves. Ringworm on Cattle. Haymaking.
The Black Currant Mite Foul Brood or Bee Pest. Poultry Fattening. Portable Poultry Houses. The Leather-Jacket Grub. Flax Experiments. The Construction of a Cowhou&e
No.
54 55 56 57 58
12 61 6a 63
64
H
66
07 68
69
70
7«
7a 73
74
II
W
79 80 81 83
83
84
II
87 88 89 90 9» 9» 53 94 95 96
97 98
99
Name
Calf Meals.
The Apple.
Cultivation of the Root Crop
Marketing of Fruit.
Sprouting Seed Potatoes.
Testing of Farm Seed#.
The Packing of Butter.
Field Experiments — Wheat.
OutofPrifit.
"Redwater" or "Blood Murrain" in Cattle.
V^arieties of Fruit suitable for cultiva- tion in Ireland.
Forestry : The Planting of Waste Lands.
Forestry : The Proper Method of Plant? ing Forest Trees.
Forestry : Trees for Poles and Timber.
Forestry : Trees for Shelter and Orna- ment.
The Prevention of Tuberculosis in Cattle.
Forestry : Planting, Management, and Preservation of Shelter-Belt and Hedgerow Timber.
Forestry ; The Management of Planta- tions.
Forestrj' : Felli'ig and Selling Timber.
The Planting and Management of Hedges.
Some Common Parasites of the Sheep.
Barley Sowing.
American Gooseberry Mildew.
Scour and Wasting in Young Cattle.
Home Buttermaking.
The Cultivation of Small Fruits.
Catch Crops.
Potato Culture on Small Farms.
Cultivation of Main Crop Potatoes.
Cultivation of Osiers.
Ensilage.
Some fniurious Orchard Insects.
Dirty Milk.
Barley Threshing.
The Home Bottling of Fruit.
The Construction of Piggeries.
The Advantages of Early Ploughing.
Black Scab in Potatoes.
Home Preservation of Eggs.
Marketing of Wild Fruits,
Cost of Forest Planting.
Store Cattle «f Butter, Bacon and Eggs.
Packing Eggs for Hatching.
Weeds.
Tuberculosis in Poultry.
Seaweed as Manure.
A. — Introductory.
B. — Suitable Soils and their
Treatment. . C— Curing Barns.
TOBACCO-GROWING LEAFLETS. D. — Suitable Varieties. H. — Cultivation, Suckering, and Topping
E. — Seed Beds.
F. — Manures.
Gi — Transplanting
I.— Harvesting and Curing.
J. — Grading, Packing, and Maturing.
K. — Marketing.
Copies of the above Leaflets can be obtained, FREE OF CHARGE and post free, en application to the Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin. Letters of Application so addressed need not be stamped.
IRISH GARDENING
VOLUME IX No. 97
Edited by C- F. Ball.
A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND
ARBORICULTURE IN IRELAND
MARCH 1914
Mendelism*
second paper. By Trofessor James Wilson, M.A.
LfRRAR'
^EW Y(>K
80TANICA
QA.'<T»EM.
In last month's number of Irish Gardening a short account of Mendel's original experiments was given, in which it was shown that : —
i. When the original parents differed in one pair of characters their hybrids produced two types of progeny w^hich were numerically in the ratio 3:1.
ii. When the original parents differed in two pairs of characters their hybrids produced four types of progeny, which were numerically in the ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : L
iii. When the original parents differed in three pairs of characters their hybrids jiroduced eight types of progeny, which were numerically in the ratio 27 :9 :9r9 :3 :3 :3 : L
It was also shown that the different jmirs of characters bred independently of each other.
There was one other very important point brought out in Mendel's experiments whicli we shall deal with now. It was that among the progeny of all the hybrids bred from, whether there were two types, four types, or eight ty2ies, there were always equal numbers of individuals which bred true in each type.
Consider what was found in the case when the original parents differed in the shape of the seed only. The hybrids had all round seed : none had wrinklecl ; but in the next generation wrinkled seed appeared again in such numbers that they were a third as many as the round seed. The actual numbers were — round 5,474 and wrinkled 1,850. That is to say, there were 5,474 seeds like one grandparent and 1,85U like the other.
Mendel then put the question : How woukl these seeds breed ( To find an answer he sowed a number of each kind, and so produced another generation. From this generation he found that all the recessives bred true, but that only a third of the dominants did so. He also put the same question to all the other six sets of experiments and always got the same answer. A third of he second generation dominants always bred rue and the whole of the recessives.
As this point is very important and needs to be impressed upon us, we shall give Mendel's
actual figures. He does not say how many recessives he grew ; but, as all bred tiue. there was no need for him to say. The following table gives the numbers of second generation domi- nants so\\ n and the numbers which bred true : —
|
Total |
Numbers |
|
|
Numbers |
which |
|
|
bred |
bred |
|
|
from |
true |
|
|
(1) Seeds round .... |
565 |
193 |
|
(2) Seeds with yellow albumen |
519 |
166 |
|
(3) Seeds with coloured seed-coajt |
100 |
36 |
|
(4) Plants with Y>\p,m pods |
100 |
29 |
|
(5) Plants with vellow unripe pods . |
100 |
40 |
|
(()) Plants with axial flowers |
100 |
:53 |
|
(7) Plants with long stems |
100 |
28 |
It will be noticed that in every case practically a third of the individuals sown bred true. The remainder bred like their hybrid parents. They were hybrids also.^^
But this leads to a most important considera- tion. The total number of dominants in the second hybrid generation is three times as many as the number which breed true. The same total number is also three times as many as the total number of recessives in the same generation. But all the recessives breed true. Thus the numbers of dominants and recessives which bi eed tiue are the same. Otherwise: the numbers of individuals in each of the two second generation grou])s Mhich breed true are the same.
For example, if a second generation from ptu'c round seeds, on the one hand, and wrinkletl seeds on the other contain in all 400 seeds, 3()0 would be round and 100 wrinkled. All the wrinkletl seeds would breed true ; but, at the same time, only a third of the round seeds — viz., 100 — would breed true. This result may be made clearer if represented by a diagram, thus : —
Total Seeds 400
Pouni 300
Breeding True
100
Not
Breeding
True
200
Wrinkled 100
Bi-eeding True
100
M
I^ISH GARDENING
But this leads to the crucial observation. Both these kinds of true breeding seeds are the progeny of the hybrids. Thus, Avhen their parents differ in one pair of characters, the hybrids produce two kitids of jirogenj), each of ivhich contains equal numbers of individuals tvhich breed true.
The same observation can be made with regard to Mendel's exjieriments when the original parents differed in two pairs of characters. The original parents were round with yellow albumen, on the one hand, and wrinkled with green albumen on the other. The hybrids were all round with yellow albunien ; but they produced four kinds of progeny, and when these were bred into another generation, each kind was found to contain equal numbers which bred true. The full statement is as follows : —
Original ) Round with yellow albumen and wiinkleil Parents \ with green albumen.
|
Hybrids ... |
Round with yellow albumen. |
|||
|
Round |
Round |
Wrinkled |
Wrinkled |
|
|
Second |
with |
with |
with |
with |
|
Generation |
Yellow |
Green |
Yellow |
Green |
|
Albumen |
Albumen |
Albumen |
Albumen |
|
|
315 |
108 |
101 |
32 |
|
|
Numbers |
||||
|
grown to a |
||||
|
third gene- |
||||
|
ration |
301 |
102 |
96 |
30 |
|
Numbers |
||||
|
which |
||||
|
bred true |
38 |
35 |
28 |
30 |
A similar result was found when the original parents differed in three pairs of characters. Eight groups were produced numerically in the ratio 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1. The original parents were round, with yellow albumen and coloured seed coat, on the one hand, and wrinkled, with green albumen and white seed coat, on the other. It will save space in displaying the full statement if we write the initial letters of the characters for the characters themselves. Thus R = round, w = wrinkled ; Y = yellow ; g = green ; C = coloured, and wh ^ Avhite.
Original Parents
RYC and wgc.
|
Hybrids |
RYC |
|||||||
|
Second Generation |
R Y C |
R Y wh |
R G |
w Y c |
R g wh |
w Y wh |
w (' 30 |
w wh |
|
Numbers |
269 |
98 |
86 |
88 |
27 |
34 |
7 |
|
|
grown into a third |
||||||||
|
generation Numbers which bred |
269 |
98 |
86 |
88 |
27 |
34 |
30 |
7 |
|
true |
8 |
14 |
9 |
8 |
11 |
10 |
10 |
7 |
Thus in these tAvo cases, in whicli the original parents differed in two and three pairs of characters, we have the hyl)rids producing four types in the first case and eight in the second, and in both cases equal numbers of true breeding individuals were found of every tyj^e.
The main I'esults of Mendels experiments may noAv be summed up thus : —
(1) The number of types or kinds the hyl)rids produce are doubled with every additional pair of characters in which their parents differ, thus :—
Differing pairs of characters : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. . . Number of types produced : 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 . . .
(2) The numbers in each ty]:!e increase in mathematical ratio, as the differing pairs of characters increase, thus : —
In one pair For two pairs For three pairs
27 : 9 : 9
. 3 . 9:3:3 9:3:3:3
and so on.
(3) Among every type produced by any one set of hybrids, equal numbers of pure breeding individuals are found.
The next part of Mendel's work was to formu- late a theory which should explain these pheno mena. We shall put his argument in abbre- viated and slightly different form. Mendel laid more stress on some other observations which have not been mentioned here, as it requires more than an ordinary amount of mathematics to follow them. Besides the observation of equal numbers of true-breeding individuals in every type suggests the theory so pointedly that it may be laid hold of specially Avith advantage. Mendel's statement then becomes : —
i. Pure species j^roduce pure-breeding forms.
They must therefore 1)e furnished with the materials for doing so.
ii. Hybrids also produce pure-breeding forms.
Therefore they also must l)e furnished with the materials for doing so.
iii. Hybrids produce equal numl)eis of pure- breeding individuals in every type.
Therefore they must ))e furnished with equal numbers of the materials for the production of the characters borne l)y their true-breeding, progeny.
Next month we shall discuss the ex])erimentSr by which Mendel proved his theory.
IRISH GARDENING
35
Clematis jouiniana.
This is quite one of the Ijest of our autumn climbers, commencing to flower in September and continuing throughout October. It is equally effective on an old tree, trellis, or climbing over a hedge, and where plenty of spa,ce is available it may be allowed to ramble at its o^ni sweet will, for no pruning is required. On trellis work where space is limited the rods may occasionally be tliinned out, for it is a strong grower and in good ordinary soil there is no difficulty attending its culture, or trouble from dying off.
The flowers are w h i t e, tinged on the outside with lilac, scarcely jnore than an inch across, but they are borne both at the ends of the branches a n din the axils of the leaves, so that beautiful long s p r a y- 1 ike growths are f or me d, a sweet scent adding to their charm.
The leaves are large for a ('lematis. of a deep lustrous green.
For some years this plant has been listed in British catalogues as C. grata, a native of Himalaya, rarely cultivated. Its proper name has been established as C. jouiniana, and it is supposed to be a hybrid of Con.tinental origin, between the well-known Old Man's Beard or Traveller's Joy (C. Vitalba) and the Chinese C. Da\'idiana, which is almost herbaceous, but from appearances and time of flowering C. paniculata seems a more likely parent than the Traveller's Joy Clematis.
At Nancy C. jouiniana has l)een crossed by C. Davidiana, and as a result Messrs. Lemoin.e et Fils are offering some flne new hybrid Clematis of herbaceous habit with very long erect spikes of flowers such as Campanile, Cote d'Azur.
Two new forms of the true C. grata have been introduced recently from China — namely . C. grata lobulata and C. grata grandidentata : but they are inferior to the older ]ilant (C. jouiniana) both in foliage and flower, and their summer flowerine; habit makes then; of less value in the garden.
|
■ •" ^^ y |
|
|
t |
' b&^ |
Clematis jouixiaxa.
Annuals for the Rockery.
For the rock garden there are several pretty annuals of dwarf habit, their chief value being that they may be had in flower in late summer and autumn, at a time when the true Alpine perennials are mostly over. Very often it is advisable to sow them where they are to flower though it is quite possible to raise the seedlings in i)ots or boxes, and ]ilant out as desired. In the latter case the treatnient should be perfectly cool from the first, as when coddled too much they fail to make satisfactory progress when transi)lanted.
The dwarf er kinds may be sown in nooks and crannies among the rocks and rocky steps or paths, first working in a few haudfuls of sandy soil to give t h e young plants a fair s t a rt. Stronger sorts may he sown on fiat i)ockets i'ither alone or among dwarf |>ereiniial Al- pines. They ari! also very useful for sow- ing over early flowering bulbs like the many si)ecies of spring flowering Crocuses, Xareissus minor and minimus. N.'Bulbocodiiun. Tulipa dasystemon, &c. In this way, the rock gard .1. which to sonu^ minds loses interest when not amass of flower, may be kcpl gay into autiuun.
^EthioiKMua liuxbaunii is a i)retty little annual with iiale red of rose coloured flowers, and grows about six inches higli.
A. saxatile is somewhat similar, but has spikes of ])retty pink flowers.
Androsace lactiflora i)roduces rosetti's of leaves from which rise the flower steins, each surnuumted by an umbel of jiure white flowers.
'Canq)anula attica is a (h-lighlful little .si)ecies from (ireece. It grows about six inches high and bears abiuulanc(> of line pm-ple flowers. There is also a white variety of the same sjiecies.
("ami)anifla Erinus is also suitable f(U- the rockerv. growing six to nine inches high, antl bearing blue or white flowers, sonu-tiiues sulTused l>ink.
Corydalis glauca is a graceful little tumitory with dainty glaucous leaves and racemes of pretty yellow flowers.
Corydalis rosea is similar with rosy flowers, (irammanthes gentianoides is a showy little plant allied to the Sedums. It scarcely gets more than three inches high, and in a sunny ixisitiou smothers itself in orange red flowers.
36
IRISH GARDENING
Sodum iwruloum is » (laiut\ giMu whiih appeals to everyone. Urowu in an open sunny spot it att-rtins six inehes or less in lieight. ami bears abundanee of blue llowers, which arc extremely ctYeetive.
Speivilaria Sju'culuin, coniiuonly calleil X'cuus'^ Lookiui; (.ilass. is j>n interest ini; Hclltlower growiui: about nine inclics high. The typ(> has rcdiiisb violet tlowei-s. while a white variety is also lovely.
lonopsidimn aeaule. the Violet (.'ress, is justly a favourite, sowing itself witli cliarniing lr<'edon». suooessional colonies springing up and flowering from early sjuing till autumn. It grows »Mdy two or three inches liigh. and is very suitable fi>r r»>cky walks and steps. .1. W. U.
Rose Pruning.
By IM;. D'HoNKi. Hkow.nk.
Pruning should comnienee early in .March. AS by this time most Hoses are awakening. Commence with your wall varieties. In varieties snch as l>orothy IVrkins, Crimson Hanxbler and most of the lV>lyantha groujvs begin by removing all old worn out wood and all which liave borne llowers. If jtossible take the wood completely away down to ground level. Now, carefidly study the rods that remain. Do not be greedy and try to retain ti>o n\any shoots, (io over the slun>ts and remi>ve any tliat are unripe or those which when cut across show a brown pitli. Remove the frosted tips and cart>fully lay those rods ytni wish to retain in against the wall or pillar on whiih you intend growing the tree. Weeping standards art> treated just the same way, but in tying in try and so arrange that yt>u have a well-balanced head.
When yo\i have finished your wall roses you may get to work at your dwarf trees of 11. P. and II. T. blood. Here, as I have explained above, you remove all old wooil, also unripe ami frosted growths. Look out also for suckers, whidi also must be taken out from their origin. Now, there are certain rules wlxich yon must prune by if you wish to have siioeess : —
(1) No matter what variety of Hose yo\i gi-i>w. if it has been i>lanted lately in your garden, say last autumn or this spring, exit it very hard back. You can liardly be too severe. What y»ni want to do is to promote growth, and the knife alone can do this for you.
(2) In tivating the several kinds of growei's you purpose priming, you must riMnember that the poorer the gi-ower the more yon must cut ! To treat sueh varieties as MildriMl Cirant and Hxjgh Dickson in the same way is to court failure.
(3) To try and keep a well-balanced head on your trees when they have made their spring growths and not to have your trees like a I'igs cheek. "' all on one side." This yon must do by carefully seeing how the rods you ]>rojH>se to leave are arranged an>\n\d the bole of the tree. Try and select, if possible. rii>ened shoots which are separated like the legs of an upside-down stool — rods diverging and leaving a hollow between them. This will admit light and air. and is a small means of ]»reventing mildew. Sometimes a trt»e will not lend itself to allow you to do this at pruning time, but you get another chance at disbudding time — i.r.. end of May.
(4) To rtMuove all diseased and old and unrii>e wood at prtming time is another golden ride, and when you are pruning to put all the cut away
wooil into a liii-. whereby you burn germs of dist>ase.
Now, let us see Ixow we must prune.
Kirst. the vexed tiuestion arrives with what shall w«' lilt — • sliears. s»'catenrs or a knife. Personally 1 always use a good pair of secateurs ; they are clean cutting and ipiick. Try when pruning not to pull your tree about : you are apt to do so witli a blunt knife and a hard shoot.
Choose a cold ilay. as if pruning is d«>layed jind yiui prune on a warm day, some forward varieties may bleed — i.e., exude sap.
.\ good ]>air of strong gloves are a great help, and you may carry a snudl (ireeian saw for oUl snags on your oUl ti*ees. These oUl snags will ruin a good pair of secat<'urs in a .sh«>rt while.
Now ti> get to the vexed quest ions.
First »>f all you must remember the rules 1 have laid down.
Scvondly. yon must once and for all make up your mind Ji.s to whether you require quality or quantity.
Thirdly, you must use your eyes and bnuns and study each tree and the difYerent varieties you liave to ju'une.
Let me enlarge for one minute on this last IV mark.
I will take three varieties as my example — (I) Mildivd tirant : (2) La France: ('A) Hugh I>iekson. Anyone can see that these varieties ditTer in habit, gi'owth and flowering propensities. Mildred is a i>oor grower, therefore ymi must cut very hard to encourage ht>r to gi-ow. La France wants less pruning than Mildred, and Hugh IMckson wants less still. Note the great strong nuls t>f Hugh as compared witli tlu- stunteil, stubby growih of .Mildreil ami you will s<'e at once that if you cut Hugli as liard as .Mildred that you will get growth — rampant.
Now bear these three varieties in your mind all througli i>riining time, and wlien you come tt) any tree try ami think to which of these varieties that tree, by its gn>wth. Kn>ks to belong.
Surely Horace \'ernet. tiu.stave Piganeau. •Sultan of Zanzibar. Lyon Hose, The Bride. Hridesmaid. .Mi's. Fdward Mawley. ite., \'c.. belong Xo class No. 1. You shoulil not have many of these varieties in your garden unless you are an exliibitor.
Most of tlie Hoses in yi>iir collection belong to chusses 2 and o. To give y<ni a few examples 1 put l>ean Hole. Mi*s. Havid .M" Kee. Killarney. tJeorge C. Wand. Betty in ilass 2. and Hr. (VHonel Browne. William F. Lii>piatt. (ieorge niikson. riricli lirunner. Laurent Carie. Hiuhess of Westminster in ela,ss 3.
.\gain bearing in miml what I have already said about old or ymmg lU* diseased wood, let us get to work. Here y»>u lind a young tree with but a single rod. Cut this and all such hard back. .V single nnl is a bad foundation. Here again you liave a young tree with twi> or three rods, mostly w«'akly. twiggy in iharacier. Cut away the very weak tuies ami cut hard those that ivmain. Heiv again is a tive with .several rods, some cnvvsing each i>ther. Xricr allow roils to cross, cut away the weaker and unripe ones. Hear in mind what I liave .said about a well-balanced head and divergent rods, and strive always to get this result.
Make another golden rule now for yourself. Whenever you cut back a slioot which you wisli to tlower. cut always just above an ouj-looking
IRISH GAKDEXIXG
37
eye. ThLs will furlh«;r lw;lp to knt;]) tht} centra of the tree op'rru iJo not leavf; finniiH of wood above the eyes, cut a^ clr«e aw you can. Cut straif^ht acroHs and avoid long HlantiriK, sloping, »kelping cuts, «uc:h a« Htmia old fanJuoned gar<Ieru;rs love to make. Thiey are r;nly land- rriarkit for wfMivils, A:c., to li(?ht on to lay their eggH,
Of late years I have given up firuning Horruj rampant growers, such as Hugh Dickson, and now I peg them down. Prune away all useless wood and clijj the unripe tops off the remaining shoots. Have pref>ared by you pieces of strong wir»; about one foot long with a crook at the end. Bend your hIuhAh flown (do not leave too many) and [leg them down with these wires. Try and arrange them Hr> that you leave yours<,-lf room to hoe, and strive to furnish your bed all over.
l^ave your Teas alf>ne until April and prune them in just the same way. Here you will find that frost has done a gr^jd df;al for you. Beware of leaving eyes thut have pushed into growth. They are most pif,bably frosted and blind. Get a good [dump owMooking bud and cut to tliat. It you have .Maman C'ochet or the white variety, put your knife in your pocket and pasH on — this Rose wants no pruning.
I am afraid these notes are a bit scattered, but I have tried to treat this mo;-it difficult subject in as brief a way an I can, and so, reanhit, I hope that you will forgive me if it is not au fait; but let me impress you to use your eyes when pnining, and if you require quality to use your knife more harshly than if you require quantity, but for goodness sake drop the " lady's plan," as I <all it. of being too mean to cut hard enough.
How to Grow Herbaceous Phlox
By Jamks Kearney, Killiney, Co, Dublin.
The llcvhaiiui<i\!in Phlox 'P. decussata) in ant of the most beautiful and liardy of garden flj>%vers. With good culture and careful selection of varietiffs a gloriou.s display of flowers may be liad from July to October. Plant in groups of three or four plants dotted along the herbace<^iu.s border, or a much better effect may be had from ma«s<^;d planting in beds or borders solely devoted to them, but they lend thern«<^;lv*^ readily to either method.
Phloxes succeed in deeply dug and well manured ground, which must not lie sfwlden during the winter months, as they strongly resfint such a position at that period of the year, and the site sele<-ted must have partial shade during the summer month« to obtain the best results, for if ex prised to full sunshine the sun's rays liave a deadening effect on the flowers, especially the s^;arlet, jiurple and pink shades- *-. The ground should be trenclied about 2 ff^et deep, mixing with the s^*!! a good dressing of well decayed cow manure on light soils, and if inclined to be heavy us*^ stable manure from an old hotbed, with leaf-sfjil and road scrapings added. Phloxes are very susceptible to altarrks of er-l-worm, and if they are prr^^ent in the s^jil give a thor^iugh dressing of Vaporite as trenching proceeds, and wlw-n the trenching is finished tread down the s'^il firndy and allow to settle for one week before planting.
The best time for planting in mild localities and on hot sandy soils is from the end of September to the end of November, but on cold
soil-s planting is better done fjarly in September, when the s^jil is warm, or deferred until early in March. Plant out 2| feet apart, and every fourth year lift the plants and divide, keeping the outside portions for your future stocks, and replant in newly prepared ground-
During the summer attend to staking in good time, and should the plants make too many shoots (after a couple of years' growth) tliin them out a little, wh/in they will give much finer trusses of flower. During dry weather they mast be well watered, and a good mulch of short manure pUu;ed around their roots 'to keep them cool and retain moi.sture) at the end of .May. Oive liquid manure and sfiot water once a week whf;n the flower tru.ss*;s are developing. During the fUnvering period remove all faded pips as they appear, as it makes wa> for fresh ones to d^jvelop and aLs'-j prolongs the display. When finished flowering cut off old flower hea/ls, and another di.splay may be had quit*; late in the autumn, though not eqiial to the quality of the first.
They may be propagated from cuttings taken in spring or autumn, and utfjted in a sandy compfjst in a cold frame, or by division of the plants, which I consider to be the most satis- factory method for imrneriiate effect. The following are a sf;lection of well tried varieties, which will grow well and give entire sati.s- f action : —
VAKIBTY
" Sheriff Ivory " . *' Gra^je Darling " " l>- .Mahdi " . .
■ Pharaon " •' VVidar" . . . HijnstrfKjm "
COLOUR
salmon.
r<jse.
reddish-violet.
lilac-rnauve.
I^arrna violet.
salrnon-red.
■■ Gruppen-konigin " . .satin r^jse.
" Frau. A. Buchner " pure white,
" Elizabeth Campbell " old rose,
" Josephine Gerbeaux " white and crimson.
"Iris" . , . , crims<^>n purple,
" Clara Benzy " , . salmon pink.
" Queen Alexandra " pale blue and rnauve
(splendid). " King Kdward Vll.'' crim.s^^jn. " .Mrs. Oliver " . . salmon pink and white
centre. " George A- Strohlein " vermilion red. " ftltna " . . . . crimson. " .Mrs. .Jenkins " . . whit*. " Fairy " . . . . salmon pink. " Dr. Charcot " . . parma violet. " Baron von Dedem " crimson .s<^:arlet. " Countess of Ilchester " salmon pink, suffused
orange. " Eclaireur " . . . crimson purple. " Gen. Van Ilenty " . scarlet and white
centre. " Henri Farman " . mauve. " Lad> .Mary Hope " . coral pink. " I^dy Stewart" . old rfme pink. " Tapis Blanc " . , ['"^e white (dwarf
gr^jwth). "Selrna" .... salmon pink. " Ixmis Blanc " . . claret r distinct). " Violetta " . . niauve and white
centre. " Gorgeous "... salmon scarlet. " Frau von I^ssberg " jmre white. " Dr. Konigshofer ' . Sf;arlet. " Flambeau " . . . brilliant red. '• Derviche • silvery grey.
38
IRISH GARDENING
Fota Island, Co* Cork,
By A. F. Pearson.
Fota Island, Co. Cork, the estate of the Right Hon. Lord Barrymore, is situated about eight miles from Cork, and can be reached by rail, a private station being on the island.
The island contains one thousand acres, and enjoys a beautifully sheltered position bounded on ail sides by tidal waters. The choice collection of trees and shrubs is the work of many genera-
in circumference, 4 feet from the ground ; ad- vancing we meet with a very line specimen of Pinus insignis, about 90 feet high, and covering a great area ; P. monticola. about the same height, grows near by. Abies smithiana, a superb tree ; A. grandis, 95 feet high ; and A. religiosa, are all line trees. Fitzroya i)atagonica, Quercus Phellos, Liquidambar styraciflua (a line tree), Parrotia persica, and a grand piece of Cedrus atlantica are here mixing with such things as Hakea pugioniformis, Osmanthus ilicifolia, Plagianthus Lyalli, Pittosporum Mayii : the latter has almost become a timber tree.
Xew Zealand Flax and Gunneras by the Lake-side at Fota.
tions. Lord Barrymore has inherited the love of his forefathers for all that is good in horticulture and arboriculture, and the result is seen in the high-class and well-ordered grounds. Without attemi)ting the classification of the various groups met, I iJro])ose noting passing trees, <fcc., as the visitor meets them.
Mr. Beswick, at all times most courteous to visitors, takes us by devious paths to that portion of the grounds overlooking the flower garden, which at the time of my visit was rich and gay with thousands of Verbenas, Heliotropes, Calceo- larias, Begonias, Cannas, Zonal Pelargoniums, tS:c. A great Eoman Cyi)ress, Cupressus sempervirens, towers above us : close by stands a giant Tulij) tree, Liriodendron tulipifera, measuring 1 5 f(!et
Ilex cornuta is a nice plant, as also is Ilex buxifolia, which was in flower and berry.
Pinus ]iatula has reached a great size, and but for having its top broken off by a gale some ten years ago, would present even a finer appearance than it does now. Abies Nordmanniana and A. orientalis are growing in friendly rivalry hereabouts. Pinus excelsa, further on. is ])ar- ticulary fine, as also is Cryj^tomeria japonica. Davidia involucrata is met about this point, and has flowered.
Desfontainea spinosa is rich in flower, and has become a ])lant of 10 feet high and as much across : it is ])articularly striking when seen so full of flower as this. The sweet-scented Ok^aria ilici- folia was also in full flower at the time of my visit.
IRTSH GARDENING
39
Another sweet-scentecT, shrub also in flower was Chionanthus virginica. Philadelphus purpureus maculatus is a really pretty foliaged shrub.
Cotoneaster Franchetii in flower and with its pretty arching grey-leaved stems is a distinct and pretty shrub. Mitraria coccinea nestles by the towering giants Wellingtonia gigantea, Abies Menziesii, and Thuya gigantea.
The outdoor fernery at Fota is more like a New Zealand forest scene than a bit of Irish gardening. A group of twenty tree ferns — Dicksonia antartica — raise their fronds on stems ([uite ten feet high, and are. moreover, supremely happy, both summer «.nd winter, with the natural protection of the forest trees which are
its giant leaves, while Phormium tenax Veitchii, P. t. pendula and the Powerscourt variety in big groups lend their help in making a pretty tropical effect.
Dacrydium Franklini, a rare shrub, is climbing up to tree form, while that beautiful evergreen beech, Fagus Cunninghamii, has reached a height of 45 feet, and retains a lovely symmetry. A few fine specimens of Secjuoia sempervirens — the Californian Redwood — tower in stately splendour 90 feet in the air, and that rare shrub. Circidi- phyllum japonicum, grows happily close by these giants ; and beautifully set in another corncp adjoining the water and the forest is a group of Dogwoods — Cornus brachypoda variegata, C,
The Foioiat, (iakdex at Fota, with Coudylinks ovek ."{<» feet high.
judiciously ])lanted in and around this picturesque groiip. Their smaller brethren are ])lanted amongst rocks, and comprise such things as Woodwardia radicans, Lomaria magellanica, Asi)lenium i)olyi)hyllum, Adiantum Capillus Veneris, and many other varieties of both Hritish and gi'conhouse ferns.
Passing from this delightful and cool i'(>treat , in summer, a stretch of ornamental water is reached : on an island covered by a jungle of bamboos such varieties as Arundinaria Falconeri, A. racemosa, A. nobilis, Phyllostachys Quilioi, P. fastuosa, and P. viridi-giaucesccms being noted all in luxuriant growth. The lake's surface is cov<;red by numerous varieties of Nymi)ha^a. many of Marliac's hybrids being quite at home. Hy the water's edge Gunnera manicata disports
Mas variegata, ('. Kousa, ('. Spalhii, &c., being noted.
Leptosi)ermum Chapmanii and (Jrevillea ros- nuirinifolia thiive admirably under the shadows of such ('onifers as Abies mimidica. A. aJaiKMisis, A. bi'actciila, A. lirma. Thuyj()|isis doiabi'ata, and last, (hat glorious Pinus .Mont t'/unuv. This Pine has been my idol whenever Fota was visited ; it is probably t lu' finest specimen in the United Kingdom, roughly measuring 50 feet in height . nd covei'ing a large area with its huge and well- furnislied branches. Quite a dift'erent Pine is I*. ])arvifl(»ra, which thrives well here. Podo- carjtus chincnsisand P. Totarahave positions near Abies Pindiow, while Abies Albert iaiia and Abies Webbiana join liands with C'ryi)tomeria arau- carioides and C spiralis. Liriodendron tulipi-
40
IRISH GARDENING
fera variegata blends with such shrubs as Escallonia philippeana, Drimys aromatica, Coton- easter rugosa Henryii, Colletia liorrida, Hynie- nanthera crassifolia, &c.
Nandina doinestiea cannot be passed by ; it is not often met with, but is it found tliriving here along with Acacia nielanoxylon, Hakea salignia, Teuci'iuni fruticans, Vibvirnum rhytidophylluni, and Ilex insignis. The curious Notospartiuni Carniichfelia3 — the pink broom of New Zealand — is quite at home at Fota. And sheltered by less valuable shrubs is that handsome Magnolia Campbellii ; in the springtime I had seen it with over one hundred flowers open. Sophora tetraptera and the Chinese rubber tree. Eucommia ulmoides, are also found at Fota growing in company with Quercus macedonica, Cupressus MacNabiana, and C. Knightiana. The golden chestnut, Castanl opsis chrysophylla, is a pretty tree. Osmanthus Delavayii in pretty flower, Ilex latifolia, Olearia macrodonta, Eugenia apiculata, Fagus obliqua, Fagus asplenifolia, Saxegothea conspicua (Prince Albert's Yew), Embothrium coccineum, with many suckers, is a picture while in flower. Viburnum Carlesii is asserting itself. Carpentaria californica is a large plant. And now the walled garden is reached by an avenue of Chaniserops Fortunei and C. humilis, with a few Phoenix senegalensis and P. canariensis quite at home, dotted here and there. The walled gardens extend to four acres, and are well furnished with wall fruits. Peaches, with a glass coping only, were a very heavy crop, while a long wall filled with plum trees carrying a large crop was noted. No emTsty spaces are found in this garden, as winter and summer crops follow each other in quick succession. Passing through finely made wrought iron gates, a pleasure garden, enclosed by well kept yew hedges, is entered. The mixed borders are well filled and gay with various flowers, while choice shrubs fill prominent places on an adjoining wall, conspicuous amongst them being Ehyn- cospermum jasminoides. Calceolaria violacea, Cassia corymbosa, Fremontia californica, and Indigofera Gerardiana. A formal garden bedded with Verbena venosa, V. Miss Willmott, Begonia Worthiana and Cannas is very striking by reason of the stately Cordylines, C. australis, quite 30 feet in height, which have been established here for years in large groups.
The Rose garden is then traversed, from which we enter a sunken Italian garden with paved paths, having a fine old Italian marble well-head in the centre. The effect is pleasing and old- world like, and the beds have a quiet beauty all their own.
Such an establishment as Fota has the glass department in thorough maintenance. The Vineries were carrying enormous crops of grapes at which most growers would shudder ; but " the proof of the pudding is the eating," and Mr. Beswick has turned out first class grapes for years from these vines, at the same rate, and they are even stronger looking now than they were ten years ago. The varieties Black Hamburg and Muscat of Alexandria are growing under the same conditions of temperature, &c. The fig house has a heavy crop, while the peach house had finished its crop. Melons were carrying a second crop of beautiful fruits, while the ])lant houses were full of good stuff. Crotons of high colour. Gardenias, Tabernsemontanas, Alocasias, Caladiums, &c., filled the stove. The greenhouse was gay with
Begonias, Fuchsias, Celosias, and Zonal Pelar- goniums, while the pits contained hundreds of winter flowering Begonias, Primulas. Cinerarias, Cyclamen, &c., and large V>atches of winter- flowering Carnations were standing outdoors and growing sturdily. A large number of Chrysanthemums are also grown for winter decoration.
My sincere thanks are due to Mr. Beswick for enabling me to make these cursory notes. They are taken as we met the individual plants, and, do not represent by any means half of the horti- cultural inhabitants of Fota. I mention this as an apology and in the hope that the reader who may not have been to Fota does not accept these imperfect notes as fully descriptive of that beautiful little island.
The bamboo garden, which flanks along a stretch of water at another jtart of the grounds, was not entered at all, but it is kei)t in the same state of perfection as Mr. Beswick does all the work under his control.
Uncommon Annuals.
By .1. W. Besaxt.
With the wealth of annuals now available it is perhaps little wonder if some are less conimon in gardens than others. For most gardens, such popular kinds as Clarkias, Godetias, Larkspurs, Sunflowers and many others provide all that is wanted for a display or for cutting.
There are, nevertheless, others of much beauty well deserving of inclusion, and as many owners of small gardens depend largely on annuals for a sunimer disj^lay, it may be useful to note a few of the less commonly grown kinds.
The Argemones are Poppy worts of rather hand- some appearance producing quantities of flowers throughout the sunimer months. They prefer a hot, sunny position in deep sandy soil, and may be sown in April where they are to flower, though in many places it is advantageous to give them a start in a cold frame or greenhouse. Two or three seeds should be sown in a small pot, the resulting plants being turned out later on when strong enough.
A. grandiflora, which has large white flowers and glaucous prickly leaves, is one of the best, and usually grows over two feet in height.
A. mexicana and A. ochroleuca are two yellow flowered species, while A. hybrida provides yellow and white floweis. All are from Mexico
Collinsia verna and C.])arv^iflora are two pretty blue-flowered annuals which come into bloom in early summer. The former grows about nine inches or so high, and the latter is a low-trailing species. Both may be sown where they are to flower.
Crepis rubra is an attractive composite pro- ducing large quantities of i)ink flowers in late summer. It is quite a showy plant for the front of a border, but not suitable for cutting, as the flowers close u]) at night.
Eucharidium Breweri, with i)urple and white flowers, and E. concinnum. with deep pink flowers, are two desirable mem))ers of the P]vening Primrose family. They are particularly good on light soils, and flower over a long period in autumn, growing from a foot to fifteen inches high.
IRISH GARDENING
41
Downingia pulchella is a pretty little annvial of the Bellflower family. It grows about six inches high, bears pretty blue fiowei*s with a yellow eye. May be sown in the open or in ])ots, and planted out.
Hibiscus Trionum is a handsome Mallow-wort with elegantly cut leaves and large yellow flowers with ])urple centres. It is a showy and uncom- mon plant, requiring a sunny position and rich soil.
Leptosyne niaritiiiia is a handsome annual not often seen. It likes an open suimy ])osition in good soil where it will flower well into autumn. If thinned out so that the jjlantswill be nine inches apart, flne specimens 18 inches to 2 feet high will result, each bearing numerous large yellow flower- heads.
Malcomia littorea grows about a foot high, and i^roduces masses of rosy flowers all summer.
Omphalodes lini- folia is a pretty an- nual of the Borage family, and bears any amount of white flowers over glau- cous grey leaves. It frequently sows itself and comes up year after year in the same place.
Papaver glaucum, the Tulip Poppy, is a bright showy annual growing eighteen inches high and bear- ing handsome scarlet flowers.
Phacelia campanu- laria, with large deej) blue flowers, is a gem among annuals, and should be grown in quantity for the ex- quisite colour of the flowers.
Phacelia Whitlavia is also good, but rather taller, reaching twelve inches or so. The flowers are violet, somewhat bell-shaped, and very attractive also.
Polygonum capitatum is a pretty little trailing s])ecies bearing any number of small ])ink flower- heads in autunin. P. orientale is a very useful border ])lant. well worth ])lanting in groups. It is best raised in a frame and i)lanted out.
Sanvitalia procumbens is a bright, showy, dwarf annual, flowering for a long while through summer and autumn. It only grows about six inches higli, and bears numerous yellow flower- heads with black centres.
Schizo])etalon Walkeri is a reiiiarkal)lc annua! with fi'inged white flowers which ai'(^ fragrajit at night. It grows about a foot high, an(l likes a warm sandy soil.
Sphenogyne speciosa, also known as Ih'sinia pulchra, is a showy South African annual in the way of the better known Dimorphotheca. The flower-heads are buff with black centres, and a warm light soil is essential. Seeds may be sown outside in April or in pots, and planted out when strong enough.
Photo by'i
LKPTOSYNE MARITIMA.
Zaluzianskya capensis, also known as Nycterinia is an interesting night, flowering annual with seen ted white flowers. It grows about a foot high, and should be raised in pots and planted out in May. Callirhoe involucrata and Callirhoe lineariloba are two North American plants which succeed best treated as annuals, though perhaps strictly perennials. They belong to the Mallow order, and do best in a sunny position. In liabit they are somewhat loose and trailing, but bear abundance of flowers, the former crimson and the latter white and lilac.
Gilia dianthiflora. often called Fenzlia, is a Iiretty little annual about six inches high. It is delightful for sunny places, and produces any quantity of rosy-coloured flowers.
JIunnemannia fu- maria^folia is a most beaut if u 1 Poj > p y wort with glaucous, tini'ly cut, fumitory-like foli- age. The large golden yellow flowers are very handsome surmount- ing the glaucous leaves Seeds should l)e sown early in a frame or gi'eenhouse, planting out in .June.
Solanum capsicastrum.
Most gardeners are rather short of decora- tive plants in late autumn and up to Christmas, and to those may bo recom- mended the adoption of the trade method of growing bushy, well- berried i)lants of this useful subject. Though seeds i)roduce fair ])lants, proj)aga- tion by cut lings is the jjrefei'able method, as by this mt^ans good forms may be ke]>t true. The best habited plants should b e selected, and placed in a warm house, and when jirocurable short cut- tings should be taken of the young growths : these if inserted in :5-inch ])ots and i)la(('d in a i)ro- pagating frame with a heat of I).")" will soon forni roots. When sutHiciently looted they should be transferred to :Mnch i)ots, being stoi)p<'d con- tinually to ensure dwarf plants, and if kept gi'owinu on in this temi)eratur(i will recpiire moving into 48 inch pots by March. In order to keep down red spider, which soon spoils the foliage, the syringe should be freely used.
Early in .1 uly good plants should be formed, and then syi'inging should he discontinued, and a))undaiice of air given to ensure a good even set. When the berries are formed weak liipud manure is necessary to help them to swell, its use being discontinued when the berries begin to turn red. If large specimens are required they can be planted out in May in a good loamy soil after being gradually hardened so as to bear exposure to the sun, and in September they can be potted and brought inside to ripen.
[.Vni-A-n', Ltd.
42
IRISH GARDENING
Hints to Novices
Jiy May ('i:oshik.
Dry days in March are always valuable. Tt is the inontli wlien most of the outdoor seed sowing is done. We often get a good deal of rain in March, and it is best to get on with tliis work whenever weather and soil permit. But if the ground is too wet — that is, when the earth sticks to the spade and seems cloggy and when the lumps cannot readily be broken up by a rake — it is better to i)ostpone the sowing till it dries. For all kinds of seed see that the soil is made as fine as possible.
Of the flower seeds, if Sweet Pea has not already been sown get it in lirst. In February Irish Gar- dening direc- tions for its tr e a t m e n t will be found. Seeds of it sown under glass ought to be a few inches hi gh now and by the middle of the montli. if in a frame, tlie lights ought to be oft' altogether and if in a a greenhouse the pots or boxes of seed- lings should 1) e s t o o d o u t s i d e in a sheltered (■ o r n e r . so that they may be properly hardened off before plant- ing out.
All flower borders and
flowering shrubs will want to get a dressing of manure. Old short manure is much better and easier to dig into the borders than fresh stuff". By now all bulbs, &c., will be well ab'ove the ground, and with care the manure can readily be dug in between the i^lants without injuring their roots. If the only manure available is
fresh stuff", it is a good ]jlan to si)read it over the surface of the border and leave it so for a few weeks, when it will be found much easier to work in. Clum])s of herbaceous plants that want moving or dividing ought to be lifted before manure is dug in. When replanting, use the outside i)ieces of the clum])s and throw away the old worn out centres. Siich ])lants as Michaelmas Daisies, that si)read quickly and ar? surface rooters, require this done every second year to get the best results.
Now is the time for increasing the stock of hardy Chrysanthemums. This can be done in
Pholn /,y]
Pentstemon Scouleri
two ways, either ))y dividing the clumps, which will have young growths an inch or so long, leaving a few nice, strong shoots to each division ; or by breaking off" sucli a shoot and ])utting it in as a cutting. Choose nice sturdy shoots, dibble them flrmly into a shady border al)out three inclies ai)art : stoj) them when about four inches long, and they will be nice little i)lants ready to move to their flowering cpiarters in .June.
Any vacant si)aces in borders can be lilled with annuals. Make the soil fine, scatter seed thinly, cover with a little flne soil. A few good tall annuals for back of border are, branching Larksr)urs in all colours (rosy scarlet and light blue being perhaps the most i)opular shades), Mallows (Lavatera rosea splendens is the best), Malopes. Shirley Po])])ies, Cornflowers, Clarkia
elegans. A few of the best about one foot high are Migella Miss .lekyll. Swan River Daisy, Sweet Sultans, Chry- santhemums Morning and Evening Star \' e n i d i u m calendulaceum Slugs are enemies to be feared, and they are i)ar- ticularly fond of Larkspur and Sweet Sultans. IIeai)sof bran or the i)eel of half an orange |iut like an inverted cu]) nn the ground make excel- I ent traps. When the seedlings are making their second leaves thin to about an inchai)art. They will require a second thinning later, leaving the dwarf ones about six inches and the tall ones about a foot apart. Well grown annuals are a tremendovis help in making the border gay during the summer and autumn.
Before the end of the montli nil roses may be pruned. When rose bushes ftn' garden decoration are wanted, i)runing is a much l(>ss drastic l)roceeding than that for exhibition l)looms. For general garden work a well-sha])ed bush that will give a good fiuantity of bloom is the object of the i)i'uning. Take out all dead wood and all old branches that are making i)oor growtli. When shortening the good growths remember weak shoots can be cut much harder back than strong ones, and that the to]) bud left on the shoot will grow first and in the direction iii which it ]>oints. When pi'uning is linished fork over all the ground and give (he beds a good mulch of manure.
[H. C. Elichm
IN THE Rock Garden.
IRISH GARDENING
13
Pentstemon Scouleri
The handsome and attractive Pentstemon illus- trated is one of the most beautifvil of all this genus. The pale blue violet flowers are produced in April in great profusion, almost completely hiding the foliage of the plant ; its great flori- ferousness and its adaptability to exposure makes it valuable as a subject either for the rock garden or the herbaceous border, and when established it soon forms large plants, the flowering season lasting for several weeks. Its native home is North America, and is considered by some as a variety of P. Menziesii. The flowers resemble the last named, but the plant differs in that the leaves are smaller and s o m e w h a t narrower : t he flowers are also produced in greater profu- sion, although there are several inter mediate forms. The propaga tion is easily effected by cuttings taken f r o m t h e
young shoots jiroduced after flowering, and r o o t e d i n sandy soil, ])laced under a bell glass : seedlings are also easily raised — H. C. Elsdox.
Thiaspi rotundifolium.
The round-leaved Penny Cicss is a ])rt'tty little Alpine, only a few inches high, suitable for the moraine or for very gritty soil. Our illustration shows a ]dant growing in a shingly nioraine deposited bv a river, but it is more often found in rocky debris at an altitude of (i.OOO to 8,000 feet, and is fairly well distril)uted over the Alps, being found on both granite and limestone.
The leaves are small, deei)-green and fleshy, closely i)ressed to the stone, and in (!arly spring flattened racemes of four-petalled flowers appear of a i)leasing rich lavender colour and sweetly scented.
Thiaspi rotuiidifoliiuii and the newer and scarce T. iimosellaefoliinn make long taproots in nature. l)ut are both adai)table to cultivation in tlic moraine.
T. Hinosella'folium is a finer and larger plant than the older cultivated form, with lighter green leaves, long and s])oon-shaped. nnd longer racemes of bright lilac pink flowers, altogether a desirable and beautiful little jilant.
A Search for Alpines in the
Granite Region of the Maritime Alps.
Stii-l persevering along the snow-covered i)ath in the Ciriegia Gorge we eventually reach the toj) of the pass and feel the warmth of the sun with pleasvu'e and enjoy a well earned breakfast, while behind and around us were the lofty i)eaks of the Mercantour, Mount Matteo, and the Argentera. The snow has left the summit, and looking about
we came across (ientiana bra- chyi)hylla and a dwai'f Phy- teunui in flower Our steps were directed to a stee]) mountain slojx'. and here we came across Viola nunimu- laria^folia, not only in hun- dreds but in thousands, sometimes peeiJing out f r o m under huge blocks of stone or in loose tumbled gi*anite, and some plants, even in gritty turf, where one could lift a clum]) a foot across. But few of the indi\ idualsare so accommoda- ting, the wan- dering shoots are usually amonj; the stones, and then below these are some good roots. This Viola has thread-like stems, round leaves only half an inch across with i)etioles nearly an incli long. The flower stems carry the flowers well above the foliage. The flowers are true violet shape of a i)ale violet. Some i)lants were only just opening their blossoms even in August, others in the full sun were flowering more freely than any oth(>r Violet I havi' ever seen, Init un- fortunately no seed was ri|)e. The \"iola was often growing through tufts of Saxifraga retusa. which delights in the granite moraine. Its pink flowers were past ami seed i)ods here already forming. Leaving this nu)raine and going up the rocks, Thlasjii linu)sella^folium gives a touch of colour to the (hdl grey rocks, its leaves ai-e green and spoon-shaped, and the flowers are borne on stems :! to .") inches high, of the most beautiful lilac pink. The most luxm'iant ]>lants were found in the crevices of the solid rock. One of the prettiest of natiu-al combinations was to be found where the ])ink Thlasiti came down to the screes and ai)i)eared among the white daisy flowers, flushed with i)uri)le-ro.sc towards the centre, of Chrysan- themum tomentosum.
[j;. A. M.
Thi^\spi rotundifolit'm in a Xatttrat. Moraine.
44
IRISH GARDENING.
I believe some writers state this plant to be endemic to Corsica, but here it was fairly abundant. It a]ipears to be a little known Alpine of gi'eat beauty, and may be said to be a comi)anion of C. alpinum with the added charm of silvery leaves. The silvery Senecio incanus and the lonu;- spurred Violet (V. calcarata) were also plentiful.
The Col de la Ciriegia is 8,370 feet high; its southern side drops away steeply, and then a long walk brings us to the Boreon flotel (4,823 feet alt.). This hotel l)y the waterfall is a comfortable and enjoyable resting place and a favourite excursion for residents of St. Martin Vesubie. While staying at Boreon we intended to visit the home of Saxi- fraga florulenta. Starting too leisixrely and late one day we found it was time to return when we arrived and collected a few rosettes. Not satis- fied we returned the following day, hoping to collect seed. The path leads gently upwards through a forest of Spruce with a few open places intervening : here we see Saxifraga cuneifolia on the rocks, and the ubiquitous S. Aizoon. On the banks of the Boreon river the tall blue Monks- hoods and Delphiniums gave a splash of colour. Polygonum alpinum waved ]jlumes of white flowers as graceful as any Spira?a, and the fairy white flowers of Astrantia minor are ever pleasing, while Primula marginata and viscosa had passed out of flower. Primula hirsuta is usually the plant sent out as V. viscosa, but the true viscosa has long oval leaves. 3 to 4 inches long, which are covered by sticky glands, sticky flower stems bear clusters of purplish flowers of rather small size. The plant has a vile smell, and usually grows in chinks of the granite rocks. Following the stream along the Rovinette Valley, passing (ieums. Gentians and the Alpine Rhododendron, we eventually came to the end of the Valley, where the river has its source in a small lake fed by mountain streams. Except the way we came the valley is shut in on all sides by bare mountain ridges, destitute of trees. We climbed over huge tumbled masses of rocks many tons in weight, then on snialler shingle, passing again the beautiful i)ink Thlaspi and the Al))ine Forget-me- Not, until we came under the shady side of a cliff where the Saxifraga florulenta thrives. Here it forms beautifully regular rosettes of incurving shining green leaves without a trace of silver. Throughout the day we found it in varying stages, from tiny seedlings germinating on nioss, turf or debris, to old starved ]jlants with long stems bearing old dead leaves topped by green leaves when growing in shallow crannies where the roots could not descend deeply. In the open, getting the full force of the sun and growing with rosettes erect, we found it : but the most favoured site is the shady side of a cliff, growing horizontally from the rock. Some of the finer rosettes were from 6 to 8 inches in diameter. Old seed pods were there, but the seed was gone, for, like S. longifolia, it dies after seeding. It ap])ears to like the deejiest and tightert crannies in the granite, for even when growing on sloping shelf-like places with plenty of soil it is not altogether hajjjjy, but when pressed tightly by the rock, even though the rosette is squeezed into a long oval shape, it seems quite hai)py, and the leaves have the hard firm feel, with sharp spiny i)oints. which indicates good health. Three parts of the way up the mountain ridge this ])lant grew, then we left it behind. The mountain side gets steeper, but as reward near the top we find on the most ])re- cipitous places Androsace imbricata growing in chinks in the solid rock almost without any soil
at all, forming silvery cushions studded with tiny white flowers with pinkish centres. On other steep ledges in turfy soil and granite debris we came across ]v Reine des Alpes (Eritrichium nanum) by the hundred in all stages — tiny seed- lings and nice couipact tufts, some still bearing lovely blue flowers, and others just ripening their seed. Saxifraga retusa and dwarf Phyteiuiias also grow as companions to the Eritrichium. A steep gully brings us up to the top of the ridge, and we look down upon a sudden drop of some thousands of feet. Nothing for it but to retrace our steps, and already we have stayed too late, for it is nearly 5 o'clock, and mists swirl around us, but luckily are not constant, and we find the river, which is a guide to us on our homeward journey. C. P: Ball.
The Sweet Pea Annual, 1914.
The tenth issue of the Annual ])ublished by the National Sweet Pea Society is now ready, and well maintains its reputation for interest and usefvilness to all Sweet Pea growers : a greater number of illustrations than usual makes it much more attractive, those dei)icting the different methods of growing and staking the plants should ])rove most interesting to all who grow for exhibition, and who aim at having large and ])er feet blooms well set up on long and sturdy stems. The Annual contains a full report of the Sweet Pea Conference, held at the Hotel Windsor, London, on 20th October last, at which Mr. .7. S. Brunt on read a valuable paper on " The Sweet Pea Industry." showing the enormous increase in the acreage under Sweet Peas for seed during the last decade in Great Britain and in California, and the great strides that have been made in growing blooms under glass for market, these are now largely grown on the disbudded system, fetching 4s. per dozen bunches as against Is. i)er dozen for ordinary blooms. Mr. A. Malcolm, of Duns, the introducer of that charming variety ' Edrom Beaiity," gives a niost interesting account of his own personal experiences in the " Cross- Fertilization of Sweet Peas," and sums vip by saying that the chief requirements for a hybridist are " vigilance in a superlative degree, love for the flower and the work, an eye for colour and form, the patience of .lob, and last, but not least, the hide of a rhinocerovis to receive the kicks from critics with impunity." Mr. Arthur Yates, of Sydney, describes a new " Early Spencer," of very vigorous growth, which originated in a garden five years ago ; the seeds of which all came true to the parent, and they have now a strong growing race of winter-flowering Sweet Peas superior in every way to the Telemly variety, which, when sown in succession, give blooms all the year round. There are also interesting communications from . New Zealand, .Ta))an and British Columbia, and rejilies from fifty-four ])rominent growers as to the twelve l)est Sweet Peas in conuuerce, the best novelties of 1912-13, the best varieties for growing under glass, the best manure, giving the nature of the soil. The Provincial Show of the Society is to be held this year at Belfast on .July 24th. and as Mr. Hugh Dickson, of the firm of Alex. Dickson & Sons, is the President of the Society this year the Belfast Show is sure to be an imnu>nse success. The .Vnniial is sent free to all subscribers from 5s. upwards, non-subscribers can obtain copies at 2s. each from the Secretary, Mr. 11. D. Tigwell, Greenford, Middlesex.
IRISH GARDENING
45
A Pilgrimage of British Farming.'
This book gives a general account of the farming of the British Isles as it is practised to-day. Such an account might be put side by side with Arthur Young's description of the farming of his day. It is ]>ublished at an opportune time, when economists and leaders of agricultural opinion are making a keen study of the ])roblem of getting most out of the land, so that our own country may yield more of the food consumed by the people.
The author, with Professor T. B. Woodhead, of the Agricultural Hchool at Cambridge, and Mr. E. S. Beaven, as colleagues, started their tour in the summer of 1910 and continued it during the summers of 1911 and 1912. At the time articles descriptive of each phase of their wanderings api)eared periodically in the Times, and the book under review is a reprint of these articles with but slight revision.
The tour starts in Wiltshire, and the first farming described is that practised on the western edge of Salisbury Plain, where the soil is derived from the chalk — a geological formation which in many ways gives a distinctive feature to much of the farming of England. A brief account is here given of Mr. E. S. Beaven's work at Warminster on the improvement of cereals. The tour is then extended to Blackmoor Vale — an area largely devoted to mixed farming. Somerset next occupies attention, the principal agricul- tural features being barley-growing and dairying ; an account is also given of some newly formed small holdings. The next step is towards the Dorset Downs, the home of a handsome breed of sheep. The farming of Sussex, a county devoted largely to corn growing, is then described, alter which the South Downs, also so well known for their breed of sheep, ai'e visited. The following chai)ter deals with " specialist " farming, and in this connection the poultry fattening in the neighbourhood of Heathfield is described. Hop growing in Kent is next dealt with. This is one of our most expensive croi)S to grow, an average annual expenditure of £50 ])er acre being required for its proper handling. That it is also a specu- lative industry may be seen from the fact that the ])rice of hops may one year be £2 per cwt. and. may rise to £7 the following year. Needless to say hoi)-growing is a highly s])ecialised industry, and one requiring great skill. The h()])-grower in Kent invariably grows fruit also, and the author gives an account of the system adopted. Essex next comes in for description, and we find it ii county largely devoted to seed corn production and dairying. In this county, too, .some small holdings have been established, but the account of theiu is not very favourable, their failure being attributed to the heavy nature of the soil, the Eenland district is then described. This is an area r(!claimed in comparatively recent times, and is comi)osed of a soil naturally very rich in organic juatter, so rich that in many instances cereals cannot be grown, while the lieavy croi)S of root;- are of very ])oor (piality. An account of the arable farming and l)ullock fattening so charac- teristic of Norfolk then follows ; after which the fruit and flower-growing districts in Cambridge-
* " A Pilgrimage of British Farming." By A. D. Hall, M.A.,F.R.S. Publishers : J. Murray & Co., Loudon. Price, 5s. net.
shiro occupy attention. In the Spalding district bulb growing for the wholesale uuirket is exten- sively practised. "Lincoln Heathj^and Wold" heads the next chapter, and we^ find barley- growing and the Lincoln sheep the i hiel features.
The summer of 1911, which saw the i)ilgrims again astir, was exceptionally dry, while that of 1910 was dull and wet. A start is again made iv Wiltshire, but this time in the ^'ale of Pewsey — a district of large farms, mostly devoted to milk production for the London market. '\ he fanning of the Ui>per Ihames Valley is then described, alter which the Vale of Evesham is visited. Ihis is a district of special interest to horticulturists, it being one of the most successful fruit-growing districts in the kingdom. The Pershore ])lum is p great si)eciality, and a good deal of attention is also given to vegetable growing, as])aragus being very largely grown. The area of the ho!<liiig! is tor the most ])art small, which goes to show that when specialist farming is adopted snuiii holdings may meet with some measure of success. An account of the farming of the West Midlands follows, after which the farming in the \'alley of the Teme is discussed. This is another district of horticultural interest, as hojis and In. it are extensively grown and a large quantity of cider is manufactured. A description of the lanuing in Shropshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire then 1o11oa\s.
The pilgrinis visit Ireland, and theii see t)nd tour is completed there. Ihe authc.r lust describes the farming around Belfast Loiith.^here flax-growing is the chief feature. Here is met , for the first time, the tenant-right system of land tenure peculiar to Ireland. Belerring to the fixing of fair rents, the avithor gives the jieriod that elapses between each revision as l.ve years, whereas it is really lifteen jears. An anount of the farming aro\md Lough Neagh is then given, after which the route taken is by the east coast and on to Navan, where tobacco growing and grazing are the chief interests. Ihe farming of central Ireland is then described, alter wliidi the tour is extended along the Western seaboard, where the author gives an ai count ol the jn-e- vailing economic (onditions, and he la\ s stress on the benelits of co-operation to llie small holders.
During the journeys of 1910-11 a straiglit line of country was taken with a more or less geographical sequence, with the result that (citaiii parts of the country were untoiuhcd. so duiini, this the last tour atti-mpts were made to toi-di on these.
Those who have enjoyed Mr. Jiall's other writings will not. l)e suri)rised that this work is marked by freshness of treatnu'ut and lucidity of exi)ressi()n. It is, however, a pity that neither he nor liis ])ublisher .saw ht to ])rovide sketch ma] s of the various localities visited. A few \\('ll chosen pictures, too, would have added nnicli to the value of the work. Ihe most disappointing ])art of the book is that devoted to Ireland. '1 he space which could be allowed to oui' islai.d is altogether inadeipiate to a worthy treatment ol the iirescMit position and progress of Irish laiin- ing. Still the author, who is a trained oh server, manages to seize ui)on many of the salient features of agricultural development in Ireland. Altogether the work will l)rove ol great value to all who have the interests ol agriculture at lieart, and will take its i>lace as an authoritative j)icture of the condition of farming in the L'nited Kingdom in the early part of the twcnitieth century. J* ^'
46
TRTSH GARDENING
The Month^s Work.
The Flower Garden.
By Wm. Ci. Wadue, (iardeuer to Lady O'Neill, Shane's Castle, Antrini.
The Winter Aconites, Snowdi'oi)s and Crocuses have already renewed the promise of spring, and soon the Wallflowers, Polyanthus, Myosotis and other j)lants used in the spring bedding sclienie, besides bulbs and early flowering shrubs, will be in fiower. Make the beds or borders and tlie surroundings as smart as possible. Trim the verges, malie uj) any blanks from the reserve bed, and, when a drying day occurs, loosen the surface soil with a hand-fork or hoe. The bloonr si)ikes of Hyacinths must be supported in good time : let the tie be loose or the flower stem may be held down and broken. Attend to sweei)ing, rolling and everything that promotes neatness, (iravel i)aths that are worn shoidd have the surface loosened and raked over, leaving it higher in the centre than the sides, then a covering of fresh gravel should follow. The mild winter has encouraged the growth of weeds. Weed- killer, used according to the maker's instructions, is undoubtedly the best means of eradicating these from walks, but for various reasons this cannot be used on some estates : then hand weeding or the hoe must be resorted to. A word of warning regarding the weed-killer : Store it where there is no possibility of its being used in mistake for an insecticide. Lawns may requu^e mowing before March is out ; much depends on the weather. Before using the lawn mower gather all rubbish strewn on the grass by storms, and brush the i)arts near to gravel walks or drives. If the whole can be rolled previous to mowing so much the better.
Climbinc; Plants and Shrubs. — Complete any l)lanting in this department, see that all recently planted trees are secure against strong winds, and a mulching of manure should be given. Get any re-labelling necessary done now. Climbers must be pruned and secured to the supports before active growth commences. How to prune must be decided by the habit of the individual plant. Cut away all foreright shoots, dead wood and weakly useless growths. With young plants or those that have not covered the space it is intended they should, tie in the leading shoots and as much other young wood as there is room for, remembering to build up a well-balanced specimen. Clematis .Tackmanni and other sub- jects that flower late in the season from the young wood should be cut hard back, excepting a few main shoots to reach the top of the wall. Other plants that flower on wood made the ])revious season should have some young wood laid in each year, and the cutting back should not be done till immediately after flowering. Most climbing plants are benelited by having a large branch cut down to the ground level occasionally ; this makes s])ace for younger wood and kee])s the bottom of the wall furnished.
Sweet Peas. — Remove the lights from autumn sown plants, and only re]>lace them during severe weather : stand the pots outside about the 20th of the month in a sheltered corner. At tlie same time give the ground where it is intended to grow them a dusting of superphosphate and
soot, and fork it in to the top tlu'ee inches of soil. A sowing niay also be nuide out of doors.
Violas have begun to grow, and the cuttings inserted in autumn must have more space. If they can be |)lanled now in their fiowiu-ing cpiarters, they will giv(^ the best ristm-ns, but when they are usecl as edgings or ground work for beds containing more tender s\ibjects, the N'iolas must wait, but th'.^y may be planted in lines on a border, and this will free the frame to be used for other things.
Gladioli. — These make an imposing display i>- late summer, whether ])lanted in beds or in clumps in the mixed borders. Plant the corms early this month, placing a handful of sand under and around each.
Lobelia cardinalis. — Divide the clump, shaking off the old soil, and i)lace the pieces in pots or boxes, and grow on in gentle heat for a few weeks, then remove to a cold frame.
Rock Garden. — Reduce in size or number any free gi'owing varieties that are likely to crowd out smaller and perhaps choicer kinds. Loosen the surface soil carefully with a hand fork, and topdress any plants requiring it. Slugs will be troublesome and must be checked. They seem very fond of the young green shoots. The only sure way is to search for them at night with a lamp. Little heaps of bran placed amongst the plants will attract them. Zinc collars, three inches high, can be placed around the rarest plants.
Seedlings sown last month should be i)icked oft' before they get crowded. The remainder of the half-hardy annuals — Asters, Stocks, Mari- golds, Phlox Drummondii and other things — may be sown now.
If the ground is fairly dry and the weather favourable, sow seeds of hardy annuals late this month ; better wait till April than sow on pasty gi'ound.
Propagatinc;. — Continue to insert cuttings of Lobelia, Koniga, Iresine, Alternanthera, Helio- trope, &c., till the stock is large enough. There will be cuttings from the Dahlia roots ])laced in heat last month ready for insertion. All cuttings, when rooted, should be hardened off gradually. Grow no plants intended for planting out later in a strong heat.
The Fruit Garden.
By Peter Brock, Horticultural Instructor for Co. Fermanagh.
FoLLOWixci the month traditionally reputed for filling dykes, the first half of which was for the most part wet and stormy, and retarded si)raying and other work in fruit jilantations, March, with its lengthening days and drying winds, is likely to be an extra busy time in the fruit garden, and no opportunity should be missed to have work W(^ll forward, so that there may be no arrears at the end of the month. Those whose ambition it is to l)e in the front rank in the !)roduction of lirst-class fruit must be ])reiiared from now onwards to meet the requirements of their trees and bushes as they require attention. Fruit growers who have liad fungoid and insect pests to contend with in the past should anticii)ate their coming again and be prepared to subdue them in the early stages of attack, and any deficiency in the store of spraying material to meet the require-
iKlSH GARDENING
47
luents of the coming season should be at once made good. If not ah'eady in-ocured. this is a favourable time to lay in a supi)ly of chip baskets and punnets for small fruits, as manufacturers will in many cases be pinched for storage, and better terms can be obtained now than later on.
MuLCHiN(; Lately-planted Tree.s and Bushes. — Having regard to the unavoidal)le depletion of the root system incurred in moving trees long journeys from one place to another, the largest roots suffering from curtailment and mutilation — sometimes through careless lifting to an uni)ardonable extent — and the small or fibrous roots suffer to a corresponding extent from ex])osure. It is therefore essential that such trees should be assisted in forming a new root system, by protecting them at the roots from the action of drying winds in spring and subsequent drought in summer, with a mulching of about two inches of well-rotted farmyard manure, keeping it about two inches back from the stem and letting it extend about a foot beyond the spread of the roots. This manure should be such as can afterwards be hoed on the surface ; it should be neatly levelled and afterwards covered with fully one inch of line soil to lessen loss Irom evaporation. New plantations of raspberries and gooseberries derive great benefit from liberal mulching with good short farmyard manure, or, if procurable, sep.-weed makes a suitable mulching for all kinds of newly planted trees.
Prunixct Young Trees. — Trees planted tluriug the ju'esent dormant season should — subject to certain (;onditions — be pruned about the end of this month. The best time for this operation is when the sap has begun to move and the buds are swelling. Select the best and rightly jtlaced bud. and with a sharp knife cut the shoot off just aljove that bud, eiitering the knife behind and about the sixteenth of an inch above the level of the bud, drawing it through and making an oblique cut coming out fully an eighth of an inch above the level of the bud. If good trees have been properly planted on well prepared land, and the pruning done now, the growths ]troduced during the ensuing summer may be relied on to form part of the foundation of the tree : whereas if left unijruned for a season, this growth (although somewhat stronger) would be ])roduced a year later after cutting of^" and behind fruit buds and into two and three year old wood. Correct ]>runing lies in assisting nature in tlie develoj)nieiit of the highest ideal 1o which any ])articular species or variety can attain, and the careful ])runpr will from the first keep in view the different condi- tions luider which the trees are gi-own, also the habits of different species and varieties, and the develo])ment of well balanced si)ecimens, with their Vjranches disposed to the best advantage for the pi-oduction of high-class fruit. Two year old frees should l)e cut back to from foni' to six inches from the l)ase of last year's gi-owth. Maidens should lie cut to a uniform height. Trees ])lanted on ill - pre]>ared land, or poorly grown trees, should not be ))runed tlie season they are jtlanf ed. as better residts will l)e obtained by deferring the. first i)ruiung fill they have had a year's gi'owth to estafjlish. then they may hv cut hard back. New plantalions of i-aspl)erries should have the canes cut l)ack about the end of this month to within about nine inches of the ground. To beginners this may appear a sacrifice of fruit the first year, but the ultimate gain the second year will many times more than
compensate for the first year's loss, both in increased quantity of fruit and vigour of canes.
(iRAFTiNC;. — Ke-grafting is a simple and exi)edi- tious way of converting undesirable sorts of a|)ples and pears into a source of profit. Pears are lirst to become ready, ])lums next, but as a rule the latter are better budded. Ai)ril is generally the best time for ap])les according as the starting into growth may be controlled by the particular locality or mildness of the weather. Make sure, however, not to begin till the sap begins to rise, which is easily ascertained by the swelling of the buds and the bark being easily i-aised from the wood. If the scions be dormant, but fresh and plump, and i»roperly i)ut on when
the sai> begins to rise there should l)e very few failures. The trees having been some tinu" previously cut down to williin a few inches of the point intended to graft at, should now be cut at the desired ))oint. and the end of the slock made smooth with a sharp knife. For large stocks or arms that recjuire several grafts, two or three inches aparv , crowi\ or rind grafting is the most suitable, simple and sure. The scions — preferably of last year's growth, although two year old wood may l)e used- having been for some tinw^ heeled in damp maleria' and in a (ixd. shady place, should have two <n- llu-ee eyes: the lower half is cut with a flat .sIo])ing slice, which should begin opposite to an eye and end in a thin point. M should be cut so as to contain as little jiilh ns possible. A notch or shoulder cut in the upjier pai't will serve 1o r<'st the scion on the eiul of the stock, and when the union takes jtlace the scion will expand over and cover tlie end of the stock. Jn using slender scions in strong bark, slit the bark through with a clean, sharp knife, making a ix-rpendicular cut to fidly the depth of the scion to be in.sertcd, then, with a neatly trimmed wedge of tough hard wot>d, open the
4?
IRISH GARDENING
bark nearly to the depth the scion will reaeh, and push it gently down till the shoulder rests on the end of the stock. With strong scions and pliable bark on the stock, make a chisel edge on the back of the scion, ease the upper edge of the bark with the knife, and push the scion gently down to the shoulder, which should be about two inches from the point of a strong scion. If grafting wax is available, with it close the oi)ening in the bark and round the scion on the end of the stock. The scions should then be held in position by winding some soft material roiuid the stock, not too tight, but just tight enough to ensure that the scions are resting against the stock. For large stocks or arms the brown libre coir cord, used for tying down thatch, is the most suitable. This cord does not contract or expand with changes of the weather, yields to the swelling of the scions, and inay be left on till Avigust. Small stocks with two or three grafts may be tied witli raffia or bass matting. Success in grafting depends largely on completely excluding the air and preventing evaporation from the parts where cohesion takes place. For this i)urpose grafting wax is best, although good results may be obtained with stiff waxy clay and cow or horse droppings in about equal parts, well worked together to the consistency of stiff putty, and prepared a few days before it is wanted. It shoidd be firmly pressed round and over the end of the stock, letting it extend well below the tying, then made smooth by dipping the hand in water and rubbing it evenly, leaving it in the shape of a cocoa-nut. After the grafts start into growth they should be seciu'ed against breaking by wind with stout stakes tied to the stock. Strong growing sorts like Bramley should be supported with stakes over the second growing- season. Most of the spray growth which pushes from the stock may be allowed to grow the lirst summer for the purpose of maintaining a good root action in the stock till autumn, when it may be all cleared off, and the grafts being well established will utilise all the sap the following season. Other methods of grafting, such as whip or whip-and-tongue, are more suitable for small or nursery stocks.
The Vegetable Garden.
By Arthur IIorton, Gardener to Colonel Claude
Cane, St. Wolstan's, Celbridge. Potatoes. — Any time during the early part of this month a few ]Jotatoes may be ])lanted out- side. A sheltered part of the garden should be selected if possible. If the ground has already been manured and dug a large piece can be planted in a very short time. For early i)lanting I ]jrefer planting on the flat to the usual method of drilling and moulding u]) as the work proceeds, as the earthing up can be done gradually, therefore the young growths will be protected from cutting winds or late frosts. The distance to j)lant must be determined by the variety grown; from 15 inches to 18 inches between the sets and 2 feet to 2 feet 0 inches between the rows will suit most varieties. Medium sized sets are the best; leave only two or three of the strongest sprouts. When large tubers are used they should be cut, and dip the cut portion in fresh lime some time ])revious to planting. On very heavy or clay soils it is almost imi)ossible to produce potatoes of good quality unless special measures are taken, and where only a few for early supplies are required
a good i)lan is to take out a trench or opening and place about 'S inches of well decayed leaf-mould in the bottom, then plant the sets on top and cover with^about^the same thickness of leaf-mould, and liuish olf with tiie ordinary soil well broken up. Of course this entails extra work, but it is well worth it, as tubers of the finest quality can be produced either for table or exhibition. For this planting it is advisable to have some protecting material at hand in case of frost after the young growths are through the ground ; branches of sprvice, yew or laurel will be found suitable, and can be placed in position very ciuickly. The main cro^) should not be put in until after the middle of March, especially if the sprouts are in a forward condition.
Seed Sowing. — Many kinds of seeds should be sown during this month, but owing to the uncer- tainty of the weather it is not advisable to depend too much on one sowing, rather sow little and often. If an early border is available a small sowing may be made of early Horn carrots, turnips, lettuce, spinach and parsley.
Peas sown in boxes last month should be placed in a light and airy position. No oppor- tunity should be lost in making successional sowings outside. If the weather is unfavourable a few more may be sown in boxes. This vegetable being lirst favourite with the majority of people, no pains should be spared to keep up a continuous supply. A common mistake made is in the growing of far too many varieties. Most gardeners know that a certain kind may do exceptionally well in one garden, yet in another, even quite near at hand, it is quite the reverse. Therefore it is best to find out by experience three or four which can be relied on and grow more of the one variety successionally.
Broad Beans. — The groimd for this crop should be deeply trenched and well manured. Sow in double lines 3 feet apart and about 9 inches between the plants. The long pod varieties are the best for early use, while the Windsor are preferable for later .supplies.
Celery. — The sewing for the main crop of this should be made about the first or second week in March in pans or boxes and placed in a gentle bottom heat. When the seedlings are large enough to handle, prick off into boxes or frames three or four inches apart in a light compost; syringe daily and shade from bright sunshine until the plants are well established. At no period from the time of sowing to earthing-up should the plants be allowed to suffer for the want of water, or a large percentage will run to seed.
Onions. — If not already done no time should be lost in planting out autumn sown onions from the seed bed. Lift the strongest plants carefully and {)lant with a trowel in lines 1 foot apart and () inches between the plants, give a good dusting of soot, and hoe between the lines on all f avoiu'able occasions. It is not advisable to make too large a planting, as they are not such good keepers as onions sown in the si)ring. Onions sown in boxes in .January must be kei)t in a light ])osition and gradually hardened oft", ready for planting out next month.
Lights should be taken off cauliflowers wintered in cold frames on every favourable occasion to ensure stvu'dy plants at the time of transplanting, which can be safely done by the end of March or beginning of April, according to weather conditions.
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Irish Gardening
Contents
PAGE
Mendelism (Third Article) ... 49 Kabschias for the Plain Man (Illus) . 51
Cyaniding 53
Saxifraga Boydii and Faldonside (Illus) 53 Hardy Bamboos . . . . -54
Tomatoes 54
Dendrokiums 55
Hints to Novices . • . .56
Romneya G)ulteri (Illustrated) • . 57 The Cultivation of Apum Lilies . .57 New Plants'in Flower at Glasnevin . 58
PAGE Daffodils at Straffan (Illustrated) . . 58 " Les Plantes des Montagnes et des
Rochers" 59
The Small Rock Ciarden . . . 59 The Manuring of Market Garden Crops.
1913
Mucklagh (Illustrated)
Is the Day Nettle Poisonous? . ,
Trees and their Varieties
Month's Work — Flower, Fruit, and Vegetable Garden
59 60 61 62
62
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction
for Ireland.
LIST OF THE DEPARTMENT'S LEAFLETS,
N«.
9
lO
II la >J »4 ■S It
\l
so
21
it «3 *4 *5
a6
;i
30
S» i» 3S
34
31
37 38
39 40 4> 4a 43 44
Jl
49 S«
5« S«
53
NUB«
The Warble Fly.
The Use and Purchase of Feeding Stuffs
Footrot in Sheep.
The Sale of Flax.
Out of Print.
Charlock (or Preshaugh) Spraying:
Fluke in Sheep.
Timothy Meadows.
The Turnip Fly.
Wireworms.
Prevention of White Scour in Calves.
Out of Ptint.
Contagfioua Abortion in Cattle.
Prevention of Potato Blight.
Milk Records.
Sheep Scab.
The Use and Purchase of Manures.
Swine Fever.
Early Potato Growing.
Calf Rearing.
Diseases of Poultry — Gapes.
Basic Slag.
Dishorning Calves.
Care and Treatment of Premium Bulls.
Fowl Cholera.
Winter Fattening of Cattle.
Breeding and Feeding of Pigs.
Blackleg, Black Quarter, orBlueQuarter
Flax Seed.
Poultry Parasites — Fleas, Mikes, and
Lice. Winter Egg Production. Rearing and Fattening of Turkeys. Profitable Breeds of Poultry. The Revival of Tillage. The Liming of Land. Field Experiments — Barley.
,, , Meadow Hay.
^, ,, Potatoes.
,, ,, Mangolds.
I) II Oats.
,, ,, Turnips.
Permanent Pasture Grasses. The Rearing and Management of Chickens "Husk" or "Hoose" in Calves. Ringworm on Cattle. Haymaking.
The Black Currant Mite Foul Brood or Bee Pest. Poultry Fattening. Portable Poultry Houses. The Leather-Jacket Grub. Flax Experiments. The Construction of a Cowhouse
A. — Introductory.
B. — Suitable Soils and their
Treatment. C — Curing Barns.
77
81 8s
83
84
II
87 88
89 90
9' 9» 93 94 95 96
97 98
99
TOBACCO-GROWING
D. -^Suitable Varieties.
E.— Seed Beds.
F. — Manures.
G. — Transplanting
S4
%
57 58
1: 61 6s 63
«4
«5
66
67 68
69
70
7'
7« 73
74
Nam*
Calf Meals.
The Apple.
Cultivation of th« Root Crop
Marketing of Fruit.
Sprouting Seed Potatoes.
Testing of Farm Seeds.
The Packing of Butter.
Field Experiments— Wheat.
Out of Print.
"Redwater" or "Blood Murrain" in Cattle.
Varieties of Fruit suitable for cultiva- tion in Ireland.
Forestry : The Planting of Waste Lands.
Forestry : The Proper Method of Plant- ing Forest Trees.
Forestry : Trees for Poles and Timber.
Forestry : Trees for Shelter and Orna- ment.
The Prevention of Tuberculosis in Cattle.
Forestr}' : Planting, Management, and Preservation of Shelter-Belt and Hedgerow Timber.
Forestry : The Management of Planta- tions.
Forestry : Felling and Selling Timber.
The Planting and Management of Hedges.
Some Common Parasites of the Sheep.
Barley Sowing.
Americiin Gooseberry Mildew.
Scour and Wasting in Young Cattle.
Home Buttermaking.
The Cultivation of Small Fruits.
Catch Crops,
Potato Culture on Small Farms.
Cultivation of Main Crop Potatoes.
Cultivation of Osiers.
Ensilage.
Some Injurious Orchard Insects.
Dirty Milk.
Barley Threshing.
The Home Bottling of Fruit.
The Construction of Piggeries.
The Advantages of Early Ploughing.
Black Scab in Potatoes.
Home Preservation of Eggs,
Marketing of Wild Fruits.
Cost of Forest Planting.
Store Cattle or Butter, Bacon and Eggs.
Packing Eggs for Hatching.
Weeds.
Tuberculosis in Poultry.
Seaweed as Manure.
LEAFLETS. H. — Cultivation, Suckering, and Topping I. — Harvesting and Curing. J. — Grading, Packing, and Maturing. K. — Marketing.
Copies of the above Leaflets can be obtained, FREE OF CHARGE and post free, en applicRtion to the Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin. Letters of Application so addressed need not be stamped.
IRISH GARDENING
VOLUME IX No. gS
Edited by C- F. Ball.
A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND
ARBORICULTURE IN IRELAND
Al'RIL 1914
Mendelism*
third paper. By Professor James Wilson, M.A.
In last month's Irish Gardening we finished up with an abbreviated statement of the crucial observations which Mendel made regarding the phenomena re- corded in his experiments, and stated at the same time the theory which he propounded to account for those phenomena. It may be well to recapitulate : putting the ob- s e r V a t i o n s i n ordinary type and the theory in italics : —
i. Pure species })roduce pure- breeding forms.
They must be furnished, there- fore, with the materials for doing so.
ii. Hybrids also produce pure- breeding forms.
Therefore, theij alao must be fur- nished with the materials for doing so.
iii. Hybrids produce equal numbers of pure- breeding individuals in every type they produce.
Therefore, they must be furnished ivith equal numbers of the materials to produce their jmre- breeding jjrogeny.
The crucial stateinent is that liybrids must he furnished with equal numb(>rs of materials. Mendel merely remarked that this could 1k' proved theoretically — that is, from the know- ledge already accumulated— and went on to prove it experimentally. It will be worth while to see hott- it can be proved theoretically.
If Mendel's theory he tine, tlie hybrids ])etween round and wrinkh d peas should be giving off equal numbers of the materials to
produce roinid- ness and wrink- ledness. We can represent one of them as doing so, thus :—
In the pollen :
in the ovarv
Saxifkaga Kochemana.
R
M-
The materials for roiuidness in the ])ollen have etiual chances of mating with either those for roundness or those for wiink- ledness in the ovary.
The materials for wrinkledness in the pollen have also e([ual chances of mating with those for round- ness or wrinkled- ness in the ovary. But, as the materials foj- roiuidness oi- Mrinkledness in the poMen have themselves e(|ual chances of mating Mith materials of any kind in the ovaries, the chances are e(|iial that the young plant i)ro- duced ])y the mating of the materials in the pollen with those in the ovary shall start off with the materials IJiJ, or Bw, or wR, or ww. The following iliagram may show this more
clearlv : —
^R
X.
w ^w
Then, if a sufficient number of fertilizations
so
IRISH GARDENING
take place, equal numbers of each of these four kinds will be produced; and, since R w and w R are the same, that means that one plant will start off with RR for two with Rw, for one with w^v. Thus : —
RR 1
Rw
2
WW
1
That means again that one plant will be pure for roundness for two hybrid for one pure for ^\Tinkledness— that is, ',the plants produced by the hybrids should be in kind and number exactly as Mendel foinid them to be.
Consider now what should happen if hybrids in the two pairs of characters, roundness and wrinkledness, and yellow albumen and green were mated.
The materials given off by any hybrid may be represented thus : —
In the pollen : In the ovary :
R R
So far as roundness and wrinkledness are con- cerned, there should be equal numbers of plants starting off with the materials.
RR, or Rw, or wR, or ww.
But in each of those kinds there ought also to be equal numbers starting off with the materials —
YY, or Yg, or gY, or gg.
If we consider those starting off with RR, there should be one starting off also with YY for one with Yg, for one with gY, for one with gg. That is to say, if there were four plants starting off with RR, these four plants should have equal chances of carrying also YY or Yg or gY or gg ; and the full materials carried by the four plants would have equal chances of being as follows : —
RR YY
RR
Yg RR gY RR
these kinds were similarly affected as to the dis- tribution of the materials Y and g, the materials carried off by the whole sixteen plants would be as follows : —
|
RR |
Rw |
wR |
WW |
|
YY |
YY |
YY |
YY |
|
RR |
Rw |
wR |
WW |
|
Yg |
Yg |
Yg |
Yg |
|
RR |
Rw |
wR |
WW |
|
gY |
gY |
gY |
gY |
|
RR |
Rw |
wR |
WW |
|
gg |
gg |
gg |
gg |
Nine plants in sixteen- — those in the left upper part of the diagram— would be round with yellow albumen ; three — those below — would be round with green albumen ; Ihree — those in the right upper portion of the diagram- would be wrinkled with yellow albumen ; and one would be 'u'rinkkd with green albumen. And one only in each of the four kinds — those at the four corners — would breed true.
Set out otherwise there should be —
|
Round |
Round |
Wrinkled |
Wrinkled |
|
and |
and |
and |
and |
|
Yellow |
Green |
Yellow |
Green |
|
Total = 9 |
: 3 : |
3 : |
1 |
|
Breeding true = 1 |
: 1 : |
1 ; |
] |
That is, again, the plants produced should be in kind and proportional numbers exactly as Mendel found them. Not only so, but the proportions of pure-breeding plants in each kind should be exactly as Mendel found.
Mendel himself did not trouble about the theoretical proof, but went on to prove his theory experimentally, and, as the theoretical proof is absolutely good, we shall content our- selves with giving only one of his experimental proofs.
He mated the hybrids between round peas having yellow albumen and wrinkled peas having green albumen with both their parents. We shall take the case in which the hybrids were mated with wrinkled parents having green albu- men. In this case the materials offered were —
By the pure parents By the hybrids.
R
w w
But the plants starting off with Rw, wR, and WW would be similarly affected as to the dis- tribution of the materials Y and g. Thus, if there were sixteen plants in all — that is, four of each kind RR, Rw, wR, and ww, and each of
So far as the round and wrinkled materials are concerned, the materials av in the pure parents have equal chances of mating with R or w in the hybrids. Thus there ought to be produced equal numbers of seeds with the materials Rw
IRISH GARDENING
51
and WW, and these materials ought to produce equal numbers of round and wrinkkd seeds. But each of these kinds is divided in tAvo by the second pair of materials, which should produce equal numbers of seeds having yellow albumen and green. This might be shown diagram- matically as follows : —
Round 1
Yellow Green 1 : 1
Wrinkled 1
Yellow Green 1 : 1
In Mendel's experiment the following kinds and numbers were produced. He made reci- procal crosses, using, for male parent, at one
Kabschias for the Plain Man.
Jiy 11. Lloyu Pkaegek, b.a. The Kabschia Saxifrages are the most choice section of all this beautiful genus — high Alpine sjiecies, forming close spiny cushions brilliant with fiower in the early spring. They are also, as a group, the most exacting and most difticult of cultivation of the Saxifrages. And again, they are a puzzling lot to name, as a strong family resemblance runs through them all. Twenty years ago, when only a comparative few were in cultivation, one could lind one's way among them without much difficulty. But recently, what with the introduction of many rare or new species on the one hand and j the
SaXIFRAGA BOYDII AND FaLDOXSIUE.
time the hybrids at another the pure seeds, but as he found no difference produced by this we shall lump the whole : —
Round sei'ds with \vllow alhunicn ; 5.5.
Round seeds with i!;rceu albunii'U : al.
Wrinkled seeds with yellow albunieii : 40.
Wrinkled seeds with green albumen : 5;!.
Thus, equal numbers of the four different kinds were ])roduced, and we may now take it as proved, both theoretically and experimentally, that hi/hrifls produce equal numbers of the ))t/Ueri(iU for (he production of the characters borne by their protienij.
And, since the characters handed on to thcii' progeny are the characters got from Ihcir parents, we may take it that hybrids jn-oduce equal numbers of the materials carried by their parents, themselves, and their progeny.
Next mouth we shall con.sider a few of the more important deductions which folloAV from this result.
production of hybrids— generally witli jaw- breaking names— of most of the existing species on the other, they are a rather bewildering group. Noticing the other day that in the catalogue of one of the leading contim-ntal growers no fewer than forty-eight ditTcrent forms are listed, it occurred to me that a few notes dealing with the most satisfactory kinds— that is, those which best combine ease of cultiva- tion with beauty of form— might be useful to rock- gardeners wlu) have not tlie inclination, nor the time, nor the space, nor perhaps tjie cash to specialise in the group. Let me add that the red-Howered species, formerly classed as Kabschias, but now usually placed in a separate section, Engleria, are not included in these notes. All the Kabschias proper have cither white or yellow flowers.
For most gardeners ease of cultivation is the most important consideration, because niiflfy plants usually disappear sooner or later from
!;2
IRISH GARDENING
any collection. In dift'erent gardens, of course, different plants will prove the most free, but in a general wa\^ we may set doWn as the easiest of the lot — " ausserst dankbare 8orten," as the catalogues say— aj^iculata, apiculata alba, Elizabethae, sancta, and junii)erifolia. The first two of these are, for general purposes, the best of all the Kal)schias. growing freely in any sunny, Avell-drained soil, and soon forming plump, spiny, dark green cushions, and being also rehable flowerers, covering themselves each year in February and March, the one with soft primrose yellow, the other with white blossoms. If I were allow ed only two Kabschias I would stick to these two. Next may be placed the hybrid Eliza])ethae (sancta x Burseriana), which has -like apiculata soft yellow flowers, but with a pretty reddish tinge on the stems, inherited from its Burseriana parent. It pro- duces large dark green cushions, rather closer than those of apiculata, and would be a perfect plant were it -not for its irregularity as regards fiowering. 8ome years it is a joy with its wealth of blossoms, but in other years flowers are rare or absent. This feature it takes, no doubt, from its other parent sancta, which is a rather shy bloomer. .Sancta forms large cushions of a peculiarly dark green colour, and bears flowers of a deep rich yellow, less conspicuous than those of the most of the Kabschias on account of the smaller size of the petals and the fact that they do not expand widely. When it blossoms well it is a striking plant, but its flowers are generally scarce. Last of the five, juniperifoUa need only be mentioned as a plant to avoid. .Season after season its healthy dark green cushions remain undecked by a single blossom ; and when a flower does come it is a poor thing of a dull yellow. All of these are long-hved plants ; clumps in my garden of from eight to ten years old are growing away merrily, showing no' sign of decrepitude.
Next in order, still keeping ease and per- manence in cultivation in the forefront, I would place .Salomoni. another Burseriana hybrid (Burseriana x Rocheliana). This is a delightful plant, retaining the grey foliage and red stems of Burseriana, but bearing smaller flowers, several together on the summit of taller slender stems. While not a very abundant flowerer, it is one of the most valuable of Kabschias, and a right good grower. I have a plant eight year old and over a foot across, which as yet shows no sign of dying off in the middle, as so many of the Kabschias do after the first few years. Another excellent .Saxifrage which has grown with me now for nine years without showing any sign of dying off is the hybrid L. G. Godseiff (sancta x Burseriana speciosa) an Elizabethae-
like plant with reddish stems and yellow flowers, borne in clusters ; the flowers are not nearly so good a . those of Elizabethae, but it is a much more reliabh; l)lossomer, being covered with flowers every season.
Then we come to a large grouj) of sjjccies which, at least in my garden (which, I think, may be taken as an average one), seldom last more than five years or so, before or after which period they turn yellowish and slowly die, just as they have formed a reall}' satisfactory cushion six to nine iiiches across.
Among these the best groAvers include Saxifraga marginata, a vigorous 2)lant Avith fine solid Avhite blossoms ; Rocheliana (see illustra- tion) and its variety coriophylla, both excellent whites ; dalmatica, an abundant white flowerer ; and the delightful caesia, with tiny strap-shajied reflexed leaves and very late white blossoms on Aviry stems. Then, of course, no rock garden is complete without some of the forms of the Avell-knoAvn Burseriana ; the large flowered forms of this are perfectly glorious, but the one Avhich has lasted best with me is the pretty little late variety minor. Among the yellows, the lovely hybrid Boj^dii and its still finer offspring Faldonside (illustrated) are real treasixres, though inclined to be difficult and short-lived ; and the tiny Ferdinandi Coburgi, with its intense yellow blossoms, is a joy — Avhen Avell grown.
What makes np for the comparatively short life of these delightful plants is the ease with Avhich they can be propagated. With the i)oint of a blunt penknife one can detach tiny single shoots from the edge of even a small clump which are often already rooted, and if not are quite ready to strike. Pot these iip singly in 2-inch jiots in fine sandy stuff, and they Avill come straight ahead. With one or two. parti- cularly Boydii, groAvth is so slow, and the cushion in conseqiu'nce so dense, that it is not easy to detach anything ; but this difficulty is rare. Even with the tiniest species, such as Tombeanensis, squarrosa, and Vandellii, fresh plants can without difficulty be raised from minute divisions, no larger than a sjilit pea.
Many other lovely little plants must be left unmentioned, since my ol)ject in these notes has been to draw attention to the best groAvers, rather than to choice plants which are difficidt or short-hved. To my mind there is greater joy in a vigorous happy clump, Avhich is a glor}' of blossom every spring, than in a treasure Avhich has to be Avatched anxiously through the seasons, even though the floAvers of the latter may be choicer.
IRISH GARDENING
53
Cyaniding
By James Mathews, Killyinoon, Donnybmok.
The use ot sodium cyanide as a means of destroy- ing insect pests in plant and fruit Ixouses is not, I believe, practised to the extent it might be, l)artly owing to the belief of the dangers to the ojierator and doubt 5 as to its effects on ])lant life.
A few notes of my trials and results may be of interest and a helj) to niany of your readers. I have used it extensively for the ])ast three years, and the results have proved so satisfactory that now I use no other fumigant. Being a deadly l)oison care must be exercised in its use. and to store it beyond reach of anyone unaware of itsdangers. 1 use p]dwai'd's patent cyaniding ntachine, which is specially constructed to ensure safety to the operator, and by following out the instmctions given with it there is no danger either to person or ])lant.
It is necessary to have the atmos]jhere of the house dry, and that no moisture adheres to the l)lants, also the temjjerature of the house should be well under 60° F. I have had the best re- sults with the teniperature between .50° and 55° ; light must also be subdued to avoid scorching the flowers and foliage. It is therefore best to o]ierate at night. I have used it on various collections of plants in flower, and in various stages of growth, and in no case was any damage done to flowers or foliage* with one exception — a batch of Cinerarias was burned. These plants were fumigated in the evening, and I attril)ute the burning of the foliage to too much light and neglect to ventilate the frame quickly enough, although later these plants broke into fresh gi'owth from the l>ase and made splendid specimens. After this experience I have had no more failures, always operating at night.
After various trials in strength the quantities I now use tor a greenhouse of about 9,000 cubic teet cai)acity are — sodium cyanide, li ounces : suljdiiu'ic acid (pure), 3 ounces (fluid) ; water, () ounces : which means slightly over the eighth of an ounce f<ir 1,000 fret space, arul tlie cost of fumigating the house about Sd. This strength entirely kills green, wnite and black fly without tliL^ slightest injury to flowers or foliage. I find fumigating abt)ut once a fortnight or so is sufficient to keep the ])lants free of i)ests. Adiantum ferns. even in the earliest stage of growth, show no signs of injiu-y, but they must be dry.
For the destruction of mealy bug and red spider the quantities must be very much increased. I Used it in a vinery of about 15.000 cubic feet. wher(! i)eaches and (igs were ]ilanted on the back wall — ])eaches were within ten days of ri]>ening. ligs luilf rijte and grajjes lialf coloui-ed. The bugs were getting into the bunches causing much labour to keep in check. With two machines I used sodium cyanide, 3 ounces ; sul])h U'ic acid, 6 ounces ; water, 12 oiuices, in each nuiclxine. I reduced tlie temperature to 5K°and kei)t the house closed for IJ hours. Tlu; small bugs were killed, but those in a more advanced stage merely stujjilied, which recovered wlien fresh air was admitted. There was no trace of injury eitlier to fruit or foliage. When I had all fruit cleared off I made another trial, using double the above quantities in each machine, the temperature also at 5S°, and the house kei)t closed over night, (•IxMiing very early next morning. All exposed bugs were killed, also woodlice, wasps and blue-
bottle flies th.it had been shut in the house- There was no damage done to foliage.
The ojjeration should be repeated two or three times, at intervals of ten days or so, to kill any insects that may hatch out. Half the above .strength woidd be foimd to kill them at this stage. I have observed, too, that peach trees whicli were infected with brown scale were completely cleared of that pest. For the guidance of anyone^ who may wish to try it, my own methods of working may be of some assistance.
First obtain the capacity of the house to be operated on, measure out the re((uir<>d quantity of water into the bowl su])]ilied witli each machine, then add the suljdiuric acid in ]iro])ortion and allow the mixture to cool, (("an- must be taken never tcj ])our water on sulphuiic acid.) Next, single out the sodium cyanide ready for use. Fix one end of cord to lever of machine and stretch the other end outside. Alter closing u]) the house put the cyanide in the ])an. then place the bowl in position, and from outside pull the cord to liberate the cyanide. Make sure all doors are secure against anyone entering the house. The gas distributes itself evenly over tbe liouse, so the effects are the same at top and bottom. In about one and a half hours fresh air may be admitted by opening the doors, and in a short time one can enter to open the ventilators.
The operation is c^uite simi)le, and I feel convinced that if carefully cai'ried out cyaniding is safe, eft'ectnal and economic.
Saxifraga Boydii and Faldonside
Boyd's Saxifrage originated as a chance seedling in Mr. Boyd's garden. Cherrytrees, Kelso, Roxburghshire, about ISSO.
The seedling was supi)osed to come fioiu a late flower of S. burseriana which was i)ollinated l)y S. aretioides.
S. Boydii is very free flowering, with greyish tufts of leaves and bright yellow flowers often almost seated on small rosettes of leaves. It is a very shy seeder, but two varieties have been raised from it — viz.. Cherrytrees and Faldonsidi'.
The true Cherrytrees is a mift", now seldom seen and very difllcidt to obtain : a slow grower with greyish tufts of leaves and flowei's, like Boydii. but a very i)ale yellow.
S. Faldojiside is the (inest yellow-flowei'<'d Saxitrage, with foliage like Bt)ydii. I)u1 with flowers three-(|uart'^'rs of an in.h across, borne on inch high I'eddish stems with glandular haiis. The flowers are a i)aler yellow than S. Hoydii. l)ut the jK'fals are full aiul overlai)ping and slightly aiul ]))ettily crinqx'd, as in some of the Hurseriaua varieties.
These plants grow well in the moraine or in gritty pockets, and when cultivated in pots or pans a liberal addition of broken biick and inoi'tai- ru])ble should be mixed wit h the potting soil. (See illusiralion. |i. 51 .)
e^* ^^ c^*
Primuia Jut-i-e.
This new sjiecies from the Caucasxis is now in flower and has i)roved hardy and free-growing when given a cool and half-peaty soil in the rockery. It somewhat resembles the common Primrose in habit, but ha- heart -shajied hairless leaves, piu'ple [flowers, ami jjroduces stolon-like growths, by which means it may be<;asily increased.
54
IRISH GARDENING
Piardy Bamboos.
Not so many yrars ago bamboos were scai-cely considered in ' the planning of gardens and pleasure grounds, but since the formation of the bamboo garden at Kew and the itublicalion of Lord Redesdale's charming book their us.; and cultivation has extended rapidly.
There are at least three dozen siJeties and varieties suitable for outdoor cultivation in Britain and Ireland, though some are hardier than others. Ideal conditions are found where the climate is moist and equable and the soil deep and rich. Thus in the south of Ireland, notably at Fota, noble specimens are a feature of a collec- cion rich in many other rare and beautiful plants.
Bamboos are at their best from August to February or early March, after that they begia to look shabby, and if in anyway unhappy through poor cultivation they become distinctly an eyesore.
It is often desirable to form the collection in a retired i)art of the grounds or woodland, where during the " off " season the plants may quietly rest and recuperate without attracting much attention. On the other hand, there is nowhere bamboos flovirish so well or look more suitable than by the side of a stream or lake. There, in the moist soil, the canes grow strong and the leaves are green and ample. That the plants love moisture at the root is often clearly demon- strated by those placed near a stream, the rhi- zomes making an unerring line for the water's edge.
The greatest enemy of bamboos is cold harsh Winds, which soon scorch and wither the thin leaves, rendering the plants miserable and un- sightly. When about to plant therefore it is necessary to consider the direction of the coldest wind in winter.
The soil, as already stated, should be always moist, and can hardly be too rich. To maintain the soU in fertile condition it is a good plan to give a heavy dressing of decayed manure every spring, while during the growing season drench- ings of liquid manure from the cowshed are very beneficial to large clumps, consistirt? of perhaps hundreds of canes, and which could hardly he treated satisfactorily otherwise. Old clumps which are showing signs of poverty may be improved by lifting and dividing, or in any case considerable portions niay be removed and planted elsewhere in good soil, when a fresh crop of vigorous young canes will be produced. The portion left undisturbed will soon recover with the application of fresh soil and manure around it. The best time for planting and transplanting divisions is during April and May, just before growth recommences. It is essential that the plants be kept moist subsequently, and if water is not handy a heavy mulch of leaves should be provided. Seedlings which have been grown on in pots may be planted out any time during summer, but the earlier they can be got into jjosition the better.
The propagation of bamboos is done chiefly by seeds and divisions. As a rule, when any species of bamboo flowers, it doef so in many gardens- in widely separated districts — often in different countries. This is in the nature of a calamity, since usually the plants die on flowering, or become so sick for a long time afterwards that their removal is almost imperative. There is a difference of opinion as to whether some specues at. east would not ultimately I'ecover, and one or two are |known to flower periodically, but it is generally desirable that flowering should not take
place. Seeds, when obtainable, are easily raised by sowing thinly in well-drained boxes of sandy soil, covering the seeds lightly. If sown in si)ring and i)]aced in a warm greenhouse and shaded from bright sunlight germination will soon take place. CJradual exposure to light is essential, and equal care must be taken in hardening off. When strong enough a cold franie will accommo- date the young plants, protecting them from frost the following winter. In spring, again, they may be potted into small pots and grown on till strong enough to ]ilant out in nursery quarters or in permanent positions.
Division of established clumps niay be done in April and May, and consists in removing clumps of several canes with rhizomes attached, and replanting in beds of suitable soil or merely planting elsewhere in pe^n^anent positions. Cuttings may also be formed of young rhizomes, each consisting of several joints or nodes, planting them four or five inches deep in moist soil.
Cuttings are sometimes made from the canes alone, especially with scarce species. The canes are cut down to within a foot or so of the ground and carefully detached, preserving the swollen nodes at the very base. Dormant buds exist in the basal nodes, and when the cuttings are i>otted up in spring and placed in a warm house these buds " break " and young growths are produced. These young growths must be carefully guarded, as they are easily broken off, and the hardening off process must be gradual.
For purposes of classification botanists separat-^ the hardy bamboos into three genera, viz. : — - Arundinaria, Bambusa and Phyllostachys. It Is unnecessary here to attempt a description of the botanical differences which'separate the various gen- era and species. A better purpose will be served by notingthemoregenerally useful speciesandvarieties
Dwarf species — Arundinaria auricoma, A. chry- santha, A. Fortunei, A. humilis, A. pumila, A. pyg- maea, A.Veitchii, Bambusa disticha, B. tessellata.
Tall species — Arundinaria anceps, A. Hindsii and variety graminca, A. japonica, A. Kumasasa, A. macrosperma, A. nitida, Phyllostachys aurea, P. fastuosa, P. Henonis, P. mitis, P. nigra and varieties Boryana and jjunctata, P. Quilioi, P. castillonis and P. viridi-glaucescens.
The dwarf sorts embrace those of a foot to four or five feet high, while the taller kinds vary from six feet to twenty feet, according to the species.
J. W. B.
Tomatoes
These remarks on the cultivation of the tomato are intended for the amateur gardener who has a small greenhouse, and finds a store of pleasure and many disappointments in endeavouring to cultivate most of the subjects known to him in the hoi'ticultural world in that small space. The tomato is a tender plant, but by no means difficult to grow, and fruits well during our summer and autumn months ; it requires a moderate tem])erature, plenty of air (but not a draught) and to be grown in full sunshine. It is very im])oi'tant that strong, healthy plants be obtained as early as possible. Very many failures to ripen fruit can be attributed to a late start. Seed should be sown in March. To obtain the necessary warmth at this time, where pipe heat is not available, a few loads of fresh stable manure, covered by a small frame on which the seed pan or pot is ])laced, will start germination ; once the young plant appears it is necessary to place it close to the glass, where it will get full light, and be carefully watered. Indeed, a
IRISH GARDENING
55
very large iJerceutage of failures cau be traced to over-watering and watering with told water. It is better to keep the young ]»lants on the dry side than to over-water : when watering is necessary it would be advisable to soak the seed pan in a bucket of slightly warmed water, about 65° F., taking care not to wet the plants, and this should be done during the morning of a line bright day ; the franxe niay be kejit closed, exce7)t on warm days, aiul it should always be shut up about three o'clock on bright days. To get it warmed by sun heat it should be covered over with mats or old sacks just before sunset, and left covered until morning : in this manner heat sufficient will be maintained to keep the seedlings growing. When the seedlings make four leaves they may be potted into sniall pots, using good soil, with some leaf-mould and sand warmed before potting them. They should be carefully removed from the seed i)an with all the soil jiossible adhering to their roots, potted moderately firm, and again returned to the frame without delay : they will require shading for a week or so from the strong sun, occasionally spraying lightly overhead with a syringe or fine- rosed watering can. If the soil when potting is damp, withhold water at the roots for a few days. Syringing or spraying will be svifficient until the young jilants begin to make new roots, then they may be carefully watered with warmed water, more air and light being given them according as the weather permits. When the roots take possession of the soil they will require to be again potted or ]»laced in their fruiting pots or boxes. When ]ilacing them in their fruiting quarters, whether it be a r2-inch i)ot or box of similar capacity, place a coujtle of inches of drainage at the bottom, and only lialf fill the j)ot or box with warmed soil, into which the young plant may be placed, and set alongside of greenhouse — on the sunny side of house if convenient. When they grow up, and as the weather gets warmer, they may be transferred to back or north side of house, so that they do not obstruct the light from other plants which it may be desirable to grow in same house. The single stem or cordon is the best system to grow tomatoes. This is accomplished by rubbing out any side shoots which may a])pear, and only retaining one grow- ing point, care being taken not to rub out the flower s]>ike. After the first truss of fruit is set, a co\i])le of inches of to])-dressing may be given to the jdant, repeating this as the number of fruits increase, until the ])ot is full. The top- dressing should c(uisist of good loam, leaf nu)uld and sand, with about a tables])oonful of iiotassic sui)er])hosphate and a like quantity of bone meal. It is preferable to top-dress after this manner than to give too much or too rich a s<ul when starting the ])lants ; too much or too rich a soil would tend to ])rodvice a too vigorous growth at the expense of productiveness. When the ])ot is full of roots they will require ]tlenty of water daily and liqiiid manure once a week. Air must now be given freely, leaving a little on during the night, until towards the autumn, when the nights get cold, then the house must be shut up early to get heated by the sun whenever possible. Should the foliage get too plentiful, sonu' may be removed, so that crowding is ])revented and air and light admitted freely. All side growths and flower spikes may be removed after August in order that all the energy of the jilant be concentrated on the proper ripening of the truit then set.
W USHEH.
Dendrobiums.
This is a large and popular genus of Orchids which contains both evergreen and semi-deciduous species, and it is with the latter that I shall deal in the present article. They include the beautiful D. Wardianum, D. aureum, D. nobile with its several distinct varieties, D. crassinode, and D. Pierardi. Hybrids are numerous, and the best is undoubtedly D. Ainsworthii, while D. Rolfeae, D. Cassiope and D. Venus are also desirable kinds.
Cultural Remarks. — Where a collection is grown it is best to devote a house or division mainly to them, which will be more convenient for the grower, but if only a few are cultivated the warm or East Indian house should be chosen for the growing season, and a cooler and drier house during the resting period. As they pass the flowering stage, and the new growth begins to root, any repotting can be done. If they are to be arranged on the stage ordinary flower i)ots will prove the most useful receptacles, but if it is desired to suspend the plants, then pans are suggested, to which should be attached a wire handle. The rooting medium consists of good fibrous peat or osmunda fibre and sjjhagnum moss, and the pots or pans should be filled one third of their depth with drainage, over which is laid a small quantity of sphagnum moss. Each plant must be made fairly firm, and should be held in position by a stick, as plants which are unstable in their rooting material take a long time to become thoroughly established. While these Dendrobiums are in a state of activity an average temperature of 65° Fahr. should be maintained during the night, with a rise of 10° or so by mid-day, while with sun heat it can still rise and no harm will accrue. The frequency and amount of watering will depend on the season and condition of the plants. For a few weeks after repotting very little direct water need be given, but when the roots are seen creeping towards the edge of the i)an a more liberal supply should be the rule, and they ought to be kept moist at the root till the pseudo bulbs are fully developed. During the early stages of growth shading should be used on bright days for several hoiu's, but from August to September, when the bulbs are api)roaching maturity, the shading ought to be gradually diminished, till the plants can be fully exposed to the sun. Ventila- tion must be regulated according to external circumstances, but an inch or so open on the bottom ventilator is advisable, both day antl night. l»roviding no direct draught is caused. The top ventilators may also be opened a little whenever the weather is favourable, but discretion must be exercised in the spring, when it occasionally hai)pens that cold winds and bright sunshine occur contemi>oraneously. The chief factors in the successful cultiu-e of Dendrobiums are a warm, hiunid atmosjjhere while in active growth, not too heavily shaded, and a period of repose under cool and dry conditions. Black spot will occasitmally appear, but this can be prevented by giving projier attentit)n to ventilation and temperature. To keep down red spider the plants may be sprayed over, especially on the under sides of the leaves, whenever the weather is dry and hot. Thrip can be destroyed by vai)ourising the house or spraying with a solution of liquid insecticide.
T. W. B,
56
IRISH GARDENING
Hints to Novices*
By May Cuosbie.
April is tlie luontli to show the first results o! autuniii planning and i)lanting ; with Daffodils. Wallflowers. Forget-nie-Nots and early single Tulips the garden ought to be very gay. A very neglected spring-flowering bulb is the '' Heavenly Blue " Muscari or Grape Hyacinth. Easily grown, cheap to buy, and most beautiful, some ought to be in every garden. Its lovely colour is enhanced by the delicious scent, and blue flowers are none too plen- tiful now. The blooms last for weeks in water, and as a cut flower its colour is appreciated.
Most amateurs never think of raising their her- baceous plants from seed, and yet plantb bought from a nursery never give as much pleasure as those one raises oneself either from seed or by cuttings.
Most border perennials can be quite easily raised from seed by the veriest novice, and the great ma- jority will flower the second year after sowing — that is, sown this spring they will bloom in 1915. .Some varieties do not come cjuite trvie from seed : for instance, seed- lings of the new pink oriental Pop- ]>ies will have a certain pei'centage
of the old scarlet tyi)e among them ; a note to this effect will usually be found in the seed catalogue, and it is as well for the novice to avoid such varieties. Get the seeds in as soon as possible so as to have good strong plants in the autunui. They can either be sown in boxes or the open ground ; boxes are to be ])referred, for one reason slugs and such pests, can be more easily guarded against. If boxes are to be used, prepare a nice bit of soil — old potting stuff mixed with leaf-mould and sand will do admiraljjy. Provide drainage first by making holes in the bottom of boxes (if they are not already there), place a layer of cinders or broken crocks in the bottom and over that some moss to ]irevent the soil working down and clogging the drainage holes. Fill u]i with pre]>ared soil, scatter seed thinlv.
Copyright]
P ( )IM X K YA ( \)V I/FKH I
cover lightly, water in. and stand box in a shady place.
If seed is to be sown outside, choose a shady ))lace, a border facing east or north-east ; make the soil as line as possible, and when seedlings appear slugs must be guarded against. Thin seedlings and they can be transi)lanted in the autunm straight to their flowering quarters. Anchusas, Delphiniums, Lychnis in variety, Heucheras, Pentstemons, Pyretlunims, Kud- beckias ai'e only a few i)opular ])erennials any beginner may raise from seed satisfactorily and cheai)ly too. To make a couple of clumi)s of
any of these would take at least six l)lan ts c o sting about 2s., whereas with a little trou- ble dozens of plants could be raised from a 3d. packet ; and the increased interest they would have would make up for the loss of one season's bloom. Tree Lupins, both yellow and white, come very freely from seed, and as they have a habit of dying oft" after live or six years it is necessary to have some young plants to take the place of any that go. Sow thinly outside, and pinch the seedling when a few inches high { o make it branch : lift with a ball of soil direct from seed bed to ]iermaneni place, disturb roots as little as possible, because in common with ^h<i l)rooms they dislike being moved. Both for garden
decoration and invaluable. The asily grown
[Mackev
for cutting, tree Lupins are herbaceous Lu])ins can be just as from seed.
Carnations are interesting things to raise, a ])acket of seed from a reliable source will give line strong plants in a wonderful variety of colour — selfs, i)icotees and stripes in every shade. But in every batch there will be a certain ])ercentage of singles, and it is a good thing to remember when pricking off to reject the strongest coarse-looking seedlings, as they are usually the single. Sow in Aiirii. prick off when about one inch high again into boxes, and ])lant in flowering quarters in Se])tember or October.
No hardy bulbous i)lant is worth an amateur's time to raise, as most of them take several years to grow from seed before they flower.
IRISH GARDENING
57
Romneya Coulteri
Ths accompanying photograph depicts a bed of this beautiful shrub or sub-shrub which flowered exce])tionally well in these gardens diu-ing the past summer. Six small plants raised from seeds were i)lanted four years ago on a raised bed in quite an open ])art of the Rose garden.
The soil here is a sandy loam, and beyond giving the bed a heavy mulch with decayed maniire as soon as the ]ilants are cut down in late autumn, they receive no special atten- tion.
In sheltered positions I have seen this lovely pop])y withstand the winter without any niidch or ])rotection. in which cas( it will some- times reach the height of 1.5 feet ; but I am convinced that the fiowers are ]) r o d u c e d in greater quan- tity and of better quality f r o ni s h o o t s ]iroduced an- nually from the base of the ])lant.
In private establish ments the flowers are very usefid for decorative pur- poses. A large vase lightly arranged al- ways proves an attraction, and if cut early in the morning before the sun strikes them they will last in good condi- tion for four oi- f 1 V e d a V s. — .I.E., Oak Park Gai'dens, Car- low.
A Bed of
HOMNEYA
Co.
The Cultivation of Arum Lilies*
Hy .John Ci-EAHv. Presentation Convent Cardens, Haltinglass. C(». Wicklow.
roots, have good clean pots, 9-inch or lU- inch for preference. Clean pots are most essen- tial, as they have to be left so long in them ; on top of the crocks place a layer of moss to ensure sufficient drainage, so as to keep the soil from becoming sour during the growing season. The Arum Lily thriven very well in a rich loamy soil — viz., five parts loamy soil, one leaf-niould and two parts well rotted juanure, old hot bed manure for preference, mix all together without sifting it, for the coarser the conipost is the better, and to each barrow load ])ut ii 6-iuch i)otful of fertilizer, such as Clay's. Very good resalts can be obtained froin putting live crowns in each pot ; first l)ut in a little compost on to|) of the moss, then place the
crowu!- evenly, and with a little rammer or t)lunt stick lirni the soil as it is 1 ) 1 a c e d all ;i r o u n d t h e (Towns.
When the potting is done place the plants in a frame till N o V e m b e r , carelully cov- ering on ail nights that show the least sign of frost. Bring them into the green- iiouse in the aforementioned month. kee|)ing them near the glass at all tinu's except in frosty weather, when they should l)e lifted back from the glass at night time. Dui'ing t he growing sea- son never let t he soil become dry. always keep them well sup- plied with water, and once a fort - night, feed them with weak licpiid manure', imreas- ing the supply and strength as the jdants grow, and when coming into hloom feed twice a week, and give t hem clean water bet ween times, having it about the same temperature as that of the house. I always feed the plants for six weeks after blooming to strengthen them for the following season, and keej) tliem watered till they n<'arly die down or go to rest for the summer.
Most peoi)ie, as a rule. i)lant them outdoors for tin- sununer. I have tried drying some olT (•omi)letely and i)lanting some out \n the ground, and 1 linil the ones dried olT completely make ])etter plants and give largei- spikes of bloom.
(ireenlly is their wt)rst enemy here, and that, can be easily kept down if, as often as it api)ears, vou fumigate.
J.i^. \:l'~:<
CouT.TEiu. at Oak Park Carlow.
58
IRISH GARDENING.
New Plants in Flower at Glasnevin.
Emododp:ndkon longistylum.
This new C'hinese species promises to make a l)retty bush suited to the roc-kery. It is allied to R. micrautluim, but the flowers are more tubular, about f of an inch across, white, with red si)ots. The leaves ?re lanceolate in shape, about 2 inches in length. The style is very long and protruding, hence the specific name.
Ehododendbon Davidii.
This s])ecies is making a moderate-sized bush, but in China is .said to grow 20 to :^0 feet high. Th e flowers are borne in clusters, and before opening are a beautiful deep rose, 2 inches across, but when open they lose the rich colouring and become quite pale. The leaves are nari'owlyoval,
about2H«i '^h inches long.
Primui.a pycnoi.oba.
A decidedly weird Prim- rose introduc- ed by Veitch in 190(> from Wilson's seeds collected in China. The hairy leaves are broadly heart-shaped, 3 to 4 inches across ; the flower stem is fi inches high, and carries small narrow tubular flowers, green tipped with red. The green calyx is much larger than the corolla, ending with long segments and giving the flowers an ap])earance distinct and apart from all other Primulas. It is a curious plant, having no claim to beauty, and may be propagated freely from root cuttings.
Primxjla Inayatii.
This new Primiila comes from Kashnxir ; it is an interesting species, but the flowers are too small to be of much decorative value. They are mauve, with a yellow eye, nearly | an inch across, borne in a whorl on stems 4 inches high. The leaves are 3 to 5 inches in length, and only A an inch broad ; the upper surface is green and the under surface covered by yellow farina. The flower- gtem and calyx are also mealy.
Cochlearia Sempervivum.
This is a very quaint plant from Asia Minor ; its winter stage mimics a house leek, being a rosette of stiff glaucous and succulent leaves, about 3 inches across. At present the flower- stem is about 5 inches high, clothed with grey leaves and small white flowers.
Narcissus Sir Horace Pi.unkett.
This is one of the finest of the new early dafl'odils, with bold outstanding flowers, 5 inches across the ]ierianth segments. The flowers were open early in March, and are carried on sturdy stenis. The trumpet is large, golden and re- curved at the niouth, the perianth segments are
primrose colour.
C. F. B.
Narcissus P. R. Bark in foreground and Minnie Hume in the distance, growing in the grass at Straffan House, Co. Kildare.
Daffodils at Straffan.
During April and May the daffodUs at Straffan are a lovely sight ; ])lanted in the grass they re- t a i n their beauty un - dimmed and unsoiled until they fade. Massed toge- ther, and each variety given a good space to itself, is the way they show to advantage. Golden Spur is one of the earliest, and its deep yellow trumpet flow- ers are always bright and welcome ; Sir Watkin soon follows, and is a good doer ; Em- ])eror grows very strong in the grass, and planted in front of Mr. Bedford's house always makes a great display. The Leedsii varieties, although not so strong in growth as the former ones mentioned, have a refined beauty, and their pale colours make an api>eal to the aesthetic taste.
Narcissus Barrii conspicuus, planted in a wood- land spot, opens its flowers to show its bright orange cups at the end of the month, and is a variety which lasts well, and is also an excellent cut flower.
g^W ^^ c^^
Mr. Harrison Dick, formerly editor of the Journal of Horticulture, is now editing the Florists' Ed'chunge, New York and Chicago. The 25th anniversary number contains many very interest ing articles and numerous illustrations and photos of the leading American horticulturists.
IRISH GARDENING
59
*' Les Plantes des Montagnes et dcs Rochers/'
With the number of rock gardeners daily in- creasing a demand has been created for suitable Hterature, whicli ex{)erts and others are doing their best to meet, and scarcely a month passes without some addition being made to the gi-ovving collection of woi'ks upon alpines. There was a time when I read with avidity every work upon the subject that I could get hold of, but I soon found it was very necessary to discriminate, and having weeded many of them out I eventually selected some four or five which seemed to me to l)e the most pi'actical and authoritative — these I keep on my table for daily reference. But their number must now be increased, for to them must be added a very notable contribution from the pen of Mons. H. Correron, of Geneva.
Mons. Correron's reputation as a collector and cultivator ot al]>ines is world wide ; he has already done much, both by his articles in the gardening press and by his books, to promote the successful cultivation of ali)ines. I have not seen his " Atlas des Fleurs Alpines," but I am acquainted with most of his other works, and while I am grateful to him tor the help I derived from them I am especially grateful for his latest work, which contains matters of unusual interest which I can see will prove of inestimable assist- ance to me. Mons. Correron has the knowledge, and also the art of imparting that knowledge, and to anyone who desires a compact up-to-date, handbook on the subject, suitable for daily reference, I wotild urge the desbability of their acquiring a copy without delay.
The book is full of good things. The beginner is provided with instriictions and diagrams which should enable hini to construct and turnish rock and wall gardens. The collector is taken to the mountain tops and shown the plants in situ, with their aspects, habits and soils ; he is shown where to collect them, and how to acclimatise them in the rock garden when collected ; and to those who, like Mons. Correron, prefer to raise their stock from seeds, careful instruction as to the raising and handling of seedlings is given, and there are special chapters on " difficult " plants and si)ecial methods of culture — .such as moraines and peat beds. But the larger portion of the book — some 400 pages — is devoted to a catalogue of ]ilants in cultivation, with notes upon them, which are so extremely valuable that the work is indispensable for them alone. There are few of \is who have not paid dearly for an insufficient knowledge of new ])lants. For instance, one receives some addi- tions to our collection and plants them out by guess work only to find when they are weU established that the tall and rampageous plant is in front and the smaller and weak(>r ones behind it. This is a cominon but very ii-ritatiug mistake from which Mons. Correron's book should save us in the futiu'e ; and this is not all, he not only gives one the height of the plants but also their colour, tinie of flowering, habitat, methods of cultmv and of proi)agat ion.
I confess myself greatly ])leased with this list, and I have hastened to get it extra strongly bound, as I foresee it will be in daily use in my garden. Of course the list is not complete ; evcTi a man of Mons. Correron's vast experience cannot have seen and'grown every jilant in cultivation,
but as far as it goes it is the most complete that I have seen, and I trust, as time goes on, that he will issue appendices on the same lines to make his list even more complete.
Space will not allow me to touch upon all that the book contains, but I think I have detailed enough to convince the keen rock gardener of its exceptional merits. — Murray Hohxibrook.
The Small Rock Garden.*
Year by year the litths mount aiu plants seem to gather more devotees ; at lirst one may be at- tracted by their brilliant and comparative! v large flowers, from that stage the beginner commences cultivating them, and ends with tying to outvie his neighbour in his successes with rarities. Garden literature kee])s i)ace with the growing demand, aud^we can say Mr. Jenkins is a writer of long experience, which, after all, is the best teacher.
The author treats with the subject in a practical manner, dealing with the best site — an open one — at a distance from trees, which are siich cruel robbers ; rocks and soils are discussed. In planting, " massing " plants of one kind is adviser], and this is the keynote of success if a showv ami effective rockery is the object. C*hapters are given upon wall gardens, moraines, bog gardens, and all such adjuncts to the modern rockery, while in the lists of ])lants much information "is given in a tabulated form.
There are some mistakes in the spelling of botanical names needing correction, while we consider the chapter on the moraine rat her weak. Epilobium Dodonaei can thrive without t he moraine in nature, and in the garden is a hit of a ramp. Bamondias also can well do without Iwlp
of the moraine and look far better in a half-shady
rock wall. In the chapter on " rntli'sirahle Plants for the Bockery," Convolvulus altliM-oidcs
is mentioned, the true jilant. but is not a runner," although C. tenuissimus, which is ofti-n
sold under the former name, is a great spi'c.ulcr.
and is ])robably the one intended.
The book is cheaj), well printed, and lincly
illustrated, and should be a help and guide to
many of those taking u]) the culture of Ali)ines.
* " The Small Bock Garden," by E. H. Jenkins. Edited by F. W. TIarvey. The Offices of Country Life, 20 Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, W.C., price 2s. Od.
The Manuring of Market Garden Crops, 1913.*
This new edition is n()t only \iscful to iii.ii'krt gardeners, but to all vt^getable growers.
The experimental work has now reached its 2(lth year, and has been carriiul out on th(! farm of one of the 'authors at JIadlow, Tonbridge.
In nearly all cases it shows how a saving in cash is effected by giving a light dressing of dung aid(>d by artilicials, instead of a heavy dressing of dung aloiK^ ; except in the case of early potatoes, where a heavy dressing of stable manure has given the best results. This ai)pears not only as an average conclusion, but it holds good indivi- dually for 12 of the 17 seasons of the tests.
* " The Manuring of Market Garden Crops, l!ti:j," by Bernard Dyer, D.Sc, and F. W. Shrivell. Bublished by Vinton cSc Co., 8 Bream's Buildings, ChanceryjLane. K.C., price Is., post free.
6o
IRISH GARDENING
Mucklagh.
Seven miles from Aughrim, along a contiinially ascending road, brings one to the mountain home of The O'Mahony, about (),()00 feet above the sea level, among the beautiful Wicklow mountains. My visit was made when the gorse was in fvill flower, and such a wealth of colour that one might well ask : Is there any exotic shrub to equal the Irish Whin ? No wonder the great Swedish botanist Linnaeus on first seeing a common of gorse in Britain fell down in worship. Headlands and roadsides were a mass of yellow, and now and again the eye is attracted by a particularly deep golden bush, or may be a lemon yellow form, which would be well worth selecting for the garden. A small belt of s pr uc e. where both hawk and magpie nest, gives some shelter to the house on one side, while at the back are young planta- tions of Scotch and Corsican pine making excellent growth ; right up the mountain side t h is b e 1 1 r u n s mixed with larch, and with a stretch of Pinus montana at the highest point.
Near the shelter of the house many choice shrubs thrive in a surprising manner, and. owing to absence of lime, the Erica and Khododen- dron family are quite at home. The bronze foli- aged form of our native ling. Erica
vulgaris cuprea, massed boldly, is handsome and bright throughout the year. CJood forms of Erica cinerea and others had been collected on the mountain sides.
Although tender in many of our gardens, Rhododendron ciliatum seemed quite hai)py at Mucklagh in a sheltered corner, while in a sunken dell by a stream side many flne hybrids and species were thriving luxuriantly. Some of the leaves of a young plant of iihododendron Falconeri measured 18 inches in length.
(iriselinia littoralis is an evergreen shrub with light green foliage, which The O' Mahony has found to withstand the strong winds, and is most useful in giving shelter to more tender subjects, so it is being increased rapidly ; cuttings a foot long, I)lanted in early autumn, were already making roots. Tlie O'Mahony also has a novel way of striking it in bottles of water. Hows of perrier water bottles were standing in one of the windows of the house with cuttings rooted and unrooted.
The rock garden is of a good size, but newly
A Bulgarian Fountain at Mucklagh, C'ounty Wicklow,
built. In front of the house is a retaining wall gay with many trailing plants, and an intf-resting fountain shown 'u our illustL^ation is made from the stone of a Baltinglass jail door, Turkish marble, and a Bulgarian fovmtain head.
On the right I>ithospermum prostratum makes a beautiful mas^ of blue, while hanging over the fountain are showers of golden yellow i)roduced by Alyssum saxatile and Erysinuim rupestre. The source of the water which feedo the fountain and supplies the house is rather interesting. When working in the i)lantation above the house The O'Mahony struck a rock, and he said : " I felt like Moses when a clear si)ring of water gushed forth." The water fr-)m this spring feeds a small stream which meanders through the rockery. Along the sides of the bank weie line
flowering groups of the water loving Primroses, as P. ja])onica. jjulverulenta, but the most interest- ing of all was the rare P.deorum in flower, which The O'Mahony had brouglit bpck from Bulgaria. A 1 1 h o u g h n o t always found by water, yet this rare Primula seems always to flower more freely by the side of or near a stream. Success liad re- w a r d e d The O' M a h o n y' s efforts when he planted it by the stream side with the roots l)elow the level of run- ning water. The viscid flower stem was 7 inches high, bearing beautiful deep violet purple flowers t h r e e - quarters of an inch across, the tube measures the same, with a calyx half the length of the tube. The leaves are 3 to i inches long, by h in. to 1 in. broad, often covered with a whitish substance.
There is an exce])tionally line examjjle of a wall garden, which was built some years ago by The O'Maliony, and in iijinng is tlie brightest spot in the garden. This wall garden is about 6 feet high and 15 yards long. It was built witli stones gathered on the mountain side, about a foot in front of an existing wall^ and when building the space was tightly packed with mortar rubble mixed with a small quantity of soil. At the base of the wall is a small rockery border. On the wall the Dianthus family make nice short growtlis and cover themselves with flower. Erysinuim ru]>estre, Erinus alpinus and some of the mossy Saxifrages were all gay with yellow, mauve, and white flowers, and showed how thoroughly at home they were by seeding tliem- selves freely on the wall, llouseleeks and Sedums are to be seen side by side with svu:h
IRISH GARDENING
jilauts as Onosma taiirifuiii, O. alba roseuui, Hypericum, fragile i^iuariax, Achillea Kellereri, Cani])auula gargauica, V. haylodgensis and C. velutii)a, Tliyniu.s laiiugiuosus and the en- crusted Huckfoil.s, <.V:c. Even the Haberlea and ('yst()i)teri.s fragili.s Dickeana were living in this uu)rtar ru})ble mixture. The lime in the rubble seems to absorb moisture from the atmosphere, and it apparently suits many subjects. At the base of the wall a patch of Helichrysum belli- dioidcs, 2 feet across, was covered with daisy-like everlasting flowers.
Is the Day Nettle Poisonous ?
(Guleopfii'i Te trait il).
In glancing over the ])rovincial news cohunu
of the Irish Times
of the 11th January
last yeai-, the follow-
ing paragraph
caught my eye : —
" Compensation for Nettle Sting. — At Derry Recorder's Court yesterday, be- ll )re n is Honor Judge Todd, K.C, an ap- l»lication came u]) under the Work- men's Compensation Act, in which a labourernamed John Donnell, of Mobouy, sought com^jensa- tion vmder peculiar circumstances from Messrs. K. & T. Stuart, Spencer Road, Derry. It ap- peared that in Sej)- tember Donnell was employed by the de- fendants in harvest- ing o])erati()ns a1 (ireenan, and when lifting corn got stun;.' (Ill t lie middle linger of the right hand by a day nettle. Blood poisoning ensueil. with the result thai a bone had to \)v taken out of the linger. An agree- ment was ari'ived at
by which t lie apjilicant was to receive £1 4s. (5d. coniix'iisation and £1 costs, and Jlis Honor made this agreement a rule of Court."
The name Day Nettle here ai)plied to some cornliehl weed, being quite unknown to me, though evidently familiar to Ulster folk. 1 wrote for information to a friend in Derry. From him 1 learned that the nanu; was in common use in Deri'y aiui Donegal where it was applied, not to either of our stinging nettles, Ci'tica dioica or U. urens, but to (ialeopsis Tetrahit, a luember of a different order, the Labiatse. My cor- rcsiiondent further informed me of a second instance which had come to his knowledge of maiming due to contact with this noxious plant. The siifferer in this case was a Dtmegal clergyman
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Pi;iMl'l-A IJKOKLM AT MucKhA(iH, CoUNTV WiCKI.oW.
who lost a linger through niortilication induced by a sting or jag of the Day Nettle.
This species is widespread in Ireland, and is especially abundant in non-calcareous soils, yet hithertcj 1 have failed to lind for it any native Irish name in current use. In tlie Scotch High- lands (ialeopsis speciosa, a closely allied si)ecies with handsome yellow flowers, is abundant. According to Cameron (Gaelic Names (jf Plants) this is known there by the CJaelic name An gath buide (the yellow dart) and An gath mor (the great dart), and is "troublesome to the reapers in harvest time from its bristly character." The Ulster name. Day Nettle, is no doubt an importa- tion. It is in use in Yorkshire aiul on the Scottish Border, and is prijbably a <,(jrrui»tion of dead nettle. On the Scottish Border, as in the Highlands and in Ulster, the plant is one of ill
fame. In the Hordi-r counties " labourers in harvest are some- times affected with whitlow, and they ascribe the disease invariably to the sting of t he Deye Nettle" (Hot. Kng. Border). In Knglish Floras the plant is usually spoken of as the Hemp Nettle, but this would a])- |)ear to be rather a book name than a name actually cur- rent in folksi)eech.
Tt) retuin to the <iuery wliicii heads this article, can we assign to the Day Nettle ( ( ialeopsis Tetrahit) the posses- sion of any poisonous jirinciple such as occurs in the sting of o u r CO 111 111 o n nett le i As is well known. 1 he stinging bl'istle of the coill- iiion nettle carries il, poisonous secre- tion which is iii- j e c ted into t lie wound causeil by t he siiai'ii jxiint of the bristle. Ill the Day .Nettle the mature calyx is armed with strong sharp si>ines which ai>- Itear to be solid and unjointed. The steins, too. are closely beset with weaker sl)ines or l)jistles which, unlike the<-alyx sjiines, are jointed and appai'eiitly tubulai'. The "number of jointsint hesestems spines is four, the fourth or terminal joint being very sharp. It may be tliat these si>inesa.re reci'ptach's of some jxiisonous secretion which in some cases is potent enough to give ri.se to iiiortilii-ation. so (hat the ill effects of haiulling t he iilaiit should be attri- buted not s(,) much to the formidable calyx spines as to the weaker armature of the stem. In none of the score of botanical works which I have consulted can I lind any reference to the noxious properties of the ))lant. Can any reader of I. (i. throw further liu'ht on the subject ? — N. C.
62
IRISH GARDENING
Trees and their Varieties.
The Month^s Work.
Professor A. Henry, M.A., F.L.S., of the Hoyal College of Science, delivered a lecture, entitled " Trees and tlieii' X'arieties," in the theatre of the Royal Dublin Society recently. The Austrian pine differs from the Corsican pine in retaining its leaves a year longer, and is thus enabled by its dense and copious foliage to keep some moisture in the dry limestone rock on which it grows naturally in Servia. The lecturer described the nature of sports, each of which arises as a solitary and often inexplicable pheno- menon, either as a rare seedling or as a single branch, with some strange peculiarity on an other- wise normal individual. Such sports when once found are habitually propagated by layering or grafts. Numerous slides showed different kinds of sports in trees, weeping and erect forms, varieties with bizarre foliage (coloured, puckered, deeply-cut leaves), dwarfs, trees, with all their branches curved and twisted. Some of these varieties, as the simple-leaf ash and the Irish yew, can be explained as individuals that have retained the features of the young seedling, and have never taken on the adult form, which, as a rule, differs materially from that of early youth.
A good specimen of the fine Irish yew at Seaford, Co. Down, was contrasted with the wide-spreading conmion yew at Crom Castle, Fermanagh, under whose shade two hundred people had sat together at dinner. This famous yew, which is probably the oldest tree in Ireland, dating back to pre- Christian times, is said in the " Contention of the Bards " to have been discovered on the day when Con of the Hundred Fights was born (A.D. 127) and is, perhaps, an ancient sacred tree dedicated to the worship of the idol Crom Cruach.
Professor Henry next dealt with another class of trees, those which originated by hybridisation, and he showed how the two classes of sports and hybrids can be clearly distinguished. Hybrids, especially those of the iirst generation, iisually show exceptional vigour. In the United States when two kinds of maize, one producing 42 bushels and other 17 bushels per acre, had been crossed their progeny gave no less than 127 bushels. First-cross trees had hitherto only been obtained by accident, as when two allied species stood together in the forest or in the nursery and had given rise to a chance hybrid seedling. To such haphazard seedlings, picked up by observant nurserymen, we owe many valuable trees, such as the Huntingdon elm, the black Italian poplar, the cricket bat willow, and the common lime. One of them, Populus robusta, found in a nursery at Metz, has actually attained in fourteen years on the poor soil at Glasnevin a height of 45 feet.
Professor Henry has during the last three years been making crosses of ash, alder, and poplar, some of which are of remarkable vigour and beauty. The manner in which the different characters of each parent combined in the offspring was well exemplified in the case of the seedlings of the Huntingdon elm, raised by Professor Henry, which followed the laws dis'- covered by Mendel. The lecture was illustrated by numerous plain and coloured slides.
The Flower Garden.
By Wm. G. Wadge, Gardener to Lady O'Neill, Shane's Castle, Antrim.
Sprixc; bedding is at its best this month. Th® weather, the Iirst half of March, was not kindly in this district to young growths and opening flowers. A few days of bright sunshine, however, makes a wonderful change. Look over the beds of seedling Polyanthus and mark any ]jlants of inferior habit or carrying blooms of poor size or colour ; these can be destroyed later when lifting the plants after flowering. If seed is wanted, the largest and brightest trusses can be marked at the same tinae by tying a small piece of raffia round them.
Lawns. — Mowing will now need constant attention. No time is saved by letting the grass get too long between the mowings. Any places that ai'e to be sown with grass seed — the soil having been dug during the winter — should now be finally levelled and raked over on a dry day. Sow the seed at the rate of 1 lb. for 20 square yards, or the same quantity for 70 square yards when renovating pati'hes where the grass is thin. If birds are numerous it may be necessary to use some precaution against them picking up the seeds.
Roses. — All Rose pruning should be finished early in April. Full instructions were given in Irish Gardening last month. After pruning is finished, and the rubbish gathered and burnt, give the beds a top-dressing of cow manure and a siH'inkling of bone meal, and fork it into the surface When the soil has dried somewhat and can be raked down Violas may be planted an a groundwork for the Roses. Probably no exhibi- tor would think of growing Violas or any other plant beside the Roses in his beds, but for garden decoration it answers well. The Violas show to advantage massed one variety to a bed, and if the soil is manured liberally the Roses will not suffer. As soon as growth begins look out for caterpillars, a curled leaf will apjjrise us of the whereabouts of the enemy. Handpicking is the only remedy.
Shrubs. — Planting is practically linished now, although many things may still be planted ; large bamboos and hollies can be transplanted with more certainty of success on a showery day in April, than at any other time. All shrubs recently planted should be examined to see they are not being shaken unduly at the base by wind, and if drying weather prevails it may be necessary to water them, after which a mulching of manure should be placed around them Sluiibberies that were dug and left rough early in the year will rake down well now after drying winds. The raking will leave a finished ajipearance, and the line surface soil will prevent rapid evaj) oration ; besides, it will be easier for subsequent hoeings.
Box-EDGiNCJ nuiy be put in order now. Where it is in good condition, a cutting over with a scythe or the garden shears will be all that is needed. Should there be any blank spaces in the lines, make these up Iirst. If^the plants are aged and very bushy lift the whole and replant, using the younger rooted pieces.
IRISH GARDENING
63
Pentstemons and Chrysanthemums may be planted before the end of the month if the weather isj favourable. Give the former Id inches between the plants and the latter 1 i feet to 2 feet. The early flowering Chrysanthenmms are good subjects for massing in large beds on the lawn, or in front of shrubberies; patches of them in the mixed borders are also very effective. They are very accommodating ; ])lanted in soil that adheres to the root< ihry may be lifted at any season, even when in bud. For this reason a number should be planted on a reserve boi'der : they can then be utilised for lllling spaces in borders that are cleared of NigeJla, Candytuft and other annuals. A few reliable varieties are Japanese : — Cranford Pink, Marie Masse, White Marie Masse, Crimson Marie Masse, Elstob Yellow, Goacher's Crimr^on, Bronze Cioacher'- Roi des Blancs, Perle Chatilliouaise. Pompons ; — Flora Little Bob, Mrs. E. Stacey, Piercy's Seedling.
Calceolarias. — The points should be pinched out of these. When breaking again freely plant them in skeleton frames, 6 inches apart, in good soil. They succeed better when planted in their summer quarters early : they get establislied then before hot weather comes in and are less liable to die off in midsummer — a nasty habit they have sometimes.
Sweet Peas, both autumn and spring sown, should be planted this month. Stake as soon as planted, the protection afforded thereby may be very welcome. Dust a little soot over and around the plants twice a week and look out for slugs.
Violets. — The outdoor ]»lants have produced flowers in plenty during Marih, and are now growing freely. If cuttings were rooted in the autumn, plant them out now. If division of the old plants is relied on for stock, wait till a good quantity of side growths can be taken oft" with roots attached. Choose a dull, calm day, and keep the plants in a pail containing a puddle of BoU and water while planting jtroceeds. Where the natural soil is hot and dry, jjlenty of rotten cow manure nuist be worked into it, and a ])osition i)artially shaded from the sun chosen. Red spider is the chief enemy of Violets, and a cool moist root run and frequent syringings are the best preventatives. The double varietietr need a distance of 9 inches apart, and the singles 15 inches. The best varieties are — single. La France and Princess of Wales ; double — Marie Louise, Lady Hume Campbell and Neapolitan.
The Frame Yard. — Franu; space will be greatly taxed this mouth. Alt except the most tender subjects should be in cold frames by the end of the month. Harden ])lants carefully. A severe check is not soon got over. Keej) the lights closed for a few days, and sluided froiu the strongest sunshine if the occupants have been in a shaded jfosition ])re\aously. Later, ventilate freely, removing the lights entirely on good days. Keep mats in readiness in case of frost ;»t night. When water is needed apply it in the morning.
The Fruit Garden.
By Peter Brock, Horticultural Instructor for Co. Fermanagh.
The weather during February and the first half of March has been so wet and stormy that very little could be done in fruit plantations. Those who missed getting winter spraying done in
January have not seen naany days since when tills work could be done satisfactorily. Some have the spraying material, but they are afflicted.with procrastination that keeps^them dragging behind with all work and in all sorts of seasons.
Grafting vvill now recjuire attention as directed in last month's Iiasii Gakdexinh. When the weather is dry attend to hoeing fruit tree borders and plaiitations. It is false economy to let this work fall into arrears. Keeping a clean, loose surface round fruit trees and bushes of all kinds during the growing season conserves moisture and stimulates root action. On heavy land or where the surface is hard or crusted from the effects of heavy rain the " Buco " cultivator is the most useful implement for surface cultivation, forming a nuilch of loose soil that will dry quickly, and may afterwards be more economi- cally kept in good condition with the hoc;.
Apple trees in fidl bearing condition and with a promise of abundant blossom will — especially if potassic superphosphate or similar artilicial manure has recently been ai)plied — derive great benelit from a timely application of nitrate of soda, which stimulates and assists them over the flowering period. The first dressing may be given when the buds are opening, and ajiplied at the rate of half to three-quarter pound i)er twenty sqviare yards. To ensure even distribution, the soda should be mixed Avith about four times its bulk of finely-sifted soil or ashes. Trees respond most quickly to this stimulant in showery weather. It is, however, not advisable to wait for showers ; if the weather be dry the surface nuiy afterwards be hoed, or the " Buco " cultivator nuiy be used to good advantage to loosen the surface. A second application may be given as the trees are about to unfold their blossom. Any weakly pear, plum, or other fruit tree or bush should not be over- looked.
Spraying for Scab and CATEiuMLLARti. — The best time to cope with these pesis is when the trees are coming into leaf — i.e., when the leaves are well oi)ened, aiul before the bl()ssom opens — then, immediately after the blossom drops, a third and even a fourth spraying may be reciuired at intervals of fourteen to twenty days after the second si)raying. according as the season nuiy be favourable or otherwise for the develop nu-nt of scab. The spray should be a])plied in a very fine cloud-like mist from a small iioz/Je. and under a ])ressure of aboiif UIO llis. to the s<|uar»; inch. Keep swinging llu- no/,/,le, dii'ectiug the spi-ay so that 1 he whole of the tree may be evenly dewed without, drenching or causing drip from any ])ari. Sjnayers with j)ressure gauges are essential in maintaining a imiform high i>ressure. The "Holder" type of knapsack sprayer, with pressure gauge, ancl made of virex-brass alloy, lor linu'-sulphm-, is the best of the kuai)sa(k type I have nu't with for applying a, very line mist. With this sitrjiyer the operator has bolh hands at liberty to direct the spray from an extension tube or jauce to a, greater height than could l)e done with one hand. Hi'ci'ut experieiu-e has shown that arseiuite of lead when combined with lime-sul]>hur acts elTectively in destroying cater- ])illars, while it also increases the f\ingicidal eft'ect of the linu>-sulphiu- and less<Mis its scorching action on the foliage. lOven where caterpillars are not in evidence it jiays to add arseiuite ot lead to lime-suli)luu' for its fungicidal effects alone. I have found one gallon of commercial lime- sulphiu- and 2 Ihs. arsenate of lead to fifty gallons of water a safe and effective fungicide in con-
64
IRISH GARDENING
trolling sc-ab on Braiiiley, (ireiiadier and. Hleu- lieiiu Orange. One orthard was sprayed three times last year at above strength, and a fourth spraying at 1 to 00 with lime-sulphur alone was api)litMl lightly the lirst week in August. These trees an- now ])raetieally free from eggs of a])])le sucker, although very i)lentiful last spring. I am of the o|)inion till I see fui'ther tests, that lime- sid])hur renders the trees untenable to adult suckers. Varieties like Cox's Orange, Duchess of Oldenburg. Allington. Uladstone and Lane's I'rince Albert — the latter showed some scorching with lime-sulphur alone. I would recommend spraying these and similar delicate leaved sorts with one gallon lime-suliJhur to 00 or 70 gallons of water. Herrod's scab and caterpillar paste, and a similar paste made by Voss, of London, have also shown good results. The success of fungicides largely depends on their timely application in advance of the fungus disease they are intended to subdue. If scab gets a footing fungicides may check its virulence, but. it is invariably at the exi)ense of the scab affected leaves dro]i])ing more quickly than if they had been left unsprayed, then the spray is forthwith condemned and j)ublicly denounced as being worse than the .scab disease itself.
Strawberries. — These .should now be hoed and thoroughly freed from weeds without delay ; afterwards a good dressing of soot sown broad- cast, just enough to blacken them well, and then hoed in will act beneficially in reducing slugs for the remainder of the season. (\)llect suitable litter to spread between the plants to prevent the fruit from getting splashed.
The Vegetable Garden.
By Arthur IIorton, Gardener to Colonel Claude Cane, St. Wolstan's, Celbridge.
AypARACiU.s. — Early in the present month is a suitable time for making new beds of asparagus. The i)reparation of the bed is a very important ])oint, and in all cases should be well drained. If thoroughly made and the plants get well estab- lished, with ordinary care they will remain productive for a great number of years. A deep friable loam is the most suitable for this vegetable. but it will thrive on most soils if proper care is given to the ])reparation and planting of the bed. Beds 4 feet in width and allowing an alley of 2 feet between each bed will be found most suitable. Trench at least 3 feet deep, and give a good dressing of fresh farmyard manure as the work proceeds. On heavy retentive soils give a good coating of road scrajungs, lime rubbish and wood ashes, and raise the bed 9 inches above the ground level. Tlu-ee lines will be found sufficient : one in the centre and the two outside ones 0 inches from the outside of the bed. In planting, make a wide drill about 4 inches deep, and sjn-ead out the roots evenly and carefully, shake line soil through the roots, and if dry give a good watering. Many cultivators prefer raising their own ])lants by sowing the seed either on the permanent bed or in lines in some other part of the garden, then thinning out to one foot apart and transi)lanting the following Ai)ril. Undoubtedly this is to be recommended, as the plants being on hand the work can be carried out more carefully and any- time when the weather conditions are favourable. This is most imjjortant, as the roots if exposed for any length of time and alhiwed to get dry will be very weak, and many of the plants will fail to
grow, 'i'herefore the work should be carried tjut on a dull day as carefidly ami expeditiously as l)ossible. Tlie rough manure applied in Novem- ber to I'slablislied t)cds should now b(i raked oi"f. A good sju'inkling of sali will be found very bene- iicial, especially on light soils. Later on, when growth has commenced, a few liglit dressings of artificial manure should be given.
G1.0BE Artichokes. — The ])resent month is a suitable time for making a fresh plantation of this viseful vegetable. Pro])agation by suckers is ])referable to sowing the seed, as j)lants from tlie latter cannot be depended u])on. I'rocure suckers fi'om a good variety, and great care shoidd be taken when removing them from the old plants to leave as mvich soil and roots on as possible, otherwise they may fail to start. Plant singly, 3 feet apart, in deep rich soil. If the ground is in any way dry give a good watering, and earth up each plant with finely sifted coal ashes, which is a great preventive against slugs, and mulch the ground between the plants with long stable manure to prevent undue evai)oration. When suckers are not obtainable sow the seed in a gentle bottom heat, and when the seedlings are large enough ])rick off singly into small pots, harden oft" gradually and plant out by the end of May or early in .June. When seedlings are used it is advisable to i)lant in threes, by so doing unprofitable ]»lants can be removed without making blanks in the line.
Cauliflowers wintered in cold frames may be planted in their permanent quarters, as early as weather will permit, in a sheltered ])osition. Some protection should be given if cold winds are prevalent.
Sea-kale. — Plant sea-kale in lines IS inches apart and 1 foot between the sets, and i)lace some coal ashes over each crown. When cuttings taken from roots lifted during winter for forcing are used several shoois will break from the one root ; these must be reduced to one, leaving, of course, the strongest.
Plant out in well prepared ground i)eas and broad beans sown in boxes last month. It is advisable to afford some protection against cold winds and late frosts until the ])lants get estab- lished ; small branches or ])ea stakes will be suitable for the purpose.
Onions sowii in .January should be gradually hardened oft" and planted in deeply trenched, well- manured ground by the end of the month. The main crop of potatoes may now be put in with little risk of damage by late frost.
Seed Sowinci. — French and runner beans sown in boxes about the middle of the month, if not unduly ft>rced and planted out towards the end of May will be ready for use consideral)ly in advance of the first sowings outside, which may be made about the end of April. Two sowings a; least should be made of most of the Brassicas, and some means taken to protect the seeds from the ravages of rats, nuce, birds, &c. Sprinkling the seeds with jjaraffln and red lead previous to sowing is a simi)U' and eft"ective ])reventive Make an outside sowing of leeks for late su])i)lies, also a good sowing of parsley to follow plants raised inside Sow frequent ly small (pianlities of lettuce, spinach, tiu-nips, radishetf and mustard and cress : also good sowings of peas, broad beans and carrots. Seeds of gourds, pum])kins and vegetable marrows, also frame cucumbers, if sown now and ])otted on will make good plants, and will be ready for planting out in their respective positions by ihc end of ^Uay.
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M M l^^ 1 1 Gardening |
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Contents |
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Tulips (Illustrated) . .65 |
Regal Pelargoniums , . . 73 |
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Mendelism (Fourth Artide) . . 67 Hardy Aquatics (Illustrated) . . 69 Auriculas . . 71 |
Clematis montana and Varieties (lllus) . 74 The Rock Garden in May (lllus.) . 74 Rock Gardening for Anuteurs . . 75 Eremurus robustus . . .75 |
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Useful Greenhouse Plants . .71 |
R. H. S. of Ireland Spring Show . 76 |
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Saxihraga G>tyledon and some o( its Varieties (Illustrated) ... 72 |
Month's Work — Flower, Fruit, and Vegetable Garden .78 |
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IRISH GARDENING
VOLUME IX No. 99
Edited by C- F. Ball.
A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND
ARBORICULTURE IN IRELAND
iMAV 1914
Tulips.
By W. R. Dykes, Charterhouse, Godahning.
There seems to be only one real reason "why the ^vi]d species of Tulip are so seldom cultivated in our gardens, and this is that many of them make little or no increase by offsets from the bulbs. From specimens dug wp in Central Asia
too often the disappointment of seeing tlie promising seed-vessels rot and wither away under the influence of a fungoid disease, the attack of which they woidd probably be able to resist with the help of more sunshine and a drier
TULIPA DAsvsTEWox. A pretty DAvarf S])c'fies I'nun Turkestan with yellow flowers tipjx'd with white.
as many as eight or ten old annual skins can be removed, showing that the bulbs have grown in one spot for that period or longer without ever making a single offset. Propagation must evidently take place by means of seeds, and yet this method of increase is sadly neglected in our gardens. There is perhajis some excuse for us in the damp north-west of Europe, for, if we try to obtain seeds of our Tulips, Ave have only
atmosphere. Moreover, e\ en when sound seeds are obtained, they must be sown in early autu]un if they are to germinate freely. W'lun the seeds are sown in Sci)tember or October, the young i)lants conu' up thickly like siiuill onions in early spring, but when soAving is delayed until the new year the seeds never germinate till twelve months later, and usually do not ger- jninate at all. It would doubtless l)e difficult for
66
IRISH GARDENING
botanic gaidens and seedsmen to arrange their seeds and print their lists in early aiitiann, but nevertheless delay till after Christmas very greatl}^ diminishes the value of the seeds Avhich they eventually offer.
Those who wish to have large numbers of the Tulip species must be j)reiiared then to raise them from seeds, and, if the j^rocess is somewhat lengthy, the results give ample compensation.
Tulips are seldom found in rock gardens, and yet there are numerous dwarf sjDecies which succeed there admirably, and which, moreover, in the well-drained, warm positions that every good rock garden should afford, are more likely to live on from year to year than in the damper, colder soil of the average border.
The first to flower is usually some form of Tulipa biflora, which may open as early as the end of February, and the small creamy white star-shaped flowers with their yellow centres are very welcome at that time. Of this species a later and finer form comes from Afghanistan, and a good bulb of this often produces a stem which branches out into as many as five or six heads.
Other small species, which will flower in March, may be obtained under the names of pulchella, Lownei and polychroma, though whether their claims to these names are justified is still a matter of some uncertainty. A little later comes T. dasystemon, which is allied to T. biflora, and towards the end of April or early in May we get T. Batalini, of a delightful shade of pale primiose yellow, and T. linifolia, with flowers of the most dazzling scarlet. Both these species fortunately increase by offsets, and, moreover, owing to the fact that they flower late in the season, seeds are not so difficult to obtain. There is therefore no reason why they should be as rare as they have apj)arently become.
The Avell-known T. clusiana, with its red- backed outer segments and deep violet base, is not unsuitable for cultivation in the rock garden, where a place should also be found for the pink Cretan T. saxatilis, which will flower more readily in a confined stony root-run than in the open border.
T. sylvestiis, together with as many of its numerous local forms as can be obtanied, should be grown for its delightful scent, and the com- plaint that this Tulip is a shy flowerer will not be heard if the bulbs are lifted annually and replanted late in autiunn. T. primulina from Algeria is particularly worth growing for its delightful scent.
No one Avho has seen T. Kaufmanniana in full flower in March is likely to remain long without
it, and, though the typical flower is white Avith a yellow centre, yellow and even scarlet forms are not unknown. With this Tulip there also grows wild in Turkestan the magnificent T. Greigi, easily recognised by its brown-uiottled leaves, a feature which is rare among Tulips, though it is also found in one relative of T. Greigi — namely, T. miclieliana. T. Greigi seldom produces an offset, but T. Kaufmanniana has the obliging habit of sending doMii droppers to any dejDth below the surface, so that, when you have apparently lifted all your bulbs and replanted them elsewhere, you will be surpriscel to see T. Kaufmanniana still in the olel position in the following year.
T. Fosteriana is another magnificent scarlet Tulip from Central Asia, anel it is usually in flower in Aj^ril with T. Eichleri from near Bakue and T. ingens from Bokhara. All are very elesirable, but they must be raised from seeds if large numbers are to be maintained. A little later, in early May, comes T. tubergeniana from Turkestan with huge scarlet flowers. Still later in May, or even in June, comes the scarlet Armenian T. Sprengeri, one of the few Tulips of which self-sown seeellings sometimes appear in our garelens.
No allusion has yet been made to the so-called neo-tulips of Savoy anel Northern Italy, such as Marjoletti, mauriana, strangulata, &c. The mystery of their origin and the validity of their claims to specific rank have been much eliscusseel, but the truth would seem to be that they are the elescendants of seedling plants which were thrown out of gardens at the time of the Tulip mania because their flowers Moulel not break into the flames anel feathers which were then demaneleel by the florists.
Still more difficult is the epiestion of the origin of our garden Tulips. When we remember that Tulips were cultivateel by the Turks in Con- stantinople early in the sixteenth century, we cannot but realise the elifficulty of the subject, anel it is moreover not improbable that a species may have been used for hybrielisation Mhich has subsequently become extinct in the wilel state either because of the elemand for the bulbs or because the locality has been brought into cultivation. That there was a demand in Turkey for Tulip bulbs as long ago as 1700 is proveel by the fact that a French Ambassador \\rote from Constantinople in 1720 that the Granel Vizier hael in his garden as many as 500,0()() Tulips.
Even if we cannot all grow Tulips on so large a scale as this, we shall adel greatly to the interest of our gardens in spring if Me cultivate and raise from seed more of the Tulip species.
IRISH GARDENING
67
Mendelism.
fourth paper. By Professor James Wilson, M.A. Last month tAvo diagrams were not printed as tho\ Avere intended to have been, and the ilhnnination they were expected to give to two very difficuh points was lost. Before proceeding farther it will be well to have those two diagrams properly displayed. The first was to illustrate how the materials for roundness and wrinkled - ness are distributed in the hybrids, and should have been as follows : —
IN THE POLLEN :
R
w
IN THE OVARIES
R
W
The next was to illustrate the sixteen possible combinations produced by the hybrids of parents M'hich differed in tMo jiairs of characters, and should have been as follows : —
|
RR |
Rw |
wR |
WW |
|
YY |
YY |
YY |
YY |
|
RR |
Rw |
MR |
WW |
|
Yg |
Vg |
Yg |
Yg |
|
RR |
Rw |
^vR |
\\'V>- |
|
gY |
gY |
gY |
gY |
|
RR |
Rm |
A\R |
WAV |
gg
gg
We may noAV sum up the chief results Avhich can be gathered immediately from Mendel's experiments. They are : —
(a) The progeny of hybrids are of different kinds, and the number of kinds depends upon the niunber of characters in Avhich their parents differed. If the parents differ in (me pair of character, the hybrids have tAVo kinds of progeny ; if the j)arents differ in tAvo pairs, the hybrids have four kinds ; and so on : the number of kinds of progeny being doul)led for every additional pair of characters in A\liich the original parents differed.
(h) The numbers in each kind produced by the hyl)rids increase in nuithematical order, according as the pairs in which the original parents differed increase, thus : —
For one pair ',i : I
For two pairs i> : 3 : 3 : 1
For three pairs 27 : !) : U : i) : 3 : 3 ; 3 : 1 and so on.
(c) In each kind produced 1)>- the hybrids a
certain proportion of individuals breeds true. In the smallest group every individual breeds true ; in e\'erv group of 3, one indiAudual breeds true ; in every group of 9, one individual breeds true, and so on.
(d) The different characters borne by the hybrids" progeny — that is, of the kinds they produce — which liaAe been the subject of obserA^ation may lie represented generally as foUoAvs : —
When there are tA\-o kinds —
X
3
Where there are four kinds- X
X
Y
9
X X
A- Y y 3 : 3 : 1
Where there are eight kinds-
X
X Y' Z
•>7
X Y
z
9
X
V
Z
9
X
Y Z
9
and so on.
From these results the deductions can be made : —
folloA\ing simple
(1) As to the number oj new kinds or varieties j^roduced. — Since there are ahvays only tAVo original parents and both their tyi)es are found among the hybrids" progeny, the number of ncAv kinds produced must be the total number of kinds jiroduced by the h\brids minus tAVo, thus : —
Total Number of kinds in the Hybrid'.s Progeny
2
4
8 10 32
Number of kinds in tiie Original I'arent.- o
2 2
New kinds U
2
G 14 30
and so on. Thus, if a gardener A\-ishes to produce a ncAv A'ariety, he must begin by mating parents Avhich differ in more than one pair of characters ; and, the more the characters in Avhich the original parents differ, the more hcav kinds Avill he produce.
(2) As to the jKirents to he mated. — It is not necessary that one parent should carry all the dominants and the other all the recessives. If A\-e look back to paiagra])]! [d) at the set of progeny containing four groiqis Ave shall see that it does not matter A\hether jiarents carrying the characters XY be mated Avith tho.se carrying xy or Avhethcr parents carrying Xy be mated Avith those carrving xY. In each case the same
68
IRISH GARDENING
the kind of hybrid will be produced and the progeny again M'ill be the same A\'hether the hybrid was prodiiced in one way or the other.
(3) .4^ to the remaining characters in which the parents do not differ. — We do not know whether Mendel's peas were absolutely alike in all other characters than those in which he observed them to differ. Probably they were not and he neglected the remainder as un- essential to the main issue. This can be said, however, that, if the hybrids between two parents have two kinds or four kinds or eight kinds or any other 2)ossible number of kinds of progeny, then their 2)arents differed in one, two, three or more pairs of characters, as the case may be, but the remaining characters in each were the same. This princijile can be used for com- paring plants which have not been mated. For instance, if j^lant A differs from B as regards X and X only, then their remaining characters may be written dov.n : —
A = XYZPQR . . . B = xYZPQR . . .
If B differs from C as regards Y and y, then their remaining characters may be written dowai : —
B = xYZPQR . . . C = xyZPQR . . .
If C differs from D as regards Z and z, their remaining characters may be written down : —
C = xyZPQR . . . D = xyzPQR . . .
(4) As to ivhere to look jor information. — Frequently it is possible to gain much informa- tion from the hjd^rids themselves. The hybrids show all the dominant characters, and the characters which disappear are their recessives. If there be any doubt as to which dominant and which recessive make a pair, the doubt can be settled by the next generation. For instance, in the two pair set of four groups —
X X X x
Y V Y V
9:3:3:1
Each of the two groujis of three — the two middle groups — shows one dominant and the recessive of the other.
If we look back to section {d) we see that each group of nine in the three-j^air set of eight groups carries two dominants and the recessive of the third, while each grouj:) of three carries two recessives and the dominant of the third.
(5) If the progeny of hyl)rids have been separated into 4, 8, 16 or more groujis, any j)air of characters may be neglected Avithoiit the distribution of the remaining characters being interfered with. For instance, when Mendel
nuited peas differing in three pairs of characters he found the hybrids" jirogeny to be as follows : —
Round, yfll'JW alhuim-n, coloured .-ccd-coat 2(i9 i.e. 27
Round, yellow „ white „ U8 !»
Round, green ,, coloured „ 86 il
Wrinkled, yellow ,, coloured ,, 88 it
Round, i^reen ,, white ,, 27 'i
Wrinkled, yellow ,, white ,, 34 '.i
Wrinkled, green ,, colouied „ 30 :}
Wrinkled, green ,, white ,, 7 1
If the last pair of characters be neglected, the three-pair set of eight groups becomes a two-pair set of four groups, thus : — ■
Round, yellow 3(57 i.e. i)
Round, green 113 3
Wrinkled, yellow 122 3
Wrinkled, green 37 1
If either of these pairs be neglected, then the two-pair set of four groups becomes a one-pair set of two groujas, thus : —
Round 480 i.e. 3 Wrinkled 159 1
(6) If the original jDarents differ in any number of pairs of characters, and the members of each pair are related to each other by ordinary dominance and recessiveness, then, if sufficient second generation progeny are bred, the usual number of types must be produced, but, if one or more types be inseparable by the eye, the number of observable groups will be one less than the normal for every type that is inseparable from another and the numbers in one group will be the sum of the numbers in the two inseparable types together. If, for instance, the first two of four types be inseparable there will be three groujis in the ratio 12 : 3 : 1, thus : —
X X X X
Y V Y v 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
12 : 3 : 1
If the last two tyj)es be inseparable, there will be four groups in the ratio 9 : 4, thus : —
X X X X
Y y Y v 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
9:3: 4
If the last three types be inseparable, there Avill be two groujjs in the ratio 9:7, thus : —
X X X X
Y y Y v 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
9 : 7
There are others, to which A\e may return again. Next month we shall consider the apiDlication of the theory to some of the irregular problems which have arisen.
IRISH GARDENING
69
Hardy Aquatics.
By J. VV. Besant.
Under this heading are included all plants which are adapted for cultivation about the margins of ponds and lakes — generally actually in the M'ater, though some few may flourish in the wet mud without being surrounded b}- the water. For the jourpose of this article Nymphaeas are left out, since they formed the subject of an illustrated article in a former issue.
For water garde ning Nymphaeas are of course pre-eminent, but in other plants, if less brilliant in flower, we get greater diver- sity in form . and in all good garden- i n g form must receive equal con- sideration with colour.
The pond or stream which has its banks or margins fur- nished with all the delightful bog plants known to gardeners is infinitely more beautiful and satisfying than another where the edges are as bare as a teacup.
Not a few native plants may be encouraged to grow there — and they will lend additional beauty to the aquatics — Calthas, Orchises, Sedges and Troliius all thrive and look happy close to the water. Even among those which naturally grow right in the water we have a number of native species ; some in fact may become a nuisance in very small ponds, but, as a rule, they are easily kept in check by simply pulling them out with a rake or drag.
As alluded to earlier, diversity in form is one of the chief merits of hardy aquatics apart from Water Lilies ; some grow quite erect, others have leaves floating on the sinface, and yet others
The Cape Pond Weed (Aponogetox distachyox). A hawthorn- scented aquatic, growing in a pool at Mount Usher j^Co. Wicklow.
have the finely divided leaves submerged, pushing the flowers to the surface in due season. Again, some are stationary or at least spread only by rooting in the mud, while a few others seem to find sustenance enough in the water and float freely about, only seeking the friendly assistance of the mud on the approach of winter.
It is usually best, when introducing these aquatics to a pond for the first time, to have them established or at least planted in loosely- woven baskets. These with the plants may be
dropped into the water just where it is desired to form a col on v Thus as the roots grow through the basket they will seek the mud j at the bottom and ijLiicklymake themselves at home. With those which float about in the water it is sufficient to thro w them in when the y M' i 1 1 take care of themselves. It is clear, h o M' e V e r , that these latter must only be introduced to comparatively still M-ater or of course they will s])eedily vanish. Hardy aquatics as understood here may be divided into two sets— one comj^osed of those with floating or submerged leaves and the other of those Mhich grow erect sometimes several feet above the surface of the water. It is well in arranging the colonies, as far as ]iossible to alternate the different forms, leaving the un- attached kinds to arrange themselves.
Aquatics with Floattxu Leaves.— Apono- geton distachyon, the Winter Hawthorn, ])roduces long oval leaves and spikes of white flower-like l)racts. The real flowers are incon- spicuous but this is compensated for by the bracts. This plant is very hardy, and succeeds in the east of Scotland ; it comes from the Cai^e of Good Ho})e.
70
IRISH GARDENING
Brasenia pellata, the North American Water .Shield, has roundish floating leaves and dull coloured flowers. It is useful for variety.
Elisnia natans, a rare native plant, has ellijitical, hhnit leaves and white flowers, Avhich are produced singU^ on slender stalks.
Azolla pinnata, a tiny aquatic with small closely set leaves and roots which hang free in the water, is worth trying to establish, as the leaves turn a warm reddish-brown in autumn, a large colony creating quite a unique effect on the surface of the pond. It thrives well in the south of Ireland, notably in Mr. Beamish's garden.
Hottonia palustris, the Water Violet, is another comparatively rare native plant and one of much beauty. The finely divided leaves are wholly submerged, and from the crown the spike of light blue or blue and white flowers is pro- duced above the water. This plant sometimes moves about freely in the water and at other times seems to root in the mud. A large colony is very pretty when in flower.
Hydrocharis Morsus-ranse, the Frogbit, is an interesting and pretty little floating aquatic found here and there in ponds and ditches. It is well worth growing in ponds and pools with other choice things. The leaves are rather heart-shaped and stalked, while the flowers, which are fairly large in comj)arison to the size of the whole plant, are white or yellowish white. It sinks to the bottom in winter, reajij^earing again in spring.
Limnanthemum peltatum also has floating leaves, and soon forms a wide colony, rooting freely in the mud. The flowers, produced freely in summer and onwards into autumn, are yellow.
Stratiotes aloides, the Water Soldier, is a very remarkable aquatic meriting inclusion wherever aquatics are grown. It increases very rapidly, and for this reason some may hesitate to intro- duce it to small ponds, yet it is easily reduced and need hardly be allowed to injure less vigorous plants. The tufts of leaves, arranged somewhat like an American Aloe, are wholly submerged, the whole plant — roots and all — floating freely in the water. During summer the flowers, which are not remarkable, float on the surface.
Kerner (Nat. Hist, of Plants) gives a good account of the Water Soldier. There he de- scribes how during winter the plant rests at the bottom, rising towards the surface in spring. After producing new leaves and flowers it again seeks the bottom to mature the seeds and form buds which ultimately produce young plants. In early autumn it once more seeks the
surface, and yomig plants from the buds just mentioned are produced. On the approach of winter the M'hole family migrates to the mud.
Erect Growing Aquatics. — These include plants which produce stems and leaves to a considerable height above the surface of the water : the height varying^ however, according to the genus. Here again we meet with some native plants, all too seldom seen in artificial M'aters, and whose presence \\ ould often dispel that stiff formal appearance which so often mars the beauty of a water garden.
Butomus mnbellatus, often called the flower- ing Rush, is one of our natives well worth cultivating. The long triangular leaves rise well out of the water, but are exceeded l)y the smooth flower stem, which is surmounted by a handsome cluster of pink floMers. This is a deep water plant and beautiful when flowering in a large grouj^ or colony.
Orontium aquaticinn, the Golden Club of North America, is interesting and succeeds in water a foot or so deep. The interest lies chiefly in the long yellow and white spadix, bearing the minute flowers, which rises above the water as also do the leaves.
Pontcderia cordata is a handsome l^lue flowered plant, a colour not common in hardy aquatics. The tufts of somewhat arrow- shaj^jcd leaves are striking and are accomj^anied in summer by spikes of beautiful blue flowers. A good plant for a sunny shallow pool.
The Sagittarias are extremely pretty and interesting, producing arrow-shaped leaves and sjiikes of white flowers well above the water.
S. sagittifolia and S. variabilis fl. pi. are the two commonest sjiecies.
Scirpus lacustris, the Bulrush, is useful in giving diversity of form. The dark green flower stems grow five or six feet above the water, producing the inconspicuous flowers at their extremities.
The Typhas or Reed Maces are conspicuous ornaments of our M'ater gardens, and always a source of interest. From among the long strap- shaped leaves rise the tall flower stems each surmounted by a dense dark brown si)ike of flowers. T. latifolia, T. angustifolia, T. minima and T. Shuttleworthii are the species most commonly cultivated.
Zizania latifolia, the broad-leaved perennial rice plant, is a handsome aquatic too seldom met with in water gardens. The long flat leaves are handsome, rising from the water in summer, while the feathery flower panicles lend addi- tional beauty and interest. May and June are good months to plants aquatics.
miSH GARDENING
71
Auriculas.
By T. W. Briscoe.
The Aiiriciila has long been a favourite in the British Isles, and it is still one of the choicest of what may be termed the old fashioned florist flowers. The most popular section is the Alpine (Primula jnibescens), and then we have the garden Auricula (Primula Auricula), which is sub-divided into four groups — viz., selfs, white-edge, and grey-edge and green-edge All are qviite hardy, bjt to see the rich and vaiied colours of their tlowers at their best, and to preserve the white meal or farina on the leaves ol the edged varieties, a cold frame is necessary. This should face south during the winter, bi't in summer it may be 1 laced on the north side of a wall or building.
Kepotting. — In the month of April the jilants are in full bloom, and as they pass the flowering stage the annual repotting is done. This ojjera- tion should be carried out in May, and large rece])tacles must not ba employed. For full grown examjjles, i)ots from four to four and a half inches in diameter will be needed, and so on in I)ro]Jortion as the i)lants become smaller. Ample drainage must b? provided, and to secure a free outlet for water a thin layer of loam fibre may be laid over the ])otsherds. The soil is made up ot tlie best fibrous loam three parts, and one part leaf niould with a sprinkling of silver sand or crushed oyster shells added. Most of the old soil should be shaken from the roots, and all the woolly ai)his must ba destroyed with methylated spirit or tobacco powder. When the repotting is finished arrange the plants near the glass in a cold frame, and only give sufficient water to prevent them from flagging. With ordinary care they will soon be established, when the lights can be removed hith day and night, ])roviding there are no heavy rains At the end of October the water sup])ly should be slightly decreased, and tlu"ough the winter months very little moisture is needed, but air must be admitted whenever l)Ossible, and all dead leaves should be removed directly they will part readily from the stem. As spring a])])roaches root action will be more vigorous, and the plants will require more water jit the root than at any other period of the year, 'when the si)ikes are seen the plants must not on any account be allowed tf) get dry at the root, and when the first flower ojjens a little shade will be necessary during the middle of the day.
Offsets. — These are taken in February and August, while any that are lai'ge enough for renioval can be taken when re])otting in .May. Those with roots are placed singly in three-inch pots, and a lighter compost may be used, but any without roots are arranged around the sides of pots until rooted. All the offsets should be potted on as they fill their receptacles with roots, when they will soon attain tlowei-ing si/.c.
Seed Sowing. — Auricula seed may be sown at any tinu', but it is best to sow directly it is ripe, (iermination is slow, and seedlings may ai)i)ear at intervals for twelve months or even longer. It should be sown thinly in well drained ))ans of light soil, and placed in a frame where 1h^ sun will not shine. When they have made two or three tiny leaves they can eithn- be ])otted singly or pricked out in pans one or two iiuhes a]>art. i\s tliev increase in size more i-oot room must be
afforded, till the flowering stage is reached. Seedlings are more vigorous than many named varieties, and the grower must understand that a large percentage will be greatly inferior to those already in existence, but there is always that element of chance so dear to the heart of a Britisher, of something " out of the ordinarj " turning up.
Diseases — Damp is the greatest enemy that the Auricrla has to contend with during the cold wet winter months. Everything i)oss'ble mu.st be done to alleviate this, as prevention is imx>os- sible. There should be no drip in the frames, no water allowed to accumulate in the heart of the ]>lant through careless watering, and i)lenty of air admitted whenever the weather is dry.
The taproot occasionally begins to rot, aiul when this is evident by the plant looking sicklj if must be overhauled, tne decayed ])orti()n cut away, and then drsted over with some powdered charcoal. The taproot ought always to be examined at the time of repotting.
Insect Pests. — These consist of greenfly and the woolly aphis. The former is easily destroyed by fumigations with " XL All," and the same remarks apply to those of the latter which ha])pen to be above the surface. Those under the soil are dealt with when repotting as stated above.
Important Factors in Auricula Culture. — Cleanliness must be insisted upon at all times : the plants must be kept cool and never coddled in any way ; careful watering, for Auriculas never thrive in a sodden condition, liquid manure is not required, and the soil should always be in a sweet condition. Treat them as ])lants, and the grower will be rewarded with fine flowering examples.
Useful Greenhouse Plants*
In these days there is no lack of material to kcc]! the greenhouses gay throughout the year. l)ut it is always advisable to have as much variety as possible, and to grow a few different plants each year.
The Boronias constitute an interestmij group of hard-wooded plants which hail from Australia, and the most popular spei-ies is the sweet-scented B. megastigma. It fiu-ms a dense twiggy little shrub, and produces nutuerous bell-sha]»e(l flowers which are yellowish within and chocolate colour on the outside. Another desirable iilant is H. heter()])hylla, while H. elatior. a latei' flowering kind, should also be included. They will thrive in a peaty soil, and must be firmly ])otled.
Fxacum niacraidhiuu. — This is a b.'autiful plant with rich genliati-bhic tlowers, the gold.'u anthers standing out in b )ld relief. It can b.' raised from seed, and if potted on when reiiuired in the usual compost ii" (liihculty will be ex])eri- enced in regard to its culture. Nice flowei-iiig plants can be had in IH», and they are rather dwarf in stature.
The following can also be raised from seed : — Torenia Fournieri. a pretty greenhouse annual, with violet blue and white flow<^rs. the various forms of liin)atiens, such as llolstii. Sultani and llolstii hybrids : while the com])aratively new Dimorphotheca aurantiaca hybrids make excel- lent pof plants. B.
72
IRISH GARDENING
Saxifraga Cotyledon and some of its Varieties.
By MUHHAY Ih^KNiBUOOK, Kiiaptoii. Abboyleix.
There are few who are not familiar with S. Cotvledon — the Pyramid Saxifrage of com- merce— it is to b.^ found in most rock gardens, and can usually be seen on sale in pots in Covent (iarden, but some of its forms and varieties are not so well known, and it is of them that I would write. Mr Farrer finds that the type, and especially the variety Icelandica, do not care for lime. I have not found that they object to the limestone which one gets in this part of Ireland, but they seem to dislike most the heavy winter rain- fall, and are in clined to rot away unless fully ex- posed — sou th or south-east. Tliis is somewhat curioxis, as all the other varieties of the Euaizoon sec- tion grow any- where here in sun or shade, and seem impervious to winter dam}).
S. " Icelandica '" is a notable ])lant with very long, dull, leathery, s t r a p - s h a p e d leaves. It is a shy flowerer, but last summer it sent up an enor- mous plume of almost i)ure white flowers, about 2 feet tiigh, which was well worth waiting for. The acco m p a n y i n g photograph was taken just as the flowers opened
Var. nepalensis. — The plant I have under this name seems very near the ty])e. but flowers more densely s])otted with red and the rosettes do not die after flow^'ring.
Var. lingulata. — This is the most satisfactory --variety I possess, the foliage of the rosettes is narrower than the type and much longer — in full grown plants (5 inches and more. It does not seem to mind wet or aspect, and is generous with its flower s]nkes, which sometimes attain a height of 2 feet b inches to nearly 3 feet.
Var. " Hermitage." — A distinct variety, which I have only just got, with foliage resembling a pineapple ; it has not yet flowered.
Var. from the Pyrenees. — This is a true S. Cotyledon in habit (centre rosette dies after flowering), with very distinct X)ale green — almost yellow — foliage : leaves very short and -tumpy, and round at the ti))s ; flowers pure
white ; flower stem short and I'cd colour. Very attractive.
I V/7\"atroi)urpur('a.'" — This was a seedling raised (from an original S. Cotyledon) whi<'h flowered last y-ear ; foliage the same as tlie type, but the flowers not spotted, but blotched with crimson to such an extent that the whole of t^ach petal, with the exce])tion of a thin white edging, was crimson ; most attractive and distinct. Unfor- tunately a wandering dog smashed the flower stem bsfore the seed ripened, and the rosette died, but it made three offsets before it ex]jired which are alive and doing well, so I trust they will have the same flowers as their i)arents.
I grow several other forms which are either too near the type to be distinct or I suspect to be
possessed of foreign blood. It any of the readers of Irish Garden- ing have any ( )ther varieties I should be inter- ested to hear of them.
S. Cotyledon in Nature.
Plifjfu hy] [.Viirrai/ Ildriiihroak
Saxifraga Cotylkdon irET.ANDicA at Knapton, Abbeyleix.
Some time ago when in Switzer- land we walked along the Han- degg road which leads to the Grimsel Pass, from which a glorious view opens out to the Khone fHacier
This Handegg road during part of the way winds between lime- stone cliffs, on the sides of which Saxifraga Cotyle- don abounds, the road having been cut out of the rock. Above our head the cliffs rise steeply for lumdreds of feet, and below the road the rock falls away precii)itously to a roaring torrent beneath.
To see this big Hockfoil growing naturally is a beautiful sight, its large pyramidal masses of white, crimson-s])otted flowei's waving in the slightest ])reeze elicits the admiration of all ])assers by. and not a single flower spike was within easy reach, for they are gathered as soon as the flowers open In small crevices large single rosettes sent roots deep into the rock ; in larger cracks and shelves, where humus had accumulated large tufts had formed These were sending up a dozen or so plume-like flower stems, each IS inches or more in length. Even-tually we found a place where, by scrambling over the para])et guarding the road, my comi)anion, Mr Malby, was [able to
IRISH GARDENING
73
secure a ])lioto of some rosettes, from which ourilhistration is taken In tnis exposed i)osition the lime encrustation of the leaves is vividly white. If we pull off a leaf of Saxifraga Cotyledon and examine it we find a depression or small ]»it encrusted with lime in each tooth at the margin of the leaf. The base of the pit is lined with thin-walled cells, and a vein starts beneath. In wet weather the water ex- creted from the veins contains carbonate of lime , which is left behind by evapora- tion, and a white scale ot lime forms, wnicb gives the name " Encrusted Saxifraga " to this section. In di-y weather the lime scale is tightly pressed over the ]nt, and acts as a stojjper; but in damp weather the scale is loosened and admits water beneath it. In times of drought many of these Saxifrages are exposed to desiccation, but they have a very thick skin, excepting for the lining of the pits where covered by the lime scales. When rain or dew falls on a leaf, the water soaks under the crust of lime and fills the depressions and is taken up the absorptive cells, and in dry weather the stopper again fits the pit closely to prevent evaporation.
A somewhat similar arrangement is found in the Acantholimon and some Statices. exce]jt that the pits are not confined to the margin, but are dotted over the surface of the leaves. Some of these ])lants inhabit steppes and desert ]) laces where a small amount of rain falls for months at a time. ('. F. Bat.t,.
Regal Pelargoniums.
By John Creaky. Foi{ greenhouse embellishment the Kegal Pelar- goniums are absolutely indis])eiisable, and ere this issue of Ihish (Jakdeninc; is obtainable they will be showing their beauty, ])r<jvided they re- ceive cool greenhouse treatment. A nice batch can bj had for next spring by the following treatment: — As they go out of bloom harden them off by gradually withholding water; thentake them out of doors and place the ])ots lying on their sides, and after about a fortnight this way, the young growtlis will t)e in nice form for taking cuttings. First prepare a good comi)()st of fibrous loam witii one-fourth leaf-mould and fine sand,
Saxifhaoa (irowing on a (
sift all and mix well together, putting the compost in boxes 3 or 4 inches in depth, with good drainage ; give a good soaking of water, then take cuttings, which can be prepared in two ways — viz., by pulling off with the heel attached, or by cutting oft' slanting with a sharp knife ; in either case leave tlie cut- tings about 4 inches long. Insert them about li inches deep, placing them in a frame till rooted, which will take place in about six weeks when they should be jdaced singly in 3 or 4-inch pots, which should be well washed
beforehand. If desired, they may re-main in those pots till .lainiary, when they should have their final shift into 5i or tj-inch pots, always remembering that clean pots and sufficient drainage are of primary importance. Use a
compost of good fibrous loam, with one part each of leaf-mould and sand to five of loam, sifting only the leaf-mould in order to take out the bits of sticks ; add an S-inch pot full of bonenu'al and a like quantity of soot to each barrowload of compost. The plants require to be i)inched back, as they make very rami)ant growth when they get any heat. Pinch when six inches high in order to obtain good, bushy l)lants, and again according as t liey require it. As they do very well in a m o i s t atmosi)here, they should be fre- quently syringed, as this not alone en- coiirages growth, but also keeps them clean and healthy. As they are gross feeders when gn)wing, they recjuire a (•o])ious supply of water. Weak liquid numure twice a week and a good fertiliser once a week would be very beneficial, and hel]) to give large spikes of bloom and fine healthy foliage.
They are greatly addicted t») greenfly, so the house should be funiigated often to prevent tliem from being destroyed.
It might be advantageous to amateurs to know a good dozen, so 1 will here give the names of the best dozen which I grow : — Exmouth lUval, carmine, scarlet, or salmon : Albert Victor, rysy red and white ; Duke of Connaught, cherry far- mine : Lady Decies, flesh tlamed with red : liosy C!em, rose suffused scarlet : Magiuficent. soft rose and cliocolate : I'.arl, ])ure wliite ; William Haufi', salmon rose : Atalanta, mauve and white ; Airs. Lion, pure white : Duchess of Albany, purple violet ; Lady Coleridge, delicate rose.
Cotyledon. •lift' in Switzerland
74
IRISH GARDENING
Clematis montana and Varieties,
This Clematis is well known as one of the most beautiful of all 3Iay-flowenng eliml)ers. I'seful for covering lough fences, pergolas, or arbours; often it may l)e seen trained to a wail covered by a sheet of white blossoms, each about 2 inches across.
Our illustration shows the large- flowered form covering an arch in Mr. Smyth s garden at Dalkey, wliere it is wondrously beautiful in May. On ])art of the arch, so closely are the flowers packed together that they com])letely hide the foliage. This grandiflora variety should always be grown in preference to the type, for it is equally free- growing, much finer, and more decorative.
C. montana rubens is rapidly becoming a favourite on account of the rose-))ink flowers which distinguish it from the tyi)e : even when not in flower it may be told by the dark- coloured foli- age. Seedlings which have been raised seem to be in- ferior and too pale in colour.
C. montana Wilsonii is a new variety which will be welcome be- cause it i)ro- duces its flowers in August ; otherwise it is very siniilar to the tyi)e for garden pur- poses. It was sent out by Veitch about 1908 to 1909 a s Clematis
flowering, and fortunately the same plants are not always flowering simultaneously in all parts of the country.
As evidence of what can be seen in the neigh- bourhood of Dublin, it is only necessary to glance at the accompanying illustration, taken last May at Mount Henry, Dalkey. To the right may be discerned a glorious mound of Ibcris gibraltarica, a delightful, but sometimes elusive, plant, revelling in a sunny ])osition. but disliking dam]j in winter. Near by, too, are cushions of Aubrietias, Mossy Saxifrages, Cineraria lobata, with bright yellow flowers, Alpine Auriculas, ICrigeron mucr(jnatus, a most accommodating plant for the sides of paths, steps, and on walls, bearing innumerable win- some daisy-like flowers all svimmer : also the ])rostrate blue-flowered Veronica Teucriu)ii dubia, and many others. Then, too, the Achilleas make mounds of white, and several Anthemises are pictures of beauty. Rock Koses and Rock Cistuses,
too, in endless variety, give warm gleams of colour here and there ; while Wahlen- bergias, Cam- ])anulas, Sapo- n arias, and Dianthusesare a never-failing source of plea- sure. In the lower reaches of the rock- work, in shady bays and moist recesses, Cyp- ripediums and Orchises, Trol- liuses and Pri- mulas add de- light to the merrv month of MAy.
R.
Clematis Montana grandiflora at Mount Henry. Dalkey.
rep ens.
These Clem- atis thrive in
any ordinary good soil, but prefer that of a calcareous nature. So where lime is absent in soil, it pays to give a sprinkling of slaked lime.
Priming is not necessary where this Clenuitis has ample space to si)read, but in a limited space where ])lants have to be kept in bounds, ])runing should take lAaec immediately after ffoivrritxj, for C. montana and its varieties flower on the young wood, and if pruned in winter the flower buds will only b:> cut away in ]U'uning.
The Rock Garden in May,
From March onwards through the sj^ring and early summer months there is much of beauty and interest in the rock garden, and perhaps in May we get the greatest show of the year. Then many of the earlier things have not yet lost their pristine freshness, and the early summer Al])ines are ap])roaching the zenith of their beauty. Of course locality has nuu,-h to do with the Time oi
The Indian Azaleas.
These charming i)lants have been known since the seventeenth centiu'y. but it was not till fifty years or so ago that they became a desideratum in greenhouse decoration. They produce a magnificent floral dis])lay from December to May, and can be obtained in all shades of red, pink, red and white, and various combinations of coloiirs, winle the i)vu'e white forms are always adniired. There are both single and double varieties, and they are grown as standards, half- standards, pyramids, A:c., but the dwarf er plants are more useful for rooms and ordinary green- houses. A great number of plants are im])orted annually, and with a little care and attention they may be grown on to produce a wealth of bloom for many years. As they ]jass the flowering stage, all the dead blooms and stems must be removed. The plants are then placed in a light structure where the temperatiu-e averages about (iO° Fahr., and syringed twice each day whenever the weather warrants the use of the syringe. Careful water- ing will be necessary, and on no account must they get dry at the root.
IRISH GARDENING
Rock Gardening for Amateurs.*
Having edited many gardening publications. Mr. H. H. Thomas now presents the gardening public with a new book entitled " Rock Gar- dening for Amateurs." It is distinctly a book for anxateurs, and in this respect it certainly answers the piirpose, but it will hardly satisfy the connoisseur of Alpine plants and rock gar- dening.
The book is divided into four distinct parts, the first dealing with "' making, planting, and tending," where the directions are clear and distinct, but the author very rightly adds that
known plants, and gives a short descrii^tive note of some of the most useful s])ecies of'the various genera. The last part of the book is a descriptive list of the best kinds to grow, divided into sections — those that like or dislike lime, those preferring |>eat, those that may prove tender in certain localities, plants for pools, plants with grey foliage, prostrate ])lants, as well as lists of idants in distinct colours, those suitable for moraine, and those that are evergreen. There is an excel- lent index to the bool;. by which uieans the in- formation sought can b' readily found, and the coloured and black and white ])lates are remark- ably good. H. M. P.
fhofn by]
The Rock Gakdp:x in May at Mount ITenry, Dalkky.
f(;. /■;. Low.
" books can only put the reader in the right way." wliich is perfectly true. Ciardeners look to books for this very reason, but no amount of book learning will ever nuike a gardener : the ty^je can be considerably improved, l)ut a start must be made with the genuine article. In tlie second ■I)art — " The charm of vaiiety " — the moraine is dealt with, and we get in a imtshell the ])osition, how it is made, com])ost, when to ])lant. and the favourite moraine i)lants. To the latter list a good many more might have been added. The chapter on rock borders is encouraging, for there is ])lenty of rooni for this class ot gardening. In dealing with the wall garden the intormatioii is excellent as far as it goes, Init the author might have given a good deal more advice on tlu- question of seed sowing and planting in tlie wall. The third part, entitled " Indispensable Rock Garden Flowers," deals with the various well-
* •• Rock Gardening for Amateurs." By H. H. Thomas. Price 6s. Puhiished t>y Messrs. C'assoU & Co., London.
Eremurus robustus.
This stately Liliaceous plant is far too seldom seen in gardens, but wherever grown it forms, when in full bloom in June, a most striking and conspicuous object. A native of Turkestan, it is endowed with long and fleshy roots in shape like a huge starfish, and tbert'forr slu)ul(l he i)lanted in deep, rich soil. The leavis, which jiush through the ground in early March, are of a shining green, sword shai)ed, being, when fully grown, some 3 feet long and 3 inches broad. The stout flower stem reaches a height of from 6-10 feet, of which the ui)i)er 3 or 4 feet is covered with tajiering spikes of rosy pink flowers, each about 2 inches acro.ss. Eremiu-us robustus is best i)lanted in groups, and such a group whtni in flower is a magnificent spectacle, not readily forgotten.
Seed is i)]entifully ripened, but as it takes a seedling about five years to attain flowering size, division of the rootstocks is frequently i)ractised in preference.
1(>
IRISH GARDENING
R, H, S. of Ireland Spring Show.
This Show was held at the Hnyal Dublin Society's premises, Ballsbridge, Dublin, on the 15th and ItUh of last month, and was favoured by bright and sunny weather.
The Show was a great success, and from the gallery of the Main Hall a view was obtained of the long rows of tables artistically decked with all kinds of beautiful spring flowers. Of course the Daffodils were the leading feature, but on entering the hall the eye was riveted to a resplen- dent table of crimson and various coloured Amaryllis shown by Alderman Bewley, to which a gold medal was awarded. Very tine pots ot Mignonette attracted attention by its sweet scent, while large pots of Dentzia crenata were ])articularly good. The Schizanthus or Butterfly flowers were well grown specimens, and the class attracted keen competition, while the Azaleas and Calceolarias gave a gorgeous s])lash of colour.
DAFFODIL NOTES.
Taking the Daffodil exhibits as a whole they were well u]» to the usual standard at the Spring Show, and, as regards condition, were far better than last year, when, owing to the early season, liractically all the blooms exhibited were i)ast their best.
In the amateur section Mr. J. L. Richardson's (VVaterford) flowers in all the classes he entered for were excellent. They were large, well coloured, and of good substance, careful Ij^ grcmped and well staged. In the class for Trumpets his first prize lot with Weardale Perfection, King Alfred and Glory of Noardwyk would have been hard to beat. In this class Mr. C. W. Parr got a good second with a very nice group. His Honor .Judge Bird (Dundrum, Co. Dublin) taking the third.
In the Ardilaun Cuj) class, Major S. C. Hickman well deserved the first i)lace, with Mrs. Hely Hutchinson second and Captain O'Callaghan third.
The doubles were good, but there was nothing new shown. Polyanthus classes were poor, nearly all the flowers being very much past their b?st. One of the best lots entered was disquali- fied, presumably because there were more than the regulation number of trusses put in one vase. It is a great pity, but it is also pure carelessness on the part of the exhibitor, that prizes are so often lost through inattention to the rules.
There were two trade exhibits, one froni Messrs. Baylor Hart I and and one from Lissadell, Co. Sligo. The former had a nice lot of stuff, well shown. " Czarina," a huge Leedsii with a beautifully frilled cup, was again striking. " K. H. Beamish," a pale coloured trumpet with well- shaped, substantial perianth is a good thing. One of the seedlings named " Faction " seems promising. But, on the whole, the seedlings at this show were disappointing, and there is plenty of room for improvement in the Poeticus section and in the doubles.
The Lissadell stand was not nearly as good as last year, but the show in London on the same days may have accounted for this, as probably their best stuff went over to it. They had some seedlings, a very nice Triandrus hybrid and a
whiff trumpet, but we still want a white King .Alfred, and let us hope when it does conae it wi 1 have been raised in Ireland. M. C.
ROSES.
In the Rose classes the ('hallenge Cu]) (£10) for Six Pot Roses was again won by Mr. H. S. Guinness with well-balanced plants in perfect condition of bloom and foliage, clean, liealthy, vigorous, the blooms young and fresh, with several more to come along : the second prize going to Mr. F. A. Millar for taller plants, some of which were not so suitable for this class and slightly past their best ; Mr. Henry Dudgeon took third prize. In the cla.sses for cut blooms, Alderman Bewley captured the first ])rize in each of the three classes, with blooms full of substance, young and fresh, nearly all of which maintained their form well into the second day of the Show, a two-day show being a severe test of tlie quality of cut Ro.ses. Mr. Edmund D'Olier was second in each of these classes with some very excellent blooms, but many of them were of varieties that will not stand this test, and some of them were flagging even before the Show opened. Mr. S. Soden was third in the class for twenty-four blooms, Mr. Henry Dudgeon third in the class for twelve Teas, and Mrs. .James Talbot Power third for twelve blooms of six varieties, in this box were some very beautiful Roses, but the exhibit was spoiled by two blooms which were completely over. Mr. Edward Lee was reserved for a very creditable selection. On the whole the Roses were not quite u]) to the standard of the previous year, when the comi^etition between the flrst and second winners was much more keen, the blooms being of a di-stinctly better quality in 1913 and in such perfect condition that the decisions covdd only be arrived at by taking into consideration effective staging and greater variety of coloura- tion.
HARDY ALPINES IN PANS.
The competition in these was unfortunately limited to two entries only, Mrs. Greer, of Cur- ragli (irange, again winning the premier award with large pans of choice Al]>ines. The be.st of a very good lot were Primula .Juliae ; P. rosea, very tine ; Morisia hypogaea, well flowered ; Heli- chrysum Ijellidioides : and Primula Forrestii. Second honours fell to L. \'ernon with .smaller pans, which, though bright, were inferior in quality. It is a l)ity there is not nior(> competi- tion in this class, as it is one of great ]io.ssib.lities. There is room also for much improvement in the quality of the Alpines exhibited. Mo.ssy Saxi- frages and Aubrietias, tlioxigh showy, are hardly worth the trouble when so many .si)ecies are available, as, for instance, in the Primulas. There should be little dilliculty in producing pans of Primula ciliata su]>erba, P. ciliata jjur- purea, P. hirsuta, P. pub 'scens alba, P. longi- flora, so well .shown by Tully Nurseries. Wah- lenbargias, too, would be available, as well as several Ranunculuses, Draba dedeana, Andro- saces, Saxifraga cochlearis, and several of the Kabschia section. In fact there are ])lenty of good things, easy to jjropagate and easy to acquire at little ex])ense. In (Uass 5(1, for a col- lection of 24 vases of hardy cut flowers, there
IKISH GARDENING
11
were four entries, all of a liigh order of merit. First honours fell to Mrs. Talbot Power with a very fine lot, in which fioweriny shrubs, of course, ])redominated. Well flowered masses of Berberis Darwinii, Forsythia intermedia, Cytisus albus and ])r8ecox. tree Paeonias, (*y<i<>uia, and other choice shrubs were well shown, and the wliole arrangement was tastefully executed. Second prize went to (*apt. Lewis liiall, whose lot con- tained juany choice and rare shrubs, such as we are led to expect from Old CVmiui, Hill. Tiiird prize fell to Mrs. Keith, who also put up a fine lot. in which Exochorda Albert! was conspicuous. Class 57, for a collection of 12 vases of hardy flowers, produced good com])etition. First
honours in this class fell to .Judge Bird with a boldly arranged group, in which hardy bulbs were conspicuous : flowering shrubs and the old double Wallflower were also well shown. Second prize went to Sir F. Shaw, whose exhibit was very dainty, but lacked something in arrange- ment. More shrubs were shown here, and had they been cut bolder and been well set up would ])robably be placed first. Perhaps the prettiest vase in this competition was shown in this ex- hibit— viz., the single Kerria japonica. Third prize fell to Stanley H. Cochrane with a well set up lot, which, however, was lacking a little in quality.
If we might suggest it, there is room for still more variety in the hardy cut flower exhibits. Among shrubs, for instance, Exochorda Alberti macrantha is in full beauty in mid-Ai)ril, and it is by far the finest form ; Ceanothus rigidus, a strikingly beautiful plant, is likewise too seldom seen, while the new Forsythias, Viburnum Carlesii, and numy fine Pyruses and Prunuses seem yet unknown in private gardens.
TRADE EXHIBITS.
Messrs. Baker's, Wolverhampton, put up a dainty exhibit of Alpines, backed with .Japanese Maples and white and yellow Broom. Outstand- ing groups in this exhibit were Houstonia s serpyllifolia, a dainty little plant with pretty pale blue flowers ; Incarvillea grandiflora ; Aubrietia .1. S. Baker, very fine ; Primula denticulata alba, a fine form ; Om])halodes cappadocica, and Viola Purple Robe. Silver Medal.
Mr. .Jones, F.R.Il.S., Kilkenny, staged some very handsome giant Polyanthuses, showing a fine range of colours, and also a fine assortment of their noted Auriculas. The feature of this exhibit, however, was a fine double-flowered Primrose, named Rose du Barri, which a])tly describes the attractive colour. Very hiyhly commended.
Near by, the Tully Nurseries, Kildare, ])ut up a nice (oUection of Alpiru>s and some very pretty Auriculas. Notable among the Ali)ines were Helichrysum l)ellidioides. I'rinuda .Julifr, An- chusa myosot iditlora. Primula viscosa (hirsuta), Wahlenljcrgia ser])yllifolia, N'iohi gracilis varieties, Mazus rugosus, Asj)erula suberosa, evidently a strong favourite at Tully, and a nice grou]) of Rchnumnia Ilenryi. Primula longiflora was also strongly sliown in this exhil)it. Silrer Medal.
Messrs. Chas. Ramsay, PallsJiridge, had a very fine exhibit at one end of the liall, com])osed of handsome floral designs and masses of fashion- able flowers. Hoses and Hlue 1 1 ydrangeas were a feature ; while Carnations, Mignonette, Double
Stocks, I)ai)hne Cneoruni, Ferns, Marguerites, and Rhododendrons nuide a delightful disl)lay. A (jold Medal axcarded
Messrs Baylor Hart land, of Cork, showed a fine mixed group, in which we noted choice Orcliids in variety, Myosotidium nobile. Dein- anthe coerulea, a rare new plant: ViJjurnum (^arlesii, Zenobia speciosa, and a collection of ])oi>ular Alpines. The sanie firm showed Cottage Tuli])s and a fine lot of Daffodils, among which a fine new variety named R. H. Beamish was at once noticeable with its sulphur trumpet and pure white perianth.
Messrs. A. Dickson, Blackrock, showed very handsome standards of AJ>utilon vexillarium <)f graceful appearance as well as ivy-leaved Pelar- goniums, Schizanthus, a good strain of Primula obconica, greenhouse Calceolarias, and hand- some tiers of Perpetual Carnations in leading varieties. Silver Medal.
Messrs. Watson, Clontarf, were represented by an exhibit of Alpines in pans and i)retty bushes of Dwarf Polyantha Roses. Of Ali)ines, they showed Primula rosea in fine form, Viola gracilis and varieties, Polygala Chanicebuxus i)in']>urea, and many others. The same firm showed the handsome Ivy Hedera Helix dentata variegata and the always lovely Cytisus pra;cox. Silver Medal.
Messrs. R. .Tanieson & Sons, Royal Nurseries, Sandy mount, had an effective exhibit, showing their well-known floral designs and a choice array of beautiful flowers, for which they were awarded a gold medal. Here we noted at once the too seldom seen Boronia megastigma. so chai'iningly scented, and also B. elatior. A large epergne was furnished Avith Antirrhinums, while Ro.ses, Carnations, and many other choice flowers were beautifully shown. Among the Carnations were several new varieties, notably Philadel])hia Pink and Chami)ion, both of American origin. Other very fine varieties were Yellow Prince, Peerless Pink, and (iorgeous, all showing evidence of good cultivation. Gold Mcdtd awarded.
Messrs. Browett, Kingstown, showed boxes of their juagnificent Pansies, as well as renuu-kaljly fine Hydrangeas in snuill ]>ots. Ferns. S))ira'as. Cytisuses, and Clenuitis, backed by handsome Palms, well maintained the re]»utation of tliis enter])rising firm. Silver Medal.
The Lissadell firni were Jiot (juite so strong as usual, but had nevertheless a. very liiu' series of their well-known Daffodils, aiul also boxes ol po])ulai' Aliiines. ^er!/ hi(/lit!/ eommeinlcd.
Messrs. Pennick \' Co.. Deigany. were repi-e- sented by a compreheiisive collection of slu'iibs. for which tills firm is justly famous, and numerous other charming s])ring flowers in variety. Hit/hly eoynmended.
Messrs. Young A: Co., Ilatherly, , Cheltenham, had a remarkable exhibit nf Carnations, which was (juit*' a centre of attrai tion. Thi' vigour and size of the blooms were immediately noticeable, and as all the newest and best sorts were sliown in ( I wall tit y. this stand was an outstanding feature of tlie sliow. (lold Medal awarded.
TABLE DECORATION.
I^'loral dinner table decoration is ])robal>ly the most ]>o|>nlai' use to which cut flowers are put. and for that very reason taste in it should be
78
IRISH GARDENING
encouraged. There is also rouui lor more originality, which, if the tables decorated for conqjetition at the various flower shows are to be taken as examples, is still lacking, and there are still people who consider a tall centre piece, hiding those at the o]>posite side of the table completely from view, more effective than a light dainty arrangement of flowers which in itself alone would encourage one to sit at table. Visitors to the Royal Horticultural Society's Spring Flower Show, held at Ballsbridge on the 15th and Kith of April, had the opportunity of seeing six tables, decorated for competition, ni a variety of styles. The first and second prize tables the flowers had been well selected, the arrangement was good, the ribbons used were exactly the shade of the flowers, and both tables were light, the diners would have had no difficulty in seeing and speaking to each other. The ])lates and glass used were also in accordance with the rules laid down in the schedule and suitable to the decoration, there was also room on the tables for the necessary dessert dishes, &c. (as these tables were all laid for dessert).
The colour of the flowers is the chief thing to be considered. Many very nice light and easily arranged flowers will be useless at night owing to the fact that they change colour in artificial light. This applies to a great many Lilac flowers, purple and magenta, and the two latter colours should not be used, as they are bad night colours. On the other hand, very pale colours are apt at night time to look insignificant. If clear glasses are used they should be perfectly clean and the water absolutely fresh. The first prize table at the Horticultural Show was very well carried out in every detail, and perhaps the only detail about which there could have been a question was whether the colour of the pale blue Anemones would have been too faint at night. The small low glasses arranged in a circle, with ribbons which matched them exactly, was a very charming idea, well carried out, and the dainty circle of small leaved Ivy surrounding the glasses gave the finishing touch- Contrasts should be avoided as much as pos- sible, they are not as a rule pleasing or restful, bat, of course, the necessity for a contrast juay arise, in which case great care should b,j exercised that the weaker colour predominates. This remark also applies to all et ceteras used in table decoration, such as ribbons, chiffon or other material, unless the exact shade can be used, any other should be paler than the flowers. Strongly scented flowers, such as many of the Lilies, Polyanthus Narcissus, &c., are not good subjects, as people often object to the heavy smell, which naturally becomes still more oppressive as the temperature of the room rises. There is an idea still in existence that because the subjects used have bloomed under glass, and demand expensive conditions, that they take precedence of many of our beautiful hardy garden flowers, which any gardener, however small his plot may be, can produce. Surely a table decorated with Sweet Peas, Columbines, Iceland or Shirley Poppies, or scarlet Poe Anemones, can be made to look every bit as charming, if not more charming, than one carried out in Orchids (Cattleyas, Calanthes, &c.), Malmaison Carnations, or even Mimosa (Acacia), which. can only be had either for the buying or bv those who have glasshouses. ^ R. M. P.
The Month^s Work.
The Flower Garden.
Hy \\\m. (■•. W'ADOE, Cardener to Lady O'Neill, Shane's Castle, Antrim.
The work that will occupy nujst of our time this month is the lilling of the flower beds for a sum- mer display, and the preparation of the beds for the plants and the plants for the beds. The last ten days of May and the first ten days of .Tune are the days during which most bedding out is usually done ; a little earlier or later according to the season and the locality. Get everything in readiness — beds dug, manured, trodden firm, and raked level ; watering may also b^ necessary, es))ecially where the Wallflowers have been blooming. Do not use rank manure, especially for beds to be filled with Geraniums. Spent hot bed material — which is usually half leaves — when decayed, is very suitable. Bulbs and Polyanthus that are lifted as the work ])roceeds should be i>lanted on a reserve border ; for the Polyanthus it is better if partially shaded. As regards the plants to use, much depends on in- di\ idvial taste. A greater vaiiety is used now than formerly, but for furnishing beds of a geometrical design, the old Geraniums, Calceolarias. Begonias, and Violas are hard to beat. In large beds standing by themselves, dot plants, when well grown, are very handsome, and relieve what might be monotonous. The locality must be taken into consideration — whether warm or cold, sheltered or exposed. Better a bed of Geraniums growing and flowering well than tender green- house ])lants refusing to grow, and pi'esenting a miserable, uncomfortable appearance. A writer, recently describing a certain estate, wrote of the flower garden that there was neither a bed of Ger- aniums nor a single Geranium plant used through- out. The time when that will ap})ly to many places is not yet.
Continue the process of hardening the ])lants. To do this caretuUy entails considerable labour in mo\ing plants from one ]>osition to another when they have to be grown in fruit houses, and the plants are of secondary importance. Place the more tender subjects, .such as lle]iotroi)e, Alternanthera, Iresine, Coleus, and Salvia to- gether ; by so doing the.se could readilj' be pro- tected at nignt on occasions when it would be unnecessary to cover others that are more hardy. Guard against starving the plants. Weak manure water may be given with advantage it the ])ots are filled with roots. Large trained plants must be plunged to the pot rims in asfies in a sheltered corner, and made secure against wind.
Pi^ANTS IX Vasks and Tubs. — Vases add much to the embellishment of the flower garden when well furnished with suitable plants. The .soil for these should be rich : the roots being conlined, the ])lants will not grow unduly strong. Vases being usually ])laced in l)rominent jiositions, it is essential that good jilants be selected, and every encouragement given them to start into active growth. Damp over the foliage occasionally in warm weather ; and when the roots are wt)rking freely, a little feeding should be given Fuchsias are svitable for vases, the raised position showing
IRISH GAiiDEiNlNG
79
off the pretty, pendulous tlowers. but they must only be used for the more sheltered vases. Mar- guerites are suitable for a windy l)osition, also strong-growing Geraniums, sueh as Paul Crampel. A nice si)ecimen Cordyline, with an edging of some trailing plant to hang over the sides, looks well where bright colour is not essential. The Ivy-leaved (iei'aniums are ideal for large vases : if a number are planted thickly together, they can either be all left to fall down and ramble from the vase to the ground, or tne inner ]ilants can be tied to stakes, and a higher effect is secured. Large tubs filled with plants are very suitable for placing at intervals on terraces or broad gravel walks. Cordyline indivisa, Phormuin- tenax, and the variegated foi'm. Agave?, Myrtles, Ilydraneea hortensis, and x\gapantnus, white and blue, may be used in this way, and will last for a number oi years if ])roperly treated. The objection to this phase ot flower gardening is the amount ot greenhouse si)ace the plants occupy during tne winter months. Another way is to x'efill annually with such things as Sweet Peas. Marguerites, Calceolaria amplexicaulis. and Geraniums. The tubs can then be emptied when frost occurs in autunin and stored in a shed.
Annuals sown in beds or borders need timely attention to thinning. The chief drawback to this class of jilants being used more extensi\ ely than they are is the short season of flowering. Judicious thinning will lengthen the time, also keei)ing all seed vessels picked oft" and wateiing witli liquid nianure. In thinning, it is well to go over tne plants three times, removing a few each time. Thin finally when tne ])lants have three ])airs of rough leaves, and let the jdants stand () incfies apart, a little more or less, according to the variety.
Pkopagatixg Plants for Spring Bkdding. — Furnisliing the beds for summer effect and pro- ])agating for next spring goes on about the same time. Wallflower, Alyssum, Myosotis, and Poly- antlu's should be sown on a birder. Aubrietia and Ai'abis may be propagated by cuttings placed in a frame, and shaded from bright sun- shine.
Herbaceous Borders. — Scuffle among these to kee]) down weeds. Thin out the growths of such ])lants as Phlox, Asters, and Solidago. A few strong growths will give a better dis])lay than a crowd of weakly ones.
Forced Bulbs. — These nuiy l)e planted out in tiie grass, on the margin o* shrubberies, or under trees. In a few years they will flower as freely as new bulbs. By |ilantiiig now it is ])()ssible to ascertain the ])osition of ])atches from previous plantings. Avoid fornuil lines or groU])s, let the aim be so to arrange that when comulete the whole shall have a natural or wild a])pearance. If there is a large quantity, and a fresh si)ace is to be planted, it is best to allow the bulbs to rii)en in the boxes : shake out when dry, and ]ilant in September.
Roses. — (h-eenfly is sure to nuike its a])])ear- ance this month. One i)ouiid of soft soa]) dis- solved in boiling water, and tlien mor(» water added to make G gallons, niay be used forsi>raying. Quassia extract, used according to the makers instructions, is very safe and effectual, or tlie Quassia chips may be boiled for fifteen minutes. 1 lb. being sufficient to make i gallons of s])raying fluid.
The Fruit Garden.
By Peteu Brock, Horticultural Instructor for Co. Fermanagh.
Owing to the exceedingly wet time we have ex- perienced from the first of February to niid- A])ril, the cultivation and cleaning of truit trees and bi'shes is, in many places, a long way behind, especially on heavy soils, which have become crusted on the surface from the long-continued heavy rains. Xo opportunity should be missed to loosen the crust, eradicate weeds, and get the surface into a friablecondition, forming a mulch of fine earth that will lessen escape of nujistiire if a period of very di'y weather should set in. Lately planted trees, especially those on porous .soils, may require watering ; if so, give sufficient to moisten the soil to the lowest roots, and after- wards kee]> tlie surface soil stirred occa.sionallj with the hoe.
Frost — This month is generally a critical period for the fruit crops : a few degrees of frost may blight the brightest prospects. vSmudge fires ijfaced on the frosty windward side and .set agoing when the temperature falls near the freezing point will lessen considerably the effect of several degrees of frost. Smudge pots for use with oil and other burning materials are now largely used in s<nue of the princijtal truit - growing districts in America to ])rotect fruit blossom from frost. Fires formed with trim- mings of liedges and other slow burning nuiterial will also give good results in warding off sevei-al degrees of frost.
(ioosEBERRlES. — Where this crop is intended for marketing, give a dressing of nitrate of soda, I lb. to twenty square yards, will hasten the swelling of the fruit to a marketable size. Any grass suckers tending to overcrowd the centre of the bush snould be rubbed oft". If sawHy or magx)ie nmth caterpillars are known to exist in the plantation, spray the bushes with 1 lb. arsenate of lead to 25 gallons water. Api)ly fx'om a single, small nozzle, under a liigh ]iressure, directing the spray downwards, so that the u])pi-r side of tne leaves may be evenly dewed. This spraying should be done when the fruit is about the size of green peas.
Raspberries. — Remove any excess of weak suckers from base of stools, leaving one or two more than will be required for next year. Catch the suckers near the ground, aiul with a sharp jerk pull them oft" from the heel. All useless suckers between the clumps or lines should be lioed out.
Strawbekkies. — Attend to hoeing and thor- oughly freeing the ])lants from weeds. Cut the toi) oft" runners unless where required for layering. Ai)i)ly straw or other litter to prevent the truit fromgetting s])lashed. . If the weather should be dry and warm, a g*)od soaking with manure water or even clean water will inatei'ially assist the develo])nu'nt of large and well-finished fruit.
Aphides. — If the weather be dry and accom- panied by cutting winds, kee]) a shari) look out for aphides — bi'tter ktiown as greenfly^which infest peaches, plum-, cherries, ciirrants, and a])ples. If allowed to renuiin unchecked till they curl the leaves, they are then very difficult to get at except by immersing the shoot or branch in insecticide. Tliere are many insecticides on the market now^adays for economically destroying
8o
IRISH GARDENING.
all kinds of aphides without iiijuiiiig tin- leaves on which they prey. The i)reparations of nicotine are most effective, if a little extra ex- l>ense is not considered. For small operations Quassia and soft soap forms a good wash for destroying sucking insects. Steep 2 lbs. Quassia chips in cold water for 12 hours : strain off the cold extract into a t\ib or barrel ; then tPe chii)S may be boiled, and what is extracted by boiling added to the cold extract. Dissolve 1 lb. of soft soap in boiling water and add to the quassia, making 10 gallons of wash. Quassia gives best results when its insecticidal })ro])erties are ex- tracted in cold water. It is very questionable if what is obtained by boiling will cover the cost of fuel. In aijplying a wash for sucking insects it should be ai^plied with force to the underside ot the leaves in such a way that every part of the tree or bush will be reached. If the i>reparation of suitable insecticides is inconvenient, the adver- tisement columns of Irish Gardening show where the pre])ared article can be procured cheaply.
Spraying for Scab and Caterpillars. — Those who have been unable to get the winter si)raying done satisfactorily have all the more reason to make an effort to attend to summer spraying as directed in last month's Irish Gardening. Scab and caterpillars are respon- sible for heavy annual losses, and unless spraying is attended to so as to keep the trees in a protected condition, the losses are likely to continue and even increase. I may repeat that in spraying for scab and caterpillar, the spray should be ajjplied in a very fine mist from a small nozzle and under a high pressure, mere'y dewing the trees without causing drip. If the spray is applied like a wash till it runs off the tree, neither the fungicide nor poison are then evenly distri- buted, as the fluid collects in blobs at the edges or points of the leaves, and is more liable to cause scorching.
The Vegetable Garden.
By Arthur Horton, Gardener to Colonel Claude Cane, St. Wolstan's, Celbridge.
To the gardener, amateur or i)rofessional, and the vegetable grower in particular. May is prob- ably the bisiest month of the whole year. As most kinds of vegetables will require attention in some way or other, seeds of most varieties must be sown at regular intervals to ensure an unbroken supply, also transplanting of others brought forward in boxes or frames. The timely thinning of seedlings and constant hoeings be- tween all growing crops is most important, especially so in a dry season. Garden pests ol all descriptions are very much in evidence during this month. Good dustings of fresh lime and soot should be given to all young seedlings where snails and slugs abound, and must be repeated after heavy rains. Rats and mice un- less kept in check will ruin whole sowings of peas and beans in a few nights.
During May and .June both the carrot and onion fly are on the wing, and most i)eop]e know that once either carrots or onions are attacked there is no cure. Therefore measures should bs taken in the earlier stages of growth to prevent as far as possible the fly from depositing the eggs on the plants. The best preventive I know is wood ashes, sawdust, or sand saturated with paraffin, and sown between the lines imme-
diately the seedlings appear above thi; ground, and re])eated two or three times at intervals tif about three weeks.
Seed Sowing — Spinach. — To keo]) up a con- tinuous su])i>ly ot this vegetable, small sowings should be made a1>nut every fortnight. A good ]iosition for this croj) is between t Ik; lines ot ]ieas and beans, as a certain amount of shade is given, which is beneficial, es])ecially during .July and August. Early in the month New Zealand spinach may be .sown in a fairly light soil in an open situation. A distance of 3 feet between the lines and 2 feet (5 inches from plant to ])lant in the lines should be given. This variety is quite dis- tinct both in growth and flavour from the round and ]irickly s])inach, and certainly much superior to spinach beet.
Beans. — Both French and runner beans may be sown outside now with little risk of dajnage by late frost. The latter particularly require a deep, rich soil, and unless the site chosen has been deeply trenched and well manured, it is advisable to take out a trench to a dei)th of at least 2 feet, and give a good dressing of well- decayed farmyard manure a day or two previous to sowing the seed, which should be about o inches deep and 3 or 4 inches apart, finally thinning to 1 foot. When the young seedlings appear above the ground, dust frequently witn lime or soot, as slugs have a particular liking foi the young tender growths.
Beet. — About the middle of the month is early enough for the main sowing of beet. If put in much earlier large coarse roots will be the result. It is not necessary or advisable to manure heavily for this crop. The aim should be to get roots of medium size and good quality. This is best attained by sowing about the time mentioned in well cultivated soil that was well manured the previous year. If exhibition sjteci- mens are required, it is advisable to bore a *ew holes to a depth of at least 3 feet, and fill up with a suitable compost that has been put through a }-inch riddle. A large percentage of roots so treated can be depended on for exhibition.
Continue sowing carrots, turni]>s, and peas, also one more of cauliflowers for late supply. Salading of all kinds should be put in at intervals of about a fortnight. Where accommodation can be found, it is advisable to put in a tew more seeds ot cucumbers and tomatoes for autumn use.
Celery. — Early in the month trenches for celery should be made, so that when the time for ])lanting comes the work can be carried on with as little delay as pos.sible. Nothing is to be gained by making deep trenches, in fact the reverse is the case. Too often all the best soil is taken out, and nothing but the cold subsoil left in which to grow the plants. One good spading is quite enough to take out of the trench, which should be about 15 inches in width and 3 feet from trench to trench for single rows. Where two or three lines are ]>lanted in one trench, a greater distance will be neces.sary. (iive a good dressing of manure and break uj) the bottom to the dei)th of 1 foot. Early celery may be i)lanted out towards the latter end of the month. The same applies to leeks for exhibition.
French and Runner Beans brought forward under gla.ss, if jiroperly hardened off, may be planted out any time after the middle of the month.
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JUNE 1914
TWOPENCE
Irish Gardening
Contents
Notes on Tender Shrubs and Plants (Illustrated) . • •
Roses ......
Pentstemon Davidson i .
New Delphiniums
Early Summer-flowering Border Plants
Seedling Daffodils in Co. Antrim .
In a Small Rock Garden
Helichrysum bellidioides (Illustrated)
Erinacea Pungens (Illustrated)
PAGE
31 82 83 83 84 85 86 87 87
Notes on Moraine Gardening
Magnolia conspicua (Illustrated)
Hints to Novices .
Bomarea Caldasiana (Illustrated)
American Gooseberry Mildew
R. H. S. Spring Show at Chelsea
Reviews . . . . ,
Notes
Month's Work — Flower, Fruit. Vegetable Garden
PAGE
. 88
. 89
. 89
. 90
. 90
• 92
. 94
. 94
And
95
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KINGSTOWN FLOWER SHOW
WEDNESDAY, 15th JULY, 1914
Schedule of Prizes, &c., from The Secretary, King-stown Horticultural Society, Technical School, King-stown
IRISH GARDENING
VOLUME IX
No. loo
Edited by C- F. Ball.
A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND
ARBORICULTURE IN IRELAND
JUNE 1914
Notes on Tender Shrubs and Plants
(Growing out of Doors in and about Killiney, Co. Dublin),
LIRKAR
NEW YO
=tlOTANIC
By Richard C. M'M. Smyth, F.R.H.S
In this favoured neighbourhood (the south side of Dalkey Hill and along the shores of Killiney Bay), sheltered from cold winds and subject to very little frost even in severe winters, can be grown enough tender shrubs and plants to satisfy the most fastidious gardener.
In the rock garden of Kil- liney Castle, situated high over the Vico Road, can be seen the fol- lowing shrubs and plants growing very strongly, and in their turn Howering well : Cytisus race- mosus or Gen- ista fragrans scents the whole garden ; Cytisus mons- pessulanus, another fine variety, blooms early and well ; Cineraria mar- itima, with the silvery leaves ;
Veronicas Hulkeana and Lavaudiana, both in tine flower ; Erica arl)orea ; various \'uccas ; Agathaea ccelestis, with sky-l)lue Daisy-like blooms ; Cineraria lobata, yellow flowers ; Cal- ceolaria violacea (in full flower now — May 12) ; Cazanias, with orange and white flowers, great bloomers ; Aloe ferox doing the best ; various Mesembryanthenmms (from Malta) bloom yearly (Mesem. edule covered a square yard in a year) ; Sempervivum barbatum (Malta) covered
,, MovHit Henry, Dalkey, with yellow ilowers ;
Co. Dublin.
Sedum dendroideum
Photo l,y]
The Desert
spreads into grand plants and masses of bloom. (This plant began to bloom in March and is at its best now — May 12.) In the Fern and Primula portion of the garden will be found Primulas kewensis and malacoides (having been growing
there t w o years) in good flower, a n d amongst the Ferns the Woodwa r d i a does not ob- ject in any way to its out- door quarters. In the gar- den, Mount Henry, Dal- key, hi a fairly sheltered cor- ner one finds a very good ])lantof Calce- olaria Clibraui, showing now (May 12) plen- ty of blooms of gootl size and quality. It is two years in its present position, and^fiowercd well each year. Close beside it is a plaiit of l)imori)hotheca Echlonis, its Daisy-like bloouis being much admired for their ])eculiar colouring.
Various Fuchsias, originally from the green- house, grow very easily here antl there, the size of the blooms being (juite as good as when indoors. Sedum dendroideum hangs down the walls wherever it is planted ; Veronica Hulkeana is beautiful ; Cazanias winter Al, as do various
(iAUDKX AT Mol'NT TTENHY
82
TRTSH GARDENING
Sedums from Malta ) Fuchsia procuiubens
flowers and fniits each year m the rock garden ;
that quaint Httle plant Othonna crassifolia
spreads about the stones with its golden flowers
dotted over it.
In the desert garden (Mount Henry) are a
collection of Aloes, most of which bloomed off
and on since this particular garden was made in
early spring, 1911. Aloe
ferox showed a splendid
head of flowers last year,
and is shown in the illus- tration ; two plants of the
old man Cactus are quite
happy, as are the various
Echeverias, Cotyledons,
Cacti, Phyllocacti, having
blooms of various colours
(one being a beautiful
orange shade). Mesembry-
anthemums grow almost
too strongly, and have to
be clipped in ; they all
flower profusely, especially
the only golden-yellow one
I have ever seen. Sedum
Stahlii is a fine plant. The
prickly pears make a good
background and grow
apace. Even the Mexican
Mamillarias seem quite a,t
home; two of the five in the
garden bloomed last year. This desert garden has a
frame over it during nights
in winter, but is always
open altogether in the day- time, unless the rain is
very heavy. At the end
of March the lights are re- moved till the fo'lowing
November.
This year I have planted
here two Mimosas, and am
in great hopes they will
grow in this beautiful spot. At the Grove, Killiney, will be found Tree Ferns (in the heart of one a thrush this year built her nest). Mimosa looking healthy, Bambusa gracilis, B. japonica, Fan Palms, the red-ribbed C-ordyline Banksii, Yucca recurva pendula, various Magnolias, Fuchsias, and a good collection of Eucalypti, comprising the following varieties, all seemingly suited to their surroundings : — Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum), E. urnigera, E. amygdalina, E. coccifera (with red berries), E. coriacea, E. viminalis (Avith osier-like shoots), E. Gunnii, and the large-leafed one, E. obliqua gigantea, E. tereticornis (having cylindrical leaves).
1 am in hopes that perhaps these notes may
induce dwellers in this beautiful spot to try in their gardens some of the plants I mention. It makes gardening very easy when one has the luck to live in a climate such as we enjoy.
Roses.
By Dh. O'Donel Browne. June is always an interesting and busy month for the Rose grower who pays attention to his Roses. If he intends exhibiting at an.\' show during July he must needjbestir himself, as much of the preparation for a show will now fall on the worker's shoulders.
Let him go over his trees carefully as often as pos- sible and check too many lods from coming from the base, and at the same time lemove weak growths. These in most Roses will not give good large flowers. [ know some of my readers will take exception to this treatment, as we are told that removing too many 'growths and foliage is bacl. Still the judicious thinning of a tree does good in more ways than one, for it allows light and air into the centre of the tree and it diverts sap into proper channels. Let the exhibitor, however. be careful not to have all the shoots carrying flower buds all of the one size in growth ; this means a great show of flowers for a few- clays and then no more. It is odds that if you try this method you Avill not be strong for show day. I think it is the hardest thing in the world to time Roses to a week or so. Weather, rain, absence of sun, have all to be chanced, and it is too much to leave to chance.
Again, disbudding is most imjortant ; by this I mean the careful and gradual removal of the supernumerary flower ))uds on the point of the shoots. In some cases you nuist remove all save the crown bud, provided the crown bud is perfect from all outward and visible signs of blemish. Bessie Brown is a typical examjjle of this kind. In other varieties such as George Dickson, La France, and many others, to leave only the crown bud means coarseness. It is therefore a good plan to leave one side bud, and
Photo hi/] [0. E. Low
Aloe ferox in the open at Dalkey
IRISH GARDENING
83
let it be the lowest on the shoot that you can find for the present. Allow these both to grow, and if forcing weather comes, and to all appear- ances your crown bud is going to be too early, remove it and let your side one come along. It is a very difficult matter to treat on paper — time and experience alone will help you.
Get your shades out ready, for some buds are very impatient of wet and must be gro\\ininder a shade. Bessie Brown again is an example of this class. Those shades made by Jeffries, of Colvin Road, Thorn- ton Heath, London, pav, very good and cheap. They are most ingeni- ous, and they are as good as money will buy.
The tying-up of flower buds as they begin to open is another difficult job to master. Berlin wool (double for preference) should he used. Make the first half of an ordinary knot only. ]jass one end round the other twice, pass this over the shoulder of the opening bud, l)ut inside the petals, and tie moderately tight. This helps to lengthen the bud and keep its shajie. Care must be taken not to tie when any moisture is on the flower. Shading Roses acts differently on different flowers ; it enhances some shades, but other shades disappear.
I'hotoby]
Trke Fkkns at
The
Pentstemon Davidsoni.
This is a rare and .sti-ikiiiyly l)c;nit it'iil plant, a tiativt' of North Ameriia.
Paying a vi.sit to the Kardcns at Ulaiidsrurt . Abbeyleix, towards the end of .May, dis])t'lled from our mind tlir doubt that the i>iant was a "miff" or really (Uflicult to grow, for tlici-c, ncstUng at tho foot of a hirgc rock, was a iiicr l>iect', nearly a foot across. car])eting the surface, of the ground witli small roundish leaves and bearing many flowers, a})out 2 inclies in lengtli, of a lovely coral ])ink.
Before planting, Mr. liuiu inland made a fair sized hole, about IS inches or 2 feet deep, and (died the bottom S inches with broken pot for drainage, and then tilled the hole with a compo.st of loam, peat and grit ; the plant has been grateful, and well repaid for the trouble taken by its good health and a profusion of Ijloonis.
New Delphiniums*
Amoncst single-flowered Delphiniums the recent trials at Wisley brought to light none to excel Lizzie Van Veen, with its lovely Cambridge-blue flowers of three inches diameter. Belladonna grandiflora has flowers double the size of the type and of the sanie lovely shade, whilst the new Belladonna semiplena is a capital double- flowered form whicli secured an Award of Merit. Moerheimi (unanimous Award of Merit, R.H.S.) is the best white, a splendid, variety with free- branching stems, con- tinuing in flower froni June till Autumn. Rev. E. Lascelles (A.M., R.H.S.) is one of the most striking novelties, with double flowers of a rich royal blue with a huge wliite centre, which is remarkable even at a distance. To the writer's taste no new double variety can comjjare with Statuaire Rude ; the colour is a fa.sciuating shade of shot helio- trope : the flowers are nearly three inches across, and are borne on spikes with twenty- eight inches of bloom. Cymbeline is the bluest of all singles, with noble spikes of idtra- marine blue flowers with white centres — it gained an Award of Merit in 1912. Abso- lutely ravishing is Countess of Ilchi'ster, with large single! flowers of sky-blue : it is un- doubtedlv utu'ivalled in its shad'e. Of dark varieties. The .Make takes a leadiuu place, bearing gigantic si)ikes of rich blue semi-double flowers with bold white centres (.\wardof .Merit, R.H.S.) Zu.ster Lugten. with very rich aiul striking Oxford-blue flowers, is si)lendid : iind !>amartine, though not so new, is one. of the best of all dark kinds, as every spike branches, and there is an abuiulance of striking I*ru.ssian-blue white-centred flowers which are good for cutting. Darius is a new break, the flowers being of a good pale prinu'ose siiadi- : it gained an .Vward of .Merit in 1U12. .Mrs. .1. S. Bnuiton is a perpet ual- llowcring and very beatitiful form of Hflladonna.
^*' ^* t^^
'I'llK lat(! Dean Hole used to tell of a hale and hearty man who, on reaching eighty years, described himself as an " Octogeranium." Such a descrii)tiou might well a)>iJly to the dardcncrs' Magazine, which has arrived at the dignity of eighty years, but continues as bright as ever. To celebrate the; occasion it is renewing its youth, and has reduced its price from twopence to one penny per week.
[6'. 5. W'aterlou- GUOVK," KiLLINKY.
84
IRISH GARDENING
Early Summer -flowering Border Plants.
By J. W. Besant.
EvKKY luonth now brings its own ])t'tuliar joys, and not a few are to be found in the Lardy flower border in June. Tliis delightful month retains a good deal of the crisp freshness of spring, and yet with its own charming flowers gives jiromise of fuller joys to come alter midsummer's day. Already in May one can discern in the borders many plants which will be flowering in June, and timely feeding with manure water will ensure sturdy growth and well-develo])ed fiowei-s.
Anchusas, by the gi-owth they are making, look as if they would rival the Delphiniums, and will in all probability flower much longer. The now well-known variety " Dropmore " remains one of the most satisfactory, and has a good companion in " Opal, " which is of a lighter shade of blue.
Anthericum Liliastrum or Paradisea Liliastrum, as it should be called, is a very charming white- flowered plant of the Lily family, and commonly called St. Bruno's Lily ; white flowers are always welcome, and are particularly pleasing to the eye in hot weather. Aquilegias, or Columbines, are even now in mid-May full of buds, and will be full of flowers in June and July. There are many strains of these in commerce, and the long-spurred hybrids are general favovirites. The colours vary considerably, and are all very beautiful. The strain favoured here is one known as the " Rainbow Mixture, " and it proves a very attractive one. Delphiniums are now so universally grown that it may be hardly necessary to draw attention to them here. Yet, as notes must be made every month if satisfactory borders are wanted, it will be well for those interested to go about freely where Delphiniums are grown. So very many kinds are now offered that only a selection can be grown in even the largest gardens. Some of the tiner varieties which will be flowering in June are Arago, dark blue; King of Delphiniums, gentian blue and white ; Capri, sky blue; Felicity, sky blue with black centre ; Lizzie van Veen, Cambridge blue, and many others. There are in fact sorts to suit all tastes from the giant of 7 or 8 feet like Arago to the dwarf Belladonna set of which we have singles and doubles, and the even dwarfer D. grandiflorum, which, however, is not truly perennial in all soils.
Some of the stateliest plants of June will be found among the Eremuri. Some gardeners prefer to group these among low-growing shrubs or in front of a grou]) of larger shrubs, and certainly the provision of a background adds immensely to the effect. However, they are quite manageable as border plants, and in sx>ite of their shallow yet wide-s])reading roots can be very effectivey planted round with annual Lark- spurs, &c., so that when the tall flower spikes are past their best they are succeeded by other flowers. Eremurus robustus and its varieties Elwesianus and E. albus are among the earliest and best, though there is often not much difference between this species and E. himalaicus, a dwarfer sort with white flowers. E. Bungei, with yellow flowers, comes later, and latest of all are the hybrids known collectively as E. Warei, and which vary in colour — yellow, buff, and flesh-coloured. Through May and June the Geums are useful plants, making a gocjd show for some consider- able time, Geum Eweui, with golden-yellow
flowers, is very free and early, and is followed closely by (ieum Mrs. Hradsliaw. a very fine ])lant with large handsome double dark crimson flowers. There is also a yellow counter])art of the latter variety with doublt! yellow flowers.
Hemerocallis flava is one of the in-ettiest of the " Day Lilies " and flowers early and for a con- siderable time. Some " Day Lilies " are inclined to be coarse, in that they produce a very large amount of foliage which is not balanced by a coi'responding amount of })loom.
Already in May the Ifeucheras are pushing u]) their flower spikes, and in June will be full of colour. There are many lovely varieties now, and no more useful flowers can be gi-own for cutting. Such varieties as 11. Sanglant, Fantaisie, Flambeau, Edge Hall, brizoides, gracillima, La Perle, &c., &c., are of grand effect in urou])s, and yield any amount of flowers
In June a host of Irises unfold their beautiful flowers and adorn the cottage garden as well as those of more pretentions and (iften of less beauty. In May the so-called germanica Irises are in flower, and are followed in June by numerous other sections, giving greater variety in colour and marking. The sections most ])rominent in June are Aphylla, hybrida, neglecta, squalens, variegata, pallida, and numerous other Irises such as Cengialti, dwarf with deep blue flowers: I. flavescens, primrose yellow ; I. florentina and florentina albicans, white, A:c. Each of the above sections is characterised by some distinctive colour which varies in the many varieties in each section Pfeonies contribute not a little to the June garden, and are represented chiefly by the double forms of the European Paeonia officinalis, and both and single and double forms of the Siberian P. albiflora. Among the varieties of the latter are some of the faii'est flowers of the summer garden. Many are sweetly scented, and while the white, pale yellow and rosy doubles are most l)opular, some of the singles are of superb beauty, rivalling the pvirest of Water Lilies.
Papaver orientalis, the giant Oriental Poppy, is a gorgeous flower of early summer. It should, however, be very judiciously planted in the border since it is over early, and will leave a sad blank if arrangements are not made to have later flowers planted in front of it to hide the poppy leaves as they wither and keep the border gay with flowers. Many kinds are in commerce, but a few will suffice. Good deep crimsons like Oriental King and ]nnks like Jenny Mawson, Princess Ena and Mrs. Perry are most satisfactory. Pyrethrums both single and double are essentially early flowerei's, though with care they will flower also in autumn. They too, if planted in borders, must be judiciously screened with anniials of sorts so that there may be no blanks when the flrst flush of flowers are over.
A rather handsome i)lant which flowers early is Thalictrum aquilegifolivim, which, as the speciflc name im])lies, has Columbine-like leaves and bears feathery heads of flowers composed of bunches of purplish stamens with yellow anthers. Perhai)s a good many other early flowering l)lants might be noted, but sufficient has been said to draw attention to the wealth of material available for an early display. Those who would add to or improve their collections of early flowering herbaceous plants shovild make every endeavour to visit good trade and other collec- tions in June, so that the dift'erent species and varieties may be seen actually growing and a selection made to suit individual tastes.
IRISH GARDENING
85
Seedling Daffodils in Co* Antrim*
By Herbert Stevens.
On a tyiJical April morning, amidst alternating beams of sunlight and showers, we motored from Portadown to Co. Antrini. to about four miles beyond Ballymena, almost to the slopes of Sleniish, the mountain where St. Patrick spent the early years of his life. Here we met Mr. Guy Wilson, of Knowhead, Broughshane, a young man with a hobby for gardening, especially the raising of Daffodils from seed. Whilst being connected with a large business firm, Mr. Wilson has found time to work amongst his favourite flower, and wonderful success has attended his efforts. It is some years since he raised his first seedlings, and since then he has dis])osed of some novelties, which have reached almt)st £20 a bulb. Mr. Wilson is an enthvisiast, and has already met a large circle of friends amongst Daffodil growers on this side, and especially in England, where many of his novelties have achieved great distinction.
We were particularly struck with the luxviriant growth of all the Daffodils he cultivates, convinc- ing lis that there is a great future for the industry in this country, which has already become famous in many deiiartments of horticulture.
On entering the avenue our attention was arrested by the large breaks of bloom on a far- reaching lawn. Here we found in well arranged clumps such varieties as Madame de Graaff, which lends itself to naturalising. Other varieties growing in this manner in profusion were several Poets, Chaucer, Horace, a pure white with overlap])ing petals and intense red crown. Citron, Herrick; all of these presented a striking a])pearance amongst the grass, and here and there, by way of contrast, were fine clumps of Blue Grape Hyacinths (Muscari).
In the garden, which faces the mid-day sun, planted in rich loam, and wonderfully free from weeds, were cpiantities of varieties that are yet uncommon, and to see them here one would imagine otherwise. Here were King Alfred, with large trumpet of self-colour, intense pure golden yellow, most perfect in shape, and with enormous stalks measviring two feet in length, and which the hybridiser informs us has i)roved one of the most useful ijarents for many novelties. Here also were Weardale Perfection, one of the most refined of the trumpets ; I^ady Margaret Boscawen, a giant bicolor : Incomparabilis, a fine decorative variety : (Uoi'ia Mimdi, which Mr. Wilson still thinks one of the best orange-crowned Tncomparables ; Buttercup, a .Tonquil hybrid of a lovely golden colour.
Amongst doubles some lovely blooms were to be seen of Golden Rose and Primrose Phcpnix, also Sul]ihur Crown varieties well grown, with long foot stalks, and much in-ized as cut flowers.
Our enthusiasm ros<» to the highest pitch wlicn we were shown Mr. Wilson's seedlings, Ix-aulifully staged in the drawingroom on a terraced stand, which would have done credit to any exhibitor. Here were seedlings that had taken Ave to six years to develop, surely a lesson in patience when we remember that the Pose hybridiser can sow his seed and have blooms in the same year.
Amongst the many crosses, we noted some extraordinary blooms, which for ])erfect form, stamina and strength will command a high price when ])ut into commerce.
Some of the more striking were : — No. 2/30, a
very beautiful large, pure white trum])et, perianth and ti'utupet being equally white, and the perianth standing flat and at right angles to the trumpet ; this is a seedling from Madame de Graaft" crossed with another white trumpet. Xo. 2/44, a fine Poet, raised between Horace and Virgil, having fine substantial overlapping snow-white i)erianth and lovely red eye with a cool green centre. No. 3/13, Madame de GraafT crossed with King Alfred, a beautiful decorative flower, with white ])erianth and graceful expanded pale, cool])rimro.se trumpet, and having a very tall stem : this cross has given several nice flowers, including Xo. 3/24, a beautiful pure deep lemon self trunqjet. No. 3/15, a flower of the Giant Leedsii type, abso- lutely dead ])vire white, and we understand it opens pure white on the plant. While Xo. 3/19 was a wonderful white trumpet of quite exceptional ])urity ; beside it Madame de Graaff looked quite yellow.
After lunch we were conducted to another garden in which were whole beds of seedlings. Amongst those that drew forth our admiration were some lovely .Johnstoni seedlings, which were not only lovely in their delicate tints, but models of form. These, we understand, were obtained by crossing Triandrus albus and Madame de Ciraaft".
We stood in raptures over a bed of seedlings raised from crosses made with King Alfred and Madame de Graaff, which had ])roduced many wonderful trumpets of enormous size, ami the majority with foot stalks two feet in length. One of the largest trumpets yet raised by any grower is one possessed by Mr. Wilson, which is a cross between Preston and King Alfred. This gi-eat yellow trumpeter measured 5 J inches across
In the Giant Leedsii section a cross made be- tween Minnie Hume and Pearl of Kent was re- sponsible for one perfect bloom, which was quite untouched by the burning sun of the last few days, its splendid broadly overlapping solid pure white perianth remaining perfectly flat and smooth.
We were anxious to have Mr. Wilson's opinion on what he considered would be the best varieties for commercial purposes amongst the ])resent novelties, and the following are some of Hie varie- ties he selected: — White Lady, tall ivory Leedsii : Horace, extra fine, strong quickly increasing Poet; Albatross, a large white Barrii witli orange- tipped crown; King Alfred, when iilentirul, will, he says, be the finest of all nuirket flowers, witii its great stems, glorious colour and form, with extra- ordinary lasting powers; Weardale I'erfection produces grand plants when gi-own slowly, and gives noble blooms with great stems ; Homespun is a very refined soft yellow Imcomparablis.
Amongst the very best red cups are White Lucifer and Firebrand. Thert' are many others, but these, it is predicted, will occupy the foremost ])lace with mark.-t growers in thr future.
As alreadv stated, the gi-owth of all we saw was extraordinarv. and we were anxious to liiul out the secret of it. Mr. Wilson tells us that it is necessary to manin-e heavily with ordinary farm- yard manure, and to prei)are the ground with a i)revious crop of early potatoes, ami when plant- ing, add about 2 ozs. of bone-meal to the s(piare yard. The gi-ound selected nuist l)e well drained, inoist and cool, (ireat imi)ortaiice was attached to the constani surface hoeing; l)y this the i)lants respond visibly. The chief points to renxember are early planting, never later than the end of September; never cut the foliage till it dies naturallv. never give fresh manure.
IRISH GAEDENIXG
In a Small Reck Garden
Bj- E. B. AXDEBSOJS, Saadymonnt.
*><:rrv? to the facfe tbat the fan does not fall iNai , >l)Mi tin nesubr the end of Febeuaiy. my -rejir da«s not be^im till th«m. The lii^t • lAut to Uoom with me is Sas. oppcfatifoiia iatina: this is a n>ba&t and beaotiJnil Xtaliaa. f onu. with largie Slae-pink flowers, whk-h open quite flat, and are very cheery in the earty year : it fe dcMn^ w-^l! in ->riir^ mcwaines. wet and dry- A littie L S. oppotatiJHiJia cKMues into
hloaan. rat esdlai spkndens. between
whidi aasi. iiijc ;y^ I cannot see any dij^aenee : both grow well with me in *aH»d-«- >.>a in foil son. and co'rer themselves
rwv> vears l>eett
•?effit poist- T : 3 n. three years, and so gar cs shewing: no:9gn of that dyin^off inthe centre to whirh it is saad to be subject- I afctrflbute this to a yeariy t o p - dreseins. bat vkethtiar Hv theory that this dying; off B due to the abc-CBCC«rf this I cannot yet say diMiwiitorfy- The last f orsn. to flower, at
the end of
Xacch. is Sas.
oppaeitaE(£» cocane-> -
fograd. I b^e^ve.oci-
mndi&aiief tftoa. tJL'-
frerfy "With me. bat r
far by the extra<»di:i
glowins porple-criiii-
in werv gritty soil
time the sweet Bttl
and stairy pink flc^
l^e wet moBaine.
moeaine. whese it
noticed that at thr
number a# bads focoied
dried up b«rfo*e irinr^^ k
of sulSeiait moKtur rd
ijt into the "wec mcra^ : mt
if an these bads >ie— -_ - be
a ^gheer of p-ink- -w^tLerea.- "le
ctMJifcent ■wr"^ ■ ---\--^'- -jie
bads form- _ :5c
wiD-IhofT 1 -- >f
this scEE3iige.
Wliiie •>n the qoestion •>f Saxifrages I wish r. .
-til >iT-.:.tl -ir-rr.Tioa to tw\> hybrids — Sax. 3.:r:3i:- ■^irh. r-r<i buds^ and soft yellow flowers, and Sax. Petraschii. ■with glistening white ones : w\^ tarts have ilow^?red with great freedom in sandy, gritty loam, and the dowsers in each case are o. good shape- in March Primula Silr'V " ^hich. .a«L.--pink Primrose- sta : -ring
<- - ri.;----_;- — -1- - J^t S<r-r_~ _un. L-V lU
he sun bv a rocfc-
V-: in si; and ^^ loamy s- It is a n^:- - -
To me tile -J^ makes a special
appeal- X- - - - ^eprocesaon; in
sandy peat hv vik<r si*i»r ^-i a. little bog it has flowned regularly for three years, and so I •xjtnjeetuie it is getting: established- and with a pot full of seedlings in addition I fear nothing.
It is usually •Lowed bv N.
IZ IS
:^iuJU. vriu* uBe
ut €£ three
risinai baJObs
remains, bat
:iis is flowe*^
inz weQ. and
rht^ type e
just [■■■MJIng up
An these are in sandy peali near the bog;^ but further up the bank than X. eydaauneos. &sd so drier. The beaotiful N. moschatos (of Haworth; has settled down in loam onthe north side of a T*j*^ii. and has flowaed freely f«3r three yearsw
I do not like comparisons wh^e an are beanEKSuL and wiU th^^ore oatr say that >. juncifolnis is a gesL with the otJuos; this in sandy gritty 9(d sn. a, o?--~'- '- ''"f-r -3r-^ ■ -n^ ---- -^-17 -' lid not io^- room.
on - - jroms
ZUXDEOLDKS AX MCCSXAj^BC. CO. WicKLOW.
"•^- a torwi
wth is
werso
- .^jE^fcoaated
— e bods and
.:rowin^ wen
.r the same
- -is
.- .Ijry wir I
-F.
on a ?t«±uji. it ia:^ "t^ -:
haf
the
P-
per-
ised. and I
':.ij»y are auh^idla.
T.
bloonuns.
_raaa and fiaager polchena and m went home ~ : T.
these
.likKWiv
*• •' 'a. j
and imdnlatifolia are alive-
IRISH GAEDEXIXO
$?-
«■ 2^ ^^
»sr «&• Js '-^^
flowered: T. persica. wif ^t- t- - - -• —
and buff exterior, flo^l^er^
«o iii T. H.eLS.'^eri ' *-' -
tolooms- xuost te! . .:
a rest for a year. - - ' •
a beautiful thin^ wiih puui exterior to ijue petaL*;
and snoTTj- \rliite interior eniianced by the glowing
red purple eye. All these are in sandy loam and
(hips in the hottest part of the garden- Am ong odd=r aiid ends Draba cili
greatjy. it bloorxLs verj" freely; *
! arge aitd weil formed and ot a. , -^ - - --
■ur. it seems quite at home in a moraine of
cixipe and sand only, and is beginning to ran
about, a sure sign of happiness-
In a moraine of chips and loam, seedlings of
Alyssum idseum
are just in biooni ;
the flowers are
of a bright purt-
yellow on plants
only one inch
high ; "when the
plants have gro\n>
a little it will,
I feel sure, be
most attractive. Ait hough my
garden is so
small- I cotlld go
on talking about
its ];>lants for
some time, but
even a reader's.
let alone an
editor's jiatience
nxay be exhaust- ed, and so I
will dose with
a passing refer- ence t-o Cam- panula tridentata
JTist coming into
bloom. The
habit is very
dwarf, 2—3 ins.,
flowers large, of
a glistening
biiUiant pxirple
and freely borne:
it grows well with
me in sandy loam
and chips on a little plateau in full sun; its only
fault is that sings are inordinately fond of it. and
win browse on it time after time, nntil the plant
gives up in de5j>air. Other i>lants in bloom are —
Iberis petrsa. w-hite. 2 ins.: Onosma alba rosea in
a chink : Androsace lactea. white, in moraine :
Dodecatheon alT'imxci. rosy T'LLTTi'le. 4iLiS..ii: T-eat :
and Saxifraga decirieiis (-■■r-dsal. :r-e:ai_. •i^?rii::-t.
witn cream I'ink-titited buds aixd creanj.y wLiTe
flowers.
Helichrysum bellidioiies •
This charming little New Zeaiai-d comj-KsiTe. so rarely seen in gardens, is a subject adax'ted to succeed in the rock garden, as. when t-lanied in a sunny position, it produces its flowers in wc-nderful profusion, almost completely submerging its f C'liage.
The everlasting daisy-like flowers are prodnced on scai>es rising only from 4 to 6 inches in height : the floret rays are of a glossy w-hite. "while the disks of the flow^ers are of a yellowish green colonr.
The tiny f oli^e of the plant is pretty, its tmder surface being covered with a sort, white pnb-
the rock -
The p growth, fc will be ^
the plant Lej-^ oi^y far two veat^
A.:. '' - - sun -
as til- 1^ ■ --. the best advanti _ f ajling to oj^en xr '
Its propagation cuttinsrs tak-^n from
r.-bent habit ot
"ed space, a^
illustzaticHiL.
preset poettaco:
■ " ''- - plant is .-''':
. ^ater pi:'
in foD son.
presyent* no difficnltaes, a- rhe yo-^ng shoots jiroducec after floweanm: will root readilT- i? inserted '. sandv coil-
i<--^
JLr^±y- A-C tu^
-_Sir AT CAXBSillfGX. BoXAjflC CTAKDEXr--
Puagens
Ls Z T i ii £ pungens w- one of the beautiful o- : plants, r ah^hoogh it i? over a century and a half since it was first in- troduced tz.': this country. :* is still very rcjr- A nativr :<: Vakncia &:;_;: Morocco, wheire it was iirsflt dis- covered by Clusius. and on- can imagine his delight when h^ first discoverec.
little s h r II T . totaDynhk:- ""
to every ; " _ - : b«;«tanist at that tame, and what added to lii- vaiue of his prize wa* *he way it evaded his £Tij> with its shi.: -
It f orm= a dens- - x>ost leafless Uttie shrub
with blui- — M?h aa^e arranged in
clusters : :.i: A]»ril and May.
T]je s.~ri_^- <i.i- ' - ;-» ii »aringly. even
in a wild state. -dly is partJy
the re.ason why _ - - : iewhat rar^.
Then, again, it is not reccignisied as- a hardy T«lant. although there are few parts of the country where it could not be grown with success if plaoated in well-drained ^>il and given a sunny nook in a sheh ■ " ' the rock-garden.
S_. - - sown as soon as ri|^e, this being
layering "^ 'und a muc^
'The 11- - n is of an
specinien. t-Vcr 1 foot high ^.i-- -^ diameter, growing in the open in th- Gardens. Lambridge, where it has beer. i,r >> . for several vears. F. G. Pkestox.
86
IRISH GARDENING.
In a Small Rock Garden
By a. B. Anderson, Saiulyniouni.
Owing to the fact that the sun does not fall on
my garden till nearly the end of February, my
Alpine year does not begin till then. The lirst
plant to bloom with me is Sax. oppositifolia
Jatina; this is a robust and beautiful Italian form
with large lilac-xiink flowers, which open qviite
flat, and are very cheery in the early year; it is
doing well in peaty moraines, wet and dry. A
little later the type S. oppositifolia comes into
bloom, and also a form called splendens, between
which and the type I cannot see any difference :
both grow well with nic in sandy soil in fidlsun.
and cover
the m selves
with bloom ; tin-
type specially
has in the last
two years been
literally
smothered witli
bloom; it has
been in its
present ])osi-
tion three
years, and so
far is showing
no sign of that
dying off in the
centre to which
it is said to be
subject. I
attribute this
to a yearly
top- dressing,
but whether my
theory t h a t
this dying off
is due to the
absence of this
I cannot yet
say definitely.
The last form
to flower, at
the end of March, is Sax.
oppositifolia coccinea (syn. W. A. Clarke), a form found, I believe, originally in Wales, its growth is much frailer than the type, and it does not flower so freely with me, but this lack of flower is compensated for by the extraordinary brilliance of the buds and glowing purple-crimson flowers ; it is growing well in very gritty soil in full sun. About the same time the sweet little Sax. retiisa, with ruby buds and starry ])ink flowers, makes a ju'etty show in the wet moraine. I grew it originally in a dry moraine, where it flowered fairly well, but I noticed that at the beginning of August a large number of bvxds formed, most of which, however, dried up before winter. I attributed this to lack of sufficient moisture, and so last autumn moved it into the wet moraine to try and prevent this, for if all these buds developed in spring it would be a sheet of i^ink, whereas so far I have had to be content with a somewhat sparse dis])lay from the buds formed later in the autumn. This August will, I hope, prove the correctness or otherwise of this surmise.
While on the question of Saxifrages I wish fo
llELICHRYSUM BELLIDIOIDES AT MUCKLAGH, Co. WiCKLOW
call special attention tcj two hybrids — Sax. Borisii. with red buds and soft yellow flowers, and Sax. Petraschii, with glistening white ones ; wee tufts have flowered witli great freedoiu in sandy, gritty loam, and the flowers in each case are of good shape.
Very early in March Primula Sibthorpii, which in short is a lilac-])ink Primrose, started flowering and is only just passing over ; it seems happy in loamy soil ami sheltered from the sun by a rock. It is a native of the Caucasus.
To me the dwarf Narcissi always makes a special appeal. N. cyclamineus starts the procession; in sandy peat by the side of a little bog it has flowered regularly for three years, and so I conjecture it is getting established, and with a pot full of seedlings in addition I fear nothing.
It is usually followed by N. liu Iboc odium •'Early Yellow" which last year flowered with great freedom; this year it is either dying or. I hope, on!}' taking a rest ; poor foliage and no flowers. Beautiful as it is, I think it is surpassed by the for in citrinus, which after taking a year's rest has again delighted me with flower- ing. Of the minor form of X. Bulboco- dium only one out of three original bulbs remains, but this is flower- ing well, and the type is just sending up buds. All these are in sandy peat near the bog, but further up the bank than N. cyclamineus, and so drier. The beautiful X. moschatus (of Haworth) lias settled down in loam on the north side of a rock, and has flowered freely for three years.
I do not like comparisons where all ai"e beautiful, and will therefore only say that N. juncifolius is a gem with the others; this in sandy gritty soil in a crevice is doing well; the lirst year it did not flower, last year it flowered freely witli one bloom on each stem ; this year it has two or three blooms on a stem. In addition to its other good points it has an exquisite fragrance.
These Narcissi seed freely if fertilised, and I have several pots of vigorous seedlings.
Indispensable for even the small rockery are the Tulip species. I started with T. pulchella, p. lycaonica, undulatifolia, saxatilis, clusiana, persica, montana and llaageri nitens. Of these T. saxatilis. ])ulchella and montana, after once blooming, " went homo"; T. pulchella lycaonica and undulatifolia are alive, but have not yet
IRISH GARDENING
87
flowered ; T. persica, witli bright yellow flowers and buft" exterior, flowers freely and is increasing, so is T. Haageri nitens, with brilliant vermilion hloonis, most telling in the sun ; T. clusiana took a rest for a year, but is blooming again this year, a beautiful thing with pink exterior to the petals and snowy white interior enhanced by the glowing red purple eye. All these are in sand/ loam and chijjs in the hottest part of the garden.
Among odds and ends Draba ciliata pleases me greatly, it blooms very freely; the flowers are large and well formed and ot a pure white colour, it seems quite at home in a moraine of chips and sand only, and is beginning to run about, a sure sign of ha])piness.
In a moraine of chips and loam, seedlings of Alyssum idaeum are just in bloom ; the flowers are of a bright pure yellow on plants only one inch high ; when the plants have grown a little it will, I feel sure, be most attractive.
Although my garden is so small, I could go on talking about its plants for some time, but even a readers, let alone an editor's patience may be exhaust- ed, and so I will close with a passing refer- ence to Cam- ])anula tridentata just coming into bloom. The habit is very dwarf, 2-3 ins., flowers large, of a glistening brilliant ])vir])ie and freely borne; it grows well with me in sandy loam and chips on a little plateavi in full sun; its only fault is tbat slugs are inordinately fond of it, and will browse on it time after time, until the ])lant gives up in despair. Other plants in bloom are — Iberis petraea, white, 2 ins.; Onosma alba rosea in a chink ; Androsace lactea, white, in moraine ; Dodecatheon alpinum, rosy piu'ple, 4ins., in ])eat ; and Saxifraga decipiens (*odsall, cream, distinct, witn cream ])ink-tiiited buds and creamy white flowers.
Helichrysum bellidioides.
This charming little New Zealand composite, so rarely seen in gardens, is a subject ada])ted to succeed in the rock garden, as. when planled in a sunny position, it produces its flowers in woiuU-rful profusion, almost completely submerging its foliage,
The everlasting daisy-like flowers are produced on scapes rising only from 4 to 6 inches in height ; the floret rays are of a glossy white, while the disks of the flowers are of a yellowish green colour.
The tiny foliage of the plant is pretty, its under surface being covered with a soft, white pub-
escence, and when the flowers are absent from tlie jjlant, there is a charm created by the foliage, whicn alone is sufficient to justify its inclusion in the rock garden.
Tlie plant itself has a procumbent habit of growth, and quickly covers its allotted space, as will be evident by a glance at tlie illustration, the plant here only being in its present position for two years.
An ideal position for the plant is one in which sun is present during the greater part of the day, as the flowers of H. bellidioides are not seen to the best advantage unless placed in full sun, failing to open to their full beauty.
Its propagation presents no diflficulties, as cuttings taken from the young shoots ])roduced
after flowering will root readily if inserted in a sandy compost and ]) laced in a cool frame. H. C. E1.SDON.
Erinacea
Pungens
Ix E r i n a c v a l)ungens we have one of the most beautiful of rock ]) 1 a n t s. and although it is over a century and a half since it was first in- troduced into this country, it is still very rare. A native of Valencia a n d Morocco, Avhere it was first dis- co v e r e d by Clusius. and one can imagine his delight when he first discovered this charming little shrub, totallyunknown to every other botanist at that time, and what added to the value of his jn-ize was the way it evaded his grip with its sharj) si)in< ^.
It forms a dense, spiny, almost leafless liltle shnih with l)luish-i)ur]>le flowers, which arc arranged in clusters of five to eight, during April and May.
The seeds are itrotluced rather sparingly, even in a wild state, and this undoubtedly is partly the reason why this i)lant is somewhat rare. Then, again, it is not recognised as a hardy plant, although there are few parts of the country where it could not be grown with success if planted in well-drained soil and given a sunny nook in a sheltered part of the rock-garden.
Seeds should be sown as soon as ripe, this being the best method of ])ro])agat ing it. although if young shoots are ]ilaced in sandy soil under a iiand-light. it is possible to get a few to root, but lavering will be found a much better method.
The illustration is of an exceptionally fine specimen, over 1 foot high and 2S inches in diameter, growing in the open in the Botanic Gardens, Cambridge, where it has been growing for several vears. F. G. Preston.
Erinacea pungens at Cambridge Botanic Gardens.
IRISH GARDENING
Notes on Moraine Gardening.
By Murray Hornibrook, Knapton, Abbeyleix.
The cultivation of Alpines in. so called, moraines is still, for most of us. in its experimental stage. Increasing experience has taught me to believe that there is no other method of gardening which calls for such careful attention to the results of personal experiments and such disregard to all hard and fast rules and written instrvictions. One authority will tell you to make your mor- aines from stone chips with " just a trace " of Boll ; another advises a much stronger mix- ture, artificial irrigation and a concrete tank.
These diverse instructions bewilder the moraine disciple, until he realises that authority No. 1 must live in a jjlace having a heavy annual rain- fall, while No. 2 must reside in a spot where he suffers occasionally from drought. The wise man experiments with various mixtures until he hits u])on that which is most suitable to his own climatic conditions.
I have experimental moraines of limestone mixtvires and granite mixtures in varying pro- portions, from stone chips 2 in 3 to pvire stone chijis : there are also moraines comjjosed of local gravel (unbroken) plus soil. Although some of these moraines date back to 1910, very few of the plants are particularly strong, as they are con- stantly shifted from one to another to test the suitability of the mixture ; for instance, Doug- lasia vitaliana throve in moraine composed of broken slate — 3 in 5 — but never flowered. In the hope of forcing it to flower, it was then placed on a starvation diet in a moraine of gravel, 3 to 1. Here it bore four flowers, but almo.st expired from drought last summer. It is now fairly convalescent in a similar but rather richer moraine. Some ])lants are at home at once, others are difficult to please. I have not yet succeeded in establishing Campanula excisa or C. morettiana. but C. alpestris (C. allioni) — the the lime hater — grows steadily in pure limestone chips. Other plants succeeding here in pure limestone are Edraianthus pumilio, E. caudatus, E. dinaricus, E. Kitaibelii, Chaenorrhinum (Linaria) glareosum, Androsace villosa, Douglasia laevigata, Thlasx)i cepesefolium, T. limosellifolium, T. rotundifolium. Campanula stenocodon, C. acutangula, C. mirabilis, Saxifraga squarrosa, S. patens, S. Fosteri, Acantholimon acerosum, A. lei)turoides, ^Ethionema antitaurus, A. aloides. A. cordatum, Potentilla nitida. Convolvulus nitidus, Veronica bombycina, Saponaria lutea, S. Wienmanniana, Geranium sessilifiorum, Viola olympica, Helichrysum frigidum.
In limestone, 3-1, all the good Engleria Saxi- fragas, also S. Borisii, S. Kyrilli, S. Petraschi, Androsace albana, Campanula raddeana, Bellium bellidioides, Dianthus sylvestris, D. superbus, Stachys Corsica. In limestone road grit 3, Erinus alpinus, Viola cucullata. In gravel 3, peat and leaf soil 1, Alyssum spinosum, A. Born- mulleri, A. serpyllifolium, Arabis Androsace, A. Sturii, Papaver al])inum Dianthus Lereschei, D. arenarius, D. gelidus, D. gallicus, D. Freynii, Draba dicranoides, D. ciliata, D. Salomoni, D. brunsefolia, D. borealis. Campanula alpina, C. Raineri. C. Waldsteiniana, C. Aucheri, 8ym- phiandra Wanneri, Armeria csespitosa.
In granite 1. leaf -mould 1. Sax. la^vis. Viola Zoysi. Wahlenbergia albo-marginata. Callianthe- mum anemonoides, Arenaria ledebouriana, Omphalodes Luciliae, Saxifraga lilacina.
The granite moraine is in half shade, the others in the sun. I find that the majority of i)lants here prefer a fairly coarse mixture — stone chips of from 1 inch to 1 i inches long. If the mixture be too fine, evaporation is too rapid in the spring (when the arrival of the parching winds unfor- tunately coincides with the growing period). If the material be coarse enough, and the mixture be a suitable one for the climatic conditions of the garden in which it is situated, the plants will, with few exceptions, practically look after them- selves, and the only further assistance one can give them is to make the moraine at least undu- lating in form.
I have heard people say " I would like a mor- aine, but I have not made one, as they are such eye-sores." Unfortunately, this is too true of the majority of moraines, and yet there is no reason why they should be eye-sores. I do not know to whom we are indebted for the idea of the flat-sunk moraine bed. with slabs of stone sunk in it flush with the surface, but it certainly has been the model for the majority of the mor- aines I have seen. It is not only needlessly ugly, but also needlessly adds to the difficulties of cul- tivation. In a dead level moraine bed each ■jjlant receives from nature an equal amovmt of moisture, irrespective of its requirements. The bed has. therefore, to be made of a mixture suit- able to the requirements of the drought lovers, and the moisture lovers have to be assisted by hand watering. One has only to recall the dis- similar requirements of such plants as Silene Elizabethae and Campanula velutina to realise the difficulty of finding suitable situations for the plants in a flat bed. If, on the other hand, the moraine be made to flow down naturally from a height, the slopes bolstered up by large retaining stones, and whole moraine undulating — hills and hollows — the plant must be very cap- ricious for which a spot — dry or moist, which- ever it i)refers — cannot be found, and. further- more, such a moraine, so far from being an " eye-sore," looks natural, and works into the general scheme of the rockwork.
The condition of the ])lants in some of the " flat-bed " moraines, such as those of Glasnevin and Lissadell, is. no doubt, a joy to behold, but that condition could not be attained without the constant attention of the man with the watering can, and the aim of the rock gardener — not only for reasons of economy, but as a matter of prin- ciple— should be to endeavour to grow his plants by the exercise of such skill in planting, and fore- thought as to soil and situation, that no artificial watering should be necessary. The sloping moraine is not difficult to make, and its large retaining stones — which can be utilised with effect even in the more or less flat portion at the base — not only look as attractive as the flat sunk " slabs " look unattractive, but have the addi- tional advantages of being firm to walk on, and, by their contours, to relieve the surface of the moraine from that aiJ])earance of having been daily carefully watered and rolled which so many of them possess.
I^ater on I hope to give some notes on some of the newer ])lants suitable for growing in moraines.
IRISH GARDENING
89
Magnolia conspicua superba.
Kxowx as the Yulan. this beautiful hardy shrub or small tree conies from China, and in April and the early i>art of May bears flowers in the gi'eatest profusion.
The typical form bears large snowy-white flowers, and grows froni 15 to 30 feet high. Mr. E. Sutton kindly sends us a i)hoto of that line variety — Magnolia consi)icua superba — growing
Hints to Novices
Hy May Ckosbik.
By the beginning of this month all the s])ring bedding stuft" will be over and the beds will want digging. If the ground was manured in the autumn it will not want any now, but the addition of wood ashes or old potting soil will be a great hel]) to the ])lants. If the summer bedding plants have been raised in the garden lift them from the nursery beds with a good ball of soil and plant firmly, watering them in well.
PhdO hll]
^Magnot.ta roxspicuA superba, 10 feet high, at the (Jardens, Kilkenny Castle
in the gardens at Kilkenny Castle, and writes : — " The ])lant is against a wall facing S.S.W.. about 10 feet high, and was ])lanted about twelve years ago. You will see by the enclosed photo how well it looked this season."
There are several hybrids from the Yulan and M. obovata, such as Magnolia .Soulangeana, with similar flowers to the above, excei)t that the flowers are i)ur])le-tinted, and a still deei)er coloured form is known as M. Soulangeana nigra. Magnolia Lennei is another hybrid from the same parents with extremely arge flowers.
Magnolias are impatient of root disturbance, and like a moderately good soil of a free and open nature.
If the weather is dry they will require to be well watered every secctnd evening until they are quite establisiied. It is always wise to keep a few of each kind in reserve to replace any tliat fail or come untrue to colour.
If the Tuli]) foliage is still green when they are lifted, they must be heeled in a shady place to mature. When the foliage has turned brown, the bulbs may be lifted, dried in a shed, and stored till planting time in the autumn.
I'olyanthus and Primroses, even if they are in a periiianent place in the border, ought now to l)e lifted and replanted, as when the clumps get too big they never flower as well. Every second year is often enough to divide them. When the clumps are lifted the new roots will be noticed
90
IRISH GARDENING
higher up on the stem than last year's. Break up the clump, choosing young pieces with only one crown, and plant deep enough t(i well cover the young growing roots. These can be ])lanted in a dam]) place till the autumn, and the space they occupied in the flower border can be filled with annuals or such like for the summer. To get the best results with Polyanthus they niust have plenty of nourishment and ])artial shade ; they like the manure well rotted and mixed with leaf-mould.
Most of the s])ring flowering rock plants are over and will want attention. It is a great mistake to let any of them set seed (unless, of course, seed is wanted for propagation). All the Arabis family and the Aubrietias and C'erastiums may be cut hard back, leaving only a very little of last year's growth ; they look very bare for a short time, but in a week or so new growths appear and make a thick carpet of fresh foliage. If this is not done the plants are ajjt t(j get bare in the centre or oldest part with long bare trailing growths that get blown about and broken in wind. Prom the new shoots that appear after the cutting pieces can be chosen for cuttings if moreplants are wanted. Choose sturdy shoots and, if possible, break them off with a " heel " of the old wood; dibble them in very firmly in a north or cool border.
Alyssums do not want such hard cutting, but if they are sj)reading too nxuch they will stand hard cutting if it is done now.
All Violas, at the end of the month, when their best bloom is over, ought to be cut back, the soil loosened round their roots, well watered, and if liquid manure is available a little of it given them after a watering with clear water will hel]) them, and they will begin to bloom again in .July with renewed vigour. If a stock of young ])lants is wanted, cuttings can be made of the new growth that start from the base of the old plant.
As a rule amateurs either do not prune their flowering shrubs at all or else they clip them with a shears in the autumn, which is perhaps even worse. For (with the exception of the mauve Buddleias and some of the Spiraeas and a few others which flower on the current season's growth) the best time to prune is immediately after flowering. Use a sharp knife or secateur, prune them fairly hard, especially if they are young plants, keeping the whole bush a good shape. Wall shrubs, such as the blue Ceanothus, Forsythia, (fee, ought to have their young growths tied to the wall at the same time. If clumps of Delphiniums, Michaelmas Daisies, <&c., are very big when staking, cut out from the base all the weak shoots ; this gives all the more room and nourishment to the stronger ones, and the effect from the plant as a whole when it is in blossom is tremendously improved.
Bomarea Caldasiana.
This is a climbing plant suitable for training to a pillar or on the wall of a greenhouse or conser- vatory. In habit it resembles the Lapagerias, producing from its base shoots which grow rapidly and often attain a length of 16 to 20 feet, terminating with large umbellate inflorescences of drooping, bell-shaped flowers. Culture is of the easiest. It thrives luxuriantly if planted out in a well-drained border, in a compost of loam, peat and sand. When once established, little attention is needed beyond that of tying in the long twining shoots. It is a native of the Andes of Ecuador and New Granada, at an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 feet, and is figured in the Bot. Mag. t. 5442. G. H. Banks.
American Gooseberry Mildew.
General Eemarks and IxFoKiMATiox.
It will probably now be conceded that, wherever American gooseberry mildew is ])revalent, new methods of cultivation will to some extent be necessary in order to place the growing of goose- berries on a safe commercial footing. Where gooseberries are being grown under the shade of trees, so closely crowded that no s])raying can be done, the consequent lack of ventilation and the delayed drying of the bushes and soil after rain, mists, or heavy dews, cause outbreaks of the mildew to assume epidemic proportions, and all such plantations are doomed.
The plantations likely to prove comniercially successful in withstanding the mildew are those in which the following conditions of cultivation are found: — (1) An open situation. (2) Bushes not too closely planted. (.3) Bushes of a variety that will not be injured by si)raying. (4) Bushes with a natural unforced growth, such is obtained naturally in a good soil, or by well- balanced manuring. Excessive nitrogenous manuring, e.g., heavy dressings of organic manures, causes the bushes to produce sappy shoots which become virulently attacked by mildew. Experiments with the best commercial varieties should ba undertaken to ascertain whether " spur " pruning, under which system the tipping of diseased shoots does not reduce the next season's crop, has advantages from the point of view of dealing with the disease ; or whether the abundance of young shoots in- duced by " spur " pruning is a serious handicap. At any rate, such varieties as Cousins' Seedling should be pruned in such a way as to encourage an upward growth of the branches.
With regard to the direct methods that can be employed against the mildew, it seems clear that the early removal and destruction of the diseased shoots and berries is essential for suc- cess. Mildewed berries must b? removed before the ripe winter-stage has formed on them. Spraying with lime-sulphur on the lines indicated b'low may prove to b? a valuable help, but it is second in value to the removal of the shoots and berries. If through negligence the early removal of the affected shoots and berries is not carried out, and the soil thereby becomes in- fected with the perithecia, repeated sprayings may be powerless to save the crop or prevent outbreaks on an epidemic scale.
The lime-sulphur spray at full strength (1.01 sp. gr.) can be used during the early part of the season, April to .Fune, and probably during .July in niost years, on the following varieties, without causing any serious injury, even when applied several times successively to the same bushes : — Whinham's Industry, Bifleman, War- rington, May Duke, Howard's Lancer, Gunner's Seedling, and Cousins' Seedling (Sandwich Yellow), and, when growing in a shaded posi- tion. Berry's Early and Lancashire Lad.
The following varieties are liable to be injured if the bushes are sprayed many times succes- sively, or if they are situated in a sunny posi- tion : — Berry's Early, Freedom. Lancashire Lad, and Crown Bob, and it is therefore advisable to iise " half-sti'ength " lime-sulphur (1.005 sp. gr.) on these varieties, and to avoid spraying late in the season.
The varieties Yellow Bough (Golden Drop)
IRISH GARDENING
91
and Valentine's Seedling show so marked a susceptibility to injury that they cannot be sprayed.
In early seasons spraying should !>:» com- menced in mid-April, in plantations where the disease appeared in the previous season : in other circumstances, the lirst week in May is early enough ; the s]u'aying should be continued at intervals of about a fortnight until it inter- feres with the marketing of the fruit, when liver-of-snlphur solution or flowers-of-sul])hur should b ' tried to stop the spread of mildew to the fruit. By this means it should in most cases b> possible to grow a clean crop of berries. In cases, however, where the soil has been infected, it will probably be found that the berries b?come luildewedin spite of s])raying.
Whilst s]>raying in May and .lune with lime-siili)hur before the 7nildeiv is OH the b u she s , a ]) p e a r s, with many vai'ieties, to be a practicable means of prevent- ing infection early in the season, and tlms of saving the crop, it is certain that the s])raying of good- sized gooseberry bushes through- out the growing season is not com- mercially advis- able. Even if it were thus possible entirely to prevent i n f e c t i o n (ex- tremely doubtful, considering t h e constant growth of the shoots), the cost in laboixr of the reijeated applications would b e prohibitive. XeitluT linie -sulphur
nor any known s])ray kills the winter-stage of the mildew. and, as was observed repeatedly during 1!I13, outbreaks of mildew frequently occur in which the winter-stage suddenly a])pears almost simul- tanef)usly with the summer-stage. It is alnuist certain, therefore, that in every case of mildew in a ])laiitation some " ti]tpiiig " of diseased shoots must bs' done. After the cro]) has b(>en gathered a good linal spraying with iime-snliihur should be given. The mildew must then be allowed, in most cases, to attack the later growtli of the shoots. By August a greater or less amount of disease will probably be found on the tips of the shoots ; and this anu)unl of disease must bi' expected until far more thorough and systematic methods of control are devised and generally adopted. With yoiing and valuable ])lantations, close attention to the date of the lirst appearance of mildew, and re])eated s]>ray- ings to cover all fresh growth, may render it possible to rear the bushes without having to " tii> " tliem for disease to an extent that will
Bom ARE A Caldasiana.
seriously injure their growth. This will be pos- sible, however, only if the diseased tips of the shoots are collected and destroyed in good tinie each season.
Taking everything into consideration, tipping in August or early in September before the leaves have fallen is strongly to be recommended in all easels where anything like a severe attack ot mildew has occurred. In some seasons, and with bushes of a certain age, no further growth of the shoots will take place after this tipping is done, and if all the mildew has b »en cut off, the bush is quite healthy again, since the disease is strictly external and confined to the young wood. If, as ■will be ])robable in some seasons, a slight fresh
growth is made, and this becomes i n f e c t e d with mildew, the grower will still be in a better p o s it i on, since there will certainly be much less dis- ease to ba remov- ed b3fore the ])erithecia fall to the ground, or even should they fall, owing to ])ost])onement of the second " ti])- ping" through an u n a V o i d a b 1 e scarcity of labour, there will be; nuuh less severe infec- tion of the soil than if no tipping at all were done until October or November. On many large fruit farms, as well as on small holdings, it is ixissihle to tind labour for the " ti]i])ing " of the shoots during the early part of August (before apple ])icking begins). It shcmld now be realised by the commercial fruit grower that it will ]iay better to go over in- fet-ted gooseberry plantations in August and carefully remove and burn all diseased ti]is, tlian to wait until latt' autumn, when laboui- is again available. If ti])])ing is done in August, the diseased leaves (with their winter-spores in the ])erithecia) will be prevented from falling to the ground, while the diseased shoots will be destroyed b3<"ore the ])erithecia have b.'gun to fall from them to any considerable extent.
With strict attention })aid to the collection and destruction of all berries whicl) show any winter- stage on them, to tlie ti])liing ot the diseased shoots in August, and to s])raying early in the season with limc-sul])hur, it should be ])()ssible and commercially ])racticable to grow a cro]) of gooseberries tree from mildew.
E. S. S.\T.MON, F.L.S. — From The Journal of the Board of Agriculture.
92
IRISH GARDENING
R, H, S, Spring Show at Chelsea.
To convey an adequate description of the great Chelsea Show of the Royal Horticultural Society into the small space available is out of the question. At best one can only roughly outline the glorious display and briefly touch upon the main points of interest which claimed one's attention as they endeavoured to absorb the glories of the whole.
The chief feature which strikes the visitor to Chelsea is the vastness of the exhibition and the lileasing contrast which the aniple grounds afford in comparison with, the cramped s])ace of the Inner Temple groimds of years gone by.
The " great tent " (of immense pro])ortions) was this year given over to exhibits arranged on the ground level, with the exception of the two ends, which were given over entirely to liuge banks of glorious Orchids most tastefully arranged.
Instead of the more orthodox parallel paths l>etween lines of exhibits, ample stretches of turf had been arranged between the irregularly- shaped groups, thus leaving plenty of room for the myriads of visitors who flocked to enjoy the gorgeous display.
It was impossible to find a single exception to the high level of contributions which made the exhibition so great a success, and it seems invidious to single out for comment any one where all were so deserving of comment.
Two of the most brilliant colour patches were ]irovided by (1) Messrs. .T. Carter's splendid collection of greenhouse ])lants — a central mound of Cinerarias, surrounded by ^ pleasing design of Stocks, Schizanthuses, Petunias, Clarkias. Gloxinias and herbaceous Calceolarias ; and (2) groups of fragrant, brilliantly-coloured Azaleas in a variety of tone.
As usual, Messrs. Veitch exhibited a unique collection of stove plants, prominent among which were two groups of splendidly grown Caladiums, ranging in colour from cream to deep red, the variety Rose Laing being especially beautiful.
William Paul & Sons put up a very fine display of Roses, the tall pillars being embowered with flower trusses.
In the centre of the tent Messrs. Sutton had a novel and attractive exhibit of greenhouse ])lants enclosed in an arcading of white lattice pillars, giving a pleasing sense of privacy, while inside this semi-seclusion were broad walks of grass between beds of Salpiglossis. Schizanthus, Stocks, Primula obconica. Hybrids, Calceolarias and Cinerarias in dazzling profusion.
Passing into the tent, to the east, under arches of trained Fuchias, so many fine collections crowded upon one's view that it was difficult to know which to examine first.
Sir Everard Hambro, of Hoye's Place, Kent, contributed a magnificent exhibit of choice Alpines, where the silvery Saxifrages displayed their arching plumes of dainty flowers in the utmost profusion, while among the more showy examples such choice plants as Erinacea pungens in full flower, Pentstemon Davidsonii, Asperulasuberosa, Dianthus callizonus, Haberlea,] Ferdinandi- Coburgi and Janksea Heldreichi dazzled the observer.
Here, too, were Roses grown by Alex. Dickson,
foremost among wliich were Kil lariicy Brihiant, a ri(Oi rose ])iiik : Mrs. Wemyss Quin, yellow, and Chrissie Mackellar, a])ricot-salmon.
Leaving the tents for the open air one came upon a riotous display of formal gardens, banks of Azaleas, to])iary work, garden furniture and statuary, and, linally, the galaxy of rock gardens.
Of the former Messrs. J. Carter exhibited a most pleasing design, composed of a rectangular pool, centred by spouting dolpliins and sur- rounded by decorative balustrading draped with highly coloured Clematis in many varieties : adjoining the pool, but separated by the balus- trading, were ])aved walks bordered with Azaleas and Tvilips, while the corners were reserved for two attractively designed stone garden houses, sundial and dovecote.
A somewhat similarly treated space was occupied by Messrs. Wallace, of Colchester, wherein a quiet Lily pool was overlumg by Wistarias, while Tulips in yellow and mauve formed a border adjoining.
Messrs. Notcutt exhibited, under the shade of some fine old elms, a pretty paved Azalea garden, the brilliancy of the sweetly-scented flowers being intensified by the sombre colour of the dark trunks and branches, between which the bright May sunshine glinted.
Good examples of topiary work were shown by Messrs. Piper & Sons. They also showed some fine Wistarias in decorative vases upon their ornamental stone work and balustrading.
Probably the ovit-door rock gardens created more interest with the general i)ublic than any other i)ortion of the exhibition, and certainly they justified examination again and again.
Undoubtedly, for artistic treatment and natural arrangement, Mr. Woods (of Boston S])ar) easily came first. Here beautifully selected i)ieces of weathered mountain limestone were so tastefully and skilfully arranged that one almost fancied themselves " among the hills."
An especially delightful feature was a miniature trout stream lea])ing down between the moss and fern-garnished rocks, while P. farinosa and Gen- tiana verna spangled the grassy slopes, and glorious plumes of Sax. Cotyledon nodded from the rocky crevices, reminding one of happy bygone days in the mountains
Clarence Elliott showed a very fine colony of Ramondia pyrenaica happily colonized between the rocks, while the large, deep-coloiired form of Cam])anula Allioni s])read its huge trumpets to the eye, and Pentstemon Davidsonii and Oxalis enneaphylla and rosea delighted the keen Alpinist. The greatest niimber of treasures were perhaps to be found in the i)retty Alpine garden of Maurice Pritchard, in fact one has learned to look instinc- tively for such in this direction, such plants as Mimulus radicans and Scliizocodon being es- pecially noticeable.
Messrs. Wallace <& Co. put up a very attractive rock garden exhibit, using particularly good stone, in the crannies of which Sax. cochlearis or minor gleamed, while in broader stretches were Onosmos, Camp. Stevensii nana, Viola ]jedata. Sax. Cotyledon and Dr. Ramsey and Ed. serp. major.
Altogether the Council of the Royal Horti- cultural Society are to be congratulated upon the immense success of the exhibition, which, thanks largely to the glorious weather, was attended by a vast number of visitors, who expressed their surprise and delight in unmeasured terms. Reginald A. Malby, F.R.P.S., F.R.H.S.
IRISH GARDENING
93
Floral Committee's Awards.
Firsl-clasii ( 'ertlficalc. — Adiantum grossuni from Mes.si'.s. May, Upper Edmonton.
Avard o} Merit. — Pittos])orum Silver Queen, 3Ir. J. Coey. Newcastle, Co. Down ; Calceolaria Stewart ii. Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea : Adiantum gloriosum Lemkesii, Messrs. Lemkes & Sons., Ali)hen. Holland : Cam])anula tomentosa. " Maud Landale," Miss Maud Landale, Limpstield ; Begonia Lady Carew, Messrs. BlackmorejjA: Langdon, Bath : Primula secundiflora. Messrs. Bee.s, Liverpool ; Oxalis adeno- phylla, Messrs. Bees, Liverpool, and Mr. G. Reuthe,Keston ; PI at yce ri u m C o r d r e y i, Messrs. iNIay, Upper Edmon- ton ; P t e r i s fiabellata p I u m o s a , Messrs. May. Upper Edmon- ton; Pinguicula R e u t er iana, Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston: Carna- tion " Scarlet Carola," Mi.'. C. E ng elm ann. Saffron Waldeu Telopea spec- i o c i s s i m a "Warat ah." Rev. A. T. B o s c a w n . L u d g V a n , Rectory, Ijong Rock, Cornwall (a C u 1 1 u r a 1 Commendation was also award- ed to the Ex- hibitor) ; Iris Gold Crest, W. R. Dykes, Charter House G o d a 1 ming ; Clematis. "Queen Mary" Messrs. .Jack- man, Woking.
Awards of Merit. — Brassocattleya Shilliaua, Armstrong & Brown, Tunbridge Wells ; Odonto- glossum Chanticleer, Armstrong A: Brown. Tun- bridge Wells ; Lseliocattleya Fascinator- Mossia? • Purity," Charlesworth it Co., Haywards Heath ; Odontoglossum Dusky Monarch, Charlesworth & Co.. Haywards Heath : La^liocattleya Sunstar, Charlesworth ik Co., Haywards Heath*; Odontonia Roger Sander, Sander & Sons, St. Albans : Cattleya magali Sander, Sander «k Sons. St. Albans ; Cymbidium Venus. Stuart. Low & Co.,
E n fi el d: Mil- tonia "Adonis, M o n s . C . V u y 1 s t c k e , (rhent: Odon- tioda " Prince de Galles," Mens. V, Vuyis- teke, Ghent.
/'hoto by]
KiLLAUNEY BrILLIAXT Pure deep rosy carmine, a sport from Killarney, of higher (( and more full flowers, shown by Messrs. Alex. Dickson at. Chelsea Show, May 19th.
Orchid
Committee
Awards.
First-class Certificate. — Miltonia, " The
Baroness," Armstrong <k lirown. Tunbridge Wells ; Miltonia, " .L Gurney Fowler." Armstrong A: Brown, Tunbridge^ Wells : Odontoglossum. ■ Queen Alexandrina," Charlesworth »V: Co.. Hay- wards Heath : Miltonia Vexillaria Solum, Sander iV Sons. St. Albans ; Miltonia Vexillaria. '• L^lia Sander," Sander iV: Sons. St. Albans : Ljelio- cattleya Medina Excelsior. Flory A: l-5!a,ck. Siougli : Laeliocattleya Haroldiana Hronz<! King, S. Low i^ Co., Entield : Miltonia "Princess X'ictoria Alexandra." Mons. C. Vuylsteke, (rhent ; Odon- tioda Bradshawia? " Perfection," .J. Sc A. M'Bean, Cooksbridge.
Messrs Webb & Sons, the King's Seeds- men, Wordsley S t o u r bridge, have scored a great success by winning a Gold Medal (the highest award) at the Hoyal Horti- c u 1 t u r a I Society's Show a t C h e 1 s e a (May 19-21). Their exhibit of Flowering Plants from Seeds consisted of the follow- ing : — Calceo- larias, Cine- rarias, Sclii/,- a n t h u s . Be- v'onias. (ilox- inias. Primu- las. Strepto- carpus. Stocks, X e m e s i a s , P e t u n i a s Clarkias. A:c.. The display was arranged in a strikingly a 1 1 !• a c t i V e styli', the huge m o u n d s of beautiful blooms, in an endh-ss variety of daz/.ling colours, creating a niagnilicent effect, and excited the admiration of the many thousands of visitors. Messrs. Webb are to be congratulated on their s])lendid acliiev^ement.
[R. A. Malby
lour the
e^* 6^* t^^
■Si
>t a tree,
A plant, a leaf, a blossom but conlaius A folio volume. We may read and read. And read again, and still find something m:\v. Something to plea.se, aiul sonu^thing to instruct.
— Hurdis.
94
IRISH GARDENING
Reviews.
Flowering Plants of the Riviera.*
Many people leave our British shores to escape the fogs and sunless weather of winter and to enjoy the sunny weather and mild climate of the winter along the Mediterranean coast. To these this book will be a useful companion if they have any taste for botany oi love of plants, and those interested in hardy flowers and Alpine plants will find many of their favourites de- scribed and figured.
; The wild vegetation of the Eiviera is seen at its best in late spring, and a characteristic point is that the majority of trees and shrubs are ever- green, and many of the smaller plants have silvery leaves covered with hairs to assist in checking evaporation during the hot summer weather.
Mr. Stuart Thompson is already known as the author of " Alpine Plants of Europe," and in the book under notice he gives a descriptive account of 1,800 of the more interesting species found in the Riviera, some of which are illustrated by coloured plates, and there are reproductions of photos by the author.
There is a chapter on " Collecting and Pre- sers'ing Plants," a short glossary of botanical terms, while A. G. Tansley, M.A., gives an introduction to the Plant Associations of the Riviera.
* " Flowering Plants of the Riviera." By H. Stuart Thompson, F.L.S. Published by Longmans, Green & Co., London. Price, 10s. 6d. net.
Commercial Orchid Growing.*
This book deals with Orchids for the cut flower trade. The author recommends market florists to devote at least one house to cultivating a batch of some popular kind, such as Cattleya labiata, and advises growers not to be scared by erroneous impressions that these beautiful plants are very difficult to grow. The work is divided into lifteen chapters giving the most suitable kinds to grow, their proper treatment, and also a monthly calendar of operations.
Houses for Cyi:)ripediums, Cattleyas, &c., are described, giving their proper site and construc- tion, and much more practical advice is given on this phase of Orchid culture, which is likely to become of increasing importance.
*" Commercial Orchid Growing," by C Alwyn Harrison, F.R.H.S. Pp. 132. Illustrated. Price, 2s. The Lockwood Press, 1 Mitre Court, Fleet Street, London
The Week-end Gardener.*
In the preface Mr. Farthing explains the title of his book. He realises that gardening requires daily effort and attention, but he endeavours to cater for that vast and increasing army of ama- teurs who find most of their leisure hours towards the week-ends. Luckily, the interest and plea- sure derived from gardening does not in the least depend upon the size of the garden, for one may often naeet a keen and enthusiastic gardener in a cottage or a villa garden as well as in a large
demesne. In 1911 Mr. Farthing published, under the title " Saturday in my Garden," a series of articles which had appeared in the Daily Express, and the " Week-end Gardener/' is supplementary to liis first book.
Starting with .January, the book is like a large calendar of gardening for the week-ends, laying out work for all the year I'ound. It runs to IIU ])ages, and is abundantly illustrated with jflates and diagrams useful to the novice.
Most of the popular plants, such as Dahlias, Chrysanthemums, Roses, Carnations, Tomatoes, <tc., receive special notes, while bedding plants, hardy plants, and annuals all conie in for notice.
In the book there are a few mistakes ; for in- stance, where Tropseolum polyphyllum is de- scribed as a climber ; Geranium Endressi is twice described with crimson flowers, whereas they are a clear pink ; and in the chapter on Wall Garden- ing Primula denticulata and sikkimensis are re- commended for sunny walls ; in reality, to grow them well, they need a cool, moist soil.
Taken altogether, the book is one which will be of great value to many amateurs and novices, and excellent value for the money. F. B.
* " The Week-end Gardener." By F. Hadtield Farthing. Price 3s. 6d. nett. Published by Grant Richards, 8 iSouth Building, High Holborn, London.
Notes.
Gardening for Amatkurs, edited by H. H. Thomas, to be completed in twenty-four fort- nightly parts. Part 6 deals with Roses, and contains numerous and beautiful illustrations of single blooms of leading varieties, and also artistic gardens with arches, pergolas and roses in a border. The articles are sound, and treat of the culture of the Rose for decorating and for exhibition, while general notes tell the amateur what work should be done in May.
The April number of the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society contains many good and useful articles, with a ])hoto of the late Sir Trevor Lawrence, who for so long and so worthily held the office of President of the Society. Some of the articles in this number are — " The Cooking of Vegetables," by C. H. Senn : " Autumn Border Flowers," by B. Crisp ; " Difficulties in Flower Show Schedules," by Rev. W. Wllks ; " The History and Development of the Strawberry," by E. A. Bunyard, &c.
Successful Fox Farming. — The Prince Edward Island Government received nearly £8,000 in fox taxes during the past year, and the present outlay upon ranches there is estimated at over 82,400,000, the farmers of Prince Edward Island liaving found it more profitable to grow foxes than to grow wheat, and the industry has proved so attractive that efforts are being made to extend it to other i)arts of the Dominion.
Canadian Fish for British Market. — The lirst shipment of frozen halibut from British Coluinbia has arrived at Grimsby in splendid condition. The consignment, which consisted of 1 1 tons, was sent from the British Columbia Fisheries, of which Sir George Doughty. M.P. for Grimsby, is Chair- man. It is intended to have regular consign- ments despatched in future, and it is anticipated that salmon will be similarly imported at au early date.
IRISH GARDENING
95
The Month^s Work.
The Flower Garden.
By Wm. G. Wadgk, Gardener lo Lady U'Xeil], Shane's Castle, Antrim.
The first half of May being so cold and stormy, planting may be in arrears. It should be finished off with as much expedition as possible now. Our sunimei's are so short that it is advisable to get everything intended for bedding into the ground at the earliest date, consistent with safety from frost. Nothing will be gained by deferring longer the planting of any subject on the score of tenderness, and plants kept unduly long in ])ots and boxes deteriorate. Pot up a few ])lants in rich soil, of all things used in the bedding, as a resei"ve to be called on should blanks occur in the beds from anj^ cause. If an immediate effect is not essential, ])inch off all flower buds for a few weeks ; the after-results will re])ay this sacrifice. Allow no seed pods to form on Violas at any time. On light soils, these, also Calceolarias and Begonias, should be given a mulch of cocoa- nut fibre, refvise or bog mould.
Rhododendrons and Azaelas, as they pass out of flower, will ])ut forth more vigorous growth if all seed vessels are picked off". It is not always ^practicable with large si^ecimens, but all young or recently planted bushes, or any that are weakly, should be so ti'eated. At the same time shorten any unduly strong shoots that would spoil the symmetry of the |)lant. Any suckers si)ringing from the stock should also be removed.
Pyrethkums and Herbaceous Pjeonias. — If plants of these have grown too large or it is desirable to increase the stock, immediately after flowering is a good time to lift and divide the ]ilants. Choose a dvill day, and kee]) the divisions watered and mulched after re])lanting.
Sweet Wii.liams (Diaxthus barbatus) — ^These make charming patches of colour at this season, and are the more appreciated as it is between the seasons with the flower beds proper. They can now be had in distinct colours. Pink Beauty and Scarlet Beauty are very bright and showy. Seeds sown on a border now will furnish plants for flowering in twelve months' time.
Aquilegias are also blooming now. The hybrids are very beautiful. The chaste flowers of delicate colours, borne on long thin stems, are very useful for house and table decorations. It is necessary to sow the seeds of Aquilegia in boxes in March to flower the following year.
Climbing Plants need attention. They grow ra])idly now. If neglected, the shoots get entangled or Ijroken with winds. Clematis shoots are very brittle : and cannot be loosed if allowed to grow together without breaking many of them. The basal growths of Climbing Hoses must be secured. Avoid tying Climbers too closely at this time. It is not necessary to make many ties ; just an occasional loose tie is suflicient.
Herbaceous Borders. — If dry weather sets in many subjects will need watering. Attend to this towards evening. Where the soil is lof>se and porous, tread it lirm round the plants before watering. If weak manure water is used, much better results will be seen than from clear water. Avoid watering in driblets. If it is not practicable to thoroughly water the whole border, it is wiser lo soak just those plants that are known to soon
suft"er irom drought. Mulch the borders with short manure if possible ; if not, kee]) the surface soil stirred with the hoe. This, if ])ersisted in, will make a mulch of fine soil, and weeds will be ke])t down by the same operation. See that all plants requiring support are given it in good time. Restrict any strong growing plants that would encroach on others less rampant.
Carnations need staking and tying. Reduce the number of flower buds on each stem. When finished, give the beds a dusting of soot and hoe it in.
Sweet Peas. — These planted early in April have made good progress. Thin out the growths when they have attained a height of 18 inches. If intended for show pur])oses. train the main stems 4 inches apart, and rigidly ]>inch out all laterals. For garden decoration, more freedom may be given, but even here it is not advisable to allow crowding. Pick off all flowers as soon as they are fully out, or the plants will be robbed of so much energy spent in forming seeds.
The Fruit Garden.
By Peter Brock, Horticultural Instructor for Co. Fermanagh.
The prospect of a bumper crop of apides has seldom looked more rosy than at present. The opening of the blossom being about eight days later than last year, found it in a safer stage when the cutting wind storm, accompanied by showers of hail, came along on the same date. 7th and 8th of May this year. Bramley. Grenadier and Lane's Prince Albert have been fully open since the 12th, and with the bright sunshine the bees have had a s])lendid op])()rt unity of distributing the ])ollen. Bismarck and Jieauty of Bath o]»ened a week earlier, and in several places I notice some of the blossom has been injured by hail.
It is at this season, and in fact all through the growing i)eriod, a matter of the first imi)ortance to keep the surface of the soil around and between fruit trees and bushes in a loose, ])owdery coiuii- tion by rei)eatedly stirring the surface with the hoe. The advantage of this is twofold — first, it allows a free passage of air into the soil to stimu- late root-action : and secondly, it acts as a mulch or covering to pi'event loss of moisture by evapora- tion. The benefit of surface cultivation and soil aeration is not, as a rule, sutficiently recognised by fruit growers.
Insect Pests. — Continue to kee]) a sharp look out for all kinds of insect enemies, and be ])re- ])ared to deal with them ])rom])tly.
Wasps. — The queens of this ]»est are unusually ]tlentiful this year, and will, if the season cont inues favourable for them, cause considerable loss and annoyance to fruit growers in autumn. Their favourite feeding ground at this season is on the Cotoneasters. whert> they may be found in the fore- noon and knocked down, or if it is done smartly ]tinch them between the finger and thumb. I have caught scores in this way on Cotoneasters, and have never yet lieen stung. A small ])remium on the cpu'ens is a good way of mitigat- ing th*^ nuisanci' we may ex])ect later on.
Thinning Fkuit. — Quality is of more im]»ort- aiue than quantity. Overtaxing trees in years of great ])lenty is a common mistake. Better ])aying cro]is are obtained by rational thinning to what the trees can matui^e without affecting
96
IKISH GARDENING
their vitality, as trees that are never ov-(;r- croi)ped sehloiu tail to ])r()diue fair (•ro])s of fruit. No fixed rule eau be laid down as to liow uiufh fruit any ])articuiar tree should carry, as so luuth depends on kinds and varieties and the conditions under which the trees are grown. Aim at the production of select and lirst-grade fruit without overtaxing the trees. A partial thinning of apples and pears should take ])lace when the fruit is fully the size of a hazle nut, and the final thinning of the larger sorts when they are about the siz? of small walnuts. At this stage tlie most perfectly formed and best placed fruit can be selected to remain to mature. Plums that have set an overcrop should be partially thinned with a sharp-pointed scissors, and the iinal thinning when the most certain stoning fruits can be selected to remain. I'eaches and aijricots will also require attention in thinning.
Pinching and Summer Pruning — In skilled hands who know the vigour of the trees, the ci"o]> they may be carrying, and the results to be aimed at, good results may be obtained by the timely nii)ping the top off a shoot, leaving five or six leaves. Any wrong ]jlaced shoot that may not be required to form i)art of the tree may by pinching be induced to form a fruit s])ur. Trained plums have a tendency to greater vigour of growth at the extremities than at the bottom or centre of the tree. This tendency should be checked by pinching the strongest growths in order to induce a better balance of growth in all parts of the trees.
.Strawberries. — Where early and strong runners are required they should be laid or fixed early this month, choosing, if possible, those from young and vigorous ]jlantations formed last August. Such i)lantations afford very choice early dessert fruit the first year after planting, and at the same time afford the best source for providing early and strong runners for future plantations. To secure i-unners from ])lantations that may be carrying a croj) the first year, loosen a narrow strip with a fork between every alternate row, draw the best of the runners on to it from each side and fix them on to the prepared ground by laying a small stone on each. In very dry weather a mixture of clay and fresh cow manure made to the consistency of putty, and a ball of it placed near the head of each runner forms the best fixing for producing strong runners fit to plant permanently in August.
The Vegetable Garden.
By Arthur HoiiTox, (iardener to ('olouei Claude Cane, St. Wolstan's, Celbridge.
Celery. — The main planting of celery should be made as eai'ly in the month as possible in prepared trenches, as advised in last month's notes. Thoroughly water the ])lants some time previous to ])lanting, and lift with as good a ball as possible. It is most iniportant that the soil should be made firm about the roots, ten or twelve inches is the usual distance allowed between the plants. Celery is naturally a moisture-loving plant, consequently it is almost impossible to overwater it, i)rovided tlie site chosen for the trenches is well drained, naturally or otherwise. If the weather is in anyway hot or dry after planting a good overhead sprinkling of water tlirough a medium-sized rose morning and evening until the plants get established will be very beneficial. Celery fiy and slugs are the two
worse enemies to be conl (Glided with in the grijwing of this vegetable : if at all inimcrous and left uncheck(!d either will quickly ruin tlic whole c.ro]>. The ])est preventive I know for warding <j(f the celery fly is occasional si)rayings of ])aran[ln emulsion, the smell being objectionable to most insects. Fretiuent dustings of lime and soot are probably the most effective deterrent against the ravages of slugs.
\'egetable Marrows and Coitrds. — If not already accomplished these should be planted out without delay. Possibly no other vegetable gives such a good return with so little trouble as vegetable marrows; their requirements are few and management simple, any odd corner will suit them provided they get a fair amount of sun. An ideal ])osition is on the top of an old rubbish leaf -mould or manure heap. About one barrow load of manure and the same quantity of soil to each plant will be found quite sutticient. C'o])ious supplies of water should he given all through the growing season ; if allowed to suffer at any time for want of water mildew is almost sure to set in, and the result will be disastrous.
IjEEKS. — Sown outside and intended for winter and s])ring use may be planted as soon as they are large enough to handle. One of the simplest and best methods is to draw fairly deep lines with a draw hoe, allowing two feet between each line. Afterwards bore holes about a foot in deX)th and one foot apart ; drop the young plant to the bottom of the hole, merely |)ut enough soil in to cover the roots ; m(jre soil will be added when hoeing between the plants. A much longer blanch is obtained by gi'owing them in this manner than is possible if the holes are tilled up at the time of planting. In gardens where space is limited it is a good practice to plant leeks on grovmd X)reviovisly occupied by early potatoes, although somewliat late in the season if given a fair chance excellent crops can be depended on, as leeks generally continue to grow all through the winter.
Brassicas. — Good breadths of cabbage, cauli- flower, borecole, Brussel sprouts and broccoli will require planting as early in the month as con- venient. The soil should be made fairly firm, especially for broccoli ; the plants will be much more hardy, consequently they will have a better chance of pulling through a severe winter than if grown on loose, deeply cultivated rich soil. Care must be taken not to ])lant too thick. In no case shoiild they be less than two feet six inches between the rows and about the same distance from ]>lant to plant.
Peas. — Continue sowing peas at intervals until the middle of the month. As a rule about the 20th of .June is a good time for ])utting in the last sowing; peas seldom come to maturity if sown much after this date. The ground shoidd be thtu'oughly i)rei)ared and care taken not to sow too thickly. As there are so many good varieties on the market it is hard to say which is the best for late use. Autocrat and (iladstone are two excellent varieties and well worth growing.
(jrENERAi. REMARKS. — Make regular sowings of French beans, carrots, turnips, s|)inach, lettuce, endive, radishes, mustard and cress. Thin and transplant lettuce, fork and well break u]) the soil between the rows of pt)tatoes ])revious to moulding u]) the drills. The staking of beans and peas will also need attention. It is also of much importance to kee]) the ground well stirred between all growing crops.
BBB-KKBPINQ MADE PROPITABLB. Bnry iM'KMptr wk« ttltt hcccm sk«Dl« r«ad
THE IBISH BEE JOUBNAL
(BMAklbkad ifM.)
Ofltial Organ •/ th« /risk mnd Afiliatti, Ctsydtn, and P»rthahir» B. K, Auttiatii**.
THE URQEIT PENNT III PAPH IN THI WORLD.
R«c«Hrtd whk •Qihutiuik ayvrar^ •■4 MmcrMvUtiMU U ■•■• •mI K\tmU %—A peM card fcr lyceiaiM C*»y irM " Omm •( tk« WlgktMt ia tk« mmM." —OUatiingi (AmtfUmm\ " Ob* of Ik* IlT*Ii*M Md k«*i Apbriaa J*araab ia all Xar*y«."' AmtrMmn BU'K»*^tr.
HMlkiy Id. ; It. M. f tr Am«b, PmI Frci.
THE PRACTICAL BBB GUIDE. ■^AVJS^'-ft.rSfka
*B tk* ink]««t jrM paklbhadL ••• p«c**. is* illiutraiioM. Fap«t c«var, ••. : pMU«*, jd. Liaaa e*r«r, ja. ; jmug*, s<. f ram ik* aflic*, Ikna Bn TavaiTAL, L*ugk Rr>a< Droao^ aid •! all a*irMic*aU.
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JULY 1914
TWOPENCE
Irish Gardening
Contents
Rose Fragrance (Illustrated)
Kilmacurragh (Illustrated)
Aster batangensis .
Roscoea cautlioides
Herbaceous Spiraeas and Asti
Genista spathulata
GlobuUria incanescens .
The Cultivation of Pansies and Vio
Allotment Holders Annuals as Pot Plants .
PAGE
. 97 . 99 . 101 . 101 Ibes (Illus.) 102 . 104
by
104
104 105
Plants in Burma . Hints on Watering Dutch Irises (Illustrated) Rubus deliciosus (Illustrated) . Haberlea rhodopensis (Illustrated) Ptilotrichum cappadocicum Saxifraga aizoides atrorubens Hints to Novices , Month's Work — Flower, Fruit
Vegetable Garden Obituary ....
and
PAGE . 106
. 106 . 107 . 108 . 108 . 109 . 109 . 110
110 112
Sixth AwHial Exhibitton
•Oder tlw Mtspkca ef
Kingston Borttcoltoral Society
WUatatay, IStfi Jnly, 1914
a
Competttlons for PriM Oop*^ Medala and Cash
PEOPLE'S PARK, KINGSTOWN
Kingstown Flower Show
Irish Peasantry Society Prizes for Cottagers, Arttzans and their Children, for Houses, Gardens, and Home Industries t t
Apply for Prfxe Sciiedtrie at the Technical Scbool, fUogrtown
R. MACDONALD, Secretary
CtaMOS In . .
Roses
BegoaUs, Pelargosloms
Sweet Peas }
Annuals and Hardy Cut Flowers i
Carnations, &c. : Fruits, Vegetables
Cakes and Honey
Special Class for Table decoration
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IRISH GARDENING
VOLUME IX
No. loi
Edited by C- F. Ball.
A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND
ARBORICULTURE IN IRELAND
JULY 1914
Rose Fr agr ance^
Bv Rev. Joseph H. PEMiiEKTON.
" Messrs. Clay have presented to the Council a silver-gilt cup of the value of £75 for anniial competition (open to all) at the Holland House Show, the object being to endeavour to obtain a race of Roses of both good form and colour, but above all else, ]iossessing the true, old
florist's flower — was due to its fragrance. It would be quite easy to insert quotations from the poets in praise of its fragrance, but this is quite mmecessary ; we all know it. But what is not so generally known is the variety in the perfume, and the liold statement that there is
rhutu hy-\ [Miss .1. .1. Laiif
An Old kSwket-scented Rose and Tkkk Liimx at Tankehsley CoTTAtiE
BAETJN(!I,EN, (*<). WlCKI.OW.
geiuiine Rose scent, such as may be found in the old Cabbage or Provence Rose, in ' (leneral Jacqueminot,' ' Marie Maumann,' " Duke of Wellington,' " General McArthur,' &c. The distinctive scent known as ' Tea Rose " is not, for the purpose of this competition, to be accounted as the true old Rose .scent." The foregoing is an extract from the "" Book of Schedules '" issued by the Royal Horticultural Society, and it has much that commends it to all rose-lovers. The popularity of the Rose in days of long ago — days before it became a
■ tlie true old rose scent "' calls for a few ob- servations.
All \v\\d Roses are fragrant — tlistinct and icHned in some, powerful and decided in others, and as variable as the species are in habit and form of l)lossom — a delicious fragrance, such as is perceived in no other flower which charms the sense of smell. Rosa caniiui has its own perfume, so has Rosa arvensis, and ])oth grow side by side in the same jieilgerow. Do you know the diflerence >. If not, now is the time to test it. Or perhaps you know, and can dis-
98
IRISH GARDENING
tmguish between the two with your eyes shut. You may jirefer the perfume of K. canina, and that of E,. arveusis luay not aj-peal to you at all. Perhaps this is owing to lack of exercise of the sense of smell ; it is not alert. Bees and kindred insects are guided hy the sense of smell ; in them it is acute, and they infinitely prefer R. arvensis to R. canina. Doubtless you have noticed that, and you have also observed that the musk per- fume of the Rose is the most attractive of all where bees are concerned. " The true old Rose scent '■ is nothing to them, as long as there is a Musk Rose which they can visit. Bees will crowd around and hustle in and out of the small blossoms of R. inoscliata and R. brunonis, neglecting to visit other Roses near l)y, not- withstanding their strong damask and sethic- tive tea perfume.
Now, although all wild Roses possess frag- rance, some appear to us to have more, or stronger, jierfume than others, and consequently they are better known. The most noticeable of all are four : (1) The JVIusk Perfume, exempli- fied in the species R. moschata, also in moschata nivea, brunonis, and their hybrids, the dwarf perpetual flower cluster Roses. (2) The Damask Perfume, derived from R. damascena, the Pro- vence antlGallica, of which the hybrid perjjetual is the offspring. As the species is a red Rose, the prevailing colour among hylnid perj^etuals is red, and it is in these red Roses that the damask perfume is the strongest. (3) The Tea Perfume, obtained in the first instance from R. indica odorata, and earned on in the true tea- like Devoniensis and Madame Bravy. (4) The perfume of R. lutea and its progeny, Persian yellow and others. As the species is yellow, so its perpetual flowering hybrids, the new Per- netiana race, are more or less yellow. The perfume here is a sort of fruity apricot, banana- like odour, and the more decided is the yellow, the stronger is this fruity perfume. These four we may term pure perfumes, because they are the same as in each of the four species. But there are also blends, like the blends in tea and tobacco, superior, in a degree, to the pure per- fvune ; the blend of Musk and Tea is one, the blend of Musk and Damask is another. Appar- ently the Tea and Damask will not ))lend ; the one seems to counteract the other, aud both are held up. So when raisers were stri\ing to obtain more freedom of flowering Ijy crossing the hybrid perpetual with the Tea Rose, the progeny on the whole lacked perfume. It is true they obtained free-flowering hybrid teas, but these were deficient in fragrance.
We will now attempt to classify the fragrance of the Rose (it is onh^ an attempt), indicating at
the same time a few of the best scented varieties in each respective class.
Classification of Rose Fragrance.
Perjuine
Variety
Habit
I. Pure M>!sk
II. Pure Damasl
III. Pure Tea
IV. R. lutea
V. Blend of I\Iusk and Tea
VI. Blend of Musk aud Damask
R. moschata
R. moschata nivea
R. l)runonis I The Garland i Seagull
lloonhght
Daphne
York and Lamasiei,
D. (tile true) Tuscany, D. Marie Bauniann, H.P. General Jacquemino*
H.P. Senateur Vaisse, H.P. Souvenir de Pierre
Dupuy D. Zejjhirine Drouhin, B.
Madame Bravy, T. i Devoniensis, T. Gloire de Dijon, T.
Persian Yellow Austrian Yellow Rayon d"Or Juliet
Lamarcjue, N. Marechal Niel, N.
I..a France Mrs. A. E. (V)xhead Edward Mawley President Vignet
Not per|)etual Not ])er])ctnal Not jK-rpctual Not perpetual Not ])er])etual PeriM'tual Pei'i)etual
N(jt ])erp( tual
Not perpetual
Perjietual
Perpetual
Perpetual Not perpetual
Perpetual
Perpetual Perpetual Perpetual
Not perpetual Not perpetual Perpetual Perpetual
Not i)erpetual Perpetual
PeriJetual Perpetvial Peqjetual Perpetual
With reference to DiAision VI., the perfume of these Roses is not pure Damask — not "' the true old Rose scent "' — there is something else as well ; more accentuated, perhaps, in La France than in the others ; it ajipears to be the Musk. Judging from their habit of growth and length of flowering period, the last three Aarieties have a common ancestor, and they, together with their ancestor, have doubtless a strahi of R. moschata in their constitution.
Of all the various perfuiues, that of the l^amask is the most pronounced, w hilst that of the Musk is the most delicate. The former is heavy and strong, and is popular. But bear in mind this, " the true old Rose scent " that the R.H.8. are now asking for comes from a stock that is fast cUsa].pearing, the Hybrid Perpetual. Now, the thoroughbred Hybrid Perpetual is not a good autumn-Howering Rose. Indeed, the writer cannot for the moment recall the nam©
IRISH GARDENING
99
of any Hybrid Perpetual Avith '" the true old Rose scent "" that is good in September. Per- haps some one A\ill suggest Hugh Dickson. But to call a variety a Hyb'-id Perpetual does not make it one, and besides Hugh does not possess the pure Damask perfume ; it goes one better than that ; its fragiance is a blend, a mixture.
There are some, how- ever, who seek for the Dairask perfume in every Rose ; if it is ab- sent they say the Rose has no fragrance. A few years ago a new seedling was exhibitefl at one of the fortnightly' shows of the Royal Hor- ticultural Society, and obtained an a\\'ard of merit. A leading mem- ber of the Floral Com- mittee met the exhibitor in the street, and remar- ked, " Young man, your Rose has received an award of merit. To tell you truth I don't think much of it ; it's got no smell.'' Never- theless the bees at home were revelling in its pure Musk perfume, to the neglect of all other Roses in its vicinity.
Therefore one would lu'ge on all who seek for fragrance in the rose : cultivate, enlarge your sense of smell, if you have not already done so]! Time was when we rejec- ted all Roses that were not so-called ■■e\hi))ition"' varieties. ( )iu' vision was restricted. We could see no })eauty in Aimee Vibert, Celine Forestier,' Maiden's Blush, and such like. We have recovered our sight, our eyes have been relieved of cataract, and we can once more see l)eauty in a J lose even if its symmetry is imperfect, and it is lacking in many ])etals. Now go on and recover the sense of smell, or rt least widen it. Let it emlrace and appreciate not only " the true old Rose scent," delicious as it is, but all the other perfumes yielded by the Queen of Flowers.
Kilmacurragh*
Photo bs/]
Erica
Ar.STRAI.lS AT
In County Wick low are to be found many gardens of great beauty, and Kilmacurragh, favoured by a climate \\'here fc\v degrees of frost arfe registered, is second to none for unique specimens of trees and shrubs. The estate has for a long time been noted for fine trees; in front of the house is a large skeleton of an oak, Avhich must have been a fine tree many years ago, and from the records kept some huge sycamores, now having a girth of 16 feet at 3 feet from the ground, were supposed to be the finest speci- nrens in the county about the year 1794. In a marshy spot a group of firre old alders are so gnarled, twisted arrd lichen- covered that in their leafless winter state they are often nristakeir for oaks. In another place the C' r o c u s has been naturalised in the grass and seeds itself ; in spring it covers a large stretch of ground with a beautiful purple mantle t)f flowers.
The present collection of rare trees and shrubs was largely foruied bj' the late Mr. Thomas Acton, a very keen plant lover, and the estate has dcsceiuled, a few years ago, to his nephew. Captain Acton, who has (juickly developed a keen and appreciative love of plants.
Many of the old forest trees are thickly ('oated\\ith Uchen. showing how cool antl moist is the atuiosphere ; tlic annual rainfall is about 40 to 45 inches.
The Himalayan and other Rhododendrons thrive wonderfully under these conditiorrs with a good deep soil, and are stroirgly represented.
[ It". A'. Alhn KlI.MAcrUKAl.ll.
100
IRISH GARDENING,
Some of the more tender species are planted in clearings in the wood, where they get shelter from strong winds.
Rhododendron arboreum and its hybrids line the sides of a drive, and in April they form a bank of scarlet flowers 20 to 30 feet high.
R. Campbelliffi is an extremely rare sj)ecies, and is 25 feet high.
R. Falconeri is a marvellous bush, 20 feet high, and as much through, and this year has borne about 500 heads of flowers.
R. triflorum and campylocarpum measure 10 to 12 feet.
R. grande or argenteum is 18 feet, and R. eximium is making a strong bush. Rhododen- dron Kingianum is still small, but doing well ; while R. Keysii and the rare Chinese R. lacteum are over 10 feet. R. barbatum is 20 feet high.
In early April an extremely fine form of R, barbatum is a picture, so dazzling and brilliant are the crimson flowers; this form is known as the Menabilly variety ; the trusses are larger and the flowers open just as those of the type fade. A hybrid from R. arboreum crossed with R. campanulatum, raised at Glasnevin, and named Thomas Acton, also flowers in early April ; the leaves are intermediate between the two parents, and the flowers are white- spotted with crimson.
Other rare species of Rhododeiidrons at Kilmacurragh are R. Roylei, Fordii, lepidotum and lanatum.
Himalayan Cojiifers are represented by fine specimens of Abies Pindrow andWebl>iana nearly 50 feet high, while Tsuga Brunoniana is nearly 40 feet high, and is the rarest of the hemlock spruces, with beautiful glaucous branches sweep- ing the ground ; unfortunately it is scarcely hardy in County Dublin. Pieris (Andromeda) formosa is also tender in most localities, but here is 15 feet high, andj)ears freely its drooping white flowers like sprays of Lily of the Valley. ^ Magnolia Campbellii was planted in 1876 on a wall, which it has long since overtopped, and is now a tree 35 feet high. It is the finest of all Magnolias, rather tender, and takes many years before flowering, but it is well worth the waiting, for the flowers are a lovely shade of pink, 10 inches across, and sweetly scented ; a tree bearmg a number of flowers in April was a really beautiful sight. Our illustration does not do justice to this ))eautiful flower, for its distinctive beauty lies in the soft colour.
Chilian Trees and Shrubs. — Irish gardens m favoured localities are j)articularly suited to these, and Kilmacurragh possesses two which are probably the finest specimens in the United Kingdom. Mr. Watson, the Curator of Kew, when first visiting this garden m June, 1905, seeing a specimen of Tricusi)idaria lanceolata
18 feet high and 10 feet through, with branches weighed down by the red flowers, exclaimed : " I never before saw such a plant." Again in June it is well worth going all the way to see Embothrium coccineum covered by brilliant scarlet flowers, 40 feet high, and with a trunk 18 inches thick, and sending up suckers 0 or 7 yards away.
Another extremely rare tree is Libocedrus tetragona represented by a fine specimen of fastigiate habit 20 feet high, while Libocedrus chilensis is 30 feet high.
Other interesting Conifers from Chili are Podocarpus nubigenus, 25 feet high ; P. chilina, 25 feet ; Fitzroya patagonica, 25 feet and the same in diameter ; and Prunniopitys elegaiis, 30 feet.
A specimen of Diimys Winteri, 35 feet high, was in flower in April ; while Azara microphylla, 30 feet, scents the air around with vr.nilla perfume from tiny yellow flowers, produced early in February.
Eugenia apiculata (Myrtus Luma). 25 feet high, produces its myrtle- like flowers in late summer. Laurelia serrata, 25 feet high, is another scarce and rather tender evergreen tree. In the southern parts of Chili it is known as the Huanhuan tree, and is prized for its timber. In April it bears a multitude of small yellowish flowers, which are very fragrant.
Two evergreen climbers belonging to the Bar- berry family are rambling on a wall ; these are the showy red-flowered Berbeiidopsis corallina, and the handsome f oliaged Lardizabala biternata.
New" Zealand Plants. — In April one of the most remarkable p'ants A\as a bush of Fuchsia excorticata, 16 feet high, with the bark peeling off in long strips from the older stems, the quaint flowers— a mixture of blue and red — spring in clusters from both old and yovuig stems. There is a bush of Senecio Grayi — and such a bush ! 15 feet through and 5 feet higli^ — which is just covered by a mass of yellow flowers in June.
Griselinia littoralis, a useful evergreen for the seaside, here grows 20 feet high.
Pittosporum Buchanani is a fine bush of 15 feet, while other kinds, like the small-leaved P. Mayi, are making pretty evergreens.
Olearia macrodonta makes a fine bush, and more of this family might be planted ^ith advantage.
Tasmania is represented by many beautiful specimens of the Arthrotaxis, mem))ers of the Conifer tribe not often grown because they are not generally hardy, but here they form perfect erect pyramids uninjured by frost. Arthrotaxis cupressoides is 20 feet ; A. laxifolia is 36 feet, with a trunk 15^ inches in diameter, and A. selaeinoides is also 25 feet high.
IRISH GARDENING
101
Australia. — -Two evergreen beeches from this country are probably the finest trees of their kind in the British Isles.
Fagus Cunninghaini is 40 feet high, with a trunk 18 inches in diameter; the leaves are tiny, and give the tree a light and graceful appearance. Fagus Moorei is 25 feet high, a very rare species, having leaves larger than most of its relatives.
Svannnerdamia Antennaria is an evergreen bush belonging to the Compositse, and is 10 feet l\v 15 feet, and seedlings from it are appearing on a w'aW near bv. The Australian Olearia
Aster batangensis.
A Michaelmas Daisy flowering iu May and June looks rather out of season, but such is the case with the above-named ]ilant. This Aster forms a compact shrub about 1 foot high, and Uterally smothers itself with bloom. Tlie flowers are of quite the same apjjearance as a Michaehnas Daisy, of a bright i)urple, quite H inches across, the l)etals being much longer and narrower than usual in the genus. To Messrs. Bees, Ltd., we owe the introduction of this useful rock jilant, and, like the majority of the newer Chinese iJlants, it has ])r()ved itself quite hardy at Glasnevin.
MA(iNOLIA C.\MPBELLII AT KiLMACURRAGH.
Flowers a beautiful soft pink 10 inches across.
stellulata covers itself with white daisy-like flowers as in many other Irish gardens.
From Mexico come two rare Conifers — Cupressus lusitanica. a beautiful s])reading tree, 40 feet high, and one of the rarest of the silver firs ; ^Vbies religiosa, with a trunk 2 feet in diameter, but some years ago a storm sna])]ied the trunk and lessened its height.
Notela:'a excelsa belongs to the Olive family, and is sometimes seen as an evergreen shrub and called an Olea, but here it is a tree 35 feet or more in height.
Many more fine trees and shrubs might be mentioned, but enough has l>een written to show that Kilmacurragh has a floral and sylval wealth far beyond most gardens, and is particularly rich in Rhododendrons, rare and tender Conifers. B.
Roscoea cautlioides.
Tnis interesting novelty, just now tlowei'iiig. hails from Cliina, and was introduced to cultiva- tion by 31essrs. Bees, Ltd.. througli their enei-getic collector, Mr. George Fm-rest. Tliough at lirst some misgiving as to its vigour was felt, it is ])r(>ving quite hardy at Glasnevin, having passed through the last two winters out of doors witliout protection quite uninjured. It is altogether different from anything else in tlie rock garden, the flowers being of the same appearance of a Tanna, to which indeed the plant is related. The flowers, which are of a pleasing shade of light yellow, are ])roduced at the apex of stout stems, about a foot high: each stem carries about six flowers which open in .succession. This plant is growing in a rather peaty soil in a ])artly shaded ])osition. Stephen Rose.
I02
IRISH GARDENING
Herbaceous Spiraeas and Astilbes.
By J. W. Besant.
There is still some confusion in the minds of gardeners regarding the difference between Spiraea and Astill)e. The similarity in habit and necessary cultivation is so close that for practical purposes the desig- nation of Spiraea is generally made to suffice for all.
The difference, such as it is, is mainly botanical and lies in the pre- sence of several styles or stigmas in Spiraea and of not more than two in Astilbe ; the former genus being placed by botanists in the natural order Rosa- ceae and the latter in Saxifragae.
Leaving the bo- tanical aspect alone, however, we find many interesting and beautiful plants in each genus. Practically all are moisture lovers ; in fact, a deep, rich, moist soil is essential to their fullest de- velopment. Hence in the bog garden, in cool, rich borders and by the sides and margins of streams and ponds are found
ideal conditions for Astilbe
planting the jPink flowers pr
various species and varieties of each genus.
Spiraea. — The flowering season of this genus extends from July to October, thus its value in the garden is considerable. Spirsea Aruncus, commonly known as the Goat's Beard, is a handsome waterside plant, but good also in the border. It has large divided leaves and noble spikes of creamy- white flowers Avhich last for several weeks, the varietv called " ])luinosa " IS considered the l^est for general purposes, ))ut a very elegant and delightful variety not often seen is " Kneiffii," a plant of m<Dre slender
growiih, bearing very finely-cut leaves and grace- ful flower panicles.
Spiraea camtschatica, also called S. gigantea, is the giant of the genus, growing S feet to 1) feet in height under suitable conditions. The stems are naturally stout and strong, and the large- lobed leaves are very handsome, surmounted in autumn by flat corymbs of ])ink flowers. The original form has white flowers, but is not so decorative as the pink variety.
Spiraea astil- boides, from Japan, might be described as a smaller edition of the Goat's Beard, being of a similar habit of growth and not unlike it in the branched inflores- cence.
Spiraea digitata is a dwarf moisture- loving species grow- ing about a foot high. It is useful and pretty in the bog garden, and bears corymbs of rosy- red flowers.
Spiraea Filijen- dula, the " Drop- wort," is a native species, better known in gardens through its double form. It is a good border plant, form- ing tufts of pinnate leaves from among which rise the flower stems bearing pan- icles of white flowers in summer.
Spiraea lobata is a handsome North Arendsii. American species,
oduced in July. valuable ill any posi-
tion which affords the necessary conditions for its fullest development. It will reach a height of from 6 feet to 8 feet near water, and looks very handsome when flower- ing freely, as it rarely fails to do. The leaves are much cut and the flowers, borne in a panicle at the ends of the shoots, are usually pink. There are several varieties or forms of this species in commerce usually sold as varieties of S. venusta, an old name for S. lobata. Some of the best are Blushing Bride, Fairy, elegans, &c.
IRISH GARDENING
103
Spiraea palmata is an old plant in gardens and deservedly a favourite. The handsome palmate leaves make a fine setting to the brilliant red or crimson flower panicles. It is a moistnre-loving |)lant and is seldom satisfactory in a dry position. There is a white variety, bnt it is inferior to the type.
Spiraea Ulmaria, the common " Meadow Sweet," is, like the Dropwort, a native plant, and also best known in its double form, at least
some bog plant, growing quite 4 feet high and bearing very ornamental " plumes '' of rosy- violet flowers. The introduction of this plant marked an era in the history of Astil])es in gardens, since as a parent it has been responsible for the many beautiful pink and rose-coloured hybrids which are now a delightful feature of the smnmer garden.
Astilbe grandis, another Chinese plant, is useful, also growing in much the same way as
Spik.t:a Aruncus, Gunneiias and Ba^mijoos by tuk (»r-u Miu. Race at (ii.AsxEvix.
in gardens. It is, of course, valuable in the bog and similar places, though fre(|uently found in borders.
Astilbe. — ^This genus, so very like Spiraea in general a])pearance, has an equal value in our gardens. The various species are usually earlier in flower than some of the 8])iraeas, and this year they have suffered badly from destructive spring frosts. Only a few of the Hower spikes promise to develop, the ))ulk of them having been quite killed. All the species, with one exception, have divided leaves surmounted by branched inflorescences.
Astilbe Davidii is a notable plant introduced some years ago from China. It makes a hand-
A. Davidii, but producing white flowers, which are not so striking as those of the ]irevious s]iecies.
Astilbe japonica is well known as a greenhouse plant, being commonly used for forcing. It is liable to be frosted when grown outside, though in some districts it migbt be useful, being a decidedly pretty species when well furnished with ])ani(des of white flowers.
Astilbe rivularis is a handsome Himalayan species, fairly well known to gardeners, and a fine ])lant for naturalising in dam]) i^ositions. The flower ])anicles are very large white or yellowish-white in general effect, while the am]ile much-divided leaves are in themselves a pleasing
I04
TRTSH GARDENING.
feature. There is an improved variety called A. rivularis gigantea.
Astilbe rubra, an Indian species, with rose- coloured flowers, is a desirable plant deserving of cultivation. The pink or rose-coloured kinds, whether species or hybrids, are very effective, and in the species under notice we get a fair height, about 4 feet, which in some positions is an advantage.
Astilbe simplicifolia has recently secured considerable notice from hardy plant lovers, and deservedly so. It is the smallest of the genus, not exceeding 12 inches. It is thus a very suit- able species for a moist, well-drained position in the rock garden. The leaves are not divided as in the larger growing kinds, but are deeply lobed and all basal, none being borne on the flower stem. The slender panicle is composed of small pure white flowers of much beauty.
Astilbe Thunbergii, from Japan, is a com])ara- tively old species growing about 2 feet high, bearing compound leaves and branched panicles of white flowers. It is also used for forcing in pots. Among the hybrids mentioned earlier there are many of surpassing beauty flowering in June and July and even into August. They are mainly the product of Astilbe Davidii used with some of the older species and hybrids, and a good many of them are of Continental origin, raised by Arends, and known as Astilbe Arendsii. The coloiu-s are mostly shades of pink and rose , the dense feathery plumes creating quite a fine effect when in flower. Some of the best are — Ceres, Vesta, Venus, Pink Pearl, Silver Sheaf, Salmon Queen, Panache and Nuee Kose.
Genista spathulata.
This rare and beautiful species is one of the latest flowering of the dwarf Brooms, coming into flower in late May and continuing well to the end of June. It forms a small bush 1-1 i feet high, with slender arching branches. It carries flowers of a rich glowing yellow which, though not .so large as in .some of the other Brooms, are boi'ne in such pro- fusion as to conipletely hide the foliage. This Bulgarian shrub delights in full exposure to sun, and planted so that its flowering shoots trail over a large rock it presents, when in flower, a very striking appearance.
Globularia incanescens.
Quite the brightest plant flowering in the moraine in early June was a healthy little tuft of this uncommon Alpine. It is a very dwarf plant, reaching little more than 2 inches in lieight, with small green s]ioon-shaped leaves. On stiff stems, well above the leaves, are carried the heads of light blue flowers over half an inch across. It flowers very freely, the number and size of the flowers being out of all proi)ortion to the size of the plant. In a sunny ])ocket of the moraine it thrives best.
The Cultivation of Pansies and Violas by Allotment Holders.
In the neighl)ouilio(j(l of ilounslow (.Middlesex) and ])erhaps more especially at Hatton, a little hamlet noith of Feltham, the cottagers and allotment holders sup])lement their income by glowing Pansies and Violas for what might be called the suburban gardeners' trade. Nearly all the cottages have their strij) of garden in spring covered by either Pansies or Violas, or both, while in some allotments, which cover an area of 15 acres, most of the ])lots are devoted to growing the same plants.
Dxiring the summer these plots and gardens, which are from 15 to 20 rods in extent, grow the ordinary garden crops — potatoes, beans, jieas, tV:c. — and, when the occujner can obtain it, they are maniu'ed with farmyard dung. The seed is usually saved by the grower from the previous season, and is sown about the liist week in August in a small plot, if ])ossible with a northeily aspect. When the resulting seedlings are suffi- ciently large to handle, they are transplanted to the garden or allotment, which by this time has been cleared of its sununer crop and dug over. Having been ])lanted out 4 inches apart each way, tbey are left for the winter. This year, owing to the mild weather, many are already in bloom. Their normal time of blooming is March or April, according to the season, and when suburban residents start gardening operations, hawkers make their way to Hounslow and Hatton with hand and donkey carts, and buy up the Pansies and Violas. The plants are sold in boxes usually containing two dozen, and the average price ])er box is 6d., but in some season.s^ — c-O-, 191 1 —the price w as only 2d. ])er dozen. By carrying them into the western and south-western suburbs, the hawkers are enabled to retail them at about one penny each, but some of the ])Iants with finer blooms are readily sold for lid. and 2d. each. It is necessary that the ])lants should have com- menced blooming, for the amateur gardener likes to see what he is buying. At the rate of ;^d. per dozen it is possible for a man to make £7 or £8 profit from his crop on a small allotment. In the case of a garden, his takings are mostly profit, since he pays no extra rent and does the necessary cultural o])erations himself in his spare time. Although it by no means follows that a man with an acre of land would make a proportional i)rofit. it affords an example of what a man can do with a small ]iiece of land by s])ecialising in one parti- cular ]ilant for which he has a good market close at hand. In this case there are no outgoings for labour, little or no rent, for the allotments are chea])ly let, and no railway expenses or salesman's commission.^ — Journal of the Board of AgricuUnre.
^* ^* t^^
The Rev. W. F'lemyng, Coolfin, Portlaw, Co. Waterford, sends some flowers of the Ghent Azalea, and writes : — " I have been raising Azaleas for several years, and think them the most beautiful of all flowering slirubs — finer to my mind than Bhododendrons. I have many beds, one containing over 90 plants. Azalea mollis is splendid in ]Jots. I find they do best in pure loam, without any ijcat." The trusses of flower were fine and large, varying in colour from yellow to a])ricot and salmon pink. Unfortunately these shruhs are not a success where there is much lime in the soil.
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105
Annuals as Pot Plants.
There are a large number of plants utilised for the decoration of the greenhouse and dwelling- house, es])ecially during the winter and spring months, and it behoves the gardener who wishes to keep abreast of the times to begin to think out his i)lans for the months quoted above.
In the present article I shall deal with a few showy annuals that will thrive in ])ots and ■|)roduce a charming effect soon after Christnias if given a little care and attention.
Among the most prominent are the Clarkias of the elegans class. They embrace Scarlet Beauty, which is really a fine salmon-scarlet : the flowers are double and ]n'oduced in long s]^rays. Firefly is a vivid rose-crimson, and Salmon Queen is also a desirable variety, while Queen ]Mary is one of the l)rightest-coloured Clarkias, producing an abiuidance of double flowers of a lovely rose- carmine. It is an ideal pot ]»lant, and grows about two feet high.
The Salpiglossis are pretty ornamental annuals with large-veined, funnel-shaped flowers, which are excellent for pot work and decorative pur- ])Oses. They attain a height of two or three feet, and mixed vai'ieties usually prove most satisfactory.
Mignonette is always a favourite on account of its delicate and pleasing iierfume. There are a number of varieties on the mai'ket, but Machet is still one of the best, with its dense spikes of very fragrant dark-red flowers. Crinison King is of dwarf habit and delightfully scented, while the new American Giant offered by Dawkins, of Chelsea, and other giant forms are also desirable. Scabious, particularly the German kinds, are sure to be largely cultivated in pots when their value as svich is more fully understood. They are offered in various colours and as mixed, but for the majority of growers the separate kinds will jirove most useful, as they are excellent for cutting.
Antirrhinums, although not really annuals, are sv>lendid for greenhouse decoration during the dull i)eriod of the year. Great improvements have been made of recent years in the colour and habit of these charming plants. The inter- mediate class is preferable to either the tall or dwarf varieties, and the colours generally admired are pink and apricot, while Fire King, Barr's Sunset — an orange-rose with scarlet glow set oft" by a golden li]) — is an admirable Snai)dragon, unsurpassed as a pot ])lant. Fireflanie is another good kind, with deep orange flowers, while Coral Red, Hosy Queen and Pink Beauty can also be recommended. These are only a few of the many sorts oftei'ed by different seedsmen, in fact they are becoming somewhat bewildering to the amateur and i)rofessional gardener.
Swc'et Peas, where they can be had in bloom at Christmas, are extremely valualjle for cutting. There are special varieties rvow offered for this pur])Ose, but careful cultivation is essential, or they become spindly and weak, and therefore useless for winter work. Mildew is their worse enemy, but I have found an occasioiuil spray with Cyllin soap a most effectual remedy.
If I may be permitted to make a slight digres- sion, I would strongly advise Hose growers to try this Cyllin soaj) on their bushes; it will kill the aphis and destroy mildew, while it has no bad effect on the foliage, providing it is done on a dull day or in the evening.
The Schizanthus are beautiful free-flowering half-hardy annuals admirably adapted for pot culture, especially the grandiflc)ra hybrids, Wisetonensis, the retusus varieties, and the dwarf strains offered by various trade houses. They are of easy culture, and for a s])ring disitlay the seed should be sown from August till October, and if a little is sown again in February or March a good disi»lay will be secured throughout the summer. Where a nvmaber of plants are needed for dwelling-house decoration, the latter sowing will be foiuid most useful for grouping in flre- places and large receptacles when greenhouse ])lants are rather scarce. Directly the seedlings are large enough they should have a separate existence, and never be overcrowded. Cool, airy treatment should be the rule throughout their growing period. As the pots V)ecome full of roots, the ]>lants should be moved into others two sizes larger, and, as a general rule, one six inches in diameter will be most convenient for the flnal potting. It will be necessary to place a .stout stick in the centi'e of the X)ot, to which the strongest side shoots can be neatly tied as they develop. It is most inaportant to have a strong stake, because a thin one usually breaks away at the base just when the plants are in flower. An occasional watering with soot water and liquid cow manv.re will be beneficial wlien the ■i)ots are filled with roots.
Cultural Remarks. — Seed should be sown at any time between .July and Se])tember, and, with the exce])tion of Sweet Peas and Mignonette, the .seedlings must be ]K)tted off' singly as early as possible. Mignonette may be sown in 8-inch or 4i-inch pots, and then thinned out to three ])lants, and no more re])otting will be needed unless large specimens are wanted. The soil must be firm and never allowed to become dry. After they are finished with in the greenhouse they can be planted out in the open ground, and it is sur- ])rising what a lot of flower they will give at a time when Mignonette is scarce in the garden. The Sweet Peas are sown in the same size pot, and directly they are filled with roots they should be shifted into 8-inch ])ots. in whic'h tliey will flower. They make fine material for training under the roof of the greenhouse, but where* side ventilation is in vogue a shar]) look-out must be kept for the first sign of mildew. Iii regard tt) the Clarkias, Scabious, Antirrhimim. and Sali)iglossis, they ai'e ■|)otted off into sixties, aiul when well rooted the largest exam])les are i)laced in (i-incli pots and the smaller in 4.\-inch. The .\ntiiT- hinums are ])inched back once in the seedling stage, and the (^laikias are also treated in the same way, and again when about 9 inches high.
.Just the ordinary ])otting comi>ost may be em|)loyed — i.e., a mixture of loam, leaf-moidd and sand — because if a rich rooting medium is chosen, the plants make vigorous sa,pi)y growth which is very susce]>tible to dani]) (hiring l)eci'm- ber and .latuiary. It is much bcttei- to u.se a iioor soil aiul feed tlie ])lants slightly when the days begin to lengthen. l)ut it nught to be discontinued when the flower buds are showing.
To secure the best results cool treatment is absolutely essential 1 hi'oughout their existence, and fire heat should only be used during frosty weather. A cold franu> is an ideal i)lace for them, providing there is no frost and they do not damp off".
Xo gardener or ajuateur need fear taking up the culture of these annuals quoted above, and with ordinary care and attention some excellent and pleasing resvUts will be obtained. — T. W. B.
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IRISH GARDENING
Plants in Burma.
The following interesting letter has been received from a lady in Burma, who has sent home some new and many rari; plants : —
The flowering trees on the Wumans Kange (an off-shoot of the main Divide, running N.W. to the N. Maihka, the eastern branch of the Irrawaddy). were a perfect glory, and. growing at an elevation of from 7.000 to 9.000 feet in a region where there is heavy rain and snow in the winter, should be hardy.
Of these the only ones of which I could then get seed were Rhododendrons, the colour of which I do not know, as the bloom was over, but they were very large trees, and individual leaves measured 14 inches. Growing in a dense forest, about 8,000 feet, were two other s])ecies of Ehododendron unlike anything I ever saw before — slender stemmed, trees 50 to 00 feet high, branching at the top, and covered with loose bunches of sweet-scented white or pink flowers. Of these I got some seedlings, which I hope to send later when I get the oi)portunity. I ani trying to get seeds. Another gigantic tree appeared to be a kind of Magnolia, covered with masses of creamy waxy flowers and bright green leaves, but the trees were so imnxense and quite unclimable that T failed to get a flower to examine, and could only gaze up at them through field glasses. In the same region were the tallest tree ferns T ever saw, some of them with several heads, new growths apjmrently starting from injuries to the stem. Also a beautiful large-flowered ])ink Begonia and a puri)le and a white Gloxinia. On the open hillsides were many varieties of Rubus (at least five). In some places were groves of what I believe to be a very large weeping bircb tree. and. of course, ferns, canes and palms innumerable in the valleys.
Along the river gorges (about 5,000 feet) was a splendid white Rhododendron growing on the rocks and overhanging the water : from this also I hope for seeds later on.
All up the N. Maikha the rocks are a sheet of vivid scarlet Azalea, often accompanied by a white Briar Rose.
Further up, on the main Irrawaddy Sahoun Divide, at Hi)imaw, the country is rather more o])en and the gorges less precipitous ; the Hpimaw valley is a wide glacial lake bed, of which the old moraine forms the foot, the stream having cut a gorge at one side and drained the valley, which is laid out in neatly terraced rice fields. The grazing grounds above are full of Primulas and Gentians : above them forests of oak and ])ine (Pinus Khasya, I believe), and higher again are Rhododendrons, alder and a large white Magnolia, and a host of others.
There is a tree of which I only saw one young specimen, and that dead, which further north grows in great forests, and is niuch sought after by the Chinese for coffins ; it seemed to me a sort of cyi)ress, but I have heard it called " cedar " and " silver fir."
Most of the country is granite or disintegrated granite (coarse sandy clay), but here and there are out cro])s of brilliant white marble and grey limestone ; on a ])atch of the latter I found Edelweiss at 9,000 feet.
There is aJso (I think), among the seeds, a
shrub which I am told has a beautiful rose-pink flower on red stalks.
Other flowering trees which I saw were a beautiful deep pink cherry, with pendant flowers, and a white thing which looked, at a distance, like a cherry, but was not. There were many Orchids, some of which I have h(?re growing and in flower. Where the country is fairly open there is much cultivation — ]>eas, bu(;kwheat, maize, millet, a little po])])y. and hill rice : and where terracing and irrigation are ])ossible — ])addy. The lields are often hedged with red or white Pyrus ja])onica, and pears, peaches and plums abound-
I wish I liad been able to do more collecting and i)ainting, but marching every day at least ten and often over twenty miles left me little time and often less energy, though I was able to ride a minute but active i)ony the way.
I hope to have a charming garden here.
Hints on Watering.
By A. F. Pearson. F.R.H.S.
Most men who grow i>lants of any kind know the trifles that count fop or against perfect growth, instinctively the need of the i)lant for water or otherwise is gras])ed. The keen eye of the keen man sees the failing, flagging )»lant and takes account of its wants, which he gives at the psychological moment in a readily assimilable form. Nearly all growers see the flourishing, lusty plant and give credit to themselves for its marvellous health and rapid growth, but many fail to see until too late the arrested growth due to poverty of some kind or other, and only when vermin has seized the i)lant does it dawn on the unskilful cultivator that something is amiss : now, a trifle applied at the right tinae might have saved the plant, and therefore a trifle has lost it.
The foregoing statement may appear to many too severe, but it cannot be too much taken to heart, by the younger men especially. In the animal as well as the vegetable world the same applies ; the producer of first class stock knows how much the attention to mere details does in gaining him a coveted distinction in the show ring or the market, likewise the man who shows first class plants, fruits and flowers. Probably the most ruinous failing in young cultivators is their ignorance of watering, and how and when to a]jply ; my experience is that the majority of beginners do not realise when a pot ]ilant requires water. They either witlihold or waterlog the pt)t; then another ai)plies a small ciuantity of water daily to every ])ot he sees, and so far as he is concerned that proceeding effectively deceives him, and incidentally the man in charge, as all the surface soil remains moist ; but it is only superficial, and the inner roots are actiuilly suffering and the whole j)lant in jeopardy. Plants in this thriftless state are susceptible to attacks by all insect pests ; their systems are in a deranged state, consequently they become, at best, crip]»led adults, demonstrating to every passer by unskilful cultivation. I therefore suggest to beginners when a pot plant requires water give it a thorough watering, half measures will not do, but do not water a ])()t 7>lant when it is full of moisture; a water-logged plant is worse than a dry one. Rapping pots with the knuckles
IRISH GARDENING
107
is a practice of wortn, but that is not always reliable. Newly potted plants may be dry and give off a dull sound, thus deceiving the novice ; it is most reliable when the pots are full of roots. The observant eye and a true knowledge of the plant under care is the necessary reciuisite to good watering. A very important factor also in relation to indoor watering is the atmosphere. During hot sunny weather evaporation is ra])id. consequently more water to the roots, followed by s])raying of the foliage when the sun's rays ])ass, should be given to kee]) the atmosphere moist and favourable to good growth. A sudden change from a hot spell to cold, sunless, wet days will produce such an effect as to make watering often iin- necessary for days together, and sy- ringing is on such days, under certain ci r c u m s t a n c es, harmful. The air is so fully charged with moisture that unless artificial heat is great, pot ])lants di'aw their own supply from the air. Another mistake often made is that of watering injudiciously newly ])otted plants. Small plants ready for potting on are generally greedy for water, and the inexperienced man applies moisture in the same lavish way after ])otting, thus souring the soil and checking the plant.
A plant after pinching requires less water until fresh growths have " broken " and are
cases it would be wasting nioney and bringing about disaster to give a soil that in which it is already rich.
The farmyard liquid manure is the best, and when diluted to a safe strength a few ap]>lications will prove its worth.
Xo plant should be given liquid manure until the roots have taken |)ossession of the pot in which it grows, and a very dry pot should be watered with clear water before liqiiid manure is given ; the roots will the more readily assimilate the liquid then without harm to the plant. It is also wise to apply such|Waterings in the evening or early morning, according to the aspect, but
certainly not under a hot sun. This period is short, so it naturally follows that the man ready to grasp every need of the iJlants under his care will make the best of them. In case these notes may be taken as condemning the use of artificial ma- nures I desire to say, on the contrary, in skilful hands, intelligently used, the possibilities of artificials are very great.
Dutch Irises.
A NEW race of hybrid Irises was raised some years ago by Mr. ('. B. Van Tubcrgen. the noted bulb grower in Holland.
These Irises are ill many res])ects similar to the well known and very beautiful Sjianish Tiisi's, but arc more
ready to use up the Gabriel Metsu, one of the New Eahly Flowering Ditch vigorous aiul flower sap that the main j„^j^ flowers Pearly White, Pale Blue and Orange. about a fortniglit
earlier. The coli>urs
leader used pre- vious to its exci- sion. A plant or tree under the ])rocess of disbud- ding requires the same consideration, and, if the work is done at a favourable time, the water needed will be appreciably lessened.
Watering with liquid manure is another oft abused operation ; the many, com]ilete and incom])lete, fertilizers now on the market are a source of temptation to the grower anxious for quick results. The imagination is readily lircd by the descriptions accomi)anying most of these manures; doubtless the testimony of the \isers is correct, and great things have l>een acliieved with the judicious use of artificials, but we must also examine our soil and the condition of the plants before applying artificial liquid. Certain ]>lants will suffer from the use of certain salts ; while some soils are rich in those elements which form the greater part of some artificial manures, therefore no general rule can be taken, as in many
are quite equal to those of the Si)anish Iris, many delightful shades of bitie and blue conihined with yellow to nearly whit(^ being found among the various varieties. There seems no diHiculty whatever in their cultivation, since iilanted under the same condi- tions as the Spanish and Knglish Irises they thrive quite satisfactorily. It is evident that where a good show has to be maintained over as long a ]>eriod as possible these hybrids an; of inestimable value. For cuttinu too. now (lowers .ai'e so ])o]iulai' with a.ll classics, they will be much sought after, ])articularly as they (lower just when the i)ulkof early l)ulbs are over and the early sum- mei- (lowers are not (piite at their full beauty.
.Fust at present the ]n-ice is sonu'what high for buying in large quantities, but no doubt the bulb growers will remedy this very soon when i)ro])a- gation has increased the quantity of biilbs avail- able for market.
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IRISH GARDENING
Rubus deliciosus.
Is it because the woi'd Hubus brings to llic gardener's mind ta tliorny Bniniblt' that one so seldom sees this beaut if-.U slirub in gardens ? No fear need be entertained on this account, i'or this Rubus is absolutely without i»rickles, and niakes a bush from 8 to 5 feet high with arching branches, covered in May with large white, sweet-scented ftowers like single Roses, and it may be ranked as one of the best of our May- flowering shrubs.
Our illustration, from a ])hotograp]i kindly sent by Mr. W. Winstanley, gives a very good idea of the shrub and its pleasing habit.
The flowers are from 2 to 2 1 inches across . and the white ]ietals are beautifully crimped and enveloj) a small boss of yellow sta- mens. The leaves are green and toothed, reni- f o r m i n shape, 2 to 3 inches across, somewhat re- s e m b 1 i n g those of the red currant.
Rubus de- liciosus is a native of the Rocky Moun- tains, and so is quite hardy a n d grows freely in any good soil. The shrub gets its speci- tic name from the fruit, which is said to be large, of a maroon brown colour, soft and de- licious to eat,
but. unfortunately, it is not ]n'oduced in this «-ountry.
There are a few other members of the Bramble family which are Avorth growing for their flowers.
Rubus odoratus has purple flowers 2 inches across, and flowers from .Fune to August : it grows from 3 to ;■) feet higli, and sends up suckers like a rasiiberry ; in fact is sonietimes called the " Purple Flowering Raspberry." The leaves are three to five-lobed. The shrub received its nanu- on account of the fragrance of its foliage.
Rubus nutkanus is a close relative of the lattcu-; it also comes from North America, and was first found along the shores of Nutka Sound l)y Menzies. It has the same habit of sending up suckers, and has large bandsome leaves, (5 inches across, but the flowers are in clusters, and white, about 1 1 inches across, produced from April to June.
Rubus spectabilis has smaller bright red flowers, and i)roduces them in April and May ; the leaves are trifoliate and almost smooth.
The three last mentioned shrubs are almost
I'lioh) h!i\ RUBU.S
DELICTOSUS AT HaRKI
Co.
spineless and excellent subjects for the wild garden. In shrublx'rics the only <are they reqiure is to kee]) them within bounds and occasionally to cut out old and dead canes.
R. ulmifolius flore i)leno is the double-flowered I3ram])le and decidedly ])rickly, but the double pink flowers in clusters are very welcome and pretty in late autumn. At the end of July flowers often appear and continue until the frost comes.
Haberlea rhodopensis.
This pretty little rock i)lant is like a miniature Gloxinia forming rosettes of evergreen leaves, froni which spring flower stems from 3 to 6 inches high, bearing from two to seven tubular flowers
of a bluish lilac colour. One o f t e n sees very poor forms, for it is a variable plant both in nature and cultivation ; a good form should have flowers 1 inch across and segmentswell oliened out fromthetube; some are beautifully s ]) o 1 1 e d in 1 lie throat with yellow and dee]) jiurple.
Many writers u]ion the Ha- berlea and R a m o n d i a seem to cojiy one f^r o|m another, and tell us that these plants naturally grow in crevices and rgr^uire to be planted in vertical crevices, but this is far from the whole truth.
In nature neither of these ])lants is confined to rock crevices, but more often ai'e seen on sloping or flat ledges ; also in cultivation they grow just as well on the flat, providing their roots are not in stagnant moisture. Some of the finest Ramon dias at Glasnevin are i^lanted with their leaves spreading horizontally on the ground, and have rosettes 10 inches to a foot across and bearing twenty or uiorc flower stems.
Near to the Shipka Pass is a i»artly shaded cliff which is covered with the Haberlea, and here it may be seen in tufts 2 feet ;ind more across, and to see it in flower in .Fune is a wonderful sight : here it grows in loam ai\d rotten leaves. Further south, near to Philippopolis. the Haberlea is plentifid on the Rhodo])e Mountains. On the limestone, in com])any with Saxifraga poro- ])hylla, it thrive.'? and seeds : late in the year, with till' sun more fierce and hot than ours and often very little or no shade, the leaves get burned and
[ II'. Winstnnleil
STOWN House, Brannockstowx.
KiLDABE.
IRISH GARDENING
109
brown, but grow up strongly the following season.
Our illustration (taken May, 1913) shows a grou]) of Haberlea brought from Bulgaria and ])lanted one year, this their second year they have flowered even more freely. They do well in any cool and well-drained soil, a mixture of ])eat and loam will hold moisture and suit them -well. Providing they have a cool root-run there is no difficulty in growing them in sunny places, bvit
ferous plant of the habit and appearance of an Iberis. In a young state the inflorescence is flat like that of the Iberis, but as it grows older the centre elongates so that when at its best the inflorescence consists of a short crowded raceme. Tlie flowers are white sviffused with lilac, and though the individual flowers are small — about a quarter of an inch across — they arc ])rodiiced in such profusion that the plant when in full flower is very attractive. The smooth si)atluilate
Haberlea rhodopexsis at Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin.
the flowers last longer in a half-shady ])lace. and probably the flowers show better when the plants are grou])ed on a rock-ledge or pocket or in an oblique po.sition between stoiies.
The white form, called IT. rliodopensis virginalis, is beautiful, but still very scarce, but has rather small flowers.
Haberlea Ferdinandi-Coburgi is described in some catalogues as much liner than II. rhodo- l)ensis, but plants bought from nurserymen and also a ])lant obtaim^d from its natural habitat. Mt. Ferdinand in Bulgaria, have so far ])roved to be inferior and scarcely distinguishable from some of the (Hasnevin plants collected near the Shipka Pass. C F. B.
Ptilotrichum cappadocicum.
The possessor of the above luiwieldy name is a quaint and pretty compact growing little cruci-
leaves are ciliate, while the stems are quite downy.
Saxifraga aizoides atrorubens-
In nature this vaiiety of the well known yellow flowered Sax. ai/oides is always found high u]) in the mountains in dniii]) places, es])ecially where water drips down among (he rocks. This would tend to ]>rove that the mo.st suitable jxisition for it in the rock garden is a ])artly shatletl nook where the soil is always cool and moisl. (iiveii such coiidilions witli a soil com- ])osed of iv nuxlui-e ni' liaif loa.m and lialf ])eat it grows freel\-. As the varietal ua.uu' imi)lies, it bears flowers of a. (hirk red colour — rather a uni(|Ue shad*' among the [{ockfoils — and thes(^ are )iroduce(l ver>' much moi'e freely than, in the type. Sax. aizoides auranliaca carries flowers of a clear t)range colour and is al.so a very desirable variety. S. R.
no
miSH GARDENING
Hints to Novices*
By May Crosbie.
If this liot, dry weatlior contimu's. watiainji; will be a heavy item in tlie day's ])i()gi'ajiiiii(' this month ; but for esla))lisht'd plants kee])ing tlie surface soil well open and loose is far better than watering, and miich better results will be obtained in the long run by keeijing the hoe going rather than the watering-can. A garden tool called a " cultivator "' is, I think, to be ])referred to a hoe. Instead of the flat blade of the. latter, it has three or more sharp-curved prongs, which break u]) the surface soil splendidly, and at the same time penetrate more deeply into the soil than the ordinary hoe. There are several makes on the market, and they can be bought for a few shillings.
Carnations ought to be layered this month ; the best stuff to use is pure sand, but where this is not available, a good substitute is a m.ixture of very fine soil, coal ashes, garden lire ashes, and leaf mould. See that the soil all round the plant is well stirred and made very tine, spread a thick layer of sand or prepared soil over it. Any flowers that are on the plant ought to be tied to a stake in the centre out of the way. Choose stout sturdy shoots to vise as layers, and slit them with a sloping cut half-way through the under side of the stem, about 6 inches from the growing point, peg them down well, being careful that the cut is kept open ; it is recommended by some to l)ut a small piece of wood or twig in the slit to prevent it closing. The reason for slitting is that thereby the flow of sap is partially checked, and this, combined with the covering of damp sand or soil, induces the layer to send out roots quickly. When the required number of layers on the plant have been made, cover the pegged down part of the stem with the sand or prepared soil, pressing it well arovmd the stem. Keep w^ell watered, and by October the layers ought to be sufficiently rooted for removal from the parent plant.
In the flowering season if those clumps of Daffodils or Tulips which want dividing were marked, they can now be lifted and stored in a dry shed till early autumn, or it is just as well if feasible to replant at once. Open a circular hole in the border about 3 inches deep, and put in the largest bulbs about 3 inches apart, cover over. The smaller ones can be planted in lines in the reserve corner of the garden to grow on there to flowering size.
The autumn flowering plants such as Michaelmas Daisies, .Sunflowers, Dahlias and Chrysanthemums all want attention now. See to staking ; and when buying stakes remember bamboo canes are always cheaper in the end. An occasional watering of liquid manure will be greatly appreciated by the Chrysanthemums and Dahlias, «&c., given either after rain or after a watering of clear water. If the weather is very dry and manure is plentiful, spread some fresii stuff round the plants, it will keep the soil moist as well as giving them some extra nourishment.
Wallflowers, Forget-me-Nots, Sweet Williams and Canterbury Bells ought all to be fit for pricking into nursery beds ; as soon as ever they are large enough to handle it is better to do it.
Cuttings can now be put in of the various IMnks, Heucheras, Alyssums, Arabis^ Hypericums, Aubrietia, Violas, Arc. If the Arabis, &c., was cut back as recommended in last month's notes, there ought by the middle of the month to be a good supply of nice young shoots which will make excellent cuttings.
The Month^s Work.
The Flower Garden.
By Wm. Ci. Wajjgk, Cardener to Lady O'Neill, Shane's Castle, Antrim.
Jt-TLY has the reputation of being our hottest month. If it behaves u]) to its reputation, and we get the heat and sunshine we expect, a good deal of time will be si)ent out of doors by the owners of gardens : this makes it very necessary that every place shall be at its best. With the lawns evenly mown, walks edged and free from weeds, hardy border l»lants neatly staked, with many of them in flower, and the occu])ants of the flower beds now beginning to fulfil their mission, the flower gardens and pleasure grounds will afford much pleasure both to the owners and their gardeners.
The Bedding. — The plants had a hard time immediately after X'l^nting, and were slow in starting into growth. A hard drying wind, blowing strongly from the north for a fortnight, accompanied by bright sunshine, is not conducive to free growth. Use every means that will encourage the plants to fill their allotted space early. Sprmkling overhead about five o'clock in the evening of hot days is helpful. A host of small weeds have appeared amongst the legitimate occupants of the flower beds. Hand picking is a tiresome job, but in this case there is no help lor it. While weeding, pick off any stale blooms and leaves, and loosen the surface soil with a hand- fork if inclined to be hard. Some plants may need the stronger growths pinched when it is desirable to preserve the outline. Carpet bedding needs weekly attention in this matter. Plants in tubs and vases are rooting freely and will respond to a little feeding. A small handful of some well known fertilizer dusted over the surface and watered in may be given once a week, or the drainings from a manure heap diluted with clean water.
A'lOLETS. — The spell of dry weather has been unfavourable for these. If water is available, apply it freely and syi-inge daily. Give a light dusting of soot when the foliage is damp; it will be distastetul to insects, and when washed off it will not be wasted. All runners should be regularly pinched oft".
Wallflowers will be large enough for jiricking out. Plant them firmly in an oi)en ])osition on poor rather than rich ground ; they will then grow sturdy and bushy, and will be better able to stand bad weather. Give them a distance of one foot by nine inches.
Pinks and Carnations. — The former have been delighting us with their fragrance, and the latter wall deliver u]) their stores of sweetness this month. Make preparations for i)ropagation. Either may be increased by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in a shaded frame, but layering is the usual method with Carnations. Pinks being so fine in the stem are seldom layered. The opei'a- tion of layering is simple and is well known. Better results will follow if the soil is loosened with a hand-fork ])revious to layering and a few _ inches of sandy loam added. If the weather and ■ soil are dry give a thorough watering a day or ^ two before commencing the work. Water when completed, and give a spray over in the evenings.
Bulbs may now be lifted. Any that have got> too crowded and show signs of deterioration.
mtSH GARDENING
tit
sliould be taken up and stored in a shed. They can then be cleaned, divided and graded in wet weather. Where Narcissus and other bulbs are growing in grass they are now sufficiently ripened to allow of the grass being mown.
Roses. — All dead blooms and seed ])ods should be picked off. Any sucker growths coming from the stock take out carefully. Give liberal applications of liquid nianure, and hoe the soil next day to conserve the moisture.
Insects must be looked for and kept down. Do not wait for the a])pearance of mildew, but give a syringing with some s])ecific once a week, being careful to wet the under sides of the leaves. July is the best month for budding Roses. Make sure that the sap is running freely in the stocks. A thorough watering given to dry stocks will bring them into condition in a few days. If the bark can be lifted readily after making an incision, the stock is in a suitable condition. Quickness is always very essential in budding, but es])ecially so if a drying wind is blowing. Insert the bud in the stock without delay, and tie as firmly as is consistent without bruising the bark.
Pot-pourri. — Sometimes there is a demand for scented petals and leaves for ])ot-pourri. Gather the petals of full-blown Roses when quite dry, and spread thinly on an airy shelf. Lavender flower- spikes should be cut when well opened, tied in small bunches, and laid to dry. They will need turning over occasionally for a few weeks. The growths of the lemon-scented Verbena (Lip])ia citriodora). also scented Geraniums, may be treated likewise. Lavender hedges may be trimmed after the flower-spikes are gathered.
The Fruit Garden.
By Peter Brock, Horticultural Instructor for Co. Fermanagh.
The i)rospect of record crops of fruit that looked so fair at the time of writing last month's work was very much marred by the frost on the night of the 24th and morning of 25th May, which came witli such a Christmas-like smack, scorching all kinds of young vegetation on high and low ground alike. At first it looked impossible to estimate the extent of the damage done to the a])ple crop, as Bramley and several other varieties were dro])i)ing and had nearly drop])ed all their blossom, and reached the stage when they are considered safe from ordinary airs of May frost. Hardy shrubs and trees, such as laurels and rhododendrons, ash, beech, silver fir and s}truce were in many ])laces as sevei'ely scorched on the young growths as if by fire. The low day and night t('m])eralures which followed and continued for a fortnight decided the fate of many promising orchards for this year. V]) to the end of the lirst week of this month the a]t]>le cro]) appeared to bo, as it were, in the balance Ix'tween a hang- lire and a miss-lire. I'nfortunately too mariy iiav<' sufi'er(!d the worse fate. Orchai'ds in this country are left too much to cliance and at the mercy of a few degrees of frost when much could be done to mitigate its efTect by keeping up the tem])erature with smudge fires, such as are so ex- tensively and successfully employed in the great fruit growing districts of xVnierica. The value of well-chosen positions for natural shelter and shelter belts have never within mv recollection
been shown to better advantage than during the late cold spell, as I see some such places where the frost and subsequent cold wind has not been quite sufficient to reduce the crop to what the trees can carry to maturity without overtaxing them and lowering the quality of the fruit. Such conditions are, of course, the exception and not the general mile. Gooseberries and l)lack currants have fared rather badly by the frost, the former being softened and drop]>ed off, and the latter reduced to a few fruits at the base of the stalk. Plums and damsons were also affected by the cold sna]», but they promise to total a fair crop. Strawberries. — This inii)ortant crop has also suffered considerably from frost, and is now being checked for want of rain. The heavy showers which accompanied the thunderstorms of the past two days will assist the swelling of the fruit that escaped being sni])ped before the blossom dro])ped. This is a good time to make ]»re])ara- tions for new plantations. There is no croyi which responds more profitably to liberal cultiva- tion. The plant is deep-rooted and a gross feeder. It is, therefore, obvious that to obtain the best results the land should be deei)ly dug or trenched, and well enriched with farmyard manure. Land which has recently been heavily manured for spring cabbage or early potatoes will this month be cleared of these cro])s. and can be easily prepared so that the planting may be done as early in August as it is ])ossible to have the runners sufficiently rooted, and the ground damp enough for ^tlanting. Plantations formed in August with strong, well-rooted runners, pre])ared as directed last month. ])roduce the linest dessert fruit several days earlier than can be obtained from older plants. The distance a])art is a matter which the soil and situation control. On rich, deep, well-sheltei'ed land Royal Sovereign requires from 24 to 30 inches between the rows and from 12 to 18 inches apart in the row, or they may be planted 12 inches apart in the row and every alternate ])lant hoed out immediately after the first crop is gathered. In this way a heavy crop can be procured the first year. Runners for jn-xt s]>ring i)lanting should V)e raised and placed in a nursery, taking care not to overcrowd the plants, so that they can be raised with a g<»od ball of earth when required. Old plantations should, immediately the cro]) is gathered, be cleared of runners and afterwards thoroughly hoed and freed from weeds.
Mantring. — Trees carrying a full cro]) derive great benefit from occasional waterings with weak maiuire water, such as the drainage from manure hea]>s, stables, or byres. If the weather should be very dry tlu- trees should be first watered with clear water. Weak and often is a golden rule which should be strictly observed in a|>i>lying manure in licpiid form. Light dressings of nitrate of soda. ] \h. to 20 square yards, and applied at inteivals of ten to fouiteeii days, but should not l)e a])plied later than lirst week in August, will materially assist the develoinuent of a heavy crop witlKUit overtaxing the trees.
Skasonahi.k Cri/nvATiON.- — Ccuitinue to per- severe in keeping the. surface free from weeds and maintain a good mulch of dust. There is nothing like it for preventing escape of moisture and keeiiing the trees in a vigorous condition. There is a disi)osition with some who have been hard hit with the frost to let their trees get over- grown with weeds. This shows a great want of
112
IRISH GARDENING
grit, and is not the way to recover the losses ot an adverse season. The grower who stands by his trees in all sorts of seasons invariably conies out the winner in the long ruii. It is false economy under any condition of adverse seasons to let trees get checked by a rank growth of weeds.
Thinning of Fruit. — The stoning period will now be over and all danger of stone-fruits dropping at that critical stage be past. The linal thinning of phnns, peaches, and apricots should not be longer delayed. The amount of fruit that any imrticular tree can carry to maturity dei)ends on the vigour of the tree and the conditions under which it is growing. Young trees with a dis- position to make too rank growth of wood can be controlled by leaving a somewhat heavier crop of fruit. Apples and pears should be dealt with as soon as the best placed and best shaped fruit can be selected to remain to matvire.
Insect Pests. — Continue to keep a sharp look out for all kinds of a])his (greenfly), and deal prom])tly with them by spraying or dipping on their first appearance. Young apple trees have been more infested with a^diis this year than usual, the outcome of slow growth due to the cold snap.
Apple and Pear Scab. — Attend to spraying for this pest. It is only by following u}) spraying that it can be controlled.
The Vegetable Garden.
By Arthur IIortox. (iardener to Colonel Claude Cane, St. Wolstans, Celbridge.
By the beginning <:>f .Tuly most kinds of vegetables will either be planted or sown. Consequently the bulk of work for the month will be devoted to the growing (•roi)s. If hot and dry weather prevails, which is to be ex])ected at this season, much time will be taken up in watering the various crops. In many gardens this is by no means an easy matter, as only a favoured few have water laid on in the vegetable quarters, and in many cases it has to be drawn from a considerable distance, which is a great handicap. If watering is done at all it should be done thoroughly. More good will be done by giving one thorough soaking than merely dam.])ing the surface a dozen times. All crops will derive great benefit if the surface is kept well cultivated with hoe or cultivator ; even when the soil is well manured and in good heart, if the surface is in a baked and cracked condition the crops will not be satisfactory. If short manure or spent mushroom dung is available it naay be ap])lied as a mulching with advantage to many different cro])s, especially onions, peas, French and runner beans.
Spring Cabbage. — Cabbage in midsummer, when many other choice vegetables are in season, is not so much thought of. On the other hand, the spring crop coming in at a time when other vegetables are extremely scarce is much prized by everyone. The cultivation is simple, but a mistake frequently made is in sowing the seed too early, consequently a large percentage runs to seed. The time for sowing must be regulated according to locality and circumstances. It is always advisable not to depend on one sowing ; make at least two, the first not before July the 20th and the second about three weeks later. The most sviitable method for sowing the seed is
broadcast in beds about four feet in width. Cover the seed with Vine soil to tlu^ de])th of about half an inch. The bed must be securcily netted, or other means taken to ])rotect the seeds from birds. Good strains of Fllam's Early and Flower of S])ring are two of the best varieties for this sowing, both turning in early, and are not so liable to run to seed as many other varieties.
French Beans. — Continue sowing French beans at intervals until the end of the month, when the last sowing should be made on a south border if possible. By affording a little protec- tion late in the season this cro]) often ■i)roves of great value in giving a good return with very little trouble.
Asparagus Beds. — About the third week in .Tune the season for asparagus is practically over. If cutting is continued much after this date the crowns are sure to be weakened. It is of great im])ortance that some means should be taken to secure the foliage, thus preventing the strong shoots from being broken down by wind and rain, and nothing is better for the pur])ose than short pea stakes. It is the general practice to top- dress asparagus with naanure in November. I am of the opinion that equally good results will be obtained if a mulching is given about the end of .June, after the cutting is finished ; the benefit is very a])parent in a dry season, as the soil is kept in a more uniform condition of moisture, and naturally helps to build up the crowns for the svicceeding year. The beds should at all times be kept clean ; this is best done by hand weeding.
Planting and Sowing. — Continue planting out cabbage, borecole and broccoli, also leeks. Blanks in all crops previously planted should be made good. Y'oung carrots are appreciated at all seasons of the year, therefore another sowing of the Short Horn type may be put in. Parsley, if sown now, will be found best for supplying the demand in winter and spring.
During .July and Augvist difficulty is often experienced in growing spinach, turnips and various kinds of salads. To a great extent this may be overcome by reserving a portion of a north border for this ])urpose.
The timely thinning of all seedlings is of great importance to the future wellbeing of all crops, and is best accomplished dvu-ing or immediately after showery weather.
Obituary.
It is with profound regret that we record the death of Mr. George (iordon, V.M.H., on June 13th, at Endsleigh, Priory Park, Kew. Mr. Gordon was born at Buscot in 1841, and became editor of the Gardeners' Magazine on the death of Mr. Shirle Hibberd in 1890, and retired in 1913. In Augvist, 1890. Mr. Gordon, with ^Nlr. Lewis Castle, visited Ireland, and enquired into the state of the fruit-growing industry and the ])ossibilities of extending fruit culture in tlie Sister Isle. About a month was sp(>nt in this investigation, and Mr. Gordon presented his re])ort at the Crystal Palace Conference in September. A vast amount of interest was taken in the views expressed, and (xovernment De])artments were led to consider the suggestions made. It is not too much to state that in Ireland as in England, the value of Mr. Gordon's pioneer work in the interests of fruit culture cannot be overestinuited.
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FRUIT REPORT
AUGUST 1914
TWOPENCE
Irish Gardening
Contents
PAGE
Dwarf Campanulas— Easy aud Difficult (Illustrated) ....
Bulbs for Early Planting (Illustrated)
Marguerites (Illustrated)
Gloxinia . . . • .
TroUius pumilus ....
Fendlera rupicola (Illustrated)
Roses ......
113 115 118 118 118 119 119
Fruit Crop and Fruit Crop Prospects (Ireland). 1914 .
Fruit Crop, Ireland, 1914
Royal Horticultural Society .
Holland House Show .
Erysimum linifolium
Hints to Novices .
Month's Work — Flower, Vegetable Garden
Fruit
ant
PAGE
120 122 123 124 123 126
126
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction
for Ireland.
LIST OF THE DEPARTMENTS LEAFLETS.
N«.
9 ic II la >S M «5 i6
;i
»9 ao ti aa «3 «4 «5 a6
U
•9
SO
3« S>
S3
S4
S7 S8
39
40 4> 4»
43
44
Ji Jl
49 50 5» 5»
Nam*
The Warble Fly.
The UseandPurcbase of Feeding Stuffs
Footrot in Sheep.
The Sale of Flax.
Celery Leaf-Spot Disease or Blight
Charlock (or Preshaugb) Spraying
Fluke in Sheep.
Timothy Meadows.
The Turnip Fly.
Wireworms.
Prevention of White Scour in Calvea.
Out of Flint.
Contagious Abortion in Cattle.
Prevention of Potato Blight.
Milk Records.
Sheep Scab.
The Use and Purchase of Manures.
Swine Fever.
Early Potato Growing.
Calf Rearing.
Diseases of Poultry — Gapes.
Basic Slag.
Dishorning Calves.
Care and Treatment of Premium HulU.
Fowl Cholera.
Winter Fattening of Cattle.
Breeding and Feeding of Pig!<.
Blackleg, Black Quarter, or Blue Quart r
Flax Seed.
Poultry Parasites — Fleas, Mites, and
Lice. Winter Egg Production. Rearing and Fattening of Turkeys. Profitable Breeds of Poultry. The Revival of Tillage. The Liming of Land. Field Experiments — Barley.
,, , Meadow Hay.
,, ,, Potatoes.
,, ,, Mangoldk.
„ ,, Oats.
,, ,, Turnips.
Permanent Pasture Grasses. The Rearing and Manag«(nentof Chickens "Husk" or "Hoose" in Calves. Ringworm on Cattle. Haymaking.
The Black Currant Mite Foul Brood or Bee Pest. Poultry Fattening. Portable Poultry Houses. The Leather-Jacket Grub. Flax Experiments. The Construction of a Cowhouse
A. — Introductory.
B. — Suitable Soils and their
Treatment. C. — Curing Barns.
7«
72 73
74
M
79
So 81 ta
«3 84
II
87
S8
89 90
9« 9« 93 94 95 96
97 98
99
TOB ACCO-GROWl NO
D. — Suitable Varieties. E.— Seed Beds. F. — Manures. G.— Transplanting
Ke.
54
57 58
61 6a 63
«4
«S
66
%
69 70
N«ir.«
Calf Meals.
The Apple.
Cultivation of th« Root Crop
Marketing of Fruit.
Sprouting Seed Potatoes.
Testing of Farm Seeds.
The Packing of Butter.
Field Experiments — Wheat.
Out of Print.
"Redwater" or "Blood Murrain" in Cattle.
Varieties of Fruit suitable for cultiva- tion in Ireland.
Forestry : The Planting of Waste Lands.
Forestry : The Proper Method of Plant- ing Forest Trees.
Forestry : Trees for Poles and Timber.
Forestry : Trees for Shelter and Orna- ment.
The Prevention of Tuberculosis ia Cattle.
Forestry : Planting, Management, and Preservation of Shelter-Belt and Hedgerow Timber.
Forestry : The Management of Planta- tions.
Forestry : Felling and Selling Timber.
The Planting and Management of Hedges.
Some Common Parasites of the Sheep.
Barley Sowing.
American Gooseberry Mildew.
Scour and Wasting in Young Cattle.
Flome Buttermaking.
The Cultivation of Small Fruits.
Catch Crops.
Potato Culture on Small Farms.
Cultivation of Main Crop Potatoes.
Cultivation of Osiers.
Ensilaee.
Some fniurious Orchard Insects.
Dirty Milk.
Barley Threshing.
The Home Bottling of Fruit.
The Construction of Piggeries.
The Advantages of Early Ploughing.
Black Scab in Potatoes.
Home Preservation of Eggs.
Marketing of Wild Fruits.
Cost of Forest Planting.
Store Cattle ff Butter, Bacon and Eggs.
Packing Eggs for Hatching.
Weeds.
Tuberculosis in Poultry.
Seaweed as Manure.
LEAFLETS.
H. — Cultivation, Suckering, and Topping I. — Harvesting and Curing. J. — Grading, Packing, and Maturing. K.— Marketing.
Copies of the above Leaflets can be obtained, FREE OF CHARGE and post free, on application to the Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin. Letters of Application so addrcsstid need net be stamped.
IRISH GARDENING
VOLUME IX
No. I02
Edited by C F. Ball.
A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND
ARBORICULTURE IN IRELAND
AUGUST 1914
Dwarf Campanulas — Easy and Difficult* ^oZ:
By Murray Hornibrook, Knapton, Abbeyleix.
NEW Y
M
dAkU
It would not be possible to compress within the limits of one article anything like a comprehen- sive list of dwarf Campanulas ; nor, possibly, is such a list necessary for the requirements of the general reader. On the present occasion, therefore, I am confining my attention prin- cipally to those which I have found desirable not alone for their beauty, but also for their simple requirements, and to these I have added a few equally beautiful, but not so easy to cultivate.
Campanulas are possibly second only to Saxifrages in value as rock plants. The majority of the dwarf varieties are truly perennial — neat in habit, easily to cultivate, and beautiful both in leaf and in flower. Generally speaking they grow freely in stony soil or in cracks and chinks of the rocks, in sun or shade ; most of them spread underground by running roots, the smallest bit of which will, as a rule, make a new plant if potted up ; and they can also be increased by seed — from which the plants vary a good deal.
C. acutangula flowers in July and August, and is still almost unknown and extremely rare (it Was figured in Irish Gardening, October, 1912), it is one of the dwarf est members of its race. Its foliage resembles a tiny mat-forming C. garganica ; its flowers, borne erect on inch stems, are star-shaped and of a red-violet colour, not unlike that of C. abietina ; it runs about quite freely in very stony loam in a hot pocket, and seems to prefer such a situation to moraine, in which it lives, but is not increasing so rapidly.
The plant I have as C. Aiicheri seems to me to be so close to C. Saxifraga as to be almost indistinguishable, yjossibly the former is larger in the flower ; both are deciduous, throwing up from the root stock in very early spring long, entire spoon-shaped leaves and very large, deep bright purple bells on single stems. With me they are the earliest Campanulas to flower, being in full flower in early May ; they like sun and moraine or stony soil.
C. barbata and its white form, with ])recious - bells and their silky hairs, seem perennial and fi robust in stony loam, especially if planted at ^ the foot of a rock. Its flowering period is _ unfortunately short.
C. garganica is at home when planted in horizontal cracks and between large stones ; in such situations its stems and flowers hug the surface of the stone, and most of its forms can stand unlimited sun — flowers, starry with white eye and rather Washy in tone. Var. erinus is, I think, on the whole, the most satisfactory form, but a fine new form of obscure origin Avas found at the Tully Nursery ; its colour is a deep imperial violet-blue relieved by a white eye. To my mind it is by far the most beautiful form, and has received an award of merit under the name C garganica W. H. Paine. This form succeeds best with me in half shade in a sloping pocket of light vegetable soil. Another good form with self-coloured flowers of pale mauve is sent out under the name of C. fenestrellata.
C. macrorhiza prefers a sunny chink. It is a cousin to C. rotundifolia, with large wide-open, rath'^r Washy mauve bells. Its chief recom- mendation is the length of its flowering season.
G. muralis is possibly the most satisfactory of all dwarf Campanulas, indestructably hai'dy. easy to increase, easy to grow in any soil and any situation, beautiful in floWer and in foliage, it is absolutely indispensable. I am under the impi-ession that the very large dark form we grow in Ireland as C. Portenschlagiana is finer than the English variety of that name. Certainly C. muralis seeds itself freely in my garden and varies from seed, but curiously enough it does not seem to hybridise with other ('ampanulas. I have never succeeded in crossing it with any other variety (nor have I heard of any C. muralis cross), while C rotundifolia seems to give hybrids for every variety I ])ollinate it with. C. Muretti is a distinct compact form with paler flowers.
C. planifolia is curiously little known, its small, tight rosettes look like a hyl)rid I'^mbrosa Saxi- frage, its blossoms are held erect, and open quite flat ; it seems to have no fads, but increases slowly.
C. pusilla and C. csespitosa in all their forms may lie Weeds in some gardens, but are none the less charming and indispensable ; they look their best when sjirouting from some chink in a wall or up between the flags of a path. I do not know whether the ])lant We grow in Ireland as
114
IRISH GARDENING
var. Miss Willmott is true, or how it received this name, hut this form Avith its heautiful palhd blossoms of moonlight blue has for ages been growing in small and cottage gardens in this part of Ireland.
C. pulla is a plant of mystery, described by Robinson and other experts as a " lime hater," there are few of us who did not consequently coddle it up with peat. Quite by accident it found its way, in my garden, into a slope of limestone chips and loam, where it ran about, and has eventually crowded out everything else. Its flowers are dwarf bells of the deepest imperial violet, and it prefers half shade. From correspondence which has appeared in The
C raddeana does best with me in very stony soil or moraine in full sun, its shii)y heart- shaped leaves are very distinct, and its drooping ])urple bells held aloft on wiry candelabra-like stems, are pretty, but I wish it were more generous with them.
C Raineri vera is, to my mind, the gem of the dwarf Campanulas. The true ]ilant is difficult to obtain, one is always receiving hybrid forms with tall flower stems. I can imagine nothing more lovely than a patch of this Campanula, its dwarf silvery leaves hardly appearing above the soil, and in the heart of each little rosette there nestles a stemless, enormous pale blue cup. There is a particularly fine patch of this plant
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Campanula pulla in Limestone at Knapton, Abbeyleix.
Garden it is now recognised as growing on limestone screes in nature, and, personally, I should never bother about giving it anything else, but I have received letters from correspon- dents who have absolutely failed to grow it in limestone. 1 confess 1 cannot account for this failure. The accompanying photo was taken in July, 1913, and the patch of C. pulla Was then about \\ 3^ards across ; it must be considerably more this year. I had a white form once, but lost it. I have still a pale form, termed var. pallida, which is not very attractive.
C. pulloides is most desirable, flowers much larger and not so deep in colour. It is a hybrid of C pulla, and grows equally well in sun or shade There is a darker form, var. Kewensis, verv^ near in colour to G. F. Wilson,but much finer, an equally desirable plant with taller flower stems.
in the moraine at Glasnevin. The plant seems to have no fads, and only desires a very stony soil or moraine to run about in and jirotection while making its spring growth from slugs.
C. Stansfieldi is a beautiful little hybrid with ])ale 3'ellow foliage and ])ale mauve hanging bells. It likes a half shady spot in loose vegetable soil.
C. stenocodo]! if true must be a dwarf glacier form of C. rotundifolia, and grows serenely in moraine.
C. Waldsteiniana and C. Tommasiniana both grow Well with me in moraine. Both are compact, deciduous bushes, the latter taller and looser in ever}^ way, and both are exquisitely dainty.
C. Zoysii, with its quaint soda-water bottle like flowers, is most distinct, it is not difficult, but moody, and whilst some plants prosper, others unaccountably fail. It is a fitting link
IRISH GARDENING
115
between the " easies " and the " difficults," and first of the latter is C. alpestris (C Allioni), a 1 me hater that will tolerate a limestone moraine, but prefers granite. It has a long taproot and throws up little stolons which do not appear to root, but bear in their turn one large upturned mauve bell.
C cenisia is another ])lant which seems to demand moraine and dislikes excess of winter moisture.
C. excisa eludes me. I grow it in every possible situation and soil, and it flowers, dies down for the winter, and never comes up again. In places where it succeeds it romps like a weed. I have heard of success in a granite mo- raine with a leaf-mould subsoil, and again in very sandy leaf soil, but 1 am conscious of a growing scep- ticism I as to the probabili- ties of per- manent suc- cess with this plant. One occasionally hears of it growing like a weed some- where, and when one Writes one is told " it Was wonderful last year, but this
year it failed." Nevertheless, the plant is so distinct and, in its way, attractive that one feels bound to persevere.
C. Elatines is difficult only in open soil ; if you can plant it in a crack between rocks, or in the face of a wall and protect its young gro\\-th from slugs, it will rejoice you with its little pur])le star- like bells, which smother the long tentacles it throws out from its root stock to hug the face of the rock in the hottest sun.
C. Morettiana has never had a fair chance, as I have never succeeded in obtaining pro]ierly rooted specimens, but I believ'e it in any case to be very difficult. C hypopolia and C flexuosa are new here; the former, with its curious grass- like foliage, looks most distinct, but although it has thriven in very stony soil, in two seasons it has never flowered.
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The true Campanula Kaineki in a granite moraine at Glasuevin.
Bulbs for Early Planting.
It is safe to say that all bulbs are better planted as early as possible, but with some kinds it is quite essential if they are to get a fair chance. Fortunately the more up-to-date nurserymen now issue lists in July containing those which must be got in early, either for autumn or early spring flowering.
Generally those genera which have to be got in thiis early are grown in special positions, or at least do not come in amongst the ordinary decorative plants which bloom in summer and
autumn. It Would be im- possible, for instance, to indulge in any extensive bulb })lanting operations in the modern herbaceous border during July, August and early Sep- tember, when such borders are at the zenith of their l)eauty and must not be m a r r e d b y ])atches of bare soil con- taining bulbs. P e r h a ]) s, where the front of a bor- d e r is f u r- nished with low-growing cree])ing plants, it would be possible to dibble in small bid])s through them, with coneiderable benefit to the bulbs, during winter and again when in flower. In the rock garden, where so many modest mountain plants find a home, very good Work may be done by associating Crocuses. Snow-dro])s, dwarf Scillas, Ervthroniums and such like with Thymus 8er])y]lum (red and white), Arenarias, and lots of other cree])ing ])lants, and the beauty of the bulbs in flower will be greatly enhanced. There are, too, some autiunn-flowering bulbs such as numerous s])ecies of Crocuses and Colchicums, which must of necessity be got in as early as jiossible. Where Crocuses are to be planted in grass, whethei for autumn or spring effect, they can generally be got in quite early.
ii6
IRISH GARDENING.
Very pretty effects are possible with the aiitumu-flowering Crocuses, and they should be freely used in the rock garden, which at that time is usually somewhat lacking in flowers.
Perhajis the best autumn-flowering Crocus for general use is C. speciosus, a beautiful rich blue species, which can be obtained in quantity at quite a cheap rate. Other good sorts are C asturicus, purple or mauve ; longiflorus, lilac ; pulchellus, blue and purple ; Salzmanni, lilac with darker feathering ; niedius, deep lilac with consjiicuous, orange stigma ; sativus, blue and purple, with orange stigma ; Tourneforti, rose- lilac ; and zonatus, lilac, with an orange zone at the base of the segments, and others of much beauty.
A good selection of winter-flowering kinds might include the follow'ing : — C. ancyrensis. bright orange-yellow ; biflorus, white, with violet feathering ; chrysanthus, fine yellow, with several varieties ; Fleischeri, a very free flowerer, white with dark lines ; Imperati, violet and biiflf or fawn ; and vitellina, rich orange yellow. There are many more species which flower early enough to be called winter flowerers, but half a dozen or so kinds are enough to begin with.
Early spring flowerers are : — C aureus, bright golden yellow ; Balansae, deep yellow, shaded brown ; etruscus, rosy lilac and buff ; Korolkowi, yellow and broWn ; Tommasinianus, lavender, shaded silvery grey ; susianus, rich yellow and brown ; andC. vernus, of which there are several varieties. All the winter and early spring kinds should be planted in sunny, sheltered spots where they are protected from inclement weather and can get all available sun.
All the winter and spring blooming kinds are delightful grown in pots or pans, and if a cold house is available their beauty can be enjoyed when weather conditions are not tempting for the outdoor garden.
Colchicums, often erroneously called AiUumn Crociises, should be planted as soon as possible. There are several kinds of exceptional merit, some of them producing a surjirising number of flowers from each bulb. Autumn, winter and spring each have their several varieties, but the aiitumn kinds are the most conspicuous. C. autumnale is one of the best known, and makes quite a good show in open places in shrubberies and plantations — the colour is rosy-purple. There is a white variety which is very attractive and also a double form. Next to C. autumnale, C. speciosum is perhaps the best known, and is a superior sort to the first named. The flowers of C. speciosum are larger and of better substance, and in the variety rubrum we get the deepest colour. C. speciosum album is of sur])assing beauty, and should be given a prominent place,
always bearing in mind, however, that the leaves develop to quite a large size and leave a blank when they die off in early summer. Other good sorts are Bornmuelleri, with large rosy-lilac flowers ; giganteum, a giant flower, soft rose in colour ; Parkinsoni, chequered rose and white. Several species flower in early spring, nota])ly C. cilicicum, rose shading to crimson ; croci- florum, a distinct sort with white flowers lined with pur])le, and montanum, with rosy-white flowers. The smaller growing kinds are quite good for the rock garden given suitable positions.
The hardy Cyclamens, though not strictly bulbous plants, may be considered so for all practical ])urposes. They number among them many exquisitely beaiitiful kinds blooming in autumn and spring. They are delightful for naturalizing on grassy banks and under trees. One of the most charming effects the writer has seen was a mass of Cyclamen Coum growing under a tree of Tsuga mertensiana at Mount ITsher. The soil for Cyclamens should be well loosened, and the addition of leaf-mould and old mortar rubble is an advantage. Good autumn flowering kinds are C africanum, with blush- coloured flowers and bearing handsome leaves with a silvery zone ; C neapolitanum is very free flowering and reliable, and grows freely in the rock garden or under trees ; the type has rosy- pink flowers produced before the leaves, and there is also a beautiful jiure white variety — the leaves are delightfully marbled with silver ; C. ei^ropseum flowers in early autumn, the flowers being crimson and sweet-scented ; C. cilicicum flowers in winter and should have protection ; the flowers are white with purple centre. Sj^ring flowering kinds are C. Coum, with bright crimson flowers and plain green leaves, also C. Coum album, a white variety ; C ibericum, which resembles the foregoing, but has marbled leaves ; C. libanoticum, bearing pink or rose- coloured flowers ; and C. rejiandum, a most floriferous species, bearing a profusion of bright crimson flowers in spring. These Cyclamens are also good subjects for growing in pans, especially the spring flowerers, which are useful for the Alpine house.
The Winter Aconites, of which there are two species, floWer very early, es])ecially the older kind, Eranthis hyemalis, which in mild Weather is often opening in January. E. cilicicus, a newer sort, is a great acc{uisition, flowering very freely rather later than E. hyemalis. Both have ])retty yellow flowers and can l)e bought for a few shillings per hundred.
Fritillarias of many kinds are very beautiful, and should be i)lanted as early as procurable, as they are very difficult to establish if kept long out of the soil. There are species practically
IRISH GARDENING
117
for all positions from the tall and handsome Crown Imperials to the diminutive F. aurea, which grows about 6 inches high, and is suitable for the rock garden. The Snake's Head Fritilary, a British native, is a j^retty species with drooping flowers, chequered purple and white, while there are numerous handsome named varieties and a pure white one. Other good sorts are : — F. askhabadensis, a pale yellow- flowered species growing about 1| feet to 2 feet high, and flowering in early spring ; F. pyrenaica blooms in early summer, bearing numerous large deep purple flowers ; F.coccinea has distinct red floWers, and F. ElWesii, com- paratively new, has quaint green flowers ; F. recurva has orange- scarlet flowers of Won- derful beauty, while F. ruthenica is deep }) u r p 1 i s h black. Dwarfer sorts are F. aurea, golden yellow flowers in April ; F. citrina, with citron- yellow flowers ; F. ar- mena, yellow ; and F. pudica, golden-yellow. The above are but a selection, many other interesting kinds being offered by the leading bidb merchants and nurserymen.
Snowdrops are everybody's favour- ites, and all look eagerly for the first
pure blossoms every L'.,..v.i!.'ht
'■ mi 7 1 Crocus speciosus.
year. Ihe old com- . , , . . a • „ ,. ■
•^ • ri 1 ^u A lovely Autumn-fiowenng species
mon species Galanthus
nivalis is still and likely to remain first favourite
for general planting. For naturalising in grass
or under trees few bulbs are more suitable, and
the double form of the common Snowdrop often
lends itself to this purpose very effectively.
The bulbs should be put in fairly thick, a couple
of inches or so a]iart, and thus a good effect is
soon obtained. Besides the common sorts there
are several other much larger flowered species
of great beauty.
Very similar to and ([uite as beautiful as the
Snowdrop is the s])ring Snowflake Lcucojum
vernum, which flowers very early in spring.
It, too, is good for planting in grass, but
flourishes also in the border or rock garden.
L. vernum car]iathicum is regarded as an
improvement on the type, and bears lovely
pendant white flowers tipped with yellow.
The taller growing species L. sestivum and L. pulchellum, which flower later, are delightful for naturalising in damp places, and flourish in the bog garden. Leucojum autumnale is a dainty little species bearing beautiful pink and white flowers in autumn, and should be planted in very sandy soil in a rather shaded position, while Leucojum trichoi)hyllum is equally dainty, with pure White flowers in spring, and should be pro- tected by a sheet of glass or grown in a frame.
Several of the bulbous Irises flower in winter and very early spring, and should be planted as soon as procurable. When grown out of doors a Warm sunny position is essential, with
protection from rough wind, and withfacilities for placing a sheet of glass over them when in flower. A free loamy soil mixed with sand and broken mor- tar rubble provides a suitable root medium which facilitates the ripening of the bulbs as they finish growth in spring. There is a considerable number of these early flowering sorts, some much easier to grow and maintain than others. One of the best is Iris reticu- lata, which seems to flourish in sun or shade, and always flowers freely, the blossoms forming a beautiful combination of i)ur})le and gold. There are several varieties of this, var. Krelagei being distinct with deep reddish plum-coloured flowers, but somewhat variable. 1. reticulata so]ihenensis is light blue, though des- cribed bv some authorities as variable : I. reticu- lata var'. Histrio is bluish-lilac, with white ma.rk- ings, it flowers very early. A later form is I. reticulata Histrioides, rather similar in some ways to the former, but with larger flowers. Other good earlv flowering kinds are :— Iris Vartani.iiale blue ; I. Danfordias rich yellow ; I. alata, lilac- blue, flowering in winter, therefore should have protection ; and I. Taiiri, a good early flowerer, with fine flowers, which are violet and black, the falls marked with white and orange lines. There are many other species of l)ulbous Irises differing in form and habit from those mentioned, but the immediate idea is to remind readers of the need for planting early. J. W. B.
ii;
IRISH GARDENING
Marguerites,
Dear Sir, — 1 emlose i)hotu ol' a bed of Marguerites grown in our garden. The ])lant.s were put out three years ago, and have lived through the winters in a most exposed place. They have grown into this shape without any training whatever. The bed measures 40 feet in circumference, 10 feet across, and 4 feet 6 inches high. Yours truly,
E. tl. BOURCIIIER.
Dromline, Foxrock, Co. Dublin, Jiine 15, 1914.
Gloxinias.
At this season of the year Gloxinias are our greenhouse favovirite. and no doubt they deserve to be, more es- pecially of late years, since they have been so greatly im- proved. Hence I would like to give a few hints on their culture. The best time to sow the seeds is in early spring (March), but those who have not done so can sow the seeds now and keep the seed- lings growing steadily at a temperature of 05 degrees. For seed sowing, prepare boxes 3 or 3 1 inches deep, place some coarse compost for drainage in the bottom, then a mixture of finely-sifted loam three parts, leaf mould one and a half, and silver sand half a i)art, fill the boxes, give a watering and leave to soak. When well soaked sow the seed and cover with about three-eighths of an incli of soil, place all in a house or propagator where 05 degrees can be maintained, cover the boxes with a slieet of glass and " brown paper," so as to maintain heat and moisture, till the tiny seedlings ap- pear, when the boxes may be removed, and by degrees bring them into more light. Al- though they like light and do best in it, they resent strong sunshine, and should be shaded at all times from the strong sun ; this can be done by tacking a sheet of ])aper inside the glass, but my plan is to whitewash the glass outside. When the seedlings are large enough to handle prick them out into boxes, vising a compost the same as used previously. With slight care and atten- tion they may remain in these boxes till the
I'lioto hjjl
A Bed of Marguerites which
at Dromline, Foxrock, Co. Dublin
foliage dies off and they become ri|)e : they can be taken u]) and the soil shaken away from their roots and put in their winter quarters just like tuberous Begonias. The corms should be started in March and April consecutively, in order to get a continuation of bloom for the summer; start in boxes, and when three leaves appear put tlnsm singly into their flowering pots, which should be 5| or 0-inch size. The comi)ost for this ■|)otting niay be coarser and contain loam four parts, leaf-mould two and a half i)arts, and half a])art of sand, with some good fertiliser added, also a little charcoal, as it tends to sweeten the soil. Kee]) thenx growing steadily and in good light, but make sure and shade them from strong sunshine. Watering is one of the i)rincipal ])oints to be careful of in growing Gloxinias ; never water till the plants require it ; do not throw water on the plants every time you go into the house, as this is what ruins them and causes them to die
off. A good plan, when ])otting, is to have the soil si ogling from thecorm, so as not to have the water going to the stem and rotting it.
When grow- i n g freely liquid manure may be given twice a week, with an occa- sional dose of a good fertiliser, to ensure a good display of bloom, (ireenfly at- tacks the young leaves, so the plants should be fu- migated as often as the fly a])pears. — Jn. Cleaby.
[A. Coates has stood in the open for 3 years
TroIIius pumilus-
The majority of the Globe flowers are strong- growing plants more suitable for the bog garden than the rockery. The above named species is, however, an exception, being of quite moderate stature. From a tuft of palmately-lobed leaves the sturdy flower stems arise to a lieight of about a foot, each bearing at its summit a solitary flower. The flowers are of a deep golden yellow colour, flat or open like a large Buttercup, some 2 inches across, and possess a rather sweet fragrance. This Himalayan plant seems to flourish best in a light peaty soil with a full exposure to sun.
IRISH GARDENING
119
Fendlera rupicola.
This is an exceedingly beautiful and elegant
member of the Saxifrage order, and is a native
of Texas and New Mexico.
Its fovir-clawed ])etals stand out boldly and are
of a fine white colour ; the stamens, which are
eight in number, are somewhat conspicvious, and
contribute in no small degree to the beauty of
the flowei's.
The oblong sub -sessile entire leaves are about
an inch in length.
In its native habitat
Fendlera rupicola is
found trailing over the
rocks, and attains a height of only about 2 feet. In England it seems to be perfectly hardy, but is certainly benefited by being planted against a wall.
The illustration was taken from a spray obtained from the Cam- bridge Botanic Gardens, where a specimen is to be seen thriving in one of the borders formed by the plant houses ; there it annually produces its flowers in abundance, and the shrub is 7 feet. in height. Seeds are somewhat freely pro- duced, and propagation by this nxethod can be secured ; cuttings also root readily, while layer- ing offers a further method of increase.
H. C. Elsdon.
Roses.
By Dr O'Donel Browne.
The two big jobs to be done during this month are tying in rambler growths for the next year's flowers and bud- ding stocks to give mai- dens for next year. The art of budding has of- ten been treated on pa])('r, but one half hour's demonstration in the budding ground will teach more to a novice. The only advice I can give is to get some (jue well versed in the job to show you how it is done and then to start on your own. True, when you have been shown you will yet find that all is not going smoothly, but care and patience will hel]) you. The one difificulty I had when I began was to know a ])erfect bud. It is very hard for a novice to know this, l)iit if you only will once and for all rcinemlx-r thai when the shcatli of wood is removed from the bark that the inside of the sheath should be smooth and not have a dimple inside where the bvid springs from, you may
Fendlera rupicola. A beautiful and rare shrub
rest assured that you have not removed the growing germ from the sheath. Another point to remember is not to unduly bruise the sheath or in any way to hurt the germ of your future tree — careful and gentle handling is a great desideratum. Cleanliness is a great factor, any dirt getting on the sheath will act as a foreign body when tying in the bud and does not help the union. Now, damp weather is a help in budding, but one must be careful not to get one's hands muddy or messy. A small spot of mud may be licked out or it may be washed off by ])assing the sheath through water. Speed combined with neatness is a great hel)) towards a satisfac- tory issue. It is wonder- ful how quickly you can bud after a time, but at fir.st the novice should work carefully and thoroughly, and speed will come in time. If you have any doubts as to whether a bud is good or not, throw it away and try another. Tying in the buds does not call for much care — the one secret is to get a tie or the lap of one tie just behind and underthe bud to kee]) the bud ])ressed against the stock you are woi'king, so that the union shall be aided. Do not tie too tightly, for if you bud in dry weather and a rush of heat and showers come the stocks will swell and your ties will become too tight in consequence. No
shading is iiMjuircnl even ill hot weather. He wise andjniton a good many ( >f one variet y rather 1 han two or three of a lot of different varieties. If a Rose is worth ])roi)agat- ing you may have too few, but n«ner too many. Put on then too many rather than too few.
Go over your climl)ers. Kemove all the rods which have borne flowers and then lay in several of the young growing ones, not too tightly, to their post or sui)port. but firm enough to ])revc.nt wind from chaling and rubbing them. Encourage all the growth you can. but do not lie too greedy by retaining too many. Ki^e}) your hoe going all the tinu". Un- weeds grow apace at this linieof year, and V)y hoeing you tend to ])rolong your flowering ])eriod.
ffi^ 9^^ 6^^
"Queen of Fragrance." shown by Messrs. Wm. Paul was the winniM- of the " Clay " challenge cup at tlie Holland House Show, for a rose not in com- merce ])t)Sscssiug the true old rose scent. It is a Xjink flowered vaiiety of large size and wondrous perfume that will render it popular with all.
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122
IRISH GARDENING.
Fruit Crop, Ireland, 19 14
Follow ing two very \iiifavoiirable fruit seasons fruit growers iu, general anticipated a good crop, this year. I^ast autumn was very favourable for the ripening of fruiting wood and fruit l)uds, and the months of Deceniber an,d January being fairly dry, much good work was done in, the orchards in spraying against fungoid pests and clearing the trees of moss as a harbourage for insects.
Many of the correspondents state that where they sprayed the trees properly they have had very little trouble with either insect or fungoid pests ; I do not remember when fruit growers had such a dry and mild time to do their winter pruning, spraying and planting as they had last season. Only those who waited until late in the season performed the Work under adverse circum- stances, and trees planted early in the season are making very satisfactory progress.
April was an unusually dry month, the driest April for the last fourteen years, there being only .73 of an inch of rain. Fruit growers have very good reason to remember the last week in May, when there was a difference of 90 degrees between the highest day and the lowest night tempera- tures, up to 10 degrees of frost being registered in many parts of Ireland. This caused much danaage to almost all kinds of fruit, apples, pears, plums and strawberries, which were well set, being the only fruits to escape. Any flowers expanded were killed, and many in the bud were so injured that they failed to open, and dropped off. It is interesting to note that more interest is being taken in the pruning of cankered wood, painting the wounds and planting varieties which are not susceptible to canker.
Apples in general in the north are below an average crop, but the quality is well up to the average. The frost of 24t'h May practically ruined the crop, many of the trees being in vary- ing stages of flower at the time. This was an extra good year for fruit blossom of all kinds. They are an average crop in the midland counties. In the sovith, however, they are a good to a very good crop. The early dessert fruits are colouring well, and a quantity of Beauty of Bath and Gladstone will be on the market ere this report is in the hands of readers; these varieties are bearing well, though the fruit is on the small side. Grenadier, Lord Grosvenor, Lady Sudeley, Early Victoria, Lane's Prince Albert, Allington, Cox's, Bismarck, Newton Wonder and Bramley are bearing heavy crops of good qualitv fruit. Blenheim Orange, Lord Derby and Worcester are bearing medium crops. Stirling Castle, Pott's Seedling, James Grieve and l^ibston Pippin are cankering in the south, and will not succeed with orchard treatment. In many cases Cox's Orange is suffering from canker.
Pears are the best crop for a number of years, as the majority of them were well set before the heavy frcst, and therefore escaped, excepting very old trees. The fruits are also of good quality and large in size. The early pears are bearmg extra heavy crops. William's Bon Chretien, Fertility, Beurr^ Diel, Pitmaston Duchess, plarie Louise, and Beurr^ d'Amaniis are bearing well. It is time we had a good crop of good pears.
Plums, though they were a lovely sight when in flower, are variable in most cases. \'ictoria and Rivers' Prolific are bearing well, and the fruit is of excellent quality de.s])ite the drought and apliis attack. In the Counties Dublin and Meath the old horse plums and Orleans are bearing heavy cro])s, as are also the damsons in many ))laces. On walls the cro]) of pkuus is very good.
Cherries are almost a record cro]), and the quality of fruit is excellent, the Irish being the best on sale in the Dublin market. The trees flowered early, and the fruit was well set before the severe frost, and therefore escaped injury. The variety May Duke bore best. There are but six reports of bad crojis. Orchard trees bore heavy crops, as also did the trees on walls.
Gooseberries set a very heavy cro]) in most varieties, and though the frost of 24th May thinned the fruit a little, even when very large, there remained sufflcient for a heavy crop. The berries are scarcely so large as last year owing to the very dry weather. Almost all growers, private and commercial, report good crops. The varieties Amber, Whinham's Industry, Warrington, Crown Bob and May Duke have borne best-
Black currants are a good ci'op generally, especially in the commercial orchards, froua which large quantities have this year been ex])orted to England and Scotland. By pro- pagating from clean stock, and by destroying diseased bushes, black currant mite is rapidly decreasing. Boskoop Giant and Mctoria are best market fruit, and the fruit is large and in good condition.
Red and white currants are also bearing well, though in many cases the trees suffered very much from the effects of being eaten by the cater- pillar of sawfly and magpie moth.
Raspberries on the whole are from an average to a good crop. They promised very well. The frost, however, prevented thenx from fulfilling the promise, as very many of the best flowers were blackened in the centre. The remainder set fairly well, but the very dry weather at the swelling ])eriod prevented naany of the fruits from maturing- Superlative, Gormanstown Seedling and Falstaff bore well, but there was not such a good crop on Bath's Perfection, which is being extensively planted.
Strawberries are in general a poor crop, and only the first picking was of good quality. The later fruits were small, misshapen and tough in texture. This condition was brought ajout by aphis attack, heat and drought, whi.."ii were abnormal at the fruit-swelling |)eriod.
This is the only fruit of which I may state there is a much below average crop in this country.
Royal Sovereign, Leader and The Laxton bore Vjest ; the late varieties were ])oor.
Taking the hardy fruit croj) as a whole, I am pleased to state that it is a good one.
I beg to offer my sincerest thanks to the numerous correspondents for their great kind- ness in filling in and returning the report forms.
Insects were very troublesonae on all kinds of fruit trees this year. Not only were the attacks 7T,umerous, but they were in many cases very severe and recurring- It was almost impo.ssible to keep down leaf-eating cateri)illars and ai)his, and it is some time since fruit growers had such an anxious time combating insects.
It is many years since aphis were so destruc-
IRISH GARDENING
123
tive ; n,o less than -43 per cent, of the correspon- dents state that they are amongst the most troublesome insects, the attacks being severe.
Gooseberry sawfly is given by 36 per cent, as being very bad, and has caused very much dam.age to the gooseberries in a number of case-s, taking off almost all the leaves. Very much danaage has also been done, esi)ecially around Dublin, by caterpillars of the magpie moth.
Winter moth was not so severe as last year, only 18 per cent, being reported. Apple sacker and American blight were severe with 1 5 per cent, each, aud red spider was destructive on gooseberries with 7 i)er ceut, codlin nioth was destructive on apples with 10 per cent.
Tortrix and ermine moth and black currant mite were not so troviblesome as last year. Owing to the very dry weather fungoid pe.sts were not so prevalent, nor were the attacks anything like so severe as last year.
Canker and apple scab are each recorded by 27 per cent, as being their worst enemies. Apple mildew is still on the increase, and is recorded as being bad by 12 per cent-, and American goose- berry mildew by 11 ])er cent. This and black currant mite are two notitiable pests under the American Gooseberry Mildew and Black Currant Mite (Ireland) Order, 1912.
Silver leaf is spreading rapidly, not only on plums, but also on ap])les. It is recorded by 5 per cent. It is prevalent around Dubliii and in Meath plum orchards. There are few cases of shot hole fungus, brown rot, coral spot and peach leaf curl reported.
W. Irving.
Royal Horticultural Society.
The Summer Flower Sliow of the Hoyal Horticul- tural Society of Ireland, which was held on Friday, July 10th, in the Iveagh Grounds, Harcourt St., was one of the m.ost successful summer shows ever held by this Society. Throughout the day the attendance was very large. Though in point of numbers there was a slight falling oft" in entries in some of the classes, the quality of the exhibits, excepting, perhaps, Koses and Sweet Peas, was well above the average. Owing, no doiibt, to the hot, dry season, many of the Rose exhibits were much below the average, though in some classes, such as the Cup class. Teas and Noisettes, the exhibits were very good, and well up to the high standard expected at Dublin shows. In the smaller classes, many of the stands were quite unfit for exhibition, and exhibitors must be urged to take more trouble with their looses. A very successful exhibitor of Roses was T. ¥. Crozier, Esq., who was first in the class for a Table of Roses, 6 ft. by 3 ft., and also in the class for Hybrid Teas, stand of eighteen blooms, not more than two of one variety, while for a stand of six blooms of a dark variety ho was also placed first. The Challenge Cup, ])resented by f.,ord Ardilaun (to be won three times before becoming the pro])erty of the winner) for a stand of twenty-four blooms, in twelves varieties, and not more than six of one variety, was won by J. II. Welch, with T. F. Crozier and J. Cam])beil Hall second and third res])ectively. The class for Roses, stand of twelve blooms, not more than two of any one variety, was won by R. J. C.
Maunsell, who also received the premier award in the class for Hybrid Teas, stand of six blooms in six varieties, Fitzadam Millar and Mrs. Gil- niore being second and third.
The results of the unfavourable season on Roses was also to be seen in the trade exhibits, the Roses this year not being quite up to the usual high standard of naerit generally associated with the names of the famous Irish Rose growers and raisers, though a number of really good novelties were shown. Messrs. Hugh Dickson, Belfast, had a very fine stand of Roses, occupying all one end of a tent, which deservedly carried all before them. This lirm gained a special gold medal for a stand of twelve blooms of new varieties, which was a really creditable exhibit. Amongst the exhibits on this stand were the new seedling H. T., Mrs. Bertram Walker, a very fine Rose of a cerise pink, which gained the gold medal at the National Rose Society in London a few weeks ago ; another new seedling H. T. of a soft pink, the Marchioness of Ormond, was awarded a certificate of merit ; \yhile another H. T., the Countess of Granard, a clear ])ink, was also very good. Another gold medal Rose exhibited by this firm was Brilliant, a gem of the first water, and undoubtedly a Rose with a future. This firm's stand of a' table of 72 blooms was one of the most effective exhibits in the Show.
Messrs. Alex. Dickson & Sons, of Xewtownards and Dublin, were not quite up to their usual standard, having had the be.st of their Roses destroyed by a thunderstorm, and only exhibited for general effect and not for competition, except in table decoration class. Among the best new Roses raised by this firm and exhibited were Margaret Dickson Hamill, a very deep orange- yellow ; H. V. Machin, a last year's Rose and a gold medal winner at the National Rose Society's Show ; George A. Hammond, a i)resent year gold medal winner : and David McKee, a magnilicent Rose, shown for the first time. Probably the best of their new Roses is Mrs. Wemyss Quinn, a Rose of good body and shape of the Rayon d'Or class and colour, but of a rather deeper and more lasting yellow. This firm's exhibit of dect)ratiye Roses was one of the most striking features of the show. Two outstanding Roses in this exhibit were Red Letter Day, a bright crimson, semi-double, of excellent shape and colour ; Irish Fire Flame, a beautiful new single, which is a distinct im])rovement on Irish p]legance.
Sweet Peas, of course, were an attractive feature, and if not so numerous as in other years were mostly of high quality, though some of the exhibits appeared to have sulTered from the trying season. Tlu^ most successful exhibitor of this popular annual was Miss Field, Shauganagh Park, Shankhill. who was lirst in two of the cla.sses, the premier award in the remaining class being won by Mrs. Moflitt, Ashgrove, Monkstown.
Pot plants were well shown, I'elargoniums being i)articularly good, as also were the (Moxinias. Alderman Bewley, I^aniim. Rathgar (D. M'Intosh, gardenca'). was first in the classes for (iloxinias and Pelargoniums : whiU^ for tal)le i)lants Stanley U. Coclirane, Woodbrook, Bray (G. Bowers, gardener), was the winner.
The (>xhibits in the section for hardy cut flowers were of very high quality, especially the first prize groups. There was a noticeable tendency
124
IRISH GARDENING
in some of the gi'oui)s towards diii)licatiou, and some weak vases were unnecessarily introduced which considerably detracted from the merit of the groux)s. Romneya Ooulteri was shown in yrand condition by one exhibitor, and a very l>retty vase of (iillenia trifoliata was much com- mented on, and it was unfortunate that the flowers were imnamed. The lirst i)rize winners in the two classes in this section were Mrs. George Mitchell, Ardlui. Blackrock, and W. C. Murphy, Deepwell, Blackrock.
A novel class introduced for the first time was that for 24 vases of cut flowers of Al])ines grown in the open without protection. The winning group, exhibited by Mrs. Mitchell. Blackrock, was of high merit, honestly representing the class of ])lant scheduled.
For a collection of flowering shrubs in six distinct varieties Captain Lewis Riall, Old Conna Hill, Bray, was awarded the premier prize, with Mrs. Keith next. Exceptionally good were the trusses of single and double Zonal Pelargoniums shown by Alderman Bewley and Judge Bird.
The exhibits in the frviit section were not quite so numerous as usual, though the high quality was well maintained: grapes especially were excellent, some large and well shaped bunches being shown. In the case both of black grapes and Muscat of Alexandria it seemed rather a i)ity to have cut sonxe of the fine bunches exhibited before they were quite rii)e, when these bunches could, with advantage, have been reserved for a later show. The first prize stand of white grapes was shown by Lady Emily Bury, with F. V. Westby a good second ; for black grapes the same exhibitors were in similar order of merit, with Sir James Dougherty third. Melons, especially those shown by Alderman Bewley, were very good ; currants also good ; strawberries were sparingly exhibited ; while the first prize dish of ]jeaches, shown by Lady Emily Bury, were of splendid quality, as indeed were most of the peaches shown. Alder- man Bewley led with a dish of nectarines of exceptional merit, and in tomatoes the first prize went to Mrs. Mafifett. These last were well shown, and it is satisfactory to note that quality rather than mere size is being adojjted as the standard by exhibitors.
The vegetables shown were very good, and here again it is satisfactory to .see exhibitors are improving. The exhibits were clean and of excellent quality, both in single dishes and in the collections, the first prize in the large collection being an admirable exhibit. We trust judges will continue to encourage the standard of quality and cleanliness. For the collection of vegetables, nine distinct kind.s, Nathaniel Hone, St. Dolough's Park, Raheny (Mr. Reid, gardener), led with a meritorious collection ; R. Stephenson, Cranford, Stillorgan Road (Mr. Buggie, gardener), being awarded second prize. In the class for a collec- tion of vegetables, six distinct kinds, Col. Claude Cane, St. Wolstans, Celbridge (Mr. Horton, gardener), was best.
The trade tent was, as usual, well filled. Messrs. Jameson & Sons, Sandymouut, had a large group which occupied the whole centre and ground space of the tent ; it was a very effective and tasteful display, well worthy of the gold medal awarded to it. There were fewer of heavy
cumbersome and. to flower lovers, mcauiugles.s designs; it would have b<!en better if there had been none. Their Carnations were ])articularly good.
Mes.srs. Watson »S: Sous, Cloularf Nui-series. Dublin, occu])ied one side of a tent with a stand of Alpines and hardy flowers Hd feet in lengtli, for which they were awarded a gold medal. There were over 70 varieties oi sumiuei'-flowering Alpines, chiefly grown in pans, including Cam- panula garganica W. H. Paine, which received an award of merit when shown the previous week in London by Messrs. Watson. The major form of Thymus Serpyllum coccineum was very distinct and rich in colour, Mesembryanthemian falci- forme was very bright.
Amt)ng the hardy flowers Lavatera Olbia, the handsome pink bush Mallow, drew attention, also a noticeably good form of Scabiosa caucasica. A selection of Messrs. Watson's real border Carnations was also shown, and a group of the dwarf })uik Polyantha Rose Orleans, which is a very useful bedder.
Holland House Show.
June 30th to July 2nd, 1911.
One of the most lasting impressions carried away from this year's great Summer Show of the Royal Horticultural Society was that of the heat. No one was very comfortable with a temperature of 90" in the shade on the second day, and, although on the opening day the thermometer stood somewhat lower, it was pitiable to see the Roses, wliich wilted before the show was long open to the ])ublic. This was peculiarly unfor- tunate for the Irish exhibitors who brought such fine blooms so far.
Well over one hundred novelties were placed before the Floral Committee, but less than a tithe of these received recognition, and of the latter two came from Ireland. Messrs. Bees showed Hypericum leeve rubrum, which gained a first class certificate. The flowers are liery orange, and it was one of the most interesting novelties in the show, but, coming from Asia Minor, will need further testing as to hardiness. Messrs. Alexander Dickson & Sons, Belfast, received an award of merit for their new Sweet Pea, The President, so named, presumably, from the fact that their Mr. Hugh Dickson is Pi'esident of the N. S. P. S. this year. The variety is especially brilliant in colour — rich orange scarlet — and of good size, much sujierior to Thomas Stevenson. The other Irish novelty to receive the distinction of an award of merit was Campanula garganica W. H. Paine, shown by Messrs. Watson & Sons, Clontarf Nurseries, Dublin. It is already known to many growers of Al])ines in Ireland, and is a very beautiful and extremely vigorous variety with blue rays and a very shar))ly-defined large white centre. It was photogra]ihed and rei)ro- duced by the Ciardcners' Chroiiiclc and Gdrdciwrs'' Magazine, the former describing the exhibit as " a wonderful pan."
Messrs. Alex. Dickson's Rose exhibit was com- ])osed chiefly of their latest novelties, including Red Letter Day, with its wonderful colour ; H. V. Machin, a grand crimson H. T. ; Queen Mary, a
IRISH GARDENING
125
gold medal Rose of 1913, was charming (silver flora medal). On Messrs. Hugh Dickson's stand Ethereal (since re-named Golden Spray) was delightful, it is a single cream of most lovely form and shade ; Gorgeovis was also very fine, and the arrangement of the group wa admirable, as one could inspect every variety with ease (silver flora m.edal).
There were about twenty exhibits of Sweet Peas, Messrs. Svitton & Sons having a large and striking stand of about 150 varieties with colours blended in a most artistic manner. Messrs. Alex. Dickson «fc Sons were awarded a silver cvip for a large stand, varieties such as George Herbert, Lavender, King White and Hilary Christy arranged on iiprights and arches giving a good finish.
The only other Irish exhibit noted was that of the Donard Nursery, Newcastle, Co. Down. This was composed of interesting shrubs, and obtained a silver flora medal.
Eock gardens were even more numerous than ever, and many of these were well done in the open. Groups of hardy flowers were on all sides, but space will not permit of reference to more than one or two of the most prominent stands. Messrs. Wallace, of Colchester, carried off the big Coronation Challenge Cuj) for the finest group in the show, and perhaps the most beautiful exhibit ever seen at a show. A winding stream, bridged with huge slabs of rock, was bordered on both sides with groups of Iris Ksempferi bearing flowers of which som.e were almost a foot across. .Just a few other plants were introduced, such as the new TroUius chinensis, Rodgersia tabularis, and an odd plant of Lythrvim roseum, but these were entirely subordinated to the Iris. A good plant for water gardening was noted — Salix puri)urea nana, a dwarf Willow with slender bamboo-like foliage.
The show had an enormous attendance and made one wish once again that a proportionate interest were taken at Irish shows. Even so late as an hour before the close of the third day a stream of peo])le could be seen depositing the entrance charge at the gate.
New Roses at the " National " Show.
Augustus Hartman. — A seedling Hybrid Tea. of vigorous habit with stout, bushy stems. Said to be ])erpetual flowering and good for exhibition or l)edding. Tbe blooms are large, dee]) and slightly conical in the centre, the individual y)etals being very large. The colour is rich glowing vermilion scarlet, I'emindiug us in this respect of George C. Waud. The fragrance, though not powerful, is very pleasing. Shown by Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons, Colchester. Gold medal.
Maroahkt Dickson IIamii.i-. — A seedling Hybrid Tea, good foi" (exhibition or bedding. The lilant as shown has a vei'y l)ranching habit and spiny stems, but the blooms are not too erect. They are of good size and substance, fairly full and slightly conical. Colour, yellow, flnshed apricot. Not very fragrant, though slightly Tea-scented. Shown by Messrs. Alex. Dickson A: Sons, Hawl- mark. Newtownards. Gold medal.
Ci.YTEMNESTRA. — A seedling Hybrid Tea suit- able for garden purposes and said to be perpetual
flowering. A cluster Rose, the blooms being produced in large trusses. The open flowers are of ragged shape and of blush white, flushed apricot colour. Shown by the Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Havering-atte-Bower. Gold medal.
Majestic. — A seedling Hybrid Tea of vig- orous, ii])right habit with stout, spiny stenvs. The flowers are large, dee]), of good substance, slightly conical in shape and very sweet scented. The colour is glowing soft vermilion i)ink. Shown by Messrs. William Paul & Son, Ltd., Waltham Cross, Herts. Gold medal.
Mrs. Bertram Walker. — A seedling Hybrid Tea of erect branching habit, and said to be per])etual flowering. The flowers are borne on stout, erect stems, and are of medium size, have plenty of depth and substance, and are of rather conical habit. The colour is a. glowing ce:i.se pink. Shown by Hugh Dickson. Limited, (iold medal.
Mrs. Maud Dawson. — A large Hybrid Tea seedling of branching, dwarf habit, and evidently free flowering. Said to be good for bedding or exhibition ; certainly it will be excellent for the latter purpose. The blooms are very full and conical, and leave nothing to be desired in sha))e. Colour, dee]) bright crimson. Very fragrant. Shown by Messrs. Alex. Dickson A: Sons, Hawl- niark, Newtownards, Silver-gilt medal.
Dorothy Vardbn. — A hybrid rugosa, making a large shrub or bush 4 feet to 5 feet high, and said to be ])eri)etual flowering. The blooms are freely ])roduced, semi-double and slightly fragrant . The half-o])en flowers are glowing a])ricot salmon liink, changing to a much jjaler shade as they age. Shown by Messrs. George Paul & Sons, Cheshunt. Certificate of nierit.
Mrs. Arthur Bide. — A seedling Hybrid Tea the result of a cross between Mrs. T. W. Massey and Souv. de Catherine (iuillot. Habit vigorons and branching, and said to be ])er]ietual flowering. Might be ai)tly described as a double Irish Elegance. Only slightly fragrant. Shown by Messrs. A. Bide k Sons, Limited. Certilicate of merit. — The Garden.
^^ t^ t^
Erysimum linifoliitm.
For the introduction of this ])lant we are ind»>l)ted to Clarence Elliott, who brought seed from its native country (S])ahia.) year or two ago. I .ast year it fiowi-red at (ilasncvin for the lirst time, the seed being sown in May and the jtlants flowering in NovcMiber and October. This year the ])lants conuucnced to o])en flowers in early May, and continned well on into .lune, this being no doiibt its nornuil flowering season. The i>lant attains a height of about one foot, with narrow leaves, about :? inches long, having sinuate margins. The flowers, which arc almost as large as a Wallflower, arte of a coloni- (piite distinct front the mao<)rity of its I'clativcs. being of a rather dee]) lilac. When l)ctt(ir known this ]ilaiit is sure to become a warm favourite with Aljiine lovers, its distinct colour aiul ease of culture being greatly in its favour.
126
TRTSH GARDENING.
Hints to Novices.
By May Crosbie,
Summer i)rvuiing of fruit trees is too often neglected, but there is no doubt that when l)ro])erly done trees are greatly benefited by it. The object of it is, by stopx)ing the growing shoot, to make the eyes at the base of the shoot fill out and form good buds for next year. The opera- tion, therefore, consists in cutting a few inches off the shoots, taking rather more off the side shoots than off the leaders of the branches, but always bearing in mind that the summ.er iiruning should be only a stop|)ing and never a severe pruning, as if the shoots are cut hard, and heavy rains conxe in the early autumn, a second growth is the result, and all the buds, instead of remaining plump and well filled, will start to grow, and the pruning will have done more harm than good. When doing the wall trees, any shoots that may be wanted ought to be tied to the wall, slightly bending thenx in only, as they are very brittle now and easily broken off. If there is any apple mildew about, the tips of all the shoots cut off ought to be burnt. The remedy for both apple and rose mildew is sulphide of potassium dis- solved in water (-^ oz. to 1 gallon of water) applied with a sprayer or fine syringe to both the vipper and under surfaces of the leaves. If the attack is severe, two applications of the wash will be necessary with an interval of a few days.
The autumn bloom of Roses will be much impi'oved if the bushes get a good mulch of manure now. See that the surface soil of the beds is loose before putting on the manure, which, as well as giving extra nourishment, will help to preserve the m.oisture of the recent rains in the soil, and also keep the roots cool.
An excellent plan to insure good autumn Sweet Pea, and particularly for those who are away from their gardens in August, is to cvit a couple of feet off their Sweet Pea ])lants, fork the soil lightly round them, and in September there ought to be a fine second growth and second crop of flowers. If either manure or liquid manure is available give them some.
Yew hedges can be clii)ped this month. As soon as the fruit is gathered from loganberries and raspberries the old fruiting canes ought to be cut clean out, and in the case of the former, the long new growths tied to whatever support they are grown against, giving each shoot as much room as possible, so as to get all thoroughly ripened.
Attend to staking of Dahlias, Michaelmas Daisies and Sunflowers, as we so often get high winds and heavy rains at the end of the month. The outdoor Chrysanthemums too require atten- tion in this way, and also if some of the flower buds are taken off, the buds that remain will produce much liner blooms and last longer. It is quite worth the trouble, and the only varieties that need not be done are the tiny button ones and the singles.
f^ ^* ^w
Late Chrysanthemums. — During August the different varieties will show their flower-buds at varying dates. The process described as " taking " a bud really consists in leaving it. but renaoving all the shoots or flower-buds that appear around it. As a general rule, it should be remembered that greater size is obtained from the " crown " bud and better colour from the " terminal " bud.
The Month's Work.
The Flower Garden.
By Wm. G. Wadge, Gardener to Lady O'Neilh Shane's Castle, Antrim.
August is the month sometimes said to be a breathing time for gardeners. Methinks it is often very contracted. True, we should take time to make a thorough and critical survey of the results of our work, now they are apparent, so that we may profit thereby in the future. A note-book is always a necessity, and especially so at this season. Such things as the behaviour of any newly tried shrub or plant should be noted ; also any arrangement of the plants that has not been altogether pleasing, as well as anything that has been particularly successful. Then, if we are fortunate enough to visit any of the public parks, or flower shows, or neighbouring gardens, there are certain to be some features we shall wish to recall at sonxe future time, and our memory is nearly sure to play us false, if we trust to it. For our guidance when propagating it is well to note now any larger or smaller number needed of any particular subject.
Propagation. — In gardening it is essential that we take long views. Oftimes preparations have to be made for work months beforehand. Although the bedding plants have only now attained anything like their fviU beavity, we nxust begin ]U'ox>agating for next summer's display. The bedding Geraniums demand fir.st attention. Start with the variegated varieties, as they are more tender, and leave the ivy-leaved varieties till last, these rooting niuch freer than the others. In taking the cuttings discretion naust be exer- cised not to miake any unsiglitly ga])s in the beds. Cut off a few now from the inner and thicker parts of the beds : then go over them again in ten days' time for another batch. It is an excellent i:)lan, where practicable, to put some i)lants of each variety in sonxe ])lace pux'posely for stock. Early cuttings will not be pleixtifxil this season, owing to the dry weather, but what is lacking in quantity may be balanced by the quality, as they are not likely to be over sappy. They may therefore be inserted without any prelinxinary drying. Fronx most points of view the best nxethod of striking the cuttings is in boxes. Good di'ainage is essential, then fill the boxes fii^nxly with sandy soil and insert the cuttings 2 inches apart. A sunny corner out of dooi's is a suitable positioix, and the boxes should be placed on a thick bed of ashes, or raised froixx the ground on rough boards. Provision mvx.st be nxade for covering with lights in case of a heavy I'ainfall.
Pentstemons and Antii'rhinunxs are deservedly popular just now. They are easily raised fronx seed, but in the case of nanxed varieties or any good seedling it is wished to perpetuate, they should be pi'opagated as soon as suitable side growths can be got. These nxay be dibbled in a frame. Shade nxust be given during suixshine, as any flagging is detrinxental to a good strike. Pentst<^nxons raised annually fi'om seed or cuttings cei'tainly produce the largest s])ikes and blooms, bxit it is worth while leaving some plants to remain over when they are growing m a mixed border, or even a bed of
IRISH GARDENING
127
a single variety. They will produce a large number of spikes and flower earlier in this way. Some clumps in a border of the kitchen garden here, planted three or five plants together, are carrying upwards of fifty spikes.
Cuttings of shrubs may be inserted this month, choosing short, well-ripened shoots of this year's growth that can be pulled off with a heel. Any Violas that have been flowering since spring and have become very elongated should be cut back. They will soon break again, and the resulting growths will furnish ideal cuttings for inserting later.
Dahlias. — Secure these to the stakes by additional ties as the growths extend, and renaove many of the shoots. Earwigs are very destruc- tive on these plants and Chrysanthemums. Take steps to trap them, either by placing inverted flower pots, with a little hay in the bot- tom, on the top of the stakes, or some sections of broad bean stems placed amongst the leaves of the plants. The insects will hide in these during the daytime, and can be blown or shaken out into water. Chrysanthemums. — The early border varieties are showing bud, on some there has been flower since June. They do best in a showery summer : the welcome rains in July will help thena cover the ground. Those varieties that are best disbudded must be attended to in this respect. The smaller flowering varieties, and those with the buds arranged more loosely, may be left to flower in natural sprays. Now is the time a little feeding will be very beneficial.
Gladiolus. — A good watering with liquid manure should be given these before the buds begin to unfold. A little support is needed. A long stake is not necessary, if it reaches to the bottom flower buds that will do. Keep the grovmd hoed.
LiLiUM CANDIDUM (The Madonna Lily). — Clumps of these may often be seen thriving in cottage gardens, and soinetinies in larger gardens they are a failure. They resent being disturbed. If they are growing a.nd flowering well by no means move them, but if they are deteriorating, or froni any reason it is necessary to transplant them, this is the best nionth for the operation, as soon as the flower stems have died down. Do not keep them out of the soil any length of time. A suitable distance for planting is 6 inches apart, and rather less in depth. They are less liable to disease if in a sunny position and well-drained soil. If the soil is heavy and retentive, make it more suitable by the addition of some material that will keep it open, such as lime and brick rubbish, (;harcoal and sand.
Hedges. — Ornamental hedges of yew or other plants, if cut this month, will inake just sufficient new growth to cover that very hard, stiff a])]K^ar- ance they take on after clii)))ing, and not enough but that the outline will be preserved during the winter. Herbaceous Borders. — The chief work on the border? will be the removal of dead and withered foliage and flower stems ; the giving of further ties to such plants as need it , hoeing and wat taing. Remove the flower .spikes frona l)«'l])hiiiiunis. leaving al)out 2 feiit of stem standing. By shortening back any ])lants that have pas.scd out of flower their neighbours will have more room to develop. Should there be any bare ])atches where bulbs or annuals have died down, now is the time the Chrysanthemums, ])lanted in reserve as advised in a i)revious calendar, come in useful.
The Fruit Garden.
By Peter Brock, Horticultural Instructor for Co. Fermanagh.
The heavy showers of rain during the past week has improved the growing condition of young trees, but it has not been sufficient to reach the deeper roots of old trees. All kinds of fruit trees and plants would benefit from more moisture at the roots. The dry weather ai)pears to have kept apple scab in check, as trees that were badly affected on fruit and leaves at this date last year, although not free from traces of spot on fruit and foliage, are much less affected this year. Trees that have been three times si)rayed with lime- stilphur-arsenate of lead are very free from any traces of spot or scab.
Weeds are always ready to make headway, and it is in such a season as this that a little extra attention is required in kee])ing a clean, loose surface, by frequent stirring with the hoe.
Summer Pruning. — Trees, especially young trees, derive mvich benefit from a careful thinning of shoots that may be overcrowding and not required to form a ])ermanent part of the tree. The best time to begin a pai-tial or summer prvming is when the shoots show a firmness indicating that growth is a]>proaching completion; those which have been grown for the pur])ose of maintaining root action, and are now causing overcrowding in the tree, may be shortened to within four or five inches of the base. It is safer to err on the side of beginning sumnier pruning a week late, rather than begin a week too early, as a heavy fall of rain may cause a stronger flow of sap and cause the buds that were intended to be dormant to stai-t into a late succulent growth.
Kaspberries. — Immediately the cro]) is gathered cut out the old fruiting canes. Select the best of the young canes for next year's crop, and secvire them against breakage by wind and so that they may be evenly and fully exi)osed to the influence of sun and air. Timely attention to this work will be amply re])aid by the im])roved condition of the canes for next year's crop. Hoe and thoroughly free thenx from weeds. Remove all useless suckers from the base of the canes selected to remain by pulling them oft" with a sharp jerk. If suckers are ])lentiful and required for new i)lantations, select the best some distance from the oil plin.s and allow them to remain till they ripen. Towards the end of October or early in November they may be lifted and ])lanted in ])ermanent quarters or in nur.sery lines till required.
Sthawberries. — The forming of new planta- tions should be attended to as early this mouth as it is possible to get tlu^ ])lants and the land to be planted in suitable condition for planting, as directed last month. Any arrears of cleaning old plantations should be attended to without delay.
Marketing. — In early districts such apples as (iladstone. Beauty of Bath, and Irish Peach will be fit for use towards t lu; cud of this month. These varieties should be jiulled and used as soon as the |ii])s turn brown, as if left too long ov the tree or stoied they turn nu'aly and lose their flavour. When well grown properly graded and packed the above sorts comnuxnd remunerative prices. Cooking sorts, such as Grosvenor and Early Victoria, will also be coming lit for use. These
128
IRISH GARDENING
varieties are, as a rule, very heavy crojjpers and may be thinned by about one-half, picking the largest, and allowing the smaller ones to grow on to a nxore profitable size. This affords early relief to the trees, at a time when prices generally rule high for first-class stuff, especially when offered in flats — a package very popular in the Dublin market. Early Victoria is a very tender- skinned sort and requires careful handling.
Wasps. — These destructive and trou})lesome pests are unu.sually plentiful this season. Their nests are easiest located on a bright day. when anyone who has practised marking their flight can locate a nest as far as the flight of the wasps can be seen, or the trail niay be followed half a mile till found. The nests, when found, should be ])rom])tly dealt with. For this purpose, a .strong solution of cyanide of potassium is the most effective remedy for getting rid of nests cpiickly. Prepare the solution as follows : — Place five ounces of cyanide of potassium, commercial, in a wide-mouthed bottle, such as a pickle bottle, that will contain a pint of water, fill the bottle with tepid water and cork securely, and in one hour it will be fit for use. This bottle should now be labelled dcDigerous poiso)i, and kept securely locked up when not required. To destroy the nest, wind a ball of tow on the end of a ])liable twig, such as a willow, about two feet long ; dip the tow in the bottle, then insert in the passage hole and push it well into the ne.st. If the tow reaches the combs, the whole nest may be immediately dug out and destroyed by breaking them up with the spade. If there is any doubt about the tow having reached the nest ten or fifteen minutes will be sufficient to render the digging out operation safe from stings. There is no danger of stings from wasps returning to the nest, and once the plug is inserted there is no danger from those inside. To avoid the unpleasant funaes of the cyanide keep to the windward side of the bottle when uncorked. The bottle shovild be carried by wire or strong- cord. Nests may be destroyed by throwing the crystals of the cyanide about the size of snaall gooseberries into the hole ; its action is hastened by throwing some water in after it. but the immediate digging out might not be quite free from stings.
The Vegetable Garden.
By Arthur Horton, Tiardener to Colonel Claude Cane, St. Wolstans, Celbridge.
Owing to the excei)tionally dry s])ring and summer most kinds of vegetables are in a very bad way, and unless rain comes in the near future the outlook is anything but jtromising. Gardens that have been dee])ly trenched suft'er less during periods of drought than others dvig in the ordinary manner, and the grower who believes and i)ractices deep cultivation will during this seascjn be reaping the benefit of his extra labour by getting at any rate a fair cro]j which otherwise in all probability would be a failure. Heavy drenchings of water should be given, if possible, to such subjects as peas, beans, celery and marrows. Large quanti- ties of celery are lost annually by bolting or running to seed which in many cases niight be avoided if strict attention at all times was given to watering.
Peas at this season are frequently infested with
thri])s and mildew ; the best preventive is good cultivation and plenty of water at the roots. Occasional syringings will be foinid very heli)ful if given during the cool of the evening when the sun is off the plants. Most subjects will be greatly benefited by waterings of liriuid manure, ]irovided it is not used too strong ; it is always safest before using to give a good soaking of iture water lirst.
Cucumbers and Tomatoes. — The seeds of both cucunxbers and tomatoes may now be sown if intended for winter use, as it is most essential to have strong established i^lants before the short days of winter come in. In the case of tomatoes, many of the best cultivators raise this batch from cuttings; plants raised in this manner are always stronger, and what is of more importance, come into bearing mvich earlier than if grown from .seed. Whichever method is ])ractised, the aim should be to get as sturdy plants as possible. Plants in full bearing will be much improved by occasional soakings of weak liquid manure. Care should be taken never to apply this if the soil is very dry and the plants flagging or more harnx than good will follow. Cucumbers that have been bearing fruit for some time should have all useless growths thinned out to make room for the young.
Celery and Leeks. — If required early in the sea.son, earthing vip may be commenced. No hard and fa.st lines can be laid down for carrying out this work, as so many good growers have their own ]jarticular way with equally good results. Personally I prefer to leave the earthing up of early celery until about seven or eight weeks before it is required. By doing so, in dry seasons like the present, watering can be done, which is most essential if good results are expected. On the other hand, after a fair amount of soil is added, watering to be effectual is a difficult matter. Care should be taken to earth up gradually. If too nxuch soil is added at one time the heai't gets covered, and the plants will in all ])robability be crippled. Occasional dustings of fresh liuxe and soot will be a check on snails and slugs, which are some of the worse enemies with which the celery grower has to contend.
Planting and Sowing. — Owing to the un- favourable weather to vegetation in general many blanks will require making up in the vegetable quarters. If the precaution was taken to prick out cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli and all winter greens, the resulting plants will come in u.seful for this purpose, also for filling up ground previously occvipied with early peas, spinach and potatoes. The later •()lantings will probably be found of more service than those planted a month earlier, as more favourable conditions for growth are to be hoped for as the season advances.
Good breadths of leeks may still be ])lanted as ground becomes vacant : this i)lanting often proves of great value during late spring, especially in gardens where onions are dilficult lo cultivate.
Fi"equent sowings should be made of tiu'ni])s and s])inach, also lettuce, endive, radishes, mustard and cress if the weather continues hot and dry. A north or west border will be fouiul the most suitable for these subjects.
From about the 20th to the 2.5th, according to weather conditions, is the usual time for sowing winter onions. The ground chosen for this should be in the o]>en and in good heart. It is mo.st important to dig the ground to a good depth, but no manure will be required.
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SEPTEMBER 1914
TWOPENCE
Irish Gardening
Contents
PAGE
Spring Frost Damage to Forest Trees 129 Cottage and Darwin Tulips (Illustrated) . 131 Obituary 132
How to Conserve our Food Supply Herbaceous Phlox Early Flowering Chrysanthemums . Bulbs in Bowls .... Thunbergia natalensis (Illustrated) .
Cyclamen
The Aftermath of the Rock Garden Freesias
133
135 136
136 137 138
138 139
PAGE
Acantholimon venustum (Illustrated) . 1 39
Eryngium spinalba . . .140
The Dwarf est of the Brooms . .140
Saxifrages or Rockfoils . . .140
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland . . .141
Restio subverticillatus (Illustrated) . .141 Month's Work — Flower, Fruit, and
Vegetable Garden .142 Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland . 144 Catalogues 144
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction
for Ireland.
LIST OF THE DEPARTMENTS LEAFLETS.
N*.
9
10
II
la ij U ■I it
\l
20 ti 11 >S «4 '5 t6
M
•9
80
SI S« SI
S4
ii
S9
40 41 4«
43
44
Jl
:i
49 s« i< i« ss
Nam*
The Warbl* Ply.
The Use and Purchase of Feeding Stuffs
Footrot in Sheep.
The Sale of Flax.
Celery Leaf-Spot Disease or Blight
Charlock (or Preshaug^h) Sprayiaf
Fluke in Sheep.
Timothy Meadows.
The Turnip Fly.
Wireworms.
Prevention of White Scour in Calves.
Out 0/ Ft int.
Contagious Abortion in Cattle.
Prevention of Potato Blight.
Milk Records.
Sheep Scab.
The Use and Purchase of Manures.
Swine Fever.
Early Potato Growing.
Calf Rearing.
Diseases of Poultry — Gapes.
Basic Slag.
Dishorning Calves.
Care and Treatment of Premium Bulls.
Fowl Cholera.
Winter Fattening of Cattle.
Breeding and Feeding of Pigs.
Blackleg, Black Quarter, erBlueQuart r
Flax Seed.
Poultry Parasites—Fleas, Mites, and
Lice. Winter Egg Production. Rearing and Fattening of Turkeytt Profitable Breeds of Poultry. The Revival of Tillage. The Liming of Land. Field Experiments — Barley.
II I Meaclow Hay.
II .11 Potatoes.
II 11 Mangolds.
„ „ Oats.
,, „ Turnips.
Permanent Pasture Grasses. TheRearingandManagementofChickens ••Husk" or"Hoose"in Calves. Ringworm on Cattle. Haymaking. The Black Currant Mite Foul Brood or Bee Pest Poultry Fattening. Portable Poultry Houses. The Leather-Jacket Grub. Flax Experiments. The Construction of a Cowhouse
Ke.
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95 96
97 98
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Calf Meals.
The Apple.
Cultivation of the Root Crop
Marketing of Fruit.
Sprouting Seed Potatoes.
Testing of Farm Seeds.
The Packing of Butter.
Field Experiments— Wheat.
Out of Print.
••Redwater" or "Blood Murrain" Cattle.
Varieties of Fruit suitable for cultiva- tion in Ireland.
Forestry : The Planting of Waste Lands.
Forestiy : The Proper Method of Plant- ing Forest Trees.
Forestry : Trees for Poles and Timber.
Forestry : Trees for Shelter and Orna- ment.
The Prevention of Tuberculosis in Cattle.
Forestry : Planting, Management, and Preservation of Shelter-Belt and Hedgerow Timber.
Forestry: The Management of Planta- tions.
Forestry : Felling and Selling Timber.
The Planting and Management laH Hedares.
Some Common Parasites of the Sheep.
Barley Sowing.
American Gooseberry Mildew.
Scour and Wasting in Young Cattle.
Home Buttermakins'. '
The Cultivation of Small Fruits.
Catch Crops.
Potato Culture on Small Farms.
Cultivation of Main Crop Potatoes.
Cultivation of Osiers.
Ensilage.
Some injurious Orchard Insects.
Dirty Milk.
Barley Threshing.
The Home Bottling of Fruit.
The Construction of Piggeries.
The Advantages of Early Ploughing.
Black Scab in Potatoes.
Home Preservation of Eggs.
Marketing of Wild Fruits,
Cost of Forest Planting.
Store Cattle *r Butter, Bacon and Eggs.
Packing Eggs for Hatching.
Weeds.
Tuberculosis in Poultry.
Seaweed as Manure.
TOBACCO-GROWING LEAFLETS.
A. — Introductory.
B.— Suitable Soils and their
Treatment C — Curing Barns.
D. — Suitable Varieties. E.— Seed Beds. F. — Manures. Gi— Transplanting
H. — Cultivation, Suckering, and Topping I. — Harvesting and Curing. J. — Grading, Packing, and Maturing. K. — Marketing.
Copies of the above Leafets ean be obtained, FREE OF CHARGE and post free, oa application to the Secretary, Department of 'Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Irelaad, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin. Letters of Application so addressed aeed aot be stamped.
IRISH GARDENING
VOLUME IX No, 103
Edited by C- F. Ball.
A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND
ARBORICULTURE IN IRELAND
SEPTEMBER 1914
Spring Frost Damage to Forest Trees ,
Bv A. C. Forbes.
Of the various enemies of the forest, whose name is legion, probably none creates greater havoc or causes greater discouragement than spring frost. Animals, insects, or fungi can separately or collectively damage, or even totally destroy, individual planta- tions or certain species over a wide area ; but damage of this kind is usu- ally localised, and is rarely so wide- spread as to occa- sion serious alarm in this country. Spring frost comes not only when it is least Wanted, but also when it is least expected. On a certain day in May or June, as the case may be, planta- tions and nurseries show the luxuri- ant growth a n d fresh foliage which have inspired gen- erations of poets for centuries back, and the forester feels that some sat- isfactory results are to follow the lal)our of several years' planting and tending. On the following morning, from 25 to 50 per cent, of the pre- vious day's store of vegetation is black or drooping, and thousands of acres of ])lantation appear as if scorched by fire or some ])oisonous exhalation. Had experience and the self- recording thermometer alone give any clue to the cause, for, as a rule, this day does not differ materially from its predecessor, whether as regards temperature or sunshine, and the sensa-
tions of the average individual seldom experience any change in the weather conditions which would account for such widespread destruction. A glance at the needle of the self-recording thermometer, especially if the instrument rests
on the grass, ex- plains the matter. The temperature is found to have fallen for a shorter or longer period to an V where between L5° and 25° Fahr- enheit, corres- ponding toa screen temperature o f about 10° or 12° higher. Why it has fallen so suddenly, and why the fall occurs on dates which coincide very closely from year to year, no one knows, lint the end of May and begiiuiing of .hn>e a])])ear to m a r k the period (hiring which the greatest damage is done over an average of years, not only in. this country, but over the greater ])art of Northern Kuro])e, causing incalculal)le dam- age to farm, gar- den, and forest crops and retarding the subse([uent growth of many sensitive species for two or three years.
Whether Jrelajul suffers more or less than other countries from spring frost cannot be decided offhand, but so far as the year 1!U4; went, there is .some reason to suppose that the damage to young i)lantations exceeded anything recorded within the last twenty or thirty years, taking the
EW Yl
rTANI<
130
IRISH GARDENING
country as a whole. From the 2r)th to the 29th May, ground frosts of from 12° to 18° Fahrenheit Were experienced over the greater part of Ireland, some districts escaping with frost on one night only, while others had four severe frosts in succession.
The species suffering most Were, as usual, Silver firs, and of these the common Silver hr, Abies pectinata, lost the whole of its young shoots in most situations, trees fifty to sixty feet in height being frosted to the top. Spruce also came in for a share of the damage, having the majority of the lower shoots killed. The leading shoot, owing to later growth, fortunately escaped in the majority of cases. Douglas fir and Sitka spru.ce, however, were badly cut back, and the majority of trees planted within the last eight or ten years are crippled and deformed by the loss of leaders and principal side shoots, and several favourable seasons will be necessary before this damage is repaired. On the other hand, Abies grandis appears to have suffered little if at all, and this freedom from frost injury has been noticed in other seasons. Amongst broad leaved trees, ash, beech, and oak were most damaged, but, having greater powers of recovery, the ultimate effect may not be so serious. A most unusual occurrence Was the injury noticed to the tips of alder, elm, poplar, and several other species.
While the injuries described above are more or less general in many seasons, the frost of 1914 was quite exceptional, and gave, and still gives, serious concern to foresters who are planting or about to plant areas of bare ground in low-lying districts. There is not the slightest doubt that the surface of ground covered with grass suffers more from spring frost than a bare surface, and, while it is impossible to get rid of grass in a damp climate, such as that of Irelanel, previous cultiva- tion, either by ploughing alone or ploughing followed by a crop of oats, potatoes, or similar agricultural crops, would leave the ground in a better condition for planting than when the trees are put in on the turf. This, however, can only be done under very exceptional circum- stances, as when ordinary;' pasture ground is being turned into plantation, while, in cases where it can be done,the grass quickly re-estab- lishes itself after the first year or two.
Foresters all over Europe have, therefore, chiefly to fall back upon the old custom of jjlant- ing or preserving a shelter wood over the more tender species. This shelter wood is usually created by planting in atlv^ance a crop of birch, alder, or other broad-leaved species which can be pruned up or thijined out a few years later. Under the canopy so formed the frost-tender species are planted, and grow up in partial shade until they are more or less above the normal frost line, or from 8 to 10 feet in height. One
of, if not the l)cst, species for forming this shelter wood is the grey alder, Alnus inaina, which grows rapidly, and has the important merit of maintaining a straight and fairly stiff stem. It is, however, not so easy to raise successfully on very ];oor land, and here birch comes in more useful. The disadvantage witli birch is its long, pliable crown, which in windy weather sways about and lashes the leaders of all rigid-growing trees, such as spruce or Silver fir, with which it comes in contact, and whose leaders are not adapted for treatment of this kind.
One of the drawbacks associated with a special shelter Wood is the additional expense and loss of time incurred before the more valuable permanent crop is put in. A shelter wood to be of any use must be established at least six or eight years, and, in most cases, longer, before the tender species are introduced amongst it. The market value of the shelter Wood itself, again, is usually very small, so that the expense of establishing it may be regarded as an extra cost to be charged against the main crop. A further disadvantage may also arise in the necessity for putting up two lots of wire netting on ground where rabbits are particularly numerous. As a rule, neither birch nor alder is seriously damaged by rabl)its, but where these animals are in large numbers they will attack anything, and although they may not actually kill out these two species, they will certainly injure them and retard their arrival at a stage when they can be regarded as satsfactory jirotection against frost. Many foresters, there- fore, believe that it is better to trust to the trees gradually Working their way above the frost line, as in most cases they do sooner or later, than to go to the extra expense incurred by creating these shelter crops, ai,d to leave the planting of Well-defined frost holes either alone for a few years until shelter is raised up round about them, or to stock them permanently with frost-hardy species, such as birch, alder, pO])lar, sycamore, elm, or pines.
Another method of counteracting frost injury maj^ be adopted when an oVi wood is about to be cleared for the purpose of replanting. This consists in leaving a certain mimber of trees star ding to the acre which will provide a requisite amount of shelter for the protection of the young crop. If the shad 3 is too dense, the species planted below will grow up soft and spirdly, and lack that vigour and sturdiness which are essential for their develo2)ment ijito first-class timber. If, on the other hand, the shade is very thin, a severe frost may work as much havoc as on bare ground, while the trees which escape are usually the smallest ard least developed individuals under the immediate shade of the old timber. The success of this method; therefore, cannot be regarded as
IRISH GARDENING
131
altogether complete. A further disadvantage is ill the fact that the old timber must sooner or later be removed if the new crop is to attairv a complete density. In this removal a certain auiount of damage is invariably done to the young trees, especially if these consist of conifers. Ash, beech, or oak, owing to their elastic shoots and their capacity for making new leaders when the original ones are de- stroyed, do not suffer to the sauie extent.
Probably the l>est results aris- ing from the par- tial preservation of an old crop are obtained by leav- ing narrow strips or })elts at inter- vals through the wood, and plant- ing up the cleared spaces between them. The young trees are in this case fullyexposed to light, and, therefore, more liable to frost in- jury, but the canopy afforded liy the old crop does a great deal CO check the sud- den fall of tem- perature, while the side shade it affoids prevents the effect of frost being felt so severely, shelter from the early morning s u n being as im2:>ortant above.
On the whole, the ultimate reco\'ery from frost d image depends chiefly u]:on the vitality of the individual tree. Weakly individuals, when cut back two or three years in succession seldom recover sufficiently to grow into useful timber. As in the case of maliy other tree injuries, the choice of suitable soils aiul situa- tions, and the use of strong, robust plants at planting will do unich to minimise the bad effect of spring frosts, Avhich, like many otlier evils, have to be tolerated when they cannot be avoided.
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Dahwix Tulip, Piiofessor Fhaxcis Darwin Much reduced.
fro m
as direct shelter
Cottage and Darwin Tulips
By J. W. Besant.
With Se])tember here gardening people begin to think of bulbs for the sj^ring display, and among others Tulips have to be con.sidered. The beautiful varieties of the Cottage and Darwin sections are becoming increasingly popular, and
justly so, since in May and early June our gardens would be the poorer without them.
One of the greatest charms of both sections is their hardiness — they may be left in the ground for several years and will continue to give fine flow- ers. The self colours are glur- ious for beds and groups in open shrubberies, but nowhere do they look so well as in the herbaceous border, where the fresh young shoots of the her- baceous plants fast pushing up just when the Tuli])s are bloom- ing nuike a rare setting to the flowers. To get good blooms a fairly rich and This does not mean
retentive soil is necessary a\\et soil, however, but a well worked garden soil, such as would glow good veget^ables or her- baceous plants. Xeedless to say fresh manure is detrimental and should not be placed iu>ar the baseof thel)ulbs. Ground which has been well manured a year or so previously is usually in good order for Tuli]>s, and will coutaiii enough food material in mild form to ensure satisfactory gi'owth.
The (piestioD of the "" l)rcaking "" of the colours is a troublesonu^ one, and in some soils is the cause of a good deal of vexation. In the writer's ex))erie]ice this trouble is more common in limy
132
IRISH GARDENING
districts than in those from which Hme is ahscMit. However, for garden jjiirposes, some of the Ijroken colours are quite good enough for decorative work, and many good varieties are cheap enough to be renewed at intervals. Under the distressing circumstances prevailing in Europe at present there may be a shortage of bulbs from Holland, but luckily in Ireland we have several enterprising commercial growers who can more than hold their own in jiroducing Cottage and Darwin varieties, so that Ave may cheerfully " carry on," relying on home supplies to keep our gardens beautiful, and hope for more peaceful days to return.
With regard to varieties, these are numerous in both sections, but, unless there is some sjjecial reason for growing a big collection, far more satisfactory results are obtained by growing only a select few, and these in as generous a quantity as can be afforded. Masses of fifty or more bulbs will give a finer display when in flower than numerous small clumps of six or eight bulbs. Circumstances alter cases, how- ever, and in the herbaceous border, which is also thickly planted with perennials, it is possible to grow a fairly large collection in small groups and still get a good show ; the herbaceous plants act as a foil to the co'ours and obviate what Would otherwise be a medley.
The depth and distance apart to plant must be governed by the length of time it is intended to leave the bulbs down. It will, of course, be understood that a fresh bulb is fonned every year, and consequently if left down the new bulb has to pass through the winter without having been examined, and flowering and non- flowering bulbs come up together. To get a good show of colour fairly thick planting is usually practised, but for most Cottage and Darwin kinds eight inches apart and five to six inches deep will be suitable. There are some kinds with small bulbs which may be planted closer and shallower — viz., Bouton d'Or and retroflexa, which will be better at, say. six inches ajDart and four inches deep.
It is an oj)en question whether a dwarf carpeting plant should be used in conjunction with Tulips. When planted in beds on lawns it is, in the writer's o2)inion, an advantage to use a suitable spring flowering plant as an edging or groundwork. If means are limited for the purchase of bulbs it is easy to raise a stock of Violas, Aubrietias, Alyssum, Pansies, Myosotis, &c., and by planting a broad edging of any one of these and massing a Tulip of suitable colour in the centre a very fine show is obtained at little expense. As an alternative the carpeting plant may be planted all over the bed and the Tulips dotted lightly through, a practice which finds favour Avith manv. Care must be
taken in the arrangement of the colours to have either a ])leasant contrast or an equally i)leasant combination.
In the Cottage section a fair selection of moderate priced varieties would include Billie- tiana, yellow; Bouton d'Or, deep golden yellow; Caledonia, orange-scarlet ; Cassandra, cherry rose ; Coronation scarlet ; Didieri, crimson, and Didieri alba, white ; Elegans, crimson, Fairy Queen, rosy heliotrope ; Fulgeas, vermilioji ; Gesneriana, fine crimson scarlet ; Gesneriana lutea, very fine full yellow ; Golden Crown, yellow flushed orange-red ; Inglescombe Pink and Inglescombe Scarlet, two fine varieties ; La Merveille, salmon-rose, flowering late ; Macrospeila, crimson and sweet scented ; Macu- lata, a fine scarlet ; Mrs. Moon, handsome yellow ; Picotee, white, margined rose ; The Fawn, rosy fawn to blush rose. There are many other equally fine varieties available in our home nurseries and bulb grounds, and there need be no trouble in finding sorts to suit all.
A few good Darwins are Europe, salmon- scarlet, shaded rose ; General Kohler, cherry crimson ; Glow, bright vermilion ; Grand Monarque, plum purple : Hecla, crimson-maroon; Loveliness, satiny -rose ; Margaret, delicate blush ; pink ; Farncombe Sanders, rose-scarlet ; Nautica, dark cerise rose ; Pride of Haarlem salmon-ro.se. shaded scarlet ; Psyche, rich rose ; Rev H. Ewbank, silvery heliotrope ; Suzon, soft rose ; The Sultan, almost black, and Wedding Veil, blush white, shaded silvery lilac.
The three blocks illustrating Cottage and Darwin Tulips have been kindly lent to us by Messrs. Hogg & Robertson.
Obituary
(lEORGE Dickson, J. P., V.M.H. It is with the greatest regret that we record the death of Mr. George Dickson at the age of 83. In Newtownards and Belfast he was a promi- nent and i)o])nlar iigure, and all Irishmen are j)roud of the work he has achieved, for no man living or dead has done more for the develop- ment of the " Queen of Flowers " during the last half century. The founder of the New- townards firm has s])read the fame of Irish Roses over the seas to the Continent, Amerira, and other countries. During his life no fewer than forty-six gold medals have been awarded to the firm by the National Rose Society for new seedling Roses, among them being Red Letter Day, Margaret Dickson Ilaiuill, Edward Hohane, Queen Mary, (ieorge Dickson. Mrs. Foley llobbs, Mabel Drew, George C Waud, Irish Elegance, «.S:c., while many of his Roses raised twenty and thirty >ears ago are still standard varieties. Until the day he died, Mr. (Jeorge Dickson was wheeled in his chair through the grounds to see the seedling Roses. Two of Mr. Dickson's sons are already well- known as Rose s]iecialists, while a third de- votes his well-directed energies to sweet peas and vegetcibles, Ace
IRISH GARDENING
133
Food
How to Conserve our Supply
By A. F. Pearsox, F.R.H.S.
War in Europe, with all its attendant horrors brought home to our very doors, has made the most casual amongst us think. With some of our trade routes closed, many disorganised, and nearly all of our enenxies' sea-routes blockaded, our food supi)lies must suffer, we are dependent on many of the nations now at war for so m u c h. Ireland is, perhaps, the most fortunate of countries by reason of its agri. cultui'al i»ursuits. Cereal crops are promising, cattle, on account of the " Rinderpest," are m ore numerous than usual here, so we are better pre- |)ared than many for shortage in food. It behoves us, however, to con- serve all we have and economise by methods hitherto unheeded. Extra- vagance at such a time is criminal.
The owner of land has a res])onsibility in proportion to his holding and means, and although the present season of the year is not the ioost favourable to intensive cultiva- tion, still much can be done by way of a d d i n g t o our winter and spring supi»lies of vege- taliles.
P^very vacant space in the garden can be filled by seeds or plants ; rotation for once must go; deep cultivation may be .set aside if time and labour forbid, (iround vacated by potatoes mav be ]»lanted with August sown cabbages, and cabbage seed may still be sown. Ellam's Early April and Flower of S])ring are good varieties for present sowing, and will make excellent plants for spring platiting. Cabbage plants put in now to cut in .spring may be ])lanted as dose as one foot apart. They support each other, require uo earthin'^, and are much earlier than those occupying more s])ace. (!olewort. can be ]tlaiited still, and will make useful .stuff for drawing in early spring.
liand cleared of ])eas can be tilled and .sown with turnips. Orange .Telly and Chirk Castle, both of which will, with favourable weather, get
through the winter, and provide a spring sui)i)ly. although I prefer July or August sowing. Winter s])inach and si>inach beet may .still be sown.
New ])lantations of .strawberries can be utilised by sowing onions of the Tri])oli class between the lines for spring drawing, or if neces.sary they may be thinned and allowed to mature a cro]). This, of course, is not desirable for the welfare of the strawberries, but the present is an abnormal case, and need not be made controversial.
If land cleared of eld strawberry plants is not yet used, cabbage, coleworts, spinach, &c., may be put in, and if there are leeks in the seed beds, thev may still be ]ilanted.
The shortage of vegetables in spring will b e V e r y marked as our (Con- tinental c at erers have laid aside the l)loughshaiT^forthe sword and the pruning hook for the .spear, and al- though our first thought mu.st be a wholesome v e g e - table, we nxust also think of delicacies for the wounded and disease- stricken .sailors and soldiers who may. ere this is pul)- lished. be amongst us. To those who ])os.sess forcing liouses, French beans may behad in ])lenty. He who lias a large breadth of seakale will latei' on utilise it by gentle forcing.
Asparagus c a n be sacrificed in odd cases by forcing, and a useful sub- stitute for .seakale is Swede t u r n i ]i to])s. gii>wn by ]>lacing the turniji in a darkened forc- ing pit. W h e n n i c e 1 y s e r v e d , these blanclied tops are equal to seakale. Frames niay still l)e used for sowings of kidney beans, and with luck a cro]» may mature before frost sets in.
Lettuce of the haidy winter sorts should be l»ricked out mi sheltered south borders, as also should parsley sown last month. Feas and bioad beans iiuiy be sown next numth for early summer su])plies.
Apart troiu the inijiortance of sowing and planting now, it is equally im])ortant that we should liarvest every seed and root in view of likely shortage next year. Peas now ri]>ening their seeds can he saved and \ised foi' soups. \-c. Hroad beans and kidney beans generally thrown out as waste should be retained for emergencies. Vegetable marrows can b«' ])reserved as a jam. It is ])erha]is luinecessary to mention roots such
COTTAGK TCLII', SUMMKK HkAITV.
Much reduced.
134
IRISH GAEDENING
as carrots, beetroot, i»ar.snip, &c., but split and badly formed roots ought to be saved tliis year instead of being given to the hoi\ses and l>igs. Salsafy and si-orzonera are so seldom grown that they need no mention.
Potatoes, so far as their ke(>])ing qualities go, should be ke])t in pits. Those really green ones can })e used for seed, but many large tubers pro- truding through the soil and partially greened can be used for food at once, the green bitter pai't being merely cut off. This economy will add considerably to the stock at a time when potatoes will be high in price.
KohUrabi, if grown, may be kept longer than one has hitherto regai-ded its season. Celery ought to be carefully ])reserved. In the case of wet weather through the winter it can be covered with sheets of corrugated iron or canvas coverings. White celeriac will prove a useful substitute for celery well into the spring months.
Jerusalem ai"tichokes can, of course, be vitilised in the usual way by either ])itting or leaving them where grown and digging as required. Leeks can be used more fully than u.sual. Borecole can be used from the bottom leaf to the heart, not as is usual the heart cut out and the bottom leaves wasted. The sprovxting broccoli gives much valuable food in the spring which is often wasted. Asparagus kale also ought to be carefully used uj) ; every shoot will count.
Water-cress may be used as an addition to the table, and, contrary to many ideas, can be grown without the aid of a water trench or stream ; a rich manured trench grows it to perfection.
All the nuts are excellent food, and any one possessing them will harvest every one.
Rhubarb can, of course, be preserved, and makes an excellent addition to the food su])i)ly, and in a few weeks more the stools can be pre- pared for forcing into growth. The small cucumbers, " Gherkins," can be pickled in con- junction with cauliflowers, small onions, &c. These may be also made into chvitney. Endive and lettuce can both be had throughout the winter, the former blanched. Anyone possessing a good supply of hard-fed horse manure can pro- vide a daily sujjply of mushrooms, even without the help of a regular mvishroom house, a cellar or dark shed suiting almost as well. Herbs of all kinds will ere this have been saved for winter's supply.
The crop of ap])]es in Ireland this year is a bountiful one, and the fruit is good. If "the price of sugar is not considered prohibitive, they as welj as all other fruits can be preserved as jelly or jam. The wild crab of the hedgerows as well as the rowanberry make excellent jellies, the latter possessing medicinal pro])erties. The common parsley, too, makes a beautiful amber-like jelly. Plums, blackberries, and red currants, if still hanging, may be bottled in glass jars : these will come out fresh for a year or more alter bottling. Bottling outfits may be had from the large stores or direct from the makers. Fowler, Lee & Co.. Queen's Road, Reading. Complete bottling outfits can be procured at from 20s. to oOs. : numbers of bottles 24 to 86, and ca])acity 4 gal- lons to 14 gallons respectively. These outfits are excellent, and jars of a larger size can be had at moderate cost for preserving rhubarl), a.sy)ara- gus, peaches, leeks, &:c. The directions are simple, and the fruits or vegetables can be had at any time, quite as fresh as the dav thev were
bottled. I can vouch for such things as green peas, beans — broad and kidney — plums, goose- berries, currants — black and rcul — loganberries, peaches, ai)ricots, &c., turning out of the bottles in perfect condition the following year. Obviously an ac(piisition of this kind is worth accjuiring.
Api)les of the late keei)ing kinds, such as Bramley's Seedling, I^ane's Prin{;(! Albert, New- town Wonder, &c., should be stored and not sold at present. The early soits are a glut on the market now, and they, if not made into jelly, could be cut into fritters and dried for ])reserving late into the year. I anx not a cJtej, and can only refer readers to the cookery books for the neces- sary information. Possibly many apple growers are without a ijroperly constructed fruit house, but a barn, outhouse, or cellar will keel) somid ap])les nearly as well as the mos-t up-to-date house, and, if these are not available, the late keepers may be pitted like potatoes and opened out when reciuired. I have seen tons of Bramley's Seedling apple stored for weeks in this w ay. Storing in sand is a good way of preserving ap])les, provided frost is kept out. A])ples are just as likely to keei> in heaps as when laid out on trays in a fruit room. Pears may be ke]>t similarly.
It is, perhaps, not within the i)rovince of this article to mention eggs. Being an allied subject, however, I would recommend all who have more than they can use at present to pickle the surplus in jars or buckets, using water glass as the pre- serving agent. It can be had from any oil or colour merchant with directions. Eggs so pre- served are particularly fresh months alter beingput into water glass, and eggs will be dear next spring.
All cereal crops will, of course, be used judiciously, as with the shortage in our overseas Eurojiean supplies the next few months will, in all probability, see prices rise.
In urging readers to act on the foregoing sug- gestions, T claim no sui^eriority. Only it ap])ears to me that many who have always had enough for their own particular needs will allow that to suffice this year also ; but we are fiicing a ])osition of extreme gravity, where widows and orphans must be provided tor. Fathers and mothers •unable to help themselves, left without sons to earn for them, sick and maimed in the war filling our hospitals — on our very doorsteps — then we non-couabatants must do our duty by hel])ing those helpless ones. It is the only privilege lelt VIS, and we ought t(t be proud of giving, fiom our juuch or our little, to those less fortunate, and by filling at once every emi)ty available space eacii one will be adding his qiu)ta to a laudable work.
Rudbeckia speciosa
This is one of the best of the latc-fiovvering Coneflowers, very free and (|uite hardy. The (•omi»act .and dwarf hal»it makes it a iiseful ])lant for the front of the border, ^)r it may be massed near the edge of a shrubbery. The average height is 18 inches to 2 feet. The flowers, ))roduced in August and September, are about 2 to 3 inches across, and very useful for cutting. TJie golden ray florets suriound a V)la(k cone-like disc. Increase may be readily effected in autumn or spring by dividing the old ]) hints. In some gardens liuiiheckia New- manni is the name by which it is known. North America is its native country.
IRISH GARDENING
135
Herb
aceous
Phlo
X
By James Kearney, The Gardens, luverisk, Killiney.
" Phi.ox decussata " or '• Flame Flower '' stands unrivalled amongst liardy flowers, and is well worthy of a place in gardens of large or snxall dimensions. Xo other perennial can pro- duce such a glorious display of flowers from July to October ; their range of beautiful colour, delicate fragrance, and long ])eriod of flowering render them indispensable. At the time of writing (August 12th), what a ytleasure to look over the borders solely devoted to their culture, and admire the lovely shades of blue, pink, mauve, scarlet, white, &:c. : it cannot but impress one as to their real beauty in the flower garden. Success in their cultivation de])ends upon well- yirepared ground, careful selection of the site where to be planted, thinning of the shoots in early spring, staking in good tinie, and regular attention to watering and mulching in dry weather.
In pre])aring to ])lant, select a position where the plants will not be exposed to full sunshine, and trench the ground two feet deep, incor- porating with the soil (if light and gravelly) a good dressing of well-rotted cow manure, and if inclined to be heavy use rotted stable manure, with the addition of leaf-soil and road scrapings to ensure itorosity. Should the soil be infested with " wire " or " eel worm," work in a good dressing of " Vaporite " as trenching jjroceed^, and when finished tread down the soil firmly and allow it to settle for a week or ten days before planting. The most effective method of 1)lanting is in borders solely devoted to them- selves, being carefvil when ])lanting to arrange the ])lants so as the colours won't " cla.sh " when in V)loom. They may also ])e planted in grou])s of three to four plants throughout the mixed borders. Planting may be done in mild localities and on warm soils from October to Febrviary, so as to give then^ a good hold before warm weather returns ; but on cold clay soils it is niuch better to defer planting until early in March, as the Phlox strongly I'esents dampness around the roots. During the winter months place the plants two and a half feet a])art, and when the shoots a]>i)ear above ground guard against slugs by ])lacing a ring of dry sand or soot around each plant, and thin out the shoots to live on each ])laut when the plants are two years old. Lift the crowns every three years, divide, and replant the outside portions for future stock in m^wly ])repared ground.
During the summer attend to staking. l"se green painlcd baml)oo caixes, tying each shoot out se])arately, and in dry weatlier they must be well watered and given a good mulch of juaiuu'e around the roots at the end of May. (iive liciuid manure and soot water twice weekly when ap- proaching the flowering stage, and remove faded pips when they ap])ear, which heaves space for ticsh ont'S to develop and also prolongs the ll()wering period. As the Howeis pass away, remove tlu! old ilowei' heads, whciLt hey will l)l()om again and continue until destroyed by fi'((s1.
Phloxes are readily ])ropagated from cuttings, and a very good plan is to insert tlie young shoots taken from the plants when thiiuiing them out
in spring, and if rooted in small pots iix a cold frame and kept shaded until root-action has taken i)lace, they will make; splendid ])lauts by the autumn for planting out in the borders, and insures one having young, vigorous stock at hand when needed.
The following are a selection of up-to-date varieties which may be relied upon to give satis- faction : —
Lindlield Beauty, old rose pink and white centre, extra ; Princess Royal, ])urple, giant flower ; Scarlet Gem, orange scarlet, compact : Princess Marie, rose pink, beautiful flower and truss ; Arthur Ranc, bright salmon, massive truss : Sir Edward Grey, velvety crimson, mas- sive truss : Queen Alexandra, pale blue and niauve, large truss : Rowc^ana. white suffused heliotrope, pretty ; Maurice Vaclion, darkest purple, splendid ; Rijnstroom, salmon red, im- mense flowers ; Meteor, bright rose pink, verj- large truss ; Jules Cambon, rosy mauve, white star centre, ])retty ; Mauve Queen, mauve, largest and best nxauve : Ilervor, carmine rose and white star centre, pretty ; Gloire du Marc, blue, suffused violet, si)lendid : Fire King, fiery scarlet, very attractive ; Frau. Antonin Buchner. ])ui'est white, finest in cultivation ; Ellen Wilhnott, French grey, lovely flower ; Corallina, salmon pink, splendid ; Dr. Konigshofer, scarlet, one of the best ; Elizabeth Canxpbell, old ro.se and whit(>, one of the most beautiful ; Border Beacon, car- mine, nionster truss ; The Queen, French grey, very large truss ; Rheingau, white, dark blush centre, striking ; M. Graham, rose self, large truss ; Braga, rich lilac rose, large truss ; Anierica, sal- mon pink, extra large flowers : Maid of Hont)ur, white, suffused red in centre, large flowers ; Africa, carmine and puri)le centre, si)lendid : Jules Verne, rich blue, beautiful : Tambour de Wattignies, niauve and white star centre, st lik- ing ; Asia, old rose, suffused lilac, giant flowci'cd ; Aurora, salmon, suffused orange re*!, giant truss : Flora 11 ornung. white and large carmine eye. beaut y; Aegir. bright scarlet, stand sun well : Frau. R. Vo]ielius, white and purjile red eye, very])retty.
[We have to thank our corres])ondent lor a box containing large cut sprays of Phlox in many choice varieties. Their robust and healthy growth shows evidence of good culture, a fact borne out by Mrs. Keith receiving a silver medal and cultural certilicate for a collection of this sl'.owy border flower at the Stiiliugau and Fox- rock Society's Show. — Ed.]
" Sleepy " Pears
TliK disease known as " Brown Rot," cau.sed by th(! fungus Sclerotinia fructigeiia. acts on the fruit in two dilTerent ways. When infection fT'oiu sjjores is local on the surface, the " Mrown Kot condition lesults. and the diseast; is conlitu-d to local i>atches. When infection takes ]ilace through tlu! apical end of the fruit, the mycelium permeates the whole of the fruit, and ])roduces the condition known as " sleei>y." Such infected fruit does not decay, but becomes dry and mummili(Hl, and ])i'oduces a cro]) of s]iores which disseminate, the disease tlu^ following season. To lucvent this, all diseased fruit should Ix; carefully collected and burned. An e(Te<tive remedy is to spray with weak Hordt'aux mixture when the young fruits have set and at intervals afterwards.
136
IRISH GARDENING
Early Flowering Chrysanthe' mums
Garden Chrysanthemums possess a beauty and freshness all their own, flowering, as they do, in the autumn months wlien most other flowers are wearied or gone. t'om])ared with the days when Madame Desgrange and its yellow counter])art wei'e the chief varieties, there is now a wonderful selection and, as everyone can grow them with ease, they are an invaluable asset. Those who have not tried any of the newer varieties are astonished at the fine large blooms produced on stout erect stems, the charming and comprehen- sive range of colours now available and the perfect profusion of blossom. Few of these newer sorts exceed a cou])le of feet in height, and they are beautiful for garden decoration as well as being delightfvil for cutting from August until cut down by frost.
Varieties are so nvimerous that only a few can be touched upon here. Pink is a favourite colour in any flowers nowadays, and quite a number of good things in this way have been introduced in garden Chrysanthemums, .lames Bateman, although not now new, is hard to beat, the flowers are of a charming soft pink, good in size, and the plant remarkably handsome in habit, commencing to bloom in August. Normandie and Provence follow, the former soft flesh pink, and the latter coral pink with good broad flowers. Of the mauve pinks, Belle Mauve is capital, with very large broad petalled flowers borne rigidly erect in September. Of early white kinds there are several worthy of note. La Parisienne, with its feathery .Japanese blooms, begin.s in August, as also does Caledonia, a solid flower with incurv- ing central florets. The new Framiield Early White has large deep graceful flowers of the pvirest white, and a good stand-by for mid-season cutting is Esperance with long-stem white flowers, the centres greenish-yellow and incurving. Amongst later whites. Countess is very choice and handsome, and shovild be disbudded. The old White Quintus, although of taller growth and smaller in flower than the newer race, is a grand garden decorator, with pyramids of snowy flowers in October and November.
It is still a question whether Horace Martin has been sui)erseded amongst the earliest yellows. It is certainly the best of the Masse varieties, which are now being slowly ousted from their former pride of place. Golden Diana is a new pure yellow sport from Diana, and obtained a first-class certificate from the National Chrysan- thenxunx Society. The well-ktlown Carrie and Champ d'Or are not worth gi'oWing when one can have Leslie, the best mid-season yellow and good all round. Golden Glow is an acquisition whei'e tall kinds are required, it grows about 4 feet high and is appropriately named, with handsome flowers of a brilliant golden yellow. Mercedes is a grand yellow for October. Before passing fronx yellows, nxention should be nxade of the old favourite Flora, the |)retty dwarf pompon, which contin\ies flowering all the season by reason of the nunxerous suckers which succeed the suxnmer growth. It is a dejiendable variety for nxassing or for edging a bed of taller kinds and is also used in window boxes.
Bronze Goacher is a beautiful orange-bronze
s])ort fi'om (ioacher's Crimson, which, by the way, still easily holds its own am mgst crinxsons ; (■hatillon is a very )»retty combination of orange and ochre yellow with large flowers of great beauty, (\'cil Wells beiixg a newer kind of some- what similar coloxiring. The lovely orange Polly and its im]n'oved form are quite unrivalled, and Abercorn Beauty, a dee]) Ixronze sport from J'oiiy, is one of the very brightest and richest, com- mencing to flower in August. Harrie is a beauty of the Polly type, with equally large flowers, bronzy-oi*ange on a gold ground. The new Crimson Polly is a fine chestnut crimson with gold i^everse, and for a late flower of similar colour Alnxirante is a king in October, when its large handsoixxe flowers on long stenxs may be seen on sale everywhere. It " lights u]) " well in artificial light, and should be disbudded. Firefly and Kuroki are good bright reds for Septenxber.
The single-flowered early Chrysanthenxunxs are also beautiful, although this class is not as yet so fully developed as the doubles. Surrey is one of the very best singles, a lovely shade of salmon- cerise ; White City is a good broad white ; Genx of Mei'sthanx, deep crimson ; Brazier's Beauty, a lovely soft blush ; Kate Carter, salnxon, shaded chestnut, with a yellow zone ; Dominion, salmon- i"ed. All these range fronx 1| to 2 J feet in height, and are beautiful for cutting in sprays.
Cultivation, both of the doubles and singles, is of the sinxplest. Plants I'ooted from cuttings in boxes or pots during eai'ly spring should be ])lanted out in a franxe as soon as stroixg enough, and gradually hardened ol¥ till early in May, when they shoxild be lifted with good balls and ]>lanted out at about 2 feet apart in ground which has been dug deeply and well nxanui^ed. A stout stake should be placed to each plant and the shoots tied as they grow, pinching thenx once or twice to nxake the plants bushy, but not after the end of June. They should be thoi'oughly watered once a week in dry weather. Soot water is good ; a small bag of soot should be placed in a tub of water and used when the colour of weak tea, but not over the foliage. To protect fronx slugs, du.st some freshly slaked lime round each plant ; crushed oy.ster shell does well, as slugs cannot crawl over it.
J. M. W.
Bulbs in Bowls
By May Crosbie.
T^NQUESTIONABLY the value of a well-grown bowl of bulbs for indoor decoi'ation is well worth the trouble and co.st, qixite apart fronx the iixterest and pleasure of growing them ; so a few hints as to how it is done nxay be of sonxe use to those who have not already attenxpted it.
Befoi-e oixlering the bulbs, collect all available l)owls and decide what to put in each of them and how nxany it will take to lill the bowl. Any bowls will do. but they should be at least three inciies deep : the .shallow ones can be ke]»t for the snxall Crocus bulbs and the deeper ones for the large Hyaciixths and Daffodils. As to colour, green looks best of all, aixd if any have to be bought I should certaiixly reconxnxend green ; but as long as the colours of the flowers do not clash with the; colour of the bowl, it does not
IRISH GARDENING
13;
matter : and a blue Chinese bowl is excellent for Daffodils, and any bright pink, red, or maiive bowl can be used for the Roman Hyacinths or Paper White Narcissus.
Buy your bulbs from a reliable source and get them planted in their bowls early in September. Crocuses, Koman Hyacinths, Daft'odils, and ordinary Hyacinths are all easily managed, and give a wide range of colour to choose from. Tuli])S are best not attempted by a beginner the lirst year. Roman Hyacinths are the earliest to flower, and are iudis]>ensable. Crocuses in blue, mauve, i)ur]>le, white, and yellow are excellent. Buy the largest bulbs you can, and keep each colour in a separate bowl. Pink and pale blue Hya- cinths are particularly useful, and all varieties are equally good. The best varie- ties of Narcis- sus are the Paper White Narcissus, Ten- by, Princeps, Henry Irving. Sir W a t k i n . Em])eror.
Of Tulips, the best kinds are the Du( van Thol and the e a r 1 > single s — L a Reine, white : P r o s e r y) i n e . rose; M o 1 1 Tresor, yellow: L e ]\[ a t e 1 a s. l)ink. Thebulbs may be put quite close to- gether in the bowls, as close as they will (it without actu- ally touching one another; it is hard to give a definite nirm-
her, as so much depends on the size of the Ixnvl, and the lit'st ]ilan is to ]iut in as many as the bowl will hold, hut the li-ast lumiber is five Roman Hyacinths, six Daffodils, six Crocuses, three ordi- nary Hyacinths, and live or six Paper Whites would be wanted to make a sliow — indeed, twelve f -rocuses are none too many.
There are several special mixtures, such as " liulbolin," sold for growing bulbs in ; all seeds- men stock them, and they are excellent, cheap, and clean to use, and can be .strongly recom- mended. I)ut I have seen excellent l>looiiis grown in such different mediums as sand, gravel, i)eat moss, libre left after loam is riddled, &(•., but with any of these it is as well to mix a little char- coal. Whatever material is used it should be dam])ed before ])utting it in the bowls. For tlie large bu!l)s, about half lill the bowls with it ; tlu* l)ull)s should be suniciently (lee]> so as there will !)(■ only about half an ijich of the toit left above the surface of the bowl. Pill in between the bulbs with the mixture, ]>ressing it just svif- ticiently to kee]> them in position. On no account ram it tight, as if this is done, the bull)s will be shoved u]i by the force of the roots trying to
THrXBERC4lA NATAI.ENSIS
penetrate the ramnied mixture. For Crocuses the bowls may be filled to within one inch of the top before they are put in. Keep the surface level, and when all are finished water them well with a fine rose can. Leave them for a quarter of an hour or so, so that all the water possible has l)een absorbed, then turn the bowls on their sides to drain off any superfluous water there may be. Put them all in a cool dark cupboard or shed : it shovdd not be hot, but ought to be frost-proof. There they remain for at least six weeks to form their roots. Look at them once or twice, lift them and give any that feel light some water. Bring in the Roman Hyacinths and Crocuses in about six weeks to a sunny window in a warm room ; the others can be left a cou])le of week.s
longer. If there are two bowls of Roman Hya- cinths, kee]) one in the dark longer than the otherand itwill c o m e into fiower later.
By the end of November all ought to be lirouglitto the light, and once they begin to growkee]>them turned. If the room they are in is a very warm one, they will want wat- ering every few days. but again always judge bytheirweight, as the surface soil nuiy look and feel dry while there is really plenty of m o i s t u r e underneath, and it is fatally easy to overwater, as there, is no way for the superfiiious mnist>ire to run off.
Thunbergia natalensis
Thi.s charming South African species seems to be a plant unknown to many, even to tliose who have a wide acquaintance with good gardens. It is not i)erfectlv luirdy. although in the warmer parts of the British Isles it should succeed with- ovit anv protection. It grows from three to four feet high, aiul is very pretty during the sunuaer with its large, liori/ontal drooping (lowers of l)ale blue, the tube (if which is lich yellow.
In the Hdtanic (Jardens, Caml)ridge, a mass of this beautiful ])lant has been growing against the wall of a cool greenhouse for some years, where, except for a covering of rough litter during very severe weather, it gets no other protection. It is very attractive for some time, commencing to bloom in .luly, and a succession of flowers is main- tained foi' two nutnths or more.
F. G. Pkeston.
i^S
IRISH GARDENING
Cyclamen
In 1731 Oyclaiuen ])er,sirum was first introduced to this country, and since that date, particularly during the last lifty years, rapid progress has been made in the size, colour, and general habit of this plant. In these days of outdoor gardening our greenhouses are given over to those subjects that produce a good display during the winter months. To my mind, this is as it should be, as flowers are always prized in the greenhouse when they are scarce in the o])en ground.
Many leading firms pay special attention to the Cyclamen, and ofTer quite a series of beautiful forms. A few of the most noteworthy are Giant White, Scarlet, Halmon-pink, and Cherry-red, while the nxixed strains from a reliable source are sure to give the greatest satisfaction. Cyclamen always make a table look bright and cheerful, but if the flowers are pulled from the corm it will be necessary to cut off the base of the stem, or the blooms soon droop and die. The subject under notice is propagated by nxeans of seeds, which germinate somewhat slowly and irregularly, but if sown directly it is ripe these little difficvilties are partly overcome. As a general rule a seed- ling will flower in eighteen nxonths, but this, of course, de])ends vix)on the treatment given. For producing a display in early spring the seed can be sown in September or October, and for winter work a sowing should be made in June or July.
The seed should be .sown thinly in a compost of loam, leaf-mould, and sand, tiie whole being put through a sieve with a quarter inch mesh. Place in a warm pit and never allow the soil to beconxe dry. When the seedliags have made a tiny bulb or corm they must be given a separate existence, and pots known as long thvimbs will suit thenx admirably. Grow on in a warm, moist house, kee]>ing them close to the glass and the surface soil free from all lichen growth by occasionally pricking it over with a pointed label. Care, however, must be exercised to prevent any injury to the tiny roots.
As growtli advances and the " thumbs " are filled with roots, each plant should be moved into a 48 or a 4i-inch pot, adding a little dried rotten cow manure to the soil quoted above. During the sumi!ier months a little shade will be needed from the direct rays of the sun, and after flowering a j)artial rest is allowed in a cold franae or cool greenhouse. Some years ago a very de- cided rest was given, but this is i-ather the excep- tion than the rule in the.se ])rogressive times. When the corms reach the stage of what may be termed partly dormant, the sQJl should be shaken from the roots and the plants repotted in new inaterial. Make the compost tolerably firm, and arrange them in a cold frame until the autumn, when a shelf in the greenhouse can generally be found for them. Here or on the stage they will flower, and if the grower has done his part, a good crop of bloom will be the result. Greenfly is the principal insect pest, but it can easily be destroyed by vaporising the house or frame with " XL All " or some other fumigant.
The chief factors in Cyclamen culture include a sweet and open rooting medium, good drainage, cleanliness, careful watering, and a congenial temperature while in active growth. T. W. B.
The Aftermath of the Rock Garden
By the middle of .July the heyday of the rock garden is over, and one begins to wonder what is going to carry on the int(;rest for the lUiXt few nu)nths. August is ]»rovcrbially a bad month in the rock garden, but there is no inherent reason why it should be so. as a reference to the li.st below of plants in flower here on August 20th will show. It includes both ]»lants whi(;li natur- ally flower late and those which continue flower- ing for a long period, with a dis])lay perhaps not so great as in the early year. ))ut welcome never- theless. Among these latter are such ]>lants as Erodivims, which flower for a long time, especially the charming E. Keichardii, which has now been in flower three months ; also Ilelianthemums, which, if cut back alter the first flowering, give quite a good show at the V'^esent. Again, by selecting suitable ])ositions, many plants which flower earlier can be induced to withhold their bloom for some weeks, e.g. in my garden IJnum monogynum in a hot position flowered in .June, whereas plants in a partially shaded and very expo.sed corner were unable to make satisfactory growth till late in the season, and are only just in full and acce])table bloom.
Among autumn bloomei's the Heaths must be mentioned, and the snaallest garden should possess a few.
But it is not wise to depend entirely on flowers for delight and interest, and to those who iind an interest in form and foliage, the present com- parative lack of flower gives leisure to admire such things as the Sempervivums, the silvery Achilleas, that mo.st beautiful i)lant, Artemisia lanata var. ijedemontana, a mass of silver foliage, most exquisite in early niorning when covered with dew, and many other delightful l)lants which can be grown in the smallest garden .
I have included a few shrubs and sub-shrubs in the list, for these are always welcome in the rock garden.
Flowers in bloom at Sandymount, Co. Dublin, August 20th, 1914.
Primula capitata, Sedum spurium. Campanula carpathica, C. excisa, 0. velutina. C. acutangula, Veronica corymbosa, Hy])ericum reptans, Silene Schafta, Lysimachia Henryi, Antirrhinum glutinosum. A. Asarina, Zauschneria californica. Fuchsia ])umila, Erica tetralix, E. cinerea alba nxajor, E. vulgaris Serlei, Parnassia caroliniana (in bud), Houstonia caerulea, Viola Bosniaca Linum monogynum, Viola Papilio, V. floi'ariensis CEnothera Nuttallii, Achillea Kellereri,
Mimulus ])rimuloides. Geranium argenteum, (*am]>anula bavarica nxajor. Erodium corsicum, E. Beichardii, E. macradenum. Papaver alpinum, Linaria aljjina, Wahlenbei'gia vincffiflora, W. albo-marginata, Asperula hirta, A. suberosa, Convolvulus mauritanicus, Geranium Walli- chianum, Dianthus ])olycladus. Tunica Saxifraga, Potentilla Friedrichseinii, Androsace lanu- ginosa, A. lanuginosa alba, Onusma albo-rosea (in bud again), Viola gracilis hybrid. Cam])anula is()i)hylla alba. Salvia Grahami, Plumbago Lar- ])enta^ (in bud).
Sandymount. E- B. Anderson.
IRISH GARDENING
139
Acantholimon venustum
Although there are about a hundred recognised species of Acantholimous, only a. comparatively small number are cultivated in uardcus. These are all delightful subjects for the rock garden, and well worth a place and any attention they may require. Without doubt the gem of the whole genus is Acantholimon venustum; this luiudsome Priclvly Thrift has narrow foliage sonxewliat resemliling a Dianthus, which in the early stage is cpiite soft, but as it gets older be- comes stiff and rigid and vi-ry sharp at the points. It forms thick, close growing tufts which are of a slightly glaucous shade, and that alone is very ornamental, while in July it ])roduces on arching sprays, from eight inches to one foot in length, its bright rosy- pink tiowers. with a rich cinnamon col- oiired calyx, which finally develops into a s a u c e r - shaped frill, prolonging the beauty of the plant after the llower is over.
It is a very s 1 o w-growing plant, and not so readily in- c r ease d a s some plants. Seed is un- doubtedly the 1j e s t nx e a n s when it can be obtained, but seldom if ever does it mature in this country. Layering is a reliable means if outstanding pieces are peg- g (! d do w n ,
placing a stone on to]) to I'etain the ju()i.sture. and left for a year and tlien taken off and potted up.
(Sittings are ahso a m(>ans dui-ing .luly, and I ha\'e lu'ard that a good percentage can be ob- tained by ])utting pieces of the old gi'owtbs in about October, )»utthis method I have not yel ti'ied, wliile good ])lants can be obtaint'd from root cuttings.
It recjuires a sunny as])ect in dei^p. well-drained soil, composed of loam, leaf-mould, with a. little old nu>rtar rubble added. Then; apjx'ars to be sev(!ral forms, one having erect s])ikes, tlu^ one illusti'ated being pendulous, while occasionally one meets a bntad leaf form. It is a native of tlie Cilician ^fountains, growing at an elevation of from 4,000 to 7,000 feet, aiul was inliodueeil into this country about 187:5.
The iiluslration was taken of a ])lanl (twenty inches in diameter) growing on the rock garden in tin; iiotatuct (iai'dens, Cambridge, where tlx- 'Oiulitions appear to suit this handsome class of ])laut. Apart fi"om this one, there is also a. line [)lant of A. acerosum, over thirty inches in diameter, as well as other line specimens —
ACANTHOLIMOM VENUSTUM
almost as large — of other species, growing on a slo])ing wall against a bank, which seems to be the ideal .s])Ot for them.
F. G. Preston.
Freesias
Theue are many bidbs suitable for greenhouse work, but few can equal the Freesias for their delicate fi'agrance. They are natives oT Soutli Africa, and ai'e of easy cidture. With proper treatment they will flower annually, and the stock can be increased by the numerous little side bulbs that are formed each year. At the •l)resent season they should be re])otted in a com- post of loam, leaf-mould, rottcui cow nuinure, and silver sand. Five and six inch ■|)ots are a con-
venient size, and either should lie filled one fourth
of tlu^ir de])th with drainage. Before com- iiLencing o])er- a t i o ns t h e bulbs shoidd be graded into three lots and then re])otted , keeping each lot separate. About eight 1 a r g e b \i 1 b s will be enough for a (ive-inch pot. and a doz- en for a six- inch, while the snialier bulbs must be trea- ted in accor- dance to their size. The bulbs should be planted ? incli dee]). Tile ]iots are then ])la- ced in a cold franxe, and for the tinu' being will only need ]) r o t e c t i o n from heavy rains. Asgrowth advances, attention must be paid to the staking toi)revent the shoots fi'om breaking down, and in Novembei'the first batch can be gradually imired to waiiuth. aiul linally given a light, airy position in the greeu- liou.se.
If a (piantity is grown, a succession of llowei-can he ke])t up foi' siAhe months. When tirst i>otled water ought only to be afforded in snudl (pian- tities. but when root action is vigorous the supply can b(( iiu leased with advantage. Aft«'r the flow- ering season is ovt'r, the plants must be watered until the foliage begins to decay. At this .stage water is gradually reduced, and then wilhlield. and tlu! pots are stood uijon a shelf full> exjidsed to the sun to thoroughly lipeu the Imllis foi' another season.
A great advance has been nuuh? with Freesias, and the hybridist has ])roduced sonu> grand ac(|uisitions which will be laigely giown when tliey become more pleiitifid. For tlie iiresent I conttuit myself with the good old varieties, F. retracta, F. refracta alba, and F. Leichtlini.
T. W. B.
140
IRISH GARDENING.
Eryngium spinalba.
More than thirty years a^o I was in search of the true Erynginm spinalba. the best of the Sea- hollies for its^ shape and ai)pearance. AH the botanic gardens of the world sent me for it— either the conxnion and very ugly E. cainpestris or one of the forms of ■|)laii'im or of creticum. I never found in any of the numerous gardeus I visited the right and true K. spinalba, which T only saw in the herbaria, and which I had myself in mv own herbarium.
So "I went last year to the South Dauphinji, in a very disagreeable corner called Mont Auroze. and, after a rather tiresome journey in the desert, I found my plant, illuminating the country just like elegant silver candelabras. It is a dwarf ])lant, not exceeding niore than one foot in height (l)erhaps two feet in some good soils), and per- fectly white (in some cases bkiish-grey), and of which the involucre is the most exquisite thing I had ever seen. It is much more delicately cut than that of E. alpinum (the best of all, after my Dauphin^ find), and very hard and stiff. Those who like the thistles will value it greatly, for it is the best of all the spring thi.stles.
I took a good lot of seeds of it. Sowed them at once on my return home, and got, three weeks after,* thousands and thousands of very good l)lants. It has not yet flowered, but I hope it will do next year. Then I shall send you a plant to be drawn in your paper. — H. Correvon, Geneva.
The Dwarfest of The Brooms — Genista Villarsii
I ONCE found in the very hard rocks of the Verdon Valley, in the north of the Var dei)artment, a very dwarf and tiny i)lant, with an a])]>earance like that of a creeping and low Eciuisetum. The plant was hardly two centimetres high, and seemed sometimes rather naore like a small moss than a phanerogam. I tried to take it out of the narrow crevices, and discovered it was a little shrub of the Leguminosae family, but I could not realise what it was, as the little twigs were articulated (or seemed to be) like those of Ephedra and of Equisetunx. I took some plants with me (those I could get out of the rock, and this was very hard), and when it flowered, I found it was the rare and delicious little (Jenista Villarsii, Clem (G. humifusa of Villars), one of the rarest plants of the Ali)ine chain, a little gem which is only to be found in the south-east of France, in Dalmatia, and in Montenegro. It is hardly an inch high when found in nature (some- times, in good soil, of coux'se, it grows to 10-20 centinxetres), and keeps its dwarfness in culti- vation. In .Tune and .July it is covei'ed with yellow flowers, which adorn it beautifully.
Its relative, Genista horrida, of South Europe, is a beautifvil Broom too, but rather tender and much taller than G. Villarsii. — II. Correvon, Geneva.
* This is to be noted and considered ; the Eryngiums are known for being somi of the plants of which the seeds are th« most slow and ditficult to germinnte but as I always wrote and said, if you sow imm.diately after they are ripe the seeds of such difficult plants to germinate, you can be sure tliat they will come uii at once. H. C.
Saxifrages or Rockfoils *
The object of this book is lo help tlu! rock gardener lo becoiuc ac((uain(ed with tlu^ most im]jortant members of tin; family, to choose* the best varieties and, having chosen them, to grow them successfully.
The authors are both well known by their former works. The artistic half-tone reproduc- tions from Mr. Malby's photographs are most ])leasing, and many are inst I'uctive l)y showing the site or position in which the plant should l)e grown, while there are also some good coloured rei)roductions.
Mr. Irving has charge of the Kew colle(;tion of Alpines, so is particularly well qualified to deal with these plants. He informs us that there are nearly 400 species — i.e., excluding the numerous varieties and hybrids, the latter become still more numerous and puzzling year by year.
The Saxifrage family is botanically divided into flfteen groups, an illustration of each type is given, bvit a short description giving the characters which divide these groups from one another would have been of great help to the student.
The tirst chapter tells us of the wide distribution of the Saxifrage over the whole North Teniperate Region and how Burser's Saxifrage starts flowering in .January, other kinds following closely, while Sax. FiU^tunei and Cortussefolia bring up the rear, until their autumn flowers are cut down by the frost.
Chap. II. starts with Encrusted Saxifrages, giving a description of each species and treating them in alphabetical order, and so each different group receives siniilar treatment in the following chapters.
A useful chapter is written on the hyl)rid Saxifrages, giving their parentage when it is known. Mr. Malby then follows with " Saxifrages in the Rock Garden," giving many valuable hints on where to plant and how to grow these plants. Mr. J. H. Salter, D.Sc, concludes with most interesting notes on " Saxifrages of the Pyrenees," and tells his readers that " Saxifrage Aizoon is very nxuch at honae in the Pyrenees wherever calcareous rocks prevail ; on the other hand, S. Cotyledon need only be looked for upon granite, while S. longifolia is just as emphatic in sharing the preference of S. Aizoon."
The lettei'])ress is clear and good, and this new book should be helpful and instructive to all rock gardeners.
'* King Beech '^ in Knowie Park, Kent
This remarkable tree has a bole 30 feet in cir- cumference at 5 feet, and is about 100 feet high, containing as much top as three or four ordinary trees. The late Countess de la Warr, when re- siding at Knowie, took the ])recaution of having some of the boughs tied by iron chains to guard against winds. The ground here seems favourable to the growth of giants, for there is an old oak about 300 yards west of the King Beech which was known as the "Old Oak " two and half centviries ago. It is sup- ytosed to have been old enough to have shel- tered barons and knights of the era of the elder Plantagenets on their excursions across the extensive forests of which this i)ark must have formed a ])ortion. — Elyhia Ivikhy.
• " Saxifrages or Rockfoils," by Waller Irvini; and Reginald A. Malb '. F.R,P.S., published by Headley Bros., Bisbopsgate, London, 2s. 6a, net.
IRISH GARDENING
141
Department of Agriculture and Techni' cal Instruction for Ireland
Spring Feeding
FOK Stock. War.
-Effect of the
The attention of farmers i.s directed to the pos.sibility of feeding jstiift's beiii^ scarce and dear next s])ring. It is to be home in mind tliat. apart from the present situation, tlie hay crop is liglit and the turni]) cro]) doubtful. Moreover, mucli of the grain whicli in ordinary circum.stances would be fed to stock may be better utiHsed as food for human consumption, and particularly for seed, of which more than the usual quantity may be required A great deal can be done to provide food for stock next s])ring by sow- ing now the following winter crops : —
( 1 ) Giant Rape :
(2) Giant Essex rve ;
(3) 'Winter vetches, with either rye, win- ter oats, or winter wheat ;
(4) Italian rye grass.
These may be sown during this month after the following crops :
(1) Early or m id-season potatoes :
(2) Oats or barley ;
(3) Flax; or
(4) Grass. Giant Rape
may be sown after all the cro])s mentioned
statute acre, and covered by hai'rowing lightly. Autumn Manuring. — After potatoes no manure need be a])]ilied. After oats, barley, flax or gi'ass, if ])ossible a dressing of dung shovild be ]>loughed under. If dung is not available, artiticial manure should be applied after the land has been ploughed and cleaned, and before sowing the seed. A suitable manuring for all these crops is 3 or 4 cwt. superphosi)hate and 2 cwt. kainit : or 5 cwt. potassic superphosphate ])er statute acre.
8PHiN(i Manuring. — To ensure a successful and early cih)}) it is essential that a dressing of 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda per .statute acre should be applied in February in every case.
To sum up : — (1) Sow during August, or at the very latest early in September. (2) If pos- sible, ap])ly farm- yard manure in all cases exce])t after i)otatoes. (3) Api)ly nitrate o f soda in February. (4) Secure from the r)e])artment of Agriculture a (•oi»y of leaflet Xo. SO which gives fuller par- ticulars regard- ing catch croi)s.
Restio subverticitxatus. Six feet high, at Castlewellan. Co. ^)o^^n.
after i)otatoes all that is re- quired is to sow the seed and hari'ow the land : after other crops the land will re((uire to be ])loughed and harrowed befoi-e the seed is sown. and then the seed covei'cd by haiTowing again. The seed should be .sown broadca.st at the rate of 7 or 8 lbs. per .statute acre.
Giant Es.sex Rye may be sown alter all the croi)s mentioned. The land will require to be ]>loughed ; the seed may then be sown and liairow cd in the same way as for oats. Seeding should h(! at the rate of Ki stoiU's per statute acre.
Winter Vetches may follow all the rmps m(;ntioued. Tlu^ land should be ploughed and the vetches sown broadcast as iji the case of an ordinary grain crop. Along with the vetches should be sown either rye, winter oats or winter wheat ; the rate of seeding should be about 8 stones of vetches and 4 stones of grain ])er statute acre.
Italian Ryegrass will give the best results wlien sown after potatoes. The seed may be sown broadcast at the rate of at least 3 bushels per
Restio sub- verticillatus.
The Resto be- longs to a small natural order called Hestiacea; and is closely related to the Cy perns and sedges.
The botanical nanu' c o m c s froiu/'csif/.sacord. alluding to the u.se of the iilant s in South Afri( a, their native couutry. l\i gardens it is also known as Wildenovia teres and tlu; Hope (irass. Kestio subverticillat us is a rare ]>lant. usually gi'own in a cool greenhouse, except in favoured localities. Our illustration is taken from a. line six'cinu-n. six feet high, and as much in diameter, growing outside in the Castlewellan (iardens, Co. Down. M
Tnder such conditions it is an exceedingly graceful and distinct i)lant, tlu-owing up bamboo- like rods from the base, wliicli in their secorul year become feathered witli fine green side shoots sjiriuging fi'om brown sheaths.
.Mr. T. K\ an writes to say that in S(| 1I nn her the Hestio was (lowering freely, "the llow<'rK are whiti^h. rather like a meadow grass, with abun- dant i)ollen. and the numerous flowers make the jtlant very noticeable at this season of the year." Tlie Restio may be i)ropagated by division, and at Edinbuigh. where it is grown in a green- house, small I'oots sonu'times form at tlie base of the side shoots within the brown sheaths, and these pieces when taken off to form new plants.
!42
IRISH GARDENING
The Month^s Work.
The Flower Garden.
By Wm. G. Wadgk, Ciaideuur to J^ady O'Niull, Shane's Castle, Antrim.
The work in this department depends much on the weather this month. We are usually visited with strong winds about this time, and, as some trees have beg-im to cast their leaves, a good deal of tidying up will be called for. Make Dahlias and all tall-growing plants secure against storms. Endeavour to kee]) the flower beds bright for a few weeks longer by removing all flowers and leaves as they wither,, and by Iceeping the sur- roundings neat. We may get frost tliis month. Sometinies there is a few degi'ees, just sulUlcient to blacken Begonias and Ileliotrope, without disfiguring Geraniums and other things. If some beds are ]>lanted with the former subjects, it is advisable to cover them when the tem])era- ture falls low in the evening, as one or two beds blackened spoils the effect of the whole ; besides, it often lia])pens after one such frost we get quite a long spell of mild, bright weather. Get off all the cuttings necessary without delay, so that when a wholesale clearance of the beds is called for it may be expeditiously carried out. If Annuals are wanted to flower early next season, sow seeds now.
Continue propagating Violas, Pansies, Calceo- larias, Antirrhinums, Penstemons, Veronicas. Andersonii variegata nxay all be rooted in cold frames and left there all winter. Select cuttings from young sa]>i)y growths, rejecting hard woocly pieces. Keep the frame damp and siiaded and fairly close till rooting takes place ; then inure the young plants to air and sunshine, and venti- late freely at all favourable times during the winter. Other subjects, &uch as Alternanthera, Iresine, Salvias, Coleus, Heliotrope, Verbena, and Mesembryanthemum require a frame or house with a gentle heat. This class of plants is readily increased in spring, so it is not necessary to keep a big stock. I prefer i)ots to boxes for cuttings of this latter class of plants.
Carnations. — These layered in July are well rooted. They should now be severed from the old plants and lifted. Planting direct into their flowering quarters gives least trouble and best results if the soil is well drained. If experience has shown that the local soil and climate is un- favourable for wintering in the beds, either pot them in three-inch pots and ])lace in a cold frame, or prepare a raised bed of soil, adding a liberal quantity of sand and some linxe rubbish fronx an old Inxilding, and plant the layers close together in this. They may remain here till s])ring, and then be planted in other beds in the usual way. In either case it is wise to pot up a few plants to replace any casualties.
PLANT.S IN Tubs. — If some light, protective material can be kept in readiness to place at night over Myrtles, Agaves, Bays, &c., they may re- main outside during September, otherwise they nxust be housed. Freely ventilate the house after they are taken in. Any sjjecimen plants used in the bedding that it is thought desirable to keep over for another season will need the same protection.
Vioi.KTS. — Kee]) the runners c^ut oR' and the ])lants watered wheix necessary with manure water. Towards the end of the nxonth transfer the plants to wiixter quarters. Do not plant too high in the frame. lj(^t there be a ftnv inches between the foliage and the glass. They can be planted fairly clojie together, as the ])lants will not increase nxuch in size after moving them. Water through a coarse rose to settle the soil. Shade for a few days during the; brightest hours, then give all the air and light ]>ossible. Never shut the lights down close except during severe weather. When further watering is neces- sary, let it be done early in the day.
Bulbs. — If the Indbs of Narcissus forced last si)ring, or any lifted from borders, were dried off, they will do well for planting in the grass. Scatter the bulbs broadcast, and plant them where they fall. This nxethod will result in a natural appear- ance at flowering time. If a supply of bulbs is to be bought, order thenx fortliwith, and the earlier they are placed in the soil after delivery the better.
The Season. — The summer of 1911 must be written down as not favourable from the flower garden point of view. The drought and harsh wind which prevailed during planting time and alter was against the plants nxaking an early start into growth. A])i'il was such a dry month that the sub-soil had got dry, and the few showers that fell in .June and .July were not sufficient to reach the roots of the plants. Where an adequate water supply has been available, doubtless good growth has resulted, as there has been no lack of bright sunshine. Flowering shrubs have flowered freely, partly consequent on the wood being well ripened last autumn. Phlox quickly ])assed out of flower. Anenxone jai)onica and Lobelia car- dinalis are dwarfer than usual. C-hrysanthe- mums do not grow nor flower so freely during a drought as they do in a more showery season.
The Fruit Garden.
for
By Peter Brock, Horticultural Instructor Co. Fermanagh.
The thunderstornx on the 14th inst. brought a nxuch-needed drenching rain, which lasted for sevei'al hours .and has refreshed and improved the condition of all kinds of fruit trees and bushes.
The marketing of such fruits as require to be disposed of dii'ect from the tree must, as they become flt, get first attention. Choice fruit should be very carefully handled so as to avoid bruising, which quickly shows in black spots or streaks and reduces its market value. First- class dessert ai)ples, like Lady Sudeley, when carefvilly graded and neatly packed in attractive ])ackages, command good ])rices. Early autumn l)ears and plums Jit for dessert pay well for a little extra care iix grading and packing in neat packages. Early cooking ap])les, svu-h as Early V'ictoria, should b(^ cleared off early this month, then flrst •i)ickirxgs of the largest fruits of (Jrenadier will also be in demarxd.
The Fruit Boom. — There is nothing juore detrimental to the flavour and keeping of fruit than stoi"ing it on foid, nuisty shelves Jjeariixg traces of former occu])ants having decayed. Linxe-washing the walls and thoroughly scrubbing the stages or racks with warm water aixd soap, afterwards rinsing with clean water and exposing
IRISH GARDENING.
M3
to the .sun till thoroughly dried, has a sweetening effect which goes a long way in eradicating the germs of diseases which o])erate on fruit after storage. The fruit-room, to kee]) it in the Ijest possible condition, should have both a spring and an autumn cleaning. Moveable shelves or racks that can be conveniently scrubbed and aired periodically are the niost suitable.
STORiNCi Fruit. — Towards the end of the month, especially in early districts, some of the mid-.season apples and i)eai\s requiring short storage may be fit to gather. The changing of the i>ips from white to a brownish tinge indicates the a])i)roach of maturity. If left too h)ng on the trees after reaching this stage, a large percentage may be knocked off by wind. In gathering choice fruit take them one at a time, and lay them carefully in padded baskets or on trays. Sonxe delicate skinned a|)])les are more easily injured than eggs. With ])ro])er ste]i-ladders and small, ])added baskets fruit from high trees can be safely gathered and lowered with cords. No fruit which falls from the tree should be .stored with those that are hand-picked : they should be placed with the wind-falls for immediate use.
Insect Pest.s. — Ti-ees which are infested with ai>]>le-sucker should, immediately they are cleared of fruit, be sprayed with lime-sulphur at a strengh of one gallon commercial lime-sul]ihur to forty gallons of water. Apply the spray in a very fine mist, directing it upwards, .so that the underside of the leaves may be coated with the .sulphur. Avoid spraying to the extent of causing it to drip from the trees, as excessive spraying is not so effective in coating the leaves as when it is evenly dewed in a very fine nxist.
Strawberries. — The land is now in the right state of moisture for planting carefully i)repared runners. Plantations formed last month should now be well established, and will derive great benefit from a good dusting with soot. Nip oft" runners as they ap})ear, and kee]) the surface well stirred with the hoe. New ])lantations may still be formed ; providing that good plants are available and that the land has been i>roperly ]»re])ared for them.
Preparations for Planting Orchards. ^ — This is a good time to begin to prepare land for autumn ])lanting. The profit derived from orchards is, in mo.st cases, very largely controlled }}y the state of the land when the trees are planted. It is of the utmost imj^ortance to have land which is intended for orchards thoroughly cultivated sometime before planting o])erations begin. This month is generally the best in the year for heavy work on land, if it is not Ijaked by long drought, it is invariably in good condition for carrying out dee]! cultivation to the best advantage.
The Vegetable Garden.
By Arthur IIorton, (iardener to Colonel ('Jiuide Cane, St. Wolstan's, Cel bridge.
Cauliflowers, Autumn Sown.^ — J'robably no vegetable is more appreciated than gocjd cauli- flowers in s])ring and early summer, when choice vegetables are extremely scarce. The ]iresenl month is the most suitable time for sowing the seed. Complaints aie made that ]ilants irom this sowing often button, coiLsecjuently are useless. Unfortunately this is oflen too true, but the fault in the nuijority of cases is in sowing the seed too early. Undoubtedly better results
are to be obtained by sowing the seed in autumn than fiom ])lants raised in heat during .lanuary and February. It is always advisable to make two sowings, the first early in Sei>tember and the next about three weeks later. If the weather conditions are favourable to quick germination and growth, the latter sowing will be found the most useful. The seeds should be sown liroad- cast in beds, not too thickly, and securely netted. When the plants are large enough to handle, ])rick out iiito frames, allowing a distance of about four inches between the plants. The soil must not be too rich or far from the glass. Kee]) the lights off on all favourable occasions, the aim being to make the ])lants as hardy as ])o.ssible. Should severe weather ]irevail, it is most im])or- tant to have the lights well covered with some suitalile material. The most ])()])ular varieties for this sowing ai'e Early ],ondon, Walcheien, and Autumn (iiant, and which come in for use in the order named. Many of the latter variety often become blind after ]ilanting out, conse- quently it is advisable to ])lant fairly clo.se in the lines to make u]) for this fault.
Spring Cabbage. — Seeds sown the latter end of .Tuly will be ready for transferring to their ])ermanent c]uarters during this month, and should be ])lanted on dee])ly dug and well manured ground on an early border if available. It is not advisable to make too large a ])lanting from this sowing, as the ])lants are liable to run to seed, ])articularly so it the winter is mild. It is an excellent x>lan to ch^aw out the young ])lants from the seed bed and dibble out in an o])en ])osition about four inches a])art, and defer the )iuun l)lanting until next month. By that time onions will be lifted, and no better site could be cho.sen for s])ring cabbage, as the ground for onions is generally well trenched and manured the ])reviors s])ring, therefore all that will be reciuired is a fairly dee]) digging unless manure is ])lentiful, which, un'ortunately, is seldom the case. The distance to allow between the lines and ])lants must be gauged according to the variety grown. From eighteen inches to two feet between the lines and about twelve to (iiteen inches in tin; lines will be am])le for most varieties. In sonu^ gardens it is very difficult to grow good cabbage owing to clubroot. A shar]) look out should Ix; ke])t for this disease when ]ilanting. It is easily detected by knots or swellings on the root. Plants so affected should always be burnt. This disease is very difficult to eradicate once it gets a linn foothold, (iood dressings of either gas or fresh lime a]i]ilied in the autumn, leaving it on the surface a few weeks before digging it in, is oiie of the best methods of ridding the ground of this troublesome disease.
Potatoes. — If growth is com])leted it is advis- able to lift the main cro]), ])articularly so if di.scase has nuide its ap])earance. Nothing is to be gained by leaving them in the ground, as many of the tubers will get affected which if lilted in time might, be saved. Select fine weather for lifting the cro]), and leave the tubers on the sui'face until they get thoi'oughly di'ied before linally ]iitting them. The to])s should never be left on the ground, but collected and burnt, (ireat care should be exercised in lifting the very smallest of the ])otatoe>.
Clear the ground of all silent cro])s and weeds. The earthing u]» of celery should be done gradu- ally and only on line days. S])ina(h, turni])S, and lettuce may still be sown.
144
IRISH GARDENING
Correspondence
Catalogues
Dear Sfr,^ — Are y<m awau' that Traiiia auriculae ever infests J)ahlias 'i This iiioinius^ I took off a large shoot of a Dahlia which ha<l unfortunately been broken off just below the ground by the wind. The portion of the shoot, to which a little clay adhered, was sini])ly a mass of the above pest. The Dahlias theiuselves do not apparently suffer, as we always have theiu excellent. But the Primroses which we i»laiited along the edge of the border are threatened with extermination, and I have had to again remove a few choice old Pompadours which late last autumn I transplanted and washed with Quassia and tobacco water. I wonder can you or any of your subscribers say whether the neighbourhood of the Dahlias has been found to encourage this very serious nuisance or suggest a really effective remedy ? C. S. S. Elliott,
The Rectory, Hacketstown, Co. Carlow.
Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland
At a special meeting of the council, held at the society's offices, 5 Molesworth Street, Dublin, on the 11th ult., it was decided, owing to the existing crisis, to abandon the holding of the Autumn Show. A balance sheet of the Summer Show was submitted and approved, accounts, including the prize list, being ordered for pay- ment. It was further decided that the usual monthly council meeting, due on Friday, 14th ult., should not be held. The followig were elected members of the society, viz. : —
Mrs. Bruen, Oak Park, Carlow, projjosed by Mr. Jocelyn H. Thomas ; Mr. H. Bill, Chapelizod, proposed by Major S. C Hickman, D.L. ; Miss Kelly, Sea])ark, Clontarf, ])roposed by the Sec- retary ; and Mr. G. Doolan (practical), 11 Rush- brook Avenue, Belfast, proposed by Mr. W. S. Irving.
The Secretary begs to intimate that subscrip- tions of members joining now cover for the year 1915.
^5^ c^^ c^^
Captain W. Harcourt Webb, managing director of the extensive seed firm of Messrs. Webb & Sons, Ltd., of Wordsley. Stourbridge, who is with his regiment, the Staffordshire Yeomanry, has offered the Government some of their huge ware- houses for purposes of stores or hospital work. The directors have also arranged to look after the families of all the their eniployees who may be called out.
It may be of interest to note that a class in ITorti- c ilture will be held at the Municipal Technical Institute, Belfast, two evenings each week, com- mencing wSept. 15, 1914. This class is designed to meet the requirements of gardeners, seedsmen and others who intend to sit for the National Diploma of Horticulture Examination to be held in .June, 1915. All persons interested in Horti- culture, whether amateur, api)rentice, or i)ro- fessional gardeners, may attend the course, full particulars of which can be obtained from the Principal, The Municipal Technical Institute, Belfast.
The issue of Sutton's Mulb Catalogue for 1914, a coi»y of which has just been received, is a timely remiiuh-r that theic must be no delay in forming plans for the (;oming season. To ensure a succession of flowers from November onwards, potting should commence as soon as the bulbs are obtainable. Roman and Italian Hyacinths, and early Nartdssi and Tuli])s are especially valuable for cultivation in an artificial tempera- ture, their fragrant blossoms being highly prized for all indoor decorative ])ur])oses in winter. Highly attractive though a comprehensive disjday in the conservatory or greenhouse may be, it is in the open ground that the wonderful i-angeof- colours which only bulbous flowers can produce is most thoroughly appreciated. They may be grown in formal beds and borders ; associated with s])ring bedding ]ilants to create harmonious blendings or pleasing contrasts ; planted in woodland walks, under trees, by the sides of lakes and streams, and on grassy hedge banks, or used with telling effect on rockeries. A notable feature of Messrs. Sutton's i)ublications is the reproduc- tion of attractive illustrations. The cover of the woi"k before us shows two especially charniing views, ])hotographed in natural colours, repre- senting a striking bed of Tulips glowing in bright spring .sunshine, and a delightful WMiodland scene enlivened with clum])s of Daffodils. Sutton's Hybrid Freesias in exquisite tones of orange, pink and mauve also form the subject of a coloured plate. We notice that Sutton's Purity, a new Freesia of exceptional size and substance, recently received an award of merit from the Royal Horticultural Society. We understand that Messi's. Sutton's regular customers for bulbs will shortly receive a copy of this list, and all tho.se intere.sted in the culture of winter and spring flowers will find it a serviceable and reliable guide.
Messrs. Little & Ballantyne send a cata- logue of " Bulbs. Roses. &c.," for 1914. Early orders are solicited by this firm, and purcliasers are well advised to place their orders in good time, for when bulbs are i>lanted early in the season roots are quickly formed and one has every chance of good flowers in the following spring. This descriptive and illustrated list gives a good selection of all the }4<ipular bulbs, seeds for autumn sowing, and a I'hoice list of Roses. Orders for l)un)s from Ireland for 10s. and upwards are delivered free to Irish stations.
^^ ^^ ^3^
Owing to the Perthshire Sweet Pea and Rose Society's Show at Perth having been abandoned, The Boundary Chemical Co., ]jtd., Liverpool, have decided that under the circumstances the " Simplicitas " Trophy will be com]ieted for at Perth Show, 1915. We have forwarded to Mr. Tom Jones, Ruabon, who won the Troi)hy for Wales at Carlisle Show, 1913, a Gold Medal in commemoration of the event. The Ann'ial Show of the Newtownards Horti- cultural and Horse Jumping Society will be abaiuloned for this year owing to crisis arising from the war. — DaviD Orr, Sec
The Kilkenny Horticultural Flower Show, fixed for Sept. 3rd, will not be held. — F. E. Butler, Hon. Sec.
•BB-KBBPINa MADE PROFITABLB. ET«ry iM-lMpw wkt im\n» mccms thtali fU
THE IBISH BEE JOUBNAL
(iMablbksd ifM.)
OfflfM Organ 0/ th« Irish and Afiliat»dt Cfrd»n, and P^tihthirt B. K. A$toeiatUnt,
TNE LAIQEtT nNRT lEE PAPII IH TMi WORLD.
llK«iT«d wlik mikmakatb ayrvvfal mmi MaarMuUliMS U HMBt
t—i |>«M mH fcr SpMiaM C^WT ^M " Om •! ikt W%kMM k tkt wtM." ei0mmimgt {Amt4rit»H^ - Oa* of ikalhrollMt sad k«M Aytmriu Jwuaato te »11 Zmrcyc"—
llMthly 14. ; !•. M. NT Aoaam, fwX Ftm.
THE PRACTICAL BEB GUIDE. %'jAJl:S*^:K?ka
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OCTOBER 1914
TWOPENCE
Irish Gardening
Contents
PAGE
The Storing and Ripening of Apples . 145 Straffan (Illustrated) . . . .147 Michaelmas Daisies (Illustrated) . .149 Alpines in a Dalkey Garden . . . 1 52 Will there be a Food Shortage in Ireland ? 1 53
Pear Culture 154
Herbaceous Calceolarias (Illustrated) . 155 Hints to Novices . . . .156
Aconitum Wilsoni
Caryopteris mastacanthus
Dipelta floribunda (Illustrated)
Three New KniphoBas
Lysimachia Henryi
Month's Work — Flower, Fruit Vegetable Garden
The Wisley Trap (Illustrated)
PAGE
. 156
. 156
. 157
. 157
. 157
A . 158
. 160
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction
for Ireland.
LIST OF THE DEPARTMENT'S LEAFLETS.
N«.
9
10
it la >S «4 ■S li
;i
»9
80
CI
aa »3 «4 »S s6
;i
•9
JO
SI 3»
33 34
a
37 S8 39
40
4« 4«
43 44
\l
47 48
49 SO 5« 5a
53
Nam*
The Warble Fly.
The Use and Purchase of Feeding Stuffs
Footrot in Sheep.
The Sale of Flax.
Celery Leaf-Spot Disease or Blight
Charlock (or Preshaugb) Spraying
Fluke in Sheep.
Timothy Meadowa.
The Turnip Fly.
Wireworms.
Prevention of White Scour in Calves.
Out of Pt int.
Contagious Abortion in Cattle.
Prevention of Potato Blight.
Milk Records.
Sheep Scab.
The Use and Purchase of Manurei.
Swine Fever.
Early Potato Growing.
Calf Rearing.
Diseases of Poultry — Gapes.
Basic Slag.
Dishorning Calves.
Care and Treatment of Premium Bulls.
Fowl Cholera.
Winter Fattening of Cattle.
Breeding and Feeding of Pigs*
Blackleg, Black Quarter, orBlueQuarfer
Flax Seed.
Poultry Parasites — Fleas, Mites, and
Lice. Winter Egg Production. Rearing and Fattening of Turkeys. Profitable Breeds of Poultry. The Revival of Tillage. The Liming of Land. Field Experiments — Barley.
,, , Meadow Hay.
,, ,, Potatoes.
,, ,, Mangolds.
„ „ Oats.
,, „ Turnips.
Permanent Pasture Grasses.
The RearingandManagementof Chickens
"Husk" or "Hoose" in Calves.
Ringworm on Cattle.
Haymaking.
The Black Currant Mite
Foul Brood or Bee Pest.
Poultry Fattening.
Portable Poultry Houses.
The Leather-Jacket Grub.
Flax Experiments.
The Construction of a Cowhoube
No.
54
57 58
i; 61 63
«3
69
70
7>
72 73
74
?i
81 8a
83
84
Si
li
89
90 91
9»
93 94 95 96
97 98
99
TOBACCO-GROWING
A. — Introductory. D. — Suitable Varieties.
B. — Suitable Soils and their E.— Seed Beds.
- Treatment. F. — Manures.
C. — Curing Barns. G. — Transplanting
Nam*
Calf Meals.
The Apple.
Cultivation of the Root Crop
Marketing of Fruit.
Sprouting Seed Potatoes.
Testing of Farm Seeds.
The Packing of Butter.
Field Experiments — Wheat.
Out of Print.
••Redwater" or "Blood Murrain" in Cattle.
Varieties of Fruit suitable for cultiva- tion in Ireland.
Forestry : The Planting of Waste Lands.
Forestry : The Proper Method of Plant- ing Forest Trees.
Forestry : Trees for Poles and Timber.
Forestry : Trees for Shelter and Orna- ment.
The Prevention of Tuberculosis in Cattle.
Forestry : Planting, Management, and Preservation of Shelter-Belt and Hedgerow Timber.
Forestry : The Management of Planta- tions.
Forestry : Felling and Selling Timber.
The Planting and Management of Hedges.
Some Common Parasites of the Sheep.
Barley Sowing.
American Gooseberry Mildew.
Scour and Wasting in Young Cattle.
Home Buttermaking.
The Cultivation of Small Fruits.
Catch Crops.
Potato Culture on Small Farms.
Cultivation of Main Crop Potatoes.
Cultivation of Osiers.
Ensilage.
Some Injurious Orchard Insects.
Dirty Milk.
Barley Threshing.
The Home Bottling of Fruit.
The Construction of Piggeries.
The Advantages of Early Ploughing.
Black Scab in Potatoes.
Home Preservation of Eggs.
Marketing of Wild Fruits,
Cost of Forest Planting.
Store Cattle «r Butter, Bacon and Eggs. Packing Eggs for Hatching.
Weeds.
Tuberculosis in Poultry.
Seaweed as Manure.
LEAFLETS.
H. — Cultivation, Suckering, and Topping I. — Harvesting and Curing. J.— Grading, Packing, and Maturing. K.— Marketing.
Copies of the above Leaflets can be obtained, FREE OF CHARGE and post free, en application to the Secretarj', Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin. Letters ©f Application so addressed need not be stamped.
IRISH GARDENING
VOLUME IX
No. 104
Edited by C- F. Ball.
A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND
ARBORICULTURE IN IRELAND
OCTOBER 1914
The Storing and Ripening of Apples*
Bv Jas. Scrimgeour.
LIRR
^E\v eoTA^ eiAKL
Fruit growers generally have had much to contend with during the season that is drawing to a close. Early in the year exjiectAtions were running high, as the fine season of 1913 ripened up the wood and fruit buds. The result was most encouraging and the trees studded with fruit buds ; while uhe flowering season was unparalleled with promise to the OAViier and also a source of pleasure to the traveller. Unfor- tunately the unexpected frost of the 24:th and 25th May, together with the extreme cold winds that continued well into June, daunted the growers' expectations. The damage was, how- ever, over-estimated, and ultimately records came forward that prospects were much better than anticipated. In the south apples were set before the frost came, while in the north the trees were coming into flower. Climatic condi- tions during summer were favourable, and crop, colour, quality, and growth of trees were beyond the expectations of the most pessimistic.
Unfortunately the AVar broke out as the early fruits were ripening, railways were comman- deered, soldiers were on the move, and trade generally in chaos ; while every one, realising the magnitude of the undertaking our country had in hands, resolved to live as economically as possible. Therefore the prices realised for early fruit were most disappointing to the growers, as the quality and quantity were 50 per cent, lietter than previous years, while the price was 40 per cent, lower than usual.
The severe gales that passed over the country generally on the 14ith ult. — and I take this from the quantity of bruised a])ples that arrived in the Dublin markets on the 18th in bags, barrels, baskets, boxes, and all sorts of consignments from all parts of the country — has been most disappointing, as about two-thirds of the whole crop must have been blown down.
Bruised fruit will not keep, while the price is far from remunerative to the grower. Fruit gi'owers should, therefore, pay particular
attention and care to the remainder, as the quantity for storing is reduced considerably, and once the glut of bruised " wind-falls " has been disposed of prices should regulate themselves. It is late keeping fruits that will command a price in the spring months of the year when food stuffs are getting scarce.
To those about to store apples it should be borne in mind that they should be well matured and ready to come off the tree, otherwise they will shrivel. They should be handled equally as gentty as eggs, care being taken not to bruise them, as one decaying apple contaminates those around it. Apples will keep well in a cool, moderately dry room or cellar, where an even temperature of 45° can be maintained in all weathers. The garret is a favourite fruit room with most people ; but special precautions must be taken against excessive dryness and variation in temperature. A spare bedroom is also a most convenient store-room, provided the windows can be shuttered up to exclude the light, which would tend to cause drvniess and shrivelling. A dry frost-proof cellar makes an admiral) le apple store, and anj' room approaching these conditions will be most suital)le. In the majority of large establishments where fruit is, and has been, grown there is usually a well-fitted fruit room, and the establishment would be considered incomplete Avithout it. The old system of pitting apples is not to be recom- mended. Storing tra\-s can be had reasonably, and these fit on the top of each other, thus economising space and giving facilities for turn- ing over each apple for examining purposes, and also allowing air through the trays.
Before gathering l^egins the grower should ascertahi if his fruit is ripe. This is a problem that is not easily solved by an amateur grower, as climate, soil, culture, and a variety of condi- tions underlying the cultivation will jiaturally affect the ripening ])rocess in different locahties. There are at least four tests of maturity that
146
IRISH GARDENING
are practised by most growers. These may he defined as the di'oppiug, handling, seed and flavour tests.
The tree does not concern itself ahont the edible portion of the apple. It is the seed or pip that it ripens, and as soon as these are matured the tree gives the fruit notice to quit, this being absolute proof of the maturity of its crop. Dropi)ing might be caused l)y other agencies, such as mildew, wind, drought, over-cropping,
The handling test is well knowji to peach and pear grower's, but applies equally to apples. Gently take the fruit in your hand and raise it up, changing its position slightly, and if it falls into the hand trj' a few more. If you have similar results the crop may be gathered with confidence ; but if it still clings to the branch leave the fruit oji the tree for a while, unless winter is approaching too fast.
The flavour test depends on the condition cf
Photo hy}
Nabcissus Barrii Conspicuus At Stbaffan, Co. Dublin.
f;:., huhUn.
and the effects of grubs and insects. The drop- ping test applies chiefly to the early varieties, and as soon as sufficient fall to attract attention the remaining fruit should be examined and gathered carefully and not allowed to fall.
The seed test is the most common method. A few fruits are cut in halves and the seeds care- fully examined. If they are moderately hard, browii and plump, and the fruit separates freely from the tree, gathering should at once be attended to. If not, give the apples the benefit of the doubt, and leave them on the trees as long as possible, unless the lateness of the season or climatic conditions compel the gather- ing.
the fruit. Ripening is a chemical process, therefore the fruit is not fit for consumi)tion until this change has taken place. The only method for ascertaining this state of perfection is by tasting as to flavour. An apple is an ap]ile to the vast majority, but to a connoisseiir it depends on the flavour and condition of the flesh. The flavour test a})plies to early, mid- season and late varieties, and determines the time to eat, while the former tests determine the time to gather and store the fruit.
To those who are about to erect a fruit room, they would do well to write to Irish C4ardening for ])articulars that they may get the best advice obtainable.
IKISH GARDENING
147
Straffan*
its own, with years under the
With a character pecuharly
gardening going on over long
higher — even, we venture to say, the highest —
exposition of the gentle ai"t, grasped ]>y the same
ministering hand, lies the beautiful home of
Bertram H. Barton, Esq., far from the madding
crowd, in quiet Kildare.
If we seem to sin in our high estimate of StrafTan — its gardens, its grounds, its altogether — We sin in good company, and take comfort in the thought that our opinion was endorsed and more lox-ingly expressed by the late Mr. Biu-bidge : '■ StrafEan is one of the most hospitable of gardens, all things beauti- ful are wel- comed there. Tt may be a rare Feni, or a curiousOrchid, or a little gem from the Alps or Pyrenees, a new vegetable, or a finer fruit ; the best of care and culture are freely given, and in few gar- dens, even if more favoured in some ways, are better re- sults obtained. . . . One could say much more than this, for in all truth the garden atStraffan is an ideal one."
Of such, then, is gardening at StrafEan, and therein its secret of success. It is not easy to pen the notes on »Straffan we have been invited to do, for in one's anecdotage memories crop up thick and fast, and going back as they pretty well do to that last great conflict twixt France and Germany, a book would scarcely contain them ; salient features Avith our two last visits must suffice. We could not if we Would, nor, indeed, would not if we could, leave I^affodils out of any Straffan notes — Daffodils which from the modest plantings first seen have iioW run in their millions over the lawns, down to the river's brim, and somehow have migrated to the " brim " beyond.
Photo l>i]
" They're there at rest,"' said our old friend, with a significant prod of his foot, as again We two old boys ambled together over the smooth- shaven lawn. And they are there sure enough. We might say Daffodils are the feature of Straff an were it not that go when you will, even as we have gone under the threat of "" nothing to see," each season seems to provide the feature. Last year we caught them at their best — great colonies of Emperor, running amok — as Emperors are prone to run — Empress, Horsfieldii, Sir Watkin, Barrii, Victoria, Madame Plemj), Glory of Leiden, Nelsoni major, and other commis- sioned ones of the great army blowing their trumpets to the tune of magni, medio, and parvi, sounding such a dominant note as to carry its
echoesfarand wide {vide press notes) ; but, and alas ! the Jap. Maples, at one time the glory of this part of the grounds, and colouring su- perbly at this season, suf- fered all but to the death from the sav- agery of last, late Mav.
AH this is nearMr. Bed- fords house, where the near lawn- sweep dis- covers some grand specimens of gold mi Cypress in variety, and the soft, rich, dark-hucd Prunus Pissardi, not hard and ding.w as often seen, acts as a foil. On the wall at hand a tall, Avide-si)read Escallonia floribunda (montevidensis) is very beautiful this early autumn day in its fast opening heavy crop of blossoms, another notable wall subject being the veteran Ciesal[)inia japonica, and still Koel- reuteria bipinnata claims attention. In a border at hand we note the very distinct and ])retty, so-called annual, Diasc^ia Barberae, a good tem])ered little thing producing a profusion of its ■■ chamois-rose '' flowers the season through ; here it has been in existence for three years, but be it annual or perennial it is decidedly worth having.
A wider herbaceous l)order facing the Avest,
Dull/ill.
The Liffey ix Htkaffan Demesne.
148
IRISH GARDENING
but considerably sheltered by big trees at hand, is bright this early autumn day ; very con- spicuous being cluniT)s of the rich yellow Mont- liretias Hereward and Croesus with King Edward of that ilk in rich red. A tall, distinguished Monkshood is Aconitum Wilsoni, and the position suits Lol)elia Gloire de St. Ainie's to a T. Here, and a})ropos Lobelias, the two old boys get into discussion, your note-taker telling the tale of Lobelia cardinalis (Queen Victoria) at Killanie\ , 7 feet high, as tolcf him by Mr. A. J. Elgar, and is pertinently pointed to the error of his Ways by reference to the true cardinalis, a green-leaved species in the same border, the other being fulgens ; and so on to the flower garden.
M3' — ! But such a blaze of colour ! Talk about the — ^the '" nakedness of the land " as conveyed in our invitation to " come and see," It is the enclosed garden facing the older glass range, the western section of which as we entered facing the fast-loAVering sun simply beggared descrip- tion, and might have turned even Turner himself (Turner of the old Temeraire) green with envy. Beds en masse of blazing Begonias, of which the double crimson Surpasse Davisi monopolisingly led ; beds of those wonderful Celosias in crimson and rich orange, such as one never seems to see quite in the same perfection outside StrafFan, and beds of Heliotropes, of which we first fell in love with Madame Filley, and then jilted her for the darker-hued Picciola, yet feeling how happy could one be with either were the other dear charmer away ; standard Heliotropes, and the vivid green foliage of ivy- leav^ed Pelargoniums in central beds on either side (Turner too), 3 feet or more high, studded with scarlet flowers.
Returning to complete the round of the pleasure grounds we note the attack made by lightning during the last thunderstorm on the tall Welhngtonia near the big Tulip tree, the spongy bark being scored all the way down, unlike the previous attack made by it on the Cedar by the avenue which it utterly demolished. On to the north end of the mansion, where some new rockwork is in evidence and a lovely tangle of Clematis flammula hangs over a wall at its best. The Italian garden facing the mansion We found entirely changed, the whole area of the walks flagged, beds simplified, merely five in each panel on either side, boundary wall out- lines removed, and the colour scheme of planting in red well set off by the big bold sweep of lawn trending to the Liffey. The anglicised design is certainly simpler and the effect to our thinking eminently satisfactory.
Alterations, too, have been made to the
mansion, toj) and bottom balustradings having been removed ; an additional entrance at the south end giving access to new tennis lawns which, although on newly made up ground, we find as level and firm as a billiard table. A couple of old English pattern seats in teak on the terrace bear suggestive poetical legends : the one " Here stop and spend a pleasant hour in harmless mirth and fun. Let friendship reign, be just and kind, and evil sj^eak of none." The other bearing the possibly better known lines, which we have seen in Lady Ardilaun's gardens, St. Anne's, Clontarf, commencing " The kiss of the sun for pardon. . . ." Then to the river.
The Liffey plays a prominent part in pic- turesque Straflfan : deep, placid, and clear, as We see it now, and we get that soul-satisfying view of the fuie old bridge away in the distance from the suspended footbridge leading to the wild garden beyond. Ainia Liffey, however, is not always thus, and when excited by Jupiter Pluvius is apt to steal a march up the lawns, and on one occasion did its level best to remove the footbridge on which we are standing. But, on to the wild garden — graceful Bamboos, giant Gunneras, colonies of Saxifraga peltata, Silphium perfoliatum, Lilium pardalinum, but the latter has not been happy this year ; Phormiums galore, including the purple form, and to our delight and worry a huge clump of that noble form, with flower spikes 16 feet high, far nobler than either tenax or Colensoi, rarely seen, but always one of the worries of our gardening life to have it identified.
Here, too, on the island, is the kept portion with its homely, heather- roofed summer-house, outside of which stands one of the huge ancient Irish millstones, and at hand a rockery bed with lovely hardy Ferzis, notably so varieties of hartstongue and the lady-fern daintly crisped and curled ; clumps of the Welsh Polypody ex- ceedingly happy and P. vulgare trichomanoides as plumy as the plumose forms of Nephrolepis. Nor may We forget the comforting colonies of Adiantum pedatum, and more remarkable as a hardy plant Adiantum Williamsii, which here has made itself quite at home. Farther up is a new susjiension bridge giving access to the far side ; and so we amble on with the kitchen gardens yet to inspect and more " nakedness of the land," as per invitation.
The kitchen garden, or, rather gardens, the big area being longitudinally bisected by a wall, at once strikes the professional by the splendidly trained wall trees on which our old friend has had his fingers for all but forty years, both horizontal and fan-trained specimens having gone the way they should go, and
IRISH GARDENING
149
notably is this the case with the fine pears bearing great crops throughout. In fact they have to do it — no shirking, and, he points with pride to a veteran Marie Louise stretching far its horizontal limbs hanging with fruit from tips to butt, the result of a hint he gave it by lifting and replanting it in its old age. Peaches outside were good, and Golden Eagle is thought highly of. Pyramids and bushes, as well as old standard trees, We fovmd carrying good crops generally. Lady Sudeley apple in superb form and colour, with its character declaimed in the brusque Bedfordian manner, " No good," over which, after sampling, we agree — as We have so often agreed — ^to differ.
Alas for the sequel ! A few days after our visit Boreas besieged Straff an gardens, as man^ another garden, and much fruit was laid low, the huge damson in the centre of the garden, black with fruit as we saw it, losing its head completely under the bombardment. Peas and runners too were swept from their moorings, and the former comprised some grand rows of the old Ne Plus Ultra just coming into prolific bearing. We found all greea crops grand, and celery clean and luxuriant sans doctoring so many have now to employ to fight the leaf-spot fungus. Under a north wall rests in peace the pride of Straffan — viz., that wonderful planting of the Mocassin flower, Cypripedium spectabile, but at hand hang wreaths of the Flame Flower, Tropseolum speciosum.
It is just a scramble through the glass depart- ment after the external ambling and rambling. We note a fine collection of Caladiums still trans- parently fresh, and the Nepenthes overhead in wonderful pitcher, including N. mixta, Chelsoni excellens, and ventricosa, with its alderman ic epigastrium. Allamanda violacea is charming in its colour tone, and the fernhouse fascinating, especially in its backed-up wall of Rex Begonias. Orchids would demand a page to themselves, and man}/ a pet plant which our old friend has reared from infancy up, such as the wonderful Anthurium Veitchii, and many another of auld lang syne would keep us aiiecdo^ing till — as long as you like. But, enough ; 'tis but with one side of Straffan we are privileged to deal, and all but too scantily of that. There is the famous short- horn herd known far and wide, and it was, by the way, a special treat that on one snsit to Straffan a tour of the youn.g stock dopartniejit was made and half a dozen, more or less, skittish young gentlemen turned out for our edification, and possibly theirs, for a certain inquisitiveness on their part gave us a hint to '" get," and we " gat," then, as now, without standing on the order of our going.
K., Dublin.
Michaelmas Daisies.
By J. W. Besant.
In the fall of the year the natural order Com- positse contributes very largely to the display in the outdoor garden. Very jorominent among other genera are the Michaelmas Daisies, known botanically as Asters. There is a large number of species, some of decided merit, while others have little to recommend them for decorative gardening. By far the greater number of the showy garden varieties of to-day is the result of careful hybridization and selection. Only a very few species seem to have been used in producing the present popular sorts — ^notably, Aster Amellus, A. novse-Anglite, A. novi-Belgii, A. cordifolius, A. ericoides, and probably A. Isevis and a few others. As these are all species as distinct from varieties bearing garden names, it may be well to mention a few species which are well worth growing. Generally speaking, for garden purposes most of the species are super- seded by improved varieties, more particularly in the later flowering forms. Although the popular name Michaelmas Daisy is not in- frequentlv used in connection with all Asters it properly belongs to the later flowering kinds.
Two very early flowering Asters are A. diplo- stephioides and A. subcoeruleus, both of which flower in June, and are ver_y acceptable even then when flowers are becoming plentiful. They are comparatively dwarf in habit, producing flower stems some 18 inches high, rising from the basal leaves and producing solitary flower heads
2 inches or more across, the ray florets being a fine shade of purj)lish-blue. Of the two, A. sub- coeruleus is perhaps the larger flowered, especially in the variety major, Avhich is a really fuie plant.
In August A. acris begins to unfold its flowers, aiid continues into September, ushering in as it were the great mass of varieties AVhich Avill carry us into October and even November if the Weather holds good, and hard frosts do not occur. This is a European species of medium height, not ex- ceeding 3 feet or so, with small leaves and dense clusters of pale mauve-blue flower heads. It is much esteemed for cutting.
In September A. Amellus becomes prominent, some of its jicwer varieties being of quite excep- tional beauty and \'ery florifcrous. The old tyjie ])]ant is by no moans to be despised, since it ])rodu(!Cs abundance of flowers year after year, even though perhaps receiving scant attention, one or two varieties nearly as old in gardens as the type are still worth attention. A. Amellus bessarabicus is an excellent border plant about
3 feet high, producing handsome flower heads of a deep purjile-blue shade. A. Amellus majus
150
IRISH GAKDENING
is equally fine and is qnite equal to some of the latest novelties. Of new forms of A. Amelias introduced Avithin recent years the following is a fair selection : — Beaute Parfait, Avith handsome, deep blue flower heads ; Fleuve Bleu, lavender blue ; Madame E. Gaugin, small pink heads ; Preziosa, deep violet-blue ; Perry's Favourite, rose-coloured, and roseus majus, a fine large flowered pink form.
A. Isevis, a North American species, makes a handsome border jilant, flowering rather later than the Amellus varieties, and reaching a height of about 4 feet. The leaves are smooth and rather glossy, and the conspicuous flower heads a good shade of blue.
A. diffusus horizontalis is a very pretty dwarf sort, very useful for cutting. As the varietal name implies, the branches spread out horizon- tally and are densely furnished with small leaves and numerous floAver heads, the prevailmg colour being white.
A. Thomsoni is a delightful July floAvering species extending into August. It comes from the Himalaya, and is represented by two forms apparently. Both have rather hoar}^ leaves, but one grows 2 feet or more high, bearing rather loose flower heads of a pale lilac ; the other and better form is dwarfer with broader ray florets of a deeper and more pleasing shade. Both, howe\-er, are desirable plants, and should have a simny position in good^ biit Avell-drained, soil, and should not be disturbed.
A. versicolor is a useful North American species Avhich derives its name from the fact that the flower heads vary from white to pink as they expand. It is, nevertheless, a good plant in the border, and makes a nice show in September ajid October.
A. vimineus is useful for the front of the border, and especially for cutting, groAving only about 2 feet high, of dense twiggy haliit, bearing abundantly small white floAver head'^.
Most of the other popular Michaelmas Daisies are better knoAVn by their garden varieties, Avhich for ornamental gardening are superior to the type plants. Particular reference to the species is therefore omitted except as the type of each section.
A. cordifolius v^arieties grow from 3i feet to 4 feet high, and are characterised by their graceful habit of growth, cordate finely-toothed leaves and pretty floAver sprays. Some of the best are : — Albulus and Diana, white ; elegans, soft lilac, and EdAvin Becket, laA'ender. A. ericoides, Avith small heath-like leaves, has giA^en us some very pretty garden varieties highly esteemed for cutting. The flower heads are small, but jiroduced in lavish abundance in ele- gant sprays. A fcAv of the best are Clio, Avith small
blush floAvers ; Delight, Avhitc ; Freedom , Avhite ; Thora, white, and Sensation, pinkish- Avliite. The height Agarics from 2 feet to 4 feet, the habit and appearance of the different forms being more apparent when seen groAving in the garden.
One of the most delightful of all Michaelmas Daisies is the Hon. Edith Gibbs, probably a cordifolius form. The long graceful groAvths assume a pendulous form at a height of 4 feet or so, and literally sAveep down to the ground in a A^eritable cascade of soft lilac flowers. Most of the taller groAAnng, later flowering A'arieties are the offspring of A. noA'^ai-Anglise and A. novi- Belgii, the former Avith rather hairy leaA^es, and the latter with smooth or glabrous foliage. Most of the popular forms seem to favour A. novi-Belgii in haAnng smooth leaves, but there are several good kinds which it is usual to class Avith the former species — notably, Lil Fardell, with large rose-pink floAVers ; Mrs. J. F. Rayner, rosy-red ; pulchellus, violet ; ruber, bright red, Avith Ryecroft Purjile and Ryecroft Pink. Of the A. novi-Belgii section there is a Avide selection flowering oA^er an extended period in late autumn. Possibly most of the recent new varieties belong here, but it is not ahvays possible to say definitely, nor is it a matter of any moment provided they are good garden plants. There are far too many varieties being sent out annually Avhich possess but httle merit ; some fcAv, hoAvever, are decided acquisitions.
A fcAA^ of the older sorts which are still in the front rank are : — Robert Parker, large lavender- blue heads ; Top Sawyer, lilac ; St. Patrick, silvery-grey ; Perr\^'s Pink, F. W. Burbidge, rosy-heliotrope. Dwarfer forms are : — Pleiad, rose-coloured ; St. Egwin, rosy-pink ; D. B. Crane, lilac-blue ; and Alice, soft pink. Of the ncAVer forms — Climax, a tall groAver, with large clear blue heads, is very fine, and the double- floAVered Beauty of Cohvall, Avith lilac- olue flowers, is one of the great acquisitions. Nancy Ballard is a delightful double lilao pink, Avhich will be a beauty for cutting ; likeAVise Cloudy Blue, another double of much ])romise. Grace May Lewis is practically double, though not quite so full as Beauty of Col wall, and is of a good deep lilac shade ; Lady Lloyd is a good clear single rose, and Rosy Morn is a delightful colour, and apparently dAA'arf in habit, floAvering here a))out 3 feet high. Jupiter, a large floAvered, semi-double, soft lilac, is good, likeAVise Neptune in the same way, but paler in colour.
GroAvers who specialise in Michaelmas Daisies AVill know of scores of other A-'arieties, but feAV gardens can accommodate cA'en half of them ; it is AVell then to see as many as possible and groAV just those that appeal to the individual concerned. G<5od cultivation makes all the
IRISH GARDENING
^51
difference in the world to Asters. Even though the AmeUus section. Every second or third
they will live and increase almost anywhere, a year is sufficient in this case ; the plants form
good variety will ajjpear wretched in a hungry fewer basal growths and less fibry roots thai]
soil, but if grown in rich material will be a most of the others, consequently they do not
riioio]
[Messrs. Watson d- Sons.
Michaelmas Daisy, Coombe Fishacre.
delight to behold. Rich soil therefore and annual division is necessary, and the divisions should be quite small eveii to single crowns in the strongest sorts. Division should be done immediately the shoots begin to die down in autumn or in spring just before growth com- mences. There is one section, however, which does not require to be divided so ofteu, that is
lend themselves so Well to minute dividing, although at stated interv^als it is quite necessary. In cases where for some reason division annually is not practicable, a rigorous thinning out of the young shoots should take place in spring, and the thinnings if carefully removed make excellent cuttings. It should be noted too that A. Thomson i is impatient of frequent disturbance.
152
IRISH GARDENING
Alpines in a Dalkey Garden*
By J. Harper Hcaife.
Every true gardener learns something from his own experiences, especially from his failures, but the collation of the experiences of others under similar and dissimilar conditions must necessarily teach us more and help us to solve some of the many problems that confront all lovers of Alpine plants.
But the experiences of others can only be assigned their proper values by knowing some- thing of the circumstances, not merely about the soil, but of the air, the rainfall, and the range of temperature. The writer's garden is on granite slopes rapidly from west to east, and, although within a hundred yards of the sea, is well shel- tered from the strong winds, but this very shelter deprives it of some sun which it would get in a higher and more exposed position.
The influence of the sea (apart from tempera- ture) on Alpines is a most interesting question, and offers scope for patient observation ajid investigation. With the greatest diffidence I suggest that in some cases it adds something bo the colouring of the foliage, and that so far as the habit of a plant is concerjied, it may tend to keep it more " at home." Its influence on the range of temperature is a factor of con- siderable importance. Dalkey is never so hot or so cold as jjlaces a few miles inland ; its rainfall is not great, and the natural drainage is sharp.
So much then for environment and local climatic factors.
September is a month when there is little in the way of bloom iji the rock garden, but it affords a convenient opportunity for retrospec- tion and stocktaking.
We are not however without some colour. First and foremost is Lithospermum pro- stratum. Two small nursery plants were put in^ — one in April, 1910, the other in February, 1911.; they are now from 2 to 3 feet across, and are almost constantly in bloom.
One jjlant of Androsace lanuginosa var. Leichtlini is covered with bloom. It hangs down between two pieces of rock bordering a path, and gets no protection in winter. On flatter positions, plants, both of the type and the variety, have survived a wint'jr's rain without a glass, but when the spring comes they are not so fresh and vigorous as when protected. Androsace sarmentosa has also come through this last winter without protection, and flowered well. It was an experiment, but there is no doubt but that all these woolly -leaved plants
are the better for a piece of glass to throw off the winter rains.
Erodium Amanum and E. Reichardii have still some blooms, and Geranium cinereum was flowering away merrily at the beginning of the month.
Convolvulus mauritanicus (pale blue) and Antirrhinum Asarinum (large creamy flowers) are in bloom ; the latter is a most useful and beautiful plant with a ver}^ long blooming period. It will live through the winter, but generallv dies off in the early spring ; it sets seed abundantly which germinates easily.
Amongst the Campanulas, C. acutangula, a seedling planted in the moraine in the spring, has made great growth, and is still in flower, so are two plants of C. garganica-— ^bne blue and the other almost white. C. raddeana flourishes and blooms abundantly, so do puUa and j^ul- loides in narrow pockets and with little attention ; a rather good form of muralis makes large masses, and is in bloom for the greater part of the year. C. petraea, I have in a very narrow fissure in the " live " rock ; it grows, but so far has not flowered.
Readers of Mr. Farrar's "In a Yorkshire Garden " will remember his glowing description of a new Aizoon Saxifrage which he found and christened "Rex." In September, 1911, I planted a small piece, one rosette about the size of a shilling with a baby offset attached. It grew well and multiplied, so that last year I was able to take three offsets and yet leave a clump of about half a dozen rosettes. It did not, however, show any sign of blooming until the spring of this 5^ ear. I have not heard of anyone blooming it, and indeed outside Mr. Farrar's book I have seen no reference to it. I therefore looked forward to the blossoming with consider- able interest and expectation. Unfortunately the only photograph I got of it is not good enough for reproduction.
The flowering rosettes are \h inches in diameter. In shape the flower is much like S. burseriana, the petals overlap and are of good substance. The purity of the white leaves nothing to be desired, but there are tiny pink dots in the centre.
The clump threw up three stems, bright red in colour, about 6 inches long, and each carried from eight to ten blooms. So far as the individual flowers are concerned I consider they are larger and possess more substance and beauty than any others of the Aizoon group, and I look forward with anticipation to what a well established clump will do in one or two years' time.
Its cultivation seems to be easy enough. The
IRISH GARDENING
153
flowering clump gets a fair amount of sun, and the soil has lime rubble and granite chips through it. Two offsets planted in granite moraine, with some lime rubble, are growing and increasing with great vigour, but time alone will tell whether the moraine will make much difference.
Two or three Aizoon Saxifrages behave badly with me. Two plants of rosea adjoining each other behave di verse I3' ; the}^ came from different sources. One goes on making a big mass, liberal with flowers, and maintains a robust health. The other also blooms and increases, but every year considerable portions turn rusty and decay, and although I lift, take out the good pieces and replant in renewed soil, the same thing occurs again. S. Kolenatiana is another that gives me trouble. Three years ago I had a plant that flowered Well, the colour a very lovely pink, and then quietly died away. A second plant with typical foliage gave white flowers and afterwards rusted away.
Last autumn three new plants were put into the moraine — one expired ; a second, after losing most of its rosettes, seems to have just survived, and the third is in a moderate state of health. The rosettes make a very tight, humped-up clump, and it is j)ossible the plant needs frequent division and re-planting.
The easier members of the Kabschia family — Sax. apiculata and its whitevariety, Elizabethae, L. G. Godseff, and Salomonii make large masses, but the last-named is very shy in the matter of flowers. Scardica (vera) flourished for twelve months and then suddenly died away without flowering. I lost several plants of Burseriana Gloria, and a variety I had under the name of '■ major " ; they flowered once and then the tufts grew paler in colour and dwindled away. I have now got promising pieces of both in soil that is about half stone and chips, in a more shady position, and they look healthy and vigorous. Petraschii in the moraine was splendid from mid-March to May, but is now looking rusty. In the same place two plants of rocheliana died off after blooming.
Faldonside, Paulinse, and Ferdinandi Coburgii, also in the moraine (the sunniest place in the garden), look as if they arc going to succeed, I am satisfied that many of the Kabschias, whilst small, arc inipaticnt of the winter rains, and 1 should not think of putting out a small nursery plant of any of the choice kinds in the autumn unless I could protect the foliage from rain until March.
Some other treasures that do not appear to be very common in rock gardens and which do well here are: — Polemonium mellitum, with lovely long tubular flowers a ghstening milky
white, in bloom from May to September. Shortia galacifolia, in peat and granite, in a position where it gets a little sun, but is very sheltered, has done well; it bloomed freeh' early in the spring, and is now a fine vigorous and increasing patch. Oxalis ennea- phylla, on a cool ledge, blooms over along period, and is increasing. Asperula athoa (suberosa), a small plant, put out on the moraine between two pieces of rock, has grown most vigorously, and for quite three months was covered with bloom. Its long but very narrow, pale pink trum- pets are charming. The beautiful downy foliage looks as if it Would like a piece of glass to throw off the winter rains, though Asperula nitida takes care of itself here.
Will there be a Food Shortage in Ireland ? "
There is every reason why the average man should be uneasy about food sui)i)lies since the war began. He is, no doubt, less uneasy now than when the first panic with its prohibitive and fluctuating prices for food made hinx believe that the shortage was upon us even from the very beginning of the war. But his uneasiness can only be set at rest by his knowing what the facts are ; how much food we have, and how much we are likely to have if the war lasts, and what steps should be taken to produce more food. He also wants to know whether prices are likely to fluctuate again, and what he can do to prevent an undue rise. All this information has been prepared for him in an extremely well-done little book by Messrs. L. Smith-Gordon and Cruise O'Brien, the Librarian and Assistant Librarian respectively of the Co-operative Jieference Library, Dublin. The book is divided into two parts ; the first dealing with the facts of oiu" food sui)ply, and the second dealing with the causes of an undue fluctuation in prices and the means which can be adopted to prevent any future panic. There is no important fact concerning either of these matters which the writers have neglected to deal with. The book is written in a lucid and i)ractical manner, and its iigia-es are X)resented in an easily understood form, the writers having been at i)ains, to render all foreign measures into English equivalents when dealing with our ini])orted foodstuffs. The searching examination of the remedies for undue fluctuation of ])riccs, ])articularly in very V)oor districts, is adiuirable, and the scheme put forward by the writers appears to us in the interest not only of the consumer, but of the trader and the prodiu;er. The Co-<)i>erative Beference J library was estab- iisluKl by Sir Horace l*hinkett to act as an Intelligence Departnu^nt on agricultural economics. It has certainly l)egun itsworkwell. Tlu!ap])endix c;ontains a collection of the leaflets on food sup- plies issued by various departments since the out- break of war. Valuable information on poultry raising and catch-cropi)ing is given in these.
* " li-eland's Food in War Time." By L. Sjuith-Ciordon and Cruise O'Brien. Issued by the Co-operative Keference Library, The Plunkett House, Dublin. 1911. Price, 3d. net.
154
IRISH GARDENING.
Pear Culture.
By D McIntosh, Douum (Jaivli'ns, Kathgiir.
CloOD drainage and a thorougli i)i'<^l»«»^i'Jition of the soil are two essential factors to be considered to obtain the best results in the cultivation of the pear. The former shovdd be so arranged as to concentrate the water to one main outlet which can be periodically inspected to ensure it is (;lear and in working order. The latter, if unsuitable as a rooting uiedium, must be transformed as nearly as possible to what it should be. A deep, rich loam is undoubtedly the best. The ground should be trenched at least to the depth of eighteen inches, and should the soil be poor ap]dy a heavy layer of nxanure immediately below the top-spit. When trenching do not bury the top- spit in the bottom of the trench, but retain each in its proper place as the work proceeds. A good coating of fresh lime should be applied izume- diately after trenching, as it entirely destroys slugs and innumerable larvae of insect pests. It also supplies in itself a necessary ingredient to the welfare of the pear. Allow the soil to renxain in its trenched condition several months previous to planting. The planting of young trees should be carried out in favourable weather, any time from November to February.
The pruning of the more advanced trees should be conamenced in November, starting away with the earliest varieties first. In pruning, cut clean away all weak and unripened growths, and where the fruit spurs are in over-abundance thin out the weakest of these also. Out the laterals back to two or three eyes and reduce the leading shoot to two-thirds of its length.
The next important operation will be the attention to surface soil and roots. Two inches of the surface soil, as far as several feet fi"om the base of the tree, should be pricked up with a fork and removed to the rubbish heap. Previous to this a preparation of soil should have been made up, consisting of three parts good fibrous loam, one part lime rubble, one part wood ashes and a good sprinkling of soot and bone meal. Having turned this over two or three times, it should be spread over the roots to the depth of three inches, and firmly trodden when in a favourably dry condition. This is all the trees will require until the fruit blossom begins to expand. At this period advantage should be taken of fine weather to pollinate the flowers artilicially. This is easily acconaplished by means of a rabbit's tail tied on to the end of a bamboo cane, and applied to the centre of the flowers when fully expanded during the m.iddle part of the day. This ■|)ractice invariably ensures a good set, and is well worth the time spent upon it. Just as the fniits have begun to swell, the first thinning of surplus fruits must be commenced, leaving three of the best and largest on each sx>ur, but, as the season adva.n<;es gradually reduce the amount to one fruit on a spur. The crop must be estimated according to the vigour and condition of the individual tree, The cateri>illar is a troublesome pest about this time, and every means should be taken to get rid of it. The plan I adopt is to look over the leaves with the hand every other day and squeeze the culprit between the finger and thumb. If this operation be persevered in from the first appearance of the pest, little damage will be done
to the fruit and leaves. Sometimes, in the early ])art of the year, there is a s])eli of (iioiiglii which may ruin the crop for the season. A check like the above causes the fruits to di<)}» and often invites red spider, theiefore it is im])eiative to see that wall trees in ])articular are not allowed tt) suffer for want of water. It is very important to kee]) the leaves clean and healthy throughout the growing penod. To gain this end I know nothing to beat the use of the hose, ap]>lying the water with some force xqton the leaves in the evening about twice a week dui'ing the summer months. An oi)eration I would recommend is the pinching out of the ])oints of strong, robust growths as soon as they have made six or eight leaves. This equalizes the run of sap throughout the tree, strengthens the weaker shoots and assists largely the development of the fruits.
Where plenty of manure is procurable it is a good plan to mulch the roots of the tree in order to conserve moisture and to kee]) tihe roots near the surface. This mulch should be applied in .June and spread out four feet fronx the base of the tree to the depth of three inches. Previous to nxxilching, carefully prick xip the sxirface soil with a fork before layiixg it on. Should the weather continxie dry, give this mulching a good watering in with the hose and keep the soil around it well hoed at regular intervals. In July, when the fruits are developing I'apidly, and i>articularly in the case of heavy crops, a start shoxild be made to feed the trees with liqxiid nxanure and soot water alternately once a week. The greatest care should be exercised in applying liquid manure. First, be sure that the soil around the roots is perfectly uxoist ; and secondly, nxake equally sure as to the strength of the maixure to be applied. Generally speaking, aboxit one-third of liqxxid to two-thirds of clear water is the I'ate at which to apply.
From time to time, especially towards the ripening period, any leaves that ai'e shading the fruits fronx the light shovxld either be tied back or taken off altogether with the finger aixd thumb. The nxore sun, light and air the fruits can receive the moi'e improved will they be in flavour. Some varieties of ])eai's obtain a fine coloixr if fully exposed to the sxm, and if fornx and size be with it , these are the fruits that will excel on an exhibition table. Pears nxust be nxost carefxilly handled when ripe, as the least brxiise will soon conxuxeixce decay. Early varieties i*equire to be xised soon after they are taken fronx the ti'ee.
In conclusion, I append a list of the best varieties in their order of ri))ening : — Clapp's Favourite, Williams' Bon Ohretieix, Beixrre d'AiTxanalis, Madanxe Treyve, Ijouise Bonne de Jersey, Marguerite Marillat, Triomphe de Vienne, Beurre Superfin, Conference, Durondeaxi, St. Luke, Beurre Hardy, Pitnxaston Duchess, Marie Louise, Doyenn6 du Oonxice, ('onseilleur de la Oeeur, Beurre Diel, Glou Morceau, Easter Beurre, aixd Beurre Raixce. The two best cooking pears are Catillac and LTvedale's St. G^rnxain.
^^ t^^ ^*
Phlox. In our last issue by nxistake we credited Mrs. Keith with winning the silver nxedal for Phlox, whereas it should have been Mrs. Knox, Inver- nisk, Killiney, who won the nxedal and cultural certificate at the Stillorgan and Foxrock Society's Show.
IRISH GARDENING
155
Herbaceous Calceolarias.
By W. Barrett.
The following notes, by the editor's request, describe how t^alceolarias are yiowii at Bally- heigvie C^astle. The ■j)hotograi)h shows a group of C'alceolarias occupying the centre stage of a house, 25' + IS', numbering in all 120 plants, flowering in 8" and 10" ])ots ; most of the i)lants are 2' 0", thoiigli some are 3' 6" ; grown froni seed supplied by Dicksons, Chester- Size of blooms and colouring of same leave nothing to be desired.
Their cultvire in the gardens here is as follows : — The seed is sown very thinly in i)ans, in the month of June, in a mixture of two parts fibrous loam, one leaf soil and one sand ; very lightly cover the seed, and germinate in a cool house, away from any rays of sun- shine ; cover with some sheets of glass (which nxustbe turned every day). The seeds then ought to be thio igh in from eight to ten days. The covering of glass now must be gradually re- mo V e d until dis])ensed with altogether. As the seedlings get stronger keep as near the roof glass as possible, al- ways shading from strong sunshine, as this would be detrimental. As soon as the seedlings sliow the second leaf, prick out into boxes filled with the same comi»ost as before advised, 1 1 inches aparteach way (let the smaller seedlings remain in the pans for a few days, as they are generally the most choice colours and most compact plants). When the seedlings have been pricked oft' give a light watering through a very fine rose, and cover again with glass for a few days ; this makes the plants strike root much more tpiii^kly into the fresh soil. When the plants are growing freely and the leaves are touching each other they need to be put into pots. Plants vary in size, so the glower must use his own discretion as to size of pot used. We find 3" and 4" the ])ro|»er sizes at this stage. As potting proceeds (same soil as used ]»reviously) be very careful to take each plant out of the box with all po.ssible roots intact, without taking any of the I'oots of its neighbours. We never use a trowel for this |)ur])ose, it is much better to use one's lingers, as then you do not cut the roots of the plants, which, if l)roken, do not start away into growth near so quickly. Never use anything for potting Calceolarias only
Herbaceous At Ballyheigue
the fingers until the final ])otting, when the potting stick will be found useful just to firm the soil, but not made hard by any means. When the potting is finished jjut the plants into a cold frame and keep closed, as before, for a few days, remembering all the time to guard against the strong rays of the sun. When the plants are growing freely and the pots being nicely tilled with roots at least by October they ought to be in 5" and 6" pots, just a good size to winter in ; use the same soil as before-mentioned, only some- what coarser. If one is to be successful in the growing of C'alceolarias it is very essential that they nxust have cool house or frame treatment all along the line, and also rather moist surround- ings by way of damping the bed of ashes or other nxaterial on which the pots stand. Very slight spraying with a syringe througii the plants after a hot day is very beneficial. At all stages from the earliest stages shade from strong sunshine.
Occasional fu- migating is very good, as H erb aceo u s Calceolarias are very apt to attacks of greenfiy,which, if allowed to get a footing, spells failure. " Prevention is b e 1 1 e r than cure." We al- ways fumigate three or four times during the season,even without any sign of fly. Carefiil water- ing during the winter, when plants are mak- ing very little gr()wth, is very necessary, and as the month o f J a n u a r y arrives it is time to begin potting into " are the best
Calceolarias Castle, Co. Kerry.
flowering pots. Pots S" and 10 sizes. Ciood crocking and clean pots are very essential. Beech or oak leaves make line covering for crocks, if just broken with the hand, as they are ever so much more clean than rough loam or the siftings of leaf soil. The compost I use for final ])otting is as follows : — Foui- harrow loads of loam, two beech or c>ak leaf mould, one old s])i'iif manure, one coarse sand and a six-inch itot of old soot to the above quantity of mixture ; put the leaf mould through an inch sieve and break tlu; loam with the hands, as this])rocess (rather than sifting; loam) preserves the (ibrc. Potting finished if is much better t(> move the ]»lants on to tlie stage of a cool greenhouse as near the roof glass as l)ossible, the latter keeps the i)lants nice and stocky, also it is nauch easier to regulate the watering (especially at this time, on account of the large amount of soil surrounding the newly potted plants, which need careful looking to) than it is in a frame. In case of heavy frost it is necessary to put a chink of heat in the pipes,
156
IRISH GARDENING
especially if one's plants are near the roof glass : but,, otherwise, " unless in very heavy trost," a few mats are all that is needed. When Ihe ])lants begin to grow very freely, which is about the month of March, and when the pots being fairly filled with roots, not before, it is tinxe to give a little assistance by way of sonae weak diluted soot water, horse and cow manure, and sheep nxanure. Stoi) feeding immediately the plants show bloom. Be careful to shade plants during the hottest part of the day when in bloom, as this keeps the blooms in better conditions, and also prolongs the flowering season. I often wonder why one sees so little of these showy Herbaceous Calceolai*ias. A house witli a side stage all round of Calceolarias and centre stage of Shizanthus, such as the variety Ilawlmark " Excelsior," is a sight not easily forgotten.
Hints to Novices.
By May Chosbie.
During this nxonth and next all woody cuttings can be put in. Under this head come trees, all hardy shrubs (practically all can be propagated by cuttings), gooseberries, currants, and roses.
The method is much the .same for all. Before making any cuttings prepare the ground that they are to go in. If you can choose the position — a sheltered eastern or north-western aspect is best, but any position that has not a full south or south-western exposure will do. Dig the gi^ound deeply, breaking it up very thoroughly, adding wood-ashes, road sci'apings or sand, to keep it as fine as possible. Leave it a week or longer to settle before putting in the cuttings.
A very great many Roses do just as well on their own roots as if they were budded, and it is always well worth trying them ; in fact even a great many budded Roses in sonae soils do not seem to thrive until they have thrown out roots of their own from above the junction with the stock. All " garden " Roses and almost all the Climbers are certain to be successful. The Wichurianas — that is the popular class to which Dorothy Perkins, Hiawatha, &c., belong — are very quick rooters and quick to make large plants.
When making the cuttings, choose well ripened young shoots about G or 8 inches long ; if possible get them with a " heel " — that is, to tear them off just where they join an older branch, and you will then get a little of the older wood attached to the piece yovi have taken off. Pare the rough-torn surface quite smooth with a shar]) knife. If you cannot get a good i)iece with a heel, cut it straight across just below^ a leaf. Open a narrow trench 6 inches deep in the pre- pared ground and place the cuttings about 4 or 6 inches apart against the side of trench. Fill in soil and tread firmly, being careful that the cuttings are kept in an upright position.
The preparation and planting of gooseberry cuttings is the same, except that the cuttings should be at least one foot long, and all the buds rubbed off except live at the top of cutting, and they should be planted 6 or 8 inches dee]) in the ground. Rubbing off the buds carefully,
especially all those at the base of a cutting with a " heel," will ensure later on a plant with a nice clean stem and very little chance of suckers from the base which are so troublesome to keep cut away. Red and white currants are done the
same way, but black currants should not have any buds rubbed off, as a con.stant supply of young growth from the base is needed if you want to get the best out of the Ijushes, as the best black currants are always borne on the young wood. All these cuttings will want moving into a nursery bed next autumn, where they will remain for another year before i)lanting in their permanent position.
For shrubs, both deciduous and evergreen, the cuttings need only be a few inches long, of course with a heel if possible, and are better dibbled into the ground ; if there is sand available put .some in the bottom of each hole, and be sure that the base of the cutting rests firmly on it. Remiember with all classes of cuttings firm planting is one of the most essential jioints towards success. In the thaw after a s])eU of frost it is well to look over the cuttings and to make firm again in the ground any that have been loosened by the frost.
Of soft cuttings, Viola, Pentstemou and Calceo- laria cuttings can be made, but 'they should be put in under a frame or else in boxes in a green- hovise. In the case of Violas, the shoots from the base that have not yet flowered are the right ones to take. Choose the sturdiest pieces and cut them straight off just below a leaf, leaving cutting about 3 inches long. There are always plenty of nice, short, firm shoots on Pentstemons now that can be broken off with a nice heel. The soil for these ought to be light and fine, old ]iotting soil is excellent. If boxes are used for them, they must have holes in the bottom for drainage and a good layer of moss or fibre put in bottom of box before soil is put in, so that the drainage holes do not get choked.
Aconitum Wilsoni,
The majority of the tall-growing plants in the border flowei'ing in late autumn produce flowers of a yellow shade which renders the pale purple- blue flowers of this Monkshood particularly welcome. In deep rich soil it reaches a height of well nigh 6 feet, and the erect stems being exceptionally stiff the plant requires little staking. Early in September it commences to open its large- hooded flowers, and after the terminal I'aceme has finished, secondary flowering branches are produced from lower down the stems, and these prolong the flowering season for many weeks. It is an exceptionally reliable plant, flowering splendidly every year no matter whether the season has been favourable to plant growth or otherwise. Like so many more of the ])lants which have been introduced to our gardens in recent years, this Monkshood hails from China, and is rapidly becoming well and favourably known.
Caryopteris mastacanthus.
The number of shrubs whicli flower in late autumn is by no means large, and amongst these the above occui>ies a prominent place. In- digeneous to China and Japan, it is unfortunately not quite haxdy except in the milder districts, and, when planted, care should be taken to give it a good warm position in well drained soil. Indivi- dually the flowers are small, but so freely are they carried that the shrub, when in flower, is literally a ma.ss of blue. We sometimes see this plant described as the Blue Spiraja, but it has no affinity with the Spiraea, being really a member of the Verbena fanaily.
IRISH GARDENING
157
Dipelta floribunda.
The genus Dipelta was founded by Maximowicz in 1877, but it reniained unknown to cultivation until Mr. E. H. Wilson collected seeds in Western China for Messrs. Veitch. The seeds were sown in 1905, and the plants flowered a few years afterwards.
This Dipelta is a deciduous shrub, growing from S to 16 feet high, in general appearance resembling a Diervilla or Weigelia, but it may easily be distinguished by a pair of round wing- like bracts, about half an inch across, attached to the base of the ovary of the flower.
The flowers are produced in clusters of three to six from the leaf axils ; they are about IJ inches long, tubular and two-lip])ed, pale rose in colour, and veined with yellow in the throat.
The leaves are ovate, from 2 to i inches long, narrowing to a long point.
During the severe May frost, when many other shrubs and Chinese ])lants were black- ened and in- jured, the Dipelta was untouched, and up to the present the winters' frosts have had no effect.
U n f o r tu- na t e 1 y it flowers in May at the same time as the showy Dier- villas, never- theless it is a free- growing and profusely flowered beau- tiful shrub, and will be a welconae addi- tion to the garden.
Dipelta ventricosa differs from the former in having larger winged bracts, larger flowers of a deeper colour, and the tube does not taper or narrow to the base as in D. floribunda, but is more inflated.
These Dipeltas, like many other shrubs, will root freely from short, half -ripened growths taken in August, September or October, and in- serted in sandy soil in a close frame or under a shaded bell-glass.
Three New Kniphofias.
Towards the end of September the Kniphofias (Red Hot Pokers) are always welcome for their warm colours. Among the newer ones tried at Glasnevin are three which seem desirable and good plants.
Kniphofia Marie Dirkin is a dainty little variety about 2 feet high, freely bearing spikes of
flowers, in colour a light tomato-red on a soft yellow ground, and is very pleasing and attractive.
K. Egy])t is a naoderate grower, sending up flower s¥ems from 2 to 3 feet high, the long tubular flowers open a clear lemon-yellow and deepen in colour before they fade ; it is a charming autumn plant.
K. aloides erecta superba is a fairly strong grower, from 3 to 4 feet high ; it differs from other varieties in the flowers being erect and not drooping on the stems. In colour the flowers are warm orange-red, the lower ones last until the top ones are open. This is a distinct and useful plant for the border.
Lysimachia Henryi.
Dipelta fi.oribuxda. A new Chinese Shrub.
A useful and pretty late flowering plant for the rock garden, thriving in a somewhat peaty soil. is the' above-named. It is quite a dwarf plant, reaching a height of little more than 4 inches and
forming in a congenial situ- ation tufts alniost a foot across. The stout reddish stems take root at the lower nodes, and by this ni e a n s it s]) reads rapid- ly, whilst the habit also renders pro- pagation an easy matter. Each stem is surnxounted by a dense head of flowers borne in the cent re of a tuft of s na o o t li ovate leaves, each some 2 inches long by half an inch across. The golden yellow campanulate flowers are fully an inch in diameter, and as all the buds do not open at once the flowering season extends over niany weeks. In early August the first flowers open, and it is not \intil late in October that the last has faded, while, as the leaves are retained through the winter, the i)lant is never really bare. Lysimachia Ilem'yi is a native of C-hina, and the first plants to flower in this country were raised from seeds sent home by Mr. E. H. Wilson, who collected it in its native haunts. S. Rose.
6^* ^*' tfi^
Lavender and Rosemary. This is a good time to take cuttings of these sweet-scented shrubs, also Southernwood and Santolina. Select short, stumpy cuttings which are well ri])ened and pull them off with heels. Insert the cuttings in a cold frame in .sandy soil or in a sheltered border, and give a good watering to settle the soil around the cuttings.
158
IRISH GARDENING
The Month's Work,
The Flower Garden.
By Wm. G. Wadge, Gardener to Lady O'Neill, Shane's Castle, Antrim.
At.though the siimmer bedding may still be gay, it is now time to commence clearing the beds, if these are to be refurnished with spring-flowering plants. Many plants are of no further use, and can be consigned to the rubbish heap. Trained plants, that will be needed again, should have the roots cut off from the pots, the pots washed, and the growth cut back to the old wood. A cool house will then he the place for them. Tuberous Begonias .should be spread thinly under lights; when dry they can be stored away in a shed that is frost and drip proof. Some good plants of Geraniunis, if potted up, will develop into fine specimens for furnishing vases next year ; a number should also be saved for propagating in spring if the .stock of cuttings is not large enough. Dahlias will continue flowering so long as frost keeps away, but a slight snap will blacken them ; they should then be cut down, and the tubers stored away vinder potting benches or in similar ■jilaces. Cannas require the same winter treat- ment as Dahlias. Lift Gladioli with the foliage intact. Spread thena on the floor of a fruit house until the stems turn yellow, when they should be removed. The corms will keep well in a fruit room. If the boxes of Geraniuni cuttings are still out of doors, they must now be moved. Brick pits, with a hot-water pipe running round them, suit these admirably ; but, oftener than not, they have to be kept in fruit houses. Remove any rubbish from amongst the cuttings, and .stir the surface soil with a pointed stick. Give air liberally, and afford a little heat in the pipes diiring damp weather.
J^awns and walks will need frequent .sweeping now. All pieces of .sticks, also the woody stems of any plants cut down, should be placed together and burnt when opportunity occurs. The fallen leaves will, of course, be stored in heaps for making hot beds later, or for use as leaf-mould when decayed. Get in the stock of mats deemed neces.sary. The ends may be neatly tied during bad weather. Bracken should be cut and dried, and stored in a shed for use as protection against frost.
Choose a dry day to secure any .seeds wanted of Asters, Stocks, Pentstemons. There may be a scarcityjof some kinds of flower seeds next spring ; it will be good policy therefore for those who do not usually save any seeds to make an excei)tion this year. Cut the seed pods or heads off, and lay them thinly on papers on warm dry shelves.
Re-label the plants in the borders if the labels are weatherworn, especially if it is intended to dig and replant this season.
Sweet Peas. — To get the finest flowers of these sow the seeds now in pots. Four-inch or six-inch pots are a useful size, and four to six seeds may be .sown in each. Place the pots in a cold frame, on a hard bottom of cinders. Keep the frame freely ventilated at all times. The growth
cannot be too slow during the winter. Take the precaution of excluding mice, as these will spoil a valuable lot of seeds or seedlings in a niglit or two.
The Fruit Garden.
By Peter Brock, Horticultural Instructor for Co. Fermanagh.
The gale on the 1 ith inst. which tossed stooks and hand-stacks of grain was also un.s])aring in its ravages on the apple crop, early sorts especially being severely thinned. Ijate kinds, however, such as Bramley and Newtown Wonder, although losing a few, have not fared so badly as might have been expected, and, where they had a short fall on to soft ground or coming in contact with grass, may be kept till the glut of softer- .skinned apples have been disposed of.
Storing Fruit. — The gathering of apples and pears as they become fit must get first attention. Handle carefully so as to avoid brui.sing, and, as far as ])ossible, store when quite dry. The best time to store fruit is when it has reached the stage of maturity that it parts freely from the tree by lifting it gently upwards, or one or two fruits may be cut through, and if the pips are turning to a brown colour, the crop may be con.sidered fit to store. Choice dessert apples and pears should be laid out in single layers on clean .shelves ; hard- skinned and long-keeping apples may be stored several tiers in depth. Commerical .sorts like Bramley, Lane's Prince Albert and Newtown Wonder should be carefully graded into selects, firsts, seconds, and culls as the gathering ])roceeds, and then placed in clean egg cases. The advan- tages of grading at the time of gathering are that the selects are generally first in demand, and the smaller grades are longer keepers and can be kept till later in the season. The cases should be filled nearly water-mea,sure full, then lay a sheet of paper on top of the fruit ; the grade of the contents should be marked on the outside face of each case. The different grades may then be tiered up .seiiarately, jjlacing blocks or stri])s of wood of uniform size between the cases for the purpose of ventilation and in.spection. The cases may then be stored in barns, coach-houses, or cart shed with good doors, preferably facing north, and where an even temi^erature of about 40 degrees can be maintained, free from draughts, but sufficiently ventilated to prevent over- sweating of the fruit for the first fortnight after storing. It is of the utmost imi>ortance that the walls and floors of such fniit stores should be clean. Jjimewashing the walls, and if on an earthen floor a little dry lime brushed over it will generally ensure a sweet atmosphere. The lids of the egg cases should be tied in bundles, and, if it is not convenient to store the cases for another year, they may be disi)osed of to egg merchants, imniediately they are cleared of apples, at first cost if kept clean.
Grease Banding. ^The females of the winter moth may be expected to begin to ascend the trees to deposit their eggs after the middle of this m(jnth, so that to ensure an effective catch the sticky bands should be put on immediately. A stri]) of grease-proof paper should lir.st be tied
IRISH GARDENING
159
on well up the main stem of the tree, two or three teet from the ground, if possible. Then, with a thin flat piece of wood, smear on a coat of tangle- foot, now well known to be one of the most lasting and effective moth catchers on the market. Some advise that it may be applied direct on the bark of trees over live years old. While one application may not affect the outer skin of the bark to any api)reciable extent, I am of opinion that annual grease- banding direct on to the bark is injurious, and as the grease-proof bands svipplied by the vendors of tanglefoot are so cheap I would strongly advi.se their use.
Root Pruning. — Towards the end of this month trees restricted to a given space and that are showing a tendency to make too much wood at the expense of fruit, or those which may have been planted in too rich and loose garden .soil and making too much rank growth without fruit buds, .should be corrected by shortening the long, bare anchor or taproots, which produce this over luxuriant and unfruitful condition. No hard and fast rule can be applied to the extent to which the roots may be shortened, but care should be taken not to reduce the roots to the extent of enfeebling the tree so that no wood growth niight be ])roduced the following year. Cordons and other small trees nxay be lifted and replanted with very little curtailment cf the roots to ])roduce the desired effect. The same care is necessary in pruning roots as in pruning branches — i.e., all cuts should be made with a shari) knife or sharp secateur. The wounds made in this way heal quickly, and a better system of fine or fibrous roots is formed from the Itoint where a clean cut is made than if cut roughly with a spade. Trees too large to be lifted and growing too luxuriantly may be corrected ))y a partial root ])runing from one side, and if not quite enough at first the roots on the o]iposite side may be dealt witli the following year. Trans])lanting trees for the i)urpose of re- arranging nxay begin towards the end of this month and be carried on next month — subject 1() soil and weather conditions — better than (luring mid-winter or spring, as the wounded roots heal quickly while there is still a little of the summer's warnxth in the groxxnd and an upward tendency in the sap. If the work is carefully done the trees should not receive any appreciable chec'k. Newly ])lanted trees should be secixred against rocking with the wind either to one sufficient stake, or, if large trees, to three stout ■jiegs with gxxy ropes.
Tying Young Tkees. — All ties on young trees requiring further sxipport should be renewed this month, as some may be getting too tight and others decaying, and if the ties give way the tree is liable to injxiry fronx rapping against the .stake. If trees are not ])ro]>ei'ly staked they are better without stakes. Half standard young trees of Bramley suffer more fronx wind for the tii'st three years after planting thaix nxost other sorts, their large leaves and stiff" branches giving the wind a greater grip of them. The tie should be placed at the top of the stake, which should stand approximate to the height of the stenx and be clear of the branches, exce])t in the case of pyramids or bush trees. The })est quality cocoa- nut lil)i'e coir yarn makes an excellent tying material, as it does not contract, or exx»and witlx changes of the weather. In tying, first place a
band of cloth or sacking round the tree to protect the bark ; wind the cord for tying two or three tiixxes round the stake to form a pad for the tree to rest against, and cross the cord between the ti'ee and the stake, clasping in the tree and tying behind the stake. For heavy trees several ply of the cord should be applied crossing between the tree and the stake.
Ordering Fruit Trees. — Intending planters should place their orders with their nurserymen this month, as they genei'ally begin to execute orders in Novenxber, and in the rotation in which they are received. The rule of " first come first served " not only holds good, buo the first served are invariably best served.
Cultivation. — This part of the fruit grower's work is hardly ever out of season. Many bits of spare groxxnd between fruit ti-ees should be turned to good account in growing cabbage for spring use, to meet a likely scarcity of food .stuffs in spring owing to the war.
The Vegetable Garden.
By Arthur Horton, Gardener to Colonel Claude Cane, St. Wolstan's, Celbridge.
The principal work in the vegetable garden is generally considered to be practically over for the season. Certainly very little can be done in the way of ])lanting or sowing seed, yet many other things will require immediate attention if good results are expected.
A sharp lookoxit should be kept for any signs of early frost, and i)rotecting material got ready for tender subjects.
During this month frost may put in an a])pear- ance for one night and do considerable damage, then not reappear for a nxonth or six weeks. French and runner beans are very tender and ea.sily daixxaged by frost. Measures .should be taken to protect them with any suitable material convenient. It is .suri)rising how little is .sufficient to ward off a few degrees.
Since the "|)resent war in Euro])e began much has been written both in the daily and weekly Press on the necessity and importance of in- creasing the area xinder cultivation, and also on preserving the various cro])s already or about to be harvested, vegetables included. It is xin- necessary for me to go over the .same ground, and it would be difticult to add much to what has been so exhaxistively treated by able writers on the various .subjects. Having read several articles on the ways and nxeans of preserving fruits and vegetables, I have not so far noticed the simple process of preserving French and runner beans with conxixxon siilt. All that is required is a water- tight vessel, a crock or pi]»kin answei-s the purpose admirably. Slice the beans in the same manner as ])repared for cooking, then ]ilace a layer of salt and beans time abovit. Care nuist always be taken to add sufficient salt or the result will not be satisfactory, neither is it advisable to use beans that ari^ in anv^^vay hard or stringy. The preserving can be done anytiixxe at intervals from the tinxe the plants comnxence bearing in August until they are cut down with frost, and will keep in perfect condition until the new .suyiply is ready f«)r use the following year. Tlie advan- tage of this process is that there is practically no
i6o
IRISH GARDENING
expense in carrying out the work. The writer has carried out. the above for several years witli unvarjdng success.
Lifting and Storing Roots. — if not already accomplished the lifting and storing of potatoes should be comi>leted without delay, provided the weather is favourable. The best method in my opinion is in pits or clamiis if ])rox)erly carried out. The site cliosen should be high and dry, over this place a layer of dry straw, build up the potatoes to a ridge and cover with a good thickness of straw, over which should be placed about six inches of earth. To ])revent heating bunches of straw may be placed through and above the soil every two or three yards along the ridge of the pit, drain pipes with a slate over the top to prevent rain entering will answer the same ])urpose.
Carrots and Beet may be stored in the same manner, but it is advisable to always have a few in the root shed for present use, wlaich shovild be covered with tine ashes or sand, being more con- venient to get at, especially during severe weather.
Parsnips are best if left in the ground and lifted as required, but it is a good policy to have a few under cover in case a long spell of frost sets in.
Onions when thoroughly ripe should be tied up in bunches or ropes, afterwards hanging them up in a cool shed, where they will keep better than if stored on shelves.
Spring Cabbage. — As advised in last month's notes, October is the best time for making the main planting of spring cabbage, being less liable to bolt than if X)lanted last month. After the quantity required is planted it is a good plan to prick out a good few about 6 inches a])art, these come in useful for making up blanks later on.
Plants op Endive and Lettuce should be lifted with good balls of earth and jjlanted in frames. If frames can be spared, a good sowing of the latter should be made during this month. One of the best varieties I know for this purpose is Drummond's Hardy Winter.
As soon as young cauliflower plants are large enough to handle they should be pricked ovit into frames about 4 inches apart, I'emove the sashes on all favourable occasions. Some means should be taken to protect parsley for winter use either by lifting and planting in franxes, or by placing frames over the beds. The earthing-up of celery and leeks should be completed without delay, choosing a fine day for carrying out the work. A good sowing of spinach should be made on a south border about the middle of the month. This .sowing will be i^eady for use during April and May, a time when good vegetables are extremely scarce.
The Wisley Trap.
A Sledge Trap for Turnip Flea Beetle
(Turnip Fly). Many are now sowing, or have sown, turnips, and it is probable that the young plants may be attacked by flea-beetles (turnip fly). These are very small, bluish beetles, that jump nimbly like fleas, eat small holes in the young leaves of the plants from the time that they first come up, and check the growth of the seedlings very con- siderably.
The following sim])le device has been invented by Professor I^efroy, ^Entomologist to the Royal Horticultural Society's (Jardens, Wisley, and serves as an effective tra]) for these beetles. To a frame made of six pieces of half inc-h deal 20in. long, two pieces of thin board (20in. by oin.) are fixed so as to slo]je outwards and u])wards, on the sides of the frame. These sloping boards are held apart by a cross bar and an end piece, so as to have four clear inches between them at the bottom. The two Isottom outer pieces of the frame are made iin. deeper than the inner pieces, the whole trap riding on the outer iJair as a sledge on runners. The ends are rounded off to help this. The sloping boards, the end pieces facing them, and the cross piece between them are greased. From the cross bar between the sloping pieces hangs a loop of stout string, and strings four feet long are attached to the front top corners.
The Wisley Trap for the Turnip Flea Beetle.
If now the trap is drawn down each row of turnips so that the young ])lants pass under the cross bar and are brushed by the string loop, the beetles leap up and alight on the sticky boards. There they perish.
If made of deal this apparatus is so light that a child can draw it along the rows ; it is best for two persons to draw the trap and for them to walk a few feet away on each side so that the beetles are not disturbed until the sticky boards reach them. If two persons are not available, one can work the trap, drawing it with outstretched arm, and walking, so that the shadow falls on rows already done.
Satisfactory sticky substances tested include : Messrs. Wood «fc Son's Currant Gall Mite Grease and Smearing Grease (Is. 3d. a tin) ; The S. P. Charges Co., St. Helens, " Morlar " Hop Wash (Is. a tin).
This little device was designed to deal with the hordes of flea beetles on the turnips at Wisley. It works so pleasantly and there is .such a charm in mopping up the flea beetles that the above description is published. The method may no doubt be adapted to large cultivations by making a number of sledge traps in series so as to do, say, five rows at once ; but the present pattern is intended for garden use.
The accompanying illustration shows the ease with which the " Wisley " trap can be naade. Those who wish to purchase tra])s can obtain them from Me.s.srs. Wood & Son, North British Wharf, Wood Green, N., carriage paid for 3s. 6d. The tra])s may also be obtained, carriage forward, from Mr. Paddle, 26 Loring Road, Isleworth, at 2s. 3d., and from Messrs. Walker & Sons, London Road, Isleworth, at 2s. 6d.
BBB-KBBPlNa MADB PROFITAOLB. Bnry lM>KMp«r wha doiIrM nMcii ihoold ntd
THE IBISH BEE JODBNAL
(BitabUdiMl ifM.)
Ofltial Organ •f th$ Iriah and Afflliattd, Cttfd^n, and Ptrthshirt B. K. Atseeiationi.
TNE LARQEST PENNY BEE PAPER IN THE WORLD. R*c«Wad whk aaikuiiMlia approval an4 Mn(raiuIaiio«a M Hmb* aa4 Abrearf S«b4 poM aard fer SpMimMi Capy frat " Oaa a( ikt WtghtaM ki tka worU."— (SI««n<ni-# (Am*n«mH), ■" Oaa ^t ika IWallaat aad kaal Apiariaa Jonraala ia all Karof*."— Amtrittut B€*-K*tptr.
Nonthly Idi ; It, N< par Anonm, Poit Fret.
THE PRACTICAL BEE GDIDE. V;^-*"?^:K.^"
•n tka labjaat y%\ pakUahed. ata pAgas. ija illuitraiioni. Papar aavar, aa. ; paatafa, jd. Linaa coTsr, ji. ; jmmUk^ jd. f raoi tka aflaa, Ibih Bbb TovaNAL, L«u(ti Krnn* Dramod, aid at aU nawMiganta.
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NOVEMBER 1914
TWOPENCE
Irish Gardening
Contents
PAGE
The Making and Planting of Rock
Gardens . .161
Decorative Roses . .163
Shrubs and Trees with Ornamental
Fruits (Illustrated) . .164
Chionanthus virginica (Illustrated) . 166
An Appeal to Gcirden Lovers . .166 Chrysanthemums (Illustrated) .166
Plants for the Moraine (Illustrated) . 168
Hints to Novices . . . . . 1 70
PAGE
Campanula Hillside Gem • 1 70
Tricuspidaria lanceolata (Illustrated) . 171
The Editor's Table . • . ]7\
Fruit Storing and Grading . .172
Huge Fruits at Record Prices .172
Solzmum jasminoides , • -172
Ciamellia reticulata • 1 73
Carpenteria californica (Illustrated) . 173
Autumn Flowenng Laburnum . . [73
Month's Work — Flower. Fruit, and
Vegetable Garden . .174
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction
for Ireland.
LIST OF THE DEPARTMENT'S LEAFLETS.
No.
Nom*
12
'3
'4 'S i6
'7
ig
'9
20
ii
21
23
«4 «5
26
11
»9 30
3> 32 33
34
it
37
SP 39 40
4»
43 <3 44
:i
%
49 50 .«;»
s« 53
N«.
The Warble Fly.
The UseandPurcha.se of Feeding Stuffs
Footrot in Sheep.
Tlie Sale of Flax.
Celery Leaf-Spot Di.sease>r Blight
Charlock (or Preshaugh) Spraying
Fluke in Sheep.
Timothy Meadows.
The Turnip Fly.
Wire worms.
Prevention of White Scour in Calves.
Out of Ptint.
Contag-ioiis Abortion in Cattle.
Prevention of Potato Blight.
.Milk Records.
Sheep Scab.
The Use and Purchase of Manures.
Swine Fever.
Early Potato Growing.
Calf Rearing.
Diseases of Poultry — Gapes.
Basic Slag.
Dishorning Calves.
Care and Treatment of Premium Bulls.
Fowl Cholera.
Winter Fattening of Cattle.
Breeding and Feeding of Pigs.
Blackleg, Black Quarter, or BlocQuartei
Flax Seed.
poultry Parasites — Fleas, Mttes, and
Lice. Winter Egg Production. Rearing and Fattening of Turkey*. Profitable Breeds of Poultry. The Revival of Tillage. The Liming of Land. Field Experiments — Barley.
,, , Meadow Hay.
,, ,, Potatoes.
,, , Mangolds.
,, ,, Oats.
,, ,, Turnips.
Permanent Pasture Grasses. The Rearing and Management of Chickens •' FTusk" or " Hooj-e '■ in Calven. Ringworm on Cattle. Haymaking.
The Black Currant Mite Foul Brood or Bee P«st. Poultry Fattening. Portable Poultry Houses. The Leather-Jacket Grub. Flax Experiments. The Constnution of a Cowhouse
A. — Introductory.
B.— Suitable Soils and their
Treatment. C. — Curing Barn--
7«
72
73
74 75 76 77 7*' 79 80 81 %» 83 84 «S 86
87 88
89 90 9« 92
93 94 95 96
97 98
99
TOBACCO-GROWING
D. — Suitable Varieties. E.— Seed Beds. F.— Manures. G.— Transplanting
Nam*
54 Calf Meals.
55 The Apple.
56 Cultivation of the Root Crop
57 Marketing of Fruit.
58 Sprouting Seed Potatoes. J^ Testing of Farm Seeds. 60 The Packing of Butter.
€1 Field Experiments — Wh*at. f>3 Out of Friiit.
63 "Redwater" or "Blood Murrain" in . Cattle.
64 Varieties of Fruit suitable for cultiva-
tion in Ireland.
65 Forestry: The Planting of Waste Lands.
66 Forestry : The Proper Method cf Plant-
ing Forest Trees.
67 Forestry : Trees for Poles and Timber.
68 Forestry : Trees for Shelter and Orna-
ment.
69 The Prevention of Tuberculosis in Cattle.
70 Forestry : Planting, Management, and Preservation of Shelttr-Belt and Hedgerow Timber.
Forestry : The Management of Flanta-
tions. Forestry : Felling and Selling Timber. The Planting and Management of
Hedges. Some Common Parasites of the Sheep. Barley Sowing.
American Gooseberry Mildew. Scour and Wasting in Young Cattle. Home Buttermaking. The Cultivation of Small Fruits. Catch Crops,
Potato Culture on Small Farms. Cultivation of Main Crop Potatoes. Cultivation of Osiers. Ensilage.
Some Injurious Orchard Insects. Dirty Milk. Barley Threshing. The Home Bottling of Fruit. The Construction of Piggeries. The Advantag'es of Early Ploughitig. Black Scab in Potatoes.^ Home Preservation of Eggs. Marketing of Wild Fruits, Cost of Forest Planting. Store Cattle or Butter, Bacon and £g^^. Packing Eggrs for Hatching:. Weeds.
Tuberculosis in Poultry. Seawefrd as Manure.
LEAFLETS.
H. — Cultivation, Suckering, and Topping I. — Harvesting and Curing. - J. — Gt^ding, Packing, and Maturing. K. — Marketing.
Copies of the above Leaflets can be obtained, FREE OF CHARGE and post free, on application to the Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin. Letters of Application so addressed need not be stamped.
IRISH GARDENING
VOLUME IX
No. 105
Edited by C- F. Ball.
A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND
ARBORICULTURE IN IRELAND
NOVEMBER 1914
The Making and Planting of Rock Gardens.
Bv L. B. Meredith.
What a different picture rises before us when we com],are the rock gardens of yesterday with those of to-day — the former an ugly inartistic mass of stones, with here and there a few sickly plants struggling to live in the most unsuitable soil and surroundings that could be devised ! Small wonder then that the rock garden of twenty years ago eventually became the dum]i- ing ground for the refuse of the garden. Let us leave this incongruous scene and look at the modern rock garden. In it the stones, instead of being bare and exposed, are clothed with masses of purple Aubrietia, pink and yellow rock Roses, blue and white Campamxlas, crimson Thyme, &c., blending their glorious colours together in such a manner as few artists can faithfully portray.
In writing this article my object is to give the would-be OAvner of one of these gardens a few simple ijistructions how it is best to attain the object desired, showing the diflficulties likely to be met w'ith, and how they can most easily be overcome.
When making a rock garden the jirimary and most important point to consider is position. The ideal spot is some sloping ground facing south-east, with a background of trees for shelter on the north and north-east ; these trees, however, should not be closer than some 15 to 20 yards. But unfortunately the ideal can but seldom be realised, so it is best to show what especially to guard against. Avoid, above every- thing, overhanging trees ; do not make the garden in a place where there is any doubt about obtauiuig effective drainage, or where the sun cannot reach at all times of the year. As already shown, it is best when possible to have shelter from the prevailing cold winds.
Having selected the site, the next pomt to consider is the general scheme ; this of necessity will greatly depend on the contour of the land available. Let me impress on the reader when laying out a rock garden the importance of
having some definite plan, such as a little valley or miniature mountain pass ; let all paths lead definitely from one point to another, and be laid out in such a way as to appear as if it was the one and only line this path or paths could take. I prefer laying out the main paths first, and using them as a basis to work up the banks to the required formation.
Perhaps a few suggestions as to the general scheme would not be out of place here.
Supposing the site selected to be a strip of ground, say 30 yards by 20 yards, rising gradu- ally throughout its entire length, this could, with comparatively little labour, be converted into a charming muiiature valley by digging out a sinuous path up the centre. If, on the other hand, the face of the slope was only 20 yards wide, a very attractive scheme would be to lay out the main path at the foot of the slope with smaller paths converging from it up and along its face.
Level ground is harder to deal with ; but here again much can be done by digging out ])aths and raising the ground adjoining with the soil removed in doing so.
The great art in designing a rock garden, or in fact any garden, is to ])reserve ])roportion throughout.
Having decided on the main scheme and paths marked out, prepare the banks roughly, niaking the desired formation with as nnu'h variation in gradient as ]iossil)le and avoidhig repetition. When digging out the paths do not cover the good top soil with the inferior subsoil. If this cannot be removed altogether, it should be placed where the highest parts are required, and even theix it is best to take off about 12 inches of the good soil first ; this will entail more labour, but it is worth it.
While the formation of the banks and digging of the paths are being made, great atteiitioji should be given to that all-essential point, drainage. It is possible to overdrain, but it is
1 62
IRISH GARDENING
far easier to err on the other side. It should always be borne in mind that stagnant water is absolutely fatal to all rock ])lajits ; so remem- bering this, make ample provision to get rid of all superfluous moisture, and the time to do this is in the initial stages. The extent of drainage required will, of course, entirely depend on the nature of the soil and subsoil, the subsoil especially ; contour of the land, &c. ; so it can be easily understood no specific in- structions can be given on this point, except to make sure there is ample fall at the main outlet or outlets, for an ineffective drain is worse than no drain at all.
Having firepared the ground as already shown, the next operation is to place the rocks in position. A great deal will, of course, depend on the size ajid class of rock available for the purpose. Sandstone or mountain limestone are considered by many to be the best, but failing either of these almost any kind of roughly-hewn rock will do ; the greater the variety of shapes the better, and as large as can conveniently be handled. Avoid round boulder stones, or thin slabs — the former because it will be found impossible to fit one closely against the other on account of their convex faces, and the latter because it will be most difficult to vary the formation as much as is desirable. Have nothiiig to do with artificial rocks, clinkers, bricks, or anything of a similar description, and on no account use old tree stumps or wood in any form.
The main principle governing the construction of rock work is to aim at copying nature. If you study the face of a quarry you will find that the rocks are laid in regular stratas, with a general tendency to slope or dip in a well-defined line ; so keeping this in mind try and maintain throughout this dip in the rockwork.
At least one-third of each stone should be buried in the ground, and before doing so be sure that the bed prepared for it is made quite solid, for if not the first heavy rain will shift the soil, and many hours hard work be undone. The rocks should lie as close to each other as possible, and endeavour to make each appear as if it were part of those adjoining. Pay par- ticular attention to packing in the soil all round each rock ; if this is not done an air space may be left which will ]»rove fatal to any plants whose roots find it out.
The following hints may be useful when building the rock work : —
Always bear in mmd that rocks are placed not merely for appearance sake, but with the primary' object of keeping up the soil and pre- venting it being washed down by heavy rain.
The banks mav be built into a series of small
terraces ; these should vary in width, height, and general contoixr ; and in order to get this \^ariation they may in places merge into each other, keejiing at the same time the general di]) of the rockwork.
It will, of course, be easily understood that the steeper parts of the bank require more rocks, and for this reason it is well to keep the larger rocks for the most abrupt formation. The gradient of the terraces should in no ]jlace exceed 6 to 8 inches in 2 feet ; if steeper than this the soil will be washed off and the necessary moisture will not reach the roots of the plants, for most rock plants require am|)le moisture, ]irovided, of course, there is efficient drainage. For the same reason all rocks should slope towards the bank, thereby insuring that moisture wdll be directed towards the roots of the plants growing over them, and also allow the rain to reach those planted at their base.
It will often be found impossible to avoid havmg vertical fissures between rocks. These fissures should ahvays be made so that the Avider part is at the top ; if not, it Avill soon be found that frost and rain will quickly remove the soil that has been so carefully packed in between. In large fissures small wedge-shaped pieces of stone should be inserted, but here the thick erd of the wedge should be at the bottom, so that when the ground settles there is no danger of an air space arismg.
I advise making a certain number of these vertical fissures, as many rock plants prefer to grow in such positions. Horizontal fissures should also be formed by laying one rock over the other with flat pieces of stone between to give the space necessary for soil ; be very careful in the building to slope the upper surface of the bottom rock well back towards the bank, and the top rock should be placed so that the bottom rock forms a ledge of at least 2 or 3 inches to catch the rain.
I always prefer building up th*^ general formation of rockwork first, this being done, as already pointed out, with the primary object of keejnng the soil in position ; afterwards smaller stones can be added to break a too monotonous outline.
Avoid too many rocks, better to err on the other side : a few well placed look far better, and are equally efficacious.
In order to facilitate weeding and planting operations, flat stones should be placed on the surface of the ground here and there through the garden.
The sides of sunken ])aths may with advan- tage be edged with rock, but again avoid anytlung the least formal.
[To be continued.)
IRISH GARDENING
163
Decorative Roses.
By Mrs. Butler, Priestown, Co. Meath.
Decorative Roses may roughly be placed, in three divisions : — (1) Ramblers, as Dorothy Perkins, &c. ; (2) single and semi-single, as Irish Elegance and Old Gold, &c. ; (3) Roses of other types, as General MacArthiir, Mdme. EdoiiardHerriot, &c.
The ramblers are quite a class in themselves, and their ciiltivation and arrangement give endless opportunities. Personally, I do not think their possibilities are properly appreciated. To begin with, they are cheap, and if one plant is bought, anyone not in a hurry to do everything at once can in a couple of years have an almost unlimited stock from cuttings. Of course they have only one flowering period, but then it is a longish one, and the wealth of bloom from large collections of them is a marvellous sight.
I have a large double tennis ground wired in, and growing all round on the wire are dozens of Perkins and Dennisons, and I cannot think of any prettier display from mid-July to end of August, and after the main bloom has gone little clusters of flowers keep coming out till the frost cuts them off finally.
Many people do not get by anv means the best results from their ramblers, as it appears to be the idea to plant them growing up a pillar or any suitable place, and tie them up year by year and cut out nothing but dead wood. To get really good results much more trouble must be taken. As they grow, the new shoots must be tied up and retied ever\' week or so, to prevent breaking, and about September or October the whole bush should be untied and most, or all, of last year's wood cut away. Sometimes the new growlih is not good, from dry Weather generally ; then they camaot be treated so drastically, and one has to do the best one can with the freshest looking of the old wood ; but anywhere w'here water is plentiful and can be given in dry seasons, there need be no fear of want of ne\V growth. Ramblers are very strong and healthy ; the only bad enemy they have is greenfly. Given plenty of well rotted manure in the autumn and plenty of spraying for fly in spring and summer, anyone can have a marvellous display. As to what kinds to grow, the pioneer Dorothy Perkins is very hard to beat, but Dennison's introduc- tion, Dorothy Dennison, is quite as free a grower ; then Excelsa is most distinctive, and White Dorothy is very pretty, though it will insist on having a few pink flow'ers. While on ramblers as decorative Roses, I hardly think one could describe the Crimson Rambler as being such. It makes a fine bit of colour in the distance, but I never saw anyone who could arrange the cut blooms to advantage, and it is so subject to mildew as to be a nuisance.
As to where to put these Roses, it is easier to say where not to put them. They apparently do not get enough air on a wall ; but anywhere else — Wire railings, trellis work, posts, an old tree stump, or even growing trees, creeping about on banks, through hedges, or even on the stereotyped pergola. Their green is so fresh and bright that even when not in flower they are effective.
While on the subject of ramblers to jump to the opposite extreme, two Polyanthas may be mentioned — Madame Norbert Levavasseur (the baby Crimson Rambler) and Maman Levavas- seur (the baby Dorothy). They only grow about two feet high, and frequently have two flowering periods, and, as far as I have noticed Madame Norbert Lavavasseur is not at all as subject to mildew as its grown up type. Massed in large beds these Roses give a splendid colour effect, and they are so opposite in every way to the Crimson Rambler and Dorothy Perkins, except in floWer, which is the same, that thej^ make a most interesting contrast.
Another Rose that I really do not know whether it should be classed with the ramblers or with the singles is Carmine Pillar. It is much earlier than the ramblers and is practically out of bloom by the first week in July, and has never made any attempt at a second bloom, but when it is out it is the most brilliant Rose in the garden. The proper place for this Rose is an old apple tree. I have seen it one mass of bloom for over twenty feet, and I Would willingly spoil an apple tree for it ; but appareiitly there is no need to do this. I put one on an old tree that had almost given up bearing, and since it has been on it there has been more apples each year than there were altogether in the pre- ceding ten years. I suppose this Was the result of very drastic and rather indiscriminate j)runing to give the Rose more light and air and the manure the Rose has since got, but whatever the cause the result is as I say.
Some of the single Roses are quite the most decorative of any, lending themselves to tasteful arrangement and lasting longer than the average of cut flowers. All Alex. Dickson's " Irish "' class are suitable for this purpose, but I. f^legance and I. Fireflame are the best. Semi-single, such as Simplicity and McGred} "s Old Gold, are charming. Their growth and habits are too Well known for me to say ajiything about them.
Roses of the General MacArthur type are really pcri)etual bloomers. There are any immber to select from, and a little intelligent observation at shows and the study of some of the numerous Rose catalogues we have showered on us so freely will enable anyone to make a choice to suit their own taste.
164
IRISH GARDENING
Shrubs and Trees with Ornamental Fruits.
By J. W. Besant. Tn these rather anxious times it is somewhat difficult to concentrate one's mtncl on purely gardening matters, sijice the feeling is constantly present that there are more serious things afoot. It is a relief, however, to return occasionally to the quiet joys of the autumn garden and even to make plans for the future. Seldom have the hardy flower borders yielded such a riot of colour over so long a period, September and early October rival- ing gay July in wealth of beauty and brilliance. Now, with the falling leaves and fadijig flowers. Na- ture, as if still determined to j^rolong the stay of beauty, reveals m}Tiads of brilliantly- coloured fruits not less valu- able in grey autumn days. And what a galaxy of col- our is to be found among these fruits — brilliant red, orange, scarlet, pink, coral, yellow.
Berberls ACiGRECiATA, a new Chinese Barberry, witli beautiful red berries.
and pure white, sureh
Y>ure
sufficient to satisfy the most exacting gardener. As yet plants with showy fruits are used only in a more or less haphazard way, planted oddly here and there. Some day, perhaps, we shall get beds and borders of these planted only with regard to their autumn effect, much as we now plant other things for the effect of their flowers. One can imagine a very striking bed, for instance, of half-staixlards of Cotoneaster Franchetii, with its brilliant sealing-wax-like berries, over Symphoricarpus Isevigatus, loaded with pure snow-white fruits, the bed edged perhaps' with Berberis Wilsonae, which has pretty pink fruits. The Barberries alone provide a host of kinds with oniamcntal fruits, and are withal so easily grown and so varied in habit that no garden need be without one or more sorts to gladden
the autumn days. Tn addition to B. Wilsonae, among the newer kinds we liave B. aggregata (see illustration), which loads itself with dense clusters of glistening pink fruits. A mass of this species would be a most attractive feature in any large ])ark or garden, alone or combined with an ever- green groundwork. Other good new sorts ar^ B. subcauliata, with fruits somewhat like those of B. Wilsonse, but smaller, and B. Prattii, with clusters of red berries covered with a purplish bloom. B. Stapfiana has small })ink ajid red fruits, and the plant is of dwarf, rather prostrate growth. The blue berries of B. Darwinii are not the least attraction of this
very popular ai^d beautiful shrub.
Among the C Q t o n casters, one of which has been already noted, are many valu- able fruiting plants. One of the most satis- factory of all is the old and well-known C. frigida, a Him- alayan shrub, which bears corymbs of red berries in great profusion and retains them for a longtime. This species may be grown as a large shrub or small tree, and can be pruned to form a standard or half-standard, thus allowing of its being planted ui various positions. Among the newer sorts C. Henry ana is useful, though the fruits are small, and Jiot retained so long as those of the previous species, while a somewhat similar and very graceful shrub is C. salicifolia rugosa. C. dielsiana elegans is stiffer in habit, the branches assumijig a more upright form, but bearing quantities of reddish berries. C. bullata is particularly fine in fruit, the berries being large and brilliant red ; it is fairly new, and a very decided acquisition, while C. moupinense lias black berries. It is only necessary to mention the older kinds of Cotoneaster, such as C. rotundifolia, C. buxifolia, horizontalis, and others, to remiixd gardening ])eople of the charm of their bright fruits contrasting with the dark green leaves.
IRISH GARDENING
165
Even the Roses, which are mostly associated with the beauty of their flowers, are not to be despised for the autumn charm of their fruits. The Jajianese Rosa rugosa is distinctly handsome in its autunm garb of orange-red fruits and golden leaves, while a bush of the large-fruited Rosa pomifera is a glory m itself. A very different subject is Rosa alpma, a dwarf grower, spreadmg freely by stolons, and coveruig itself hi autuinn with long bright red "" hips." These are all species of Roses, and to some mmds anything which savours of the botani- cal in Roses is sure to be dull and uninteres- ting ; this idea, how- ever, is fast losmg its hold, and people are beginning to realise that plants may have other beauties than brilliant floAvers ; Roses and Honey- suckles are favourites in gardens for theu' flowers, but how many have considered the latter for the orna- mental value of theu- fruits. When walkuig through a collection of Honeysuckles one is often surprised and delighted with the beautiful fruits of some kinds which had not been conspicuous in flower. Lonicera Caprifolium has
clusters of orange berries nestling in the cuj) formed by the junction of the
Sullivantii has red berries. L. cau'ulea derives its name from the blue fruits it bears, and the pale translucent berries are characteristic of L. translucens. Perhaps the greatest surprise of all is to come on a bush of Dr. Henry's Honey- suckle, L. Henry i, laden with dense clusters of ])ur])lish fruit ; and one can imagine the worthy doctorV delight when first he found his namesake growing wild hi far Cathay.
Among the spindle trees there are several sorts which bear ornamental fruits. The common one is one of the best, and is a beautiful sight when Well furnished with its dangling fruits, the pink fleshy covering just openhig to reveal the yellow seeds withm. Euonymus
Fruit of the Fringe Tree (Chionanthus virgiuica) (see page 166).
eaves, and likewise L
latifolius and E. macropterus are two broader- leaved khids of greater beauty.
Crataegus Pyracantha— sonietimes called the Fu"e Bush — is a wonderful sight in autumn when smothered m its orange -coloured berries. In connnon with the Rowan, though it suffers from the depredations of bu-ds, the fruits behig no sooner rii)e than they begui to vanish. A some- what similar, but less hardy, shrub is Pyracantha angustifolia, which ripens its fruit veiy late in the year, and is frequently a glorious sight at
Christmas. A warm sunny wall is neces- sary for the proper development of this rather tender species, but many less worthy things are accommo- dated on Avails, while there is the additional advantage of its being evergreen. The fruits are deeper in colour than those of C. Pyracantha. The Sea Buckthorn Hip- pophse rhamnoides is a charming study hi grey and gold during autumn and whiter ; the berries are orange - coloured and very ornamental, but as the plant is unisexual it is necessary to plant staininate and pistil- late plants together to ensure a good crop of fruit.
An unco m m o n shrub, suitable for a wall.is Rhajihithaninus
cyanocarj)Us, which is evergreen, and occasion- ally produces a croj) of handsome blue berries which always attract attention. This plant cannot be recommended asperfectly hardy every- where, but can generally be accommodated on a Wall not too directly exposed to the sun. Among larger growing things the Thorns are, of course, conspicuous every autumn ; though the common species is good, it is exceeded in ])eauty of fruit by some of the American kinds, which p)roduce larger and brighter coloured liaws, C. cocinea, the Scarlet Haw, is very conspicuous hi winter, and well worth plantmg in parks and pleasure grounds. Among the Pyruses, too, are numerous varieties which bear ornamental fruits, particularly the Crabs, such
i66
IRISH GARDENING
as John DoAVnie, Dcartnioufcli, Transcendent, &c., which frequently load, themselves with red and 3'ellow fruits, which look very pretty on a clear autumn or Avinter dciy.
Pmis decaisneana, which is of a different type, is extremely handsome in fruit. The fruits are produced in dense clusters, and, though in- dividually small, are of such a brilliant red as to be quite cojispicuous from a distance. There are many other ornamental fruiting trees, but it is unnecessary to present an entire catalogue of names here. It is worth recording, however, that the red-fruited variety of the Sycamore — viz., Acer pseudo-platanus erythrocarpum — is perhaps the most ornamental fruited of all our large forest trees.
Chionanthus virginica.
Very seldom do we see the fruits uf the Frint;e Tree in this country, but Mr. Walpole kindly sends us from Mount Usher. Co. Wicklow, a s])ray, from which our iUustration (p. 165) is taken, and he wi'ites: — " Toe berries on this spray are green, but turn i)urple afterwards ; as soon as they do so the birds eat them. Tlie bush is about .six years old and about five feet high : it is i)lanted in the part we call the new ground — that is, where the Eucalypti are planted. It has flowered well for some years i)ast, but never fruited before. Another bush planted close to it flowered this year nearly as well, but did not fruit."
Tlie single fruits are oval, about half an inch long, and in ai)])earance like small olives ; in fact Chionanthus is closely related to Olea, and differs principally in the segments of the corolla being barely united at the base.
The scented flowers are snow white : they open in May, and hang in long bunches : from the corolla being divided into narrow segments the name Fringe Tree is given.
The leaves are oval, from four to eight inches long.
In this country, it is only seen as a bush, but in America reaches thirty feet high.
Chionanthus virginica is a distinct and beautiful shrub when in flower, and grows well in any ordinary good soil, i)rovided it is not too dry, and prefers a sheltered place froni winds. It is not an easy plant to root from cuttings, but American seed germinates freely, or it may be budded on the ash — a practice not to be generally recom- mended.
An Appeal to Garden Lovers.
His Ma.jesty the Kixo is setting a worthy exami)le to horticulturists and arboriculturists, and intends to carry out a considerable scheme of i)lanting on the Sandringham estates to provide a large amount of emiiioyment. We also note that a ])ortion of the Sandringham estate will be placed at the disposal of the Cambridge Schor)l of Forestry for use as an exi>erimental and den^on- stration area in connection with afforestation.
We are also pleased to hear that several people are following the King's lead by planting new Rose beds, making a general planting, or renovat- ing glasshouses so as to give employment
Of course with the heavy war cloud hanging over us all it is a time for general economy, but those who have the money, and can afl"ord it, should not be too stringent in their gardens, but bear in mind the numerous dependants on the gardening industry, both ]irivate and conimercial. Many nurserymen have large wage bills to ■|)ay weekly, and have expended mu(;h capital in raising stocks, maybe of roses, shrubs, fruit trees, plants or bulbs, and imless these are cleared to pay the employees' wages, it may lead to more unemployment. It is a case where the small garden owner can hel]) to a certain extent as well as the owner of a large garden, each according to his purse.
[We all look forward to the time when the war is over and peace is declai-ed, so in gardening we know that we always have to look forward, and not forget that autunm is the time to ])lant in order to have a liright and fruitful garden f(jr the following year. — Ed.]
Chrysanthemums.
Dear Sir, — I enclose you ]»hoto of that flne old, but still useful, variety of Chrysanthemum Vivian Morel, as I thought it may be of interest to readers of Irish Gardenincj. There are few varieties that have stood the test of time with Vivian Morel ; its colour is a ])leasing mauve, and its freedom of growth specially adai)ts it for a sj^ecinien plant. The above specimen is a two year old plant in a twelve-inch i)ot carrying one hundred and twelve good blooms. — W. H. G.
The glorious sunamer of 1914 has once more demonstrated the value of sunshine to plant life, especially the Chrysanthemum, which is one of those plants that require a good, long sunny season to encourage short-jointed, well-ripened growth to produce blooms of good quality either for exhibition or greenhouse decoration ; for the latter purpose the Chrysanthemum has no rival. There is no plant that gives us the amovint of bloom in such delightful variety of colour and lasting qualities when cut for vases or arranged in the conservatory at comparatively little expense of growing. For either of these |)urposes we can divide them into two sections — the large handsome exhibition blooms and the useful decorative section, which consists of the ordinary bush. Japanese and singles. The former do not pay to grow only for the one pur])ose, as they do not last long enough to rei)ay for the aniount of trouble expended on them. Moreover, we have such a delightful selection of Japanese bush varieties and singles that they have almost ousted the large blooms from many places altogether.
Culture is most simi)le and within the reach of any amateur with small greenhouse and cold frames. Select cuttings in the month of February, insert three round the sides of three- inch pots filled with light sandy soil, well watered befcu'e putting the cuttings in. When finished ])lace in a cold frame on an ash bottom facing south. Keej) close till they are rooted, only giving water when necessary, as they are very subject to damp at this stage. Once they are rooted a little air should be given, which can be increased on fine davs. As root action and growth
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increases, potting on will be necessary into five- inch pots ; this time a little coarser material — viz., fibrous loam ])ulled to pieces, with leaf- mould and sand added, and a little soot. Pot fairly firm, and when the plants have taken to the new soil give theni a pinch at about five or six inches to make theni break. Watering must be carefully attended to : never allow the plants to become dry ; give i)lenty of air, and occasionally s^jray tliem over with the rose can to encourage growth. By the end of March the lights of the frame can be removed altogether on mild days. The final i)otting is the most important, as the ])lants have to remain in the pots for a long i)eriod. Prepare pots of various sizes, from eiglit-inch to
Morel, Formality, Merstham Yellow, Wm. Duck- ham. In si)ringtime tliese should liave as much of the old soil removed as possible. Potted on. in the usual manner they make splendid specimens. The accompanying ])hoto is an old plant of Vivian Morel, carrying 112 blooms, treated likewise. Early staking is a most important matter : do not overdo it or the iilant will appear .stiff and ugly. When the plants begin to show signs of new growth tliey should be stood out singly in a sunny position on an asli bottom. Give plenty of room. When the pots are full of roots commence feeding liberally with changes of artificials, sheep manure water and soot water. Keep a close watch for insects. Most of the
A two year old plant of Chrysanthkmuh Vivian Morel carrying 112 blooms.
ten-inch, have them clean and well crocked to ensure good drainage. Discretion must be used in sizes of pots, as some of the more delicate singles do not need the amount of root room as the more stronger growing .lai)anese varieties. Soil. — Good rough fibrous loam two parts, old spent mushroom bed one part ; if this is not at hand leaf-mould of good qiuility, half bushel coarse sand, a ten-inch pot of lime rubble, also same of soot well seasoned ; to this add eight-inch l)ot of bone meal : mix thoroughly : kee]i turned for a few days : ])ot the plants very (iriu. fairly low in the i)ots to keep them dwarf : stand theiu outside in a sheltered i)osition till they get a start in the new soil ; water sparingly : use the syringe freely till well rooted.
There are a few varieties wliich commend themselves for large specimens, such as \"ivian
varieties will re(iuire stopping again alxiut the middle of .luly. disbud as soon as the buds are large enough to handle this will give nice s])rays for cutting or specimen ])lants. Commence housing the plants about the second week in October.
A few suital)le varieties are the following : — • White — Formality, Moneymaker. Mrs. .1. Hevan, Felton's Favourite. Souvenir de I'etit Ami, .Mrs. Roots. I'inks — Wm. Duckham, Vivian .^^or(■l. X. ('. S. .lubilee- Yellows — Merstham, Sunflower, Mrs. ( ii-eenlieid. lion. Mrs. S()i>es, W. H. Lincoln, Soleil d'Octobre. Single.s — Sylvia Slade. Sam Nash, Harold Slade, Ideal, Sandown Hadiance, Mensa, Hector Forbes, J. T. Angus, Kdith I'agram, Mrs. li. 0. Pulling. Winifred Perry. The above are a selection of charming colours.
W. H. Green.
i68
IRISH GARDENING
Plants for the Moraine.
By Murray Uornibkook, Knai)ton, Abbeyloix.
In Irish (Jakdeninc; of .lune, 1914, 1 de.stiibcd some moraines, with s])ecial reference to tlieir com"|)osition and texture. In the present article I would refer more particularly to plants suitable for the moraine.
It is assumed tiiat the moraine is now made, and is comx)osed of a mixture and texture suit- able to the climatic conditions of the moraine- maker's locality. His next ditTiculty will be selecting liis i)lants, and he will find that fully 95 ])er cent, of his Ali)ines will do as well in the stone chi]»s as they do in the soil. A few do not like the moraine very much, and a larger pro- ])ortion do not like the soil at all. He must, therefore, give the latter the first consideration for situation and s])ace, and, having ])rovided for their requirements, then fill u]) tlie moraine with those selected from the large number of moraine lovers whose habit or constitution renders them nxost suitable for moraine treat- ment. To my mind the ideal moraine plant is one that hugs the surface of the stones like a lichen or a moss. Of course, in a large moraine one can welcome every size and shape, bvit for the snxall moraine, such as one sees in most rock gardens, the surface-clingers are far more effec- tive, and big, floppy plants should be avoided; avoid also ram]>ant s])readers — I s])ent three weary days in following the ramifications of a small root of Linaria ])allida planted in ignor- ance of its habit of sitreading about a hundred times as fast underground as it does u]) above. If the moraine be of limestone, choose for pre- ference plants having .silver or grey in their foliage, which is likely to be accentuated by the lime. It will be found, as a rule, that moraine treatment dwarfs the habit of a plant, makes it com])act in growth, and increases the brilliancy of the tone of its flowers. One word as to |;lant- ing. Be careful to shake most of the soil from the roots, and kee]) a sup])ly of very line crushed material to put round them before the ordinary moraine material is re])laced in the ])lanting hole, otherwise the plants are liable to die from drought arising from the air getting in between the larger moraine stones. Water at once round the roots after ]danting, and, if the weather be at all windy and dry, water carefully once or twice a day until established- Watering is not so necessary in autumn ]»lanting, but very necessary when planting in A])ril or May. Planting may be done in si)ring, summer, or autumn. I find it more satisfactory to plant decidiu)us plants in spring ; the others I plant at any time when there is not a frost.
The following ]dants are all quite dwarf or creeping, unless otherwise described : —
Of Aly.s.sunis the gem is A. ser})yllifolium, with white foliage and yellow flowers. Close to it and very choice are A. ovirense and A. idaeum. A. Bornmulleri, A. olympicum, green foliage, and A. podolicum. green foliage and white flowers, are also good, and the rosea form of A. .spinosum, with its hard .s])iny silver branches--, is a gem, but stronger in giowth than the others. All grow freely in limestone. A. I.;agasc8e, with silvery foliage and rosy-pink flowers, is very rare, and with me prefers sand in full sun, but' it prosjjers in moraine as Glasnevin.
Armeria ca's])itosa is a delightful miniature form of sea i)ink for a .situation not too dry.
Arenaria tetracpietra only flowers with me when planted in moraine. It is the choicest and most distinct Arenaria I know. I also find A. ledebouriana very attra«;tive, with foliage not unlike a cree])ing aspai'agus ; both have white flowers. A laricifolia is distinct.
Andro.sace villosa makes a nice tuft, and is pro- digal in its display of white flowers. This and A. sempervivoides, with its dull green rosettes and crimson flowers, are the only And rosaces I can grow without winter glassing, and are both in moraine. A. sarmentosa (see illustration) has swanx])ed another moraine and taken it all for itself, but it needs a glass.
As])erula athoa looks ])articularly happy in limestone, with its grey stems and their ])endant pink flowers.
Bellium bellidioides, a lichen-like white Daisy; Bellis alpina, taller flowers, with i-ed reverse (sometimes all red), and B. ccerulescens. with its pale violet blossouis (not very hardy), are all useful.
Of Arabis I would recommend but few. A. Andrt)sace, most distinct foliage, covered with line silky hairs : A. Kellereri, dwarf and coui])act, with greyish foliage and white flowers ; and simi- lar in habit are A. Sundennanni and A. Ferdi- nandi-Coburgi. There is also a tiny A. dacia, with ])ale pink flowers, which is usually an annual, but sows itself not too freely.
Canapanula alpestris (Allioni) and C cenisia are moraine plants ]»ure and sim])le. The former has enornxous flowers for the size of its foliage, and is almost stemless : so also is C Kaineri vera. Another gem is C Morrettiana (if you can get it i)roperly rooted) for a tight crevice between moraine stones in half shade. O. alpina, like a small C. barbata, with a si)ike of blue blossoms at the side of its rosette ; (J. bellidi- folia is good, and other indispensables are C Waldsteiniana and C. Tommasiniana. C steno- codon, a tiny hairbell, and C acutangula. a mimite
C. garganica, should also be included, and all grow freely in limestone, but C. alpestris prefers granite or sandstone.
Convolvulus incanus, with loose silvery foliage, is good, but nitidus is compacter and better, with foliage of the brightest burnished silver and white or ]»ale pink flowers. At a distance it appears not unlike Potentilla nitida, which, however indi.spensable, is not, to my mind, st> line as the ('onvolvulus. Other suitable Potentillas are P. minima, P. Saxifraga, and P. calabrica, the latter with beautiful grey foliage.
Draba imbricata, compact in habit and a hillock of brilliant yellow in s})ring, is easily lirst. Other good Drabas are D. dicranoides, D. ariuata,
D. Bertoloni, D. rigida, D. bruniaefolia, all with yellow flowers, and D. ciliata with white flowers.
I would confine the Dianthi for the moraine t« the compact, non-straggling forms, of which the following are good examples : — Dianthus aren- arius, I). Freynii, I). Lereschei, U. gelidus, D. subacaulis, 1). corsicus, D. brevicaulis, I), vir- gineus, I), hirtus, D. al})ina. D. neglectus is a gem, but ])refers light, o])en soil.
Douglasia vitaliana has delightful grey-green foliage, and may in the moraine be occasionally induced to give a few of its bright yellow flowers. D. laevigata is quite new, with crimson flowers, but seems to prefer light vegetable soil.
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Gei'bera anandriH should not be omitted, and Geranium sessilifloriim (wliite Howers).
Erodium corsitum is dwarf enough to be in- ckided, witli its charniint;' crimson-lined flowers, and E. Keicliardi is a miniature gem, but not extraordinarily liardy, and seems to object to a grilling sun.
Edraianthus pumilio is the star of the section wlietlier in leaf or flower. E. (or Wahlenbergia) vincseflora lias wonderful periwinkle-like flowers, but is mucli taller. W. hederacea, a cliarming miniature ramper for a moist corner, and E. (or W. ) saxicola.with erect flowers of pale cliina mau V e. Tliis must not be confounded with the so-called E. saxi- cola, similar in gi'owth, but with wasliy white flowers, whicli is in reality, I am told, E. albo-marginata.
Heliclirysum belli- dioides and H.trinerve are deliglitf ul E v e r- lastings, minute green foliage witli white i"everse and wliite flowers, but botli are inclined to flo]) and ram]). H. frigidum is choice and rare, but hates damp.
Kanunculus Kern- erianus, with pink flowers flat on the ground, and K. glacialis need moisture and full sun. The true R. crenatiis is deliglitful.
Plantago nivalis has long narrow leaves covered with wonder- ful silky hairs, and has in c o 11 s p i c u o u s flowers.
Hypericum rep tans is a gem if you can keep it within bounds, and H. Coris is equally desii-able ; but H . cre- nulatum is the " good girl of the family," with every virtue — habit,constitutiou, and freedom of flower — and no ascertainable vices.
I'entstemon antirrhinoidcs is dwarf, ^\ith yellow flowers. P. Davidsoni is a i)rostrate gem, needing full sun and a granite and peat moraine to give full measure of its dazzling wine-coloured flowers. P. Menziesii is a dowdy country cousin of stronger growth.
Lychnis Lagascae and variety rosea must not be omitted, and seem pereniual if planted on their side.
Petrocallis ]»yrenaica, with its cushion of iiouey- scented mauve flowers and its rare white form, are true moraine ])lants. Likewise .Saponaria Wienmanniana, pink flowers, and S. lutea, pale yellow.
Silene Elizabethae needs moisture to flower freely, and S. Hookeri is magniflcent, but not
pereiuxial with me. S. acaulis must be grown for its cushion, it rarely flowers freely here. Grow also S. laciniata rur. Purpusii.
Stachys Corsica is a most delightful plant, very dvvarf, covered with white or mauve and white snapdi-agon-like flowers. It grows freely in sun or shade, but needs full sun to flower freely. Another plant with similar .shaped flowers of rosy pink is Chfenorrhinum glareosunx.
Helianthemum serpyllifolium is the only mem- ber of its family that I would inchule ; and of Veronicas V. bombycina, with leaves of velvety- silver, and the minute V. canescens.
Raoulia glabra is an interesting — not too r a m p a n t — carpeter, and R. australis a gem of the flrst water, a tiny mat t)f pure silver. Townsendia Wilcox- iana and T. grandiflora, with dwarf Chrysan- themum-like flowers, are choice and slug- beloved.
Omphalodes Lucilae does well in limestone or granite. Santolina ali)ina is i)retty and cjuite dwarf, but is inclined to s]iread.
Sedums have siudi a habit of seeding that they must be admitted witii caution, but S. cyaneum is slow-grow- ing, and 8. }»ilosum and H. semiiervivoides should be welcomed. They are both, unfor- tunately, only annual or biennial here.
I would be inclined to kee|) Saxifrages t'O themselves, but if they are to be included, I would restrict them to selections from the Kabschia section, any of the Englerias and a few others (o)uittiug most of the silvers (Aizoons), which will grow and spread any where). I would suggest the following :— Saxifraga lilacina (half shade). S. Grisebachi, S. Stril)nryi, S. the.ssalica, S. porophylla, S. retusa (half shade, granite), S. Aizoon baldensis. S. Aizoon venetica, S. Aizoon I'agave dauphine, S. Eerdinandi Coburgi, and .S. Paulina^.
Scutellaria indica jajwnica has mauve Monks- hood flowers.
Viola (Jomollia is a tiny pansy has port wine coloured flowers, not an easy i)lant to grow. Anothei- small lleart's-ease with pale lavender flowers I grow as V. olym])ica.
On looking over mv article in the .lune number I lind that I stated tliat the moraines at Lissadell were hand-watered. Sir Jocelyn Gore-Booth informs me that this is not the case, and I take this opportunity to acknowledge my mistake
A-NDKOtfACE tJAKMENTOSA in moraine at Knajiton, Abbeyleix.
I/O
IRISH GARDENING.
The health of the ])lants, in liis moraines, is sufficient in-oot- that tlieir requirements have been satisfied, and tliat the texture of the moraine is most suitable for the locality.
This list is by no means complete, but space forbids its enlargement. One word in conclusion. When making your moraine, be careful to include the line di'bris of the crushed stone. I find it is the general i)ractice to riddle the broken stone, and, disregarding the stone dust, to mix only the small-to-large lumx>s with the sprinkling of soil. The result being either (a) that the moraine " packs " badly, owing to the lumps being too far apart (this allows air to get to the surface of the lower stones, and the })lants wither and die or don't flourish), or else (h) one has to add a larger i)roportion of soil. Tliis makes the moraine " pack " well, but clogs the roots of the plants in winter, and they rot off. If the stone dust be in- .coriJorated with the broken stone, very little additional soil need be added, and the plants retain their health.
Hints to Novices.
By May Crosbie.
One fact cannot be too often impressed upon gardening beginners, and that is that without thorough cultivation of the soil real sviccess will not result. The more thorough the digging and trenching that is carried out during the winter months, the greater will be the success of next season's crop, be it flower, fruit or vegetable, and the earlier the work is started the better, as the soil is niuch easier to work before the heavy winter rains and the longer time it has to weather. All ground, as soon as the croj) is taken off, should be double dug — that is. broken up two spits or spades deep at least, mixing with the bottom .spit, leaves, rotted grass clippings, rotted weeds, road scrapings, and. if available, putting a layer of manure between the two spits. Leave the surface in rough ridges all through the winter, so that a larger .surface area will be exposed to frost, snow, &c. When planting or sowing time comes in the spring the soil will be found quite easily worked, fine and friable. The soil ought to be ])eriodically trenched. The main difference between trenching and double digging is that the top and bottom spits of .soil change places, the to]) spit becoming the bottom one and vice x'ersd. Old garden ground, poor ground, or ground that is intended for permanent i)lanting, such as fruit bushes, shrubs or a herbaceous border, ought to be trenched at least two feet deep, adding a layer of good manure between the two spits. In cases where the garden has not been well cultivated for years it is often a mistake to trench, as the bottom .spit of soil would be too ]>oor to bring to the surface ; in such circumstances double dig for a few years before doing any trenching.
At this season another matter of importance for the beginner is the conversion of garden rubbish into fertilizing material, because, as a rule, there is a general tidying up going on now. Garden rubbish includes weeds, cli])pings of trees and shrubs, leaves, vegetable refuse, ])runings. &c., &c. The two main niethods of dealing with it are by burning or by storing it to rot. Of the two, personally I prefer burning, because the heat destroys all disease s])ores and weed seeds, and the resulting ash is invaluable as a manure. But in small gardens the smoke of a fire is objected
to, and the rubbish may often have to lie about a long time before it is dry enough to burn, and in this case the other method must be resorted to. Oi)en a hole three feet square by three feet deep — this ought to be large enough for the ordinary villa garden of about half an acre, but it is easy to vary the size of the hole — ])ack the rubbish, and when it is as full as ])ossible cover it over with a light covering of .soil. Then o])en a second hole the same size, and when it is full the stuff in the first ought to be .sufficiently rotted to dig into the ground. Leaves ought to be collected by themselves and heai)ed in a sheltered ]jlace ; tread them and pack them as com])actly as ])ossible, and if dry when collected ])our water on them, as this hastens their decay. When they are rotted they form what is known as leaf -mould, one of the most valuable ])lant foods.
Probably the planting out of spring bedding will be left until this month, as in the ])ast fine month the .summer bedding was still very gay. But early in this month all Wallflowers, Forget- me-Nots, Violas, Polyanthus, Auriculas, Bachelors' Buttons, Aubrietia, &c.. ought to be in their flowering quarters. Dig and manure the ground well before i)lanting thena, and if you have grown on the ])lants yourself, lift theni carefully with good balls of soil.
A common practice in gardens is to cut down all herbaceous plants within a couple of inches of the ground now. This in several ways is a loss — first, the loss of sa]) to the i)lant by cutting down the still green stems, which would naturally go down into the root as they withered ; and secondly, the brown stems and autumn tinted foliage and the seed heads are most beautiful, and a border in which the plants have been allowed to wither away naturally is a great contrast to one which has nothing to show but bare earth until spring comes round again.
If room is available in a cold frame, make use of it by sowing a few boxes of annual flower seeds, and next year your annuals will be worth looking at. See that the boxes have holes for drainage, and put in the bottom a layer of cinders or broken crocks covered with a layer of moss or fibre before putting in any soil, as good drainage is most essential, as the seedlings will remain in these boxes all the winter. Any old potting soil mixed with leaf-mould and very little old manure makes a good com])ost. Sow seeds very thinly, water sparingly, and keep the lights off the frame any dry day. Such annuals as Larkspur (rosy scarlet and ])ale blue), Candytuft (white spiral and carmine), Clarkia (Fire King and Salmon Qiieen), Lavatera (rose and white mallows) are perhaps the best. Watch the Larksi)urs ]jarti- cularly, as slugs are very fond of them.
Campanula Hillside Gem.
Few of the Bellflowers flower .so late or have such an extended flowering season as this. It commences to open its flowers in early .July and flowers ])rof\isely for many weeks, so that even now — late October — it is still a mass of flowers. The blue (;up-sha])ed flowers are quite two inches across, and being carried in quantity an estab- lished ])lant is very beautiful when in flower. This ])lant grows only about IS inches high and forms a nice com])act plant with .stiff upright stems. Really a gem for the rock garden and sure to become popular with ])lant lovers, as i(> will flourish in any good soil.
IRISH GARDENING
171
Tricuspidaria lanceolata.
This fine shrub has borne several nanxes, and in gardens is still often called Crinodendron Hookeri. Nicholson, in his " Dictionary of Gardening," called it Tricuspidaria liexapetala. but in the sup])leraent we read " Tricuspidaria dependens is the correct name of T. hexa])etala." Later on a new white-fiowered shrub was found, and investigation ])roved the newcomer to be properly entitled to the name of Tricus])idaria dependens.
T, lanceolata was first collected in Chili in 1782, but it was not until 1881 that it was brought into cultivation. For sonie time it was very rare and grown as a greenhouse i)lant ; now there are naany fine plants growing in the o])en in South England, Ireland andthe West of Scot- land. Pro- bably the finest specimen in cultivation is to be found in Co. Wicklow, at Kilmacur- ragh, where it has reached a height of 20 feet and about 12feetthrough; in Chili it is said to attain the height of 30 feet. For the milder parts of Ire- 1 a n d it is a really beauti- f u 1 shrub; in the less favoured gardens it may be grown against a wall, or a protected corner should be chosen. If the soil is light Of dry, some peat and leaves should be added.
This beautiful shrub is an evergreen, with narrow leaves about 3 inches long ; the flowers are blood-red and urn-sha])ed, about IJ inches long, and hang fi'om long stalks, wondei'fully distinct and unlike any otlier shrub. The blossoms last for a considerable time on accovmt of their thick texture. A singular feature is the time the flower-buds take to develop ; by the end of Septeniber they are as large as i)eas, but it is not until the following May or .June that they oi)en. When only 2 or 3 feet high thisshrul) blooms fairly well, but with age it produces the flowers .so freely that at a distance it looks a crimson red.
The newer Tricus]>idaria de)icnd('ns was at (irst very shy floweri)ig, t)ul willi age the i)lants are flowering more freely. The leaves are oval, about 1^ inches long, and the flowei's are droojdng, white and bell-sha])ed, prettily fringed at the open mouth.
Both shrubs may be increased by layering or by cuttings taken from half-rii)ened growths inserted in pots or frames in a compost of sifted sandy peat and loam.
Photo by\
Tricuspidaria lanceolata.
The Editor^s Table.
From Mr. T. Smith, Daisy Hill, Newry, we have received the following : —
Heltanthus sparsifolius. — We have often seen this useful autumn-flowering composite before, but never such s))lendid specimens as those sent by our correspondent. Each flower was fully six inches across, with long petals of a verv briglit yellow. It grows 7 feet high, and, flowering after Miss Mellish and Miss Willmott, is a i)articularly valuable plant for the herbaceous border.
Escallonia montevidensis. — In all but the most favoured localities this beautiful late flower- ing shrub requires the shelter of a wall to jtro-
tect its flowers from injury by early frosts. Tlie clear wdiite flowers, over half an inch a c r o ss , are borne in great l)rofusion i n many flowered ])anicles at the ends of the current year's g r o w t h . A shrub far too seldom seen, though there mu.st in many gardens be a wanu shelter corner where it would thrive.
C R o c o s M I A impekialis. — In Mr. Smith's o])ini<)n this is far better than any of the new varie- ties of Mon- bretia which have yet been raised. The wide o])eu flowers are of a pleasing shade of orange-red, being quite two and a laalf inches in diameter.
Crat^gus I.aneyi. — Mr. Smith sa>s : "This is one of the best of the many new North American species of Crataegus introduced l)y Professor Sargent.'" The dark orange-red fruits are highly ornamental and are carried in nearly erect clusters. Tiiis Crataegus forms a shrubby tree from 8 to 10 feet inheiglit. with a short trunk, and slender branches fonuing an ojjeu hamlsoiue head. The while (•ui)-shai)ed flowers, about an inch across, are carried in many flowered corymbs; they ol)en early in .lune.and the fi-uits ripen early in October. It is found by the banks of the Genesee liiver, and is named in honour of Calvin ('ookc Laney, su])erintendent of the ]>arks of the city of Kochester, New York.
Pykus (Malus) EDiTLis. — This is a wonderfiiUy free fruiting crab, witli fruits three-quarters of an inch in diameter of a rich golden colour suffused with red as they ago.
WullMt
1/2
IRISH GARDENING
Fruit Storing and Grading.
Thk reqiiii'emeiil'S for the pi(»])er storage of a])plt'.s and pears are not tlu^ same. Ap])les require to be kept in a cool and ratlier moist ]ilace, where there is enough ventihition to ]irev(int saturation. Pears require warm, dry surroundings, but even under the most favourable conditions they will not kee]) long.
A few days after apples are ])ut in store tliey begin to " .sweat," and continue to do so for about three weeks. During this time there must be a free current of air round thejii which must not be too dry or they will begin to shrivel. After the " sweating " i)eriod is over tliis is not so important. Small gi-owers who have only a few apples to kee]) will find that a good method is to wait till " sweating" is over and then ]»ack tlieui as closely as possible in a large earthen\\are jar. The jar should be covered with a piece of rooling slate or stone and stored in a cool shed or cellar, and the ai)ples will keep plum]) and good as long as it is ]tossible to kee]) the variety. For larger growers a slied or storehouse is required if no cool cellar is available, and in in'e])aring a store the following ])oints should be remeiu- bered : —
1. The fruit must be ])rotected from frost, but subject to this ])recaution the tenqjerature should be as low and equable as i)0.ssible. A cave in a sand or chalk bank makes an excellent storehouse.
2. A moist atuios])here is necessary. TJie best kind of floor is the bare earth, wliich may be dauqjed occasionally.
3. Ventilation to ])revent stagnant and heated air is necessary, es])ecially during the " sweating " ])eriod.
4. A]j|)les ea.sily absorb flavours from theii surroundings. Tliey should not be put on new wooden shelves, or on straw or hay, nor sliould any strong-suielling vegetable or other uiaterial be kept in the same room. They shoidd be ])laced on slate shelves, or old seasoned wood may be used.
A useful a])ple store uuiy be made by digging a large trench about 10 ft. wide and as long as is required. Tlie de])th should be about 2 ft. A wall one brick thick and about i ft. liigh should then be built on eitlier side, and tlie soil that has been dug out should be liea])ed uj) against the outside of the wall. A roof of rough rafters thickly covered witli thatcli should be built over the to]), and shelves can then be Jitted inside on which the ap])les may be hea])ed. There should be a door at eacli end so arranged as to adnut air and exclude light.
Api)les should never be stored in an attic or to]) rooui of a house.
Grabing op Apples and Pears.
If the fruit is to be consumed by the growt^r there is no advantage in selecting the fruit beyond the fact that it is better to eat the ri])er s])eciiuens iirst. If the fruit is to be sold it is very iuqiortaul that all the ai^jjles or ])ears offered for sale should be of siiuilar size and quality. The ])ractice of " to])])ing " the consignuient with a better class of fridt cannot be too severely condenmed.
The following recommendations are offered for the guidance of growers who consign their fruit to market : —
1. Apples and pears should be packed in boxes of uniform size which should contain as far as
jjo.ssible the saJJie number of fruits. It is more im])ortaidi, however, that the net weight of the consigniueut should be the same than that tlie mimber should l)e constant. A convenient size lor the boxes is 20 in. long, 10 in. deej) and 1 1 in. broad — all inside nu'a.suremeut ; these will hold about 10 11). They can be obtained from box- making lirms.
2. The ai)])roximate weight should be ])ut on the outside of the box as an indication to th<' seller of its contents.
3. The name of the consignor, or some uiark by which the salesnuiu can identify hiui, sliould be ]nit on the box.
Fruit thus consigned should secure a more ready sale than fruit badly and irregularly ])acked, and will lead to better ])rices and further orders.
Small growers are strcmgly advised to satisfy the local demand for fruit before consigning to large markets, cis the risk of a glut and cf)nse(iuc;nt unremunerative ])rices is thereby avt)ided. — 27(6' Journal of Board of AfjricuUurc.
Huge Fruits at Record Prices.
At Covent Oarden Market, huge fruits, aiuong other articles, were ])ut u]) for auction a few days ago, the .sale being conducted in the Floral Hall by Mr. tJabriel Barnet, of Messrs. E. Jacobs & Sons, and the ])roceeds devoted to the Prince of Wales's National Relief Fund. A .single a]j]>le fetched £55 ; it was grown by Colonel J. F. lloueyball, and weigiied thirty-one ounces. There was also a big ])ear to kee]) it com])any — a choice s])ecimen grown by Mrs. Everett, of (Joring-on-Tliames, and turning the scale at twenty-two and three-quarter ounces. At Smithlield Market, Manchester, Messrs. Joel & (Joodwin sold for £25 — which goes to the War Relief Fund — a Lord Derby ap])le. groWn by Mr. (!. Glenny, of Wisbech, and weighing twenty- one and a half ounces.
Solanum jasminoides.
The sight of a strong ])laut ol' this charming climber flowering freely against a wall out of doors at (Uasnevin reminds us that this ])lant is much hardier than is generail>' su])])()sed. .Most often we see it u.sed for training rouiul ])illars or over trellis work in the greenhouse, for which ])ur])ose its gracefid habit suits it admirably. In the south of Ii-eland it is ])erfectly hardy, and even so far north as the Co. Down it is recorded as surviving nornuil winters without injury, while round the (Jo. Dublin, es])ecially near the coast, it is frequently met with outside. Exce))t in the milder districts, however, it cannot be relied on to survive a severe winter unless ])lanted in light, well drained soil in a sheltered corner. Wherever it succeeds it makes a nu)st beautiful (^limber for clambering over a wall or])orch ; the long slender shoots extend for many yards, draining the wall with a mantle of dee]) green leaves. Against the dark foliage the ])endulous clusters of ]jure white Oowers stand out in striking contrast. It flowers alnu>st throughout the whole summer, but is usually at its best in late autumn.
IRISH GARDENING
173
Camellia reticulata
Of all the beautiful Canaellias this is undoubtedly the noblest and tinest species, and unfortunately it still remains very rare. It is of Chinese origin, from whence it was introduced in 1820. In the early days horticulture was greatly enriched by the enterprise of explorers, army and naval officers, who irom tinae to time collected plants which were sent to this country, and in regard to the above-named ])lant we are indebted to the famous East India ("(>m])any, who were the means of introducing C. reticulata to the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society. The bright rosy-lake or rich rose flowers, which are furnished with a cluster of golden stamens, are about six inches in dianxe- ter, and they are quite distinct from other Camellias. We usually associate a stiff, fonnal appear- ance with this flower, but the subject under- notice is a brilliant exception, for the blooms are wavy and irregular to a de- lightful degree. Ex- amples are occasion- ally seen at the London and other shows. The magnili- cent specimen grown in the Temperate House at Kew has reached a height of u])wards of twenty feet, and sonxe speci- uxens are thriving in the open in Cornwall and in the milder parts of Ireland. Camellias may be planted out in a cool greenhouse or grown in ])ots, but buyers should try and ])ro- cure Hritish raised
stock, as Continental ])lants often sicken and die. This I attribute to the unnatural way in which they are grown. (J rafting is the mode of proiiagation. an,d to secure a quick return the ])lants are placed in heat to encourage ra])id growth, hence the reaction when brought under normal conditions. J)uring the winter months sufficient heat should be providcnl to keep out frost and ample ventilation allowed, while they must be carefully watered to i)revent the buds falling off. Aft(;r flowering, tlie syringe can be used among the tdants to encourage growth, and with the arrival of .June those in tubs or ])ots may be removed to the op(!n ground. A shel- tered position is advised, such as that provided with rather dwarf J'oplar trees or a large Privet hedge. Drip from trees and heavy shade nxust be avoided. In October they are returned to the greenhouse. When any repotting is needed, it should be carried out in August, using a- mixture of peat and flbrous loam, tlie latter forming tlu^
CaRPENTERIA cam I'OK'NK'A.
bulk. At no time ought the plants to become really dry, or much damage will be done. Prun- ing is seldom required, and then it nxust not be done severely, just sinxply keeping them in shape and properly balanced should be the ride.
T. W. B.
Carpenteria californica.
In Carpenteria californica we have one of the nxost distinct aixd beautifid of hardy shrubs. When in full flower it is exquisitely beautiful, its pure white flowers somewhat resembling a white Cistus.
The leaves of the plant are broadly lanceolate, attaining a length of 2 to 3 inches, and are of a greyish-green colour, the under surface being covered with a minute white pubes- cence.
It belongs to the Saxifrage order, and is a native of Cali- fornia, being intro- duced some thirty- four years ago.
Its culture offers no serious difficulties, but there seenxs to be souxe scei)ticisnx regarding its degree of hardiness, although recent exi)eriments conclusively point to its perfect hardiness iix England and Ire- laixd, as it has conxe through several try- ing winters qu ite successfully without any protection.
It grows and flow- ers almost anywhere, but when given the jjrotection of a wall its flowers are ])ro- duced in greater quantities. Its propa- gation is effected by cuttings and suckers. TT. C. Elsuon.
Autumn Flowering Laburnum.
Tiiouciii freqiunxtly given under the name of Laburnum autumnalis in nurserynxen's cata- logues, this is really only a variety of the comuu)n La])urmna. and though there are several other varieties of this well knowix tree, the above is surely the mo.st remarkable. Its flowers are in colour and ai)pearance <(uite similar to those of the type, but instead of producing them at the normal tinxe — si)ring — this form unfolds its flowers in the nxonth of October. At that tinxe nxost of its leaves have fallen, and the racemes of yellow flowers hanging fronx the almo.st leafless branches give the tree a ixxost ])eculiar a.i)])earance. On fii-st seeing the tree in flower at such an unseasonable period mo.st people think the flowering diie to the vagaries of the season, but such is not the case, as it flowefs regularlv at the same tinxe of veap.
174
IRISH GARDENING
The Month's Work.
The Flower Garden.
By Wm. G. Wadge, Gardener to Lcady O'Neill, Shane's Castle, Antrim.
Although there may not be so naany things claiming attention during November, yet, if there are alterations to be made and any quantity of shrubs to plant, the time will be fully oocu])ied, even without the constant sweeping and raking called for to keej) lawns and walks tidy. The very line weather during October will have forwarded the preparation of beds for Koses or sites for trees and shrubs. All planting of evergreens should be completed without delay. It is very neces.sary this year, owing to the limited rainfall, to thoroughly water any shrubs before removal and again after ])lanting. Planting should be done very firmly, and the efficient staking of any specimens large enough to be shaken much by rough winds must be carried out. The foliage of many trees during the past month has been very rich in colouring. If any spot has been noticed in shrubberies or elsewhere that appeared lacking in colour, perhaps owing to excessive use of evergreens, a start may be made forthwith to remedy matters by substituting some deciduous kinds that take on colour at this season.
Herbaceou.s Borders. — These may be made or replanted any time when the weather is favourable during the winter, but there are advantages in doing the work early this month. The ground is usvially in better order for working than later, and the habit, height and other features of the ])lants may still be seen. If trenching and replanting is to be done, first see all the plants are securely labelled, then lift them and place thickly together in some convenient corner, covering the roots with soil or ashes to keep them from drying. As the borders are only trenched, at oftenest. once in three or four years the work should be done thoroughly, and a liberal quantity of manure and leaf -mould added. Allow a week or two between trenching and planting for the soil to settle ; then, on a dry day, tread the whole .surface, afterwards raking it fine. In replanting, vise the outside pieces of the clumps ; they are best divided by placing two digging forks back to back through the blocks and levering them ai)art. While it is a good plan to plant in bold grovips, they should not be too large, else big bare patches will be seen at certain seasons. For instance, a very large group of Delphiniums would leave a blank place in the border for weeks when the season of flowering has passed. The size of the border, and especially the width, must to a certain extent decide the size of the individual groups. In very wide borders some of the choicer shrubs can be used with advantage towards the back.
Roses. — There is no better time for planting the majority of Roses than November. Teas are best left till late February or March. es])ecially in cold districts. All the plants needed should be got from the nursery now. If the order is deferred, the chances are that some of the popular varieties may be so much picked over that only inferior plants are left. Order early, and heel the plants in carefully on arrival, and plant when conditions are favourable. Roses need a rich, well-drained soil. If making a new
bed or garden, choose, if ])ossib!e, a si)ot where water gels away freely, or take steps to drain it. Trench and manure tin; soil. If it is (piite unsuitable for Roses take it out to a depth eight(!en inches and liil in with new loam. A good nuithod of ])laiiting is to keep a whole bed to one variety, but often f)ne wishes to have nu)re kinds represented than this method allows. 0])en the holes wide enough to sj)read the roots out well, and dee]) enough, so that the i)oint of union with the stock be l)uried a coui)le of inches below the surface.
Early-flowehing Chrysanthemums — Noth- ing was brighter than the beds of these during October, and they will probably continue flower- ing well into November. Although the plants are hardy and nvay be left in the o])en ground it is advisable to lift them after flowering is iinished and ])Iace them thickly together in a ctjld frame. The best results are obtained by propagating annually. The cuttings are more easily secured when under cover, and, the beds being cleared, they can be manured and dug. It is not neces- sary to keep a large stock, as cuttings are freely produced and easily rooted in spring.
Lily of the Valley. — These thrive best in partial shade. Beds that have been undisturbed for many years should be lifted, pulled apart, and the crowns graded. Any of them will grow and will flower after a season or two, but the larger ones will flower the following year, or if they are really good they may be potted or boxed, and forced in lieat after January. Light rich soil suits Lily of the Valley. Leaf-mould should be worked in when preparing the ground, and a covering of it placed over the bed after planting.
Amaryllis Belladonna. — This plant is partial to a hot, dry summer. It has flowered freely this October. Planted in good soil at the foot of a south wall it will continue to thrive for many years without attention. Its peculiarity of flowering when leafless gives it a bare appearance where growing.
The Fruit Garden.
By Peter Brock, Horticultural Instructor for Co. Fermanagh.
This is the best month in the year — subject to the soil being in the right condition, i.e., neither too wet nor too dry — to plant all kinds of fruit trees and bushes. There still being a little of the summer's warmth in the ground which assists root action and the callusing or healing of root wounds, the trees get i)artly established before the rigours of winter set in, and make a better start into growth the first year than trees ])lanted during slop]»y weather in mid-winter or late in spring. It is false economy to ])lant on ill-pre- ]jared land, and then try to make amends in years after the trees are planted. Land recently cleared of ])otatoes or other root crops is generally in good heart and easily brought into suitable con- dition by deep ploughing, and if necessary deepening the surface by grubbing the bottom of each furrow as the ploughing proceeds. The ridge system of breaking from lea with a crop of potatoes nuikes an excellent ])re]»aration for planting to fruit, the ridges being sidit after the ])otatoes are dug affords a deeper tilled surface than is obtainable with ordinary ])loughing. Any reasonable ex])enditure on the i)rei)aration of suitably situated and sheltered land of the right
IRISH GARDENING
175
texture, for ]jreference a strong clay-loam sloping to the south-east, south, or south-west by deepen- ing the surface so as to afford drainage, and a storage for moisture, will — provided the sub- sequent surface cultivation is attended to as it should be — return a higher percentage of profit than most other crops or money in the banks. The importance of situation and shelter have never been better illustrated than during the present year — first, on the 25th of May, the result of avoiding low-lying positions subject to frost, and on tlie 14th September the effect of shelter from land or other trees. Planters should keep in view the best positions for the different sorts of apples, pears, and plums, having regard to the size of the trees when full grown, assisting cross- fertilization, and that they may as far as possible l)e self-sheltering without being overcrowded when they attain to full size.
Where the facilities for marketing and other conditions are favourable for growing bush fruits or .strawberries between the trees for the first few years, they afford a quick and generally very remunerative returns for the initial expenditure involved in planting. Where sufficient juvenile labour is available to handle the crop, black currants is one of the most profitable under crops for orchards planted principally to Bramley on the crab stock. There is a general tendency to plant Braniley on the crab stock too close together ; being a robust grower it requires on medium land at least 24 feet apart each way, and where the conditions are more favourable for growing big trees with Grenadier or Lane's Prince Albert between, for the first ten or twelve years it requires 28 to 30 feet a])art each way. Where catch crop])ing with small fruit cannot be under- taken and profitably dealt with, satisfactory results can be obtained by cropping between the trees with vegetables, potatoes, turnips, or mangolds ; the object being to keep the land between the trees under tillage with profitable crops requiring manure as long as possible, so that when the trees are full grown they will be supported by a matted system of fibrous roots near the surface.
Staking. — For the purpose of accurate spacing and the benefit newly-planted trees derive from being su])ported against swaying with the wind till they become established, it is advisable that the stakes to which the trees are to be supported should be in ])osition and driven before the l)lanting begins. Such supi)ort for the fir.st two or three years, especially in o])en i)ositions. ]jroniotes the development of a better root system from the stem near the surface than when allowed to be swayed by wind, and it also ensures an upright stem on which to develo]) an evenly balanced tree.
Planting. — Trees arriving from a distance in open wekther should be immediately unpacked in .some shady place. Any shortening of injured roots or strong roots with a downward tendency shoiild be done with a shar]» knife or secateur. The pruning of the roots should be done as soon as possible after the trees arrive, as the healing of such wounds begins immediately, and if from any cause the final iilanting is delayed, it is a great advantage to have this healing process going on. If the roots a]»pear dry the trees may be dipped in a stream or iiond. or they may be damped with a rose watering-]K)t. then liee! them in firmly in .some fine, dam]) soil. Packages of trees arriving while the ground is frozen hard
should be placed unopened in some damp cellar or outhouse, and covered with damj) litter till the frost goes. In planting all kinds of fruit trees and bushes it is of the utmost imi)ortance that they should be planted the correct depth. Ojien for each a circular hole a little wider than the longe.st roots can extend to, and s]>read some fine soil in the bottom of the hole. Place the tree close to the .stake, if it requires such, then spread out the roots evenly ; work in some fine soil through and over the roots ; give the tree a few jerks to pack the heel : add a little more soil, then press or tramp firmly with the foot, and finish by leaving tlie soil on the surface loose. When planting is com])leted the tree should be on a slightly raised ])osition, and tlie earth mark on tlie stem indicating the de]>th the tree had l)reviou.sly been ])lanted should be ju.st visible. Winter Pruning. — The wood being .suffi- ciently ripe, the pruning of all kind of fruit trees — figs and ])eaches excepted, wliich should be left over till spring — will now demand attention. Early winter pruning of apples, pears, i^lums, and gooseberries has the great advantage of allowing time for the healing of wounds before severe frost sets in, and increases the strength of the terminal wood bud. Avoid pruning when the wood is in a frozen condition. Pruning for utility under variable conditions and on different subjects presents many knotty problems, but it is, on the whole, the most interesting part of the development of trees for profit. Some justly recognised theories that generally hold good in dealing with trees grown under normal conditions at the root are, when applied to those that have been mismanaged from eitlier overfeeding or .starvation, altogether wrong. The best guide to the .successful pruning of any kind of fruit tree lies in acquiring the knowledge of how nature can be best assisted to attain a ])articular object in view — first, in laying the foundation or frame- work of a well-balanced tree. In the early stages of the tree's growth hard cutting back, according to the habit of the variety, may be necessary to produce the desired number of brandies or arms. Secondly, the development and preservation of fruiting spurs on the main branches of such varieties as form spurs on the main arms, l)y keeping them thinly disposed so that light and air may reach all parts of the tree. Strong- growing sorts like Bramley and Newtown Wonder, which form .spurs on the main arms, should have the branches rather thinly dis])osed. Weak- growing varieties and such as ]iro(hice the best fruit on the point of the young shoots may have the main branches a little closer. In shortening the leading or main branches on young trees care should always be taken to cut to a wood-bud pointing in the direction the sub.sequent shoot is desired to grow. Shorten all iui.s])laced or crossing branches to one or two inches from the base to forTu fruiting .s])urs. Shorten the leading branches by so much as will ensure the development of sufficient fruiting sjuirs. Varieties which fruit on the end of young branches — for exaniple. Irish Peach, I>ady Sudeley. HauTuann's Ped Peinette, and the Croftons on the Paradise stock, and, although in a less degree, Worcester Pear- nuiin, Ecklinville and Bismarck — should be freely thinned, and not so severely cut back, excejjt when it is desired to have more or stronger braiuhcs ]>roduced at a certain point. Pemove all sickly or dying branches close to the flow of healthy sap. Where branches have to be removed
176
IRISH GARDENING
Z
with a saw close to the main stem or arm, let them be cut close. Trim the face of all saw-cuts with a sharp knife, and afterwards dress with tar.
Raspberries. — This is a good time to make new plantations. There is no fruit crox) which responds more profitably to deep cultivation and liberal api)lications of farm-yard manure. Raise all suckers which may have been left between fruiting canes to increase stock, and either ])lant them permanently or in nursery lines. Well niatured canes should now lie thinned and shortened to various lengths, and either arched or tied to stakes or trellis. Plantations in low- lying or damp jiositions sliould not have the canes shortened till all danger of long spells of hard frost is past.
Gooseberries and Currants. — Secure strong, well-ripened shoots from 15 to 18 inches in length of sorts that it is desired to increase ; tie them in bundles, label, and heel them in in some damp shady place until they can be dressed on .some wet day. Gooseberries and red and white ciirrants* should have the buds removed from the base of the cutting, leaving five or six buds at the top. Black currants should not be so dis- budded, as the Imsh should be formed of branches rising from the ground and form a clump or stool.
Vegetable Garden.
By Arthur Horton. Gardener to Colonel Claude Cane, St. Wolstan's, Celbridge.
Asparagus. — Early in the month the ])ermanent beds of asi»aragus will require attention ; the foliage by then, being well ripened, should be cut over close to the ground : this is best accom- ])lished witli a pair of hedge shears. When all weeds have been removed by hand-weeding a top-dressing of about three inches of half-decayed farmyard manure should be ai)]ilied ; then take svifficient soil out of the alleys to cover the manure : by so doing the beds look tidy, and are not such a temptation to birds as is the case when the niamire is left uncovered.
Artichokes. — All decayed foliage and flower stems should now be removed froni Globe arti- chokes, and a good covering of coal ashes ytlaced around the crowns : during severe weather it is advisable to protect the ])lants with long .stable litter, as they are very liable to be damaged by frost. About the end of the month Jerusalem artichokes should be lifted, and the largest and best tubers stored in ashes or sand in the root shed ; the niedium-sized tubers will be suitable for rejilant- ing, and oiight to be set aside for that purpose.
Broccoli. — The early ])art of this summer was anything but favourable to the growth of any of the Brassicas, but the past three months has made uji to a great extent for failures in the earlier ])art of the season, as in mo.st gardens winter and sjjring vegetables are promising exceptionally well, especially broccoli. During severe winters large quantities of this iiseful vegetable are lost which might be saved if the precaution was taken to heel them over about the end of November. The process is simple, but must be carried out carefully, or more harm than good Avill be the result. Commence by taking out a, trench, a good spading in depth on the north side, and im- mediately behind the fir.st line of jilants, ease u\)
the roots carefully and lay the i)lants with the heads to the north, and cover u]) the stems to the neck with soil taken out of the next trench ; if done ])roperly they will come through a very severe winter with little damage.
Cabbacje. — Si)ring cabbage will be greatly benefited by occasional deep hoeings, or what is even better a good cultivator. All blanks should be made up before the season is too far advanced. About the end of the month it will be an advan- tage to earth up the ]jlants, thereby leaving them less liable to damage by frost and winds.
Forcing. — In most gardens, large or small, forcing is carried out to a greater or less extent, and the ])resent is the most suitable for making a beginning. Where suitable houses or pits are available a continuous supply of choice vegetables can be kept up with considerably less trouble than in others not so favourably situated ; in any case, whether the accommodation is good or not, forcing being unnatural and, of course, out of season, a considerable amount of skill and attention is necessary with some .subjects. Asparagus, rhubarb, and seakale are exceptions ; all force readily and with little difificulty. The most iniportant factor in successful forcing is to maintain a steady and humid atmosphere, as a high and dry tem])erature is not only detrimental to most vegetable growth, but a sure way of breeding insect pests.
Asparagus can be forced either in i)its or frames placed on hotbeds ; the latter way is ])robably the best. About 3 inches of .soil should be put on the to]) of the bed ; place the roots fairly close together, and cover with about 4 inches of soil that has i)assed through a half-inch sieve ; give a good soaking of water to settle the soil about the roots : syringe the beds twice daily in good weather, and keep on a little air day and night.
Rhubarb. — Provided well-ripened crowns are available, few subjects are easier forced than rhubarb. For early work it is best to lift the crowns a week or two before they are requii-ed. leaving them on the surface ex]»osed to the ^veather, thereby hastening the rii)ening ])rocess. A mushroom house, or under the staging of forcing pits or greenhouse, are equally suitable for the first batch, ]trovided the roots are covered with leaf soil or .siient mushrooni dung, andke]it fairly moist.
Seakat-e.^ — Various methods are practised for forcing seakale, and without doubt the best results are obtained by forcing the ]>ermanent beds. But for early work the crowns must be lifted and brought forward inside. When lifting the side roots should be trin^med off and the .strongest cut in lengths of about six inches, and stored in sand or fine soil for the winter, where they will form eyes and be ready for itlanting out the following A])ril. Little difflculty will be found in producing good heads if a suitable temperature can be found, which is about 55° ; light and cold air must be excluded.
Peas and Broad Beans. — The ])resent month is a suitable time for sowing beans and peas out.side, and should be made on a warni and sheltered border : if accommodation can be found for raising tliem in boxes in spring, it is certainly the better and .safest ]>lan, as there is no risk of loss by rats, mice, slugs, &c., as is often the case by sowing outside in the autumn.
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'' I enclose cheque in payment of bill. I was more than pleased with the Bulbs sent. Our gardener says : — * They are quite the best as yet supplied by any firm/ I shall certainly recommend you whenever I can. Your Bulbs will prove a splendid advertisement.*'
BEFORE PLANTING BULBS OR TREES
OF ANY DESCRIPTION Please write . . .
Wm. POWER & CO
Nurserymen, Seed Merchants and Bulb importers
— — WATERFORD^— =
CATALOGUES AND ESTIMATES FREE.
DECEMBER 1914
TWOPENCE
Irish Gardening
Contents
PAGE
The Making and Planting of Rock
Gardens 177
Green Wood 178
Plant Names 178
Some Gardens and Nurseries in England 1 79 Populus generosa (Illustrated) . .180 Black Apple 181
The Tree, or Perpetual Flowering,
Carnation (Illustrated) . . .182
Cypripedium insigne . Tiarilla cordifolia (Illustrated) The Double Erica Mackaii • Gardening for Amateurs
PAGE . 183 . 184 . 184 . 184
Hints to Novices 185
Physalis Bunyardi . . . .185
Month's Work — Flower. Fruit, and
Vegetable Garden . . .186
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction
for Ireland.
LIST OF THE DEPARTMENT'S LEAFLETS,
K*.
t 10 II It
■S
ifl If
',1
It
»m
St
at *l «4 *i tS
:i
■9
S»
s« s«
3S 34
Si
li
39
40
4« 4«
43
44
49
s«
SI
sa
53
Nam*
Th« Warble Fly.
The Use and Purchase of Feeding StufTa
Footrot in Sheep.
The Sale of Flax.
Celery Leaf-Spot Disease or Blight
Charlock (or Preshaugh) Sprayin^^
Fluke in Sheep.
Tiroothj Meadowt.
The Turnip Fly.
Wirewormt.
Prevention of White Scour {n Caivea.
Out of Flint.
Contajfioua Abortion in Cattle.
Prevention of Potato Blight.
Milk Records.
Sheen Scab.
The Use and Purchase of Manures.
Swine Fever.
Early Potato Growing.
Calf Rearing.
Diseases of Poultry — Gapes.
Basic Slag.
Dishorning Calves.
Care and Treatment of Premium Bulls.
Fowl Cholera.
Winter Fattening of Cattle.
Breeding and Feeding of Pigs.
Blackleg, Black Quarter, orBlueQuarter
Flax Seed.
Poultry Parasites — Fleas, Mites, and
Lice. Winter Egg Production. Rearing and Fattening of Turkeys. Profitable Breeds of Poultry. The Revival of Tillage. The Liming of Land. Field Experiments — Barley.
,, ' , Meadow Hay.
,, ,, Potatoea.
,, 1, Mangolda.
„ „ Oats.
„ „ Tumipa.
Permanent Pasture Grasses. TheRearingandManagameDtofCbickena "Husk" or "Hoose" in Calvea. Ringworm on Cattle. Haymaking.
The Black Currant Mite Foul Brood or Bee Pest. Poultry Fattening. Portable Poultry Houses. The Leather-Jacket Grub. Flax Experiments. The Construction of a Cowhouae
N*.
54
iJ
57 5«
i;
6i 6t 63
69
70
71
7« 73
74
?l ?{
•i %x
83 •4
89 90 9' 9« 93 94 95 96
97 98
99
Nam*
A. — Introductory.
B.— Suitable Soils and their
Treatment. C. — Curing Barns.
TOBACCO-GROWING
D.->Suitable Varieties. E.— Seed Beda. F. — Manure a. Gi— Tranaplanting
Calf Meals.
The Apple.
Cultivation of th« Root Crop
Marketing of Fruit.
Sprouting Seed Potatoea.
Teating of Farm Seeds.
The Packing of Butter.
Field Experiments — Wheat.
Out of Print.
"Redwater" or "Blood Murrain" 10
Cattle. Varieties of Fruit suitable for cultiva>
tion in Ireland. Forestry : The Planting of Waste Lands. Forestry : The Proper Method of Plant.
ing Foreat Treea. Forestry : Trees for Poles and Timber. Forestry : Trees for Shelter and Oma>
ment. The Prevention of Tuberculosis in Cattlo. Forestry : Planting, Management, and
Preservation of Shelter-Belt and
Hedgerow Timber. Forestry : The Management of Plant*-
tions. Forestry : Felling and Selling Timber. The Planting and Management of
Hedres. Some Common Parasites of the Sheep. Barley Sowing.
American Gooseberry Mildew. Scour and Wasting in Young Cattle. Home Buttermaking. The Cultivation of Small Fruits. Catch Crops.
Potato Culture on Small Farms. Cultivation of Main Crop Potatoes. Cultivation of Osiers. Ensilare.
Some Injurious Orchard Insects. Dirty Milk. Barley Threahing. The Home Bottling of Fruit. The Construction of Piggeries. The Advantages of Early Ploughing. Black Scab in Potatoes. Home Preservation of Eggs. Marketing of Wild Fruits, Cost of Forest Planting. Store Cattle «r Butter, Bacon and Eggt. Packing Eggs for Hatching. Weeds.
Tuberculosis in Poultry. Seaweed as Manure.
LEAFLETS.
H. — Cultivation, Suckering, and Topping I. — Harvesting and Curing. J.— Grading, Packing, and Maturing. K. — Marketing.
Copies of the above Leaflets can be obtained, FREE OF CHARGE and post free, ofi application to the Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin. Letters of Application so addressed need not be stamped.
IRISH GARDENING
VOLUME IX
No. 106
Edited by C- F. Ball.
A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
ADVANCEMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND
ARBORICULTURE IN IRELAND
DECEMBER 1914
The Making and Planting of Rock Gardens.
By L. B. Meredith. {Coxtinurd).
It will often be found necessary to make steps in the rock garden ; these should be made of fairly heavy slabs, but not of too formal a shape ; nor should they be laid With mathematical accuracy, the more uneven the better. Make sure these steps are well bedded and do not move when walked on. Space can be left on the sides and face of the steps for planting ; the most suitable species for this purpose are Thymu.ses, mossy Saxifrages ; in fact any plants of a close and compact habit.
The soil of the rock garden is undoubtedly of the greatest importance : let it, if possible, be a light, friable, <^andy loam. Should it be deficient in grit or small stones these may be added ; broken stones about the size of a walnut may be dug in, as Alpines like to get their roots round stones, which keep them moist and cool.
It will be easily understood that anything in the nature of a heavy or retentive soil is most unsuitable to the culture of rock plants, as in such soils they are very liable to damp off ; also the difificulty of effective drainage is considerably increased.
Many plants require special soils, such as peat or lime. These constituents when required can he added. A word of Warning in respect of peat- loving plants; they are, as a rule, not so much ])eat-loving as lime-hating : therefore so long as there is no lime in the soil it will be foini(l such plants as Lithospermum, Ericas, &c., will grow freely in any good fibrous loam. Where soil has to be added do not stint the amount ; make a hole much larger than can reasonably be expected the roots will fill ; better to have too much than too little.
Biit, important as soil may be, I consider climate has even more effect on Alpines. How often has one heard of the untimely death of
treasures from some mountain top in Switzer- land, and this despite the greatest care in supply- ing as far as possible the necessary soil and position. Nor can it be Avondered at when one considers for a moment the life history of an Alpine at high altitudes. For many months in the year they are dormant, covered by a deep blanket of snow, which jjrotects them from the extreme cold. When the snow melts they spring into life as if by magic, and into a few short months of almost unnatural vitality is pressed the Whole cycle of growing, flowering and seeding. The air is pure and invigorating, and moisture, owing to the melting snow, is ever present at their roots.
Compare this with the climate in this country, the penetrating and ever present damj) and uncertainty of an English Winter, during which time the plants have no opportunity of going to sleep and thereby nursing their strength. One Wonders in the face of the.^^e apparently insuperable ditticulties, how Alpines can be grown ; much, however, can be done artificially. During the winter months, say from November to April, protect with a sheet of glass those plants most liable to suffer from damp, such as Androsaces an(l other Woolly- leaved species. These may not add to the appearance of the garden, but they will be found to save many a treasure from an untimely death.
During dry weather in the sunnner the surface of the ground should never be allowed to get baked ; always keep it Well stirred and loose, it is rather a popular fallacy to imagine that loosening the ground increases evaporation, for, as a matter of fact, it has quite the reverse effect. A\'hen watering is necessary let it be done thoroughly ; one good soaking a week is far more beneficial than a light sprinkling daily, which
1/8
IRISH GARDENING
only tends to draw the roots of tlie plants to tlie surface when they should be encouraged to become deep-rooted.
Sprmg is perhaps the most trying season in England, when there are often long spells of drought, accompanied by cold winds, and it is just at the time of year vvhen it is most essential that vigorous growth should be encouraged, therefore pay special attention to watering in the spring, for when plants are well established they will be better able to withstand the summers drought, owing to the fact that Alpines are mostly deep-rooted.
Let not the reader imagine, however, that all Alpines require so much attention, for many, and amongst them some of the most attractive, grow freely in any good light friable soil, with sufifi- cient drainage.
Always plant carefully, spreading out the roots ; alw'aj'S err on the side of making the hole for the plant too big rather than too small. How often does one see x'l^nting done in this manner— a small hole is scooped in the ground and the wretched plant forced into it with all its- roots in a bunch. It is also advisable to put some small stones round the neck of the plant, pressing them firmly into the ground ; this tends to check evaporation and also keeps the leaves off the damp ground.
The rock garden should be carefully top- dressed each spring to repair the damages done by winter frosts and rains. The most suitable compost for this purpose is good fibrous loam, sand and leaf -mould in equal parts.
Many of the mossy Saxifrages — Sedums, &c. — often show a tendency to die in the centre : should this be the case, soil should be carefully worked into the heart of the plant.
Keep the garden free of weeds at all costs, for if allowed to establish themselves dire will indeed be the result.
As fa-r as possible keep those garden pests — such as snails, slugs or wireworms — in check, or some fine morning when looking for some treasure, remains will only be found, and but few of them.
6^* ^^ %^*
Green Wood.
Sometimes oak, beech, alder, or Inrch branches are found lying on the ground in woods which ajjpear to have been dyed a verdigris greer.
This green wood is used in the .south of England artd elsewhere in the manufacture of Tunbridge Ware, and is caused by a fungus named Helotium aeruginosum or the green Helotium. The bright verdigris green colour is attributed to a green pigment of the mycelium of the fungus whicli spreads through the wood ; probably the i)igment is a waste product secreted by the fungus.
Plant Names.
By Canon F. C. Hayes, M.A.
There are feW things more ]nizzllng and dis- couraging to beginners in their first endeavours to study the science of horticulture than the nomenclature of garden jjlants ; they are inclined to accuse the experts of throwing unnecessary difficulties in the way of ordinary folk by ignoring the vulgar tongue and using instead Greek and Latin terms which o nly scholars can be expected to understand or even pronounce. One must confess to having con- siderable sympathy With those who suffer from this grievance.
At first sight the study of plant names is somewhat puzzling and uninteresting. From the nature of the subject it could not Well be otherwise, as We shall presently see, but yet it will be found that the puzzle solves itself by degrees and that there are other problems much less easy of solution, even for the experts them- selves, Avhich they do not resent because of their mystery.
Plants must have names, and in every part of the World, and in every province at home, they have been assigned familiar local names, which satisfy the people of their district, but many of our plants are the common property of many nations, and our local English names are, of course, useless elsewere, and so the experts are driven to invent a plant language which may be equally understood by gardeners everywhere.
Let it be admitted that botanical names are often very cumbrous and unpronounceable, yet it must be confessed that other world-wide sciences are no better off. In the study of the earth and the rocks and the living animals, of birds and insects, beginners are faced with what appear outlandish names, and yet people cannot do without them.
But there is this to be said, that, while the names of butterflies and moths give the student of entomology no clue to the nature of the things themselves, there are very few plants whose names do not tell something of the history or meaning of the plant, either the name of the peculiar structure, or its appearance compared with that of its near relatives. It is this which gives the scientific names of plants an interest and a meaning which adds greatly to the other interests of the garden.
As an illustration of the way every name may suggest some peculiarity we may take the Cranesbills. There are three families very nearly related— the Geranium and the Erodium of our own meadows, ard the Pelargonium from the Cape. The three names are all jmre Greek —
IRISH GARDENING
" gemnos," fke Crane ; " erodios,'' the Heron; '' pelargos,'' the Stork. All three names draw our attention to the long-pointed seed-vessels which remind one of the long sharp bills of the Crane, the Heron and the 8tork.
We have got so far as to generic names, bnt then we find each has been given a specific, the name of the species, which points out how one plant differs from another of the same genus. There is the Geranium sanguineutn (red flowers), sylvaticum (of the woods), pro tense (of the garden), maritimun (of the seashore), pyrenaicum (of the Pyrenees), rotund! folkim, (with roundish leaves).
Again, we find some of our plants whch have been given an additional specific name added to the generics — Alp'ma (from the Alps), Japonka (from Japan), Sinensis (from China), Montana (from United States in America), or the pine called Douglasii, the Aralia Sieboldi, Ampelopsis Veitchii, named after some well -known dis- coverer or nurseryman ; or to take a somewhat weird example from our own well-known esculent the Potato {Solannm), one of these potatoes is found in the Fiji Islands and its botanical name is suggestive of its origin — Solanum anthropojjhagum, for the Fijians were once cannibals and grew this vegetable to be used at their feasts, because they considered human flesh Was indigestible unless eaten with sixch a wholesome vegetable as the Solannm.
Some Gardens and Nurseries in Eingland*
By J. W. Besant.
Towards the end of July I made a journey to London with the object of visiting some notable gardens and nurseries rich in their collections of haidy plants. In the public and private collections visited many plants Were noted that are not in commerce, and can often only be obtained by exchange or by the generosity of the owners or responsible authorities. Kew. Kew is the Mecca of all gardeners, and in the present-day cult of outdoor gardening few there are Who do not find their Way thither sooner or later. The collections of Alpines and herbaceous plants have long been noted for their complete- ness and the excellence of their cultivation, while the tree and shrul) collections are famous throughout the world. Jn the following short notes one can only briefly touch on a few of the more prominent j^lants noticed in one day. At least a week w(Hild be necessary to do the hardy
collections thoroughly. Most of the rock garden plants Were not in fioWer, though there Was a good show for the time of year.
Cytisus Kitaibelii is a loW-growing broom, like a compact form of Genista tinctoria, and eminently suitable for the rockery
Weldenia Candida is a rare white-floWered jilant of the Lily order, hailing from Mexico, and by no means of easy cultivation. A deep sandy soil in a warm position is probably neces- sary. The stock of this is held by Bees, Ltd., in whose nurseries I had the opportunity of seeing it some eight or nine yea,TH ago.
Primula Rusbyi, a new Mexican species, is uncommon, with oblong-toothed leaves and purple flowers.
Saxifraga KeWensis is a hybrid which originated at KeW, and belongs to the popular burseriana section. Though not in flower it was attractive in its compact cushions, which in spring are surmounted by pale-pink flowers.
Saxifraga cuscutseformis is not so rare, but is yet not commonly met With. It is a useful species for a sunn}' position in sandy soil, given some protection in winter, and spreads by means of runners in the same way as S. sarmentosa, which is often grown as a window plant. The flowers are in form somewhat similar to those of the better knoWn S. Fortunei.
Primula sapphirina, a tiny species from the Himalaya, was also noted in pots. This is a difficult species which Will be hard to retain permanently in cultivation, owing probably to the elevation of its native habitat — viz., 13,0UO- 14,000 feet. Many seedlings of P. sapphirina have been raised at Glasnevin, but they never sur- vived any length of time.
In the herbaceous ground Pentstemon cciym- bosus Was noticeable. It is a dwarf species with bright red floWers, at once distinct and pretty. P. gentianoides is very fine, with pale pur])le- blue flowers of good effect, and would be useful in the herbaceous borders. Many jilants are sent out for P. gentianokles, but very rarely the right one.
Splueralcea bonariensis, a trailing plant with grey leaves and pink flowers, was attractive, and S. australis, with finely cut leaves and orange-red tto\\'ers. Was very conspicuous. Probably both sj^ecies Would require protection in winter.
(hiicus conspicuus well merits its specific title, and Was the most noticeable plant in the herbaceous ground. The handsome flower- heads, With bright red bracts, encircling a ])o!-s of majenta stamens proceeding from the disc flowers, are bonie on stems some 3 feet to 4 feet high, and appear very showy from a distance.
i8o
IRISH GARDENING
The leaves are spiny, and tlic ])laii1 liad tlie appearance of a biennial.
Gentiana Freyniana was very fine, and full of flowers in the rockery, and is a very useful summer flowerer.
Epilo})iuni latifolium is dwarf, with grey lea\es, and Wahlenhergia albo-marginata ap- peared attracti\e.
Alyssum serpyllifolium granatonse is a com- pact form, otherwise much like the type, which is an excellent rock garden plant, with tiny grey leaves and bright yellow flowers.
Codonopsis Meleagris, a quaint BellWort, with Fritillary-like flowers, was flourishing ; and Anthemis Biebersteiniana is a choice silvery - leaved plant of more than ordinary merit.
Near the pond by the palm - house there was a very attractive bed of the pink - flowered Carnation Miss Shiffner, a variety which is apparent^ well adapted for bedding.
In the Arboretum there is an enormous collection of new and rare trees and shrubs which would require several days to examine even cursorily. Many, of couKe, Were not :n flower, but Were, nevertheless, full of interest. Rhododen- drons have been largely introduced from China during the last decade or so, and the Kew collection, always rich in species, is becoming more so every year. Among others the following Were noted : — R. siderophyllum in the way of R. yunnanense, R. orbiculare, R. Williamsianum, R. mucronulatum, R. rhombicum, and R. halem.e, the latter from the Austrian Alps.
Lonicera ovalis was even then in fruit, and looked very pretty with its slender arching branches thickly furnished with pretty red berries. A fine plant of the new Hydrangea Sargenti was noted in the temperate house. This species makes very large handsome leaves under suitable conditions, but is not considered
I'OFULUS
\ new ]ivljrlil Pdplar gi Clas
hardy at Kew, and although growing outside at Cilasnevin, has not yet experienced much frost. Pyrus yuruiancnse and P. alnifolia, two neW Chinei-e species, Avere noted near the temperate house, and near by grows a nice tree of Sassafras officinale.
Aroimd the sanre structure several inters: ting .shrubs are to be found — notably, Anagyris fcetida. with glaucous leaves, and the shrubby Helichrysum antennaria ; Corema all)imr, a Portu- guese plant of heath- like growth, was noticeable, and also Sarcobatus Maxi- miliani, the North Ameri- can greasewood. A very haridsome oak is Quercus serrata, with long lance- shaped, very sriny, leaves, while equally handsouie is Quercus crispula from Japan. 8cirpus lacustris zebrinus, green and w'hite, looked Well by the Lily pool .
Populus generosa.
A New Hybrid Popr..\u CxROwrNG rN Botanic Gardens. Gi.asnevin.
In a paper* which I read at the Linncan Society in A]ii'il, 1910. I sliowed tlrat the great vigour of the Huntingdon Ehn, Luconibo Oak and Bhack Italian I'oplar is due to the fact that the.se trees are hybrids of the first generation. Other valuable lirst-crosses are the London Plane, Common I.,inie andC'ricket- l.at Willow. All these fast- growing trees are of acci dental origin, the result of seed ])roduced by tbe fer- tilisation of the flowers of one species by the jiollen of ther species, wafted by the wind or carried by insects. Impressed by these facts, I have been making, during the past four years, ex])eri- UTents in the production of new trees by hybridi- sation in the lioi>(^ of obtaining fast-growing kinds that would i)roduc«" timber rapidly.
A full account of these researches will be pub- lished shortly as the results are encouraging and
* Jour. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), XXXIX. 290-300 (1910). See also (iardeners' Chronicle, XL\ 11. 2r^l, 27() (1910).
Genero.^^a.
•owing in Botanic Oardetis nevin ano
IRISH GARDENING
181
may perhaps imlucL' enterprising (irius tu take u]) similar work uu commercial lines. Interesting Ash, Alder and Pojjlar hybrids have been made. With the Ash hybrids, which are ])erhaps the most important, considerable patience is required, as the seed " lies over " for a year, and seedlings do not come u)) till two years after the date of pollination. The Poplar hybrids are more advanced, as seedlings are obtained in the same season that the ])ollination is effected. One of these, which may be conveniently named Populus generosa, has already shown such astounding vigour that it merits immediate descrii)tion. It is remarkable not only for its ra]»id growth, but also for its handsome aji- ])earance. hav- ing beautiful large leaves with conspicuous red veins. It de- serves to be l)ropagated as it promises to rival, if not ex- cel, the remark- able hybrids at Metz, Populus Eugenei and P. robusta.
The history of the new hybrid Po])lar is as fol- lows;-In March, 1912, a pistil- late Carolina Poplar (Popu- lus angulata) at Kew was crossed with the pollen of P. tricho- car])a. of which there is a line specimen, then sixteen years old, in that gar- den. From the few seeds, which ri])ened towards the end of June and were sown iin- lu e d i a t e 1 y , t h e r e w ere raised at Cam- bridge four seedlings. These attained about 2 ins in height by the end of October. 1SJ12. Starting next season as tiny ])lants in good garden soil at (ilasnevin. they grew remarkably in 1!U;}. reached by the end of that year '6 feet •> inches, ',i feet 1 inch, and 2 feet 1 1 inches in lieiglit. and were very uniform in vigour and in a]iiiearance. Two were ti'ansplantetl lasl winter, aiul on that account have l)een tem])orarily checked in growth. The two which had not been disttirbed throve amazingly in 1914, one jtlant continuing to grow till the end of .Ivily, when it measured 7 feet •) inches in height, the other only finis'iing its growth by the end of Se]>tember." wlien Kt feet 1 inch of total height was attained.
The parents of this hybrid are wide apart, belonging to different sections of the genus. P.
The Tkee, ok I^eim-ktiai. I'EuwKuiNc;, Cahnation
angulata is a Black Poplar, slow in growth in England, with broad leaves, green on both surfaces, usually cordate at the base, and girt around the margin with a narrow translucent border ; petioles laterally compressf^d ; buds slightly viscid, scarcely odorous. P. trichocarpa is a fast-growing Bal.sam Poi)lar, native of the Pacific Coast of the Cnited States, with viscid buds, giving oft" a strong balsamic odour ; leaves, narrow, very white beneath, without a translucent Ijorder, never cordate ; petioles cylindrical. Populus generosa," the new hybrid, is inter- mediate between the parents as regards
the width and colour of the leaves, their under surface being ))ale grey ; but it re- sembles P. angulata in the leaves being
coarsely ser- rate, often cor- date, and always suri'ounded by a translucent bor- d e r. T h ei r
rounded peti- oles are nearly identical with those of P. trichocarpa.
It may be mentioned that some catkins of P. angulata (same tree at Kew) pollinated on the same day by the English Black Poi)lar (P. nigra betuli-
folia) gave another set of seedlings, tot- ally distinct in appearance and remarkable for their want of uniformity of vigour. T h e
\V. Wiit,<..n 4 s.ins. two best of
these seedlings, though very flourishing, are
considerably inferior to P. generosa. — A. IIenky
in Tlic dardencrs' Chronicle.
* I'opulus 'jeiierosu, A. Henry li.vl>nda nova inter /'. mnjiddUtm, Alton, $ , et P. ti-'chocarpam, Torrcy ot (Iray, (^; foliis mediis, :ini|)li!>, subtus nee concoloribus neo albis sed incanis, saepe cordaiis, semier iiclliicidc niaririnatis : i)etiolis tt-retibus.
i^ t^ t^
Black Apple.
A i'Ei;i'E( Tl.Y black ajiple was sent to the Scientific Committee of the Koyal Horticultural Society, London, by Mr. J. A. Walker, of Woodberry. Sydenham' Hill, S.E.. Only once before a black apple was shown before the c-ommittee. and Dr. M. C. Cooke attril)uted its colour to an attack of the fungus Sclerotiuia fructigena.
182
IRISH GARDENING
The Tree, or Perpetual Flowering, Carnation.
By W. Barrett, Ballyheiguc Castle Ciardens, Oo. Kerry.
Of all plants grown in ])ots, the Tree Carnation, I feel sure, is a general favourite. Unlike most other flowering i)lants its flowering period extends over the whole year round ; hence the name "perpetual flowering " ; always at its best in the dull months of winter, and cannot be beaten for decorative xmrposes (except alone by everybody's favourite, the Sweet Pea). It is a great delight to any lover of plant culture to see a house of well-grown Tree Carnations. They are very easily ])ropagated from cuttings found on the flowering stems, those about 4 inches long taken off with a heel for preference. The best time to propagate is from January till April : cuttings root very readily in a house in a temi)erature from 65° to 70° : pots or boxes are first-rate to root in. I prefer boxes about 6 inches deep, 2 feet long, and 1 foot wide ; in these place a nice layer of clean crocks, with a layer of any rough material on toj) of the crocks. Fill to within 3 or 4 inches of the top of boxes with a compost of two parts loam, one leaf-soil, and one sand, run through a i-inch sieve, i)ress the soil very firmly, and insert the cuttings 2 inches apart each way, make firm, and when finished, give a good watering through a fine rose with tepid water, and place in a tem- perature as above-named. Cover the box with a sheet of glass, always turning same each morning and evening, to prevent excessive moisture round the cuttings : with this treatment they are generally growing freely in from four to five weeks. At this stage the glass must be dis- pensed with altogether. Cover with a sheet of light paper, so as to ward off the sun's rays when necessary.
About six weeks from the time the cuttings were inserted will be quite time enough to begin potting. A point to remember at this season of year (January to April) will be to always have pots and soil of about much the same warmth as the temperature of the house. This is best done by leaving pots and soil in the i)ropagating house for a cou])le of days previous to potting, and also, if ])o.ssible, potting ought never to be done in a cold .shed or house, but always in a warm house. Pots 3 inches (more or less), according to size of plants, are quite large enough to use at this stage ; have pots ])erfectly clean at all potting stages. This is very neces.sary, as also is good crocking, if one is to haVe nice healthy plants that are a pleasure to look at. Use the compost advised for cuttings, lift the plants very carefully from the boxes, and i»ot each plant moderately firm ; when finished i)lace the plants in the same temperature for about ten days in a close frame, leaving a chink of air on each day for about ten minutes, to let away excessive moisture. In about ten days or less the plants can be placed on the stage ofthe house near the glass and the frame taken away altogether. I always like to i)inch the centre out of each plant when growing freely at the fourth or fifth joint from the bottom of the i»lant, as this makes a .splendid foundation for a nice bushy stocky plant. It is time now to remove the plants
to a lower temi)erature of about 55°, and in aljout a fortnight from time of stop])ing the l)lants, i)ots 5 inches in diameter are none too large to transfer the plants into, i>rovided they are rooting well in the 3-in<h pots. The same compost as Ix'fore advised, only through a .\-inch sieve, with less leaf-soil and some dry cow manure (ahso rubbed through a sieve) and a little bone-meal. Pot the plants firmly at this stage, and when finished stand the plants near the gla.ss in a temperature of 50°. A ])oint worth mention at all times is never to pot a iilant that is dry, always water such a plant well beforehand. Carnations delight in ])lenty of fresh air, so on all favourable occasions ventilate the hoiise freely. If one can devote a hoiise entirely to the cultivation of the Carnation so much the better. In about a month from date of last potting each plant ought to be in i)ossession of from four to five nice healthy side shoots. At this stage a neat stake is necessary ; tie each growth separately, giving aniple room for develojiment. About the end of May or first of June the i)lants uiay safely be moved to a cold frame, where they can remain till the first of September. They will need to be shaded from bright sunshine at all times, and a piece of No. 2 scrim or tiffany is first-rate for the pvirpose, stretched on two ])oles. Ju.st the size of the frame, this can be rolled on or off when necessary. Never shade the i)lant.s more than is necessary, never water the i)lants unless they really need it, and then water thoroughly ; keep a shar]» look out for greenfly, redspider, and thrip ; these three are the great enemy of the Carnation, not to speak of rust and stem-rot. The latter are mo.stly due to over- watering and an over moist atmosi)here when growing. But des])ite the grower's most careful attenticjn, fly, spider and thri]) will attack his plants.
Spraying with the syringe on hot days in the afternoon is a good preventive measure against the latter, though occasional fiunigation must be adhered to. XL All is very good, and this can be easily used in a frame ; always see that the foliage is dry before u.sing any fumigant. Attend to stopping the plants, and discontinue same always by the end of .July. By the end of June or first week in July the plants ought to be in their flowering pots, and 7-inch is a very nice l)ot for the i)lants to flower in the first season. A good compo.st for the final potting is as follows : Four i)arts good yellow fibrous loam, one part oak or beech-leaf soil, one ])art old hotbed manure, and some sand, a little bone-meal, and a slight si>rinkle of old soot. Pot very firm, and leave room, about li inches, for to]i-dressing later, when the plants are flowering freely the latter is very beneficial : iiotting finished remove to the frame again, with the i)lants ])roi)erly and neatly staked. By the fir.st of September the Itlants ought to be in the house in which they are to flower. See that the house has been thoroughly washed down all over. By the nuddle or end of October the flower-buds ought to begin to unfold. If the grower requires long stems, with good large blooms, it is necessary to disbud all ex(ei)t the crown buds, those are the fir.st which appear on each flower .stem. I have tried taking away the crown bud and leaving three side buds down the stem with great success ; the latter o]>en all three together, and are great value for cutting. This is also a good plan if one wants to delay the
IRISH GARDENING
183
flowering for a cou])le of weeks. Of course the blooms are much smaller in tliis way.
When the i)lants are flowering freely, and pots are well filled with roots, a little feeding will be very helpful and will greatly add to colour, size and quantity of blooms. I much x>refer using liquid manure in a clear state, as if given other- wise the ])ores of the soil get closed up and the leaves turn yellow^ and sickly. Fowl manure and soot are very good, but need to be applied cautiously : other animal manures are equally good by way of changes, such as sheep, cow, and
atmosjihere are very essential during the winter months. Always use tepid water in cold weather, about the same temi>erature as that of the house in which the i)lants are growing ; never have the tem]»erature above 50° to 55^, as by .^o doing the result will be long weakly flower-stems with inferior bloon^s. Always aim at having a strong, stocky growth. From now until the month of May the grower ought to have abundance of blooms. If i)lanted out in June of next year the l)lants will continue to bloom away until cut down by frost.
CyI'KU'EUIL'.M INSIUNK \'aI:1 KTl Kri.
horse manure. The best way to i»i'epare i^ame is to soak in a sack for a cou])le of days in a barrel of water ; stir well before using, and, as before advised, rather err on the weak side, by using same in a rather clear state. Doses of pure water must be given between times. Always look over the i)lants at a tiuu' when about to ap]>ly liquid manures or artificials, and sec; that ]»lants that arc dry have V)eeix watered, otherwise the grower will do more harm than good.
With a little extra care in watering, tying, dis- budding, &c., the grower will have very satis- factory results, which must mean great i>leasure to all concerned ; careful watering and a dry
Cypripedium insigne*
XovKMUKi! and Deceuibcr are the months to yee Cypiqx'dium insignc and its varieties, for they are now making their finest disjilay. It is one of the easiest Orchids U> cultivate, and anyone having a snuiU heated greenhouse in which the a.tm()S|>hcre can l)e ke]>t moist, and an jiverage l('m])erMtui'e of about 50° maintained, will be fully rewarded for the small amount of care which will be required to produce good results.
('yprij>ediums are the best known exami)les of terrestrial Orchids, and usually grow satisfactorily
1 84
IRISH GARDENING
under the following' t-oiulitions^. Tlie i)larit.s should he ]>la(M>d on iuverted ]>ut«, or on a li^lil up])er stik.'Aiuy coiuposed of lathefs. covering' llic hotkiin .sta.L^e wil.h hrokcii coke fine ^i"!''^*^''' "•' siuiilar Juoisture-hoUUu^ material, as the re(|uu'ed atmospheric condition is generally jtrodueed hy the stagini; beinj? eonstrueted in such a. way.
The eom])ost or ]»otting material should consist of loam about three parts, and care should be taken that this is fibrous and light, (Ibrous ]>eat or Osmunda libre. adding some coarse silver sand or (inely broken crocks, mixing well before using.
The most suitable time to ])ot or sui'face C'y])ripedium insigne is about one montli after flowering, during wliicli time the plants should be kept moderately dry. When i)otting the com- post sliould be worked carefully througli the roots, ]>ressing it lirndy witli a ] minted stick or dibble, leaving a s])ace of one-half to an inch for the watering of the ])lant.
During briglit weatlier — say from Marcli to Se]itember — the plants must be shaded from strong sunshine, giving an occasional spraying or syringing over head in the late afternoon, which will |)rove beneficial. The amount of ventilation should he regulated according to the outside temperature during mild and moist weather, or when the outside tem]>erature is not too low , plenty of air may be given with advantage.
The following are some of the best varieties : — Cyi)ripedium insigne Sanderse. ('. i. Harefield Hall, C. i. Laura Kimball, C. i. Chantinii Lindenii, C. i. George Corser, C. i Commander-in-Cliief.
M. C.
Tiarella cordifolia.
AN^HKN well grown the " Foam J^'lower " is a beautifid plant for the rockery over a hing seasi>n. In May it sends u]) elegant spikes of creamy- wliite flowers with chocolate antiiers to al>out 0 inclies in lieight, and during tlie autumn the pretty heart-shaped foliage often turns to a bronzy tint.
The Tiarella succeeds in most .soils, but it does not like to be burnt u]) in summer, so on very dry soils add some peat or leaf-mould to retain the moisture. After flowering, the plant sends out short runners which soon take root, and a healthy colony is soon formed.
Tiarella cordifolia belongs to the Saxifrage order and is a native of North America, the name coming from tiara, a Persian diadem, alluding to the shape of the fruits.
Tiarella unifoliata is similar in liabit and in flower, but is a larger plant, growing a foot high. T. trifoliata, another North Ajiierican s))ecies, is more uncommon, V)ut not quite .so pretty, and u]> to the present has not flowered so freely as tlie others ; it may be easily distinguished by the trifoliate leaves and absence of runners.
The Double Erica Mackaii.
This pretty Erica may be known to a few ]jeo|t.le as E. Orawfordi, or Crawford's Ifeath, but the plant is simply a double form of Erica Mackaii, and it is now being sent out by Messrs. Cunning- ham & Eraser under the name E. Mackaii, fl. pi.
The history of the plant is that it was found by Mr. F. ('. Crawford, of KdiiiliurKh (who took the plant t() Scotland), at Crai;^'ga More, in West (ialway, in the year ISIH. Since that time it has not been collected, and this specimen was sujiposed, until recently, to be the only one found.
Some time ago Mr. Praeger tells me that a specimen of this double form has been found among the late A. (J. More's specimens of E. Mackaii, now in the Herbarium of the Dublin National Museum. Tiie.se specimens were col- lected nearly lifty years ago, so that A. (i. More, author of " ('ybele llibernica," first collected the double K. Mackaii, although apparently it was unrecorded, and no special note is attached to the specimen sheet.
The dried specimen seems identical with a growing ])lant at (ilasnevin.
When one knows E. Mackaii fl. i)l.. it is quite easy to imagine how difficult it would he to find when growing wild, for only when bending down to examine it one sees that the flowers are double.
The corolla is urn-shai>ed. undivided like the type plant, but wider at the mouth, the inside closely ]jacked with petals, and the reproductive organs are absent, so that this doubling does not disfigure the flowers, but enables them to last a longer time in beauty.
For a peaty pocket in the rockery it is an ideal little subject, forming a spreading tuft about 1)S inches across and (i inches high. Tne blooming period is from the end of August, often jjrolonged to October. The flowers are pink on the side expo.sed to the sun, but blush or white when unexposed.
Although now considered to be a species or sub- species, E. Mackaii has been known as a variety of E. tetralix, while Linton considered it to be a hybrid of E. cinerea and tetralix. In Cialway it has two main stations, and the plants vary in some particulars from these localities — one is around Craigga More Lake, where it extends for a mile east and west, and on Urrisbeg and near Carna.
A pretty jdioto of Mackay's Heath appears in Praeger' s West of Ii-eland Flora, where the plants surrounding it are Calluna, Erica cinerea. Sweet Gale, and Osm' nda. F. B.
Gardening for Amateurs.
Paut is of this most interesting and useful fortnightly ]>ublication issued by Cassell tV; Co. is just to hand. It contains much that should be of value to the amateur, the informafion being given in a most readable and lucid manner. Plants for Rooms is the title of an exhaustive article on tliis ]»o])ular form of plant culture which covers nf>t alone those ]ilants suitable for the puripose. but also gives details of culture, proiiagaiion, <.V:c. Hardy Ferns ami (ireenhouse Ferns have numerous i)ages devoted t<j their culture, many splendid illustrations being given of the mo.st useful and beautiful species.
Cha|)ters are devoted to Hothouse Flowers. Climbing Plants for the Hothouse, Hedges and Hedge Plants, and other interesting subjects.
IRISH GARDENING
185
Hints to Novices.
Where indoor ('hrysanthemuius are grown, when out of flower they may be rut down to within a few inches of the soil in the ])ot, and may be then stood on a shelf in the greenhouse, or in a frame. It really matters very little where these old stools are ])ut, jtrovided the .structure is frost-i)roof and admits ])lenty of light. Strong shoots will break away from the base, and these can be taken off as ciittings. With sonie varieties there is no lack of cuttings*, and they shoot up freely, but others are shy and produce .suitable growths very S])aringiy. The plpnts should be watered just as caref\illy as when in flower. If pro])erly attended to in this stage, the cuttings wi'l be strong and healthy and there will be no difficulty in rooting them. Some of the single varieties are well worth cu 1 1 i vating. They make ex- cellent room plants, they require no dis- budding, and are most at- tractive:— Ivy Sh o ebrid ge. so ft pink: Felix, terra cotta; Mrs. T. Fox, yellow : Ideal, white : F. W. Forbes, crimson; Earls- wood Beauty, ere am. A batch of these grown merely for cuttings or for the house well repay a little trouble. They are
among some of the flowers that last
longest in water, and it is not an exaggeration to say that they will last three weeks. The foliage fades, but the flowers will still hold out.
Bulbs in llbre may be brought to the light. (Jreen shoots will be bursting u]> through the fibre and the bowls will be m\u-h heavier than when first ]>lanted, and in many cases the libre will be raised u]> in the bowl. This is (abused by the formation and growth of the roots. Quanti- ties of roots have been niade while the bulbs were in the dark, and these are forcing their way into the fibre and pushing u]) the bulbs. If the bowls were removed, the fibre and bvilbs would remain unl)roken surrounded by a thick mass of white roots, that have worked their way round the inside of the bowl, and it is this mass of roots that will su])])ort and keeji the bulljs firm iin<l steady when they come to the stage of carrying their foliage and flowers.
Roses. — Where these are grown, and in that part of the country where frosts are severe, the tender varieties should be ]»rotected. Ratublers. such as (Vimson HaTubler, Dorothv Perkins, Arc.,
if they have grown too thick, may be removed entirely from whatever structure they are on, and all old, useless wood removed, only replacing the young, strong healthy shoots, on which the following summer's display will come. The arch or wall may look a bit bare at fir.st. but in one season this bareness will hardly be noticed and the trouble will be ani])ly compensated by the wealth of bloom.
Among shrubs in the flower garden there may also be some plants the hardiness of which is doubtful. These should be ])rotected in some way from damp and frost. It is not generally realised that in Ireland a far greater number of ])lants are killed each winter from dam]> than from frost. The damp, sodden earth clinging round the base of ma.ny choice Alpines and the wet lying on the leaves and getting down into
the heart of the plants soon rots them away In the case of the.se Alpines and any small low growing jilants, a sheet of glass placed in slots cut in fovir strong stakes about twelve inches high, and ])laced slightly slo])ing over the ])lant, will keep rain from l)enetrati ng the crown of the j)lant and will keej) the soil from get- ting heavy and clogged. With shrubs and taller ])lants the common 1) r a c k e n o r branches of evergreens ]ilaced over the jtlants will serve as a ))rotection from frost. All borders should be forked over and left clean and tidy, but where the soil is very light it is useless manuring at this time of the year, as by the tinie the winter is over all the good of the manure will be washed out of it. It can be done early in the spring.
All leaves should be saved and all garden I'ubbish. and ;»,ll carting and wheeling should oiilv be done when the ground is hard frozen.
H. M. P.
^*' i^^ 9^^
Physalis Bunyardi.
TiiK sjiecies of '* Winter Cherry " mo.st iisually met with in gardens is Physalis Franchetti, and less seldom P. Alkekengi. Thoiigh nmch the better plant we rarely see P. Bunyardi, des]»ite the fact that it is superior in many res])ects. It is nmch the strongest grower, reaching in good soil some three feet in height.
TiARELLA C01U)1F01JA.
1 86
IRISH GARDENING
The Month's Work.
The Flower Garden.
By Wm. G. Wadge, Gardener to Lady O'Neill, Shane's Castle, Antrim.
To the average man or woman a garden in December is as uninterestin;^ as a desert, but the garden-lover can be interested in his garden and its occupants any month of the twelve. The former will not only desert his garden, but will almost banish it from his thoughts, while the latter will be full of ]»lans for its im|irovement, and enjoying, in anticipation, next season's display. In winter-work lies the foundation of success the following sumnier. and nothing can be done in May or .Tune to atone for neglect in trenching and other work that should be attended to now. Regulate the work according t) the weather. Take advantage of the ground being hard after frost to carry out any operations calling for carting or wheeling- Any arrears of ]ilanting should be finished immediately, if weather and soil are suitable. The heavy rains in November have shown u\) the wet places in the garden. Any necessary draining shoiild be carried out now. All drains in drives and walks should be examined, and any accvimvilations of leaves and rubbish cleared away from gratings, that all surface water may get away quickly. Flower beds that have lost their original sha])e ii^ay be taken in hand, and by cutting a ])iece off in one place and drawing the edge out in another the defects can be remedied. Any hollows in the lawns should be levelled and ])atches rendered bare by hard wear or the drip of trees should be returfed. In filling uj) hollows, avoid using too rich soil, or the grass here will grow much stronger than that surrounding, and cause a patchy appearance. A good proportion of finely-sifted coal ashes may be used with advantage. Any flower beds or border not planted for spring effect should be dug or better trenched. Leave the surface quite rough, the birds and the weather will then do their share towards making the soil fertile and free of insect pests.
Shrubberies. — In most large gardens there is a big demand for branches of evergreens at Christmas for decorating various institutions, as well as the mansion. The i)runing pro])er, of shrubs, is best left till s])ring ; but thinning or shortening of large branches may be done now, and the ]>runings set aside for decorative purijoses. The decidvious trees have all cast their leaves. For present appearance and our future peace of mind, those that have fallen or been carried by winds into shrubberies should be raked out and burnt, or ])laced in a hea]> to decay. The result- ing conipost will benefit the shrubs if returned to the soil next season. If any manure can be spared for shrubs, dig it in lightly, using a fork.
Violets. — These have been blooming freely outside, but now the frame plants niust supply the demand. They cannot be forced by keeping the lights closed. Ventilation nmst be afforded freely at all times, except during frosts, when the frames must be covered with mats or other material. Pick off any decaying leaves. If the soil greens over stir it with a hand fork. The
lights should be tlioroughly waslied, so that the maximum of light and sunslinc may reacli the ])lants.
Protecting Plants. — Many ])lants are now grown in the open or on walls that are not strictly hardy in this ciimatc, and some means must be taken to pi'olect them duiing inclement weather. Dry bracken is one of the best materials for Tea Roses and other dwarf -growing i)lants that require ])rotection for a few inches above the ground. Branches of Yew or Fir are very suitable for ])lacing over shrubs on walls. If long branches are used and secured t-o the wall by a few ties, it is an easy matter to remove them during s]>ells of nxild weather. In no case put on protecting matei'ial vmtil hard weather comes, and take it off as far as practicable when frost is absent. Some plants suffer more froni excessive wet than from frost. Coal ashes placed in a iiiound high in the centre, around the crowns of Delphiniunis, Cam])anulus. Pyrethrums, Liliums, and the like, will kee]) the soil son^ewhat drier, besides acting as a deterrent to slugs. Squares of glass may be fixed over such Alpine plants as dislike nwisture lodging in the leaves.
General Work. — There is usua,lly time this month to get many odd jobs done that are passed over during the busier months. Tools and tool- houses may be overhauled. A]>art from the aspect of tidiness, it gives a good o])])ortunity to take note of the number and condition of the .stock. Neces.sary re])airs should he carried out, new tools bought! n to make u]) the required numbers, and the shades whitewashed. I^awn mowers, of course, must not be forgotten ; the cutting parts of these should at all times be kept oiled, or rust will play havoc with the steel. All the stakes will have been brought in from the Dahlia quarters and the herVjaceous borders. Tie into bundles those worth retainng and burn the remainder. If the loam stack is in the open, get a good sup]>ly under cover, also leaf -mould and sand. Labels and pegs may be cut and stored away in an orderly manner. If sharp frosts are continued, do not uncover cold franxes every day. Alternate freezing and thawing will do niore harm than ab.sence of light, provided the temi)erature keeps near freezing point. Another reminder sonietimes necessary in severe weather is to protect the ends and sides of frames as well as the lights.
The Fruit Garden.
By Peter Brock, Horticultural Instructor for Co. Fermanagh.
This is generally a dull month, and the order of work will largely depend on the state of the weather and condition of the land for completing l)lanting operations that might have been done last month. Fruit growing, like many other rural industries, is feeling tlie effect of so many of the nation's manhood having answered l^ord Kitchener's call to hang uji their si)ade and take u)) the rifle in defence of the ICm])ire. It is the duty of those who are left behind to make every effort to koej) in good order the work .so well begun by those who have gone to the front. Digging, trenching, or ploughing, prejiaratory to ])lanting in sjiring, should be attended t-o on all
IRISH GARDENING
187
favourable occasions wlien the land is in a lit state, so that it may benefit by the action of frost and be in a more friable state when required. Avoid handling or in anyway trampling land when it is too wet, especially if it is of a heavy or retentive nature, as it nvay take years to undo the harni that may in this way be done in a very short tinxe.
Mulching. — Trees or bushes which may have cropped heavily during the past season and require assistance to maintain them in full vigour should get a liberal nuilching with well- rotted farm-yard manure this month, .so that the winter's rain may carry the necessary nourish- ment to the roots. The manure should, if ])ossible, be wheeled or carted to a convenient ])osition when there is a crust of frost on the ground. In applying such mulching, first remove about 2 or 3 inches of the surface soil as far as the roots extend, then spread the nianure neatly and throw the .soil back over the manure. Where gooseberry sawfly had been troublesome during the past sea.son, the soil removed from under such bushes will contain the cocoons that would ])roduce another attack in the coming season, and should be buried deeply some distance back and rej)laced with fresh soil. The covering of the manure with soil maintains a neat apj)earance, ])revents loss of manure from evaporation and affords a good surface for hoeing the following summer. If, however, any trees should show a lack of vigour after recent .surface mulching, as may have been indicated by the past season's growth and early shedding of the leaves, applica- tion of freshly slacked lime would be likely to prove beneficial. If neither lime nor slag has been a]>j)lied during the past tliree or four years, it may be applied this month at the rate of about 15 lbs. to 20 square yards. It may be dusted on the surface and left to wash in with the winter's rain. Full grown trees derive great benefit from occasional good soakings with manure water, such as the drainage from byres, stables or manure heaps when applied during winter.
Cordon Espalier and Wall Trees. — These will now have cast their leaves and may be ])runed and tied. Overcrowding of the .spurs is a common error in the management of such trees, and is as detrimental to them as overcrowding of the branches of bush trees. No hard and fast rule can be applied to suit all kinds of spurred trees. A safe guide is to study the habit and condition of each tree, and shorten or remove any excess of spurs, so as to ])revent over- crowding and keep them uniformly short. Dead or dying stumps or snags, which are liable to harbour injects or fungoid diseases, should be cut back to healthy wood, so that the flow of sap may more quickly calhis and heal such wounds that will cover with bark.
Nailing Wall Trees. — In mild weather, when the ground is dry enough to tram]) on (or if too wet boards may be used to stand on), cherries, pi ms, ]»ears and choice kinds of a]t]tles may now be ])runed and nailed. In pruning young trees — ])lum. especially — keep the branches thinly disposed, and maintain as far as ])i>ssible an equal balance of growth between the bate and the extremities of the tree. Cherries and ■i)lums when neglected in summer ])inching uuiy have develo]ted some very gross watery shoots, which should be removed entirely, leaving those that are well ripened and coming from the upper or lower side
of the main branches. Slioots commg directly outward should be shortened to about 1 1 inclies to form spurs. Branches to be laid in and nailed with shred.s should be shortened fronx a quarter to about one-third of their entire length — for exam])le, a branch 2 feet long should be shortened to about 16 inches. Observe in tying in vigorous young shoots to allow room enough in the shred or tying to take in another branch as thick as the one laid in, so that there will be am]>le room for the .swelling of the shoot in the next year's growth. Horizontal trained ajqdes and pears should have the centre leader shortened to leave fronx 12 to 14 inches young wood with the terminal bud directed outwards, the next two buds below will be in the right ])osition to form the next tier of branches. The leaders on the branches should be shortened to from a quarter to one-third of tlie past season's growth, the object of shortening being to get the branches evenly covei'ed with spurs. Peaches and figs .should not be i)runed or nailed until they show signs of starting into growth in si)ring.
The Fruit Store. — Keep a sharj) look out for any signs of decaying fruit and ])rom])tly remove it. Tliere is nothing more detrimental to the keeping of good apples than letting the atmos- l)here in which they are stored become contami- nated with the germs of decay. Do not merely throw decaying apples outside the door or on to the manure heap, either burn them, bury them, or if not too far decayed give them to ])igs. Let nothing ever enter a fruit store tliat would give off an odour that would taint the fruit. Preserve a uniform cool temperature, free from draught, and the atmosphere sufficiently close to i)revent shrivelling of the fruit. On wet days select Bramleys may be packed for the Christmas markets. No.'l and No. 2 grades, being longer keepers, can be dispo.sed of later on. Prices are not so tempting at this date as we have experi- enced in more peaceful times. Still I have seen quotations that work out at nearly £10 i)er ton, and a properly cultivated orchard yielding 6 tons per statute acre, from trees not yet nine years ])lanted.
American Blight or Woolly Aphis. — This pest is yearly becoming less, thanks to effective washes and efficient spraying. Lime-.sul]>hur at winter strength seems to make a clean sweei» of all it can reach.
Canker. — All canker wounds should be care- fully scraped and cleaned with a sharj) knife and anointed with coal tar. This will check the disease from girdling the branch, and will al.so prevent the spores from further accunuilating and si)reading the disease. It is for the same reason, advisable to burn all such scrapings and ])runings from cankered branches.
Winter Spraying. — No opportunity slu>uld be missed when calm, dry weather ])ermits thorough si)raying to get this im])ortant wt>rk done or jiartly done, as it is seldom we get days calm enough during winter to get trees thoroughly coated. There are now many winter washes on the nuu'ket, all more or less effective for the pur])ose of kee])ing the bark in a clean and healthy condition. Lime-sulphur is becoming very ])'oi»ular, due to the results obtained during the past two years, both as a winter wash and as a summer si)ray in conjunction with arsenate of lead for a]»ple and peaa- scab. For winter use one gallon lime-sulphur to 20 gallons water keep the bark in a clean and healthy condition. For
V
IRISH GARDENLNG
trees heavily coated with lichens it may be used at a streni<th one gallon tf> tit'teen j^allons water. Copper sprayers should not be used for linie- sul])hur before V:)einjj: thoroughly coated inside with stiff grease, such as cart grease, and washed out with clean water immediately spraying is linished for the day. Tlie Virex-brass alloy " Holder " Knapsack Sprayer is not affected by lime-sulphur.
The Vegetable Garden.
r$y Arthur Horton, Gardener to Colonel Claude Cane, St. Wolstan's, Celbridge.
During the short dark days of Deceniber the vegetable gn>wer niust be cf)nstantly on the aleit, and ]>ush forward all seasonable work so that he may be in a ]iosition to commence the new year with a clear conscience and a clean slate.
The gardener who has his work well in hand at the beginning of the season has a distinct advantage over those who are behind by being iu a position to carry out everything at the proper time, which is one of the most important points in successful gardening-
In most establishments leaves are plentiful, and if clean are of great value for various purposes. Where long .stable litter is used for hotbeds or for forcing rhubarb and seakale in the permanent beds, the tem])erature will be steadier and more prolonged if a good proportion of leaves is well naixed through the litter, and turned two or three times at intervals of about a week before it is required.
At C'hristmas and New Year, vegetables are generally in great demand, and any out of season dish is much ai)i>reciated. Fresli batches, there- fore, of asj)aragus, rhubarb and seakale should be brought forward as advised in last month's notes, to keep up the su])])ly. The forcing of seakale in the ]»ermanent beds may be com- menced any time during this month. All decayed leaves should be removed and a good heap of ashes ])laced over the crowns and covered with pots made for the i>ur])ose. If these are not available barrels or boxes will dt) as well. Then around and over them place the fermenting material, it being most essential to exclude light and cold air. As a rule seakale forced in this manner forms stronger heads, and is of much better flavour than when grown inside in a higher and drier temperature.
If too many broccoli turn in at one time and are not needed for ]>re.sent requirements, they
should be lifted with a fork and daui]) moss tied round the rf)ots and suspended head downwards in a cool, dark shed, where they will remain in good condition for a fortnight.
To ])revent further decay all dead leaves should betaken oft" Brussels sprouts and all winter greens. Plants of (cauliflowers required for s])ring ])lanting pricked out in cold frames will need careful attention ; water only when really necessary ; air must be kept on night and day, and during line weather the lights should be removed altogether. If the soil becomes covered with green " moss,' which often occurs in some spoils, it will be an advantage to give it an occasional stir uj) between the plants with a i)ointed stick, and apply a good dusting of fresh slacked lime.
During severe weather celery will require some protection. If this precaution is not taken a large percentage will be lost by decaying at the heart. Straw, hay or bracken are all suitable for the purpose, but must be removed during fine weather.
Trenching. — The method and value of trench- ing is well known to practical gardeners, but to the amateur or those who have not practised it a few words on the subject will not be out of place. The proper time for carrying out this particular work is a very debatable subject with some gardeners. Personally I think too much stress is often broiight to bear on this point. Unless the ground is badly drained or excep- tionally wet, the earlier it is done in the autumn the better, as the weather is generally more favourable, and what is of more imi)ortance, other work is not so ])ressing. My exi)erience is that if neglected during the early part of the year the chances are against it being done at all. In commencing to trench a piece of ground begin at the lower end by taking out an o])ening about three feet in width, and to the de])th intended to trench. The opening taken out must be wheeled to the opi)osite end, where it is intended to iini.sh. The dejjth must be determined by the nature of the groimd, about two feet six inches to three feet is a good average.
Two sticks and a line should be used to mark out each width as the work proceeds. The top spading of the second will naturally be ])laced in the bottom of the opening taken out, thus reversing the original ])osition of the soil, by bringing the bottom to the top. There should be no attemi>t made to break up the soil finely, the action of the weather during the winter months will do this effectually.
If the bottom si)ading is considered not good enough to bring to the surface, if dug and mixed with leaf-mould, garden refuse or rough manure, it will in cour.se of time render it of a better descri])tion than before to a much greater dei)th.
END OF VOLUME IX.
B»-K»PIN« MADB PROFITABLB.
iTtry ■«*>lM9«r vM 4min* tMCMa tfeCBM r«U
THE IBISH BEE JOUBNAL
(■■>«Mfafcrf I|M.)
Ofltial Orgmn «/ tSs Iruh mnd AgUimttd^ Cf^i»n^ mnd Pgrthihirt B. K. Au»€imH»n*.
THE LAMItT KRIIT III PAPII IN TNI WOUO.
Im4 p«at mH fcv SyadaiM C*fy I'M *< 0»« •{ iIm WtfkiMl !■ tk« watW." iHamnimri (Ammitmm\ "Oaa af «kalhr«Uaal*«l kaai Ayferiu Jaaraah I* aB Xsn**."-
■MtMf li. S is. Mt p«v Amui, PmI Ptm.
«IHik Baa
THE PRACTICAL BRB CDIDB. ■'j:JAi?^'__
•■ ika avMaai jral f«Wika4. aaa pacaa. i|a UoatntiaM. Pafar
aarar, a*. ; p imag^j*. Umm aarar, ja. ; aaatacjL ]<
■ tka aiUa, Inaa na J«**Vi'« L^^^ Kyaa, Praiafi •■4 ai
rna
aawaac*"ta.
"IRISH GARDENING"
an illustrated monthly Offices — 53 Upper Sackville St., Dublw
Subscription^.— 3/* l>^ annum, post free
Editorial. — All Editorial Commanications, copy, aad photographs should be addressed to " The Editor."
Bu^ness Communicationsi— All letters regarding Subscriptions, Advertisements, and other basiness matters must be addressed " The Mauiager."
IRISH INDUSTRY
Flower Pots, Seed Pans
am Aia anrnt 99
HORTICULTURAL POTTERY
OF SUPERIOR QUALITY
Em^H^naUf €f0»d Ttrmt
Write
aj.owENs,'ittc,yT^r
BEST COALS
Gas Coke, Breeze and Slack
Prompt and careful attention to Orders
ALSO
Flower & IVlcDonald
14 D'OLIER STREET, DUBLIN
Also at Malabidb, Skbkrws and BALSRIOaAK TsNlTMs: "MIIA1.B MBLUI" Ms Mm* H«. MS
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SEED CATALOGUES |
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AND a . NURSERYMEN'S CATALOGUES |
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"IRISH GARDENING- ii a Specimen of our Work Estimates free on . application to . |
Illustr&ted with Half-tone and Line Blocks, and printed in hifii-claM ttyle by the nuMt IMPROVED METHODS |
PALCONEB, Printer, 53 Dp. Sackville St, DUBLIN
Printed by JOHN FALCONER, 53 Upptf SatkvUU Street, Dublin
DUTCH BULBS
The Superioress, Ursuline Convent, Forest Gate,
London, writes : —
" I enclose cheque in payment of bill. I was more than pleased with the Bulbs sent. Our gardener says : — ' They are quite the best as yet supplied by any firm.' I shall certainly recommend you whenever I can. Your Bulbs will prove a splendid advertisement."
BEFORE PLANTING BULBS OR TREES
OF ANY DESCRIPTION Please write . . .
Wm. POWER & CO
Nurserymen, Seed Merchants and Bulb Importers
— — WATERFORD^
CATALOGUES AND ESTIMATES FREE.
Miscellaneous Section*
rnHE POPULARITY OF XL ALL SPECIALITIES X increases every year. All gardeners proclaim that
notbins equals tlicsc celebrated preparations. XL ALL NICOTINE VAPORISING COMPOUND, the gardener's tavouritc Fnmi^ant, both Jjiquid ami cake. XL ALL NICOTINE INSECTICIDE WASH for Syringing, Dipping, and Dressing Fruit Trees and Plants. Mealy Bug, Scale, &c., cannot exist where this is used. Other Preparations of groat Renown arc XL ALL WiNTEtv WA.SH (Inii)roved Caustie) for Dornimt Fniit Trees and Bush Fruits. It pays to wash Fruii Trets in Winter. XL ALL Grub Killer clears garden a-id farm .soil from all insects. Don't forget to ask your Nurseryman or Seedsman for my small pink list.
G. H. RICHARDS, Manufacturer, 234 Borough Iliuh Street, London. S.F.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING
DESIGNING, Laying- out aiul I'lanling of New and Renovating: of Old Gardeiis. The Making: and Planting: of Rock Gardens, i\ockeries, Water and Bog: Gardens, and Peryolas a Speciality. Plans Prepared. Estimates Free.
RICHARD C. McM. SMYTH, F.R.H.S.
Mount Henry Dalkey, Co. Dublin
|)00ks on Gardening, Vegetable Culture, Greenhouse -L' Management, and all other subjects. Second hand at half prices New 25 % discount. Catalogue NO. 992, free. State wants. Books bought.
W. & G. FOYLE, 121 Charing Cross Rd., London.
'^Zhz OEST and CheopesK
state quantity of each size required and have ' carriafe pald^" quotation (" carriage" frequently amounts to half value oi
goods), or write for Price List, free.
SPECIAL POTS of all descriptions. Bulb Bowls and Fern
Pani from 2d. each.
Rt CHARD SANKSy A SON, LT.9, Buiwell ^oWitrXas. NOttlf<rOHAM.
^0^ . • ; ^o
AUTO-SHREUS DEARTH "."o
Leaf-milling Maggots, Mealy Bug and all Pests infesting plants under glass, &c. Simple to use, no .Tpparaus required. I:; Coxes to Fumigate 1,003 cubic feet. 6d.; 10,000 cubic feet, ,1S. 6J. each. Obtainrd of Seedsmen and Klorist> ; if unobt-iinablr apply direct —
\VM. DARLINGTON & SONS, Ltd.
Wholeiale Iloriicultural SunUtiesiuei., HACKNEY, LONDON, X E. Trade Terms and Catalogue of Sundries upon receipt of business card
IF YOU HAVE A GLASS ROOF THAT LEAKS, a Conservatory to repair, or any kind of glazing work to be done, Carson's Plastine will save money, time, worry and annoyance consequent on the use of ordinary putty, which cracks, crumbles, and decays. It saves the expense of constant renewals. Carson's Wood Preservative in green and brown, for Palings, Trellis Work, &c. The best paint for Greenhouses is "Vitrolite." Write for Catalogue. Carson's, 22 Bachelor's Walk, Dublin.
BUSINESS AS USUAL
FOLLOW YOUR KING. His Majesty has given in- structions for extensive i>lantmg to be carried out on his estate. " The King can do no wrong." Employment is better than charity. The King knows. Have you realised the position? If so, NOW IS THE TIME to place orders which will keep cmpfoyed those who have not joined the Colours, and will preserve the places of those who have. We have no male labour left in «out Nurseries between the ages of 19 and 30 and unmarried, but we wish lo keep the remainder of our large staff in full employment. Will you help us ? Jloclerate prices quoted on demand. Kindly send \-our orc/cr-s for Border Plants to Kelway & Son (Retail Plant Department), Langport, Somerset, and thus SUPPORT HOME INDUSTRY.
" One Grand I'rize," \ Gold Medals, 5 Silver-Gilt ^Icdals, 2 Silver Medals awarded at leachng E.xhibitions (luring the present season to Kelway & Son for Hardy Plants and Gladioli."
"NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT Kelway's Lovely Pseonies and Delphiniums. A standard of perfection and beauty never before attained. The delicate tints, striking colours and form of the Pseoni. the bold outstanding pale and deep blues of the stately Delphiniums combine to gladden the eyes of every lovtu- of Nature.
" Choice named Paonics, Collection A, 15/- dozen.
„ B,21/- „ „ Delphiniums „ B, 15/- „
.. C, 24/- ., Kelway & Son, Retail Plant Department, Langj^iort, Somerset."
DO NOT HESITATE
■n.l r.
'.I.I. Inr
SI fn
,f any
lliir i.l>nt, p( I III' I'.illi.wiii^ v.isrs: Avoca, Betty, C. Testout, Dean Hole, Earl of Warwick, F. K. Druschki, Cen. McArthur, C. C. Waud, C. Cruner- wald, H. Kirk, His Majesty, Hugh Dickson, c'uliet, Killarney, La France, La Tosca, Lyon, Mrs. J. Laing, Sunburst, Vis. Folkstone, ami
JOIN TME ARIVIV
of satisfied buyers who write for more. Any 3 for 1/9, 6 for 3/3, 12 for 6/-, or the 20 varieties, together with 1 Splendid Rambler, for 9/6, all correctly named, and carriage paid. 1 can supply more than 200 varieties at 6d, each Send fur List
Douglas Leigh, guito, Hampton-in-Arden
Pure Ichthemic Guano.
The Richest Plant Food, and the Most Natural Fertiliser.
tjup|>lii,d HI 'nim and \\v.f,fi. 0<l. ic «l>. CmiiKf piifl uu ijukiititiM o('J« n>ii. ami ii|.»>k<.ln
OTHER SPECIALITIES
'* TomoritC," the Proved New Tomato Fertilizer :: :: ::
Lau/n-Scincl, an exceptional lin j
In ]!ai;s, 1'.'^ His. njivvarils (',arri;ij;o Paid.
.s'y/c I'loiinetois ai.it A/iiniilnrtitrcis —
PRENTICE BROS. Ltd.
CHEMICAL LABORATORIES
J«rcii=^TEP-=^ STOAV MARKET, England.
Laxton's Fruit Trees
New Pamphlet with Cultural Hints Gratis.
Many Thousands of Well Trained, Beautifully Rooted Apples, Pears, Plums, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Cherries, Figs, Vines, Nuts, Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, &c., &c.
as . .
Standards, 2/- and 2/6 each ; Bushes, 1/6
to 3/6 each ; Pyramids, 2/6 to 5/- each ;
Espaliers, 3/6 to 5/- each ; Cordons, from
1/6 each, 18/- per doz.; Wall Trees, 3/6
to 7,6 each ; PoT pRUIT TrEES, 5/- to 10 - each :: :: :: :: ::
New fully Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue Gratis
LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD
WELLS' CATALOGUE
OF
CHRYSANTHEMUMS and . PERPETUAL CARNATIONS
NOW READY Z. .-. Post Free on Application
WELLS' BOOK
" The Culture of the Chrysanthemum "
POST FREE, I 6
W. WELLS & CO., Merstham, SURREY
'EUREKATINE"
'llie successful nicotine fiuni,t:aiit. I'pstroysall insect pests without injury to lloweis, leaves or plants
1 /- for 2,(100 It. space
21- „ 5,000 „ „
4/- „ 10,000 „ ,,
7/6 ,, 20,000 „ „
Larger sizes at lower rates EUREKA CAUSTIC ALKALI WASH
A safe and effective Winter Wush to remove moss anil othei-
vegetal encumbrances. Destroys hibernatiui; insects.
1/6 tins for 10 gallons Wabh, 6 tins 6/3, 20 tins 20/-
SOLD BY AGENTS.
Full list with booklet sent post free by makers
TOMLINSON & HAYWARD, Ltd., LINCOLN
DirBiiN AiiENTS : T. McKenziei Sonn, I^td., 21J Gt. Brunswick SI. ; W. F. Wells 4 Son, 61 Uppei SackviUe St. : Sir J. W. Mackey, Ltd., 23 Upper S ■ikTille .St ; Hoeg & Rotiertson, Ltd., 2J Mary St., *c., 4c.
WINDOW GLASS
Polished I Male ior Shop Whidows.
Horticultural Glass at Lowest Rates
DEATH TO THE WEEDS !
MOVTli'S WEED KILLER.
Slron^ly Rtcommended for the Detiructian ef iVtedt, &'e. Price, 2s. per gallon; 5 gallons, is. 6d. per gallon; 10 gallons, IS. 3d. per gallon ; Original 40-gallon casks, IS. per gallon.
liOYTE & SON, The City olDublla Dru^ liall. 17 LOWER SACKVII.I.I- SfREET. IX'MI.IN
Please mention this P.(per
|BE PREPA
for bad trade. All the more reason to keep yourself and your goods before the pubhc eye. The best way to do this is hylllnsirdlcd aiA\{. Show I'lciu/TSoi your goods in every Advt. Cata logue or Booklet you send out. =>
We uni&rli\e prepar- ation of Sketches, Photos and BlocKs-
IKISH PHOTQ ENGRAVING C
so. MIDDLE AUDEY S^ DDBLIN
Ranges of Glasshouses, complete;withSHeating Apparatus, Tanks, Peach and Vine Trainers, Wood, Iran, or Slate Staging, Potting and Boiler Houses, with every modern accessory.
ENQUIRIES INVITED FOR
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES SUN LOUNGES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, CARNATION HOUSES, &c.
iLi.usTRATttL) Catalogue post ki;i;k on api'licatiu.n
HEATING AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY
INSTALLED IN PIBLIC BLILDINGS : MANSIONS, HORTICL LTLRAL BUILDINGS
&c., &c.
/ ^~^1hi I 'mm^''WmfTJWX^^^^M I Schemes and Estimates Tree
GARDEN FRAMES
In great variety always in Stock
PRICK-; ON APPLirATIIIX
NORWICH
ENGLAND
l,IMITRn
MODERN . . GLASSHOUSES
Superior in Design :: Material, Construction and above all utility,
WOOD LATH and SCRIM BLINDS :
IN EVERY VARIETY
For Shading CONSERVATORIES, GREENHOLSES, &c.
Our Shadings are recommended by Horticultural Authorities.
BOULTON & PAUL,
I Established 1820 \
So Spooner & Sons
FRUIT TREE GROWERS
HOUNSLOW NURSERIES
HOUNSLOW MIDDLESEX
Fruit Trees a Speciality
Over half a million to select from
300,000 Maiden Two and
Three-year Old Apples on
English Paradise.
Catalogues free on Appli- cation. Inspection invited
Telegrams: FRANK CANT, COLCHESTER. Tel. No. 18 ')'
-rr
vV
"77
-rr
vV
CANT'S
Champion Roses
The Finest Stock '" tl^^ Kingdom
Standards, Bush Roses : Climbing Roses, Roses for Hedges, Roses for all Soils and Situations, Roses for Arches, Roses in Pots, Tall Weeping Standards, Roses for Bedding : : :
FRANK CANT & CO.
BRAISWICK ROSE GARDENS (D.-pt. K.>
COLCHESTER
J4.
Jj-.
Our Illustrated Catalogue, Post Fren on application,
^ ^ ^
MACKENZIE & MQNGUR, LTD
HOTHOUSE BUILDERS AND HEATING ENGINEERS
TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING SANITARY AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
SPECIALTIES:
All kinds of Hothouses in Teakwood, Archangel Larch or Petersburg Redwood.
. Improved Ventilation Gearing * Patent Wood Spar Blinds * Heating
by Low Pressure, Hot Water cr by Steam. * Improved Duplex System of
combined Hot Water Service and Heating. * Improved Ironclad System ot
Electric Lighting the only absolutely fireproof system.
WE DO NOT WORK ON THE UNSATISFACTORY PIECE-WORK SYSTEM, ALL
WORK UNDERTAKEN BY US BEING CARRIED OUT BY HIGHLY SKILLED
WORKMEN AT TIME RATES.
EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works) — Balcarres Street, MornJngside GLASGOW- 121 St. Vincent St. LONDON- 8 Camden Road, N.W.
Telegrams: "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH," and "TREIBHAUS, Camroad, LONDON."
W.mCHARDSON&Co
SPmClALISTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
Horticultural Buildings & Heating Apparatus
DARLINGTON
THE REASON. WHY customers come to us for Glasshouses and Heat- ing Apparatus is because they know they will get the best value for the least possible expenditure. A few oi our customers in Ireland include the Duke of Leinster, the Right Hon. Chief Baron Palles, The Marquess Conyngham, The Marquesses of Headfort, Londonderry; Earl Fitz- william, the Earls of Donoughmore, Dunraven, Erne, Longford, Listowel, Rosse, Aberdeen ; Lords Ardilaun, Harrymore, Castletown, Cloncurr\ , Dunleath, Farnham ; Lady Maurice FitzGerald; Colonel the Hon. C. V. Crichton. H. P. Goodbody, Esq., &c., &c.
ERECTED FOR THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, VICE REGAL LODGE, DUBLIN. (Per H. M. Commissioners of Public Works).
LONDON OFFICE:
BELGRAVIA CHAMBERS VICTORIA STREET WESTMINSTER, S.W.
TT^TSH GARDENING.
Note.
I^EADKR^^ of Iht^^ii GAriDEXiNG will 1)P iiiloiosted to loam that the Editor. Mr. C. V. Hall, has Miiswcrcd Karl Kitchener's rail for men. and has jciued the " D " Coiupnny of the Koyal Dublin Fusiliers at the Curragli. They will wisli 1 ini suceess and a safe return to his duties. Mr. .1. W. Besant has undertaken the duties of Editor durinii; his absence. Eeaders will u;reatly oblige .-.nd lu'l]* by sending in notes and any interesting:^' infoiiua.tion concernincjc plants and .r^irdens, jiddressed tf) the Editor, Inisn (iATJnKXixc, ')'■'< l.'|iper Sackville Street. Dublin.
Correspondence.
Still in Flower.
At time of writing' (inid-Xovember) I observe the dwarf Polyanthfi Rose " Jessie " still a blaze of colour in the nursery lines. Its trusses of bright scarlet-crimson flowers have been borne con- tinuously all over the plaiats since .Tune, and at no tinxe did its effect fail. The flowers may be sr.id to be more than shower-jiroof, as the heaviest d</wn K)ur seems to ])roduce little or no effect.
In u<a.ny gardens tMs dwarf Kose and its fellows, sich a.s the pink '' Or'e.'^ns " a,nd " Phyllis," are
-;iper; cdin ■; fierr..mums for beddin;.
The
undoubtedly far less trouble, llowering for a u\urh longer ]>eriod, and they last for years, thereby s:wiiig all the labour and expense lissociated witli t'le annual planting, lifting and h(Uising of (ieraniums. As a ground work under tall weei)ing' standard Wichuraiana Roses the dwarf Polyanthas are liig.dy effective, the colours of the st.andards iieing arranged either to harmonise or contrast with the dwarf Roses below. Several new varieties, such as " Rodhatte," " Manuin Turbat," " Papa Ilemeray," Arc, will be very pujiular as they becouie more widely known.' I lind the whole set of new varielirs most interesting. ('Icmlnrf. ,j, ]\[. w
The Extraordinary Autumn of 1914.
I HEMEMBER an old frieiid saying to me in the wonderful .sumiiier of 1887 : "" Make a note of this sumiu(>r, my boy. for though you may live Tor jiiany years, you may never see another to equal this." My old friend has gone, and I wonder what he would have thought of the autumn of 1914. It is certainly one to be noted, as it seems hardly possible that so wonderful and so late a season will be experienced agam for very many years. Looking back I see in gardeninu' notes of iiast years that the autunui Irost, wl icii kills off the Dahlias, rarely couu's later than t lie second week in October. This year, on Sunday. 8th Xovember, I sat out in UTy'rock garden arid
^^
HAWLMARK
CHAMPION IRISH ROSES AND FRUIT TREES
ARE THE BEST OBTAINABLE
?7
The only winners of the 1 00 Guinea Challenge Trophy ; also winners of the National Rose Society's Challenge Trophies, 46 Gold Medals, and several thousands of First Prizes, Cups, 6c.
Acres of Roses and Fruit Trees, in Superb Quality, grown in the greatest exposure, ensuring utmost hardiness. From 9/- per dozen.
Descriptive Catalogue free on application.
ALEX.
DICKSON &. SONS, LTD.
HAWLMARK
OAKLEY PARK, BLACKROCK CO. DUBLIN
ESTABLISHED 1836
VI
IRISH GARDENING.
U»ted all the dilTcrenfc si)e(ifs ia flower. Tlie list covers <S1 closely-written columns in a. note-book, and includes every kind of rock ])laut: Alysiinus, Arenarias. Dianlluis. 1 1 ypericuni, Saxirraj>a, Krodinm. \-c. — 111 (lifferent kituls in all — some with only a few flowers, otliers covered with l)lossom. Surely a wonderiiil record for 8th November ! and tliis is no mild spot, 'ike Wicklow or tlie South-wesf of England. Tne frost came on Sunday, liStli, ajul has remained witli us ever since — S to 12 de.i>Tees per nig'lit (last .January wo ha.d 22 and 2.')). and it is difTficult to believe that the ha.i'e frosted rockery was a week a.f^o a1)la7,e with simuu'r flowers.
Ml'liliAV ll(»l!XIRI{t>(>lv. Knapton. A hhevleix.
Catalogues.
Tmo old established liiiu of iiiTTLE and Halt-antyxe, Carlisle, send their Planters" (hiide. co7itaining' a com])rehensive list of forest trees wliich they grow in in\mense quantities. All the best and most popular timber trees are included, as well as many more valuable for ornamental and landscape work. Shrubs" .siiitablo for covert planting and decorative work are like- wise included in variety, and a iisefid feature is the inclusion of lists of trees and sliruVis for special i)ur[)Oses — viz.. trees for aven'ies, shrubf; for towns and seaside, trees and shrubs for autunin effect, and so on, rendering easy the selection of kinds for any ]nir])ose.
From Wtt.tjam Feix & Co., ITexliam, comes a well got u]) catalogue of trees, shrubs, fruits.
PLANTS IN POTS
YOUNG & CO., F.R.H.S.
Perpetual Flowering Carnation Specialists and Gold Medallists
Hatherley, Cheltenham.
Splendid Collections at Special Prices from I OS. upwards
Cafalogue it<i//i Cultural liifornKi/ioii Free.
roses, tVc. Forest tree.s in all the best kinds are offered in all sizes at fair jirices. Trees foi- avenues, weeping trees and other specinu>ns are inclu<le<l, whi'e the collection of ornauuMital ('onifcrs is well worth atteidion. Tiie collection of oi-naiuental t i-ees. shriil)s and climl'in ; plaids is considerable, and includes many good things. Roses occupy m\icb sy)ace in their different s3ctions, and are freely described. Fruits, large and suiall, are offered in tempting variety, while forcing i)lants, culin-vry roots and sundries conclude an interesting and useful catalogue.
Mrsshh. W. DnuMMOND tS: Sons, Ltd., send us t.u'ir autuuui and Spring Catalogue, wl)i<'h is. as usual, replete with a select list of i)lants foi- both seasons. Fruit trees and bu.shes are repre- sented in all the best kinds, likewise Roses, Flowering Shrubs, Climbers, Arc. Jlerbaceous and Alpine ])lants are offered in considerable numbers, also Conifers and Forest Tr<'es. IMaiits I'or hedges, stove and greenhouse all go to show the com])re]\ensive n;;tnre of this well illustrated i-a.ta'ogue.
Reviews,
Gardening: for Amateurs.*
The nineteenth ])art of this work is now to liand, and is as usual of a, liigh order of nierit. A feature is the large number of excellent illustrations from ])hotogra])hs. The nnniber is largely devoted to trees and shrubs, of wliich many ty]iical exam])les are shown, and much literary matter dealing with cultivation and |)roi>agation accompanies each .subject. On the wliole tlie selections are com- ])rehensive. including the best of the older species and varieties and n^any quite new kinds.
Rhododendrons receive much attention, and
* f^assell <fc ])er ])art
Co., r.td.. London. Price 7d.
ROCK OARIDENS
HOW TO MAKE AND MAINTAIN THEM
S))d J^ililion
BY LEWIS B. MEREDITH 7/1 0 j'Osi free.
14 HENRIETTA STREET LONDON. W.C
AND ALI, BOOtSELLRUf
Thompson & Morgan's far-famed Seeds & Plants
Revised CATALOGUES for 1914 free on application.
The high quality of our FLOWER AND VEGE- TABLE SEEDS is now universally recognised, and our CATALOG UE — really a book of reference on hardy flowers— describes over 3,000 different kinds, many of them not obtainable elsewhere.
Our HARDY PLANTS, mostly Alpine and Herbaceous, are strong, fibrous rooted stuff, in all the newest and best varieties, at moderate
prices
Trial Order Solicited.
THOMPSON & MORGAN,
Seed Establishment and Hardy Plant Nurseries,
IPSWICH
IRISH GARDENING.
vu
If you FUMIGATE OR SPRAY
Doit Effet-tivelj .-uicl tse
OTIGIDE
v.^>#2^
Fumlgant
Feet Each 40 000 35 -
CST3
20.000 7/6
12,0.J0 4/6 ^
8.000 3/- 1 «f^ 4,000 1 8 j ^
NICOTICIDE FUMICATORS, 1 - each for 5,000 cubic feet NICOTICIDE
PLANT SPRAY
is vfi-j cfTcctive wliPreit is n ■! convenient to fumigate. Wca.ivise >o.i to try i*. It will also be usefnl as a Winter Dressing forPeache . v^c.
{ pint 1/2 ; Pint, 2/- quait 3/6 ; i gall,, 5/-; galloQ 10/-. Carriage Paid. Ask your Seedsmen for it.
LAWN i SAND
eutirely eradicates Daisies, Weeds, Mo?s, ic, b"sides stimulating the Grass
28 lbs. will dress 100 sq. yds. 6d., Is., and 23. 6d TIds ; i cwt., 63. ; i cwt.. lis. ; 1 cwt., 20s. Carriage Paid,
Worm i Powder
a lertaiu leniedv for removing Wo-nis and clearing Worm Casts. L'SB i lb. to the sij. yd. Simply sprinkle fairly thickly on the Grass
and Witter copiou.'^ly. 14 II15 J.wt. i .wt. I cwt. 5 cwt. J ton. 2 Ion.
3/- 5 7 6 12/6 £3 £5 10 £10 10
Use also COW'S TOBACCO POWDER & QUASSIA EXTRACT
AsIc >oiir .Seelsnien for tlie at.ovc rin.l refise all imitatir.ns
^•sIS" LIYERPOOL
HUNTER &GOW, Ltd.
■■■BBHHHBBIB
arc a .safe ami ■•<iii.-
l»k' puidc to garden
■ • sucrt'ss, pi(Klu(iiipvi>:(irou.s, liialtliv" zz^nr fiuitfiil giowtli. Tlicy are tlie re- ^= =r J^iilt of iiianv years i>raetieal ex- -= — JiericMCeh. L'anleiiiii'-'. I'orall i.'ai(lcii -
Tcrips Fruitbearingr. Foliage and Flcwerin^ plants, Vegetables, Lawns &c., &c., our
= Vine, Plant and Vegetable Manure =
i> iiniivallcl ; as a >liiiinlaiil fi.i- jk.i |,|iiiits (luriiit; the i;r(i\\iiij; sca.soii our Special
Chrysanthemum & Topdressing Manure
is c.vcellent— they are both iudispcnsjiMc ■_ in your gar len
^ o-»f'(«mdi for full price lists iiaii,.
vVic.tluyarc st..,kc,l cvcry«l,cr
WM. THOMSON & SONS, Ltd.
;^ .Sole >raKcr.s = Clovenfords, N.B
THE CHEAPEST INSECTICIDE OF THE DAY
"NIQUAS"
(NON-POISONOUS) IMPROVED
A Concentrated Extract of Quassia, combined with otlier valuable ingredients, forming a cheap, safe, and effective Insecticide for syring- ing and dipping. It destroys all Insect Pests infesting Trees and Plants, whilst no possible injury to vegetation can result from its use.
It can be applied with syringe or pump, or used for dipping,
PRICES-Half-pint, 1/-; pint, 1/6; quart, 2/6; half-gallon, 4'-;
gallon, 7/6; five gallons, 25/-; ten gallons, 45/-
I gallon sufficient for 8o gallons of water.
STANDEN'S MANURE
(Established over 35 Years)
Exceeds all others in General Fertilising Properties and Staying I'owcrs
Analysis on Application
Sold in Tins, 1/-, 2/6, 5/6 each ; and in Kej;s, well secured, to prevent
loss through exposure, aS lbs., 8/6 ; 36 lbs., 13/6; 113 lbs., 22/6
CORRY'S SPECIAL
Chrysanthemum Manure
Sold in Tins, I/-, 2/6, S/6, and Bags, i cwt., 10/6 ; i cwt., 18/- ; I cwt., 32/-
For Fumigating in Greenhouses. "LETHORION"
Improved Metal Cones
Registered No. 62,597
To destroy Insect Pests. The Oandle attached to each Cone only needs lighting, and there is no further trouble, 'i'heyare most ciTicacious.
No. I. For frames and "leant-to's" nj) to 1,000 cubic feet. Price, 6d. cacli.
No. 2. For small greenhouses up to 1,500 cubic feet. Price, 8d. cacli.
No. 3. For a well secured house of 2,000 to 2,500 cubic feet. Price, 1/- each.
Fowl
owier s
.awn
Sand
This preparation is for destroying Daisies and other weeds on lawns,
and at the same time stimulating the growth of the grass. If one tin
is tried as a sample, its value will be at once appreciated. Sales are
largely increasing.
Tins, 1/-, 2/6, and 5/- each ; Kegs, i cwt., 8/6 ; i cwt., 16/- ;
t c»t.. 30/-
ELLIOTT'S
* Summer Cloud' Shading
Registered Trada Mark No. 14,629. (The only genuine original and Improved article)
For Greenhouses. A pleasant green shade is given to the glass In packets, 1/- for 100 feet of glass, and 2/6 each for 300 feet.
Sole Manufacturers :
CORRY & CO., Ltd.
LON DON
SOLD BY ALL NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN
VlJl
IRISH GARDENING.
deservedly so, tilso Conifers and other everij;reens, Pruning of tri-es and shrubs is dealt with at some length, and should i>r.)ve instructive to amateurs, while eerlain trees and shrubs are described with special n'fercncc to tlu-ir oi-naiiiental fruits.
Tiic exact i>lan followed in co?u|iilin.g the lists of s]>ecies is not <|uite appai'cnt. for, wliile in the new genus Diin-Ha \\c liiul luenlioii of species hardly yet in couuuerce, the shrubby I^>teutillas are represented only by tlie old species P. fruticosa and a mere reference to P. salesoviana, while newer kinds, fast becoming ])oi)ular, such as P. Veitchii. P. vilmoriniana, P. i^'riedriehseni, «)v:c., are omitted. On the whole, liowever. it is a good number, and sliould l)e in the hands of all amateurs interested in shrubs.
The Journal of the Board of Agriculture.*
Tiih; >>'oveuil>er iosvu- of the .biurnal of the Board of Agriculture contains much of value to Il(n-ti<-idturists. Tlie ')j»ening article, consisting of notes from Mr. A. D. If all's paper on the Reclamation of Waste I^and, should be carefully studied by gardeners who are specially qualilied to deal with such land. If land such as Mr. Hall describes could be bovight cheajdy, then we feel sure many gardeners would not liesitate to
* Price, monthly, fourpence.
DDnnnnnncDnnnnnnnnDDnn
u n
D G
n n n
D
n
BENTIiEY'S
CONCENTRATED ALKALI
A quick-acting non-poiscnous Winter
Wash for fruit trees anJ forest trees
of every kind
u
U D D D D D D D
n BENTLEY'S NICOTINE COMPOUND Q
LJ A powerful, safe and ready Fumigant M UJ for Greenhouses, Conservatories-, &c. M
D BENTLEY'S CARNATION MANURE □
n
D U
Recommended by the Front-rank I — l Speciahsts and Exhibitors r~]
D
M Bentley's Vine Border Compound M
LJ A Concentrated high-class Fertilizer for O LJ renovating old, and making new Vine CD LJ and Fruit Tree Borders [U
I I CoDiplctt: Ca/aloi>ue sciiijrcc on (!pp/ic(ttioii i — i I I Sole Manufacturers Ll
H Joseph Bcntlcy, Ltd., ^Sf B
g BARROW-ON-HUMBER, HULL, g
GaannnnnnnncDnnnnnnnnn
embark on market gardening. JJarvesting and storing vegetables forms another article obtain- able as Leaflet No. 15, and excellent suggestions .vre given for the; destruction of the Pear Leaf Blister Mite. (Ueen manuring. Soda, and P(dasl! for American (iooseberry .Mildew and tbe |>re|iara.- tion of Lime, Sul])hur Solution, are among othei' subjects of interest to gardeners.
Mountain Ash Berries as Food.
Till!: berries of the AJountain Ash (Pyriis Aucu- paria) are consumed witli avidity l)y birds and poultry, l)ut they are not oiten eaten by huiiiaii i)eings owing to their bitter taste and ])eculiar llavoiir, wliicli lias been compared to tlie smell conveyed by green or recently cut \v<K)d. In Wales and tlie Scottish Highlands they seem to be liked, and have even been exposed for sale in the streets of Glasgow.
This well-known fruit' is (lopularly su]»posed to be poisonous. It contains a large ciuantity of malic acid, and some prussic acid. 1)ut the latter is in small j)roportion and is proltalily not suHi- cient to render the berries deleterious unless to children.
THE . .
NONE-SO-HARDY Nursery Products
Are absolutely healthy and regularly transplanted
(L>e|iartmeiit Jiisjiet-ifd) A few liiu's :ux- . .
APPLE TREES, in fruiting state, 9/- to 15,-doz. LARCH, SCOTCH, SPRUCE, spli ndid plant- ing stutf, riuiu2/6 per 100 . 20 - per 1,000 THORN QUICKS, from lO/- to 25 ■ per 1.000 All ullirr Trees and Siuuljs for gcneiai iilaiiling at
similar low rales .\ small trial order will convince of ilie verymeriicirinii^ quality of nur stutV
Very extensive stock to select from. Satisfaction assured Catalog^ues free on application
"None-so-Hardy" Nurseries SHILLtLAGH
W. HAMMOND,
ORDER NOVIT
BURALL BROS. TREE TICKETS
REPRESENT
DURABILITY & ECONOMY
Samples and Prices on application
MiinnldchiiTcti III Uic
SAFE SELF-FASTENING ADDRESS LABELS
IN USE ALL OVER THE WORLD.
PATENT LABEL FACTORY
BURALL BROS. wrsBECH/Eng:
IRISH GARDENING.
IX
In various parts of the north of Europe these berries are dried and ground into flour and used in times of scarcity. When distilled tlie berries yield a strong spirit, and in Wales a beer or ale was formerly brewed from them.
The chief use of the berries seems to be for the ])rei)aration of a jelly, wliich serves as a substitute for red-currant jelly for gauie. It has an astrin- gent flavour, however sweetened, but is said to be by far the best jelly for use with venison. The recipe for the jelly given by one authority is as follows : — Boil the berries in water (cold at first) till reduced to such a consistence that the fluid can be strained through a canvas bag : to every quart of the fluid add 2 lb. of loaf-sugar, then boil again for ten uiinutes. The following recipe is in use in Scotland : — Put the ripe berries in the l>reserving pan A^^ith just enough water to keep them from bvirning (about h pint to 2 lb. of berries) and let simmer. Stir and break the berries up to make the jviice flow freely. When the berries are quite soft and well broken up, turn them into a jelly-bag and drain as u-sxiaj, but slowly and without handling. Return the juice to the pan with 1 lb. sugar to each pint of juice. Boil for nearly an hour, ov till it " jellies."
The fruits of the variety rossica are sweet, and the variety is said to be planted in Southern Kussia, where, at Kiev, the beri'ies, powdered with sugar and packed in small boxes, are sold and exported.
The variety moravica has larger fruits than the type, and these are less harsh to the taste. They are sjiid to be used extensively in some Continental countries. — Journal of the Board of Agriculture.
GRYSTALPALACE HORTICULTURAL WORKS BROCKLEY ROAD
LONDON.S.E. THECHEAPEST AND BEST FIRM FOR GREENHOUSES, sendforlist postfree.
THIS TWO-LIGHT FRAME maUc U, standard
size 6 ft. by 4 ft. Best mntcrials, painted two
cnats, )!lazcd witti 21 oz. glass, ready for use.
PRICE 30I- packed free on Boat.
RIVERS
Fruit Trees — Roses Vines, Figs, Oranges
and
Orchard House Trees
A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK ALWAYS ON VIEW
Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue
POST FREE
THOS. RIVERS & SON
SAWBRIDGEWORTH HERTS
Station: HARLOW, Q.E.R.
KiLPEST
If you warit a
BEAUTIFUL GARDEN
you must preserve your plants a,L;aiist all kinds of blight and garden pests.
ORDER
*' KILPEST" "'"''"'
TO-DAY
Awarded Gold Medal.
Gold
Medal.
The best inseoticide on the
Market- and 's non. poisonous
" KILPEST " EXTERMINATES
Black and Green Fly Ked Spider, Thrip, Gooseberry Caterpillar, Mildew and Aphis Pests, Owe., on I'lants, Flowers, or Foliage, it cannol harm anything but insect life, and tlie nid.st (ielioaleiilant cannot be injmeil by its use 2 ozs. "Kllpest" makes 1 Call. Insecticide Prices-Pint, 16; Quart, 2,9 gall. 6/-; K'all-8/. -Mmj sold in tins 6d. each. Uet a supply from your dealer to-day. If any difficulty is expei i- euced in obtaining" Kilpest" send a postcard to Sole Manufacturers CLOUGH & FIRTH, Ltd.
BRIPCE MILLS, KNARESBOROUCH, YORKS.
-^ffll^-
IRISH GARDENING.
Dublin Wholesale Markets.
JjAHGE siqtpliL'S of L^a.i'ck')v produce of eveiy description has been characteristic of the markets during the ])ast luontli. Fruit, consisting chiefly of ap])1es and pears, was very plentiful. Prices show very little alteration since last month, with the exception of some barrels of a])ples of first rate quality coming from Cari'ick-on-Suir disti'ict, whicii stimulated buyers to increase the bidding over the usual standard. Cox's Orange, Blenheim Orange. Hismarck, Peasgood's, Lord Derby and Brand ey are the ])riuiipal varieties offered for sale which return most prolitable ])rices. Pears, too, when handsome boxes or small lots of selected were offered, received a good share of atteiition, and consequently ])rices for these ranged well above the average. Doyenne du Cornice, Fertility, and 3Iarie Louise were the favourite varieties of this section. Foreign and Cross-channel stuff was well in evidence, and sold exceedingly well.
Vegetables were extremely plentiful, and occasionally clearances were difficult to effect. Cabbages, both York and Savoy, were over- abundant, consequently ijrices continue to show reductions even from last month. Cauliflowers of good quality are al.so plentiful, and are selling at prices which are not by any means unpi'ofitable. Celery is improving in quality, but increased quantities tend to keep the prices normal. Artichokes made their appearance early in the month, and are now selling in quantity at the usual rates. White Turnijjs are largely supplied, and lettuce has improved .somewhat in price. All other vegetables show little alteration in prices froui last month.
In the flower section Chrysautheimims are as usual extremely abundant, and good blooms and bunches are giving very poor returns. Violets are now coining in rather plentiful, and returns are considerably reduced. Arum Lilies are now offered for sale, and command ]jrofltable prices per dozen blooms.
The following i.s a price list for the month : —
Kings Acre
66 Gold Medals and 16 Silver Cups awarded to our Exhibits during Seasons 1909-13-14
160 ACRES FRUIT TREES, ROSES,
FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS, ALPINE AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS
New Catalogues, containing- much use- ful information, free upon application.
KING'S ACRE NURSERIES
HEREFORD ltd.
|
FiUTr. |
Pi-i |
nil (1. |
T s. |
o d. |
||
|
ViM'les— (Select) |
per barrel |
ti |
0 |
1(1 |
0 |
|
|
(Seconds) |
per barrel |
1 |
0 |
7 |
0 |
|
|
>' >> |
])er float |
0 |
10 |
•> |
0 |
|
|
., (Select) |
l)er dozen |
1 |
l> |
2 |
I> |
|
|
(Seconds) |
per dozen |
(1 |
it |
T |
:\ |
|
|
Pears |
per half Inishc |
■1 |
;; |
0 |
:'. |
(> |
|
.. (Select) |
per dozen |
2 |
0 |
•} |
«) |
|
|
(Seconds) |
per dozen |
(1 |
!) |
1 |
w |
|
|
.Melons |
each |
2 |
n |
2 |
<) |
|
|
(i rapes |
per lb. N'ECiETABl.KS. |
0 |
s |
T |
2 |
|
|
Cabbages (York |
per load |
:; |
II |
ii |
1) |
|
|
- - ,, ,, |
l)er dozen |
0 |
2 |
(I |
1 |
|
|
,, (Savoy) |
per load |
2 |
II |
I |
1) |
|
|
Cauliflowers |
per flasket |
•> |
II |
:', |
<l |
|
|
J J |
per dozen |
II |
!S |
1 |
.") |
|
|
Celery |
])er bunch |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
|
|
B. S])routs |
per float |
1) |
() |
T |
II |
|
|
Kale |
per doz. banc |
hes 1 |
i) |
:i |
1) |
|
|
Parsni()S |
l»er doz. bunc |
hes 0 |
() |
II |
H |
|
|
Carrots |
per doz. bunches 0 |
.') |
II |
S |
||
|
Turnps |
per bunch |
0 |
2 |
II |
1 |
|
|
Articliokes |
per float |
0 |
!S |
1 |
y |
|
|
Lettuce |
per dozen |
1) |
2 |
0 |
I |
|
|
Onions |
l)er float |
1 |
0 |
1 |
() |
|
|
^larrows |
per dozen |
1 |
0 |
1 |
() |
|
|
Leeks |
per bunch |
n |
2 |
0 |
1 |
|
|
Beet |
per bunch |
(1 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
|
|
Parsley |
per float |
0 |
T |
II |
s |
|
|
Swedes |
l)er cwt. |
1) |
!» |
1 |
2 |
|
|
Tomatoes |
per lb. |
n |
2 |
n |
1 |
|
|
Thyme |
per d( z. I);;uc |
hes -1 |
0 |
•• |
(i |
|
|
Flowek |
^ |
|||||
|
Chrysa.ntlie- |
||||||
|
nuims |
per doz. blooms |
f) |
<i |
1 |
o |
|
|
|)er doz. bunc |
he |
s 1 |
II |
2 |
1) |
|
|
N'iolet.-; |
])er doz. bunc |
hes 0 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
|
Aram Lilies |
per doz. blooms |
2 |
0 |
2 |
(> |
|
|
Carualious |
})er doz. bunc |
l.es 1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
|
|
.1. .r |
K |
Slugs Slugs Slugs
SANITAS POWDER will rid your Garden of Slugs, and protect your Seeds and Plants from all pests such as Slugs, Worms, Rats, Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.
Leaflet and Free Sample with instructions Free.
6d. and i/- Tins and 12/6 per Cwt. 01 all Chemists, Stores and Nuisfrvmi.n.
THE SANITAS CO., Ltd., Limehouse, London, E.
Aicarded Medal <ii Rowil Hortuuliuial Exhibition, im I ■
Miscellaneous Section*
-THE POPULARITY OF XL ALL SPECIALITIES
* increases every year. All gardeners proclaim that nothing equals these celebrated preparations.
XL ALL NICOTINE VAPORISING COMPOUND, the gardeners' favourite Fumigant, both Liquid and Cake.
XL ALL NICOTINE INSECTICIDE WASH for Syringing, Dipping, and Dressing Fruit Trees and Plants, Mealy Bug, Scale, &c., cannot exist where this is used.
XL ALL INSECTICIDE WASH B. (sme Nicotine), best non-poisonous Wash on the Market.
Other Preparations of great renown are XL ALL Caustic Winter Wash for dormant Fruit Trees and Bushes. RICHARDS' WORM KILLER for lawns, both non- poisonous. Don't forget to ask your Nurseryman or Seedsman for my small pink hst. G. H. RICHARDS, Manufacturer, 234 Borough High Street, London, S.E.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING
DESIGNING, Laying out and Planting of New and Renovating of Old Gardens. The Making and Planting of Rock Gardens, Rockeries, \Vater and Bog Gardens, and Pergolas a Speciality. Plans Prepared. Estimates Free.
RICHARD C McM. SMYTH, F.R.H.S.
Mount Henry Dalkey, Co. Dublin
SANKErS'^^^POTS
"^ t5he 3EST and ChcapcsK |
state quantity of each sire required and have "carnage paid" quoUtlon ("carrtaje" frequently amounts to half value or
goods), or write lor Price List, free. SPECIAL POTS ol all descriptions. Bulb Bowls and Fern
RtCHARD SANKEV a SON, LT9,
Bulwcll Pol-heries. NOTTINGHAM.
GARDEN APPLIANCES
Rose Trainers, Umbrellas, Trellis for Walls and Lawns, Seats. Arboui-s, Tubs, Arches . . . Silver Medal International Ex- hibition, 1912. Illustrated List on application.
W. Walters & Co., Morland|Rd., Croydon
ENGLAND.
Wood Lath Greenhouse Blinds'a Speciality
IVYBRIDGE, SOUTH DEVON. School of Horticulture — practical and theoretical. Ten
glasshouses, heated pits, mushroom houses. Herbaceous and flower garden. For the sons and daughters of gentle men. Ladies in residence, gentlemen out-students. — Apply Principal.
IF YOU HAVE A GLASS ROOF THAT LEAKS, a Conservatory to repair, or any kind of glazing work to be done, Carson's Plastine will save money, time, worry and annoyance consequent on the use of ordinary putty, which cracks, crumbles, and decays. It saves the expense of constant renewals. Carson's Wood Preservative in green and brown, for Palingfs, Trellis Work, &c. The best paint for Greenhouses is "Vitrolite." Write for Catalogue. Carson's, 22 Bachelor's Walk, Dublin.
AUTO-SHREDS 15e=J?;"'2
Leaf-mining Maggots, Mealy Bug and all Pests infesting plants under glass, &c. Simple to use, no apparatus required. In Eozet to Fumigate i,ooo cubic feet, 6d.; io,ooe cubic feet, 3a. 6d. each. Obtained of Seedsmen and Florists: if unobtainable apply direct —
WM. DARLINGTON & SONS,
Wholesale Horticultural Sundriesmin, HACKNEY, LONDON, N.E. Trade Terms and Catalogue of Sundrleaupon receipt of busicestcard
\ \J ELWAY COLOUR BORDERS are now being planned IV and planted. Write your requirements to Langport, and Borders of any kind can be arranged for immediate delivery at all prices. State area, &c. Testimonials.
, Lodge, Northalletton. '-Mrs. writes to say
that the plants all came safely and beautifully 25acked. She is grealty obhged to Messrs. Kclway fur the plants they so kindly put in gratis, and for all the help they have given her in the arrangement of the border."'
From , Esq., Malvern Road, Weston-Suiier-Mare,
9th October, 1913. — The Kelway Border which you supplied to me in Noveml>er, 1911, has given every satis- faction. I changed my residence in March last, and brought the greater part of the Border Plants with me. I had no time to prepare the ground for them, and as the soil here is of a very dry and sandj' nature, I was prepared to lose a good many of the plants. To my agreeable surprise, however, only one plant died. The rest have grown vigorously, and nearly all have borne plenty of bloom, notwithstanding the exceptionallj^ drj' summer we have had. This, I think, speaks for the vitality of the plants .sent out by your firm.
" Kelway's Manual of Horticulture," 2s. 6d. ; Gardens of Delight, 9d. ; returnable to customers.
KELWAY & SON, The Roval Horticulturists, LANGPORT, SOMERSET.
yOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT.— Two Beautiful iN Border Plants. Splendid for small or large gardens. Kelway's lovely Paeonies and Delphiniums are the acme of perfection. Exceptionally hardy. Splendid cutting flowers for decoration.
Special combined collection of a dozen splendid named sorts — six Paeonies and six Delphiniums, Collection C, 25s. 6d. Carriage and packing free for remittance with order. Testimonial.
From , Esq., Hessle, East Yorks. — You may possibly
remember sending me in March or April, 1912, one dozen Delphiniums, Collection B, and also one of each of the following : — King of Delphiniums, Persimmon and Beauty.
They have flowered splendidly, and I am more than satisfied with them, so much so that I had jmrt of my small garden photographed this last summer when they were about at their best, and I am sending you herewith a copy of one of the photos. I should Uke six more of Collection B. KELWAY & SON, The Royal Horticulturists. LANGPORT, SOMERSET.
SCOTCH FIR.
The Great Southern and Western RaihvaA Company invite offers of Scotch Fir Logs out of which Sleepois, 8ft. Uin. x 10 ins. X oins., can be cut, or of Cut Sleepers of these dimensions. Particulars may be obtained of the Company's Store- keeper, Great Southern and Western Railway Works, Inchicore, Dublin.
FvOP.FRT CRAWFORD. Kingsbridge, January, HtU. Secretary.
National Sweet Pea Society LONDON EXHIBITION
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL HALL
JULY 16th 1914
Provincial Show at Botanic Gardens Park, Belfast
JtJly 24th, I9I4
Now is the best time to join the Society. Annual sub- scrip* ion from 5s. Schedules now ready. Swket Pka Annual 2s. post free (free to Members).
HENRY D. TIGWELL, Sec, Greenford; Middlesex
11
IRISH GARDENING
RIYERS
Fruit Trees — Roses Vines, Figs, Oranges
and
Orchard House Trees
A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK ALWAYS ON VIEW
Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue
POST FREE
THOS. RIVERS & SON
SAWBRIDGEWORTH HERTS
Station: HARLOW, Q.E.R.
SPECIAL AUTUMN OFFER
OK
Fruit Trees, Roses, and Hardy Perennials.
IMMENSE STOCK. WELL GROWN, TRUE TO NAME. AT LOW PRICES.
fl The Barnham Nurseries. Limited, offer a wide selection of finest varieties, and will forward Special Autumn Offer tree on application. 150 acres under cultivation. Cash Orders of £1 and over Carriage Paid to any address in the United Kingdom. Planters are invited to send list of requirements, when a very low inclusive price will be quoted.
SPECIALITIES.
500,000 Fruit Trees and Bushes in 500 varieties
Market varieties in great numbers. 100,000 Roses in 250 varieties. :: ::
100.000 Hardy Flowering Plants in 500
varieties.
250,000 Trees and Shrubs in 250 varieties.
50.000 Hardy Climbers in 100 varieties.
INSPECTION INVITED
The Barnham Nurseries,
BARNHAM, SUSSEX Ltd.
JAMES CRISPIN & SONS, f.r.h.s.
FOR ALL CLASSES OF GLASSHOUSES AND :: HEATING APPARATUS.
Ornamental Conservatory For Brickwork Base, ::
£90 O O
CARRIAGE PAID
Size 23 ft. by 16 ft. 3 in. Price includes Gravel :: Stages at sides and centre
Please write for Catalogue
Head Office: Nelson St., BRISTOL
PEACH CASE ERECTED FOR H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CONNAUCHT. ENQUIRIES INVITED FOR
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES SUN LOUNGES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, CARNATION HOUSES &c.
No. 77 VIOLET FRAME
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST KllEK ON APPLICATION
GARDEN FRAMES
In every variety, always in stock
Write for latest Catalogue post free on application
BOULTON & PAUL,
NORWICH
ENGLAND
MODERN . .
PEACH HOUSES
AND COVERS
We specialise in the con- struction and equipment of Glasshouses for the cultiva- tion of Peaches, Vines, &c.
Designs and prices on receipt of particulars of requirements
CO PORTABLE PLANT PRESERVER
LIMITED
'i ft. by 3 ft. £1 14 0 I 12fJ. by 3 ft. £3 2 0
6 ft. by 4 ft. £2 5 0 | 12 ft. by 4 ft. £3 13 0
I'amted three coats Glazed 21 oz.'Olaps
en all orders cf 40, - value to most Irish Forts
CARRIAGE PAID
NITRATE OF SODA IN THE GARDEN
Is invaluable as an aid to the Gardener, in the successful culti- vation of Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables : :
By its quick action on vegetation, Maturity is hastened, and veget- ables are improved in flavour, the tissue being tender, crisp, and less fibrous. This feature is particularly noticeable in Lettuce, Cabbage, and the vv^hole of the Brassica tribe of plants :: :: ::
In application, " little and often ' is productive of the best results. If used in conjunction with phosphates and potash, half the usual quantity of dung need only be used.
Full particulars and pamphlets on " Manuring in the Garden will be sent free on application
JOHN SIMPSON, Chilian Nitrate Committee
15 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET
DUBLIN
Laxton's Fruit Trees
New Pamphlet with Cultural Hints Gratis.
Many thousands of Well Trained, Beautifully Rooted Apples, Pears, Plums, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Cherries, Figs, Vines, Nuts, Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, &c., &c. AS . .
Standards, 2/- and 2/6 each; Bushes, 1/6 to 3/6 each ; PYRAMIDS, 2/6 to 5/- each ; Espaliers, 3/6 to 5/- each ; Cordons, from 1/6 each, 18/- per doz ; Wall Trees, 3/6 to 7 6 each ; PoT Fruit Trees, 5/- to 10/ each :: :: :: :: ::
New fully Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue Gratis
LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD
Shrubs and Trees for Rock =— and Water Gardens—
A select list of the choicest flowering shrubs and Rock Garden Conifers. :: ::
THE GLADIOLUS, a new Ust of the
best 100 varieties in cultivation, dealing especially with the great advance effected in the flower during the last five years. ::
LILIES AND OTHER BULBS,
And ALr UNllIb in pots tor spring planting Three New Lists post free from
R. WALLACE & Co. COLCHESTER
BOLTON'S
the leading house for
SIATEET PEAS
AWARDED 14 COLD MEDALS DURING SEASON 1913
New Illustrated Catalogue containing all the leading varieties, many of them unob- :: tainable elsewhere. Post Free. ::
Robert Bolton, f.r.h.s.
THE SWEET PEA SPECIALIST WARTON CARNFORTH
BURALL BROS.
TREE TICKETS SEED POCKETS
POSTCARD BOOKS ENVELOPES ;:
WISBECH, CAMBS
'EUREKA' WEED KILLER.
SAVES WEARY WEEDING.
50 gallons of mixed solution will kill all
weeds on aoc square yards of paths, &c.
POWDER. 1/- tin for 13 galls, solution \ Free Tins IB >i 35 >i >• \ and
6/- ,, 100 ,, „ ) Cases.
LIQUID. i-KO. i gallon - 2/- - drum free I „ 3/B - „ 9d. extra
3 ., -66- „ 1/6 „
S ., - 1*'- - ,. 3/6 „
10 ,, - 25,6 - cask 5/- ,,
•EUREKATlNE'— The successful fumigant. ■EUREKA' Insecticide, Lawn Sand, Hellebore Powder, Bordeaux Mixture, Worm Killer, Hayward's Summer Shade, &c SOLD BY AGENTS
l-'nll list..t;iU M/,...> witli b".kli-l. •• Cluai i-li v in (i.inl.n nii'l UhtiiIimiis, " miiI post im- l.v iiiiikii>-
TOMLINSON & HAYWARD. Ltd., LINCOLN
IK lu IS A.isr.- : T. .M. Kt-nzie * S.m . r.t<l., 21-.'.(;t. Hniiiswi.k .'«i. ; W K. Wells A Hon. (il Ipiii-i Sackv ille St. : sii .1. W. .Mackcv. I.t.l., 2:; 1 pp*-. Saikvilk' St ; Hnag \ Rolwi tsoli, Lt<l.. 22 .Mary St.. \c.. «<■.
Wm. DUNCAN TUCKER £ Sons, Ltd
RECIPIENTS OF LARGE GOLD MEDAL & DIPLOMA OF HONOUR at R.H.LE. 1912
Write for Horticultural Catalogue No. i8. Stnt post free on application
Glasshouses of every description erected complete in any part of the country
LONDON OFFICE, 27 Cannon St., EC.
Works-TOTTENHAM.
ESTABUSHED 1820
S. SPOONER & SONS
Fruit Tree Growers
HOUMSLOW NURSERIES
HOUNSLOW, MIDDLESEX
Fruit Trees a Speciality
Over half-a-million to select from
300,000 Maiden Two and Three-year Old Apples on English Paradise ::
CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION INSPECTION INVITED
liEEiPEAS
IF YCU WANT
REALLY GOOD SWEET PEAS
AT IVIODERATE PRICES SEND TO
ROBERT SYDENHAM LIMITED
55 TENBY STREET, BIRMINGHAM
No one will serve you better
SWEET PEA COLLECTIONS FOR 1914
No. 1. 18 Best Grandiflora Varieties 1/6 No. 2. 12 Good ^Vaved Varieties ... 2- No. 3. -12 Best kVaved Varieties ... 26
COLLECTION NO. 4.
12 NEWER WAVED VARIETIES (Including 3 Novelties)
4/6
Special Price for the 3 Waved Collections 6/6
THE BEST TOMATOES, 3d. per packet at' 200 .Seeds THE BEST CUCUMBERS, 6d. per packet of lu Seeds THE BEST ONIONS. Excelsior or Allsa Craig:, 6d. per
l>HCKet of ahoiK i.joo .Seeds ALL OTHER SEEDS EQUALLY CHEAP AND GOOD
FULL LIST WITH CULTURAL INSTRUCTIONS POST FREE ON APPLICATION
ROBERT SYDENHAM, LIMITED 55 TENBY STREET, BIRIVIINGHAIVI
VI
IRISH GARDENING
PHYTOPHIUNE
The New, most Effective, Reliable, Safest and most Economical Insecticide
NON-POISONOUS AND FREE FROM NICOTINE, ALCOHOL, yETHER AND ARSENIC
Huviiig experimented Mith und tested all the Insecticides put upon the Market for a number of years, It affords us immense fjratification to he ahle to introduce to THE BRITISH HORTICULTURAL WORLD an Insecticide which we confidently feel will prove to be
A BOON TO HORTICULTURISTS.
Dispense with the unhealthy and daiifjerous process of Fumigation by using Phytophiline Insecticide as a spraying and dipping compound. You will find it MOST DESTRUCTIVE TO ALL PLANT PESTS, but perfectly harmless to the most delicate vegetable growth, and a mild tonic to your plants.
Free sample on application, also price and instructions for use from
CHARLESWORTH & CO., ^^I^u^i,
SUSSEX
Haywards Heath
Kings Acre
60 Medals and 12 Silver Cups Awarded to our Exhibits during Seasons 1909-13
160 ACRES FRUIT TREES. ROSES,
FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL
TREES AND SHRUBS, ALPINE
AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS
Catalogues Nowr Ready
KING'S ACRE NURSERIES
HEREFORD ltd.
Reeves' 1914 Novelty Collection of
1/- SWEET PEAS 1/-
25 (jrand New fiiaiit WaAcd Flowcriiij; Varieties, e\ery colour distinct and different, Kent Grown Seeds, tlie grandest col- lection of Sweet Peas it is possible to obtain, (iOO seeds in all, a i)a<Uet of each as follows .- Snowflake, Crimson Giant, Pink Pearl, Primrose Gem, Giant Maroon, Queen Mary, King: Edward, Black Prince, Rainbow, Sunbeam, Purple Queen, Bolton's Pink, Blue Gown, Countess Spencer, Amber Queen, Elegance, May Perrett, Orange Countess, Scarlet Gem, Lavender Princess, Apricot, Frank Dolby, Gladys Unwin, Blushing Bride, Mauve Queen, c.iwu frei' with tliis Grand Collecl ion. a |iacket of Ueevc\-~' l;itest Novelt.v Sweet I'ea (Canar.v iJird,) a (Jrand Yellow. This fJrand Collection post paid to you for Is. P.O., or 14 penny stamps.
H. "VeEVES, gSk. Sturry, Canterbury
KENT
|
Daisy Hill l\l |
ursery, Newry |
|
is headquarters for the following: — |
|
|
Dwarf Lavender |
Mountain Pine |
|
Pittosporuni of sorls |
Connemara Heaths |
|
Erica arborea (all sizes) |
Enkianthus of sorts |
|
Azalea amoena and varieties |
Rhododendron ciliatum |
|
„ led if ol fa |
,, Kamtschatlcum |
|
„ mollis and Pontica |
Dwarf Rosemary |
|
,, procumbens |
Dwarf Rockwork Shrubs |
|
,, serpyllsefolia |
and many others |
|
LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION |
|
|
T. SMITH, ' |
JAISY HILL KJFWRY NURSERY, 1^ Hr yy rv i |
C°D^°«P FEET CURED
by wearing the Famous
G Brand Garden Clogs
all line.l »illi sti.iiit: «»iiii Felt- very t:osy. Mens, Wiiiiieirs ntul Youths sizes uiily : :: :;
POST PAID
TO VOUR DOOR
3/6
(.•)lildreTl'.-i sizes (V tn •_'!, -J 1 1 IPust ire Kvery ciistuiiier iiii.re tlian ]Afxs,-
Tliimsands i>f Testi immI.'.. .Sei,
P.O. and size »..iii. llaii.lsnnie i lustiuted lists anil sheet of U-st ninnials post free :: ::
STORES SUPPLIED, KEENEST RATES
THE WELLINGTON MANUFAGTURINC GOMPANY
(I)cpt. 27) 4 WELLINGTON STREET QLASaOW
foiCKSONS.
-^^SrO,
ROYAL NURSERIES,
CHESTER
i^
NURSERIES ARE OVER 500 ACRES IN EXTENT We have the largest stock of Trees, Plants, Seeds, Bulbs, &c., in the Empire
EXTRA STRONG ROSES
OUR SELECTION
Climbers, Shoots 5-7 ft. long, 1/- and 1/6 each ; 10/6 and 15/- per dozen.
Dwarf Hybrid Teas, 1/- each ; 9/- to 12/- per dozen ; 65/- per 100.
Standard Hybrid Teas, 2/- each ; 21/- to 24/- per dozen ; 175/- per 100.
Dwarf Hybrid Perpetual, 8d. each ; 7/- per dozen ; 45/- and 50/- per 100.
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS AND CHERRIES
standards and Half Standards, 1/6 to 3/6 each ; 15/- to 36/- per dozen ; 100/- to 250/- per 100.
Bush and Pyramids, 1/6 to 3/6 each ; 15/- to 36/- per dozen ; 100/- to 250/- per 100.
Cordons, 1/6 to 2/6 each ; 15/- to 24/- per dozen ; 100/- to 175/- per 100.
Fan Trained, 2/6 to 7/6 each ; 24/- to 72/- per dozen ; 175/- to 500/- per 100.
HORIZONTAL TRAINED IN APPLES AND PEARS ONLY
2, 3, 4, 5 Tiers, viz.— 2/6, 3/6, 5/-, 7/6 each ; 24/- to 72/- per dozen.
PEACHES AND NECTARINES
Dwarf Fan Trained, for Walls, 3/6, 5/- and 7/6 each.
Standard and Half Standard, Trained for Walls, 7/6, 10/6 and 12/6 each.
Bushes and Pyramids, in pots, 5/ -, 7/6 and 10/6 each.
Standard Hybrid Perpetual, 1/9 each ; 18 140/- per 100.
Dwarf Tea-scented, 1/- each ; 9/- to 12/ 65/- per 100.
Standard Tea-scented. 1/9 each ; 20/- 160/- per 100.
- per dozen ;
- per dozen ; per dozen ;
Full Illustrated Catalogue of any Department post free on application.
'5=
DICKSONS,
ROYAL NURSERIES,
CHESTER
WINDOW GLASS
Polished Plate for Shop Windows.
Horticultural Glass at Lowest Rates
DEATH TO THE WEEDS !
HOYTE'S WEED KILLER.
Stroncly Recommtnded Jor tht DettructUn of Wtedt, A'e. Price, 2s. per gallon ; 5 gallons, is. 6d. per gallon ; ID gallons, IS. 3d. per gallon ; Original 40-gallon casks, IS. per gallon.
HOYTE & SON, The city o( Dublin Drug Hall, 17 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN
Pleue mention this Paper
REMOVAL NOTICE
Please note we have removed to
50 MIDDLE ABBEY STREET
(Ground Floor) DUBLIN
where we have better facihties than ever for turning out first-class Photo Blocks and Line Blocks :: ::
PHONE 4132.
Irish Photo Engraving Co.
(LATE ORIEL HOUSE. WESTLAND ROW)
|
DUTCH BULBS & PLANTS |
||||
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SPECIAL OFFER |
||||
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Hyacinths for pots, to' name :i 0 |
||||
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,, for outdoor, to n.-iino . |
7 6 |
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„ very fine, mixed |
4 0 |
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Tulips, single, to name |
1 4 |
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,, double, to name |
1 f. |
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,, splendid, mi.xed |
1 0 |
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Iris hispanica |
1 0 |
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,, anglica |
2 0 |
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Crocus |
1 0 |
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Narcissus, to name . . |
2 0 |
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,, mixed |
1 2 |
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Snowdrops |
1 2 |
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Cladioli |
2 6 |
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Begonia, single and double |
0 0 |
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AUBulbsare of ilrst-class size. Delivery f.o,b. Itotterdain |
||||
|
P. DE JONG, afower. Hillegom, HOLLAND |
Wells' List of Novelties
NOW READY
Also General Catalogue of
CHRYSANTHEMUMS, CARNATIONS AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS ::
Post free on application
WELLS" BOOK
The Culture of the Chrysanthemum
POST FREE. 16
W. WELLS & Co., Merstham, SURREY
VI 11
IRISH GARDENING.
THE TULLY NURSERY ::
KILDARE
IRELAND
UNDER NEW MANAGEMENT
Choice Alpine and Herbaceous Plants
CATALOGUES FREE
TULLY NURSERY
KILDARE IRELAND
HAVE YOU A GARDEN ?
sow . .
DRUMMONDS
CELEBRATED
Vegetable and Flower —Seeds ==
Awarded 118 FIRST PRIZES in 1913
HAVE YOU A LAWN?
Keep it nicely Cut with one of
Drummond's Lawn — Mowers
ALL MAKES AND SIZES. FROM 17/6 UPWARDS
W. Drummond & Sons
LTD.
57 and 58 Dawson St. DUBLIN
|
ROBERTSOM'S Vegetable Seeds, Flower Seeds Seed Potatoes, &c. :: :: ROBERTSON'S Fruit Trees, Forest Trees, Roses Shrubs, Climbers :: :: :: ROBERTSONS :: Bulbs for Spring Planting :: |
!3 Y W A R K A N T OF APPOINTMENT |
|
AWARDED OVER 100 GOLD AND SILVER :: MEDALS :: :; |
|
|
Catalogues Post Free |
|
|
HOGG & ROBERTSON, ltd Seedsmen, Nurserymen and Bulb Growers lo H.M. King George V 23 MARY STREET DUBLIN |
IRISH GARDENING,
}K
JJe^wT gei:»i>etua,l Flo-i«rei?irtj^ Ca,i?natio3ra. LADY F XJ L L E Fi " '
a
Jicroivoil Awai-fl of .Arerit at the Perpetual ]• lowering Carnation Show. J)c<eniber .iid. 101:!. gaininK more nohits thiji -iiiv otli.M-
vaiioty. It is a lovely sliade of biifrlit salmon, a jjood siower. witli Ions stiff stems. cUno seented. and a tiiie neiDotn'.l
2 6o.u-li. 26- a dozen for present ili'liv.-iv. Stin.|< limited Cash with Order Iti-ipun.ii
Price List of others, also of my noted Border Carnations, free
CHAS. WALL, F.R.H.S., MELROSS NURSERIES =
BATH
GOLDEN SEEDS.
A^/'E want to get into touch with you and every other gardener, because we feel sure you will appreciate the supreme excellence of our seeds.
AX/^E know they are good because our customers say so.
/^UR prices are the lowest possible consistent with good quality.
\X/^RITE for our catalogue and then send us your order. You will not regret doing so.
H. C ANN ELL Sf SONS
Seedsmen, EYNSFORD. KENT. .
) CX3CXDCOCXDCX3CXDCXDCOCX3G500CICOCOC=DC=3(:50 (
AN IMPORTANT
BOOK FOB GARDENERS
234 pp. Fully Illustrated. Deiny8vo. Cloth, 6 - net-
The Propagation and Pruning of Hardy Trees, Shrubs, ard Miscellaneous Plants. With Notes on Manuring and Planting
By J C NEWSHAM. F.L.S-
IhiuiiinistcrdHil Maiui^fi of Ihimfifluif County ('otiiicil Aiiricullnytiland Horticultural School
/'rosier fits post free on applirnlion.
LONDON : CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON
stationers' Hall Court, E.C.& 5 Broadway, Westminster, S.W.
MERRYWEATHER'S
ROSES
NOTICE THE FOLLOWING WONDERFUL BARGAINS :
COLLECTION "C" GARDEN ROSES
ROSES in dwarf plants possible for carriage and packing free for cash
The finest selection of 25 GARDEN 13/6 (with .Acme Labels, 16 -), with order.
Ben Cant, H.P.
Betty, H.T.
Caroline Testout, H.T.
Charles Lefebvre, H.P.
Commandant F. Faure, H.P.
Konlgin Caroia, H.T.
Lady Ashtown, H.T
Frau Karl Druschkj, H.P
General Jacqueminot, HP.
Gloire de Dijon, 1.
Cloire de 0. Cuinoisseau, H.I'.
Gruss an Teplitz, H.T.
Hugh Dickson, H.P. j
J. B. Clarke, H.T.
Jessie, I). Polv.
Killarney, W.'V.
La Tosca, H.T.
Mrs. Sharman Crawford, HP
Madame A. Chatenay, H.l
Pharisaer, 11. 1.
Prince C. de Rohan, IIP
Richmond, H.'J .
Ulrich Brunner, H.l'.
Victor Hugo, H.l'.
Zephyrine Drouhin, P..
MERRYWEATHER S
FRUIT TREES
I DO YOU WANT
' FRUIT TREES EOR ORCH.ARD PLANTING j FRUIT TREES FOR G.ARDEN PLANTING ! FOR PLEASURE •.• FOR PROFIT
OR BOTH?
DON'T F.\ir, TO Pr./\NT
BRAMLEY'S SEEDLING
THK MCST I'ROFIT.ABI.K .\PIT.K GROW.V
FRUIT TREES OF ALL KINDS TO SELECT FROM
SHRUBS AND ORNAMENTAL TREES HERBACEOUS PLANTS IN GREAT VARIETY
Send for Catalogue No. '\'l, full of intereating infornia-
tioM and cheap juiiHs, post free on application to
H. MERRYWEATHER v SONS
LIMITED
SOUTHWELL NOTTS
By Special Appointment to
, His Majesty the King.
MACKENZIE & MONCUR, Ltd
HOTHOUSE BUILDERS
HEATING, VENTILATING, AND ELECTRICAL :: ENGINEERS AND IRONFOUNDERS ::
SPECIALTIES:
All kinds of Hothouses in Teakwood, Siberian Larch or Petersburg Redwood. Improved Ventilation Gearing * Patent Wood Spar Blinds * Improved Duplex System of combined Hot Water Service and Heating. ♦ Licencees for Barker's Patent Cable System of Low Pressure Hot Water Heating. * Improved Ironclad System of Electric Lighting— the only absolutely fireproof system.
* * Cast Iron Stable Fittings and all kinds of Estate Castings. * *
WE DO NOT WORK ON THE UNSATISFACTORY PIECE-WORK SYSTEM, ALL WORK UNDERTAKEN BY US BEING CARRIED OUT BY HIGHLY SKILLED
* ♦ * WORKMEN AT TIME RATES. ♦ * +
EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works) — Balcarres Street, MornJngside GLASGOW— 121 St. Vincent St. LONDON— 8 Camden Road, N.W.
Telegrams: "TREJBHAUS Camroad, LONDON," and '« HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH '
W. RICHARDSON & Co.
DARLINGTON
SPnCIALISTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
Horticultural Buildings & Heating Apparatus
THE REASON WHY customers come to us for Glasshouses and Heat- ing Apparatus, is because they know they will get the best value for the least possible expenditure. A few of our customers in Ireland include the Duke of Leinster, the Right Hon Chief Baron Palles, The Marquess Conyngham, The Marquesses of Headfort, Londonderry; Earl Fitz- william, the Earls of Donoughmore, Dunraven, Erne, Longford, Listowel, Rosse, Aberdeen ; Lords Ardilaun, liarrymore, Castletown, Cloncurr)-, Dunleath, Farnham ; Lady Maurice FitzGerald; Colonel the Hon. C. F. Crichton. H. P. Goodbody, Esq., &c., &c.
ERECTED FOR W. BROWN, ESQ., LARNE, CO, ANTRIM (Note the Parisian Wood Lath Blinds on roof)
LONDON office:
belgravia chambers
VICTORIA STREET WESTMINSTER, S.W.
Bp Special
ilppointtiictit
WEBBS' SEEDS
f Hundreds of Gold &c., Medals and Cups
Awarded to the produce of Webbs' Celebrated Vegetable and Flower Seeds
A typical crop of Webbs' Senator Pea, One of the finest Peas in cultivation. A marvellously prolific cropper of excellent flavour. Awarded R.H.S. First-class Certificate. Is. 9d. per pint; 3s per quart. Post Free
WEBBS' COLLECTIONS of SEEDS
BEST QUALITY & VALUE OBTAINABLE
VEGETABLE SEEDS
428. Od Collection contains 92 Varieties
21s. Od. Collection contains 66 Varieties
128. 6t. Collection contains 45 Varieties
78. 6d. Collection contains 34 Varieties
58. Od. Collection contains 25 Var ties
28. 6d. Collection contains 17 Varieties
CunUiit!, un A/if'luiituin. :: Cmiiai^e i'rce
108. 6d. EXHIBITOR'S Collection contains 32 Varieties to grow specially for Exhibition
WEBBS' MARROWFAT PEAS
COLLECTIONS ARRANGED TO PRODUCE A CONTINUOUS SUPPLY OF OtLICIOUS PEAS THROUGHOUT THE SEASON
4 pints 4 fine sorts (our selection), 4/6 6 ,, 6 „ „ .. 6/6
12 „ 12 ,. „ .. 12-
WEBBS' SWEET PEAS
Gold MedAl Collodions for Exhibition
12 of the finest named Varieties . . 6 -
12 ,, „ , :,ll.-r ,.UI.. 3/-
25 ,, ,, 14-
. . For the Best Vegetables and Flowers, see . . WEBBS' SPRING CATALOGUE— GRATIS AND POST FREE
WEBB & SONS, Wordsley, STOURBRIDGE
DUBLIN REPRESENTATIVE— Mr. W. ROURKE, 4 Weston Terrace, N. C. Road, DUBLIN CORK REPRESENTATIVE Mr. E. P. McGRATH, Abbey Square, North Mall, CORK.
XIV
IRISH GARDENING
To THE Editor of Irish Gardening.
Sir, — When renewing my subscription to your Journal it ocnirred to me that I might tell you something about a new potato I have grown for the last two years, and which I think would be a very valuable late garden or field crop variety to grow in any jiart of Ireland, but more especially in the wetter i)arts. The variety is named " Wilson's Teuii>lar," and was raised from a cross with a wild tv!)e by Di. J. H. Wilson, F.R.S.E., of St. Andrew's University. It is a white-skinned variety, with the vigour and disease-resisting qualities of the " Chauii)ion," and also the late keeping and fine eating qualities of that old sort, is inclined to kidney shape, with scai'cely perceptible eyes. I know the difficulties of |)otato growing in the West of- Ireland and the imi)ortance of the crop to the small holder, and think this variety well worth a trial. The stock is in the hands of a captable farmer in this district, and should you consider this information of sufficient interest to place before your readers I shall be very ])leased to let you have all the information I can about it. — I aui. sir. vours faithfully,
W. ]\r. Macdonald. The Gardens, Mount Melville. St. Andrews, Fife.
Catalogues
February and March are the uionths for starting Begonia tubers into growth, and some useful culturaljdirections will be found in the catalogue of Messrs. Blackmore & Langdon, Twerton Hill, Bath. Their successes at leading shows are
WRITE AT ONCE FOR A COPY OF
s
Sutton's Seeds have now been awarded more than 610 Gold Medals and other honours
UTTON'S
GARDEN SEED CATALOGUE
FOR 1914
containing full particulars of all the finest Flower and Vegetable Seeds and much valuable infor- mation.
SUTTON & SONS,
The King's Seedsmen,
Including the highest awards at the leading Horticu Itu ral Showsthrough- out the United Kingdom dur- ing thepasi year
READING
numerous as usual, and testimonials show the satisfaction of their customers. Some coloured illustrations give an idea of the gorgeous colour- ing of the Tuberous liegonia. although scarcely doing justice to the soft rich colours of the llowt>rs. There are new Doubles for 1911. also frilled and crested kiiuls, and others for bedding. iVc. Carnations, both Perpetual and Border varieties, are grown, and a good list of Del- phiniums containing many choice varieties.
Mackey's Garden Seed Manual, 1914, is a reliable guide to the best vegetables and Howers which can be grown in Irish gardens. The catalogue is well illustrated, alphabetically arranged, and carefully compiled. Cultural direc- tions are clearly given, and shoiUd be of value to many novices and gardeners. The vegetable list is a very good and full one, seed i)otatoes coming in for a lengthy notice. The herb garden is not forgotten, and the proper treatment of lawns is given. Then follows a long list of flowers, including some good novelties ; in fact whether one searches for old favourites or new fancies the manual will be a boon, and a help to know- ledge of the garden.
Messrs. Drummond's Seed Catalogue for 1914 upholds the high standard of former issues, and deals with all kinds of flowers and vegetables. The illustrations are excellent and the tyi>e is clear and bold. Besides goodly lists of all the popular kinds of garden i)roduce, there are in- teresting novelties in vegetables, and we note a lilac-coloured form of the Sweet Alyssum, the Mikado Eschscholtzia. Wedgwood, and the fine King White Sweet Pea. As visual the firm offers
Glorious Begonias
Winners of Cold Medal at International Exhibition, 1912 Winners of Cold Medal atChent International Exhibition, 1913
AWARDED 36 GOLD MEDALS.
For Exhibition, Greenhouse, and Conservatory Decoration, Hangmg Baskets and Bedding
Double Seed, 2s. 6d. & 5s, Single, Is., 2s. 6d. & 5s.
OTHER SPECIALITIES :
Border Carnations, Perpetual Flower- ing Carnations, Cyclamen, NOBLE DELPHINIUMS, Lily of the Valley, Blue Primrose, Polyanthus, Violets,
&c., &c. ILLUSTRATED CATALOCUE FREE ON APPLICATION
BLACKMORE & LANGDON
BATH
GIANT SWEET PEAS
•2
BIJOU COLLECTION
Price 16 Contains 10 Seeds of 12 finest
Etta Dyke, white Clara Curtis, cream George Stark, scarlet Countess Spencer, pink Mrs. Hardcastle Sykes
blush. John Ingman, carmine- rose.
Post Free
each of the following varieties : —
Sunproof King, crimson Masterpiece, lavender Mrs. J. C. House, mauve Helen Grosvenor, orange Elsie Herbert, white and
pinlc. Flora Norton Spencer,
blue.
POPULAR COLLECTION
Price 1 /9 Post Free
Contains 30 seeds of each of the following 12 beautiful varieties : —
Dorothy Eckf ord, white Queen Alexandra, scarlet Princess Victoria, pink Lord Nelson, deep blue Constance Oliver, cream Helen Lewis, orange King Edward Spencer, Evelyn Hemus, cream
crimson. and pink
Asta Ohn, rosy-lavender Gladys Unwin, pink TennantSpencer, mauve: Marjorie Willis, rose
SPLENDID MIXTURE, SPENCER AND GRANDIFLORA VARIETIES.
Per Quart, 6/6 ; Pint. 3/6 ; Half Pint, 1 /9. Per Packet. 1/-, 6d., 3d., Post Free.
UP-TO-DATE EXHIBITION VARIETIES
Agricola. Lovely blush suffused rosy lilac. Per
pa eke I, bd. Barbara. A beautiful salmon-orange self, prettily
waved ; a grand flower. Per packet, \s. Dobbie's Cream. Deep cream or primrose ; fine large
flower, probably the best of its colour. Per packet,
bet. and \s. Decorator. Beautiful soft cherry-red shaded salmon.
Per paeket, bd. Earl Spencer. Beautiful salmon-orange, waved.
Per packet, 'id., bd. and \s. Edrom Beauty. Lovely large orange-pink flower; an
improved Helen Lewis. Per packet, bd. and I.s". Illuminator (Novelty, 1914). Salmon-orange suffused
rich cerise-pink ; under artificial light a glowing
orange-scarlet. Per paekct (12 seeds), bd. King Edward Spencer. Crimson-scarlet, waved. /'<•/■
paikct, id. and bd. King White (Novelty, 1914). The finest white yet
introduced ; immense waved pure white flowers, four
to a stem usually. Per packet, bd. and \s.
Maud Holmes. A splendid crimson, waved ; a first- class flower. Per packet, id. and bd. "
Melba. Beautifully waved salmon flower, i slightly paler than Earl Spencer. Per packet, \s.
Rosabelle. Glowing rose ; a fine large and well-waved flower, larger than Marjorie Willis. Per packet, id., bd. and K'^.
R. F. Felton. Lilac, shaded french-grey, a remarkably strong grower (seed scarce). Per packet, \s.
Scarlet Emperor. One of the largest and brightest of the scarlets ; of the true Spencer type. An extra strong grower ; sunproof. Per packet, bd.
Thomas Stevenson. Brilliant orange-scarlet, beauti- fully waved. Extra large and the best of this shade. /V; packet, bd.
True Lavender (Dobbie). A waved Lady Grisel Hamilton. /'< v packet, bd. and \s.
Wedgwood (Novelty, 1914). A charming wedg- wood, blue throughout ; large waved flowers. Per packet, bd. and \s.
For Full Descriptive List see
Sir JAMES W. MACKEY, Ltd. m A c K k Y 'S
SEEDSMEN AND NURSERYMEN GARDEN-SEED
23 upper SaCkvillC Street, DUBLIN Free on Application
XVI
IRISH GARDENING
l>i-i/.('S lor (lowers iiiul vogotabk's jii-own liom (lieii- seeds.
Mlissus. Wki.i.s A: Co., Mer,sllia;n. Surrey, send a sii|i|ilenieiitary l>isl of Novell ies to llu'ir Chi-ysaiitheiuuMi list. Their autumn successes include two gold medals of the National Chrysan- Ihemum Society and many others at provincial towns, with a large number of certificates for new varieties. Their " Daily Mail " (Uirysant liemum won the (irst prize at Edinburgh for the Ijest novelty, while the novelt y |iri/.e and (list prize in Scarlets at the I'eri)etual Flowering ("a-.nation .Show were awarded to " Champion."
*.Mi:ssi!^. Wm. Powkk A: Co. send a U)l^ ( 'alalogue of See<ls. The" Powerful " seeds from Waterforil have a rejjutation of over lifty years to sustain, and the lirm claims that better saved or choicer flower, vegetable and Jarm seeds are not to be bougI\(, desitite the fact that higher priced seeds are easily obtained. The catalogue is a handsome one. well got u|> and ])rofusely illustra'^ed : it is alidiabetically avranged, and so easy of reference. There are very good lists of ail th- various kinds of vegetables with cidtural directiiuis. followed by lawn seeds and a calenda.' of garch'U operations. The flower seed list seems to leiivMlien year by year, and a very choice
selection is offered Ijoth foi- the greenhouse and the garden. Farm ;,ee<ls and garden sundriiiS are to be found towards the end.
A Ca'I'A !,()(; IK OF (i.MiDKN Skkds. iV:( .. Koi; l!tl I. comes from .MKssiis. DtKsox's. the i{oval Seed Warehouses. Chester. At Dickson's, iull Kx- hibition cash |)ri7,es ai\' offered for vegetables and sweet peas grown from l h'-jr seeds, in<-ludiiig a £5 i»ri'/,e for a collection of vegetables. Tht^ cata- logue is large, well illustrated and attractive, containing good selections of all the best vt^get- ables and many of Dickson's new varieties, lh<' latter half being devoted to the many beautiful annuals, perennials. miscellan<'ous roots and bulbs for spring plauliny.
(tAHiJliiN vSkkos Foi{ 1!H1. from Miossrs. Li'itlk i5c Bali,\ntvxe. Carlisle, is an interesting list, containing some of I he best novelties of th(! year and very complete collections of up-to-date varieties of flower and vegeta])le seeds, seeds of which ai"e saved from selected stocks. Among the niimerous illustrations we note one of a house of L. tV: H.'s " Profusion " tomato bearing a wonderful crop. This lirm is one of the oldest in the trade, hiving been established over 100 yeavs ago.
GUARANTEE TO THE GROWER
THE AMATEUR COLLECTION.
.50 Sploiidid Vailotios. iin'liiiliim all the Novcltiiv for 1914. 'I'hcmiinbcrof sfcds in tlii- c )llc<tl(in varie* arconliiin to variety. In tlu' majority of cases, other than Novelties, 25 seeds of each will bo iri\cn. It is rare value, and will provide a wealth of cx(|uisitel)looin for cutting. A splendiil cxhihitioii collection Price 20 - Post Fiee for fash
l'"roin the uanlener's jioint of view
it is of the ntniost importance that
hebiivp onlv seed which he KXONVS to be riKlit. I hat fact makes the
name "of Eckford of the greatest interest for *-.vo generations of liardener— -
both amateur and profcfsional — have proved by ])ractical i xpenence that
whatever seed— be it. Sweet Tea or anv other Moral or vetretahle seed— is
sold by the fanio\!s Sweet Pea Specialist is entirely dependable m every
w.ov. ■ This inii lied guarantee of worth is trebly valuable. It means—
f Fiist. — That the seed is of the nioxinnim degree of fertilitv. Second.—
That the seed is from tin- veiv fir.est flowciing strains (in many cases from .-etual prize stoeks). Third.— Tbat the
• eMiltinL' plants wiH be lipalthv in 2!owth nnd habit, and abundantly lioriferous in due season Contrast this
assurance of the best lesults", secured by buying Eckford's seeds, with the succession of -doulits and failure
expciienced bv the gardeiier who buvs his seed " on faith " from a dealer or from an unverified source .->«t '^'".^
does he risk the co.st of the seed, but if the results are disappointing he has. in addition l«>st the fruits ot the
labour and learns, when it is too late to remedy the defects, that in matters horticultural there is everything
ill a name "— particularty when tlint nam- is one ren lered fiunous by merit and dependability all over the \\o\u\.
as is the case witli the name of ECKFORD.
SPECIAL SWEET PEA COLLECTIONS FOR 1914
EXHIBITOR'S " B " COLLECTION.
30 Si)Icndid Waved Varieties, excellent for any purpose, fine for exhibition, 20 seeds of each. Price 10 /-. Post Free for Cash.
EXHIBITOR'S
COLLECTION.
2.5 Splendid Waved Vaiietie>. excellent for any |>urpose. fine for exhibition. 10 seeds of each. Price 5/6, Post Free for ('as)i.
HALF>VILLA "B" COLLECTION.
21 Sp"eidid Varieties, suitable for exliibition, 23 seeds of each, 3/-, Post Free, Cash with Order
EXHIBITOR'S "A" COLLECTION.
til Spli-ndid Wa\i'd Varieties, 'rbis collection also includes a half iiacket of each otthe Novel- ties for 1014. The nuinberof seeds, other than .Novelties, will be 20 This is sppudid value. Price 15 -. Po-t Kicc for Cash
VILLA " A " COLLECTION.
50 Splendid Varieties. 25 seeds of each, ex- quisite for garden effect and cutting. All free flowering and stroni.'. A fine laiiire of colour. Price 10 /-. PosI Free for Cash.
VILLA " C " COLLECTION.
12 Varieties. A splendid range of colour for
garden effect and culting. 50 seeds of each.
Price 2 '9. Post Free for Cash
VILLA "B" COLLECTION.
24 Varieties. A si)leiidid range of colour for
garden effect and cutting. 50 secd.s of each.
Piicc 5 6. P<.st Fnc for Cash.
Send a Postcard
lo-day for a large I and contains a full
llustrated and Coloured Catalou'uc. It gives all particulars of the New Sweet Peas for list of all Flower and Vegetable Seeds necessary for your garden
FREE
Henry Eckford, F.R.H.S., °"''^g:pt^^gr"''^
VILLA " D " COLLECTION.
12 Vaiiclic-. Ilic same a> Villa •■ C ■ exactly, only .■>2 seeds of each variety. Price 1/6, l'o>l Free for Cash.
ill 1
Wcm, Shropshire
IRISH GARDENING
xvii
SWEET PEAS
Exhibition Sorts. Per packet, 6d. Twelve Sorts for 5f-
Barbara
Dobbie^s Cream Edrom Beauty Hercules King Manoel King White Loyalty
Elfrida Pearson Melba Florence Nightingale Nettie Jenkins
Mrs. Cuthbertson Mrs. Hugh Dickson Scarlet Emperor Thomas Stevenson Vermilion Brilliant
Nubian
Red Star
R. F. Felton
The Squire
Wedgewood
EDMONDSON Brothers
10 DAME STREET DUBLIN
>^^,
GUARANTEES
GOOD \^GES ON THE LA>ID; DOMESTIC SEIMCE AT GOOD ^mCES IK GOOD HOMES . AND PROEIT W EAJMIKG FOl^
HE
IWILLIHG sWORKEl
For free maps, pamphlets and full particulars ap| lylo Mr. John Webster, Canadian Go\ernment Emigration Agent, i7-i<,>, Victoria Street, Belfast ; Mr. Euward O'Kelly, Canadian Government Emigration Agent, 44, Dawson Street, DubHn ; or to Mr. j. Obed Smith, Assistan'. Superln'endent of Emigration, 11 & 12, 'Sharing Cross, London, S.W.
Largest Manufacturers
IN THE
United Kingdom
For Catalogue giving complete particulars of Bentley's Weed Destroyers Bentley's Daisy Killer Bentley's Plant and Fruit :: Tree Washes ::
Bentley's Fungicides :: ;: Fumigants ; Bentley's Fertilisers,
an
&c.
d ^
. . Write to . .
Joseph Bentley, Limited
MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS
'Sk^.' Barrow-on-Humber, HULL
XX
IRISH GARDENING.
Dublin Wholesale Markets.
Since Christmas the luarketing of fruits unci vegetables has decreased slightly, but tliat is not to be wondered at, as there is the usual reaction at this period of the year. However, there is a welcome and varied addition to the vegetable section in the way of forced rhubarb, seakale, and asparagus, and this addition is becoming enhanced every week from the mild and favour- able climate of the Channel Isles whence they are transmitted to Covent Garden, and from there consigned to the Dublin Markets. The rhubarb is neatly tied in bimdles, each containing three sticks; and packed in large crates for trans- mission. Small quantities are sent in from home sources, but the great bulk comes from cross- Chimne].
The high prices paid for cabbages during the past month have been well maintained up to the present. On the whole, York and Savoys are not by any means up to the standard of last year. The reason of this is not far to seek, neverthe- less, they are commanding two and three times the value. Brussels sprouts continue to be the most plentiful vegetable on the market. In fact they have been the outstanding feature in this section, of excellent quality all through, and are commanding quick and distinctly profitable retui'ns, probably due, no doubt, to the scarcity, poor quality and high in-ices of cabbages. For this reason, too, celery is still holding its own, though the quality is inferior. Broccoli, which should be arriving in abundance, is anything but plentiful, though good prices prevail for high grade stuff. Other vegetables show little change from last month, and prices remain practically unaltered.
In reviewing the fruit section for the past few months we find that home-grown apjiles are a most ])rofitable asset ; but the present supplies are now much diminished, and, therefore, have to give way to the foreign produce. This is greatly to be deplored considering the high prices which are obtained and the huge quantities imported. According to official returns recently issued, no less than two millions sterling was the amount paid for apjjles imported into the United Kingdom for last year. Thus, large sums of money are expended on an import which could be , produced at home, and one which every encouragement is given to Oregon, California and Xova Scotia are the chief sources from whence the great bulk of the supplies of ai)ples to be seen on the market come. In view of all
that it is encouraging to know that home-grown Bramley's Seedling held the premier place right through the season, and eagerly bought up at the top i)rices.
The flower section gives a good indication of the near approach of si)ring as is apjtarent by the (juantities of Xar( issi, Tulips and Roman Hyacinth, which now beautify the markets. Practically all the Tulips and Narcissi come from the South of England and the Scilly Isles through the distributing centre of Covent Garden. There is an exceptionally active demand for them, and ]>rices are distinctly good. Chrysanthemums are now almost finished.
The following is a price list for the month : —
Fruit.
|
Apples — |
s. |
d. |
s. |
d. |
|
|
Bramley's |
|||||
|
Seedling |
per barrel (Ists) |
24 |
0 |
36 |
0 |
|
Mixed |
[>ev float |
3 |
6 |
5 |
0 |
|
American |
per barrel Grapes. |
33 |
0 |
35 |
0 |
|
Alicantes |
l»er lb. |
I |
6 |
1 |
8 |
|
Colmars |
Vegetables. |
1 |
8 |
2 |
0 |
|
Asparagus |
per bunch |
3 |
6 |
4 |
6 |
|
Artichokes |
per float |
1 |
8 |
3 |
0 |
|
Cabbage (York) |
per large load . |
18 |
0 |
33 |
0 |
|
„ (Savoys) |
])er load |
15 |
0 |
28 |
0 |
|
Carrots |
per doz bunches |
1 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
|
Celery (White) |
per dozen |
1 |
6 |
2 |
4 |
|
„ (Pink) |
,, |
1 |
0 |
1 |
8 |
|
Cauliflowers |
l)er flasket |
4 |
0 |
6 |
0 |
|
Lettuce |
])er dozen |
0 |
4 |
0 |
6 |
|
Leeks |
per bunch |
0 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
|
Onions |
per bag |
11 |
0 |
13 |
0 |
|
Parsley |
pre float |
0 |
6 |
0 |
10 |
|
Swedes |
I)er cwt |
0 |
11 |
1 |
3 |
|
White Turnips |
per bunch |
0 |
8 |
1 |
4 |
|
Sprovits |
per float |
1 |
6 |
2 |
9 |
|
Rhubarb |
per doz. bunches |
1 |
4 |
1 |
8 |
|
Seakale |
per bunch |
2 |
0 |
2 |
6 |
|
Beet |
f> 99 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
3 |
|
Parsnips |
pet doz. bunches |
1 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
|
Thyme |
jj •> j> |
0 |
4 |
0 |
6 |
|
Mint |
JS » >> Flowers. |
1 |
0 |
1 |
3 |
|
Arum Lilies |
per dozen |
1 |
6 |
2 |
0 |
|
Narcissi (Paper |
|||||
|
White) |
per doz. bunches |
0 |
8 |
1 |
4 |
|
Chry santhemu ms |
per Imnch |
0 |
() |
1 J.D |
2 |
WINTER SPRAYING
OF FRUIT TREES to remove Lichen, &c.
BERGER'S LIME'SULPHUR WASH CAUSTIC SODA, 98 per cent. PEARL ASH, 75/80 PURE SOFT SOAP
COPPER SULPHATE, 98% COOPER'S V I WINTER SPRAY FLUID . .
&c., &c.
SPRAYING AND FUMIGATING MATERIALS OF ALL KINDS AT LOWEST CASH PRICE.
D. M. WATSON
Telephone 1971.
HORTICULTURAL CHEMIST
61 South Great George's Street,
Dublin
-T'HE POPULARITY OF XL ALL SPECIALITIES
■* increases ev^ery j'ear. All gardeners proclaim that nothing equals these celebrated preparations.
XL ALL NICOTINE VAPORISING COMPOUND, the gardeners' favourite Fumigant, both Liquid and Cake.
XL ALL NICOTINE INSECTICIDE WASH for Syringing, Dipping, and Dressing Fruit Trees and Plants, Mealy Bug, Scale, &c., cannot exist where this is used.
XL ALL INSECTICIDE WASH B. (sine Nicotine), best non-poisonous Wash on the Market.
Othe'' Preparations of great renown are XL ALL Caustic Winter Wash for dormant Fruit Trees and Bushes. RICHARDS' WORM KILLER for lawns, both non- poisonous. Don't forget to ask your Nurseryman or Seedsman for my small pink list. " G. H. RICHARDS, Manufacturer, 234 Borough High Street, London, S.E.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING
DESIGNING, Laying- out and Planting of New and Renovating of Old Gardens. The Making and Planting of Rock Gardens, Rockeries, Water and Bog Gardens, and Pergolas a Speciality. Plan> Prepared. Estimates Free.
RICHARD C McM. SMYTH. F.R.H.S.
Mount Henry Dalkey, Co. Dublin
SANKEYS'gS»^'*POTS
'^Zhe BEST and ChcapcsK
'* rrimge paitL"
SPECIAL POTS of all de
Bulb BowU and Fei
RICHARD SANKEy* SOAT, LT9,
Bulwell Pol-hcries, NOTriNGHAM.
GARDEN APPLIANCES
Rose Trauiers, I'mbrellas, Trellis for \Va Is and Lawns, Seats. Arbours, Tubs, Arches . . Silver Medal International Ex- hibition, 191'.'. Illustrated List on application.
W. Walters & Co., Morland Rd., Croydon
ENGLAND.
Wood Lath Greenhouse Blinds a Speciality
AUTO-SHREDS 'oi
CERTAIN
DEATH to
Leaf-mining Maggots, Mealy Bug and all Pest» infesting plants under glass, &c Simple to use, no apparatus required. In Boxes to Fumigate 1,000 cubic feet. 6d.; 10,000 cubic feet, 3«. 6d. each. Obtained of Seedsmen and Florists; if iinobtainable apply direct—
WM. DARLINGTON & SONS,
Ltd.
Whole»ale Horticultural Sundriesmen, HACKNEY, LONDON, N.E. Trade Termi and Oitalo^eof Sundries upon receipt of business card
Books on Gardening, Vegetable Culture, Greenhouse Management, and all other subjects. Second hand at half prices. New 25 % discount. Catalogue, NO. 992, free. State wants. Books bought. W. «ScG. FOYLE, 121 Charing Cross Rd., London.
IF YOU HAVE A GLASS ROOF THAT LEAKS, a Conservatory to repair, or any kind of glazing work to be done. Carson's Plastine will save money, time, worry and annoyance consequent on the use of ordinary putty, which cracks, crumbles, and decays. It saves the expense of constant renewals. Carson'-- Wood Preservative in green and brown, for Palings. Trellis Work. &c. The best paint for Greenhouses is "Vitrolite." Write for Catalogue, Carson's. 22 Bachelor's Walk, Dublin.
r/ELWAY COLOUR BORDERS are now being planned IV and planted. Write your requirements to Langport, and Borders of any kind can be arranged for immediate delivery at all prictjs. State area, &c. Testimonials.
Mr. , Castle Gardens, Rosneath, Dumbartonshire
(H.R.H. Princess ) : — " I take the liberty to write
you and to let you know that the herbaceous plants you sent have done exceedingly well — Gladioli, HoUj-hocks, Delphiniums especially good. I have not lost a dozen of the plants. The Princess was also very pleased with them when here, and all that saw them said they never saw an}' better.'' (Planted April, 191L)
From , Esq., Malvern Road, Weston-Super-Mare,
9th October, 1913. — The Kelway Border which you supplied to me in November, 1911, has given every satis- faction. I changed my residence in March last, and brought the greater part of the Border Plants with me. I had no time to prepare the ground for them, and as the soil here is of a very dry and sandy nature, I was prepared to lose a good many of the plants. To my agreeable surprise, however, only one plant died. The rest have grown vigorously, and nearly all have borne plenty of bloom, notwithstanding the exceptionally dry summer we have had.
This, I think, speaks for the vitality of the plants sent out by j'our firm.
" Kelway's Manual of Horticulture," 2s. 6d. ; Gardens of Delight, 9d. ; returnable to customers.
KELWAY & SON, The Royal Horticulturists,
LANGPORT, SO]VIERSET.
VOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT.— Two Beautiful IN Border Plants. Splendid for small or large gardens. Kelway's lovely Pseonies and Delphiniums are the acme of perfection. Exceptionally hardy. Splendid cutting flowers for decoration.
Special combined collection of a dozen splendid named sorts — -six Paeonies and six Delphiniums, Collection C, 25s. 6d. Carriage and packing free for remittance with order. Testimonial.
From , Esq., Hessle, East Y'orks. — You may possibly
remember sending me in March or April, 1912, one dozen Delphiniums, Collection B, and also one of each of the following : — King of Delphiniums, Persimmon and Beauty.
They have flowered splendidly, and I am more than satisfied with them, so much so that I had part of my small garden photographed this last summer when they were about at their best, and I am sending j-ou herewith a copy of one of the photos. I should Hke six more of Collection B. KELWAY <fc SON, The Royal Hoi-ticulturisti. LANGPORT, SOMERSET.
PERRY'S NEW CATALOGUES now ready
PEKKNNIAL CATALOGUE {istmed sliorni)) DELPlII.Vir.M CATALOGUE. FEKX (A lALOCilE.
seed caialogie. japanese lilies, beooxias and gladiolus.
WATER LILY CATALOGrE {piiblishe'l in April)
Perry's Hardy Plant Farm, Enfield,
MIDDLESEX
National Sweet Pea Society
LONDON EXHIBITION
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL HALL
JULY 16th 1914
Provincial Show at Botanic Gardens Park, Belfast
July 24th, 1914
(H. P. Piiikertrm. H.iii. Set-. fi>r Be lf.i.st Show. Hillseii. Taunton
Now is the best time to join the Society. Annual sub- scription from 5s. Schedules now ready. Sweet Pea Annttal 2s. post free (free to Members).
HENRY D. TIGWELL,Sec.,Greenford; Middlesex
11
IRISH GARDENING
RIVERS
Fruit Trees — Roses Vines, Figs, Oranges
:: and ::
Orchard House Trees
A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK ALWAYS ON VIEW
Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue
POST FREE
THOS. RIVERS & SON
SAWBRIDGEWORTH HERTS
Station: HARLOW, Q.E.R.
SPECIAL AUTUMN OFFER
OF
Fruit Trees, Roses, and Hardy Perennials.
IMMENSE STOCK, WELL GROWN, TRUE TO NAME. AT LOW PRICES.
^ The Barnham Nurseries, Limited, offer a wide selection of finest varieties, and will forward Special Autumn Offer free on application. 1 50 acres under cultivation. Cash Orders of £1 and over Carriage Paid to any address in the United Kingdom. Planters are invited to send list of requirements, when a very low inclusive price will be quoted.
SPECIALITIES.
500,000 Fruit Trees and Bushes in 500 varieties
Market varieties in great numbers. 100,000 Roses in 250 varieties. :: ::
100,000 Hardy Flowering Plants in 500
varieties.
250,000 Trees and Shrubs in 250 varieties.
50,000 Hardy Climbers in 100 varieties.
INSPECTION INVITED
The Barnham Nurseries,
BARNHAM, SUSSEX Ltd.
JAMES CRISPIN & SONS, f.r.h.s.
FOR ALL CLASSES OF GLASSHOUSES AND :: HEATING APPARATUS.
Carnation, &c., House, 22 ft. by 1) ft. For ;: Brickwork Base, ::
£45 O O
CARRIAGE PAID
Price
includes Stages
Plant
Please write for Catalogue
Head Office: Nelson St., BRISTOL
PEACH CASE ERECTED FOR H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CONNAUCHT. ENQUIRIES INVITED FOR
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES SUN LOUNGES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, CARNATION HOUSES &c.
VIOLET FRAME
fi ft by 4 ft 9 ft. by 4 ft.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST I'ltEli ON APPLICATION
GARDEN FRAMES
In every variety, always in stock
rfi^Wij"" Write for latest Catalogue post free on £1 15 0 application £2 7 6 =
NORWICH
ENGLAND
BOULTON & PAUL,
MODERN . . PEACH HOUSES
AND COVERS
We specialise in the con- struction and equipment of Glasshouses for the cultiva- tion of Peaches, Vines, &c.
Designs and prices on receipt of particulars of requirements
No. 60 PORTABLE PLANT PRESERVER
LIMITED
ti ft. by 3 ft. £1 14 0
6 ft. by 4 ft. £2 5 0
Painted three coats
CARRIAGE PAID
12 ft. by 3 ft. £3
12 ft. by * ft. £3
Glazed 21 oz. Glass
on all orders of 40 - value to most Irish Ports
NITRATE OF SODA IN THE GARDEN
Is invaluable as an aid to the Gardener, in the successful culti- vation of Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables : :
By its quick action on vegetation, Maturity is hastened, and veget- ables are improved in flavour, the tissue being tender, crisp, and less fibrous. This feature is particularly noticeable in Lettuce, Cabbage, and the whole of the Brassica tribe of plants :: :: ::
In application, " little and often.' is productive of the best results. If used in conjunction with phosphates and potash, half the usual quantity of dung need only be used.
Full particulars and pamphlets on " Manuring in the Garden will be sent free on application
JOHN SIMPSON, Chilian Nitrate Committee
15 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET DUBLIN
Laxton's Fruit Trees
New Pamphlet with Cultural Hints Gratis.
Many thousands of Well Trained, Beautifully Rooted Apples, Pears, Plums, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Cherries, Figs, Vines, Nuts, Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, &c., &c.
AS . . Standards, 2/- and 2/6 each ; Bushes, 1/6 to 3/6 each ; Pyramids, 2/6 to 5/- each ; Espaliers, 3/6 to 5/- each ; Cordons, from 1/6 each, 18/- per doz.; Wall Trees, 3/6 to 7/6 each ; Pot Fruit Trees, 5/- to 10/- each :: :: :: :: ::
New fully Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue Gratis
LAXTON BfiOTHERS, BEDFORD
Shrubs and Trees for Bock —and Water Gardens=—
A select list of the choicest flowering shrubs and Rock Garden Conifers. :: ::
THE GLADIOLUS, a new list of the best 100 varieties in cultivation, dealing especially with the great advance effected in the flower during the last five years. ::
LILIES AND OTHER BULBS,
And ALrllNtiiJ in pots for spring planting Three Kew Lists post free from
R. WALLACE & Co. COLCHESTER
BOLTON'S
THE LEADING HOUSE FOR
SWEET PEAS
AWARDED 14 COLD MEDALS DURING SEASON 1913
New Illustrated Catalogue containing all the leading varieties, many of them unob- :: tainable elsewhere. Post Free. ::
Robert Bolton, f.r.h.s.
THE SWEET PEA SPECIALIST WARTON CARNFORTH
BURALL BROS.
TREE TICKETS SEED P00KET8
POSTCARD BOOKS ENVELOPES ;:
WISBECH, CAMBS
'EUREKA' WEED KILLER.
SAVES WEARY WEEDING.
50 gallons of mixed solution will kill all
weedi on 900 square yards of paths, &c.
POWDER. 1/- tin for II galls, solution] Free Tins >■ 35 >i >• r an<l
,, 100 ,, „ ) Cases.
9d. extra
.. 1/6 „ >. »/6 „ cask s/- ,,
LIQUID. I— so.
i gallon - 2/- - drum free I ., - 3/6
' ., 00
5 .. - 14'-
o „ - 26/0
'EUREKATINE'— The successful fumigant.
•EUREKA' Insecticide, Lawn Sand, Hellebore Powder, Bordeaux
Mixture, Worm Killer, Hayward's Summer Shade, &c.
SOLD BY AGENTS
Full list nf all sizes with booklet. " ('hem istry in Oardcn ami (JreenhoHsi-" sent l>ost free liy makers—
TOMLINSON & HAYWARD, Ltd., LINCOLN
Dim. IN Ai.r.^is: T. JKKenzie* gonp, Ltd.. L'lJCt. BriiiibwickSt. ; W. F. Mill.' A >in. I.) Ill 11 iraikiillefet. : Sir .1. W. Mackty. Lt(*., 23 I'ppor Ha. k\ il t tt ; HtuB A EoberttoD, Ltd., £2 Marv St., 4c., 4c.
Wm. DUNCAN TUCKER £ Sons, lt..
RECIPIENTS OF LARGE GOLD MEDAL & DIPLOMA OF HONOUR at R.H.I.E. 1912
Write for Horticultural Catalogue No. i8. Sent post tree on application
Glasshouses of every description erected complete in any part of the country
LONDON OFFICE, 27 Cannon St., EC.
Works— TOTTENHAM.
Established 1820
S. SPOONER & SONS
Fruit Tree Growers
HOUNSLOW NURSERIES
HOUNSLOW, MIDDLESEX
Fruit Trees a Speciality
Over half-a-million to select from
300,000 Maiden Two and Three-year Old Apples on English Paradise
CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION INSPECTION INVITED
SWEETPEAS
IF YOU WANT
REALLY GOOD SWEET PEAS
AT MODERATE PRICES SEND TO
ROBERT SYDENHAM LIMITED
55 TENBY STREET, BIRMINGHAM
No one will serve you better
SWEET PEA COLLECTIONS FOR 1914
No. 1. 18 Best Grandiflora Varieties 1/6 No. 2.-12 Good Waved Varieties ... 2/- No. 3. -12 Best ^aved Varieties ... 2/6
COLLECTION NO. 4.
12 NEWER WAVED VARIETIES (Including^ 3 Novelties)
4/6
Special Price for the 3 Waved Collections 7/6
THE BEST TOMATOES, 3d. per packet of 200 Seeds
THE BEST CUCUMBERS, 6d. per packet of 10 Seeds
THE BEST ONIONS. -Excelsior or Allsa Cralgr, 6d. per
packet of about 1,200 Seeds
ALL OTHER SEEDS EQUALLY CHEAP AND GOOD
FULL LIST WITH CULTURAL INSTRUCTIONS POST FREE ON APPLICATION
ROBERT SYDENHAM, LIMITED 55 T£NBY STREET, BIRIVliNGHAIVI
VI
IRISH GARDENING
PHYTOPHILINE & YITIPHILINE
Non-Poisonous INSECTICIDES, free from Nicotine, Alcohol, Ether and Arsenic
Effective, Reliable, Economical, and Perfectly Harmless to the Plants and the Operator
THEREFORE
A BOON TO HORTICULTURISTS.
Por Black and Green Aphis, Fly, Thrips, Scale. Caterpillars, American Blight, &c., USE 1'IIVT(H'HIL1NL. For Red or Grey Spider, Mealy Bug, Fungi on Palms or Azaleas, Mildew or Rust on Roses, Chrysanthemums, Peaches,
&c., USE YITIPHILINE.
Free cample on application, also prices and instructions for use from
CHARLESWORTH & CO., %r.^:°u.^i, Haywards Heath
SUSSEX
King s Acre
60 Medals and 12 Silver Cups Awarded to our Exhibits during Seasons 1909-13
160 ACRES FRUIT TREES, ROSES.
FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS, ALPINE AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS Catalogues Novf Ready
KING'S ACRE NURSERIES
HEREFORD
LTD.
Reeves' 1914 Novelty Collection of
1/- SWEET PEAS 1/-
25 Uraiid N(nv Giant Waved Flowering Varieties, every colour ilistiiict ami different, Kent tirown Seeds, the grandest col- leetion of Sweet Peas it is jjossible to obtain, fiOO seeds in all, a i»aeket of each as follows . — Snowflake, Crimson Clant, Pink Pearl, Primrose Gem, Giant Maroon, Queen Mary, King Edward, Black Prince, Rainbow, Sunbeam, Purple Queen, Bolton's Pink, Blue Gown, Countess Spencer, Amber Queen, Elegance, May Perrett, Orange Countess, Scarlet Gem, Lavender Princess, Apricot, Frank Dolby, Gladys Unwin, Blushing Bride, Mauve Queen, (liven free with this (;raM<l Collection, a packet of Reeves' latest Novelty Sweet Tea (Canary Bird), a (Jrand Yellow. This (Jrand Collection post paid to you for Is. P.O., or 14 penny stamps. I'ost early to —
H. REEVES, GROWER, Sturry, Canterbury
KENT
Daisy Hill Nursery, Newry
is headquarters for the following Dwarf Lavender Pittosporum of sorts Erica arborea (all sizes) Azalea amoena and varieties
,, ledifolia
,, mollis and Pontica
,, procumbens
,, scrpyllaefolia
Mountain Pino Connemara Heaths Enkianthus of sorts Rhododendron ciliatum
,, Kamtschaticum
Dwarf Rosemary Dwarf Rockwork Shrubs and many others
LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION
T. SMITH, "H^i^R^RY,'- NEWRY
kOLD : I DAMP
FEET CURED
by wearing the Famous
G Brand Garden Clogs
all lim-d with sIidii^- warm Kelt — very cosy. Mens, Women's and Youths sizes only : :: ::
POST PAID
TO YOUR DOOR
Children's si/.ei (7 to 2), 2,11 piwt free ► very customer more than pleased Thou.sand9 of Testimonials. Send IVO. and size worn. Handsome il- lusti-ated lists and sheet of testi- monials post free :: :: "
3/6
STORES
KEENEST
SUPPLIED, RATES
THE WELLINGTON MANUFACTURINC COMPANY
(Dept. 27) 4 WELLINGTON STREET QLASQOW
i«i
r.
DIGKSONS.
ROYAL NURSERIES,
CHESTER^
NURSERIES ARE OVER 500 ACRES IN EXTENT We have the largest stock of Trees, Plants, Seeds, Bulbs, &c., in the Empire
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS AND CHERRIES
standards and Half Standards, 1/6 to 3/6 each ; 15/- to 36/- per dozen ; 100/- to 250/- per 100.
Bush and Pyramids, 1/6 to 3/6 each ; 15/- to 36/- per dozen ; 100/- to 250/- per 100.
Cordons, 1/6 to 2/6 each ; 15/- to 24/- per dozen ;
100/- to 175/- per 100. Fan Trained, 2/6 to 7/6 each ; 24/- to 72/- per dozen ;
175/- to 500/- per 100.
HORIZONTAL TRAINED IN APPLES AND PEARS ONLY
2, 3, 4, 5 Tiers, viz.— 2/6, 3/6, 5/-, 7/6 each ; 24/- to 72/- per dozen.
PEACHES AND NECTARINES
Dwarf Fan Trained, for Walls, 3/6, 5/- and 7/6 each. Standard and Half Standard, Trained for Walls, 7/6, 10/6 and 12/6 each.
Bushes and Pyramids, in pots, 5/ -, 7/6 and 10/6 each.
EXTRA STRONG ROSES
OUR SELECTION
Climbers, Shoots 5-7 ft. long, 1/- and 1/6 each ; 10/6 and 15/- per dozen.
Dwarf Hybrid Teas, 1/- each ; 9/- to 12/- per dozen ; 65/- per 100.
Standard Hybrid Teas, 2/- each ; 21/- to 24/- per dozen ; 175/- per 100.
Dwarf Hybrid Perpetual, 8d. each ; 7/- per dozen ; 45/- and 50/- per 100.
Standard Hybrid Perpetual, 1/9 each ; 18/- per dozen ; 140/- per 100.
Dwarf Tea-scented, 1/- each ; 9/- to 12/- per dozen ; 65/- per 100.
Standard Tea-scented. 1/9 each ; 20/- per dozen ; 160/- per 100.
Full Illustrated Catalogue of any Department post free on application.
DIQKSONS, Hvl^tlnl-Bs, CHESTER
WINDOW GLASS
Polished Plate for Shop Windows.
Horticultural Glass at Lowest Rates
DEATH TO THE WEEDS !
HOYTE'S WEED KILLER.
Strenely Rtcomttttndtd for tht Dtttructitn af Wttdt, &'c. Price, 2S. per gallon ; 5 gallons, is. 6d. per gallon ; 10 gallons, IS. 3d. per gallon ; Original 40-gallon casks, IS, per gallon.
HOYTE & SON, The city oJ DubUn Drug Hall, 17 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN
Please mention thU Paper
CENTRAL.
Many friends who wished to avail themselves of our experience and first-class workman- ship have been deterred in the past by our out-of-the-way location
CL We are now in the heart of the City, on the ground floor, with better facilities than ever for giving first-class service in
PHOTO BLOCKS & LINE BLOCKS
Irish Photo Engraving Co.
50 Middle Abbey St., DUBLIN
'phone, 4132 (Late Oriel House, Westland Row.)
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DUTCH BULBS & PLANTS |
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SPECIAL OFFER |
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Hyacinths for pots, to nanip ■'■ " |
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,, for outdoor, to namp |
7 6 |
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„ very line, mixed |
4 0 |
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Tulips, single, to name |
1 4 |
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„ double, to name |
I 11 |
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,, splendid, mixed |
1 0 |
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Iris hispanica „ |
10 |
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,, angelica |
2 0 |
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Crocus |
10 |
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Narcissus, to name .. |
2 0 |
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1 2 |
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Snowdrops |
1 2 |
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Gladioli |
2 6 |
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Begronia, single and double |
r> 0 |
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All Bulbs arc of flrst-class size. Delivery f |
o.b. I!i)tteriiiiiii |
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P. DE JONG, Gr"«?er, Hillcgoni, HOLLAND |
Wells' List of Novelties
NOW READY
Also General Catalogue of
CHRYSANTHEMUMS, CARNATIONS AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS ::
Post free on application WELLS' BOOK
The Culture of the Chrysanthemum
POST FREE. 1/6
W. WELLS & Co., Merstham, SURREY I
Vlll
IRISH GARDENING.
THE TULLY NURSERY ::
KILDARE
IRELAND
UNDER NEW MANAGEMENT
Choice Alpine and Herbaceous Plants
CATALOGUES FREE
TULLYlSfURSERY
KILDARE IRELAND
HAVE YOU A GARDEN ?
sow . .
DRUMMONDS
CELEBRATED
Vegetable and Flower — =Seeds=— —
Awarded 118 FIRST PRIZES in 1913
HAVE YOU A LAWN?
Keep it nicely Cut with one of
Drummond's Lawn Mowers=-
ALL MAKES AND SIZES. FROM 17/6 UPWARDS
W. Drummond & Sons
LTD.
57 and 58 Dawson St. DUBLIN
|
ROBERTSON'S Vegetable Seeds, Flower Seeds Seed Potatoes, &c. :: :: ROBERTSON'S Fruit Trees, Forest Trees, Roses Shrubs, Climbers :: :: :: ROBERTSON'S :: Bulbs for Spring Planting :: |
BY WARRANT OF APPOINTMENT |
|
AWARDED OVER 100 GOLD AND SILVER :: MEDALS :: :; |
|
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Catalogues Post Free |
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HOGG & ROBERTSON, ltd Seedsmen, Nursei-ymcn and Bulb Growers to H-M. King George V 23 MARY STREET DUBLIN |
IRISH GARDENING.
IX
FAMOUS
FOR 40 YEARS
^STITH'S MANURES
Can now be obtained of all Seedsmen in sealed " BUMPER " 1/- PACKAGES
UNIVERSAL MANURE (for General Garden Use). SW^EET PEA, "MUM," TOMATO, ROSE, I VINE, CUCUMBER, DAHLIA, FRUIT, I BEGONIA, POTATO & LAAA/N MANURES'
WITH'S MANURE CO., HEREFORD.
7 LBS- FOR A 1 -
i;..-..u- .,..-..K ,-.., the.,...v.. (By Post, 1 /4)
One user secured 41 Prizes out of 41 Exhibits.
ALL IN 1 ;- PACKAGES. (BY POST, 1 4)
THE LARGEST ON THE MARKET
l':irti. iil:ii^;ui.l Cani.-iiini.' B.^.kli-t Kiec.
OR OF ALL SEEDSMEN.
Disease-Resisting Potatoes
Two in;iL'iiiliceut ^■|■\v Late Varieties
LEINSTER WONDER | VITALITY
(WILLIAMSON'S) (RICHARDSON'S)
IRISH GROWERS SHOULD GIVE THESE A TRIAL
lllwtnUed Fanipldel^ fr,'r . .
J. F. WILLIAMSON, F.R. H.S.
MALLOW, CO. CORK
PERPETUAL CARNATIONS. 175 varieties. Ask fur Ilhistrated Catalogue. Full partiini- lai's. Post Free. Healthy Guernsey Plants, in small pots, from 4/- per doz.. carriage y>aid. Can be planted, outside. Patronised by Eoyalty.
VAN DER SLUYS.F.R.H.S, Ramee, GUERNSEY
PERPETUAL FLOWERING (AMERICAN) CARNATIONS.
1 shall be pleased to send my 1914 catalogue to all interested in these Carnations. T grow 250,000 flowering plants, and my stock is in perfect condition.
INSPECTION INVITED
C. ENGELMANN, Saffron Walden, ESSEX
Forfarshire Seed Potatoes.
The largest POTATO GROWERS in the country have their seed from Forfarshir*' year after year. No change can possibly be better. Send for Free List of all mrieliesin qtuintitien from 7 Ihs. itpwardn. May Queen, Duke of York, Ninetyfold, Arran Chief,
mid iithcrs, 12/6 per cwt. Sharp's Express, Puritan, Early Rose, and others.
10/6 per cwt. Eclipse, White Beauty, Sir J. Llewellyn, and others,
8/- per cwt. British Queen, King- Edward, Golden Wonder, and
Otlit-rs, 6/6 per i \vt. Up-to-Date, Dalhousie, Factor, Dalmeny Beauty, and others, 5/6 per cwt.
JAMES MILNE, York Place, MONIFIETH
FORFARSHIRE
MERRYWEATHER'S
ROSES
NOTICE THE FOLLOWING WONDERFUL BARGAINS :
COLLECTION "C" GARDEN ROSES
The finest selection of 25 GARDEN 13 6 (with Acme Labels, 16,-), with order.
Ben Cant, H.P. i
Betty, H.T. '
Caroline Testout, H.T.
Charles Lefebvre, H.P.
Commandant F. Faure, H.P.
Konig:ln Carola, H.T.
Lady Ashtown, H.T.
Frau Karl Druschkl, H.P
General Jacqueminot, H.P.
Gloire de Dijon, T.
GloiredeC. Guinolsseau, H.P.
Cruss an Teplltz, H.T. |
Hugh Dickson, H.P. I
ROSES in dwarf plants possible for carriage and packing free for cash
J. 8. Clarke, H. 1.
Jessie, D. Poly.
Klllarney, H.T.
La Tosca, H.T.
Mrs. Sharman Crawford, H.P
Madame A. Chatenay, H.T
Pharisaer, H.T.
Prince C. de Rohan, HP
Richmond, H.T.
Ulrich Brunner, H.P.
Victor Hugo, H.P.
Zephyrlne Drouhin, B.
MERRYWEATHER'S
FRUIT TREES
DO YOU WANT
FRUIT TREES FOR ORCHARD PLANTING
FRUIT TREES FOR GARDEN PLANTING
FOR PLEASURE •.• FOR PROFIT
-OR BOTH ?
DON'T F.ML TO PL. ANT
BRAMLEY'S SEEDLING
THE MOST PROFIT.ABLE APPLE GROWN
FRUIT TREES OF ALL KINDS TO SELECT FROM
A GRAND STOCK. OF
SHRUBS AND ORNAMENTAL TREES HERBACEOUS PLANTS IN GREAT VARIETY
.Send for Catalogue No. 32, full of interesting informa- tion and cheap prices, post free on application to —
H. MERRYWEATHER & SONS
LIMITED
SOUTHWELL — — - NOTTS
Xll
IRISH GARDENING.
Royal Horticultural Society.
At the monthly mc'etine; of the council held at the offices, 5 Molesworth Street, Dnhlin, on the 13th ult., further consideration was f?iven to Mr. Usher's suggestions for mitigating the ditticuUies involved in the judging of liardy flowers. Relative to this, a new bye-law (Bye-law XT., page 83, New Keport) has been made, and, further dealing with contingent matter, an addition lias now been made ))y Bye-law XV., which is in- cluded on a coloured slip. An addition has also been made to the instructions for judges. Mrs. Sankey, 03 Merrion Square, Dublin, proposed by Lady Moore (Glasnevin), and Mr. E. Turner, Park View Avenue, Harold's Cross, ]jroposed by Mr. W. S. Irving, were elected members of the society. The 84th annual report, with schedules of shows for 1914, has . now been sent to all members; others interested in the society's work can have copies post free on application to the secretary, 5 Molesworth Street, Dublin.
Correspondence ♦
In reply to the question by " Apples " in our last issue Mr. J. Hagan, who has supervised much planting, gives the following estimate for Co. Armagh*: —
In reply to yours, re estimates, there is practi- cally no planting done here as close as you mention — i.e., 12 ft. by 12 ft. — neither is it advisable unless in very special circumstances. Market varieties suitable for planting in Ireland
* We would be inclined to regard Mr. Hagan's estimate as a minimum; in many districts the cost might work out rather higher, including carriage and more or less imskilled labour. An important point is to have the ground dean and free from })ad weeds at planting time.
are fairly strong growers, and would be meeting after eight or ten years, consequently there would be no satisfaction when manuring, spraying, or gathering the fruit. Moreover flic trees would be de[)rived of a free circulation of air and sunlight.
I consider planting 12 ft. by IS ft. would prove more satisfactory, and grow small fruits or farm crops, such as jjotatoes, turniijs or mangels, between the rows for a number of years. As regards the niixed fruits I recommend, a good deal must be taken into consideration, such as soil, marketing facilities, local demand, «&t'. Black currants and gooseVierries always find a ready market and ])ay well, l>ut beff)re planting make inquiries from a local expert or grower.
The cost of planting axi acre wovdd work (Uit roughly as follows : —
Ploughing ground previously crop|)ed £ s. d.
with potatoes or green crop . . 0 15 0
303 apple trees, 2 years, at 75/- per 100 117 3
Marking out ground and planting . 10 0
Mixed Fruit Plant.a.tion Ploughing ground previously cropped
with green crop or potatoes . 303 apple trees, 2 years, 75/- per 100 455 black currants, 20/- jier 100 455 gooseberries, 30/- per 100 Marking out and planting
£25 17 3
Gooseberries and currants 6 ft. each way. They commence to pay frotn the third or fourth year. Apples from the sixth or seventh year. Yours faithfully, Roseneath, Armagh, J. Hagan.
14f/i February, 1914.
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Perpetual Flowering Carnations
For the Greenhouse or Open Border.
Write at once for full particulars of these glorious plants. :: :: :: ::
Special Collections, in bud, from 15/- per dozen ; will make a grand display. :: ::
One dozen {extra good) in 3inch pots, 7/6.
YOUNG & CO. CHELTENHAM
Read Taudevin's Cultural Treatise.
Fethard Flower Show
WILL BE HELD AT
LAKEFIELD, FETHARD
(Two Miles from Station;
On THURSDAY, JULY 23rcl, 1914
Over 30 Classes open to all Ireland
FOR VEGETABLES, FRUIT AND FLOWERS
£10 Prize offered for Sweet Peas
12 SPRAYS OF 12 NAMED VARIETIES
£3 Prize offered for Carnations
Schedules from Hon. Sees.
Rev. R. C. PATTEN, Fethard Rectory, Co. TIpperary J. C. O'BRIEN, Lakefieid, Fethard, Co. Tipperary
THOMPSON & MORGAN'S FAR-FAMED SEEDS
Revised CATALOGUE for 1914 free on application.
The high quality of our FLOWER SEEDS is now universally recognised, and our CATA- LOGUE— really a book of reference on hardy flowers — describes nearly 3,000 different kinds, many of them not obtainable elsewhere.
Our VEGETABLE SEEDS are of the finest selected strains, of the best quality, and tested for germination, at prices that defy competi- tion for first-class seeds.
Trial Order Solicited.
THOMPSON & MORGAN,
Seed Establishment and Hardy Plant Nurseries,
IPSWICH
IRISH GARDENING.
Xlll
NICOTICIDEI
rFUMlGANT) _l
•■blctt. Mch-
No. I tise Tin — i pt. aontaliu aofflcteot for 40,000 No. 2 size Tin— 4 pint „ ., ao.ooo
No. 3 siie Bot.— 6 01. ,, „ la.ooo
No. 4 sixe Bot. — 4 01. ,, „
No. 4i sbe Bot.— a 01., new size „ No. 5 siic Bot. — I 01.. "sample" „ CABfilAUK PAID
FumlgatinK Lamps
1 S> each, for 5,000 cubic feet
NIcoticlde Plant Spray ('
4-pint 1 /2 Pint 2/-
Quart 3/6 i-gal. 5/-
Gallon 10/- Cartage Paid
GOW'S LAWN SAND
DAISY ERADICATOR
38 lbs. (to dress 100 square yds. ) 6, 6, i-cwt. 11/-, 1 cwt. keg 21 /-
15 O
7 6
4 6
8,000 ... 3 O
4,000 ... 1 8
a,ooo ... O 10
C*iri go t .J
GOW'S LIQUID WEED KILLER
I gallon, to make 51 gallons, in solution . . 3/6
S M .. 255 16/-
Drums t ree Carriage Paid
Use Gow's Tobacco Powder and Quassia Extract
6d., I/- and 2/6, decorated tins.
GOW'S SLUG DESTROYER ^VSr-
a8 lbs. 4/6 4-cwt. 7/6 i cwt. 11/6
All Carriage Paid Sample Tins, 6d and i/-
In Deoonted Tlni. ASK YOU* BBK1)SMK>- AND NUBSKRYMKS FOR IT.
HUNTER & GOW, Ltd.
42 Thomas St. LIVERPOOL
MANUKF.S
FOR V
r^ VINES PI^NTS &. VF.Gf:TAB[.ES -ff^,•^ . "
^#
PF.RF^:CT PLANT FOODS
THE RESULT OK MAN> YljUtS J'tilCTIrrtt
/A/>rfi//A/c/: /v r,^iiDi:Ni/v(i .
■ U'iED /ILL oOtn THE^vtoRLD • 50LD BY SEEDSMEN £• NtJRSERYMEN , EVERYWHERE
THE CHEAPEST INSECTICIDE OF THE DAY
"NIQUAS '
(NON-POISONOUS) IMPROVED
A Concentrated Extract of Quassia, combined with other valuable ingredients, forming a cKeaB,,safe, and effective Insecticide for syring- ing and dipping. It destroys^ all^ Insect Posts infesting Trees and Plants, whilst no possible injury to vegetaiitiu can result from its use
It can be applied with syringe or pump, or used for dipping.
PRICES-Half-pint, 1/-; pint, 1/6; quart, 2/6; half-gallon, 4'-;
gallon, 7/6; five gallons, 25/-; ten gallons, 40/-
I gallon sufficient for 80 gallons of water.
STANDEN'S MANURE
y (Established over 35 Years)
Exceeds all others in General Fertilising Properties and Staying i^owers
Analysis on Application
Sold in Tins, 1/-, 2/6, 5/6 each ; and in Kegs, well secured, to prevent
loss through exposure, 28 lbs., 7/6 ; 56 lbs., 12/6 ; iia lbs., 20/-
CORRY'S SPECIAL
Chrysanthemum Manure
Sold in Tins, I/-, 2/6, 5/6, and Bags, \ cwt., 10/6 ; A cwt., 18/- ; I cwt., 32/-
For Fumigating in Greenhouses. "LETHORION •
Improved Metal Cones
Registered No. 62,697
To destroy Insect Pests. The Candle attached to each Cone only needs lighting, and there is no further trouble. They are most efiicacious.
No. I. For frames and "leant-to's " up to i,ooo cubic feet. Price, 6d. each.
No. 2. For .small greenhouses up to 1,500 cubic feet. Price, 8d. each.
No. 3. For a well secured house of 2,000 to 2,500 cubic feet. Price, 1/- each.
Fowler's Lawn Sand
This preparation is for destroying Daisies and other weeds on lawns,
and at the same time stimulating the growth of the grass. If one tin
is tried as a sample, its value will be at once appreciated. Sales are
largely increasing.
Tins, 1/-, 2/6, and 6/- each ; Kegs, \ cwt., 8/6 ; \ cwt., 16/- ;
I cwt., 30/-
ELLIOTT'S
'Summer Cloud' Shading
Registered Trade Mark No. 14,620. (The only genuine original and improved article)
For Greenhouses. A pleasant green shade is given to the glass. In packets, 1/- for 100 feet of glass, and 2/6 each for 300 feet.
Sole Manufacturers :
CORRY & CO., Ltd.
LON DON
SOLD BY ALL NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN
XIV
IRISH GARDENING.
Gardeners and Foresters under the Department of Agriculture.
Attentfon is directed to the annoiinceinont in our advertisin.e coiuians relative to otuirses ol" training in Jlorticulturji and Forestry to be held during the year 1914-15 under the Department of Agriculture.
The course in Fruit-growing and General (hardening at the Albert College, Ulasnevin, offers to men who have had some years' experience of garden work an excellent opportunity to acquire a thorough knowledge of the subject. Students are allowed 14s. to 16s. per week in addition to fui^nished lodging while in training. Several gardeners who have taken out this course have been able to secure employment as horticultural instructors under the Department's schemes.
Ai)i)licanis for ai)prenticeships in forestry are not expected to have had any special knowledge of forestry, but preference is given to those who have had exjierience of work in woods. A])pren- tices are allowed 14s. per week with furnished lodging during the first year of their training.
The Department also offer valuable Scholar- ships in Horticulture and Forestry tenable at the Royal College of Science, Dublin. The scholar- ships are renewable for four years to enable the holders to obtain, free of cost, the most advanced teclmical and scientific training.
Irish Show Fixtures for 1914.
This list is intended to assist societies in selecting dates for their shows by indicating the arrange- ments which have already been made and pre- venting the clashing of show dates.
Secretaries will greatly oblige by sending the
D
EPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND
TRAINING IN — Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture Creamery Management, &c. ::
^ Persons who desire to attend any of the Courses in the above-mentioned subjects, to be provided by the Department during the year 1914-15, should apply with- out delay lor prospectuses, &c., to
THE SECRETARY. Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Upper Merrion St.. Dublin
earliest possible intimation of their fixtures and of any change which takes place in their arrange- ments.
April 15 R. H. S. I., Spring Show, Ballsbridge. Sec, E. Knowldin, 5 Molesw<»rth Street, Dublin. „ 10 Co. Clare Horticultural Society, Spring
Show, Ennis. .Tuly 10 R. il. S. I., Summer Show, Lord Iveagh's Grounds, Dublin. ,, 1 5 Lucan, Saggart and Clondalkin Show.
Hon. Sec, Mrs. R. Shackleton. ,, 18 Terenure and District Horticultural Society, Terentire, Dublin. Hon. Sec, A. Phipps, Esq., St. Ann's, Kimmage Road, Dublin. 24 Fethard Flower and Industrial Society's Show, Lakefield, Fethard. Hon. Sec, Rev. R. C. Patten. ,, 80 Killarney Flower and Industrial Society, Killarney. Hon. Sec, .T. Henry, Esq., Danesfort Cottage, Killarney. 30 Co. Clare Horticultural Society, Ennis. Summer Show, Ennis. Hon. Sec, H. Bill, Esq., LifTord, Ennis, Co. Clare. Aug. l?> Co. (Jalway Horticultural Show, Ballinasloe. Hon. Sec, Miss
O'Shaughnessy, Birch Grove, Bal- linasloe, „ 1.5 Naas District Horticultural Society, Naas. Hon. Sec, Dr. O'Donel Browne, Gortnagren.a, Naas. B. H. S. I., Autumn Show, Lord Iveagh's Grounds, Dublin. Sept. .3 Kilkenny Horticultural Society, St. .lames's Park, Kilkenny, Hon. Sec, Miss F. E. Butler. Lavistown House.
25
Glorious Begonias
Winners of Cold Medal at International Exhibition, 1012 Winners of Cold Medal at Ghent International Exhibition, 1913
AWARDED 36 GOLD MEDALS.
For Exhibition, Greenhouse, and Conservatory Decoration, Hanging Baskets and Bedding
Double Seed, 2s. 6d. & 5s. Single, Is., 2s. 6d. & 5s.
OTHER SPECIALITIES :
Border Carnations, Perpetual Flower- ing Carnations, Cyclamen, NOBLE DELPHINIUMS, Lily of the Valley, Blue Primrose, Polyanthus, Violets,
&c., &c. ILLUSTRATED CATALOCUE FREE ON APPLICATION
BLACKMORE & LANGDON
BATH
GIANT SWEET PEAS
BIJOU COLLECTION
Price 1 '6 Contains 10 Seeds of 12 finest
Etta Dyke, white Clara Curtis, cream George Stark, scarlet Countess Spencer,pink Mrs. Hardcastle Sykes
blush. John Ingman, caimine-
rose.
Post Freo
each of the following varieties : —
StJnproof King, crimson Masterpiece, lavender Mrs. J. C. House, mauve Helen Grosvenor, orange Elsie Herbert, white and
pin'.i. Flora Norton Spencer,
blue.
POPULAR COLLECTION
Price 1 /9 Post Free
Contains 30 seeds of each of the following 1 2 beautiful varieties : —
Dorothy Eckford, white 0"cen Alexandra, scarlet Princess Victoria, pink Lord Nelson, deep blue Constance Oliver, cream Helen Lewis, orange King Edward Spencer, Evelyn Hemus, cream
crimson. and pink
Asta Ohn, rosy-lavender Gladys Unwin, pink Tcnnant Spencer, mauve Marjorie Willis, rose
Sir JAMES W.MACKEY, Ltd.
SEEDSMEN AND NURSERYMEN
23 Upper Sackvillc Street, DUBLIN
For Full Descriptive List see
MACKEY'S
GARDEN-SEED
MANUAL
Free on Application
SUTTONS
:^
COLLECTIONS OF
VEGETABLE & FLOWER SEEDS
^#^ On I I se
M to
One of these Collections, composed of the finest seed, selected with great care and packed in the right quantity /A to prevent waste, will certainly meet your requirements ^K
FOR GARDENS OF ALL SIZES
prevent waste, will certainly meet your requirements for the coming year, and save the worry entailed in selecting the varieties and quantities to suit your Garden
iT^***.
• 9
" Parcel Post " Collections of Vegetable Seeds only,
•1-1 Varieties 5/-; -Vi Variotics. 7,6 ;!<J 10 6; 4:J .. 12 6
" Parcel Post " Collections of Vegetable and Flower Seeds.
22 vars of Vi'«etable Sueds A 8 \ar»of Flowur Seeds 7 - 32 , .. 12 „ ,. 10-
39 .,' „ 18 , . 14 ■
43 „ , 24 ,. 17 6
" Rail " Collections of Vegetable Seeds only.
!• lom 21 - to £10 lOs,
Collections of Flower Seeds only.
From 2 6 to £3 38.
CARRIAGE FREE Full particulars on application . . .
SUTTON & SONS
THE KING'S SEEDSMEN
=-READING=
XVI
IRISH GARDENING
Catalogues.
A Catalogue of " Hawi.jiakk " Sekus coiner ti'oin Messrs. Alex. Dickson, Ltd., Dublin and Belfast. They announce an addition to their other ]»lace.s, as they have bought a tarin at Marks Tey, Essex (the best seed-growing county ii' the British Isles), for the growth, selection and further development of theu* special strains of " Hawhuark " seeds. Tnis catalogue is i)arti- cularly valuable, as the firm test the varieties they grow, and print in bold type those varieties which have proved the best. " Barr's Mammoth " has proved the best and earliest of the asprragus when tested with Connover's Colossal and other varieties, and sliould be i)lanted in April. There is a very good collection of vegetables and useful cultural notes. The garden pea trials are (Particularly interesting. The new selection of Pilot has ]>roved the largest podded and best early i)ea. Royal Salute for the main crop and Rearguard for a late cro]).
Messrs. Cannell 6c Sons' Spring (hiide for 1914 is a good catalogue, containing excellent collec- tions of vegetable and flower seeds. In the novelty list we notice a double-flowered yellow Snai)dragon, said to be the largest ot the family, and one cpUed Cardinal, the brightest scarlet. There are new forms of Begonias, Primulas, Sweet Peas, and, among other things, a double-flowered
variety of that beautiful South African Daisy Dimorphotheca aurartiaca. At the end of the catalogue are offered Cannell's Zonal Pelargo- niums, fruit trees, Violas and Violets. A ]>amphlefc, with a spe-ial offer of suri)lus stock of perennials, ornamental shrubs, roses, &c., i»* enclosed.
Messrs. 11. Hartjen & Co., 3.5 Noble Street, London, send a booklet dealing with " Sprayers." Holders " were the original Pneumatic Spraying Machines, and received the Diploma and the large Silver Medal at the International Exhibition, besides many other awards at various exhibitior s. Pum[)ing and spraying at the same time is fatiguing ; with the ]>neumatic sprayer, pumping is done with the machine on the ground, and once pumped the contents of the sprayer are discharged automatically, so that attention can be given to guiding the lance and directing the spray in a more efficient manner.
Messrs. Thompson A: Morgan, Ilaslemere Nurseries, Ipswich, send a catalogue of choice seeds for 1914. Although without a single illus- tration, the pages number over a hundred; not only does it include garden annuals, greenhouse subjects and vegetables, but also hardy perennials and many choice Alpines. Many Alpines and herbaceous plants are readily raised from seeds, and even better than when raised from cuttings; and this catalogue is almost unique in its collec-
A GUARANTEE TOTHEGROWER
From tiie gardener's point of view it is of the utmost importance that he buys only 'jpocI vliich Jic KXCVN'S to be right. That fact makes the name of Eclifon) of the greatest interest for two generations of gardeners — both amateur and profeFsional — have proved by practical experience that whatever seed — be it Sweet Pea or anv other tlcral or vegetable seed — is sold by the famous Sweet Pea Specialist is entirely dependable in every w:>y. ^This implied guarantee of worth is trebly valuable. It means —
Fiist That the seed is of the maximum detiree of fertilitv. Second. —
That the seed is from the verv finest floweiing strains (in many cases from actual prize stocks). Third. — That the resulting plants will be healthy in growth and habit, and abundantly floriferous in due season. Contrast this assurance of the best results, secured by buying Eckford's seeds, with the succession of- doubts and failure experienced by the gardei^er who buys his seed " on faith " from a dealer or from an unverified source. Not only does he risk the cost of the seed, but if the results are disappointing he lias, in addition, lost the fruits of the labour and learns, when it is too late to remedy the defects, that in matters horticultural there is " everything in a name " — particularly when that name is one renilered famous by merit and dependability all over the world, as is the case with the name of ECKFORD.
SPECIAL SWEET PEA COLLECTIONS FOR 1914
THE AMATEUR COLLECTION.
.50 Splendid Varieties, including all the Novelties for 1914. The number of seeds in this collection varies according to variety. In the majority of eases, other than Novelties, 25 seeds of each will be given. It is rare value, and will provide a wealth of exquisite bloom for cutting. A splendid exhibition collection Price 20 - Post Free for Cash
EXHIBITOR'S
COLLECTION.
25 Splendid Waved Varieties, excellent for any purpose, fine for exhibition. 10 seeds of each. Price 5/6, Post Free for Cash.
HALF-VILLA "B" COLLECTION.
24 Splendid Varieties, suitable for exhibition, 2.5 seeds of each, 3/-, Post Free, Cash with Order
EXHIBITOR'S "A" COLLECTION.
40 Splendid Waved Varieties. This collection also includes a half packet of each of the Novel- ties for 1914. The number of seeds, other than Novelties, will be 20 This is spl iidid value. Price 15 /-, Post Free for Cash.
VILLA *■ A " COLLECTION.
50 Splendid Varieties, 25 seeds of each, ex- quisite for garden effect and cutting. All free flowering and .strong. A tine range of colour. Price 10 /-. Post Free for Cash.
EXHIBITOR'S " B " COLLECTION.
30 Splendid Waved Varieties, excellent for any purpose, fine for. exhibition, 20 seeds of each. Price 10/-, Post Free for Cash.
VILLA " B " COLLECTION.
24 Varieties. A splendid range of colour for
garden effect and cuttinu. .50 seeds of each.
Price 5 '6. Post Krcc for C;ish.
VILLA " C " COLLECTION.
12 Varieties. A splendid range of colour for
garden effect and cuttins. .50 seeds of each.
Price 2 /9, Post Free for Cash.
VILLA " D " COLLECTION.
12 Varieties. The same as Villa " C " exactly, oidy 52 seeds of each variety. Price 1/6, Post Free for Cash.
FRF 17 Send a Postcard to-dav for a large Illustrated and Coloured Catalogue. It gives all. particulars of the New Sweet Peas for 1914 r IxCiC and "contains a full list of all Flower and Vegetable Seeds necessao' 'or your garden
Henry Eckford, F.R.H.$.,
Sweet Pea Specialist (Dept. 88)
' Wcm, Shropshire
IRISH GARDENING.
xvii
SWEET PEAS
Exhibition Sorts. Per packet, 6d. Twelve Sorts for 5f-
Barbara
Dobbie^s Cream Edrom Beauty Hercules King Manoel King White Loyalty
Elfrida Pearson Melba
Florence Nightingale Nettie Jenkins
Mrs . Cuthbertson Mrs. Hugh Dickson Scarlet Emperor Thomas Stevenson Vermilion Brilliant
Nubian
Red Star
R. F. Felton
The Squire
Wedgewood
EDMONDSON Brothers
10 DAME STREET DUBLIN
IFiVAV/lrli
CRYSTAL PALACE HORTICULTURAL WORKS BROCKLEY ROAD
10ND0N.S.E. ITHECHEAPEST AND BEST FIRM FOR GREENHOUSES, sendforlist postfree.
'ROM £300 FROM £21501
ALL 21 OZ CLASS THROUGHOUT.
Makers of all kinds of Creenhouses.Carden Frames.
THIS\ TWO-LIGHT FRAME made tostanUaro
size 6 ft. by 4 ft. Best materials, painted two
coats, glazed with 21 oz. glass, ready for use.
PRICE 30I' packed free on Boat.
7,650
Farm Workers & Domestic Servants
WANTED FOR
ONTARIO and QUEBEC
CANADA
The first Labour Demand Circular of the Canadian Department of the In- terior for Season 1914 contains parti- culars of no fewer than 7,650 vacancies at stated places, and Good Wages for
Workers on the Land, and Domestic Servants,
in the Provinces of Ontario and.Quebec All the other Provinces present similar details of opportunities. The second Labour Demand Circular containing further opportunities is
already in print. CANADA ALSO OFFERS 160 ACRES FREE,
For free maps, pamphlets and full official
information apply to :
Mr. J. OBED SMITH
Assis/ant Supcri>i/c7i(ic)if of Emigration,
11-12-13 CHARING CROSS, S.W.
or to tlie Canadian ( jovernincnt .\gcnt, .(4 Dawson Street, Dublin, or any Licensed Booking Agent
XVlll
IRISH GARDENING,
tions, for there is always something new to be found and many other unrommon plants not elsewhere listed. It is essentially a catalogue for the collector as well as for the ordinary garden lover.
Fkom With's ('iib:micai. Manure Co., Hereford, coiiu'S a booklet entitled " How to Increase the Fruits of the Karth," by (i. H. With. F.C;.S. Perfect and fruilful plants are conliiiually taking f(tod from the soil, therefore to retain the lertiiity of the soil we must supi)ly the constituents which the different kinds of plants require. The chemist has been a real help to the gardener in linding out the particular requirements of certain crops. Now it is possible to buy food for our special favourites, from sweet peas and roses to vines
and tomatoes, «Slc. With's Plant Food has for many years been recognised as a safe and reliable general manure, jiroducing llrst rate results. With's Carbon t'niversal Manure increases the croi), enhaiues the colour of flowers and the flavour of fruits, and is ch<!ap. \Vith"s now cater for the small as well as th(^ large garden, and their Mvuuper 1/- package, without smell, will be a boon to many a garden lover, con taiiiing 7 IIjs. ])otato or fruit maniu'e or 5 lbs. of special manure for Roses, Sweet Peas, Tomatoes or Chrysanthe- mums, &c.
Messrs. Ernest Prai'er. & Co., the " All British" Factory, Northami)ton, supplies (juan- tities of footwear and clothing direct from the factory to the actual wearer. In the list are
23 ^years' l^ei3i:tt£iitioif\ foi? ^Beggoinia^s.
^^r^^ Mk "IP ^\C^C D I "'H **eiid 12 DOUBLE BEGONIA TUBEKS, in 6 Colouis, sold in my (N| 1^ t r\. I ^J r ■ t K spring test at 8d. eacli, 6 for 38. 6d., 12 for 6s. I will give 12, in 6 colours', (^a\TIS, in every 5s. panel. This offer is for one one week from date of paper. T.'l". makes this offer to induce trade for •I short period only. The Begonias are absolutely free. I have put r<(),000 of these large bulbs — not cl'.eap ones, but the best 4 UOO 5s. orders wilt take all the Begonias. Don't mi.ss it, 24 with 10s. ; 48 with £1 orders. 5s. Orders, Carriagre paid. Under, 6d. extra.
SPECIALITIES-JAPANESE LILIES, GLADIOLI, BEGONIAS, ROSES, SEEDS-
T.T.
100
90 /- 47/- 42/- 62/-' 47/- I 90/-
71/- 82/-
3/:J 24/-
5/11 11/9
3/9
8/6
47/- 90/-
30/-
82/-
JAPANESE LILIES.
ilansuni the Chocolate Lily, Each 12.
9/10 1/- 11/6
.lap. Batemani, apricot yellow 6d. 5 /ll Tiger Japanese Double 6/8 . 6d. 5/6 Tigers, singles, largest, 9/10 . 9d. 8/6 Speciosum album, white, 8/9 . 6d. 5/11 Sppciosum album, 10/11 . .1/- H/- Lilium auratum Golden Kay,
10/11 9d. 8/11
Lilium auratum jap. 12/13 . 1/- 11. /«
A few )dcked. 2/- each. Lilium speciosum rubrum, 6/8 3Jd. Lilium spec, rubrum, red and
white, 9/10 6d.
Kubrum monster bulbs, 12 /13. 1 /-
A few monsters, picked , 18 /- doz. Lilies magnificum, dark red,
6/8 4d.
Magnificum. best bulbs 9/10. 9d. Lilium auratum vittatum, red
banded, 7/9 1/6
Lilium platyphyllum, best,
9/10 1/-
Lilium auratum platyphyllum,
12/13 l/«
GLADIOLI UP-TO-DATE.
My Gladioli are urown by one of the largest growers, and have stood the test for 23 years. This year the selection and mixtures are the best sent out. The prices are now the lowest for 1st quality. USual price, 5s. dozen. Each 12
America, soft lavender pink . . . 3(1. Attraction, deep dark red. . . . 3d. I'.rilliant, be<iutifnl orange, carmine red 3d. Florida, <leep dark red, early . . . 3d. Little Blush, dwarf Blush, white . . 3d. .\lso H. Gillman, Mohawk, Mrs. Beccher, Oddity, .Marie Lemoiiie, Brenclileveiisis, ('olunibia, Noel, Baron liulot (blue), Adolpli Jacmek, usual price, 5s. and over per dozen, now offered by me for the first time at 3d. each ; 12 for 2s. 6d.. Don't miss them — cannot be replaced.
NAMED ROSES. 6d. each, 12 for 5s..
Maicchal Niel, Win. Allen Kichardson, (iloire de Dijon, Caroline Testout, K. A. Victoria, U. Brunner, Hugh J)ickson, Frau Karl Druscliki Baiil NeyrOn, (iruss an Teplitz, Viscountess Folkstone, Capt. Christy, &c. 12 for greenhouse, 5s. ; or 12 tor outside, 5s.
SWEET PEAS.
Collection A. — ^6 varieties, Is, 50 seeds each. Frank Dalley, Ctsse. Spencer, Nora Unwin, E. J. Castle, St. George, Tarailise (New), 50 seeds each, 6 varieties. Is.
Collection B. — 50 seeds each, 9 varieties, Is. \. J. Cook, Duke of Westnfinster, King Edwaid VII., Lady Grisel Hamilton, Lord Nelson, Mrs. Collier, Prince of Wales Sybil K('ktord, Mrs. Alf. Watkins. 50 seeds each, 9 varieties, Is.
15/- 136/- 11/6 94/- 17/6 136/-
2/6 2/6
2/6 2/6
Collection C of up-to-date varieties. — 50 seeds each, 12 \aricties. Is. Dainty. Gladys Unwin. H. Eckfonl. Il(in. Mrs. E. Ivenyon, J. Cuthbertson. Miss Williiiiitt, Navy Blue, Queen Alexandra, Koinolo I'azzani, Salopian, Triumph, Black Michael. 50 seeds each, 12 "varieties. Is.
Spencer and Unwin Peas, mixed, Is.oz. Large- flowered Sweet Peas, mixed, 6d. oz.
Tropaeolum tuberosum rapid climbers, large flowers, 6d. each ; 12 for 5s.
TURNER'S SELECTED PEAS.
Daisy. 7d. pint ; (iradus, 7d. pint ; Duke of Albany 7d . pint ; Win. Hurst, 7d. pint ; English Wonder. 6d. pint; Harrison's Glory, 7d pint; Prince of Wales 6d. pint ; Stratagem, 6d. pint ; Telephone, 6d. phit ; Broad Beans, 1 pint, 4d. ; Masterpiece Longpod, 3d. pint ; Green Windsor, 4d. pint ; Harlingtoii, 4d. pint ; Dwarf Bean J^egro Longpod, 6d pint ; Champion Ilunner Bean, ?d. pint ; all per pint ; i-plnt, same price. For others see Seed Catalogue.
Collection Seeds same as last year. Buy now new seeds, and take advantage of gratis Begonias.
2/. COLLECTION VEGETABLE ANDFLOWER f) I. ' SEEDS, AMATEUR'S COLLECTION. ^'
1 pint Peas, J-piiit Broad Beans, J-pint Kuiincr Beans, 1 oz. Onions (Turner's), Parsley, Cress, 1 oz. each. Packet each Exhibition Brussels Sprouts, Cucumber (outdoor). Tomatoes, Eadish. .Mustard, 1 packet each ; 1 packet Asters and Stocks ; 6 packets flower seeds. Packet Cauli- flower Snowball. This Collection a great success last year. 2s. lot.
GLADIOLI.
Magrnificent Collection, 1 /6 ; Double, 2/9
6 Gladidli Childsi, liuwers of cnornious size ; 6 Lemoine's new hardy hybrids, butterfly gladioli ; 6 Nancianus, extra large flowers, salmon pink, carmine, mauve, orange scarlet ; 6 Graff's American hybrids, dazzling colours; 6 Ganda- veiisis French hybrids, pink throats. Collection. 6 of each. Is. 6d. ; 12 of each, 2s. 9d. ; 24 of each, 5s.
LILIES. Collection No. 1, 5/- Each
Liliani auratum rubra vittatum . . . 1 /-
LiliuMi auratum, golden rayed lily . . 1/-
I, ilium s|)eciosi;ni album, white - - - 1 /-
Lilium speciosum rubrum . . . . 1 /-
Lilium Hansoni, chocolate lily ... 1 /- This coUecton of monsters for 5i;.
Collection No. 2.
1 Lilium aiinituni rul)ra vittatum, sold at 2s. 6d. ; 1 Lilium specidsuin rubrum, nid anil white ; 1 Lilium longillonim : white trumpet : 1 Speciosum rubrum ; 1 Lilium auratum, golden rayed lily. 5 lilies, 1 of each, for 2s. 6d.
2/6 Collection of Lilies — 12.
2 Lilium InpuiHornin. white trumpets ; i! Speciosum rubrum ; 2 Jlagiiiticuni ; 2 Double tiger lilies ; 2 others. 2s. 6d. the lot.
1st SIZE GLADIOLI MAMMOTH BULBS.
|
Brenchleyensis, well-known Each 12 |
100. |
|
scarlet 2d. 1/6 |
12/- |
|
Childsi, American hybrids, |
|
|
extra 2d. 1/6 |
12/- |
|
(jandavensis, French hybrids . 2d. 1 /6 |
12/- |
|
Graff's hybrid mixturf s . . 2d. 1 /6 |
rii- |
|
Or 12 in 4 sorts. Is. 6d. ; TOO. 12s |
Cannas (dwarf Crozy's). — Massive flowers for greenhouse or outside. Usual price, 6s. to 9s. a dozen. My price for large rhizomes, 3d. each ; 12 for 2s. 6d.
Each 12 Crozy's Cannas, J. F. I.ovatt, winered 3d. 2/6 ,, ., Gen. Zimmerman,
extra large . . 3d 2/6 ,, Loheiigiiu, large
yellow . . . 3il. 2/6
A. Bouviere, dark red 3d. 2/6
Crimson Bedder,
crimson . . . 3d. 2/6
„ W'allace, yellow . . 3d. 2/6
., Iving of Yellows,
yellow . . . .3d. 2/6
,. Ant. Rev.iiiv, rosy red 3d. 2/6
,, Gortonbau, yellow . 3d. 2/6
The iirice is the very lowest for first quality.
Usual price (is. to 9s. dozen. Offered by me for
first time at 3d. each ; 12 for 2s. 6d. : 100, 20s.
Don't miss tliese bargains.
Tigfridia Mexican Lilies (Tiger-flowers) :—
Each 1 2
Po\uia, tinged, siiotted yellow . . 3d. 2 i; AlliM graiiilillor,!, white spotted rich
lake, most lirautiful .... 3d. -J-
Conchillora, luight yellow, spotted
scarlet 3d. 2/6
Or 12 in 6 sorts, 2s. 6d.
SALE PRICE OF GLADIOLI.
Childsi, enormous flowers, all colours, 12 100 sale price 4d. 2/6
Lemoine's new hybrids, hardy Butter- fly Gladioli, splendid . . . . 4d. 2/6
Naneeanus, beautiful class of hybrids, large individual flowers .... 4d. 2/6
Graff's American Hybrid Gladioli, flowers rich, dazzling colours very fine mi.xed 4d. 2/6
Gandavensis, choice mixed .seedlings, and Pink Tliroats. alLeolours, mi.xed 4d. 2/H Gladioli Baron Hulot, t he famous blue Gladioli,
extra each, 3d. ; 12, 2s. 6d.
Double Begronia, Camellia llower, 1st ijuality.
8(1. each ; 0, in 6 sorts, 3s. 6d. ; 12, 6s.,
THEOOORE TURNER, The Temple, Dale St., LIYERFOOL
IRISH GARDENING.
XIX
APPOINTED BY C/^^miW ROYAL WARRANT
RANSOMES'
LAWN MOWERS
The Best in the VS/orld
Possess improvements embodied in no other Machines "
HAND POWER MACHINES, iu all kinds
and sizes to suit every user. HORSE AND PONY MAC>liNES, the best large Machines.
Motor Mowers, Lawn Sweepers, Garden Rollers, Edge Trimmers, Golf Rollers, &c., &c.
I'or particiili-.rs :i4jplv fur List .N(.). .",:.;.
RANS0MES,SIMS«JEFFERIE8,Lt(l.
IPSWICH
The oldest and most experiemed tiiui in the Lawn Mow.-r Tr.ide
"abol;
[RE.G9]
N0NP0IS0N0US\
INSECTIGIDE
For many years acknowledged to be the World's Best
Pest Destroyer. Safe, Sure, and Keliable kill for
ALL Garden Pests :: :: :: ::
i pint, 1/- ; pint, 1,6 ; quart, 2/6 ; J gall., 4/- ; gall., 7,6
(i
ABOL PATENT SYRINGES
Specially Kecommended by the NATIONAL ROSE SOCIETY
The- most Economical and Efficient Hand^ Sprayers
Varv Spray from fine to medium or coarse " ::
Highest Award at R.II.S. Trials : : :
No 4 (1 X 14). 8/6 ; No 5 (1 x 20), 10/6 : No. 6 (1} x 20). 14/6.
Bends not included but charged 1/6 extra
"ABOL" SHADING
Far surpasses all other shadings for Greenhouses Con- servatories, ifec. Price 1/- per tin. Postage. 4d. extra
''ABOL" WORM KILLER
The most EFFICACIOUS destroyer of earth-worms on Golf Greens, Tennis Courts. Garden Lawns, &c. Full particulars of all
NURSERYMEN, SEEDSMEN, FLORISTS & IRONMONGERS.
\:
Sole Proprs. and Manfrs. E. A. WHITE. Ltd.
9 Beltring, Paddock Wood, Kent 24 Cold, Silver & Bronze Medals & Diplomas
TELEPHONE 154.
TELEGRAMS-HAWLMARK
If we have served you well
PLEASE TELL YOUR FRIENDS
If not tell us. We want everyone interested in gardening to know
ABOUT
our famous
Haiglmark Seeds
Of tested germination. Moderate in price. The result of the com- bined efforts of three generations of specialists. They ought to be AND ARE the best which can be produced.
ALEX. DICKSON & SONS, Limited
HAWLMARK-
61 DAWSON STREET, DUBLIN
XX
IRISH GARDENING
serviceable boots for market gardeners, head gardeners and under gardeners from Us. 9d. upwards. There is a s:)ecial gardeners" list, which is free on application, containing leggings, overalls and many useful garments at very reasonable prices.
A Catalogue of Perpetual Flowering Carnations comes from C. Engelmann, Saffron Walden, Essex. Wheresoever Carnations are grown the name of Engelmann is well known as a leading raiser of seedUngs and a most successful exhibitor at the leading shows. The good qualities of " Carola." one of the finest crinisons, are generally recognised, and now a coloiu'ed illustration shows a bright scarlet sport named " Scarlet Carola." which looks a handsome, bold flower. Other novelties figvired and raised at Saffron Walden are Albino, Circe and Pioneer. The general list of varieties is a very lengthy one, some illustrations show the large and light houses used for Carnation growing, also Engelmann' s Ibranch establishment at St. Laurent- du- Var , near Nice, where about 100,000 jjlants are grown.
Dublin Wholesale Markets*
With the genial return of spring the variety of fruit, flowers and vegetables is steadily increasing, and this augmentation is met by a brisk and ready demand on all sides.
Owing to the greater variety of vegetables to choose from there is not such an active demand for cabbages as heretofore, consequently prices show a tendency to drop, but this downward tendency is not to any appi^eciable extent, and in all probability cabbages will be scarce and comi)aratively dear until the late spring and summer months, when the supplies will be ex- pected to conie in in quantity and quality. Jerusalem artichokes are selling well, so are asparagus, seakale and broccoli. In this section green peas and beans from Guernsey are to be seen on the market.
Irish apples of the variety Bramley's Seedling in baiTels and two and three dozen boxes are still arriving in limited quantities, chiefly from Armagh, and change hands at profitable prices. Apples from overseas in both boxes and barrels are plentiful. The variety of fruits on sale is supplemented by the arrival from the Cape of plums, peai's. nectarines and peaches.
Large consignments of cut flowers mainly from Covent Garden are being received every week : the bulk consists of Narcissi, Daffodils of the variety (rolden Spur. Emjieror and Empress, single and double Tuli]js. Snowdrops. Freesias. Arum Lilies,
Lily-of-the- Valley, Acacia (Mimosa), Carnations and Violets, &c. All were cleared at exception- ally good prices. There was a lively demand for flowering i)lants. Cinerarias, Genistas, Azaleas, Hyacinths and White Spiraja, «fcc., are the leading features just now. Of foliage subjects — Smilax. Asparagus plumosus, A. Sprengeri and nicely coloured twigs of Mahonia are welcome and do not lack buyers.
The following is a price list for the month: —
Fruit.
From To
Apples — Brantley's Seedling
^American
s. d. s. d.
per barrel (2nds) 18 0 24 0
per dozen .16 2 0
per barrel . 26 0 32 0
|
Grapes (Colmar's] |
per Hi. |
2 |
3 |
2 |
6 |
|
Peaches |
per case . |
3 |
6 |
4 |
0 |
|
Plums |
per case (of 35- |
||||
|
40) |
3 |
6 |
4 |
0 |
|
|
Vegetables. |
|||||
|
Artichokes |
per float . |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
|
Asparagus |
per bunch |
3 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
|
Cabbage (York) |
per large load . |
20 |
0 |
29 |
0 |
|
i > 99 |
per load . |
14 |
0 |
20 |
0 |
|
,, (Savoys) |
per large load . |
15 |
0 |
23 |
0 |
|
Carrots |
per doz. bunches |
1 |
2 |
1 |
6 |
|
Celery (White) |
per doz. (large) |
2 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
|
„ (Pink) |
per dozen |
0 |
10 |
1 |
6 |
|
Cauliflowers |
per flasket (31) |
2 |
6 |
4 |
0 |
|
Lettuce |
per dozen |
0 |
4 |
0 |
6 |
|
Leeks |
per bunch |
0 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
|
Onions |
per bag . |
10 |
0 |
12 |
0 |
|
Scallions |
per bunch |
0 |
4 |
0 |
6 |
|
Swedes |
per cwt. . |
0 |
11 |
1 |
1 |
|
White Turnips |
per bunch |
0 |
9 |
1 |
6 |
|
Sprouts |
per float . |
1 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
|
Rhubarb |
per doz. bunches |
1 |
0 |
1 |
6 |
|
Seakale |
per bunch |
2 |
0 |
2 |
4 |
|
Parsnips |
per doz. bunches Flowers. |
1 |
4 |
1 |
6 |
|
Arum Lilies |
per dozen |
1 |
6 |
2 |
6 |
|
Asparagus |
|||||
|
plumosus |
per doz. sprays |
1 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
|
Acacia (Mimosa) |
per large crate . |
•3 |
0 |
- |
— |
|
Freesias |
per doz. bimches |
3 |
0 |
3 |
6 |
|
Carnations |
per dozen |
1 |
6 |
2 |
0 |
|
Hyacinths |
|||||
|
(Eoman) |
per doz. bunches |
3 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
|
Daffodils (double) |
per 3 dozen |
||||
|
bimches |
2 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
|
|
Violets |
per doz. bunches |
0 |
8 |
1 |
6 |
WINTER SPRAYING
OF FRUIT TREES to remove Lichen, &c.
BERGER'S LIME'SULPHUR WASH CAUSTIC SODA, 98 per cent. PEARL ASH, 75/80 PURE SOFT SOAP
COPPER SULPHATE, 98% COOPER'S V 1 WINTER SPRAY FLUID . .
&c., &c.
SPRAYING AND FUMIGATING MATERIALS OF ALL KINDS AT LOWEST CASH '. PRICE.
D. M. WATSON
HORTICULTURAL CHEMIST
61 South Great George's Street,
Dublin
Telephone 1971.
Miscellaneous Section*
THE POPULARITY OF XL ALL SPECIALITIES increases every year. All gardeners proclaim that nothing equals these celebrated preparations. XL ALL NICOTINE VAPORISING COMPOUND, the gardsner's favoin-ite Fumigant, both Liquid and cake. XL ALL NICOTINE INSECTICIDE WASH for Syruiging, Dipping, and Dressing Fruit Trees and Plants. ^Mealy Bug, Scale, &c., cannot exist where this is used. XL ALL INSECTICIDE WASH B (sine Nicotine), best
non-poisonous Wash on the market. Other Preparations of great Renown are XL ALL GRUB KILLER for digging in when the soil is fallow. RICHARD'S WOR.M KILLER, for lawns, both non- poisonous. Don't forget to ask yoUr Nur.seryman or Seedsman for mv small pink list.
. G. H. RICHARDS, Manufacturer, 234 Borough High Street, London. S.E.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING
DESIGNING, Laying out and Planting of New and Renovating- of Old Gardens. The Making and Planting of Rock Gardens, Rockeries, Water and Bog Gardens, and Pergolas a Speciality. Plans Prepared. Estimates Free.
RICHARD C McM. SMYTH. F.R.H.S.
Mount Henry Dalkey, Co. Dublin
SANKEyS'tS°«'POTS
*^ ^he BEST and ChcopcsK
goods), SPECIAL POTS of «
RtCHARD SANKEV A SOfV, LT?,
Bulwell Pol-heries. NOrriNGHAm..
GARDEN APPLIANCES
Rose Trainers, Umbrellas, Trellis for Walls and Lawns, Seats. Arbours, Tubs, Arclies . . . Silver Medal International Ex- hibition, ViVl. Illustrated List on application.
W. Walters & Co., Morland Rd., Croydon
ENGLAND.
Wood Lath Greenhouse Blinds a Speoiality
Dooks on Gardening, \egetable Culture, Greenhouse ^ Management, and all other subjects. Second hand at half prices. New 25 % discount. Catalogue, NO. 992, free. State wants. Books bought. W. &G. FOYLE, 121 Charing Cross Rd., London.
IF YOU HAVE A GLASS ROOF THAT LEAKS, a Conservatory to repair, or any kind of glazing work to be done, Carson's Plastine will save money, timQ, worry and annoyance consequent on the use of ordinary putty, which cracks, crumbles, and decays. It saves the expense of constant renewals. Carson's Wood Preservative in green and brown, for Palings, Trellis Work, &c. The best paint for Greenhouses is "Vitrolite." Write for Catalogue. Carson's, 22 Bachelor's Walk, Dublin.
AUTO-SHREDS 15?ItT'."2
Leaf-mining Maggots, Mealy Bug and all Pests infesting plants under glass, &c. Simple to use, no apparatus required. In Eozes to Fumigate 1,000 cubic feet, 6d.; lo.ooe cubic feet, 3S. 6d. each. Obtained of Seedsmen and Florists; if unobtainable aoplv direct —
WM. DARLINGTON & SONS,
Ltd.
Wholesale Horticultural Sundriesmen, HACKNEY, LONDON, N.E. Trade Terms aad Catalogue of Suodrica upon receipt of business card
17 ELWAY COLOUR BORDERS are now being plannecl IV and planted. Write your requirements to Langport, and Borders of any kind can be arranged for immediate delivery at all prices. State area, &c.
Testimonials.
, Esq., Excelsior, Minn., U.S.A. "I enclose a
photograph of one corner of my ' Kelway ' Garden showing some Onaperdon Bracteatums in the foreground and Delphiniums and PsBonics in background."
From , Esq., Malvern Road, Weston-Super-Mare,
9th October, 1913. — The Kelway Border which you sui^plied to me in November, 1911, has given every satis- faction. I changed my residence in March last, and brought the greater part of the Border Plants with me. I had no time to prepare the ground for them, and as the soil here is of a very dry and sandy nature, I was prepared to lose a good many of the plants. To my agreeable surprise, however, only one plant died. The rest have grown vigorously, and nearly all have borne plenty of bloom, notwithstanding the exceptionally dry summer we have had.
This, I think, speaks for the vitality of the plants sent out by your firm.
" Kelway's Manual of Hortictdture," 2s. 6d. ; Gardens of Delight, 9d. ; returnable to customers.
KELWAY & SON, The Royal Horticulturists. LANGPORT, SOMERSET
NOW is the time to plant Kelway's lovely Gladioli. Never before have Kelway's, the cham])i')n growers of this lovely auttann-flowering bulb, been able to offer such a wide collection of beautiful varieties. They have made a speciality of the cultivation of the Gladiolus for over 50 years, and their experience has enabled them to produce combination of size, form, and brilliant colouring which cannot be duplicated. For decoration of all kinds the Gladiolus is pre-eminent. Offer of collection of named sorts — ^Collection 3, 45s. per 100 : Collection 6, 12s. per dozen. Carriage and packing free for remittance with order.
KELWAY & SON, The Royal Horticulturists. LANGPORT— SOMERSET.
NOW IS THE TIME TO PL.VNT
KELWAY'S LOVELY DELPHINIUMS.
They grow to a height of from four to eight feet or more, and bear bold and brilliant mas.ses of fine shapely blooms in all shades of blue and purple. They thrive with a miniratim of attention in almost any soil and climate. Kelwiy's Delj)hiniums should be planted by everyone who owns a garden.
S])ccial offer of fine collections of a dozen guarantee plants.
Collection E. 56/-
Collection D. 34/-
Carriage and packing free for remittance with order.
KELWAY & SON, The Royal Horticulturists, LANGPORT, SOMERSET.
PERRY'S NEW CATALOGUES now ready
PEREX.VIAL CATALOGUE (ismed shortly)
DELPUI.MUM CATALOGUE.
FERN C.Vl'ALOGUE.
SEED CATALOGUE.
JAPANESE LILIES.
BEGONIAS AND GL.\DIOLUS.
W.VIER LILV CX'VXLOGVE (puhlishe.l in April)
Perry's Hardy Plant Farm, Enfield,
MIDDLESEX
11
IRISH GARDENING
ESTABLISHED 1832 TELEPHONE 3351 (Seven Lines) TELEGRAMS -" BROOKS," DUBLIN
HORTICULTURAL GLASS, PAINTS, &c.
Cut to dimensions, packed and delivered at your rail- way station. Also stocked in all the regular box sizes. . . " BROMAS " for general household and estate purposes. "VALENTINE" for hay barns, &c., doubles the life of
galvanized iron. •* PETREX " for conservatories, does not flake off. BRUSHES of every description, and heating plant, newest Types. Please ask for lists
GREENHOUSES And garden frames.
Also TIMBER, SLATES, BRICKS, IRONMONGERY, and every Building Requisite
GLASS PAINT
BOILERS
BROOKS
THOMAS & CO.
LTD.
BUILDERS' PROVIDERS Sackvlllc Placc,
Dublin
JAMES CRISPIN & SONS, f.r.h.s.
FOR ALL CLASSES OF GLASSHOUSES AND :: HEATING APPARATUS.
Ornamental Conservatory For Brickwork Base, ;:
£90 O O
CARRIAGE PAID
Size 23 ft. by 16 ft. 3 in. Price includes Gravel :: Stages at sides and centre
See our Stand at the Royal Dublin Society's Spring Show. ::
Please write for Catalogue
Head Office: Nelson St., BRISTOL
PEACH CASE ERECTED FOR H R H. THE DUKE OF CONNAUCHT. ENQUIRIES INVITED FOR
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES SUN LOUNGES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, CARNATION HOUSES &c.
MODERN . . PEACH HOUSES
AND COVERS
We specialise in the con- struction and equipment of Glasshouses for the cultiva- tion of Peaches, Vines, &c.
Designs and prices on receipt of particulars of requirements
No. 60 PORTABLE PLANT PRESERVER
VIOLET FRAME
9 ft. by 4 ft. 6 ft. by 4 ft.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST FREE ON APPLICATION
GARDEN FRAMES
In every variety, always in stock
Write for latest Catalogue post free on application
BOULTON & PAUL, TS
(•• ft by .3 ft. £1 14 0 6 ft. by 4 ft,. £2 5 0
Painted three coats
CARRIAGE PAID
12 fr. h\ -.i ft. £3 12 ft. by 1 ft. £3 Glazed 21 oz. Glass
on all orders of 40/- value to most Irish Ports
NITRATE OF SODA IN THE GARDEN
Is invaluable as an aid to the Gardener, in tlie successful culti- vation of Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables : :
By its quick action on vegetation, Maturity is hastened, and veget- ables are improved in flavour, the tissue being tender, crisp, and less fibrous. This feature is particularly noticeable in Lettuce, Cabbage, and the whole of the Brassica tribe of plants :: :: ::
In application, " little and often ' is productive of the best results. If used in conjunction with phosphates and potash, half the usual quantity of dung need only be used.
Full particulars and pamphlets on " Manuring in the Garden " will be sent free on application
JOHN SIMPSON, Chilian Nitrate Committee
15 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET
DUBLIN
0=
'n
Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland.
WEDNESDAY Jpril 15
and . .
THURSDAY Jlpril 16, 1914
GREAT SPRING FLOWER SHOW
Ballsbridge
Dublin
ENTRIES CLOSE APRIL 8
Fethard Flower Show
WILL BE HELD AT
LAKEFIELD, FETHARD
(Two Miles from Station!
On THURSDAY, JULY 23rcl, 1914
Over 30 Classes open to all Ireland
FOR VEGETABLES, FRUIT AND FLOWERS
£10 Prize offered for Sweet Peas
12 SPRAYS OF 12 NAMED VARIETIES
£3 Prize offered for Carnations
Schedules from Hon. Sees.
Rev. R. C. PATTEN, Fethard Rectory, Co. Tipperary J. C. O'BRIEN, Lakefield, Fethard, Co. Tipperary
CO. CLARE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
DAFFODIL SHOW.
ENNIS, APRIL 23rd
Prize Lists, and all Particulars —
REV. R. SCOTT, Sec, The Manse,
ENNIS CO. CLARE
BURALL BROS.
TREE TICKETS SEED POCKETS
POSTCARD BOOKS ENVELOPES ;:
WISBECH, CAMBS
E. KNOWLDIN
Secretary
5 Molesworth St., DUBLIN
Si
WARRENPOINT FLOWER SHOW.
Preliminary Notice.
The above Flower Show will be held onWednesday, 5th August, 1914, at Warrenpoint. Nurserymen's Classes comprise exhibits of Roses, Sweet Pea, and group of Plants. Amateur Classes include Roses, Sweet Pea, Carnations, Ferns, Decorative House Plants, Hardy Garden Flowers, &c., &c. Two silver cups, gold medal, and a number of other valuable prizes will be awarded. Schedules will be sent on application to the Hon. Sec. of the Flower Show Committee
Dr. G. W. Connor, cottage, Warrenpoint
Lissadell Alpine and Herbaceous Plants
All the newest and best varieties at moderate
prices. Write for our new Illustrated and
Descriptive Catalogue.
J. A. COOPER, Lissadell, SLIGO.
'EUREKA' WEED KILLER.
SAVES WEARY WEEDING.
so gallons of raized solution will kill all
weeds on 900 square yards of paths, &c.
POWDER. 1/- tin for iz galls, solution ) Free Tins and Cases.
I— »o.
- drum free
„ 9d. extra
1/6 .. a/6 „
RflilB J gallon 2/-
I „ 3/6
3 „ 6'6
5 „ - 14/-
o „ - 26/6 - cask 5/- „
•EJREKATINE'— The successful fumigant. •EUREKA' Insecticide, Lawn Sand, Hellebore Powder, Bordeaux Mixture, Worm Killer, Hayward's Summer Shade, &c. SOLD BY AGENTS
Knil list of all sizes with bi«ikk-t. " Clu-m istry in Garden and Greenhouse " sent -^?-. post free l>v makers —
TOMLINSON & HAYWARD. Ltd., LINCOLN
Dublin Acknt.s : T. McKenzie & Sons, Ltd., 212 Ct. Brunswick 81. : W. F. M ills A; !^(ll, 61 Upper S^sikville St. : Sir .). W. Mackey, Ltd., 23 Upper Sixliville St ; Hoirg & Ecl.ertson, Ltd., 22 Marv .St., &c., &c.
Wm. DUNCAN TUCKER £ Sons, Ltd
RECIPIENTS OF LARGE GOLD MEDAL & DIPLOMA OF HONOUR AT R.H.I.E. 1912
Sent post tree on application
Write for Horticultural Catalogue No.
Glasshouses of every description erected complete in any part of the country
LONDON OFFICE, 27 Cannon St., EC. works-romNHAM.
wmmms
RdUo-s
I READ ! !
on pace 562 of " The Gardener," S.P. iiuinher. Jan. 31, 1914, the last words of Mr. Victor Haniel's letter: ' ( found M VCKEUETH'S SWEET PE.V MANURE very sood indeed." On ]i:i<'e 561 theie was a portrait of .Mr. Victor Haniel. " the boy clianii)ion of Xew Zealand " and some of liis cups (5 trophies and two medals). ' ^ mn
Mr G C Holder, of Ponrua, X. Z.. wrote me. Dec, 1913 . • Have only shown at one lar^'e show tliis season, that of the Xew Zealand Societv, held at Wellington last week, where 1 won the three classes in which I entered, «>.— tlie 18 vases trophy value 25 guineas; and the New Zealand Championship, 12 vases • 30 guineas trophy both challenge trophies -so that with the' usual mixture of soil and Mackereth's 'persuader.' I felt ratlier pleased."
I MAINTAIN MY SP. S. P. MANURE PUTS THE FINISHING TOUCHES ON !
Mav be had from .Messrs. Kdiiioiulson liros.. Id Uamo Street, Dublin- -Mr S. A. Jones, 68 High Street, Kilkenny ; .Messr-. S .McGiedv A Son. Portadown ; -Mr. Jas. Walsh. Portadown, or Messrs Kitchie cV' Co.. Helfast. in tins, 1 - each (post tree. 14) 1.6 each (post free 3 -); In bags 11 lbs., 6;-; 28 lbs, 8/6 ,')6 lbs.,14- : 11'-' ll'S. 25/- CARRIAGE PAID My STANDARD FERTILIZER is a Godsend where farmyard manure is unobtainable. 4S",, Aniiital. 24 "„ Vegetable. 28",, Cliiiiiical \ I wl. iMiii.ils a tonnf faniiyard maiiuiT. In bags, Ciirria.'.' i'aid, 11 ll>-., 2 3; 'l^ lbs.. 4 -; .".6 lbs.. 7/-; 112 lbs.. 12 6; 224 lbs.. 22/-
A post card commands my list of special fertilizers, all Carriage Paid, for Roses, Tomatoes, Vines, Lawns, Fruit Trees, &c., &c. ^_ij
or direct from
G. H. MACKERETH
The Sweet Pea Clearing House ULVERSTON
The most unique Sweet Pea list In the world with intense cultural directions will be posted on receipt of post card :;
^
PHYTOPHILINE & YITIPHILINE
Non-Poisonous INSECTICIDES, free from Nicotine, Alcohol, Ether and Arsenic
Effective, Reliable, Economical, and Perfectly Harmless to the Plants and the Operator
THEREFORE
A BOON TO HORTICULTURISTS.
For Black and Green Aphis, Fly, Thrlps, Scale, Caterpillars, American Blight, &c., USE PHYTOI'HILINE. For Red or Grey Spider, Mealy Bug, Fungi on Palms or Azaleas, Mildew or Rust on Roses, Chrysanthemums, Peaches,
&c., USE VITIPHILINE.
Free sample on application, also prices and instructions for use from
CHARLESWORTH & CO., ^P^cTl.sts, Haywards Heath
SUSSEX
Kings Acre
60 Medals and 12 Silver Cups g Awarded to [our Exhibits during Seasons 1909-13
160 ACRES FRUIT TREES, ROSES,
FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL
TREES AND SHRUBS, ALPINE
AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS
Catalogues Nov^ Ready
KING'S ACRE NURSERIES
HEREFORD ltd.
C°i^P FEET CURED
by wearing- the Famous
G Brand Garden Clogs
all lined very cos Youths ;
3/6
■itb strong warm Felt- Men's, Women's and zes only : :: ::
POST PAID TO YOUR DOOR
Children's sizes (7 to 2), 2/11 post free Every customer more than pleased ThousancU of Testimonials. Send P.O. and flixe worn. Handsome il- lustrated lists and sheet of testi- monials post free :: :: ::
STORES SUPPLIED, KEENEST
RATES
THE WELLINGTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY
(Dept. 27)4 WELLINGTON STREET QLASGOW
rHHICU
Forfarshire Seed Potatoes.
The largest POTATO GROWERS in the country liave their seed from Forfarshire year after year. No change can possibly be better. Send for Free List of all varieties in quantities from 7 Uis. upwards. May Queen, Duke of York, Ninetyfold, Arran Chief,
and others, 12/6 per cwt. Sharp's Express, Puritan, Early Rose, and others,
10/6 per cwt. Eclipse, White Beauty, Sir J. Llewellyn, end others,
8/- per cwt British 1}ueen, King: Edward, Golden Wonder, and
others, 6/6 per cwt. Up-to-Date, Dalhousie, Factor, Dalmeny Beauty, and others, 5 /6 per cwt.
JAMES MILNE, York Place, MONIFIETH
FORFARSHIRE
PERPETUAL FLOWERING (AMERICAN) CARNATIONS.
1 shall be pleased to send my 1914 catalogue to all interested in these Carnations. I grow 250,000 flowering plants, and my stock is, in perfect condition.
INSPECTION INVITED
C. ENGELMANN, Saffron Walden, ESSEX
Reeves' 1914 Novelty Collection of
1/- SWEET PEAS 1/-
25 Grand New Giant Waved Flowering Varieties, every colour distinct and different. Kent Grown Seeds, the grandest col- lection of Sweet Teas it is possible to obtain, 600 seeds in all, a packet of each as follows — Snowflake, Crimson Giant, Pink Pearl, Primrose Gem, Giant Maroon, Queen Mary, King Edward, Black Prince, Rainbow, Sunbeam, Purple Queen, Bolton's Pink, Blue Gown, Countess Spencer, Amber Queen, Elegance, May Perrett, Orange Countess, Scarlet Gem, Lavender Princess, Apricot, Frank Dolby, Gladys Unwin, Blushing Bride, Mauve Queen. Given free with this Grand Collection, a packet of Keeves' latest Novelty Sweet Pea (Canary Bird), a Grand Yellow. This Grand Collection post paid to you for Is. P.O., or 14 penny stamps. Post carlv to —
H. REEVES, dim Sturry, Canterbury
KENT
FAMOUS
FOR 40 YEARS
ISTITH'S MANURES
Can now be obtained of all Seedsmen in sealed " BUMPFR " 1 /- PACKAGES
UNIVERSAL. MANURE (for General Garden Use). S^VEET PEA, "MUM," TOMATO, ROSE, VINE, CUCUMBER, DAHLIA, FRUIT, BEGONIA, POTATO & LAAVN MANURES
WITH'S MANURE CO., HEREFORD. OR OF ALL SEEDSMEN.
7 LBS- FOR A 1/-
lie.ult, speak for the.,-dves. (By PoSt, 1 /4)
One user secured 41 Prizes out of 41 Exhibits.
ALL IN 1 /- PACKAGES. (BY POST, 1 4) THE LARGEST ON THE MARKET
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DUTCH BULBS & PLANTS |
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SPECIAL OFFER |
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Hyacinths for pots, to iiaa ,, for outdoor, to n „ very fine, mixed Tulips, single, to name „ double, to name „ splendid, mixed Iris hispanica ,, ,, angelica Crocus „ Narcissus, to name . . ,, mixed Snowdrops Gladioli Begonia, single and doubl |
le amc . e |
2 6 7 6 4 0 1 4 1 6 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 2 1 2 2 6 5 0 |
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All Bulbs are of flrst-class size. Delivery f.o.b. Rotterdam |
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P. DE JONG, Grower. Hillcgoni, HOLLAND |
PERPETUAL CARNATIONS. 175 varieties. Ask for Illustrated Catalogue. Full particu- lars. Post Free. Healthy Guernsey Plants, in small pots, from 4/- per doz., carriage paid. Can be planted outside. Patronised by Eoyalty.
VAN DER SLUYS,F.R.H.S.,Ramee, GUERNSEY
T) LEASE allow us to remind you that whenever you require anything for your Garden the whole of our equipment is entirely at your service.
TX/^E feel sure you cannot pur- chase to better advantage elsewhere, and so we hope you will give us an opportunity to demonstrate our present capacity to meet your requirements. Let us send you our Catalogue.
H. CANNELL &^ SONS
The Nurseries— =EYNSFORD
—BRITISH COLUMBIA
A MOST PROSPEROUS CANADIAN PROVINCE.
THE ORCHARD OF THE EMPIRE.
A LAND OF FRUIT AND FLOWERS
Offers many inducements to Settlers, including free
education and good laws Climate and Soil eminently suitable for — MIXED FARMING. FRUIT GROWING, DAIRYING, HORSE, HOG, AND CATTLE
RAISING AND POULTRY FARMING. Easil)' Accessible Maikets and Good Prices for all classes of Agricultural Produce
Production (estimated) from Agriculture, in 1913, -24,000,000
SPECIAL LAND CONCESSIONS TO SETTLERS.
The Country for the Farmer with some Capital, and for all Classes of Agricul- tural Workers and Domestic Servants.
Full particulars on application to
J. H. TURNER, Ag:ent General for B.C., Salisbury House Finsbu ry Circus, London.
Vermorel's Knapsack Sprayer ''ECLAIR" No 1
The Best and Most Reliable
w
HAS WON OVER 500 FIRST PRIZES AND MEDALS
!Sold by all Ironmongers, Seedsmen, &c
Efficient, strong, and light — the ideal mowers for all purposes. The favourites of amateur gardeners and profes- sionals. Have secured Royal favour, and been awarded numerous gold medals and testimonials. Of all ironmongers and seedsmen. ,1^^
A. SHANKS & SON, Ltd.,
By Special Appointment to
His Majesty the King.
MACKENZIE & MONCUR, LTD
HOTHOUSE BUILDERS
HEATING, VENTILATING, AND ELECTRICAL :: ENGINEERS, &c. ::
SPECIALTIES:
All kinds of Hothouses in Teakwood, Archangel Larch or Petersburg Redwood. Improved Ventilation Gearing ♦ Patent Wood Spar Blinds * Heating by Imw Pressure, Hot Water or by Steam. * Improved Duplex .Sj'stem of combined Hot Water Service and Heating. * Improved Ironclad System ot
* * Electric Lighting — the only absolutely fireproof ^stem. * *
WE DO NOT WORK ON THE UNSATISFACTORY PIECE-WORK SYSTEM, ALL WORK UNDERTAKEN BY US BEING CARRIED OUT BY HIGHLY SKILLED
* * * WORKMEN AT TIME RATES. * * *
EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works) — Balcarres Street, MorningsJde GLASGOW-121 St. Vincent St. LONDON-8 Camden Road, N.W.
Telegrams: "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH," and '-TREIBHAUS, Camroad. LONDON,"
W.RICHARDSON&Co
SPECIALISTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
Horticultural Buildings & Heating Apparatus
DARLINGTON
THE REASON WHY customers come to us for Glasshouses and Heat- ing Apparatus is because they know they will get the best value for the least possible expenditure. A few of our customers in Ireland include the Duke of Leinster, the Right Hon. Chief Baro.i Palles, The Marquess Conyngham, The Marquesses of Headfort, Londonderry; Earl Kitz- william, the Earls of Donoughmore, Ounraven, Erne, Longford. Listowel, Rosse, Aberdeen ; Lords Ardilaun, Barry more, Castletown, Cloncurry, Dunleath, Farnham ; Lady Maurice FitzGerald; Colonel the Hon. C. F. Crichton. H. P. Goodbody, Esq., S:c., &c.
ERECTED FOR THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, VICE REGAL LODGE, DUBLIN. (Per H. M. Commissioners of Public Works).
LONDON OFFICE:
BELGRAVIA CHAMBERS VICTORIA STREET WESTMINSTER, S.W.
WEBBS
LOVELY ANNUALS
Every year Annuals are becoming more} popular, and there are no flowers so indispensable for beautifying the Garden. The choice varieties offered below are highly recommended
Webbs' Dwarf Migrnonette, 6d. and Is. per pkt.
ASTER.— Webbs' Xew Perfection Pink -
Webbs' Ostricli Plume, mixed coloui-s - Webbs' Bedding do do - -
Webbs' (iiant Comet do. do.
ANTIRRHINUM. -Webbs' New Scarlet Ouefii - \\i litis' supreme, nearly every slia<ie
CALLIOPSIS. — Webbs' Suiitieam, mixed W'clilis" Golden King, golden yellow
CANDYTUFT.— Webbs' Coronet - - . - Wibbs' I'ink Pearl - - . . -
CLARKIA. -\Veljl)s' Ddublc SMimon
DIMORPHOTHECA. - Aurantiaca hybrida, mi\e>l - Do. Aurantiaca, orange gold
DIANTHUS. -Webbs' Meteor, Scarlet
Wfhbs' Salmon <.)uecn . - . - -
ESCHSCHOLITZIA.— Webbs' Carmine Com - ^\ ebbs' llimercup
GODETIA.— Webbs' Double Hose ... Welibs' Carmine (Jueen - - - -
Webbs' Brilliani, crimson ....
LARKSPUR.- Webbs' Knsigii, nianvsbadfs W. libs' .StMCk-llnwered
LAVATERA rosea splendens . . - . -
LOBELIA. -Webbs' Bluebeard, deep bin- Webbs' Magpie, blue and while
WEBB & SONS
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Per |
Packet |
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6d. 6d. 6d. |
Is. ;inil Is. ukI Is. ;uul is. |
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6d. |
is. ami Is. |
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6d. 6d. |
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Is- 6d- |
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6d. |
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Is. 6d. |
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6d. 6d. |
and Is. and Is. |
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6d. 6d. |
and 18- and is. |
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6d. Gd |
and Is- 6d. an.! Is. |
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6d |
and Is- 3d. |
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6d- |
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6d 6d |
and is. an. lis. 1 |
LUPINS. — Blue, White, Rose, and Yellow each MIGNONETTE.— Webbs' Giant ... -
Webbs' Ked King ---..-
Webbs' Gulden Gem ------
NASTURTIUM, TALL. - Webbs' Sunrise, rose
W ( bl.-.' \ esin ius, erimson - . - -
NASTURTIUM, DWARF. Webbs' Meteor, crimsun
Webbs' liedding Gem, scarlet NICOTIANA Sanderae, rosy-cannine
Do. do. mixed . - . .
NEMESIA strumosa, large-flowered NICELLA, .Miss.Iek.vll - - - -
PHLOX DRUMMONDI. Webbs' Fringed
Webb-,' l'arag"n Dwarf
POPPY. Webbs' t^elected iShirley - SALPICLOSSIS. Webbs' IIarle(|uin, mixed - STOCK. Webbs' New Admiration
Webbs' Heddinj:
Webbs' Lar;;e- flowered Ten Week SWEET PEA. - Webbs' I.arge-llowerinp, Mixed SWEET SULTAN. -Purple, While, Yellow each SCABIOUS, >' ebbs' Giant, White, Black, Pink
and mixed each
VISCARIA, nii\( .1 . . - - -
6d. 6d. ;
Per Packe
3d
6d. and is
6d and is 6d. ami is. 6d Gd] 6d 6d. ui.l is. iJidlS.
Is 6d. and Is. 6d.and Is. 6d. and Is. 6d. and Is. 6d. arul Is.
18. 6d. and Is. 6d. and Is.
6d.
3d.
Sd. 3d.
The Kind's Seedsmen,
Wordsley, STOURBRIDGE
Represented by Mr. W. ROURKE, 4 Weston Terrace, North Circular Road, DUBLIN
IRISH GARDENING.
New Delphiniums.
AMONGST single-flowHiecl Delphiuiums the recent trials at Wisley brcnight to lij^ht ix)ne to excel Lizzie Van Veen with its lovely ('am bridge- bine flowers of three inches, diameter. Belladonna grandiflora has flowers double the size of the type and of the same lovely shade, whilst the new Belladonna semiplena is a capital double-flowered form which secured an Award of Merit. Moerheimi (unanimous Award of Merit, R.H.S.) ia the best white, a splendid variety with free- branching stems, continuing in flower from June till Autumn. Rev. E. Lascelles (A.M., R.H.S.) is one of the most striking novelties, with double flowers of a rich royal blue, with a huge white centre, which is remarkable even at a distance. To the writer's taste no new double variety can compare with Statuaire Rude ; the colour is a fascinating shade of shot heliotrope, the flowers are nearly three inches across and are borne on spikes with twenty-eight inches of bloom. Cymbeline is the bluest of all singles; it gained an Award of Merit in 1912. Absolutely ravishing is Countess of Ilches- ter, with large single flowers of sky-blue. Of dark varieties, The Alake takes a leading place, bearing gigantic spikes of rich blue semi-double flowers with bold white centres (Award of Merit, R.H.S.). Zuster Lugten, with very rich and striking Oxford-blue flowers, is splendid ; and Lamar- tine, though not so new, is one of the best of all dark kinds, as every spike branches, and there is an abundance of striking Prussian-blue white-centred flowers which are good for cutting. Mrs. J. S. Brunton is a perpetual-flowering and very beautiful form of Belladonna. All these, and the latest introductions amongst all classes of herbaceous and Alpine plants will be found in the new and very complete Catalogue published by Messrs. Watson & Sons, Clontarf Nurseries, Dublin, post free, to readers of Irish Gakdentno.
Royal Horticultural Society
The montlily meeting of the council was held at the offices, 5 Molesworth Street. Dviblin, on the
Perpetual Flowering Carnations
For the Greenhouse or Open Border.
Write at once for full particulars of these glorious plants. :: :: :: :: ::
Special Collections, in hud, from 15/- per dozen ; will make a grand display. :: ::
One dozen {extra good) in 3 inch pots, 7/6.
YOUnG & CO. CHELTENHAM
Read Taudevin's Cultural Treatise.
13th ult., a good attendarnee of members beixig present, with Mr. E. l^Olier presiding; Jvidges were nominated for the Spring Show, and in view of the then uncertainty of the Royal Dublin Society's Show being held, it was decided that the Flower Show should be held as announced— viz., April 15 and 16. Tlic council have now plea.sure in notifying that by courtesy of the Koyal Dublin, who.se Cattle and Implement Show is unavoidably postponed, the Flower Show will otherwise take i)lace on the i)revious terms of arrangement, for which the large Central Hall has been kindly lent for the I'^rj^ose. The following new members were elected — viz., Mr. Robert F. Browne, LL.B., Hopeton, Terenure, proposed as a life member by Lady Moore (Glasnevin) ; Mr. .J. Bracken (Practical), Hort. Instructor, Co. Tipperary, proposed by Mr. W. S. Irving ; Mr. .J. O'Neill (Practical), Dominican Convent Gardens, Blackrock, and Mr. Robert Teehan, the Blackrock Nurseries (Practical), proposed by Mr. S. Davies (Obelisk Park Gardens) ; The Portumna (Co. Galway) Horticultural Society, Hon. Secretary, the Rev. J. Griffin being affiliated.
Correspondence.
Recent Press reports of a Poor Law Board of Guardians meeting give an account of the great ignorance of a South of Ireland (Dungarvan) Board meeting in reference to the pruning of a fruit plot of apple and gooseberry trees, notwith- standing that the Agricultural Department have had for many years a horticultural instructor giving lectures for the benefit of those persons. In this case about 900 apple and gooseberry trees were to be pruned. Three tenders were in for the job, one at fourpence, another at threepence
PEA TRAINERS
The ' PARAGON '
iCOCXX;OCX0CXX:XDCXDC>0CXDCX0C=0OOCX3OOCOV
SINCE their introduction some few ye^rs ago these Trainers have been steadily gaining in pviblic favour. A real boon to Gardeners. Simple, effective and durable; givini? ample support and keeping the growing peas in neat straight lines, Do not harbour inspcts or pollute the soil.
Made 4 ft.. 5 ft. and 6 ft. high, and sent out in sets complete ready for putting up. at fruiii 8/6 per set upward. Writt. for price leaflet.
A Special Width made for Sweet Pea
What users say; — "Lady E. is much pleased with your Paragon Pea Trainers, which are most use- ful and sitisfactory."— Gorky.
** I am delighted with your Pea Trainers. Please send me another set."— Dunoai.k. Supplied through Seedsmen, Ironmongers, &c. qV icnt carriage paid fiom the patentees —
The PARAGON PEA TRAINER CO., Bridge St., Banbridge, Co. Down
THOMPSON & MORGAN'S FAR-FAMED SEEDS
Revised CATALOGUE for 1914 free on, application.
Our VEGETABLE SEEDS are of the finest selected strains, of the best quality, and tested for germination, at prices that defy competi- tion for first-class seeds.
Trial Order Solicited.
The high quality of our FLOWER SEEDS is no^v universally recognised, and our CATA- LOGUE— really a book of reference on hardy flowers — describes nearly 3,000 different kinds, many of them not obtainable elsewhere.
THOMPSON & MORGAN,
Seed Establishment and Hardy Plant Nurseries,
IPSWICH
IRISH GARDENING.
XI
If you FUMIGATE OR SPRAY
Do it Etr.itiv>-ly :iiiii I'se
NIGOTIGIDE
Fumlgant ('
1 pint for
2 pint for 6 oz. for ■1 oz. for 2 oz. for
NICOTICIDE FUMICATORS, 1- eaf:h for 5,000 cubic feet
NICOTICIDE
PLANT SPRAY
t t<p fiiinij.'ate. Weailviseyou iii,' forPeache', &c.
is very effective where it ia n 't i-oi to try it. It will als" lie useful a
i pint 1/2 ; Pint, 2/- quart 3/6 ; i gall,, 5/-; gallon. 10/-, Carriage Paid. Ask your Seedsmen for it.
LAWN i SAND
eraciicttes Dais
r., 1) sides stimulating the
. Weeds. Mo' G'ass.
28 lbs. Will dress 100 sq. yds. 6d., Is., and 2s. 6d. Tins ; i cwt., 6s. : i c\H. lis. ; 1 cwt., 20s. Carriage Paid.
Worm i Powder
a rertaiu lemedy for removing Wonii.s and clearing Wonn C;i-sts. Ise i 11). to the sij. yd. Simply sprinkle fairly thickly on the (Jiass
aud water copiously. 14 lbs. J twt. I cwt. 1 cwt. 5 cwt. J ton. 2 ton.
3/- 5 7/6 12/6 £3 £5 10 £1010
Use also COW'S TOBACCO POWDER & QUASSIA EXTRACT
Ask ynur Seeliiiien for the above au.t refuse all imitation.s
HUNTER & GOW, Ltd. ^'sK" LIVERPOOL
MANURES
'/^
FOR V '
VINES PLANIS 8c VEGETABLES ''
PF.RFKCT PI/AN'T FOODS
THE RESULT OF M;\NY WMif, PI^ICTICHI.
■ USED ALL oOerTHEAV'ORLD •
SOLD BY SEF.n.SMF.N &• M/RSERY/MEN
EVFJJY^HERE
TKE CHEAPEST INSECTICIDE OF THE DAY
"NIQUAS"
(NON-POISONOUS) IMPROVED
A Concentrated. Extract ol Quassia, combined with other valuable ingredients, forming a cheap, safe, and effective Insecticide for syring- ing and dipping. It destroys all Insect Pests infesting Trees and Plants, whilst no possible injury to vegetation can result from its use
It can be applied with syringe or pump, or used for dipping.
PRICES— Half-pint, 1/-; pint, 1/6; quart, 2/6; half-gallon, 4'-;
gallon, 7/6; ftve gallons, 26/-; ten gallons, 46/-
I gallon sufficient for 8o gallons of water.
STANDEN'S MANURE
(Established over 35 Years)
Exceeds all others in General Fertilising Properties and Staying Powers
Analysis on Application
Sold in Tins, 1/-, 2/6, 5/6 each : and in Kegs, well secured, to prevem
loss through exposure, 28 lbs., 8/6 ; 56 lbs., 13/6 ; na lbs., 22/6
CORRY'S SPECIAL
Chrysanthemum Manure
Sold in Tins, I/-, 2/6, 6/6, and Bags, i cwt., 10/6 ; * cwt., 18/- ; I cwt., 32/-
For Fumigating in Greenhouses. "LETHORION"
Improved Metal Cones
Registered No. 62,597
To destroy Insect Pests. The Candle attached to each Oon« only needs lighting, and there is no further trouble. They are most efficacious.
No. I. For frames and "leant-to's" up to 1,000 cubic feet. Price, 6d. each.
No. 2. P'or small greenhouses up to 1,500 cubic feet. Price, 8d. each.
No. 3. For a well secured house of 2,000 to 2,500 cubic feet. Price, 1/- each.
Fowl
er s
.awn
Sand
This preparation is for destroying Daisies and other weeds on lawns,
and at the same time stimulating the growth of the grass. If one tia
is tried as a sample, its value will be at once appreciated. Sales are
largely increasing.
Tins, 1/-, 2/6, and 6/- each ; Kegs, i cwt., 8/6 ; i cwt., 16/- ;
I cwt., 30/-
ELLIOTT'S
'Summer Cloud' Shading
Registered Trade Mark No. 14,620. (The only genuine original and Improved article)
For Greenhouses. A pleasant green shade is given to the glass In packets, 1/- for 100 feet of glass, and 2/0 each for 300 feet.
Sole Manufacturers :
CORRY & CO., Ltd.
LON DON
SOLD BY ALL NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN
Xll
IRISH GARDENING.
per tree, and a third ai thirty shillings for the lot. One poor law guardian said that they were not worth this, and they had not been pruned for many years, so were in a bad state. The one at thirty shiUings was aec-epted. A guardian said that "any labouring man could do it easily in a day, and such ignorance as was disj)layed by some of the members on fruit growing was really shameful, besides the injustice to the profession of gardening. — M. .T. Byrne.
Civic Exhibition, Ireland, 1914.
I'residcHt : His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant of
Ireland. Sir,— The condition of the housin g of the working classes, and the i)roblem of the poor in Dublin, have been brought into lurid prominence during the last few months and strikingly revealed by the Report of the Local Government Board Housing Inquiry Committee. From a hundred quarters the cry has been repeated: " something must be done— things cannot and must not be left as they are." What to do, and how to do it, are the questions confronting us.
It was decided at this Conference to hold a Civic Exhibition in Dublin during the summer and autumn months of the present year, at which all that concerns the welfare of the citizen should be illustrated.
The Linen HaU Buildings, off Capel Street, have been placed at the disposal of the Committee by the Commissioners of Public Works.
The purpose of the Exhibition is to illustrate methods of dealing with the main problems which concern municipal life, sucli as the housing
of the people, public health and prevention of disease, city slums and how to abolish them, lighting and cleansing, means of transport, iipkeep of streets and roads, parks, open spaces and playgrounds, water supply, milk and food supplies and inspection, care of the sick and poor, hospitals and benevolent institutions, the educa- tion of the young, the care of school childreji. continuation and technical schools, museums and schools of art, i)ublic libraries and reading rooms and the whole business and industrial life of the city.
There is an earnest desire on the part of thosi' interested that a carefully considered l)lan should be laid down for the improvement of Dublin, so that in the future its character as a beautiful and dignified capital may be enhanced, whilst making provision for the development of its industries, and for the accommodation of its workers in healthy and conveniently situated dwellings.
His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant has generously offered a prize of £500 for the best plan towards the fulfilment of these objects, on thr understanding that the competition will be adjudicated upon by experts of international reputation.
A Guarantee Fund and a Donation Fund hav*- been opened, and the Hon. Treasurers invite your liberal support.
Signed by order and on behalf of the Executive Committee :
ISHBEL Aberdeen (Chairman).
Ross Houston (Hon. Sec, pro tern.).
LoRCAN Sherlock, i
Lord Mayor of Dublin, f lion.
Michael F. Cox, i Treasurers.
William .1. Thompson, )
D
EPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND
TRAINING IN— Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture Creamery Management, &c- ;:
^ Persons who desire to attend any of the Courses in the above-mentioned subjects, to be provided by the Department during the year 1914-15, should apply with- out delay for prospectuses, &c., to
THE SECRETARY. Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Upper Merrion St., Dublin
(1) Will do ten times the woik in a fia<:tiiin of the til (21 Will do it more romplelely, mure thontwjhly, and i
no \vH«te of rtu' " (3) Is iis simple
Priceb from 12/6. List C3 from
H. Hartjen & Co, ==^?iS."* London, E.
Glorious Begonias
Winners of Cold Medal at International Exhibition, 1012 Winners of Cold Medal atChent International Exhibition, 1913
AWARDED 36 GOLD MEDALS.
For Exhibition, Greenhouse, and Conservatory Decoration, Hanging Baskets and Bedding
Double Seed, 2s. 6d. & 5s. Smgle, Is., 2s. 6d. & 5s.
OTHER SPECIALITIES :
Border Carnations, Perpetual Flower- ing Carnations, Cyclamen, NOBLE DELPHINIUMS, Lily of the Valley, Blue Primrose, Polyanthus, Violets,
&c., &c.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOCUE FREE ON APPLICATION
BLACKMORE & LANGDON
_ ,,^ BATH
If you have a garden you will 'want
"ABOL
n
INSECTICIDE
NON=POISONOUS The World's Best Pest Destroyer.
The one never failing remedy for insects and diseases in gardens and greenhouses. Safe, certain, and reliable. Unequalled for MILDEW ON ROSES and other plants. Used at Royal Gardens, Kew, Hampton Court and at White City.
1 pt., 1/- ; pt., 1/6 ; qt., 2/6 ; J gall, 4/-; gall., 7/6.
PATENT SYRINGES
Specially Recommended by
THE NATIONAL ROSE SOCIETY.
Give just the right spray for applying washes eiffciently and with absolute economy. Vary spray from fine to medium or coarse, as desired.
Now fitted with extra rings on the barrel to take the spare caps — thus the " Abol " is as perfect as it is possible for a sprayer to be.
No. 4 (1 X 14). 8/6 ; No. 5 (1 X 20). 10/6. No. 6 (I I X 20). 14/6. Bend. 1 /6 extra
**ABOL" FERTILIZER
Very highly concentrated, and much more Economical, and Efficacious than any other. Imparts a wonder- ful and lasting benefit to all vegeta- tion— is quick and sure in effect.
Tins, €d. and 1/-, postage 6d extra ; 7 lbs.. 2 6 ; 14 lbs., 4/6 . Bags, 28 lbs, 7/6 ; ,5() lbs. 12/-: 112 lbs, 18/-;
A 32 pp. Treatise on Garden Pests and Diseases, fully illustrated, will be sent to any reader
GRATIS AND POST FREE.
OF ALL NURSERYMEN IRONMONGERS, &c. :
or Sole PropK. and Mfrs.
E. A. WHITE, Ltd. 9 Beltring, Paddock Wood, Kent.
"ABOL WORMKILLER
The very best for earthworms on Putting and Bowling Greens, Garden Tennis and Croquet Lawns, NON- POISONOUS.
Tin, 1/- ; post 6d. e.xtra. 7 lbs., 1/9 ; 14 ibs 3/- ; 28 lbs., 5/- ; 56 Ibs , 7/6 ; 112 lbs., 12 - ; .") cwt. £2,17/6 ; 10 cwt. £3/15 ; 1 ton, £7.
Buttons
COLLECTIONS OF
VEGETABLE & FLOWER SEEDS
/W^ One of these Collections, composed of the finest seed, ' I 1/ selected with great care and packed in the right quantity ^//^ to prevent waste, will certainly meet your requirements for the coming year, and save the worry entailed in selecting the varieties and quantities to suit your Garden
M
FOR GARDENS OF ALL SIZES
f
"Parcel Post" Collections of Vegetable Seeds only,
22 Varieties 5/-; o2 Varieties 7 6 ;ii) ,,, 10 6; 4;i „ 12 6
" Parcel Post " Collections of Vegetable and Flower Seeds.
22 varsof Vegetat>le!Seedsit 8 \ar^of Flower Seed.s 7/- 12 10/-
18 : 14-
, 24 ,. 17 6
" Rail " Collections of Vegetable Seeds only.
From 21 - to £10 IDs.
Collections of Flower Seeds only.
!• roni 2 6 to £3 3s.
CARRIAGE FREE
Full particulars on application . . .
SUTTON & SONS
THE KING'S SEEDSMEN
READING=
■^
Irish Show Fixtures for 1914.
This list is intended to assist societies in selecting dates for their shows by indicating the arrange- ments which have already been made and pre- venting the clashing of show dates.
Secretaries will greatly oblige by sending the earliest possible intimation of their fixtures and of any change which takes place in their arrange- ments.
April 15 R. H. S. I., Spring Show, Ballsbridge. Sec, E. Knowldin, 5 Molesworth Street, Dublin. „ 23 Co. Clare Horticultural Society, Spring Show, Ennis. July 10 R. H. S. I., Summer Show, Lord Iveagh's Grounds. Dublin. 15 Lucan, Saggart and Clondalkin Show.
Hon. Sec, Mrs. R. Shackleton. 18 Terenure and District Horticultural Society, Terenure, Dublin. Hon. Sec, A. Phipps, Esq., St. Ann's, Kimmage Road, Dublin. 23 Fethard Flower and Industrial Society's Show, Lakefield, Fethard. Hon. Sec, Rev. R. C. Patten.
29 Stillorgan and Foxrock Horticultural Society, at The Paddock, Leopards- town.
30 Killarney Flower and Industrial Society, Killarney. Hon. Sec, J. Henry, Esq., Danesfort Cottage, Killarney.
30 Co. Clare Horticultural Society, Ennis. Summer Show, Ennis. Hon. Sec, Rev. R. "Scott, The Manse, Ennis, Co. Clare. Aug. 5 Portumna Horticultural and Indus- trial Show. Hon. Sec, Rev. J. Griffin, Clonturbert Rectory, Bal- linasloe.
Aug. 5 Warrenpoint Flower vShow. Hon. Sec, Dr. George W. Connor, The Cottage, \Varr('ni>oint , Co. Down.
,, 13 Co. Galvvay llorticuKui-al Show, Ballinasloi!. Hon. Sec, Miss
O'Shaughnessy, Birch Grove, Bal- linasloe.
„ 15 Naas District Horticultural Society, Naas. Hon. Sec, Dr. O'Donel Browne, Gortnagrena, Naas.
„ 25 R. H. S. I., Autunm Show, Lord
Iveagh's Grounds, Dublin.
Sept. 3 Kilkenny Horticultural Society, St.
James's Park, Kilkenny. Hon. Sec,
Miss F. E. Butler, Lavistown House.
Flower Show for Warrenpoint.
The Warrenpoint Entertainment and Improve- ment Committee have decided to hold a flower show in Warrenpoint on the first Wednesday in August next. A schedule of exhibits has been compiled, and it is both comprehensive and varied. Professional nurserymen and amateurs are invited to compete, separate sections being provided for each. In the nvirserymen's section two silver cups and a gold medal are to be awarded as first prizes, and it is anticipated that the various classes under this heading will be well filled. The amateur classes include exhibits of flowers and plants of all kinds in season at the time, and the prizes offered are valuable and generous. Hon Sec. of the Flower Show Com- mittee— Dr. George W. Connor, The Cottage, Warrenpoint.
Co. Clare Horticultural Society.
At a general meeting of this society it was decided to change the date of the Spring Show from April 16th to April 23rd. Omng to his leaving Ennis, Mr. H. Bill was compelled to
DICKSON'S EMERALD LAWN GRASS SEED
Produces a Rich, Green, Velvety Turf, and is composed of the finest dwarf evergreen grasses Price 1/3 per lb. ; 14/6 per stone
THE DICKSON LAWN MOWER
The lightest and most durable moderate-priced Mower in the market, British make, and guaranteed to give satisfaction lo-inch, 28/6 ; i2-inch, 32/6 14-inch, 36/6; i6-inch, 40/-
Alex. Dickson & Sons, Ltd.
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61 DAWSON STREET, DUBLIN
APPOINTED BY
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For particulars apply for List No. H'i.
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IPSWICH
The oldest .and moat eJipericnced ftiiii in the I.awn Mower Trade
SWEET PEAS
Exhibition Sorts. Per packet, 6d. Twelve Sorts for 5f-
Barbara
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Elfrida Pearson Melba
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Mrs. Cuthbertson Mrs. Hugh Dickson Scarlet Emperor Thomas Stevenson Vermilion Brilliant
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10 DAME STREET DUBLIN
THIS TWO-LIGHT FRAME made to standard
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PRICE 30I- packed free on Boat.
7,650
Farm Workers & Domestic Servants
WANTED FOR
ONTARIO and QUEBEC
CANADA
The first Labour Demand Circular of the Canadian Department of the In- terior for Season 1914 contains parti- culars of no fewer than 7,650 vacancies at stated places, and Good Wages for
Workers on the Land, and Domestic Servants,
in theProvinces of Ontario and,Quebec All the other Provinces present similar details of opportunities.
The second Labour Demand Circular
containing further opportunities is
already in print.
iCANADA ALSO OFFERS 1 60 ACR E S FREE.
For free maps, pamphlets and full official
information apply to :
Mr. J. OBED SMITH
Assistant Su/ycrintcfuicnt of Einigrafion,
11-12-13 CHARING CROSS, S.W.
or to the C.inailian (jovcrnintiit .\gcnt, 44 Dawson Street, Dublin, or any I.iccnseil Booking Agent
XVI
IRISH OAKDENING
resign the secretaryship, but the society was extremely fortunate in being able to secure the services of the Rev. R. Scott as his successor. As Mr. Scott is one of the most capable amateur gardeners in Ireland, and has had extensive show experience, great hopes may be entertained for the future prospects of tlie society. The Hon. Edward O'Brien Was ele-ted to succeed Cajitain Cooke, R.E. (who is also leaving Knnis). on the Conimittee.
Catalogues-
Garden Flowers and Alpines from Messrs. William Watson & Sons, Clontarf. — This catalogue seems to improve year by year, and now contains good collections of both alpine and herbaceous plants. The novelty list is an interesting one, containing many good things. Achillea Perry's White, which may be described as an improvement on the Pearl, and will be a valuable i)lant for cutting and exhibiting in cut flower collections : Avibrietias, Lloyd Edwards and Peter Barr aro two outstanding new varieties : Campanulas and many other good plants follow. The new Red .JasnTinum is only fit for botanical collections. The florists' flowers include Border Carnations, early flowering Chry-anthemums, Dahlias, Pentstemons, a fine collection of Delphiniums, &c., with some good shrubs and climbers at the end.
Cheal's Dahlias and Spring Flowers. — This firm has one of the best collections of Dahlias in the United Kingdom, and claimed many of the leading awards and gold medals last season. Crawley Star which is one of their novelties^, is a
clear rose-pink single of a new type called the Cos- mea flowered Daliha. Among other awards it has received a fii'st-class certificate from the National Dahlia Society. The new C'actus Dahlia offered are selected with stiff ere<;t stems to be of value in the garden as well as on the show board. There is a large list of Cactus varieties., loUowed by the Pom})on Cactvis, singles, paeony flowered collarette and all the known types of the Dahlia family, while at the end of the catalogue are early flowering Chrysanthemums. N'iolas and bedding plants.
Messrs. James Crispin & Sons, F.R.II.S. , Nelson Street, Bristol, inform us that they arc exhibiting at the Royal Dublin Society's Show on April 15. They are well known as Horticultural Builders, Heating and Ventilating Engineers. Catalogues may be obtained on application.
Weed Worries'
From now on garden and pirk walks, avenues, &c., will be producing their spring crop of weeds, and the unfortunate aspect of the matter is that al! available labour is required for other work than sou 'fling these walks. However, science has come to the rescue, and has given us weed killing preparations, which reduce the labour necessary to destroy the weeds to a minimum. There is no doubt that of these preparations Smith's " Perfect " Weed Killer (Liquid and Powder) holds a premier place, and the Irish Agent (D. M. Watson, 61 South Great George's Street, Dublin) finds the demand still increasing. This is mainly the result of satisfied users recommending Smith's Weed Killer to their friends. Another thing which has stood to Smith's Weed Killer is
Smith's "Perfect" Patent Powder
WEED KILLER
MARVELLOUS INVENTION
^
MOST EFFECTIVE
Nothing like it ever seen before
TESTIMONY
Enniscorthy. The Powder Weed Killer I got from you last month is the best I ever used.
Glenellen, Miltown
Your Weed Killer is the
only one I ever tried that is
any use. Yours never fails
— L. Ceeaghe Creaghe-
H OWABD
Soluble in Cold Water. All Tins Free. No Return Empties
4 Tins when mixed with water will cover about 400 square yards. 1 Tin, sufficient to make 25 gallons £0 19
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4 Tins ,, |
100 „ 0 |
6 6 |
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8 Tins |
200 „ 0 12 6 Box |
3d. |
extra |
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12 Tins |
300 „ 0 17 0 „ |
4d. |
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20 Tins |
500 „ 17 0,, |
6d. |
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40 Tins |
1,000 ., 2 8 0,, |
Is. |
»» |
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Carriagre |
Paid |
on 8 Tins and upwards to Stations In Ireland. |
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SMITH'S LIQUID WEED KILLER |
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Due gallon to make 25 gallons for use |
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1 gallon |
1 |
9 0 gallons 9 6 16 gallons |
1 |
2 |
0 |
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2 ,, |
3 |
6 8,, 12 6 18 |
1 |
5 |
0 |
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3 „ |
5 |
0 10 „ 14 0 20 |
1 |
7 |
0 |
||
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4 „ |
6 |
6 12 „ 17 0 40 |
2 |
8 |
0 |
||
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5 „ |
8 |
0 Carriage Paid on 8 gallons and upwards. |
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■ Gallons |
when mixed will cover an urea of about 400 square yf |
irds. |
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louble Strength (1 to 50) PRICES - |
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1 gallon |
3 |
6 5 gallons 13 6 |
16 gallons |
38 |
0 |
||
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2 |
6 |
6 |
6 „ 16 0 |
20 „ |
46 |
0 |
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3 ., |
9 |
3 |
8 „ 21 0 |
40 „ |
88 |
0 |
|
|
4 |
11 |
6 |
10 .. 25 0 |
Carriage Paid on 4 gallons & upwards. Drums and Casks cbarsod exira, but full price allowed when returned in Rocd condition, carriage paid
IRISH AGENT-
NOTICE. These Preparations are Poisonous Sole Proprietors, MARK SMITH, Ltd.
D. M. WATSON, M.P.S.,"°ch::;,''sr'61 south Great George's street
Telephone, 1971
DUBININ
Insecticides, Fungicides, Fumigants, Spraying Machines, &c.
IRISH GARDENING.
XV 11
the fact that the solution is a much stronger one than many on the market, and that even when the prices of the ingredients advanced considerably (as they did a year or two ago) the full original strength has always been main- tained. Prices, &c., are given on page xvi of this issue, and it should be remembered that Mr. Watson also makes a speciality of all kinds of Insecticides, Fungicides, Vaporis- ing Compounds, Fertilizers, &c. In fact he has a fair claim to be considered the only specialist in Ireland in Horticultural Chemicals.
Preserving Labels.
Labkls and plant stakes are usually preserved, by tarring or painting the jjortion that goes into the ground ; but neither method can be said to be quite satisfactory, fungi and moisture often finding a way in, especially just above the surface soil. A German writer mentions a plan which appears to be practicable, simple, and inexpen- sive. When the stakes are thoroughly dry they are placed with their lower ends to soak in lime water for several days, after which they are taken out and allowed to dry. They are then painted over with dilute sulphuric acid and put in the svm to dry. This results in the formation in the treated wood of calcium sxilphate, or gypsum, which is almost insoluble in water, and faii'lyhard, and also is beneficial to ])lants on account of its richness in lime. This treatment of labels and stakes would require several years to test it satisfactorily, but it seems to serve the purpose admirably. The treatment might also prove useful for gate-posts, the ])rincipals of fences, &c:
Dublin Wholesale Markets.
For the past month there is very little that is fresh to record, and prices show but little altera- tion from the previovis month, with the exception of cabbages, which have droi)i)ed considerably. For them, indeed, it is high time that prices should assume a normal tone.
The markets are fairly well sui)i)lied with seasonable vegetables of all kinds, and active buying and satisfactory prices were the main features of the auctions. Most of the rhubarb now on sale is forwarded from home sources, the demand steady and brisk, and the high l)rices well maintained. Celery sold well, but its season is now over, while seakale and
(
Protects your Seeds and Seedling and Garden Beds from Slugs.
Protects your new sown Grass Seed from Birds.
Protects Garden Beds from Cats, Kats and Mice.
Put a little round every Seedling and Plant.
Put a little in every Seed Drill. Sprinkle a
little over every bed before digging over and
beddfng out.
For special Leaflet and Sample send to
THE SANITAS CO.,
Limehouse, London, E.
6d. and ij- Tins and /2/6 /t') C\<.t., from all Stores, Chemists, aiid Xurservmen.
THE TULLY NURSERY ::
KILDARE
IRELAND
UNDER NEW MANAGEMENT
Choice Alpine and Herbaceous Plants
CATALOGUES FREE
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KILDARE IRELAND
Largest Manufacturers
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For Catalogue giving complete particulars of Bentley's Weed Destroyers Bentley*s Daisy Killer Bentley's Plant and Fruit :: Tree Washes ::
Bentley's Fungicides and :: ;: Fumigants :: :: Bentley's Fertilisers, &c.
. . Write to . .
Joseph Bentley, Limited (q
MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS
wSsf' Barrow-on-Humber, HULL.
Asparagus are taking its place. Brussels sprouts, an excellent crop all through, were carefully ami neatly marketed, and comnuDided a ready sale. Broccoli and Irish seakale are well in demand, and scallions are now arriving in small quantities.
Fruits from home sources are mostly conlined to apples of the variety Bramley's Seedling, packed in barrels and bushel boxes bearing the label of the Ulster Fruit (irowers' Association. They hail chiefly from Armagh. Other small consignments of very select lots in two and three dozen boxes were also in evidence throughout the month, and realised fancy prices. The markets continue to be supplied with foreign. Colonial, and cross-channel fruits, and are easily disposed of at handsome prices, especially tho.se from the Cape. Samples of tomatoes are arriving from the Canary Islands.
Spring flowers are arriving in large quantities, ])articularly from Guernsey and Scilly. There is an abundant and bright display of good Daffodils in variety. Tuli])s in a varied assort- ment of colours, both double and single, are also good and plentiful.
There is a brisk demand for Violets, i)articidarly home-grown, as the Continental reach the market with a good deal of their original fresh- ness and sweetness lost. Other flowers, flower- ing plants, and foliage subjects were much the same as last month, and met with an active demand.
The hucksters ])lied a lively trade in the " dear little Shamrock " (Tara and Vinegar Hill varieties ?) for the few weeks preceding Patrick's Day. Indeed, the salesmen got a poor show ir the competition.
|
The following |
is a price list for the |
luonth : |
— |
||
|
Fruit. |
|||||
|
Apples — |
, |
:'"'rom |
T( |
||
|
Bramley's |
s. |
d. |
s. |
d. |
|
|
Seedling |
l>er barrel ( Ists) |
28 |
0 |
35 |
0 |
|
,, ,, |
per bushel ,, |
5 |
0 |
8 |
V. |
|
per dozen |
1 |
() |
2 |
0 |
|
|
American |
per barrel |
:{2 |
0 |
3(5 |
9 |
|
(,Trapes(('olmar's |
) per lb. Vegetablks. |
1 |
4 |
2 |
() |
|
Artichokes |
per float |
1 |
l» |
I |
9 |
|
As|)aragus |
per bunch |
2 |
(5 |
3 |
() |
|
Cabbage (York) |
per large load |
!J |
0 |
15 |
9 |
|
,, (Savoy) |
per large load |
/ |
0 |
14 |
9 |
|
Carrots |
per doz. bunches |
1 |
0 |
1 |
:'. |
|
Celery (White) |
per dozen |
1 |
<j |
2 |
9 |
|
Cauliflowers |
per flasket (Ists) |
:5 |
0 |
5 |
9 |
|
Lettuce |
per dozen |
u |
4 |
(1 |
8 |
|
I^eeks |
per biuich |
0 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
|
Scallions |
per bunch |
0 |
() |
0 |
19 |
|
White Turnips |
per bunch |
0 |
-1 |
0 |
8 |
|
Sprouts |
per float |
1 |
<j |
3 |
9 |
|
Rhvibarb |
per dozen |
0 |
10 |
1 |
tj |
|
Seakale |
per bunch |
2 |
3 |
3 |
9 |
|
Parsuiijs |
l)er doz. bunches |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
Pineapples |
each FlOWER!?. |
?, |
n |
3 |
() |
|
Arum Lilies |
per dozen |
1 |
6 |
2 |
(j |
|
Carnations |
per dozen |
1 |
6 |
2 |
9 |
|
Freesias |
per doz. bunches |
2 |
0 |
?> |
9 |
|
Anemones |
l)er doz. bunches |
0 |
9 |
1 |
i) |
|
Daffodils |
per doz. bimches |
2 |
0 |
3 |
() |
|
Tulips |
per doz. bunches |
1 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
|
Violets |
per doz. bunches |
0 |
8 |
1 |
9 |
|
Shamrock |
per basket |
0 |
9 |
1 |
9 |
|
. |
— ==T- |
~/ |
|
GT.AI] Standard Collection REINE BLANCHE PINK BEAUTY HOLLANDIA MRS. FRANCIS KING FAUST BARON HULOT ANNIE WIGMAN |
^lOLI Special Collection LILY LEHMANN AMERICA HALLEY PRINCEPS EMPRESS OF INDIA BARON HULOT CANARY BIRD WILLY WIGMAN |
|
Seven distinct colours, i of cacli for 4/- Write for comple R. WALLACE & ( |
Eight distinct shades, 3 of eacli for 7/6 te list, post free :0., COLCHESTER. |
CENTRAL.
Many friends who wished to avail themselves of our experience and first-class workman- ship have been deterred in the past by our out-of-the-way location
(L We are now in the heart of the City, on the ground floor, with better facilities than ever for giving first-class service in
PHOTO BLOCKS & LINE BLOCKS
Irish Photo Engraving Co.
50 Middle Abbey St., DUBLIN
'phone, 4132 (Late Oriel House, Westland Row.)
Guaranteed Garden Tools.
THE "G.S.A" HALF-GUINEA SET
Comprising' -
1. Bright and Blued Hoe, 6 in. Blade, Riveted Eye
Tans. 5 ft. Ash Handle.
2. Half-bright Steel Spade, 5 by 8 J in. Blade, lliveted I
Straps, Riveted Eye Handle.
3. Riveted Garden Rake, 12 Teeth, Riveted Eye
Socket, 5 ft. Ash Handle. ■1. Elastic Steel Garden Fork, 4 Prong, Riveted Straps, Riveted E.\e Handle.
5. Blight and Blued Garden Trowel, 6 in. Blade, Bright
Ferrule, Poli.shed Handle, Length 11 in. over all A\
6. 3 Prong Weeding Fork, Bright Ferrule, Polished /jfl'i;
Handle, Length IT m. over all ml
7. Dutch Hoe, 5 in. Bright Steel Blade, Bright Ferrule, ////
5 ft. Ash Han.lle. (///
Best Material, very strong-, Highly finished. MON?:v KEADir.^ i;i;i-rMilii) IK dissa^tiki kii
Write fur our List. Carriajic
Grov/'ers Supply Association, Ld. , BOULTON WORKS (A) BIRMINGHAM 10/6
WINDOW GLASS
Polished Plate for Shop Windows.
Horticultural Glass at Lowest Rates
DEATH TO THE WEEDS !
HOYTE'S WEED KILLER.
strongly Recommended for the Destruction of Weedt, tfc. Price, 2S. per g^allon ; 5 gallons, is. 6d. per g-allon ; ID gfallons, IS. 3d. per gallon ; Original 40-ganon casks, IS. per gallon.
HOYTE & SON, The city of Dublin Drug H«ll. 17 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN
Please mention this Paper
THE POPULARITY OF XL ALL SPECIALITIES increases every year. All gardeners proclaim that nothing equals these celebrated preparations. XL ALL NICOTINE VAPORISING COMPOUND, the gardener's favourite Fumigant, both Liquid and cake. XL ALL NICOTINE INSECTICIDE WASH for Syringmg, Dipping, and Dressing Fruit Trees and Plants. Mealy Bug, Scale, &c., cannot exist where this is used. XL ALL INSECTICIDE WASH B {sine Nicotine), best
non-poisonous Wash on the market. Other Preparations of great Renown are XL ALL GRUB KILLER for digging in when the soil is fallow. RICHARD'S WORM KILLER, for lawns, both non- poisonous. Don't forget to ask your Nurseryman or Seedsman for mj' small pink list=
G. H. RICHARDS, Manufacturer, 234 Borough High Street, London, S.E.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING
DESIGNING, Laying out and Planting of New and Renovating of Old Gardens. The Making and Planting of Rock Gardens, Rockeries, Water and Bog Gardens, and Pergolas a Speciality. Plans Prepared. Estimates Free.
RICHARD C. McM. SMYTH, F.R.H.S.
Mount Henry
Dalkey, Co. Dublin
SANKEYlS^SS'^POTS
"^"Ghe 3EST and ChcapcsK
State quantity of each size required and have "carriage pai<L" quotation ("carriage" frequently amounts to half, value ol
goods)) or write for Price List, free.
SPECIAL POTS of all descriptions. Biilb BowU and Fern
Pani from 2d. each.
RtCHARD SANKE)rASON,LT?,
Bulwcll PoU-cries. f>IOTriA/GfiAM.r
GARDEN APPLIANCES
Rose Trainers, Umbrellas, Trellis for Walls and Lawns, Seats. Arbours, Tubs, Arches . . . Silver Medal International Ex- hibition, 1912. Illustrated Listen appUcation.
W. Walters & Co., Morland Rd. , Croydon
ENGLAND. _
Wood Lath Greenhouse Blinds a Speciality
AUTO-SHREDS t^S5".^o
Leaf-mining Maggots, Mealy Bug and all Pests infesting plants under glass, &c. Simple to use, no appara' us required. In Boxes to Fumigate 1,00.-' cubic feet, 6d.; lo.ooo cubic feet, 38. 6d. each. Obtained of Seedsmen and Florists ; if unobtainable apply direct —
WM. DARLINGTON & SONS,
Ltd.
Wholesale Horticultural Sundriesmen, HACKNEY, LONDON, N.E. Trade Terms and Catalogue of Sundries upon recrlpt of business card
Dooks on Gardening, Vegetable Culture, Greenhouse -L' Management, and all other subjects. Second hand at half prices. New 25 % discount. Catalogue, NO. 992, free. State wants. Books bought. W. «& G. FOYLE, 121 Charing Cross Rd., London,
IF YOU HAVE A GLASS ROOF THAT LEAKS, a Conservatory to repair, or any kind of glazing work to be done, Carson's Plastine will save money, time, worry and annoyance consequent on the use of ordinary putty, which cracks, crumbles, and decays. It saves the expense of constant renewals. Carson's Wood Preservative in green and brown, for Palings, Trellis Work, &c. The best paint for Greenhouses is "Vitrolite." Write for Catalogue. Carson's, 22 Bachelor's Walk, Dublin.
"Vj'OW is the time to plant Kelwav's lovely Gladioli. l.\ Never before have Kelway's, the champion growers of this lovelj- autumn-flowering bulb, been able to offer such a wide collection of beautiful varieties. They have made a speciality of the cultivation of the Gladiolus for over 50 years, and their experience has enabled them to produce combination of size, form, and brilliant colouring which cannot be duplicated. For decoration of all kinds the Gladiolus is pre-eminent. Offer of collection of named sorts — Collection 3. 4os. per 100 ; Collection 6, 12s. per dozen. Carriage and packing free for remittance with order. KELWAY & SON, The Royal Horticultnrists LANGPORT— SOMERSET.
PERPETUAL TREE CARNATIONS. Well rooted cut- tings, including Enchantress, Britannia, May Day, Pink Imperial, White Perfection, Mrs. Buniett, 3s. doz., carriage free. — Sanford's Ltd., Hall Green Nurseries, Birmmgham. CHRYSANTHEMUiLS. Good, strong-rooted cuttings, iucludmg Singles, Felicity, Mrs. W. Buckingham, R. Milner, Mensa, Countess Egmond, Lady Furness. Decoratives — Mrs. Root.s, Romance, Market Red, Tuxedo, December Gold, D. Ingamclis, Is. 6d. per doz., free. — Sanford's Ltd., Hall Green Nurseries, Birmingham.
ROCK AND ALPINE PLANTS. Good clumps Aubrietia, Sedums, Saxifrages, &c., 2s. doz., free. — Sanford's Ltd., Hall Green Nurseries. Birmingham.
BIRDS SCARED.— Rotless Tanned Netting. Small mesh ; very superior ; as su])plied by us to the Royal Gardens. Satisfaction or cash refunded. 100 x 1 yard, 3/9 ; 2 yards, 7/6 ; 3 yards. 11/3 : 4 yards, 15/- ; 50 x 6 vard.s, 11 3 : 25 x 8 vards, 7/G ; carriage paid. An}"" length and width supplied. POTTER BROS. (Dept. T.), Shrewsbury. Estd. 58 years.
LAWN MOWERS.— Nothing to equal them, only 12/6; Garden Rollers, 37/6 ; Seats, 8/6 ; Barrows, 14/6 ; Water Barrows. 20 gallon, 25/6 ; Garden Hose, 60 feet, 9/11. Get our free list and save money. POTTER BROS. { Dept. T. ), Shrewsbury.
TENNIS ■ COURT NETTING.— Rotless : Superior. Strong Tarred Top and Bottom Lines. 25 x 2 vards, 6/- ; 3 vards. 7/-: 4 vards, 8/-. Tents, 22/-. Armv Bell Tents, all complete, 37/6. Officers^ Tents, 50/ . POTTER BROS. (Dept. T.), Shrewsbury.
County Londonderry Committee of Agriculture
Horticultural Instructor wanted.
The Committee require the services of an Instructor in Horticulture? whose quahflcations must be approved by the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. Salary at the rale of £100 per annum, with expenses of locomotion. Applications on the prescribed Forms, with copies of three recent testimonials, must be forwarded to the undersigned not later than the 16th May, 1914, from whom full particulars may be obtained.
T. K. CALDWELL. Sec, Courthouse, Coleraine
D
EPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND
TRAINING IN— Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture Creamery Management, &c. ::
^ Persons who desire to attend any of the Courses in the above-mentioned subjects, to be provided by the Department during the year 1914-13, should apply,; with- out delay for prospectuses, &c., to
THE SECRETARY, Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Upper Merrion St., Dublin
11
IRISH GARDENING
PHYTOPHILINE & YITIPHILINE
Non-Poisonous INSECTICIDES, free from Nicotine, Alcohol, Etiier and Arsenic
Effective, Reliable, Economical, and Perfectly Harmless to the Plants and the Operator
THEREFORE
A BOON TO HORTICULTURISTS.
For Black and Green Aphis, Fly, Thrips, Scale, Caterpillars, American Blight, &<:., USE PHYTOPHILINE. For Red or Grey Spider, Mealy Bug, Fungi on Palms or Azaleas, Mildew or Rust on Roses, Chrysanthemums, Peaches,
«c., USE VITIPHILINE.
Free sample on application, also prices and instructions for use from
CHARLESWORTH & CO., ^P^^lists, Haywards Heath
SUSSEX
Lissadell Alpine and Herbaceous Plants
All the newest and best varieties at moderate
prices. Write for our new Illustrated and
Descriptive Catalogue.
J. A. COOPER, Lissadell, SLIGO
PERPETUAL FLOWERING (AMERICAN) CARNATIONS.
1 Bhall be pleased to send my 1914 catalogue to all interested in these Carnations. I grow 250,000 flowering plants, and my stocli is in perfect condition.
INSPECTION INVITED
C. ENGELMANN, Saffron Walden, ESSEX
JAMES CRISPIN & SONS, f.r.h.s.
FOR ALL CLASSES OF GLASSHOUSES AND :: HEATING APPARATUS.
Carnation, &c., House, 22 ft. by 11 ft. For :: Brickwork Base, ;:
£45 O O
CARRIAGE PAID
Price includes Plant :: :: Stages :: ::
Please write for Catalogue
Head Office: Nelson St., BRISTOL
Ranges of Glasshouses, complete with Heating Apparatus, Tanks, Peach and Vine Trainers, Wood, Iron, or Slate Staging, Potting and Boiler Houses, with every modern accessory.
ENQUIRIES INVITED FOR
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES SUN LOUNGES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, CARNATION HOUSES, &c.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST FHKK ON APPLICATION
HEATING AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY
INSTALLED IN PUBLIC BLILDINGS: MANSIONS HORTICLLTLRAL BLILDINGS &c., &c. ^^_^____ Schemes and Estimates Free
'^^^^ flP^ GARDEN FRAMES
In great variety always in Stock
PRICKS ON APi'LICATIdN
NORWICH
ENGLAND
LIMITJI)
MODERN . . GLASSHOUSES
Superior in Design :: Material, Construction and above all utility.
WOOD LATH and SCRIM BLINDS :
IN EVERY VARIETY.
For Shading CONSERVATORIES,^ GREENHOLSES. &c.
Our Shadinjjs are recommended hy Horticultural Authorities.
BOULTON & PAUL,
WINDOW GLASS
Polished Plate for Shop Windows.
Horticultural Glass at Lowest Rates
DEATH TO THE WEEDS !
HOYTE'S WEED KILLER.
Strengly Rtcommended for iht Dettnution af Weeds, &'e. Price, 2s. per gallon ; 5 gallons, is. 6d. per gallon ; 10 gallons, IS. 3d. per gallon ; Original 40-gallon casks, IS. per gallon.
HOYTE & SON, The City of Dublin Drug Hall. 17 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN
Please mention this Paper
Guaranteed Garden Tools
THE "G.S.A" HALF-GUINEA SET
Comprising'—
1. Bright and Blued Hoe, 6 in. Blade Riveted Eye
Tang, 0 ft. Ash Handle.
2. Half-bright Steel Spade, 5 hy 8? in. Blade Riveted
Straps, Eiveted Eye Handle. :j. Itiveted Garden Kakc, 12 Teeth Riveted Eye
Socket, .5 ft. Ash Handle. 4. Elastic Steel Garden Fork, i Prong, Riveted Straps,
Riveted Eye Handle. .3. Bright and Blue<l Garden Trowel, 6 in. Blade, Bright
Ferrule, Polished Hamllo, I^njith H in. over all.
6. .3 Pronji Weeding Fork, Brieht Ferrule, Polished
Handle, Length 17 ni. over all.
7. Dutch Hoe, 5 in. Briglit Steel Blade, Bright Ferrule,
5 ft. Ash Handle.
Best Material, very strong, highly finished.
MONEY READILY KEFINDEI) IF I)ISS.\TISFI El i
Write for our List. Carriage
Growers Supply Association, Ld. BOULTON WORKS (A) BIRMINCAHM 10/6
f l-^^L
Paid
APPOINTED BY
ROYAL WARRANT
RANSOMES'
LAWN MOWERS
The Best in the World
Possess improvements embodied in no other Machines ::
HAND POWER MACHINES, m all kmds
and .sizes to suit every user. HORSE AND PONY MACHINES, the best large Matliines.
Motor Mowers, Lawn Sweepers, Garden Rollers, Edge Trimmers, Golf Rollers, &c., &c.
1 or particulars ,applv U'T List No. .'i:i.
RANSOMES, SIMS &JEFFERIES, Ltd.
IPS^VICH
The oldest and most •xpericnced flrm in the liawn Mower Trade
KINGSTOWN ^ FLOWER SHOW
WEDNESDAY, 15th JULY, 1914
Sihedule of Prizes. &c., from The Secretary, Kingstown Horticultural Society. Technical School, Kintfstown
^fflTH'S MANURES l^iii/^
A I/"
(By Post, 1 4)
FAMOUS
FOR 4G V€ ARS Can now be obtained of all Seedsmen in sealed " BUMPFR
UNIVERSAL MANURE for General Garden Use). SWEET PEA, "MUM," TOMATO, ROSE, VINE, CUCUMBER, DAHLIA, FRUIT,
1 - PACKAGES
BEGONIA, POTATO & LA\VN MANURES
One user secured 41 Prizes out of 41 Exhibits.
ALL IN 1 - PACKAGES. (BY POST, 14)
THE LARGEST IN THE MARKET
WITH'S MANURE CO., HEREFORD. OR OF ALL SEEDSMEN-
WATER GARDENING
One of our fields is a natural %vater garden and we have long cultivated in it a large collection of plants suitable for beautifying streamside or lake
NYMPH>EAS
Water lilies are an essential feature. Our list, showing the wide range of colour that the newer hybrids give, with notes on culture, depth of water required, &c., will be sent post free on application.
R. Wallace & Co., Colchester
Efficient, strong, and light — the ideal mowers for all purposes. The favourites of amateur gardeners and profes- sionals. Have secured Royal favour, and been awarded numerous gold medals and testimonials. Of all ironmongers and seedsmen. x^--
11 • Will do ten times tlie »■ rk in * fraction of the time. .2t Will do it Di'tre ri>mi4eteiy, uiore Utorouyhly, and vith
no »-aste of fluid (3' Ts as simple lo nse. and will save _its cost in a single
seast^n.
Prices from 12 '6. List C3 from
H. Hartjen & Co, 'yi"?,"" London, E.G.
— BRITISH COLUMBIA
A MOST PROSPEROUS CANADIAN PROVINCE.
THE ORCHARD OF THE EMPIRE.
A LAND OF FRUIT AND FLOWERS
Offers many inducements to Settlers, includiDg free
education and good laws Climate and Soil eminently suitable for — MIXED FARMING. FRUIT GROWING, DAIRYING. HORSE. HOG. AND CATTLE
RAISING AND POULTRY FARMING. Easily Accessible Maikets and Good Prices for all classes of Agricultural Produce
Production i estimated' from Agriculture,
in 1913, 24,000,000
SPECIAL LAND CONCESSIONS TO SETTLERS.
The Country for the Farmer with some Capital, and for eJl Classes of Agricul- tural Workers and Domestic Servants. Full particulars on application to — J. H. TURNER, A^ent-Ceneral for B.C., Salisbury House, Finsbury Circus, London.
EUREKA' WEED KILLER.
SAVES VEARY WEEDING.
50 gallons of mixed solution will kill all
weeds on 300 square yards of paths, &c.
POWDER. V- tin for II galls, solution ) Free Tins „ ^ and ) Casefc I— SO.
- drum free „ gd. extra .. I '6 ..
- ,. '16 M
- cask $/- „
>l 'OO >l
LIQUID.
I gallon 2 •
I „ - 3/6
3 >. - 6 6
5 .. - U-
o .. - 26/6
EUREKA' Insecticide, Lawn Sand, Bordeaux Mixture, Worm
Killer, Hayward's Summer Shade, "Eurekatine" fumigant, Ac
Lar«r -■ores rf atjofe articles at pr. .portiflnatel t lower pri«a
SOLD BY AGENTS
Fill li«t with b^<.klet, "Cheaiistjy in Garden and Greenhon»," of agents or The makers^
TOMLINSON & HAYWARD, Ltd., LINCOLN
DiTBLis AoEsis : T. McKenzJa* Son», Ltd.. 212 Gt. Bran.-wi^k 8t. ; W. F. Weill 4 Bon, 61 Uppei SackriUe St. : Sir J. W. Mackey, Lti. 13 Upper SaekvUI* St ;Ho^* Bobertson, Ltd., 2! Mary .-?t., it., *c
Wm. DUNCAN TUCKER £ Sons, Ltd.
RECIPIENTS OF LARGE GOLD MEDAL & DIPLOMA or HONOUR AT R.H.LE. 1912
Write for Horticultural Catalogue No. i8. Sent post free on application
Glasshouses of every description erected complete in any part of the country
LONDON OFFICE, 27 Cannon St., B.C.
Works— TOTTENHAM.
Stand PRE-EMiNENir
Make perfect Coif Greens, Tennis Courts
Bowling- Creersand Lawns. Recent awards seven Cold Medals^ nine
Silver Medals. Motor Lawn Mowers made in various sizes
Order Breen's Make, firmly refuse Suletitutes.
SCPPLIKD BY .*IX IeoNMOSoKILS.
Please Write for List No. 21.
THOMAS GREEN & SON, Ltd.
Smithfield Ironworks, Leeds. : New
Surrey Works, Southwark Street,
LONDON, S.E.
I READ ! !
on page 562 of ■ The tiarJener." S.P. number. Jan. 31. 1hi4. the last words of Mr. Victor Hamel's letter: " £ found MACKT.RETHS SWEET PEA MANURE very ?>»d indeed." "'\ T'fzs 561 theie was a portrait of Mr. Victor Hamel. " the boy .: ion of Xew Zealand " and some of his cups (5 trophies ,,„ ; :-.vo medals).
Mr. I.. C Holder, of Porirua, X. Z.. -- - - ' --^V"
■• Have onlv shciwn at one L-irge sho- Xew Zeala'nd Sx^ieTy. held st WolJi' ^
won the three classes in " ' ■ • • , .
trophy, value io iiuinea- 12 vases : ■)!< siiineas tr;
with thf usual mixture "i -.:■.. mi.-, : - !---;i.-r,' 1 felt ratiier pleased."
I MAINTAIN MY SP. S. P. MANURE PUTS THE FINISHING TOUCHES ON !
May be had from Messrs. Edniondson Bros., 10 Dame Street. Iiu'blin ; ilr S. A. Jones. (i> Hiiih Street, Kilkenny ; ifess"--. S. .Mcl'iredy A- Son. Portadown : Mr. Jas. Walsh. Funadown. or Messrs. Ritchie A Co.. Belfast, in tins, 1 - each ({«><t tree. 14? 6 each p st free 3 - : in bags II V-. 5 -; 2- ;i s 8 6 56 U.S.. 14 - : 112 :: i 25 - CARRIAGE PAID
My STANDARD FERTILIZER is a Godsend where farmyard manure is unobtainable. 4^
I'heniioal. A cwt. equals :\ tor,
(^arriaip- Pail. U U.S.. 2 3 . 2« 4 -
12 6; 224 1! - . 22 -
A post card commands my list of special fertilizers, all
Carriage Paid, for Roses, Tomatoes, Vines, Lawns, Fruit
Trees, &c., &c.
or direct from
G. H. MACKERETH
The Sweet Pea Clearing House ULVERSTON
The most unique Sweet Pea list in the world
with intense cultural directions will be posted
on receipt of pest card
By Special Appointment to
His Majesty the King.
MACKENZIE & MONGUR, Ltd
HOTHOUSE BUILDERS
HEATING, VENTILATING, AND ELECTRICAL :: :: ENGINEERS, &c. :: ::
SPECIALTIES:
All kinds of Hothouses in Teakwood, Archangel Larch or Petersburg Redwood. Improved Ventilation Gearing * Patent Wood Spar Blinds * Heating by Low Pressure, Hot Water or bj- Steam. * Improved Duplex Sj'stem of combined Hot Water Service and Heating. * Improved Ironclad System of
* * Electric Lighting — the onlj' absolutely fireproof sji'stem. * *
WE DO NOT WORK ON THE UNSATISFACTORY PIECE-WORK SYSTEM, ALL WORK UNDERTAKEN BY US BEING CARRIED OUT BY HIGHLY SKILLED
* * * WORKMEN AT TIME RATES. * ;^ *
EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works) — Balcarres Street, MornJngside GLASG0W--121 St. Vincent St. LONDON— 8 Camden Road, N.W.
Telegrams: "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH,' and '-TREIBHAUS, Camroad, LONDON,"
W.RICHARDSON&Co.
DARLINGTON
SPItCIALISTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
Horticultural Buildings & Heating Apparatus
THE REASON WHY customers come to us for Glasshouses and Heat- ing Apparatus is because they know they will get the best value for the least possible expenditure. A few of our customers in Ireland include the Duke of Leinster, the Right Hon. Chief Baron Palles, The Marquess Conyngham, The Marquesses of Headfort, Londonderry ; Earl Fitz- william, the Earls of Donoughmore, Dunraven, Erne, Longford, Listowel, Rosse, Aberdeen ; Lords Ardilaun, Barrymore, Castletown, Cloncurry, Dunleath, Farnham ; Lady Maurice FitzGerald; Colonel the Hon. C. F. Crichton. H. P. Goodbody, Esq., &c., &c.
ERECTED FOR THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, VICE REGAL LODGE, DUBLIN. (Per H. M. Commissioners of Public Works).
LONDON OFFICE:
belgravia chambers
VICTORIA STREET WESTMINSTER, S.W.
IRISH GARDENING.
Vll
If you have a garden you will want
"ABOL
n
INSECTICIDE
NON=POISONOUS The World's Best Pest Destroyer.
The one never failing remedy for insects and diseases in gardens and greenhouses. Safe, certain, and rehable. Unequalled for MILDEW ON ROSES and other plants. Used at Royal Gardens, Kew, Hampton Court and at White City.
I pt., 1 /- ; pt., I /6 ; qt., 2/6 ; i gal gall. 7/6.
4/-;
PATENT SYRINGES
Specially Recommended by
THE NATIONAL ROSE SOCIETY.
Give just the right spray for applying v^ashes efficiently and with absolute economy. Vary spray from fine to medium or coarse, as desired.
Now fitted with extra rings on the barrel to take the spare caps — thus the " Abol " is as perfect as it is possible for a sprayer to be.
No. 4 (1 X 14), 8/6 ; No. 5 (I x 20). 10/6. No. 6 (1 1 X 20), 14/6. Bend. 1 /6 extra
'<ABOL" FERTILIZER
Very highly concentrated, and much more Economical and Efficacious than any other. Imparts a wonder- ful and lasting benefit to all vegeta- tion—is quick and sure in effect.
Tins, 6d. and 1/-, postage 6d extra; 7 lbs. 2/6 ; 14 lbs., 4/6 . Bags, 28 lbs, 7/6 ; 56 lbs, 12/- ; 112 lbs, 18/-;
A 32 pp. Treatise on Garden Pests and Disea,?es, fully illustrated will be sent to any reader
GRATIS AND POST FREE.
OF ALL NURSERYMEN IRONMONGERS, &c. :
or Sole Proprs. and Mfrs.
E. A. WHITE, Ltd. 9 BcltriiiK, Paddock Wood, Kent.
"ABOL WORMKILLER
The very best for earthworms on Putting and Bowling Greens, Garden Tennis and Croquet Lawns, NON- POISONOUS.
Tin, 1 -; post 6d. extra. 7 lbs. .1/9; 14 ibs, 3/- ; 28 lbs., 5/- ; 56 lbs., 7/6 ; 112 lbs., 12 -; 5 cwt., £2/17/6 ; 10 cwt. £3/15 ; 1 ton, £7.
EDMONDSON'S PRIZE BEE HIVES
< TTl- r^ P\ D (With latest :: J Ihe U.U.b. i„,provements)
I The TWO-CRATE
The No. 1 ^ .^
Bar Frames, Sections, Comb Found- ation, and all Beekeepers' Appliances
Illustrated Price List Free
EDMONDSON Bros.
10 Dame Street, DUBLIN.
Vlll
IRISH GARDENING.
Irish Farming World Directory, 1914.
The " I.F.W."' Directory and Annual for 1914 is now on sale at the railway bookstalls and at book- sellers, and on the whole it will be conceded that the number is well uj) to its usual standard of merit. Its main feature, tlie Directory of Land Stewards and Oardeners in Ireland, has been care- fully revised up to the end of October last, and will be found of special value for reference amongst those who wish to know " Who's Who " in those circles in this country. Then there is a compre- hensive list of Irish fairs for the ]iresent year ; and important additions in the live stock produce table, and ready reckoner, m- rketing and hourly wages table. The special articles include the following : — " Education and Training of the Young Gardener," by Mr. J. H. Gumming ; " Kerry Cattle for Milk and Beef," by Mr. .John Hilliard ; " A Dairy Farm in Lanarkshire," by Mr. .John Simpson ; and " Showing Poultry — Hints to Secretaries," by Miss MacQuillan. These are supplemented by editorial contributions on " Sales of Irish Pedigree Cattle " and " Irish Sheep Sales in 1913," also pi'actical suggestions on such topics as spraying potatoes, the farrowing sty, forage plants, manures for different crops, measuring haystacks, seed re- quired to sow an acre, sprouting potatoes, rations for live stock, scour in calves, milk fever, measurement of timber, storing turnips, estimat- ing weight of cattle, distances for planting fruit trees, and useful hints in reply to the query : When does a soil need lime ? There is a revised list of the chief officials of the Department of Agriculture, with the names and addresses of the members of the Council of Agriculture. To com-
plete all, tlwa-e an- farm and garden calendars for the year, and a collection of photos dei)icting prize-winning stock. The price is Is. ])ost free, and co])ies can be obtained direct from the OfTice, 15 Fleet Street, Dublin.
Correspondence.
The following interesting letter has been re- ceived front a correspondent : —
" Reading your excellent contribution in January Irish Gardening it strikes me as very peculiar that after an elaborate c(jllection of statistics you have found that the first three cooking apples for commercial work are Bramley, Lane's, and Grenadier. If that question had been put to any farmer in Grange, thi'ee miles west of Portadown, in 1889, it would have been similarly answered ! I thought you would like to hear this. I always believed it was from that very district fruit culture spread in Ulster, and your investiga- tion seems to bear me out.
" Is it not strange the commercial imi)ortance of the apple never dawned on the shrewd farmers there until the eighties ? My late father often told me that in 1839 he accompanied his father's men to Belfast market with three loads of apples chiefly Fox Whelps, S. & W. Eves, Sam Mont- gomery's, &c., and these, with perhaps a few of such kinds as Barren Hills, Yorkshire and Northern Greens, Sugar Sweets, Lord Nelsons, and the like, were the main varieties to be found till the eighties. The evolution was slow for those fitty or so years, but has it really been in a sense any faster during the last twenty-five " ?
Perpetual Flowering Carnations
For the Greenhouse or Open Border.
Write at once for full particulars of these glorious plants. :: :: :: :: ::
Special Collections, in bud, from 15/— per dozen ; will make a grand display. :: ::
One dozen {extra good) in 3 inch pots, 7/6.
YOUNG & CO.
HATHERLEY. CHELTENHAM
Read Taudevin's Cultural Treatise.
^«OOOOOOCX3C
PEA TRAINERS
The 'PARAGON'
(PATENT)
CINCE their introduction some few years ■^ ago these Trainers have been steadily caining in public favour. A real boon to Gardeners. Simple, effective and durable ; giving ample support and keeping the growing peas iu neat straight lines, Do not harbour inspcts or pollute the soil.
3Ude 4 ft.. 5 ft. and 6 ft. high, and sent out in sets complete ready for putting up. at from i 8,fi per ict upward. Write for price leaflet.
4 Special Width made for Sweet Pea
What users say; — "Lady E. is much pleased with your Paragon Pea Trainers, wbich are most use- ful and sitisfactory."— GoREY.
" I am delighted with your Pea Trainers, Please send me another set."— Dindalk. .Supplied through Seedsmen. Ironmongers, &c. or ient carriage paid fiom the patentees —
The PARAGON PEA TRAINER CO., Bridge St., Banbrldge, Co. Down
THOMPSON & MORGAN'S FAR-FAMED SEEDS
Revised CATALOGUE for 1914 free on application.!^
The high quality of our FLOWER SEEDS is now universally recognised, and our CATA- LOGUE— really a book of reference on hardy flowers — ^ describes nearly 3,000 different kinds, many of them not obtainable elsewhere.
Our VEGETABLE SEEDS are of the finest selected strains, of the best quality, 'and tested for germination, at prices that defy competi- tion for first-class seeds.
Trial Order Solicited.
THOMPSON & MORGAN,
Seed Establishment and Hardy Plant Nurseries,
IPSWICH
IRISH GARDENING.
IX
If you FUMIGATE OR SPRAY
Dr. It Kir.rtiMlv ;ui.i Ise
NIGOTICIDE
Fumlg^ant
1 pint for
NICOTICIDE FUMICATORS, 1 - each for 5,000 cubic feet NIGOTICIDE
PLANT SPRAY
is very etfective where it is not «;on\cnient to fuiiii^':ite. Wi- ;i«l\ ise yim to try it. It will ;ilso l.e visi-tnl as h Wiiitir Dressini; forPea.hi-., Aru.
i pint l;2 ; Pint, 2/- quait, 3/6 ; i gall,, 5/-; gallon 10/-. Carriage Paid. Ask your Seedsmen for it.
LAWN i SAND
entirely eradicates Daisies, Weeds. Mo?s, &o., )j?side3 stimuliitini; the Grass.*.
28 lbs. will dress 100 sq. yds. 6d., Is., and 2s. 6d Tins ; i cwt., 6s. : i c\vt., lis. ; 1 cwt., 20g. Carriage Paid.
Worm i Powder
a certain remedy for removing Wornis and clearing Wonn Casts. f.se J 111. tothesi|. yd. Simply sprinkle fairly thickly un the i;r:ij^5
aud witer copiously. 14 lli9. Jtwt. 'cwt. 1 cwt. 5 cwt. i ton, Stun.
3/- 5 7/6 12/6 £3 £5 10 £10 10
Use also COW'S TOBACCO POWDER & QUASSIA EXTRACT
HUNTER & GO W^ Ltdr^'sJiSri'liviPOOL
MANURES I
FOR V 1
VINES PIJVNTS &.VEGCTADLES "
•^<g
>-^':.
A_
PERFfrXT PLANT FOODS. * ^^<l
TnE RESUtT OK MANY YEARS PfilcrtcrlL
■ U!)£D ALL oCeP. THEACoRLD • SOLD BY SEED.SMF.N f ^U^^Sh^iY/^lEN
eVhjvwhere
THE CHEAPEST INSECTICIDE OF THE DAY
"NIQUAS"
(NON-POISONOUS) IMPROVED
A Concentrated Extract of Quassia, combined with other valuable ingredients, forming a cheap, safe, and effective Insecticide for syring- ing and dipping. It destroys all Insect Pests infesting Trees and Plants, whilst no possible injury to vegetation can result from its use
It can be applied with syringe or pump, or used for dipping.
PRICES— Half-pint, 1/-; pint, 1/6; quart, 2/6; half-gallon, 4'-;
gallon, 7/6; five gallons, 26/-; ten gallons, 46/-
I gallon sufficient for 8o gallons of water.
STANDEN'S MANURE
(Established over 36 Years)
Exceeds all others in General Fertilising Properties and Staying Powers
Analysis on Application
Sold in Tins, 1/-, 2/6, 6/6 each : and in Kegs, well secured, to prevent
loss through exposure, 28 lbs., 8/6; 56 lbs., 13/6; na lbs., 22/6
CORRY'S SPECIAL
Chrysanthemum Manure
Sold in Tins, I/-, 2/6, 6/6, and Bags, i cwt., 10/6 ; A cwt., 18/- ; I cwt., 32/-
For Fumigating in Greenhouses. "LETHORION"
Improved Metal Cones
Registered No. 62,697
To destroy Insect Pests. The Candle attached to each Cone only needs lighting, and there is no further trouble. They are most efScacious.
Xo. I. For frames and "leant-to's" up to 1,000 cubic feet. Price, 6d. each.
No. 2. For small greenhouses up to 1,500 cubic feet. Price, 8d. each.
No. 3. For a well secured house of 2,000 to 2,500 cubic feet. Price, 1/- each.
Fowl
er's
Lawn Sand
This preparation is for destroying Daisies and other weeds on lawns,
and at the same time stimulating the growth of the grass. If one tin
IS tried as a sample, its value will be at once appreciated. Sales are
largely increasing.
Tins, 1/-, 2/B, and 6/- each ; Kegs, i cwt., 8/6 ; j ewt., 16/- ;
I cwt., 30/-
ELLIOTT'S
* Summer Cloud' Shading
Registered Trade Mark No. 14,620. (The only g^enulne original and Improved article)
For Greenhouses. A pleasant green shade is given to the glass. In packets, 1/- for 100 feet of glass, and 2/6 each for 300 feet.
Sole Manufacturers :
CORRY & CO., Ltd.
LON DON
SOLD BY ALL NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN
IRISH GARDENING.
Irish Show Fixtures for 1914.
This list is intended to assist societies in selecting dates for their shows by indicating the arrange- ments which have already been made and pre- venting the clashing of show dates.
Secretaries will greatly oblige by sending the earliest possible intimation of their fixtures and of any change which takes place in their arrange- ments.
July 10
15 „ 15
„ 18
23
29
30
30
R. H. S. I., Summer Show, Lord Iveagh's Grounds, Dublin.
Kingstown Horticultural Society.
Lucan, Saggart and Clondalkin Show. Hon. Sec, Mrs. R. Shackleton.
Terenure and District Horticultural Society, Terenure, Dublin. Hon. Sec, A. Phipps, Esq., St. Ann's, Kimmage Road, Dublin.
Fethard Flower and Industrial Society's Show, Lakefield, Fethard. Hon. Sec, Rev. R. C. Patten.
Stillorgan and Foxrock Horticultural Society, at The Paddock, Leopards- town.
Killarney Flower and Industrial Society, Killarney. Hon. Sec, J. Henry, Esq., Danesfort Cottage, Killarney.
Co. Clare Horticultural Society, Ennis, Summer Show, Ennis. Hon. Sec, Rev. R. Scott, The Manse, Ennis, Co. Clai'e.
AuL
13
15
25
Sept.
Oct.
Portuiuna Horticultural and Indus- trial Show. Hon. Sec. Rev. J. Griffin, Clonturbert Rectory, lial- linasloe.
Warrenpoint Flower Show. Hon. Sec, Dr. George W. Connor, The Cottage, WarreniJoint, Co. Down.
Co. Galway Horticultural Show, Ballinasloe. Hon. Sec, Miss O'Shaughnessy, Birch Grove, Bal- linasloe.
Naas District Horticultural Society, Naas. Hon. Sec, Dr. O'Donel Browne, Gortnagrena, Naas.
R. H. S. I., Autumn Show, Lord Iveagh's Grounds, Dublin.
Kilkenny Horticultural Society, St. James's Park, Kilkenny Hon. Sec, Miss F. E. Butler, Lavistown House.
Co. Clare Horticultural Society Ennis — Fruit and Farm Produce.
Catalogues.
Orchids, from Messrs. Charlesworth & Co., is a most sumptions and large catalogue. The frontis- piece is a fine illustration of their magnificent group of Orchids shown at the last International Show, for which they were awarded the special cup given by Sir G. Holford for the best trade group of Orchids. Hayward's Heath is now known as the home of many new and interesting hybrids.
Smith's "Perfect" Patent Powder
WEED KILLER
MARVELLOUS INVENTION
^
MOST EFFECTIVE
Nothing like it ever seen before Soluble in Cold Water. All Tins Free. No Return Empties
4 Tins when mixed with water will cover about 100 square yards. 1 Tin, sufficient to make 25 gallons £0 ^^ 9
TESTIMONY
Enniscorthy. The Powder Weed Killer I got from you last month is the best I ever used.
Glenellen, Miltown
Your Weed Killer is the
only one I ever tried that is
any use. Yours never fails
— L, Cbeaghe Ckeaghe-
HOWABD
4 Tins
8 Tins
12 Tins
20 Tins
iO Tins
100 200 300 500 1,000
0 d 6 0 1 2
0 17
1 7
2 8
6 Box 3d. extra 0 „ 4d. „ 0 „ 6d. „ 0 ,, Is. „
Carriage Paid on 8 Tins and upwards to Stations in Ireland.
KILLER
gallon
gallon
SMITH'S LIQUID WEED
Oue gallon to make 25 gallons for use
1 9 I 6 gallons 9 6 16 gallons 1
3 6 8,, 12 6 18 „ 1
5 0 I 10 „ 14 0 j 20 „ 1
6 6 ! 12 „ 17 0 ! 40 „ 2 8 0
Carrlagre Paid on 8 gallons and upwards. Gallons when mixed will cover an area of about 400 square yards.
PRICES - 6 16 gallons 20 „
Double Strength (1 to 50) 3 6 5 gallons 13
6 9 11
6
8
10
16 0 21 0 25 0
40
38 46 88
Carriage Paid on 4 gallons & upwards. Drums and Casks charged extra, but full price allowed wlien returned in good condition, carriage paid
IRISH AGENT-
NOTICE.
D. M. WATSON, M.P.S.,
Telephone, 1971
Insecticides, Fungicides
These Preparations are Poisonous.
Horticultural
Sole Proprietors, MARK SMITH. Ltd.
Chemist 6 1 South Great George's Street
DUBLIN
FumigantSy Spraying Maciiines, &c.
IRISH GARDENING
XI
Vermorel's Knapsack Sprayer ''ECLAIR" No 1
The Best and Most Reliable
._. HAS WON OVER 500 FIRST PRIZES AND ^^^ MEDALS
Sold by all Ironmongers, Seedsmen, &c
PERPETUAL CARNATIONS. 175 varieties. Ask for Illustrated Catalogue. Full particu- lars. Post Free. Healthy Guernsey Plants, in small pots, from 4/- per doz., carriage paid. Can be planted outside. Patronised by Royalty.
VAN DER SLUYS,F.R.H.S.,Ramee, GUERNSEY
£i€£Ce*sy^ed SDes^rqyers
KILLS ALL WEEDS, . . MOSSES, fiPc,
On Carriage Drives, Gravel Paths.
Double the strength of most Weed Killers.
1 grallon to SO grallons water.
1 grallon Drum, 8 - ... Drum Free. 40 „ Cask, 2/- per gral., Cask Free.
LITTLE'S WEEDOL fe
Powder Weed Killer Per 1/9 Tin,
To make 25 Gallons.
Saves Trouble and
Expense of Returning
Packages.
DKorrisSiY^/ed^riySid'f&oncas^er
:riVv;/jjjT
CRYSTAL RALAiiEHORTICUlTURALWORKS BROCKLEYROAD;
LONDON.S.E. ITHECHEAPEST AND BEST FIRM FOR GREENHOUSES, sendfqrlist hostfree.
!FROM£300 from £2150
ALL 21 OZ CLASS THROUC
Makers of dli kinds of Creenhouses.Gdrdcn Frdmes.
^ ■ \£ais»^ ».i — jcpossib'"
Prices'.
THIS TWO-LIGHT FRAME made to standard
size 6 U. by 4 It. Best materials, painted two
coats, glazed with 21 oz. glass, ready (or use.
PRICE 30h packed free on Boat.
BEGONIAS
My strain is now well known for its erect flower stems and large shapely blooms, and has been exhibited at most of the principal shows for the last 1 3 years. The colours include white, yellow, crimson, orange, rose, pink, salmon, flesh, amber and blush, in the singles, and the same colours in the doubles with the addition of scarlet, picotee, red, bronze, magenta, apricot, and cream. Strong|growing plants now ready.
Singles, 2 6, 3 -, 5/ , 10/-, & 20/- per doz. Doubles, 3/-, 4 -, 6/-, 15-&25A „
For choice named varieties send a a card for my 30 page illustrated list, also list of hardy Perennials
A. LI. GWILLIM
BEGONIA SPECIALIST
SIDCUP KENT
Xll
IRISH GARDENING.
Dublin Wholesale Markets.
Vegetables, cut flowers, flowering plants, and bedding subjects for summer display in sixburban gardens have been the leading features of the markets for the past month.
With the present dry. warm spell of weather upon us, and the scarcity and exorbitant prices of fruit, there is a great inin on rhubarb, with the result that this seasonable and wholesome vege- table is commanding a most profitable return.
There has been an active demand for spring cabbages, and for choice stuff excellent prices have been obtained, whilst secondary qualities were disposed of at moderate figures. Seakale, spinach, lettuce, and radishes are arriving in increasing quantities, and sprouts and arti- chokes are now finished. Broccoli is command- ing a ready sale at reduced prices Samples of peas, French beans, and potatoes from the Canary Tsles are going at fancy i^rices, but the demand for them is not great. Asparagus is becoming more ijlentifvil. All ordinary vege- tables in season are plentiful, but roots are get- ting scarcer.
Irish apples are practically finished, and they have not been conspicuous in the markets for the past month, whilst American supplies are now dwindling down to sonae small consign- ments. The first shipments of Australian and Tasmanian ap]iles are to hand, and are in first- rate condition, the most attractive variety being Jonathan. The Australian apple crop is reported to be a very good one this season, and some fine fruits are expected to arrive. This source of supply will tide us over the scarce season until the coming season's frixit is in. Forced straw- berries were to be seen in very limited quantities, and were eagerly bought up at fancy ]irices. This luxury, however, was well supplied during Punchestown week, and was easily disi)osed of.
The past month has been an exceptionally good one for the flower trade, and the svipply has been well kept up right through. The Easter
Protects your Seeds and Seedling and Garden Beds from Slugs.
Protects your new sown Grass Seed from Birds.
Protects Garden Beds from Cats, Rats and Mice.
Put a, little round every Seedling and Plant.
Put a little in every Seed Drill. Sprinkle a
Uttle over every bed beiore digging over and
bedding out.
For special Leaflet and Sattp'', send to
THE SANBTAS CO., Ltd.,
Limehouse, London, E.
^ 6d, and ij- Tins and j2/6 per Cut., ' from .ill Stores, Chemists, and Nurserymen.
MIU IDE"
trade in this department was the busiest, and the- subjects most in demand were Arums, Tulips, Narcissi, I^ily of the Valley, Anenrones, and White Stocks. This was also a busy week in the plant section, flowering subjects were most in demand, and they include white and coloured Azaleas, Cinerarias, Genistas, Hyacinths, Mar- guerites, ScMzanthus, Spiraeas, &c. Ferns in quantity and foliage subjects were much sought for. Violets are nearly finished for this season, whilst C^arnations and Roses show a slight in- crease.
The following is a price list for the month : —
|
Fruit. |
From |
To |
|||
|
Apples — |
s. |
d. |
s. |
d. |
|
|
American |
per barrel |
28 |
0 |
32 |
0 |
|
Tasnianian |
|||||
|
(Jonathan) |
per box |
15 |
6 |
17 |
& |
|
Australian (New |
|||||
|
York Pippin) |
per box S'egetables. |
16 |
0 |
17 |
0 |
|
Cabbage (York) |
per large load |
14 |
0 |
19 |
0 |
|
?• 95 |
per small load |
6 |
0 |
12 |
a |
|
Carrots |
per doz. bunches 1 |
4 |
1 |
8 |
|
|
Caiiliflowers |
per flasket (31) |
1 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
|
Lettuce |
per doz. |
0 |
4 |
0 |
8 |
|
Leeks |
per bunch |
0 |
5 |
0 |
10 |
|
Scallions |
per bunch |
0 |
4 |
0 |
8 |
|
Seakale |
per doz. |
1 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
|
Peas |
per lb. . |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
|
Beans (French) |
per lb. . |
0 |
9 |
1 |
0 |
|
Turnips (White) |
per bunch |
0 |
3 |
0 |
6 |
|
Potatoes (Canary) |
per cwt. |
16 |
0 |
— |
|
|
Spinach |
per float |
0 |
6 |
0 |
S |
|
Rhubarb |
per doz. bvmches 1 |
6 |
3 |
6 |
|
|
Mint |
per doz. bunches 0 |
4 |
0 |
8 |
|
|
Cucumbers |
per doz. |
3 |
6 |
4 |
0 |
|
Strawberries |
per lb. . Flowers. |
8 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
|
Arum Lilies |
per doz. |
2 |
4 |
2 |
6 |
|
Narcissi (Emperor) ])er doz. bunches 1 |
3 |
1 |
6 |
||
|
Anemones |
per doz. bunches 0 |
10 |
1 |
4 |
|
|
„ (blue) |
per bunch |
. 0 |
3 |
0 |
4 |
|
Roses (Mar^chal |
|||||
|
Niel) |
per doz. |
. 2 |
0 |
2 |
6 |
|
Tulips |
per doz. bunches 0 |
10 |
1 |
2 |
|
|
Carnations |
per doz. |
. 2 |
0 |
2 |
6 |
|
Gardenias |
per box |
. 1 |
0 |
— |
|
|
Spiraeas |
per pot . |
. 0 |
9 |
1 |
6 |
|
Azaleas |
per pot . |
. 1 |
6 J |
2 . D |
6 |
|
CENTRAL |
Miscellaneous Section*
THE POPULARITY OF XL ALL SPECIALITIES increases every year. All gardeners proclaim that nothins equals these celebrated preparations. XL ALL NICOTINE VAPORISING COMPOUND, the gardener's favourite Fuinigant, both Liquid and cake. XL ALL NICOTINE INSECTICIDE WASH for Syringing, Dipping, and Dressing Fruit Trees and Plants. Mealy Bug, Scale, &c., cannot exist where this is used. XL ALL INSECTICIDE WASH B {sine Nicotine), best
non-poisonous Wash on the market. Other Preparations of great Renown are XL ALL WEED KILLER. Used once a year, no weeds c an live. RICHARD'S WORM KILLER, for lawns, non- poisonous. Don't forget to ask your Nurseryman or Seedsman for my small pink list:
G. H. RICHARDS, Manufacturer, 234 Borough High Street, London, S.E.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING
DESIGNING, Laying- out and Planting of New and Renovating of Old Gardens. The Making- and Planting of Rock Gardens, Rockeries, Water and Bog Gardens, and Pergolas a Speciality. Plans Prepared. Estimates Free.
RICHARD C McM. SMYTH, F.R.H.S.
Mount Henry Dalkey, Co. Dublin
SANKEyS^'^-POTS
"^ Ghc OEST and ChcapesK
State quantity of each size required, and have carriage palA' quotation ("carriage" Jrequently. amounts to. hall value ol
goods), or writefpr Price List, free. SPECIAL POTS of all descriptions. / Bullr BowU and Fern Pani from 2d^ 'each.- . . .
RICHARD SANKEX A SON, LTP, Bulwell PoU-crics. NOTTINGHAM.
GARDEN APPLIANCES
Rose Trainers, b'mbrellas, Trellis for Walls and Lawns, Seats, Arbours, Tubs, Arches . . . Silver Medal International Ex- hibition, l!*l--'. lUusirated Listen application.
W. Walters & Co., Morland Rd., Croydon
ENGLAND.
Wood Lath Greenhouse Blinds a Speciality
Books on Gardening, V'egetable Culture, Greenhouse Management, and all other subjects. Second hand at half prices. New 25 % discount. Catalogue, No. 992, free. State wants. Books bought. W. &G. FOYLE, 121 Charing Cross Rd., London.
IF YOU HAVE A GLASS ROOF THAT LEAKS, a Conservatory to repair, or any kind of glazing work to be done, Carsons Pla.stine will save money, time, worry and annoyance consequent on the use of ordinary putty, which cracks, crumbles, and decays. It saves the expense of constant renewals. Carson's Wood Preservative in green and brown, for Palings, Trellis Work, &c. The best paint for Greenhouses is " Vitrolite." Write for Catalogue. Carson's. 22 Bachelor's Walk, Dublin.
AUTO-SHREDS i;SS"S
Leaf-mining Maggots, Mealy Bug and all Pests infesting plants under glass, &c. Simple to use, no appara-.us required. In Boxes to Fumigate 1,000 cubic feet, 6d.; 10,000 cubic feet, 3«. 6d. each. Obtained of Seedsmen and Florists; if unobtainable applv direct —
WM. DARLINGTON & SONS,
Ltd.
Wholesale Horticultural Sundriesmen. HACKNEY, LONDON, X.E. Trade Terms and Catalogue of Sutidrlei upon receipt of business card
NOW is the time to plant Kelway's lovely Gladioli Never before have Kelway's, the champion growers of this lovely autumn-flowering bulb, been able to offer such a wide collection of beautiful varieties. They have made a speciality of the cultivation of the Gladiolus for over 50 years, and their experience has enabled thom to produce combination of size, form, and brilliant colourint; which cannot be duplicated. For decoration of all kinds the Gladiolus is pre-eminent. Offer of collection of named sorts — Collection 3. 4os. per 100 ; Collection 6, 12s. per dozen. Carriage and packing free for remittance with order. KELWAY & SON, The Royal Horticulturists, LANGPORT— SOMERSET.
PERPETUAL TREE CARNATIONS.— Well rooted cut- tings, including Enchantress, Britannia, May Day, Pink Imperial, White Perfection, Mrs. Burnett, 3s. doz., carriage free. — Sanford's Ltd., Hall Green Nurseries, Birmingham. ROCK AND ALPINE PLANTS.— Good clumps Aubrietia, Sedums, Saxifrages, &c., 2s. doz., free. — Sanford's Ltd., Hall Green Nurseries, Birmingham.
BIRDS SCARED.— Rotless Tanned Netting. Small mesh ; very sujierior ; as supplied by us to the Royal Gardens. Satisfaction or cash refunded. 100 x 1 yard, 3/9 ; 2 yards, 7/6 ; 3 yards, 11/3 ; 4 yards, 15/- ; 50 x 6 yards. 11 '3 ; 25 x 8 yards, 7/6; carriage paid. Any length and width supplied. POTTER BROS. (Dept. T.), Shrewsbury. Estd. 58 years.
LAWN MOWERS.— Nothing to equal them, only 12/6 ; Garden Rollers, 37/6 ; Seats, 8/6 ; Barrows, 14/6 ; Water Barrows, 20 gallon, 25/6 ; Garden Ho.se, 60 feet, 9/11. Get our free list and save money. POTTER BROS. (Dept. T. ), Shrewsbury.
TENNIS ■ COURT NETTING.— Rotless ; Superior. Strong Tarred Top and Bottom Lines. 25 x 2 yards, 6/- ; 3 yards, 7/-: 4 yards, 8/-. Tents, 22/-. Army Bell Tents, all complete. 37 /6. Officers' Tents. 50/-. POTTER BROS. (Dept. T.), Shrewsbury.
BANBRIDGE HORTICULTURAL AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
SIXTH ANNUAL SHOW— Thursday, 13th August, 1914
Classes of Competition include: — Farm and Garden Produce, Home Industries (compri.sing Needlework, Home Baking, Painting, Photography, and Decorative Art), Writing and Baking Competitions for School Children.
Special Prizes offered bv Irish Peasantry Society, Lon- don ; E. A. White, Ltd.', Paddock Wood, Kent"; Alex. Dickson & Sons, Ltd., and F. E. Smith & Co., Nuisery- men and Florists, Belfast ; Wm Barbour & Son, Thread Manufacturers, Lisburn ACuj) is offered f or comjjetition in Sweet Pea Section.
ENTRIES CLOSE ON 5th AUGUST
Prize Schedule to be had on application to —
J. GORDON, Hon. Secretary, Banbridge
D
EPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND
TRAINING IN — Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture Creamery Management, &c. ::
^ Persons who desire to attend any of the Courses in the above-mentioned subjects, to be provided by the Department during the year 1914-15, should apply with- out delay for prospectuses, &c., to
THE SECRETARY. Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Upper Merrion St., Dublin
11
IRISH GARDENING
PHYTOPHILINE & YITIPHILINE
Non-Poisonous INSECTICIDES, free from Nicotine, Alcohol, Ether and Arsenic
Effective, Reliable, Economical, and Perfectly Harmless to the Plants and the Operator
THEREFORE
A BOON TO HORTICULTURISTS.
For Black and Green Aphis, Fly, Thrips, Scale, Caterpillars, American Blight, &c., USE PHYTOPHILINE. For Red or Grev Snider, Mealy Bug, Fungi on Palms or Azaleas, Mildew or Rust on Roses, Chrysanthemums, Peaches,
&c., USE VITIPHILINE.
Free sample on application, also prices and instructions for use from
CHARLESWORTH & CO., ?P^?ialist^, Haywards Heath
SUSSEX
Vermorers Knapsack Sprayer '^ECLAIR" No 1
The Best and Most Reliable
^^~ HAS WON OVER 500 FIRST PRIZES AND ^"^ MEDALS
Sold by all Ironmongers, Seedsmen, &c
PERPETUAL FLOWERING (AMERICAN) CARNATIONS.
1 shall be pleased to send my 1914 catalogue to all interested in these Carnations. I grow 250,000 flowering plants, and my stock is in perfect condition.
INSPECTION INVITED
C. ENGELMANN, Saffron Walden, ESSEX
JAMES CRISPIN & SONS, f.r.h.s.
FOR ALL CLASSES OF GLASSHOUSES AND :: HEATING APPARATUS.
Ornamental Conservatory For Brickwork Base ::
£90 O O
CARRIAGE PAID
Size 22 ft. by II ft. 3 in. Price includes Gravel :: Stages at sides and centre.
Please write for Catalogue
Head Office: Nelson St., BRISTOL
MODERN . . GLASSHOUSES
Superior in Design :: Material, Construction and above ail utility.
WOOD LATH and SCRIM BLINDS :
I.N EVERY VARIETY
For Shading CONSERVATORIES, Ranges of Glasshouses, complete with Heating Apparatus, Tanks, Peach and Vine Trainers, Wood, GREENHOISES, &c.
Iron, or Slate Staging, Potting and Boiler Houses, with every modern accessory. Our Shadings are recommended by
Horticultural Authorities.
ENQUIRIES INVITED FOR
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES SUN LOUNGES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, CARNATION HOUSES, &c.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE FOST KKF.K ON APPLICATION
HEATING AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY
INSTALLED IN PLBLIC BLILDINGS : MANSIONS HORTICLLTLRAL BlILDINGS
&c., &c. Schemes and Estimates Free
GARDEN FRAMES
In great variety always in Stock
PRICKS ON APPLICATION
NORWICH
ENGLAND
LIMITED
BOULTON & PAUL,
WINDOW GLASS
Polished Plate for Shop Windows.
Horticultural Glass at Lowest Rates
DEATH TO THE WEEDS !
HOYTE'S WEED KILLER.
strongly Ricemmended for the Dettructien of Weedt^ b'c. Price, 2s. per gallon; 5 gallons, is. 6d. per gallon; 10 gallons, IS. 3d. per gallon ; Original 40-gallon casks, IS. per gallon.
HOYTE & SON, The city of Dublin Drag Hall, 17 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN
Please mention this Paper
THE' REACHOVER' SPRAYING SYRINGE
PERFECTLY FULFILS ALL THE PURPOSES
of a Sprayinff l^yrinjrc And an Ordinarj" Syringe with Hose and .Tet.
Will Sprny frr>ni any Position — Above, Beneath, Back, Front, or Either Side
"ITCK KILLING DEVICK TO SPKAYIXO ATTAf'llM KXT
Price Complete—
Barrel, If, x 1 in .96 18 x 1 '. in.. 12/6 each.
CARRIAGE PAID. NO EXTRAS.
Write for our Cata/v^uc iH'
SYRINGES, SPRAYERS, AND OTHER GUARANTEED GARDENING GOODS.
Growers Supply Association, Limited BOULTON WORKS, HOCKLEY (B) BIRMINGHAM
APPOINTED BY 3^M-^ ROYAL WARRANT
RANSOMES'
LAWN MOWERS
The Best in the World
Possess improvements embodied in no other Machines ::
HAND POWER MACHINES, in all kinds
and sizes to suit every user.
HORSE AND PONY MACHINES, the best
large Machines.
Motor Mowers, Lawn Sweepers, Garden Rollers, Edgre Trimmers, Golf Rollers, &c., &c.
Tor particulrtrs :Lpplv l.^T List No. .>!.
RANSOMES,SlMS&JEFFERIES,Lt(l.
IPSWICH
The oldest and mart •xpfricnced flrtn in the Lawh Mower Trade
Stillorgan and Foxrock Horticultural Society
(AFFILIATED WITH THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF IRELAND)
THE
SIXTH ANNUAL SHOW
WILL BE HELD IN THE
Paddock of Leopardstown Race Couise
On Wednesday 29th JULY, 1914
Challenge Cups and Valuable Prizes in Classes for Flowers, Fruit and Vegetables
Schedule of Prizes and Full Particulars can be had from
The Secrelar)-
C.K. FOWLER Carrickmines, Co. Dublin
WATER GARDENING
One of our fields is a natural water garden and we have long cultivated in it a large collection of plants suitable for beautifying streamside or lake
NYIVIPH>EAS
Water lilies are an essential feature. Our list, showing the wide range of colour that the newer hybrids give, with notes on culture, depth of water required, &c., will be sent post free on application.
R. Wallace & Co., Colchester
Efficient, strong, and light — the ideal mowers for all purposes. The favourites of amateur gardeners and profes- sionals. Have secured Royal favour, and been awarded numerous gold medals and testimonials. Of all ironmongers and seedsmen.
A. SHANKS & SON, Ltd.,
ARBROATH, & Buch Lane, LOr4DON.
I
PHEUMATK ^
CPRayER
(1) Will do ten times the work.'in a fraction of the tin
(2) Will do it more completely, uiove thoroughly, and with
no waste of fluid
(3) Is as simple to use. and will save its cost in a single
Prices from 12/6. List G3 from
H. Hartjen & Co. ^'f^.J?,"" London, E.C.
— BRITISH COLUMBIA
A MOST PROSPEROUS CANADIAN PROVINCE.
THE ORCHARD OF THE EMPIRE. A LAND OF FRUIT AND FLOWERS
Offers many inducements to Settlers, including free
education and good laws Climate and Soil eminently suitable for — MIXED FARMING. FRUIT GROWING, DAIRYING, HORSE, HOG, AND CATTLE
RAISING AND POULTRY FARMING. Easilj' Accessible Maikets and Good Prices for all classes of Agricultural Produce
Production (estimated) from Agriculture, in 1913, 524,000,000
SPECIAL LAND CONCESSIONS TO SETTLERS.
The Country for the Farmer with some Capital, and for all Classes of Agricul- tural Workers and Domestic Servants. Full particulars on application to — J. H. TURNER, A^ent General for B.C., Salisbury House, Finsbury Circus, London.
EUREKA' WEED KILLER.
SAVES WEARY WEEDING.
50 gallons of mixed solution will kill »11
weeds on 300 square yards of paths, &c
POWDER. 1/- tin for u galls, solution ^ Free Tins 1/8 «/-
k eallon
I „
3 M
5 >. 10 „
' EUREKA ' Insecticide. Lawn Sand, Bordeaux Mixture, Won
Killer, Hayward's Summer Shade, "Eurekatine" fumigant, <*ii
Larger sizes of above articles at proportionately lower prices
SOLD BY AGENTS
Full list with booklet, "Chcmisti-y in Garden and Oreenhouse," of agoiits c the makers —
TOMLINSON & HAYWARD. Ltd., LINCOLN
DiiHi.ix Ai:est.s : T. McKenzie & Sons, Ltd.. 212 Gt. Brunswick St. ; W. F Wells &Son. 61 Uppei Sackville St. : Sir J. W. Mack ey, Ltd., 2a Uppe Sackville St ; Hosg & Robertson, Ltd., 22 Mary St., 4c., Ac.
|
35 » |
\ and |
|
JOO ,, |
) Cases. |
|
ulQUlD. |
■ —SO. |
|
- 2/. |
- drum free |
|
- 3/6 |
„ gd. extra |
|
■ 6'6 |
,. 1/6 „ |
|
- 14/- |
.. a/6 >. |
|
- 26/6 |
- cask si- „ |
Wm. DUNCAN TUCKER £ Sons, lt.
RECIPIENTS OF LARGE GOLD MEDAL & DIPLOMA OF HONOUR at R.H.I.E. 1912
Write for Horticultural Catalogue No. i8. Sent post free on application
Glasshouses of every description erected complete in any part of the country
LONDON OFFICE, 27 Cannon St., EC. works-TOTTENHAM.
LawnMgiwg:s & ^ Rollers
-/^r
"Stand Pre-eminent'.'
Make perfect Coif Greens, Tennis Courts
Bowlingr CreensantI Lawns. Recent awards seven Cold Medals^ nine
Silver Medals. Motor Lawn Mowers made in various sizes
Onlir (Jifuiix Make, firmly icfiisc 8iil,3titnte9.
Stirrl.lEI. UV AM. lRnN.MOS(;EI!.s.
Please Write for List No. 21. THOMAS GREEN & SON, Ltd.
Smitlifield ironworks, Leeds, ;uid New
Surrey Works, Soutliwark Street,
LONDON, S.E.
I READ ! !
on page 562 of " The Gardener," S.P. number, Jan. 31,1914, the last words of Mr. Victor llamel's letter: "( found MACKEUETH'S SWEET PEA MANURE very wood indeed." On page 561 theie was a portrait of Mr. Victor llamcl. " the boy champion of New Zealand " and some of his cups (5 trophies and two medals).
Mr. G. C Holder, of Porirua, N. Z., wrote me, Dec, 1913 : • Have only shown at one large show this season, tliat of the New Zealand Society, held at Wellington Inst week, wliere I won the three classes in which I entered, i c. — the 18 vases trophy, value 25 guineas; and the New Zealand Championsliip, 12 vases ; :50 guineas trophy both challengo trophies- so that with the usual mixture of soil and Mackercth's 'persuader.' 1 felt rather pleased." I MAINTAIN MY SP. S. P. MANURE PUTS THE FINiSHINC
TOUCHES ON ! May be had from IMessrs. Edmondsou Bros.. 10 Dame Street, Dublin ; Mr. S. A. Jones, 68 High Street. Kilkenny ; Messrs. S McOn-dv .<i- Son. Portadown; .Mr. flas. Walsh, Portadown, or .M(s>rs. IJitcliie A Co., Belfast, in tins, 1 - eacli (post tree, 1 4i ■? 6 each (i)(ist free 3 -); in bags II Ib-^., 5,-; 2S ll>s, 8/6 .')(; Il.s.,14 - ; 11-' II ;;. 25- CARRIAGE PAID My STANDARD FERTILIZER is a Godsend wiiere farmyard manure is unobtainable. 4S"„ Animal. 24",, Vegetable. 28% Chemical. A cwt. equals a ton of farmyard manure. In bags, CarriagePaid, 14lbs., 2/3; 28 lbs., 4/-; 56 lbs.. 7/-; 112 lbs. 12 /6 ; 224 lbs., 22 /-
A post card commands my list of special fertilizers, all Carriage Paid, for Roses, Tomatoes, Vines, Lawns, Fruit Trees, Ac, &c.
or direct from .
G. H. MACKERETH
The Sweet Pea Clearing House ULVERSTON
Ttie most unique Sweet Pea list in the world
witii intense cultural directions wiil be posted
en receipt of post card
By Special Appointment to
His iVlajesty the King.
MACKENZIE & MONCUR, Ltd.
HOTHOUSE BUILDERS
HEATING, VENTILATING, AND ELECTRICAL :: :: ENGINEERS, &c. :: ::
SPECIALTIES:
All kinds of Hothouses in Teakwood, Archangel Larch or Petersburg Redwood. Improved Ventilation Gearing * Patent Wood Spar Blinds * Heating by [,o\v Pressure, Hot Water or by Steam. * Improved Duplex System of combined Hot Water Service and Heating. * Improved Ironclad System of
* * Electric Lighting — the only absolutely fireproof system. * *
WE DO NOT WORK ON THE UNSATISFACTORY PIECE-WORK SYSTEM, ALL WORK UNDERTAKEN BY US BEING CARRIED OUT BY HIGHLY SKILLED
* * * WORKMEN AT TIME RATES. if i^ *
EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works) — Balcarres Street, Morningside GLASGOW— 121 St. Vincent St. LONDON— 8 Camden Road, N.W.
Telegrams: "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH," and "TREIBHAUS, Camroad, LONDON."
W.mCHARDSON&Co
SPrtCIALISTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
Horticultural Buildings & Heating Apparatus
DARLINGTON
JHE REASON WHY customers come to us for Cilasshouses and Heat- ing Apparatus is because they know they will get the best value for the least possible expenditure. A few of
our customers in Ireland include the Duke of Lcinster, the Right Hon. Chief Baro.T Palles, The Marquess Conyngham, The Marquesses of Hcadfort, Londonderry; Earl Fitz- william, the Earls of Donoughmorc, Dunraven, Erne, Longford, Listowel, Rosse, Aberdeen ; Lords Ardilaun, Barry more, Castletown, Cloncurry, Dunleath, Farnham ; Lady Maurice FitzGerald; Colonel the Hon. C. F. Crichton. H. P. Goodbody, Esq., &c., &c.
ERECTED FOR THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, VICE REGAL LODGE, DUBLIN. (Per H. M. Commissioners of Public Works).
LONDON OFFICE:
belgravia chambers
VICTORIA STREET WESTMINSTER, S.W.
IRISH GARDENING.
vu
If you have a garden you will w^ant
"ABOL
)}
INSECTICIDE
NON=POISONOUS The World's Best Pest Destroyer.
The one never failing remedy for insects and diseases in gardens and greenhouses. Safe, certain, and reHable. Unequalled for MILDEW ON ROSES and other plants. Used at Royal Gardens, Kew, Hampton Court and at White City.
h pt.. I/- : pt., 1/6 ; qt., 2/6 ; i gall., 4/-; gall., 7/6.
PATENT SYRINGES
Specially Recommended by
THE NATIONAL ROSE SOCIETY.
Give just the right spray for applying washes efficiently and with absolute economy. . Vary spray from fine to medium or coarse, as desired.
Now fitted with extra rings on the barrel to take the spare caps — thus the " Abol " is as perfect as it is possible for a sprayer to be.
No. 4 (I X 14), 8/6 ; No. 5 (1 X 20), 10/6. No. 6 (1 1 X 20). 14/6. Bend. 1/6 extra
"ABOL" FERTILIZER
Very highly concentrated, and much more Economical and Efficacious than any other. Imparts a wonder- ful and lasting benefit to all vegeta- tion— -is quick and sure in effect.
Tins, 6d. and 1/-, postage 6d extra ; 7 lbs. 2 6; 14 lbs., 4/6 . Bags, 28 lbs. 7/6 ; 56 lbs. 12 -: 112 lbs, 18/-;
A 32 pp. Treatise on Gard.-n I'e-t- and Diseases, fully illustrated, will be sent to any reader
GRATIS AND POST FREE.
OF ALL NURSERYMEN IRONMONGERS, &c. :
or Sole Proprs. and Mfrs.
E. A. WHITE, Ltd. 9 Beltring, Paddock Wood,
Kent.
EDMONDSON'S PRIZE BEE HIVES
•-pi /^ P\ R (With latest ::
1 he L..U.D. improvements)
The TWO-CRATE
The No. 1 ^ ^
Bar Frames, Sections, Comb Found- ation, and all Beekeepers' Appliances
Illustrated Price List Free
EDMONDSON Bros.
10 Dame Street, DUBLIN.
"ABOL WORMKILLER
The very best for earthworms on Putting and Bowling Greens, Garden Tennis and Croquet Lawns, NON- POISONOUS.
Tin, 1 - ; post 6d. e.xtra. 7 lbs. 1/9 ; 14 lbs, 3/- ; 28 lbs., 5/- ; 56 lbs., 7/6 ; 112 lbs., 12'- ; 5 c\rt., £2/17/6 ; 10 cwt. £3/15 ; 1 ton, £7.
Vlll
IRISH GARDENING.
Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland.
The monthly meeting o£ the council was licld at the Society's offices, 5 Molesworth Street, Dublin, on the 8th ult. Present i—li. T. Harris, LI..D. ; Alderman Bewley, J. Wylie- Henderson, W. J. Mitchison, R. Anderson, J. J. M'Donough, Sir Frederick W. Moore, U. L. Ramsay, .J.P., and H. P. Goodbody, with Mr. E. D'Olier presiding. Regrets at inability to attend were received from Lady Albreda Bourke, .Tames Robertson, J.P., A. Oam])bell and E. II. Wal])ole. A balance sheet of the Spring Show was submitted and approved, and accounts, including the prize money, ordered for payment. Arrangements were made for drafting the S]jring Show schedule for 1915. Mrs. Brown-Clayton, Brown's Hill, Cai'low, proposed by Mr. Jocelyn H. Thomas, and Mr. VV. E. Trevithick (practical), ])roitosed by the Marquis of Headfort, were elected members of the society. Mr Joseph Meade, Old Connaught, Bray, was awarded a cultural certificate and the bronze medal of the society for tine specimens of Iris Susiana, the Mourning Iris.
National Sweet Pea Society.
In consequence of the political unrest in Bel- fast, the Irish Rose and Floral Society have decided to abandon their show for this year, and owing to the same cause the National Sweet Pea Society will not be able to hold a provincial show there this year.
Schedules of the London Show may be had by applying to the Secretary, Henry D. Tigwell, Greenford, Middlesex.
" Sanitas Powder.'
It is quite amazing to note the number of gardeners who are now using " Sanitas Powder " to protect their hobbies.
The value of " Sanitas Powder " was only casually referred to the first time in IJH 1 in Mr. W. P. Wright's well known book " The Garden Week by Week." Since then fresh evidence of its value seems to be continually cropping u]), proving its ellicacy against not only slugs and snails, but birds, cats, and insect pests of ail kinds, and it is being used not only as a surface dressing for beds and protection for grass seed, but actually for digging into the bed when making up, and for ]>utting into the bottom of every drill when planting out.
The makers have just issued a new leaflet describing its many applications.
Catalogues.
Mehsus. E. a. White, Beltring, I'addock Wootl, Kent, send a small booklet entitled " In a Perfect Garden." It is a popular but ])i'actical treatise on the eradication of garden andjgreenhouse ])ests, giving a good description of how to get rid of those which attack Roses, Carnations, &c. The booklet should prove a useful one to growers, as it is reliable and has been broiight up-to-date ; it may be obtained post free on application to Messrs. E. A. White.
" Summer Bedding Plants," from Messrs.. Wm. Watson «fe .Sons, Clontarf Nurseries, Dublin, is a small catalogue giving good lists of Geraniums,
Perpetual Flowering Carnations
For the Greenhouse or Open Border.
Write at once for full particulars of these glorious plants. :: :: :: :: ::
Special Collections, in bud, from 15/— per dozen ; will make a grand display. :: ::
One dozen {extra goud) in 3 inch pots, 7/6.
YOUNG & CO.
HATHERLEY. CHELTENHAM
Read Taudevin's Cultural Treatise.
PEA TRAINERS
The 'PARAGON'
(PATENT)
SINCE their introduction some few years ago t-hese Trainers have been steadily gaining in public favour. A real boon to Gardeners. Simple, effective and durable; giving ample support and keeping the growing lieas in neat straight lines. Do not harbour insects <'r pollute the soil.
Made 4 ft.. 5 ft. and 6 ft. high, and ?ent out in sets complete ready for putting up. at frum Sti per set upwarj. Write for price leaflet.
\ Special Width made for Sweet Pea
What useks say; — "Lady E. is much pleased with your Paragon Pea Trainers, which are most use- * ful and sitisfactory." — Gorey.
"I am delighted with your Pea Trainers. Please «end me another set."— Dundalk. Supplied through Seedsmen, Ironmongers. &c. or seat carriage paid fiom the natent^'es —
The PARAGON PEA TRAINER CO., Bridge St., Banbridge, Co. Down
Thompson & Morgan's far-famed Seeds & Plants
Revised CATALOGUES for 1914 free on application.
The high quahty of our FLOWER AND VEGE- TABLE SEEDS is now universally recognised, and our CATALOGUE — really a book of reference on hardy flowers — describes over 3,000 different kinds, many of them not obtainable elsewhere.
Our HARDY PLANTS, mostly Alpine and Herbaceous, are strong, fibrous rooted stuff, in all the newest and best varieties, at moderate
prices
Trial Order Solicited.
THOMPSON & MORGAN,
Seed Establishment and Hardy Plant Nurseries,
IPSWICH
IRISH GARDENING.
IX
If you FUMIGATE OR SPRAY
liM it Kir.-, tivi'lvaii.l Ise
NICOTIGIDE
Fumlgrant
Feet Each
40 000 15/- , o
20.000 7/6 'Sn
12,000 4/6 ,-•5 "3
8.000 3/- «f^
4,000 1/8 ) ^
NICOTICIDE FUMICATORS, 1- each (or 3,000 cubic feet NICOTIGIDE
PLANT SPRAY
is very etre«-ti\e where it iS;not convenient to fuinigjite. We advise you to try it. It will als.> be u-seful as a Winter Dressini; forPeacheJ, ,S:i-.
i pint 1/2 ; Pint, 2/- quart, 3/6 ; i gall,, 5/-; gallon 10/-. Carriage Paid. Ask your Seedsmen for it.
LAWN i SAND
entirely eradicates Haisies, Weeds, Moss, &c., besides stimulating the Gr.asa.
28 lbs. will di«ss 100 sq. yds. 6d., Is., and 2s. 6d. Tins ; i cwt., 6s. ; * cwt., lis. ; 1 cwt., 20s. Carriage Paid.
Worm 1 Powder
a certain temedy for removing Wo-ias and clearing Worm Ca.sts. t'se I lb. to the sq. yd. Simply sprinkle fairly thickly on the (inuis
and wa,ter copiously. 14 lbs \ iwt. I. cwt. 1 cwt. 5 cwt. i ton. 2 ton.
3/- 5 7/6 12/6 £3 £5 10 £10 10
Use also COW'S TOBACCO POWDER & QUASSIA EXTRACT
FOR W '
VINES PI^NTS 8c Vl-GKTABLF.S ^-r. , ''
MANURES
PF-RFKCT PLANT FOODS .
TBt RESliLT OF MANY YEARS PlilCTIatl.
f;x/'/fi/fy>/cf: /v n^i^nr/v/yc .
■ U*;£D ALL oCeP, THE'»V'0RLD • SOLD BY SERaSMKN C- NURSERYMEN
9 to
0 THE CHEAPEST INSECTICIDE OF THE DAY
"NIQUAS"
(NON-POISONOUS) IMPROVED
A Concentrated Extract of Quassia, combined witii other valuable ingredients, forming a cheap, safe, and effective Insecticide for syring- ing and dipping. It destroys all Insect Pests infesting Trees and Plants, whilst no possible injury to vegetation can result from its use.
It can be applied with syringe or pump, or used for dipping.
PRICES— Half-pint, 1/-; pint, 1/6; quart, 2/6 j half-gallon, 4/-;
gallon, 7/6 J five gallons, 25/-; ten gallons, 45/-
I gallon sufficient for 8o gallons of water.
STANDEN'S MANURE
(Established over 35 Years)
Exceeds all others in General Fertilising Properties and Staying Powers
Analysis on Application
Sold in Tins, 1/-, 2/6, 5/6 each: and in Kegs, well secured, to prevent
loss through exposure, 28 lbs., 8/6; 56 lbs., 13/6; 112 lbs., 22/6
CORRY'S SPECIAL
Chrysanthemum Manure
Sold in Tins, I/-, 2/6, 5/6, and Bags, i cwt., 10/6 ; J cwt., 18/- ; I cwt., 32/-
For Fumigating in Greenhouses. "LETHORION"
Improved Metal Cones
Registered No. 62,697
To destroy Insect Pests. The Candle attached to each Cone only needs
lighting, and there is no further trouble. They are most efficacious.
No. I. For frames and "leant-to's" up to 1,000 cubic
feet. Price, 6d. each.
No. 2. For small greenhouses up to 1,500 cubic feet. Price, 8d. each.
No. 3. For a well secured house of 2,000 to 2,500 cubic feet. Price, 1/- each.
Fowl
er's
Lawn Sand
This preparation is for destroying Daisies and other weedt on lawns,
and at the same time stimulating the growth of the grass. If one tin
is tried as a sample, its value will be at once appreciated. Sales are
largely increasing.
Tins, 1/-, 2/6, and 6/- each ; Kegs, i cwt., 8/6 ; j ewt., 16/- ;
I cwt., 30/-
ELLIOTT'S
* Summer Cloud' Shading
Registered Trade Mark No. 14,629. (The only genuine original and Improved article)
For Greenhouses. A pleasant green shade is given to the glass. In packets, 1/- for 100 feet of glass, and 2/6 each for 300 feet.
Sole Manufacturers :
CORRY & CO., Ltd.
LON DON
SOLD BY ALL NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN
IRISH GARDENING.
Begonias, Violas, Antirrhinuius and many annuals and plants which juako a good display during the summer months. Towards the end are to be found vegetable plants and popular climbers
" Guaranteed Gardening Goods," from The Growers' Supply Association, Ltd.; Boulton Works, The Crescent, South Road, Hockley, Birminghajn. — This is an illustrated catalogue of appliances, tools, sprayers, garden hoses, &c., useful to gardeners and growers.
Irish Show Fixtures for 1914.
This list is intended to assist societies iri selecting dates for their shows by indicating the arrange- ments which have already been made and pre- venting the clashing of show dates.
Secretaries will grea;tly oblige by sending the earliest possible intimation of their fixtures and of any change which takes place in their arrange- ments. Julv 10
15 15
18
18
R, H. S. I., Summer Show, Lord Iveagh's Grounds. Dublin.
Kingstown Horticultural Society.
Lucan, Saggart and Clondalkin Show. Hon. Sec, Mrs. R. Shackleton.
Howth Gardening and Home In- dustries Society's Show, at Plowth Castle.
Terenure and District Horticultural Society, Terenure, Dublin. Hon. Sec, A. Phipps, Esq., St. Ann's, Kimmage Road, Dublin.
July 23 Fethard Flower and Industrial Society's Show, Lakefield, Fethard. Hon. Sec, Rev. R. C. Patten.
,, 29 Stillorgan and Foxrock Horticultural Society, at The Paddock, Leopards- town.
„ 30 Killarney Flower and Industrial Society, Killarney. Hon. Sec, J. Henry, Esq., Danesfort Cottage, Killarney.
„ 30 Co, Clare Horticultural Society, EnnLs. Summer Show, Ennis. Hon. Sec, Rev. R. Scott, The Manse, Ennis, Co. Clare. Aug. 5 Portumna Horticultural and Indus- trial Show. Hon. Sec, Rev. J. Griffin, Clonturbert Rectory, Bal- linasloe. 5 Warrenpoint Flower vShow. Hon. Sec, Dr. George W. Connor, The Cottage, Warrenpoint, Co. Down.
,, 13 Co. Galway Horticultural Show, Ballinasloe. Hon. Sec, Miss
O'Shaughnessy, Birch Grove, Bal- linasloe.
„ 15 Naas District Horticultural Society, Naas. Hon. Sec, Dr. O'Donel Browne, Gortnagrena, Naas.
„ 25 R. H. S. I., Autumn Show, Lord
Iveagh's Grounds, Dublin.
Sept. 3 Kilkenny Horticultural Society, St.
James's Park, Kilkenny Hon. Sec.
Miss F. E. Butler, Lavistown House.
Oct. 1 Co. Clare Horticultural Society Ennis —
Fruit and Farm Produce.
Smith's "Perfect " Patent Powder
WEED KILLER
MARVELLOUS INVENTION
^
MOST EFFECTIVE
Nothing like, it ever seen before
Soluble in Cold Water. All Tins Free. No Return Empties
1 Tins when mixed witli water will cover about lOU square yards. 1 Tin, sul'ficient to make 25 gallons £0 19
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4 |
Tins ,, |
100 „ |
C |
1 6 6 |
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TESTIMONY |
8 12 |
Tins Tins |
200 „ 300 „ |
0 12 6 Box 0 17 0 „ |
3d. 4d. |
ext |
ra |
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20 |
Tins Tins Carriagra |
500 „ 17 0,, 6d. 1,000 „ 2 8 0,, Is. on 8 Tins and upwards to Stations In Ireland. |
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ENNISCORTnY. - The Powder Weed Killer |
to |
Paid |
'' |
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I got from 3'ou last month |
SMITH'S LIQUID WEED KILLER |
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is the best I ever used. |
1 8 |
a, Ion |
1 |
One gallon to make 25 gallons lor use 9 6 gallons 9 6 16 gallons |
1 |
2 |
0 |
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2 |
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3 |
6 8 „ 12 |
6 18 |
1 |
5 |
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Glenellen, Miltown |
3 |
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5 |
0 1 10 „ 14 |
0 20 |
1 |
7 |
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Your Weed Killer is the |
4 |
>> |
6 |
6 j 12 „ 17 |
0 40 „ |
2 |
8 |
0 |
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only one I ever tried that is |
5 |
" |
8 |
0 Carriage Paid on 8 gallons and upwards. |
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any use. Yours never fails |
Gallons wliei |
1 mixed will cover an area o |
[ about 100 square yards. |
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— L, Cbeaghk Ckeaghe- H OWARD |
1 g |
allon |
1 3 |
)ouble Strength (1 to 50) 6 1 5 gallons 13 |
PRICES - 6 16 gallons |
38 |
0 |
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2 |
99 |
6 |
6 |
6 „ 16 |
0 |
20 „ |
46 |
0 |
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3 4 |
9 11 |
3 6 |
8 „ 21 10 „ 25 |
0 0 |
40 „ |
88 |
0 |
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" |
Carriage Paid on 4 gallons & upwards. Drums and Casks charged extra, but full price allowed when returned in good condition, carriage p^ia
IRISH AGENT—
D. M. WATSON, M.P.S.,
Telephone, 1971
NOTICE. These Preparations are Poisonous.
Horticultural Chemist
Sole Proprietors, MARK SMITH, Ltd-
6 1 South Great George's Street
DUBLIN
Insecticides, Fungicides, Fumigants, Spraying Machines, &c.
IRISH GARDENING
Dublin Wholesale Markets.
There has been a marked activity during the past month in every section of the salesmen's stands, and this activity and briskness is much on the increase with the coming of the summer months and all that they mean to the markets in the way of seasonable fruits, flowers and vege- tables. Home-grown vegetables and fruits, ^'specially Cork asparagus and Gormanstown gooseberries, were well in evidence and they were cleared easily at firm prices. Attention may be called here, very pro])erly, at the outset of the season to the marketing of gooseberries. It is quite apparent that in many cases they are packed indiscriminately and marketed indiffer- ently in any size box or basket, irrespective of grade or selection, and with a fair sprinkling of leaves to boot. This tells miich against their -attractiveness, and certainly does not enhance their price. Chip baskets holding about four quarts of fruit look the neatest and naost attrac- tive, and these can be had in quantity at a very ■cheap rate. I54..
Australian and Tasmanian apples, particularly the latter, continvie to arrive in liberal quantities -and in the usual first-rate condition. Arrivals from the Ca])e consist principally of grapes and pears in moderate su]i|)lies. Cherries from! the
Holtzapffd's Garden Tools.
WALKING STICK
PRUNING||:;SAW.
17/6
each.
Especially suitable for removing strong weeds from lawns, &c.
Catnlo'jueof Hi'ih-eluss Garden Tools jiost free (Depannent I.)
HOLTZAPFFEL & Co., 53 Haymarket
LONDON, S.W.
GALVANISED IRON
RUBBISH :: :: DESTRUCTOR.
( i;Etn.sTi:UKiH.
I <ir Burning iiji all liaidi-n IIifiiM' ami Kubbisli \v>t (Hiliy Feed at top, all kinds of Rubbish quickly reduced to ashes, than which there is nothing better as a Garden Fertiliser. :: :: ::
(iiii>i(lc Nrcasiiifnu-nt at Base 21in.,nciL:lit, n in ^Vri^lit :;7 His
Price 15 - each, Carriage Paid
FRANCIS HILL
Belmont Row, BIRMINGHAM
Awarded Gold Medal.
The
If you want a
BEAUTIFUL GARDEN
jou must i>ieserve your plants agaiastall
kinds of blight and garden pests.
ORDER
**KILPEST'» 'ir
TO-DAY ,„,„.
best insecticide on the Market-and is nn-poisonous " KILPEST ■' EXTERMINATES
lilack and Green Fly Red Spider, 'Ihrip, Cuo-eberry Caterpillar, Mildew and Aphis J'esis.Ai',. on Plants, Flowers, or l'"oliage. It cannot harm ani/thing but insect life, and the Hid-; uelieate plant cannot be injiued by its use 2 ozs. " Kilpest " makes 1 Call. Insecticide Prices— rint, 1,6; quart, 2,9 gall. 6;-; i-g:ill-8/. (Jet a supply from your dealer to-dav. If any difficulty is experienced in obtaining
" Kiliiest" send a postcard to Sole Manufacturers CLOUGH & FIRTH, Ltd.
BRIDGE MILLS, KNARESBOROUCH, YORKS.
^^
y -^^mi^--
jBROCKLEMdADi
^DON.S.E.
THECHEAPEST AMD BEST FIRM FOR GREiiNHOUSES. sendfdrlist postfree,
THIS TWO-LIGHT FRAME made to standard
size 6 (t. by 4 (t. Best materials, painted two
coats, glazed with 21 oz. glass, ready for use.
PRICE 30h packed free on Boat.
South of France are. now on sale, packed in siuaU baskets ; while strawberries front the same source are arriving in direct consignments to salesmen. For choice Irish strawberries and tomatoes quick bidding is the rule, and handsome ])rices are obtained.
Vegetables, particiilarly cabbages and cauli- flowers, were largely supplied, and only for" select stuff was there anything like a i)rolitable price obtained. In fact for inferior lots a clearance was slowly effected. New potatoes from County Dublin, chiefly from Rush and Skerries, are making their appearance in small lots, but evidently up to the present buyers prefer the old to the new. Potatoes from Teneriffe in fair quantity and well graded have been in the markets all the month, but there has not been any great demand for them, nor is there likely to be so long as the old ones continue sound.
The following is a price list for the month : —
Apples — American Australian (Jonathan)
Grapes (Gros Colmar)
Strawberries
Gooseberries
Cherries
Tomatoes
Fruit.
per barrel
per box
per lb.
per quart per basket per lb.
From To
s. d. s. d.
24 0 30 0
18 6
2 0
2 0
0 5
2 9
0 9
Vegetables. Cabbage (York) per large load Cauliflowers per flasket Cucumbers per dozen
Lettuce ,,
Leeks per bunch
Beans (French) per lb. Peas ,,
Potatoes (New) ,,
9 0
0 10
0 3
3 0 5 0 0 7
4 6 0 10
14 0
3 0
4 0 0 6
0 10
1 0 0 5
Largest Manufacturers
IN THE
United Kingdom
For Catalogue giving complete particulars of Bentley*s Weed Destroyers Bentley's Daisy Killer Bentley^s Plant and Fruit :: Tree Washes ::
Bentley*s Fungicides and :: ;: Fumigants ;: :: Bentley's Fertilisers, &c.
. . Write to . .
Joseph Bentley, Limited
MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS
'woRKst' Barrow-on-Humber, HULL.
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Vegetab LES — con . |
From |
To |
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s. |
d. |
s. |
d. |
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Radishes |
per doz. bunches |
1 |
0 |
1 |
t> |
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Rhubarb |
1 |
() |
2 |
9 |
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Spinach |
per float |
0 |
6 |
0 |
10 |
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Scallions |
per bunch Flowers. |
0 |
o |
0 |
\() |
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Arum Lilies |
per dozen |
2 |
4 |
3 |
0 |
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Narcissus — |
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(Pheasant's |
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Eye) |
per doz. bunches |
1 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
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Dovible white |
l)er i doz. bunches |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
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Roses |
per dozen |
1 |
6 |
2 |
« |
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Tvilips (Clara |
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Butt) |
per bunch |
2 |
V) |
3 |
(1 |
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Carnations |
|||||
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(Malmaison) |
per half dozen . |
1 |
0 |
1 |
(> |
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Pyrethrums |
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Double Whit |
e per doz. bunches |
1 |
S |
II |
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Pinks |
per bunch |
0 |
4 |
0 |
♦J |
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Pelargoniums |
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(Fancy) |
per pot |
0 |
o |
0 |
0 |
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Rhodanthe |
,, |
II |
4 |
0 |
b |
|
Spiraeas |
»? |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
|
White Stocks |
I) |
4 |
— |
.1. I).
EYE
S/.
In last issue of this Journal 49''q
of the English Advertisements
had pictures, while only 16% of
the Irish Advertisements made
use of this greatest factor in securing
attention. No need to point the moral.
We get up Sketches and make all sorts of Illustration Blocks.
IRISH PHOTO ENGRAVING CO- 50 Middle Abbey Street DUBLIN-
PHONE 413 .
SANITAS POWDER will rid
your Garden ot Slugs, and protect
your Seeds and Plants from all pests
Guch as Sings, Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.
LGaflet and Frea Sample with instructions Free.
Od.and i/- tins and 12/6 per Cwt.
o[ all Chemists. Stores and Xufserymcn.
THE SANITAS CO., Ltd,,
Liimehouse, London, E.
Awarded Medal at Royal Hortiaditiral ExJnbilion, igii. ^^^
Miscellaneous Section,
THE POPULARITY OF XL ALL SPECIALITIES increases every year. All gardeners proclaim that nothing equals these celebrated preparations. XL ALL NICOTINE VAPORISING COMPOUND, the gardener's favourite Fumigant, both Liquid and cake. XL ALL NICOTINE INSECTICIDE WASH for Syringing, Dipping, and Dressing Fruit Trees and Plants. Mealy Bug, Scale, &c., cannot exist where this is used. XL ALL INSECTICIDE WASH B {sine Nicotine), best
non-poisonous Wash on the market. Other Preparations of great Reno\vn are XL ALL WEED KILLER. Used once a year, no weeds can live. XL ALL ROSE MANURE grows inize blooms. Us:' it now ! Don't forget to ask your Nurseryman or Seedsman for mv small pink li.st=
G. H. RICHARDS, Manufacturer. 234 Borough High Street, London, S.E.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING
DESIGNING, Laying out and Planting of New and Renovating of Old Gardens. The Making and Planting of Rock Gardens, Rockeries, Water and Bog Gardens, and Pergolas a Speciality. Plans Prepared. Estimates Free.
RICHARD C McM. SMYTH, F.R.H.S.
Mount Henry
Dalkev. Co. Dublin
SANKEYS^^'^POTS
•^ ^hc OEST and Chcopcsh
State quantity of each size required and have "carriage paid" quotation ("carriage" frequently amounts lo half value ol
Koods), or write for Price List, free.
SPECIAL POTS of all descriptions. Bulb Bowls and Fern
Pani from 2d. each.
R/CHARD SANKEyA SON, LTP, Bulwell PoU-crics. NOTTINGHAM.
PERPETUAL FLOWERING (AMERICAN) CARNATIONS.
1 shall beple.ised to send my 1914 catalogue to all interested in these Carnations. I grow 250,000 flowering plants, and my stock is in perfect condition.
INSPECTION INVITED
C. ENOELMANN, Saffron Walden, ESSEX
AUTO-SHREDS i5K^A\"rs
Leaf-mining Maggots, Mealy Bug and all Pestt infesting plants under glass, &c. Simple to use, no apparatus required. In Eozes to Fumigate I, ooo cubic feet, 6(1.; lo.ooe cubic feet, 31. 6d. each. Obtained of SeedMnea and Florists; if unobtainable apply direct —
WM. DARLINGTON & SONS,
Ltd.
Who etale Horticultural Sundriestnen. HACKNEY. LONDON, N.E. Trade Terms and Catalofrueof SuoJrics upon receipt of business card
FIVE POUNDS for the best autoehrorae or coloured drawing of a KELWAY BORDER. THREE POUNDS second prize, ONE POUND third prize. Winning auto- chromes or drawings, and copyright, to become the property of Kelway & Son, whose decision will be final. To arrive carefully ]>acked. bv Julv 14th, addressed : — KELWAY & SON, The Royal Horticulturi.sts, Langport.
•GARDENS OF DELIGHT," a most useful gardening book. Full information about Herbaceous t Borders, and particularly the Kelway Border. Splendidly printed in colours with a number of beautiful colour plates. Edited and contributed to by .James Kelway. Every amateur gardener should have "this book. Is. post free from KEL- WAY & SON, The Royal Horticulturists, Langport, Somerset.
Books on Gardening, Vegetable Culture, Greenhouse Manaji^ement, and all other subjects. Second hand at half prices. New 25 % discount. Catalogue, NO- 99!i2, free. State wants. Books bought. W. &G. FOYLE, 121 Charing Cross Rd., London,
IF YOU HAVE A GLASS ROOF THAT LEAKS, a Conservatory to repair, or any kind of glazing work to be done, Carson's Plastine will save money, time, worry and annoyance consequent on the use of ordinary putty, which cracks, crumbles, and decays. It saves the expense of constant renewals. Carson's Wood Preservative in green and brown, for Palings, Trellis Work, &c. The best paint for Greenhouses is "Vitrolite." Write for Catalogue. Carson's, 22 Bachelor's Walk, Dublin.
BIRDS SCARED.— Rotless Tanned Netting. Small mesh ; very superior ; as supplied by us to the Royal Gardens. Satisfaction or cash refunded. 100 x I yard, 3/9 ; 2 yards, 7/6 ; 3 yards, 11/3 ; 4 yards, 15/- ; 50 x 6 j'ards, 11/3 ; 25 x 8 yards, 7/6 ; carriage paid. Any length and width supplied. POTTER BROS. (Dept. T.), Shrewsbury. Estd. 58 years.
LAWN MOWERS. — Nothing to equal them, only 12/d ; Garden Rollers. 37/6 ; Seats, 8/6 ; Barrows, 14/6 ; Water Barrows, 20 gallon, 25/6 ; Garden Hose, 60 feet, 9/11. Get our free list and save money. POTTER BROS. (Dept. T.), Shrewsbury.
TENNIS COURT NETTING.— Rotless ; Superior. Strong Tarred Top and Bottom Lines. 25 x 2 yards, 6/- ; 3 yards, 7/- : 4 yards, 8/-. Tents, 22/-. Army Bell Tents, all complete, 37/6. Officers' Tents, 50/-. POTTER BROS. (Dept. T.), Shrewsbury.
Fethard Flower Show
WILL BE HI:L1i AT
LAKEFIELD, FETHARD
(Two .Miles fioiii Station)
On THURSPAV, JULV 23rd, I9I4
Over 30 Classes open to all Ireland
FOR ve(;ktai;i,i;s FEtir and flowers
£10 Prize offered for Sweet Peas
12 SPR.^YS OF VI NAMED VAKIETlEs
£3 Prize offered for Carnations
Schedules from Hon. Sees.
Rev. R. C. PATTEM, Fethard Rectory, Co. TIpperary J. C. O'BRIEN, Lakefield, Fethard, Co. Tipperary
D
EPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND
TRAINING IN— Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture Creamery Management, &c. ::
^ Persons who desire to attend any of the Courses in the above-mentioned subjects, to be provided by the Department during the year 1914-15, should apply with- out delay for prospectuses, &c., to
THE SECRETARY, Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. Upper Merrion St., Dublin
11
IRISH GARDENING
Laxton's New Strawberries for 1914
Including the Grand New Forcing Variety
LAXTON'S KING GEORGE V. ADMIRAL, THE DUKE AND BOUNTIFUL ::
Also LAXTON'S THE EARL LAXTON'S THE QUEEN LAXTON'S MAINCROP^
Early Potted Runners of (July delivery) ROYAL SOVEREIGN
For forcing, 20s. 100 ; August 1 6s. open ground, 6s. IOC,
The Largest Cultures in Europe. Grown specially for Runners. Grand Plants. Millions Sold Annuallv
A FULL PRICED CATALOGUE AND CUL- TURAL HINTS will be sent on application.
LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD
JAMES CRISPIN & SONS, f.r.h.s
||iri|i!!f|l||1IFP
m
\
FOR ALL CLASSES OF GLASSHOUSES AND :: HEATING APPARATUS.
Carnation, &c., House. 11 ft. by II ft. For :: Brickwork Base, ::
£45 O O
CARRIAGE PAID
Price includes Plant :: :: Stages :: '■:
Please write for Catalogue
Head Office: Nelson St., BRISTOL
Ranges of Glasshouses, complete with Heating Apparatus, Tanks, Peach and Vine Trainers Wood, Iron, or Slate Staging, Potting and Boiler Houses, with every modern accessory.
ENQUIRIES INVITEU FOR
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES SUN LOUNGES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, CARNATION HOUSES, &c.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST FREE ON APPLICATION
HEATING AND DOMEiSTIC SUPPLY
INSTALLED IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS • MANSIONS HORTICULTLRAL.BUILUINGS
&c., &c. Schemes and Estimates Free
GARDEN FRAMES
In great variety always in Stock _
PRICES ON APPLICATION
NORWICH
ENGLAND
I.IMITRD
MODERN . GLASSHOUSES
Superior in Design :: Material, Construction and above all utility.
WOOD LATH and SCRIM BLINDS :
IN EVERY VARIETY
Eor Shading CONSERVATORIES, GREENHOUSES, &c.
Our Shadings are recommended by Horticultural Authorities.
BOULTON & PAUL,
WINDOW GLASS
Polished Plate for Shop Windows.
Horticultural Glass at Lowest Rates
DEATH TO THE WEEDS !
HOYTE'S WEED KILLER.
strongly Recommended for the Destr~ueti«H of Weedt, &'e. Price, 2s. per gallon ; 5 gallons, is. 6d. per gallon ; 10 gallons, IS. 3d. per gallon ; Original 40-gallon casks, IS. per gallon.
nOYTE & SON, me CUy ot Oublln Dru({ Hall. 17 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN
PI(!>»e menti
tfiU P;iper
THE'REACHOVER' SPRAYING SYRINGE
^1*
PERFECTLY FULFILS ALL THE PURPOSES
of ;i S(p|-a\ lUK Syrin.irc And an Ordinary Syringe with Ixose and .let
Will Spray from any Position — Above, Beneath, Back, Front, or Either Side
Qi roK i-ii.i,iN(i DKvioi: Ti) si'i; wix'; ai taciimivN r Price Complete Barrel, U', x I in, 9 6 18 X I 1 in.. 12 6 each. CARRIAGE PAID. NO EXTRAS.
IVnic /o> our CatiUogue of
SYRINGES, SPRAYERS, AND: OTHER GUARANTEED GARDENING GOODS.
Grov^ers Supply Association, Limited BOULTON WORKS, HOCKLEY (6) BIRMINGHAM
APPOINTED BY
ROYAL WARRANT
RANSOMES'
LAWN MOWERS
The Best in the AVorld
Possess iniprovemenls embodied in no other Machines ::
HAND POWER MACHINES, in ail kinds
and sizes to suit every user.
HORSE AND PONY MACHINES, the best
large Marliines.
Motor Mowers, Lawn Sweepers, Garden Rollers, Edge Trimmers, Golf Rollers, &c., &c.
Tor p;irlicnlnr8 .opplv for List No. .')■'.
RANS0MES,S1MS & JEFFERIES, Ltd.
IPSWICH
The oldest and most •xptrimred f'lTiii in the lAwn Mower Tradr
PHYTOPHILINE & YITIPHILINE
Non-Poisonous INSECTICIDES, free from Nicotine, Alcohol, Ether and Arsenic
Effective, Reliable, Economical, and Perfectly Harmless to the Plants and the Operator
THEREFORE
A BOON TO HORTICULTURISTS.
Fur Kluck and tireen Aphis, Fly, Thrips, Scale, Caterpillars, American Blight, Stc, USE PHYTOPHILINE. Fur Red ur Grey Spider, Mealy Uug, Fungi on Palms ur Azaleas, Mildew or Rust on Roses, Chrysanthemums, Peaches,
«c., USE YITIPHILINE.
Free sample on applicaiion, also prices and instructions for use from
CHARLESWORTH & CO., ^PLTlist^, Haywards Heath
SUSSEX
HB
GYMKHANA
Tug-o'-War, Children's Races, Various Sports
Putting Competition
Best Irish Jig (Double)
and Four Hand Reel
Open to Residents ill Sliow Districts
BAND R.l.C.
LUCAN, SAGGART AND CLONDALKIN
FLOWER SHOW
WILL BE HELD IN THE
Grounds of Corkagh, Clondalkin
By l<ind permission of COL. FINLAV, D.L. ON
Wednesday, 1 5th July, 1914
Show Opens at ONE p.m. and Closes at SIX p.m.
A conducted party will visit the GORKAGH GARDENS during the afternoon, starting from the Hon. Secretary's Tent at 4 o'clock.
AUCTION
of Flowers, Vegetables and Home Produce at 5 o'clock. :: ;:
Refreshments on the Grounds.
ADMISSION, 6d. MOTORS, 1/- CHILDREN, 3d.
T.aius fruiii Kiiigsljiidge :it 2, 3. Hiid 4.
Stillorgan and Foxrock Horticultural Society
(AFFILIATED WITH THH ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF IRELAND)
THE
SIXTH ANNUAL SHOW
WILL BE HELD IN THE
Paddock of Leopardstown Race Coui'se
On Wednesday 29th JULY, 19 14
Challenge Cups and Valuable Prizes in Classes for Flowers, Fruit and Vegetables
Schedule of Prizes and Full Particulars can be had from
The Secrelarj-
C.K. FOWLER Carrickmines, Co. Dublin
North Kildare Horticultural Society
SHOW
OF FLOWERS, VEGETABLES, FRUIT AND HOME INDUSTRIES
Will l>e hold b.v kind permission of H. J. R Clements. Ksq., D.L.
AT KILLADOON, CELBRIDGE
On Wednesday, 22nd July, 1914
Ail Kxhibits must reach Show Ground, and be staged liy 11 a-m. Gates open 1 o'clock p.m. Exhibition clo.ses 6 p.m.
Admission, 6c!. Children, 3d.
.\ihnissinn by both flales BAND OF THE DUBLIn' METROPOUrAN POLIGE
SPORTS, DONKEY RACES, &c. DANCING COMPETITIONS
(Open to all Kildare)
Entrance Fee 6d. (Entries up to day of Show recei\ed by Mr. Greban, Celbridge.)
It Prize :.'ii'i Prize
IRISH JIG . . 7 6 3 6
IRISH REEL 7 6 3/6
HOR.NPIPE . 7,6 O 3,0
THREE-HAND REEL for Children li.twc. I ? .>i li: 7/6 3 6
Refreshments on Crountta
Wm. DUNCAN TUCKER £ Sons, Ltd.
RECIPIENTS OF LARGE GOLD MEDAL & DIPLOMA OF HONOUR AT R.H.I.E. 1912
Write for Horticultural Catalogue No. i8. Sent post free on application
Glasshouses of every description erected complete in any part of the country
LONDON OFFICE, 27 Cannon St , E.G.
Works— TOTTENHAM.
WATER GARDENING
One of our fields is a natural water garden and we have long cultivated in it a large collection of plants suitable for beautifying streamside or lake
NYMPH/EAS
Water lilies are an essential feature. Our list, showing the wide range of colour that the newer hybrids give, with notes on culture, depth of water required, &c., will be sent post free on application.
R. Wallace & Co., Colchester
HEEZHS
LawnMowers & Rollers
EUREKA' WEED KILLER.
SAVES WEARY WEEDING.
)« gallons of mixed lolution will kill a'
weedi on aoo square yards of paths, &c.
POWDER. 1/- tin- for n galls, solution \ Free Tin- 1-^ ., «S ..
6/- ,, loo ,,
LIQUID.
( gallon - 2h I „ - 3/8
> ., -66
5 .. - W-
lo - 26/8
' irRi: KA" Insfcticiilc- L.-iwn .Siiiid, Hordeaiix Mixture, Worm
Killer, Ilayw.ird's Summer Sh.id--, "Kurekatine" fumigant, &c
I.iir(;er siz 8 of alimc iirtiiliw iit prop.irticniitely lower priica
SOLD BY AQBNTS
Kiill list with bookli't. "Clu'mistrv in OariUn nnil Oiccnhouse," of asonts or tlie niakei»—
TOMLINSON & HAYWARD. Ltd., LINCOLN
IHiBMN AcKNTs : T. McKenzi* & Sons, Ltd.. 21-20t. Brunswick Si. ; W. F. WellB .((Son. Bl Uppoi Sackville St. : Sir J. W. Mackejr, Ltd.. 23 Upper flackville St ; ICoeg * Roliertson, I.tiL. 21 Mary St.. Ac, *c.
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,^ |
■ |
and |
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„ |
Cases. |
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t—no. drum |
free |
|
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- ca^k |
9d. 1/6 a/6 $/- |
extra |
_J "Stand Pre-eminent'.'
Make perfect Coif Greens, Tennis Courts
Bowlirgr Creensand Lawns. Recent awards eeven Cold Medals, nine
Silver Medals. Motor Lawn Mowers made in various sizes
ilnli'i Oicnr.s Mi.lii-, liinily refnsp Siilistitntcf. •^rirl IKI. ii\ M I llll.^MO^■(;Fl:^.
Please Write for List No. 21.
THOMAS GREEN & SON, Ltd.
Smithfield Ironworks, Leeds, ami New
Surrey Works, Southwark Street,
LONDON, S.E.
By Special Appointment to
His iVIajesty the King.
MACKENZIE & MQNCUR, Ltd
HOTHOUSE BUILDERS
HEATING, VENTILATING, AND ELECTRICAL :: :: ENGINEERS, &c. ::
SPECIALTIES:
All kinds of Hothouses in Teakwood, Archangel Larch or Petersburg Redwood. Improved Ventilation Gearing ♦ Patent Wood Spar Blinds * Heating by Low Pressure, Hot Water or bj- Steam. * Improved Duplex System of combined Hot Water Service and Heating. * Improved Ironclad .System of * ♦ Electric Lighting -the only absolutely fireproof system. * *
WE DO NOT WORK ON THE UNSATISFACTORY PIECE-WORK SYSTEM, ALL WORK UNDERTAKEN BY US BEING CARRIED OUT BY HIGHLY SKILLED if * * WORKMEN AT TIME RATES. ^ ;r ;t<
EDINBURGH (Registered Office and works)^Balcarres Street, MorningsJde GLASGOW— 121 St. Vincent St. LONDON- 8 Camden Road, N.W.
Telegrams: « HOTHOUSE EDINBURGH," and "TREIBHAUS, Camroad, LONDON."
|
W.mCHARDSON&Co. SPECIALISTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF 111111 lilATAil Horticultural Buildings & Heating Apparatus DAKLINblUn |
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THE REASON WHY customers come to us for Glasshouses ami Heat- ing Apparatus is because they know they will get the best value for the least possible expenditure. A few of our customers in Ireland include the Duke of Leinster, the Right Hon. Chief Baron Palles, The Marquess Conyngham, The Marquesses of Headfort, Londonderry ; Earl Fitz- william, the Earls of Donoughmore, Ounraven, Erne, Longford, Listowcl, Rosse, Aberdeen ; Lords Ardilaun, Barrymore, Castletown, Cloncurry, Dunleath, Farnham ; Lady Maurice FiizGerald; Colonel the Hon. C. F. Crichton. H. P. Goodbody, Esq., &c., &c. |
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LONDON OFFICE: belgravia chambers VICTORIA STREET WESTMINSTER, S.W. |
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ERECTED FOR THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, VICE RECAL LODGE, DUBLIN. (Per H. M. Commissioners of Public Works). |
If you have a garden you need
"ABOL
JJ
INSECTICIDE
NON=POISONOUS The World's Best Pest Destroyer.
The one never failing remedy for insects and diseases in gardens and greenhouses. Safe, certain, and rehable. Unequalled for MILDEW ON ROSES and other plants. Used at Royal Gardens, Windsor, Kew, Hampton Court and at White City.
h pt.. 1/- ; pt., 1/6 ; qt.. 2/6 ; J gall., 4/-. gall.. 7/6.
PATENT SYRINGES
Specially Recommended by
THE NATIONAL ROSE SOCIETY.
Give just the right spray for applying washes efficiently and with absolute economy. Vary spray from fine to medium or coarse, as desired.
Now fitted with extra rings on the barrel to take the spare caps — thus the " Abol " is as perfect as it is possible for a sprayer to be.
No. 4 (I X 14). 8/6 ; No. 5 (1 X 20), 10/6. No. 6 (1 J X 20), 14/6. Bend, 1/6 extra
"ABOL" FERTILIZER
Very highly concentrated, and much more Economical and Efficacious than any other. Imparts a wonder- ful and lasting benefit to all vegeta- tion— is quick and sure in effect.
Tins, 6d. and 1/-, postage nn 6d extra ; 7 lbs. 2 6 ; 14 lbs., 4/6 . Bags, 28 lbs, 7/6 ; 56 Iba 12,-; 112 lbs, 18/-;
A 32 pp. Treatise on Garden Pests and Diseases, fully illustrated, will be sent to any reader
GRATIS AND POST FREE.
OF ALL NURSERYMEN IRONMONGERS, &c. :
or Sole Proprs. and Mfrs.
E. A. WHITE, Ltd. 9 Beltring, Paddock Wood, Kent.
"ABOL WORMKILLER
The very best for earthworms on Putting and Bowling Greens, Garden Tennis and Croquet Lawns, NON- POISONOUS.
Tin, 1 - ; post 6d. extra. 7 lbs. 1,9 ; 14 lbs. 3/- ; 28 lbs., 5 - ; 56 lbs., 7/6 ; 1 12 lbs.. 12 -; 5 cwt., £2/17/6; 10 cwt. £3/15; 1 ton £7.
Royal Horticultural ^^ Society of Ireland.
GREAT ROSE SHOW
AND
FLORAL FETE
WILL BE HELD
By kind permission of VlSCOUNT IvEAGH, K.P.
IN THE GROUNDS OF
His Lordship's Dublin Residence
Stephen's Green h
(Entrance off arccurt Street)
FRIDAY, JULY \Oth, 1914.
(Entries close July 2)
Early application for Trade space requested —
E. KNOWLDIN, Sec, 5 Molesworth St., DUBLIN
Vlll
IRISH GARDElSriNG.
Huge Order for Garden Seeds.
The United >States (Jovernmeiit each year distri- bute, by order of Oongress. enormous quantities of seeds tlirougliont the I'nited States free of cost.
The orders given are sonietiines very large, as may be judged frinn tlio fact tliat Messrs. Kelway A: Son. wlioiesak' seed growers and merchants, of Langixnt. Somerset (who have for some years been amongst th(! succ(>ssful competitors for a (lortion of this order), have this year received froni the United States Government from Wash- ington an order for flower seeds and veget«ible .seeds alone totalling in weight nearly 44 tons !
This is probably one of the largest orders for flower and vegetable seeds ever received by one firm from one customer, as it is not coniposed, even in ■i)art, of agricultural seeds or of large seeds, such as ])eas and beans. Many hundreds of acres must have been under cultivati(m for the pro- duction of the weight in question. How large an area such an enormous quantity of seeds would sow seems almost past human computation !
Of the four other European firms who (in addition to the Langi)ort firm) are this year favoured by the I'nited States Government with their order for seeds, one is English. tw<^ French iind one Dutch.
Correspondence.
Dear Sir, — I send you a few flowers of our I^aionia officinalis var. "Sunbeam." which is at liresent very good. It does not mind the cold, and came through the 7 degrees of frost we had
on <he morning of the 2.')1h May wilhoiil Inriiing a hair. Not so oilier lliiiigs, for iiudgersias, Astilbes, Ferns, such as Polystichums. Laslra>aas, Athyriums. Osmunda rggalis, cut down in the lower part, but safe u]) above. (). gracilis ami tlie other N. A. American s]tp. esca])ed. although jusl as forward. Japanese Maples were badi y damaged. Many of the Abies — Azalea mollis, which were a glorious sight on Sunday, the 21th, were not tit to be seen 24 hours afterwards. Hhododendrons — all the early-growing kinds — cut back and hav»! to start again. The Hollies had their young ti])s injured, also Laurels, with the exce])tion of Ser- bica, which is far and away the hardiest of all Laurels. This never begins to grow until the middle or end of .June (to-day it has not yet started), and so is very wise in its generation, and is a useful kind for cold districts. The toi»s of our beech hedges are all browned, but look rather pretty at a distance. — Yours truly,
Newrv. 9th .Tune, 1014. G. X. SMfTir.
Boyal Horticultural Society of Ireland-
The usn.al mnntlily nieeling of the council was held at the society's offices, .5 Molesworth Street, Dublin, on the 12th ult., Mr. E. D'OJier ])residing. A letter was read from the Royal Dublin Society, a unanimous vote of thanks being accorded to the Royal Dublin Society for facilities afforded for holding the last Spring Show in the large central hail. Ballsbridge. On a draft of the 1915 spring show schedule being submitted for approval. Sir Fredk. Moore (Hon. Sec.) reported that Mrs. Greer, Curragh Grange, had kindly intimated that she would present a challenge cup for Alpine exhibits at the spring show to be
Perpetual Flowering Carnations
For the Greenhouse or Open Border.
Write at once for full particulars of these glorious plants. :: :: :: :: ::
Special Collections, in bi/i/, from 15/- par dozen ; will make a grand display. :: ::
One dozen {cxh-a goocf) in 3 inch pots, 7, 6.
YOUNG & GO.
HATHERLEY. CHELTENHAM
Read Taudevin's Cultural Treatise.
m^
PEA TRAINERS
The * PARAGON*
(PATENT)
_ . _ few years
ago these Trainers have been steadily gaining in public favour. A real boon to Gardeners. Simple. efTective and durable; 5,'ivin? ample support .and keeping the srowinf; peas in neat straight lines. Do not harbo ir ins'.cts «T pollute the soil.
Mail.; 4 ft.. 5 ft. .ind 6 ft. high, ani sent out in sets complete reiidy for putting' up. at fivmi 8/B per set upwar 1. Writ^ for price leaflet.
h Special Width made for Sweet Pea
What useks say : - "Lady E. is mach pleased with your Paragon Pea Traioers, which are most use* ful and sitiafactory."— GORKV.
'■ I am delii^hted with your Pea Trainer.i. Please "enl me another .set. "— Di sualk. Supplied through Seed-t'i-en. Ironmongers. &c. or sent carriage paid f lom the n:itent»es —
The PARAGON PEA TRAINER CO.,Bricfg:e St., Banbridge, Co. Down
Thompson & Morgan's far-famed Seeds & Plants
Revised CATALOGUES for 1914 free on application.
The high quality of our FLOWER AND VEGE- TABLE SEEDS is now universally recognised, and our CATALOGUE — really a book of reference on hardy flowers— describes over 3,000 different kinds, many of them not obtainable elsewhere.
Our HARDY PLANTS, mostly Alpine and Herbaceous, are strong, fibrous rooted stuff, in all the newest and best varieties, at moderate
prices
Trial Order Solicited.
THOMPSON & MORGAN,
Seed Establishment and Hardy Plant Nurseries,
IPSWICH
.jmt
IRISH GARDENING.
IX
"^
If you FUMIGATE OR SPRAY
IlM It Ktr.. tn-,-U :,||.l !-.■
NIGOTIGIDE
Fumlg^ant
1 pint for
NICOTICIDE FUMICATORS, 1- each for 5,000 cubic feet
NICOTICIDE
PLANT SPRAY
is very effective where it is not convenient t" fiiniiirate. Wc ;i(]vtse yu to trv it. It will also 1* usefnl as a Winter liressinL- f..rPcaclu". .Vc.
I pint 1/2 ; Pint, 2/- quart, 3/6 ; A gall,, 5/-; gallon 10/-.
Carriage Paid. Ask your Seedsmen for it.
LAWN i SAND
entirely eradicates liaisies. Weeds. Movs.ac., 1, sides stimulating the tirass
28 lbs. will dress 100 sq. yds. 6d., Is., and 2s. 6d Tins : J cwt., 6s. : i cwt.. lis. ; 1 cwt., 208 Carriage Paid.
Worm i Powder
a certain rcmedr fur removing Wu ins .and clearing; Worm CasU.
l"se 1 lb. to the s<i. yd. Simply sprinkle fairly thickly on the lirjiis
and water copiously.
II lb« } cwt. I cn-t. 1 cwt. 5 cwt. J ton. 2 ton. 3/- 5 7 6 12/6 £3 £5 10 £10 10
Use also COW'S TOBACCO POWDER & QUASSIA EXTRACT
Ask y.Mir Seelsiiien for the aii'.ve and refiae all i mitatimis
HUNTER &GOW, Ltd. ^'sS" LIVERPOOL
MANURES
'n
FOR W \
VINES PLANTS &. VtGtTABI.ES ^
PFRFKCT PLANT FOODS
THE RESULT OF MANY YIl/XRS J'fi-icricrll.
/..\/'//;/f:,\c/: /v oi/>/j/:\f^o . ■ us£D allov'lrthe^v'orld •
SOLD BY SEED.SMF.N f M;HSEliY/»lEN
ff^K*'
THE CHEAPEST INSECTICIDE OF THE DAY
"NIQUAS "
(NON-POISONOUS) IMPROVED
.V Concentrated Extract ot Quassia, combined witli other valuable ingredients, forming a cheap, safe, and effective Insecticide for syring- ing and dipping. It destroys all Insect Pests infesting Trees and Plants, whilst no possible injury to vegetation can result from its use
It can be applied with syringe or pump, or used for dipping.
PRICES— Half-pint, 1/-; pint, 1/6; quart, 2/6; half-gallon, 4'-;
gallon, 7/6; five gallons, 26/-; ten gallons, 45/-
I gallon sufficient for So gallons of water.
STANDEN'S MANURE
(Established over 35 Years)
Exceeds all others in General Fertilising Properi ies and Slaying Powers
Analysis on Application
Sold-in Tins, 1/-, 2/6, 5/6 each ; and in Kegs, well secured, to prevent
loss through exposure, 28 lbs., 8 6 ; 56 lbs., 13/6 ; 112 lbs., 22/6
CORRY'S SPECIAL
Chrysanthemum Manure
Sold in Tins, I/-, 2/6, 5/6, and Bags, i cwt., 10/6 ; J cwt., 18 - ; 1 cwt., 32/-
For Fumigating in Greenhouses. "LETHORION"
Improved Metal Cones
Registered No. 62,597
To destroy Insect Pests. The Candle attached to each Cone only needs
lighting, and there is no further trouble. They are most efficacious.
Nn. 1. For frames and " leant-to's" up to 1,000 cubic
feet. Price, 6d. each.
No. 2. For small greenhouses up to 1,500 cubic feet.
Price, 8d. each.
No. 3. For a well secured house of 2,000 to 2,^00
cubic feet. Price, 1/- each.
Fowler's Lawn Sand
This preparation is for destroying Daisies and other weed* 011 lawns,
and at the same time stimulating the growth of the grass. If one tin
is tried as a sample, its value will be at once appreciated. Sales are
largely increasing.
Tins, 1/-, 2/6, and 6/- each ; Kegs, \ cwt.. 8/6; i cwt., 16/- ;
I cwt., 30/-
ELLIOTT'S
'Summer Cloud' Shading
Registered Trade Mark No. 14,629. (The only genuine original and Improved article)
For Greenhouses. A pleasant green shade is given to the glas» In packets, 1/- for 100 feet of glass, and 2/6 each for 300 feet.
Sole Manufacturers :
CORRY & CO., Ltd
LON DON
SOLD BY ALL NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEIN
IRISH GARDENING.
icstiiL-ted t(i trade exhibitors, a iiiiaiiiniuu.s vote of thanks being passed to Mrs. CJreer for this addition to the si)ring show schedule, and, further, for renewing the Alpine challenge cup won out by her in the amateurs" elass. Judges were nominated and other i)reliminary arrange- ments made for the summer show to be held in Lord Iveagh's grounds, Dublin, on Friday, .July 10th. For other particulars .see advertisement in this is.sue. Mrs. (iilmore, St. Helens, Bray, on the proposition of Mrs. Butler, Rynville, Bray, was elected a member of the society.
Fcthard Flower Show.
Thk fourth annual show and fete of the Fethard Flower and Industrial Society is to be held at Lakefield by kind permission of J. G. O'Brien, Esq., on Thursday, July 23rd, 1914.
The schedule is designed to meet the needs of all e.Khibitors of popular flowers and garden produce, and some very good prizes ai'e offered, such as the grand £10 prize for Sweet Peas and the grand £3 for Carnations, both open to all Ireland
The promoters of the show are doing a great deal of good by encouraging cottage indu.stries and horticulture, and well deserve the support of the public.
Catalogues.
Messks. W. & G. FoYLE, 121 Charing Cross Road, London, W.C, the well-known booksellers, send an excellent list of
botanical and horticultural books ; they sell both second- hand and new books.
Tho.sc who rc(iuire horticultural books should aj)ply for the free catalogue, for often a u.seful book in good condition may be obtained at a very moderate price. School and other science books are supplied.
Irish Show Fixtures for 1914.
This list is intended to assist societies in selecting dates for their shows by indicating the arrange- ments which have already been made and pre- venting the clashing of show dates.
Secretaries will greatly oblige by sending the earliest possible intimation of their fixtures and of any change which takes place in their arrange- ments.
Jidy 10
„ 15 15
„ 18
18
R. n. S. I., Summer Show, Lord Iveagh's Grounds, Dublin.
Kingstown Horticultural Society.
Lucan, Saggart and Clondalkin Show. Hon. Sec, Mrs. R. Shackleton.
Howth Gardening and Home In- dustries Society's Show, at Howth Castle.
Terenure and District Horticultural Society, Terenure, Dublin. Hon. Sec, A, Phipps, Esq., St. Ann's, Kimmage Road, Dublin.
Smith's "Perfect" Patent Powder
WEED KILLER
MARVELLOUS INVENTION
^
MOST EFFECTIVE
Nothing like it ever seen before.
TESTIMONY
Enmsoobthy. The Powder Weed Killer I got from you last month is the best I ever used.
GlENELLEN, MlLTOWN
Your Weed Killer is the only one I ever tried that is any use. Yours never fails
— L. CREAonB Crkaghe-
UOWABD
Soluble in Cold Water. All Tins Free. No Return Empties
4 Tins when mixed with water will cover about 400 square yards. 1 Tin, sufficient to make 25 gallons £0 19
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4 Tins ,, |
100 „ 0 6 6 |
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8 Tins |
200 ,, 0 12 6 Box 3d. |
extra |
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12 Tins |
300 ,, 0 17 0 „ |
4d |
»> |
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20 Tins |
500 ., 17 0,, |
6d. |
»> |
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40 Tins |
1,000 ,, 2 8 0,, |
Is. |
>f |
||
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Carriage |
Paid on |
8 Tins and upwards to Stations In Ireland. |
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SMITHES |
LIQUID WEED KILLER |
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One gallon to make 25 gallons for use |
|||||
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1 gallon |
1 9 |
6 gallons 9 6 16 gallons |
1 |
2 0 |
|
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2 |
3 6 |
8 „ 12 6 18 „ |
1 |
5 0 |
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3 '„ |
5 0 |
10 „ 14 0 20 „ |
1 |
7 0 |
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4 „ |
6 6 |
12 „ 17 0 1 40 |
2 |
8 0 |
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5 „ |
8 0 |
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Carriage Paid on 8 gallons and upwards. |
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Gallons when mixed will cover an area of about 400 square y |
irde. |
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Double Strength (1 to 50) PRICES - |
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1 gallon |
3 6 |
5 gallons 13 6 |
lo gallons |
38 0 |
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2 |
6 6 |
6 „ 16 0 |
20 „ |
46 0 |
|
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3 |
9 3 |
8 „ 21 0 |
40 „ |
88 0 |
|
|
4 |
11 6 |
10 „ 25 0 |
Carriage Paid on 4 gallons & upwards. Drums and Casks charged extra, but full price allowed when returned in good condition, carriage paid
IRK«5H AGENT-
NOTICE. These Preparations are Poisonous. Sole Proprietors, MARK SMITH, Ltd.
D. M. WATSON, M.P.S.,"°ch::'sr'61 South Great George's street
Telephone. 1971 DUBLIN
Insecticides, Fungicides, Fumigants, Spraying iVlacliines, &c.
IRISH GARDENING
XI
July 23 Fethard Flower and Industrial Society's Show, Lakefield, Fethard. Hon. Sec, Rev. R. C. Patten.
,, 29 Stillorgan and Foxrock Horticultural Society, at The Paddock, Leopards- town. 30 Killarney Flower and Industrial Society, Killarney. Hon. Sec, J. Henry, Esq., Danesfort Cottage, Killarney.
,, 30 Co. Clare Horticultural Society, Ennis. .Summer Show, Ennis. Hon. Sec, Rev. R. Scott, The Manse, Ennis, Co. Clare. Aug. 5 Portumna Horticultural and Indus- trial Show. Hon. Sec, Rev. J. Griffin, Clonturbert Rectory, Bal- linasloe.
,. 5 Warrenpoint Flower Show. Hon.
Sec, Dr. George W. Connor, The Cottage, Warrenpoint, Co. Down.
,. 13 Co. Galway Horticultural Show, Ballinasloe. Hon. Sec, Miss
O'Shaughnessy, Birch Grove, Bal- linasloe.
„ 15 Naas District Horticultural Society, Naas. Hon. Sec, Dr. O'Donel Browne, Gortnagrena. Naas. 2.5 R. H. S. I., Autumn Show, Lord Iveagh's Grounds, Dublin. Sept. 3 KUkenny Horticultural Society, St. James's Park, Kilkenny- Hon. Sec., Miss F. E. Butler, Lavistown House. Oct. 1 Co. Clare Horticultural Society Ennis^ Fruit and Farni Produce.
Awarded Gold Medal.
Gold Medal.
If you want a
BEAUTIFUL GARDEN
you must 1. reserve your plants agaiast all kinds of bliglii and garden pests.
ORDER
KILPEST" ''""*"
TO-DAY
The best insecticide on the
Market -and is nn-poisonous
" KILPEST " EXTERMINATES
Black and Green Fly Red Spider, ilinp, Goohtberry Caterpillar, Mildew and Aphis Pests, cV-c. on Plants, Flowers, or Foliage. It cannot harm anytkhig but iitsect life, and tlie iiK'st delicate vlaiit cannot be injured by its use 2 0Z8. " Kilpest " makes 1 Call. Insecticide Prices— Pint, 1,6; Qiiarl, 2/9 gall. 6/-; i-gall.8,- Uet a supply from your dealer to-day. If any difficulty is experienced in obtaining
■' Kiljipst " send a post card to Sole Manufacturers '
CLOUGH & FIRTH, Ltd.
BRIDGE MILLS, KNARESBOROUGH. YORKS.
iskw^
Efficient, strong, and light — the ideal mowers (or all purposes. The favourites of amateur gardeners and profes- sionals. Have secured Royal favour, and been awarded numerous gold medals and testimonials. Of all ironmongers and seedsmen.
A. SHANKS & SON, Ltd.,
ARBROATH, & Bush Lan«, LONDON.
nw\
CRYSTALPALACE HORTICULTURAL WORKS BROCKLEYROADP
40ND0N.S.E. ITHECHEAPEST AND BEST FIRM FOR GREENHOUSES, sendforlist postfree.
[from -£3 00 FROM £21501
ALL 21 OZ CLASS THROUCPm
Makers of all kinds of Creenhouses.CdrdenFrdines,
THIS TWO-LIGHT FRAME made to standard
size 6 ft. by 4 ft. Best materials, painted two
coats, glazed with 21 oz. glass, ready for use.
PRICE 30I- packed free on Boat.
XI 1
IRISH GARDENING.
Holtzapffel's Garden Tools.
>VALKING STICK PRUNING SA^V.
/ 17/6
^^D»* — ^ each.
The finest Pruningr Saw in the world.
«* HARPOON " \VEED EXTRACTOR.
g 10/6
Especially suitable for removing strong weeds from lawns, &c.
Caialoijue of Hi'ih-class Garden Tools post 'free (Department I.
HOLTZAPFFEL & Co., 53 Haymarket
LONDON, S.W.
GALVANISED IRON
RUBBISH :: :: DESTRUCTOR.
iKEGlSTEREDi.
For Burning up all Gaiden Rffusf and Rubbish wet or dry Feed at top, all kinds of Rubbish quickly reduced to ashes, than which there is nothing better as a Garden Fertiliser.
Outside Measurement at Base i!4in. .Heiglit. 41 in. Weight STlbs
Price 15 - each, Carriage Paid
FRANCIS HILL
Belmont Row, BIRMINGHAM
NATOLINE
HOW TO GET RID OF GREEN FLY
It la quite simple, just spr;iy with—
Natoline, 2 oz ; Soft Soap, 1 02 Warm Water, 1 gallon
A CERTAIN CURE.
Trial tin 6d. post free.
Xittoline also eradicates Mealy Bug, Bed Spider
Thiips, &c.
THE NATOLINE SYNDICATE
54 Berrnondsay Street. London SE
of the cost of a sketch and picture for your advt. It costs very little when **■■»=—— .s^^S^*^**^ you consider
how it attracts the attention of the reader.
We make sketches or photos and blocks
for all purposes. IRISH PHOTO ENGRAVING CO.
Aifir^rvT c
ADDCV c'-mirr^'T- rMii~»i
(
Protects your Seeds and Seedlings and Garden Heds irom Slugs.
Protects your new sown Grass Seed from Birds.
Protects Garden Beds from Cats, Rats and Mice.
Put a little ronnd every Seedling and Pl^nt.
Put a little in every Seed Drill. Sprinkle a
little over every bed beiore digging over and
bedding out.
For special Leaflet and Sampli send to
THE SAN1TA8 CO., Ltd.,
Limehouse, London, E.
I 6d. and //- Tins and 12/6 per Cut., ~ ixQVCi all Stores, Chemists, and Nurserymen.
"ACME"
WEED KILLER
Commended by Royal Horticultural Society after test in their Gardens.
Fop destroying Weeds, Moss, etc., on
Carriage Drives, Garden Walks, Roads,
etc.
PowrdLex* VITeed K:illex*
Dissolves quickly in Cold Water.
, X, sufficient to make 12^ galls. 1;-
1- .. ., „ 25 „ 1 '9
2, , 50 „ 3,3
3, 100 „ 6;-
Tins free.
Postage 3d.
„ 3d.
„ 4d. post frpp
r^iquid lATeed Killei*.
strength, 1 to 2.') galls, of water. 1 gall. 2 /3 (tin free) ; 5 b galls., 7 /6 : 10 galls. 13 ,4 (drums 2 ,6 and 5 /- respectively,
allowed when returned). Strength, 1 to 50 galls, of water. 1 gait, 3 /6 (drum 9d.) ; % 5 galls. 14/- (drum 2,6); 10 calls.. 25/- (drum 5/-), i allowed when returned.
Carriage paid on 2 galls, and upwards.
''Acme" J^SL^wnx SsLind.
Kills Daisies, .Moss, etc., and fertilises the grass, no other manure needed. Sample tin, 1/- ; 7 lb„ 1,9 ; 56 lb. 10/-. Carriage paid on 56 lbs.
The Acme Chemical Co , Ltd.,
TONBRIDGE, KENT.
And River Street, Bolton, Lanes.
Miscellaneous Section*
THE POPULARITY OF XL ALL SPECIALITIES increases every year. All gardeners proclaim that nothins equals these celebrated preparations. XL ALL NICOTINE VAPORISING COMPOUND, the gardener's favourite Funiigant, both Liquid and cake. XL ALL NICOTINE INSECTICIDE WASH for Syringing, Dipping, and Dressing Fruit Trees and Plants. Mealy Bug, Scale, &c., cannot exist where this is used. XL ALL INSECTICIDE WASH B (sine Nicotine), best
non-poisonous Wash on the market. Other Preparations of great Renown are XL ALL WEED KILLER. Used once a year, no weeds can live. XL ALL ROSE MANURE grows priz? blooms. Use it now ! Don't forget to ask your Nurseryman or Seedsman for mv small pink list.
G. H. RICHARDS, Manufacturer. 234 Borough High Street, London, S.E.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING
DESIGNING, Laying out and Planting of New and Renovating of Old Gardens. The Making and Planting of Rock Gardens, Rockeries, Water and Bog Gardens, and Pergolas a Speciality. Plans Prepared. Estimates Free.
RICHARD C McM. SMYTH, F.R.H.S.
Mount Henry Dalkey, Co. Dublin
"GARDENS OF DELIGHT," a most useful gardening book. Full information about Herbaceous Borders, and particularly the Kelway Border. Splendidly printed in colours with a number of beautiful colour plates. Edited and contributed to by James Kelway. Every amateur gardener should have this book. Is. post free from KEL- WAY & SON The Royal Horticulturists. Langport. Somerset .
Plantains Instantly Destroyed
" THe"''"bANPI^n'" "^"(Regd.)
Its steel tulw piercer, iihinged into the heart of the weed, summmls
the root, and lifts it clean out.
i inch, for seedlings, 5 6: J inch, for old weeds. 10 i5
Whli lonv hiUidlc. liiakin.^ st....rjiii.' niiiM-.-.'ssary. •_' « i-xtr.i.
ALL POST FREE. ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET FREE
E. BANPLANS, BANSTEAD, SURREY
AND ALL IRONMONGERS.
Books on Gardening, Vegetable Culture, Greenhouse Management, and all other subjects. Second hand at half prices. New 25 % discount. Catalogue NO. 99!;!, free. State wants. Books bought.
W. &Q. FOYLE, 121 Charing Cross Rd., London.
SANKEYB'SS»«*POTS
*^ Che 3EST and ChcopcsK
SPECIAL POTS of all de
Rf CHARD SANKEY' A SOf^, LTP,
Bulweil Pohhcries. NOTn/^OMAM,
PERPETUAL FLOWERING (AMERICAN) CARNATIONS.
1 shall be pleased to send my 1914 catalogue to all interested in these Carnations. 1 grow 250,000 flowering plants, and my stock is in perfect conditioD.
INSPECTION INVITED
C. ENGELMANN, Saffron Walden, ESSEX
AUTO-SHREDS ^E^f^rs
Leaf-mining Maggots, Mealy Bug and all Pest* infesting plants under glass, &c. _ ,^ Simple to use, no apparatus required. In ^'.-J Boxes to Fumigate 1,000 cubic feet, 6d.; > 10,000 cubic feet, 3*. 6d. each. Obtained of Seedsmen and Florists; if unobtainable apply direct —
WM. DARLINGTON & SONS,
Ltd.
Wholesale Horticultural Sundriesmen, HACKNEY, LONDON, N.E. Trade Termi and Catalogtie of Sundries upon receipt of business card
IF YOU HAVE A GLASS ROOF THAT LEAKS, a Conservatory to repair, or any kind of glazing work to be done, Carson's Plastine will save money, time, worry and annoyance consequent on the use of ordinary putty, which cracks, crumbles, and decays. It saves the expense of constant renewals. Carson's Wood Preservative in green and brown, for Palings, Trellis Work, &c. The best paint for Greenhouses is •'Vitrolite." Write for Catalogue. Carson's, 22 Bachelor's Walk, Dublin.
GALVANISED IRON
RUBBISH :: :: DESTRUCTOR.
(REi;ISTi;i!Kli .
Foi- Burning up all Garden Kef use and Kubbisli wet or dry Feed at top, all kinds of Rubbish quickly reduced to ashes, than which there Is nothingr better as a Garden Fertiliser. :: :: ::
fliusidi- Mc;ismr1iu-iit ;lt H;lSi' l'4iii.,Hi-i-!u, Hill. Wi'IlIU ;:711'^
Price 15 - each. Carriage Paid
FRANCIS HILL
Belmont Row, BIRMINGHAM
"GROSUP"
THE MOST PERFECT
Plant Food and Fertilizer
EVER PRODUCED SAMPLE Is. PACKAGE
Sufficient to thoroughly treat 20 Square Yards of Soil
^jT^ITQ^pl SENT CARRIAGE PAID ON RECEIPT OF P.O.
^^j^U!Jm>^<'MileuIS^ ALSO IX BACiS— 7, 14, -Js, dti, lii; Ih-. ^^^■■^^^^ 2/0,4/6,7/6,12 -,18/- CARRIAGE PAID.
Growers Supply Association, Ltd. BOULTON WORKS, HOCKLEY (B), BIRMINGHAM
11
IRISH GARDENING
Laxton's New Strawberries for 1914
Including the Grand New Forcing Variety
LAXTON^S KING GEORGE V.
ADMIRAL, THE DUKE
AND BOUNTIFUL , ::
Al
so
LAXTON'S THE EARL LAXTON'S THE QUEEN LAXTON'S MAINCROP
Early Potted Runners of (July delivery) ROYAL SOVEREIGN
For forcing, 20s, 100 ; August 16s. open ground, 6s. IOC.
The Largest Cultures in Europe. Grown specially for Runners. Grand Plants. Millions Sold Annually
A FULL PRICED CATALOGUE AND CUL- TURAL HINTS will be sent on application.
LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD
ESTABLISHED 1832
TELEPHONE 3351 (Seven Lines) TELEGRAMS—" BROOKS," DUBLIN
HORTICULTURAL GLASS, PAINTS, &c.
Cut to dimensions, packed and delivered at your rail- way station. Also stocked in all the regular box sizes. . " BROMAS " for general household and estate purposes. " VALENTINE " for hay barns, &c., doubles the life of
galvanized iron. " PETREX " for conservatories, does not flake off. BRUSHES of every description. . . and heating plant, newest Types. Please ask for lists
GREENHOUSES And garden frames.
Also TIMBER, SLATES, BRICKS, IRONMONGERY, and every Building Requisite
GLASS PAINT
BOILERS
BROOKS
THOMAS & CO.
LTD.
BUILDERS' PROVIDERS Sackvillc Placc,
Dublin
Ranges of Glasshouses, complete with Heating Apparatus, Tanks, Peach and Vine Trainers Wood, ,4 0;'.:2,lron, or Slate Staging, Potting and Boiler Houses, with every modern accessary.
ENQUIRIES INVITED FOR
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES SUN LOUNGES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, CARNATION HOUSES, &c.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST KIIKK ON APPLICATION
HEATING AND DOMEJSTIC SUPPLY
INSTALLED IN PLTJLIC BLILDINGS :
MANSIONS HOKTICULTUHAL BUILDINGS
&c., &c.
Schemes and Estimates Free
GARDEN FRAMES
In great variety always in Stock
PRICES ON APPLICATION
NORWICH
ENGLAND
LIMITRD
MODERN . . GLASSHOUSES
Superior in Design :: Material, Construction and above all utility.
WOOD LATH and SCRIM BLINDS :
IN EVtKY VAUIETY
lor Shadinfi CONSERVATOKIES, GHEENIIOLSES, Ac.
Our Shadinjjs are recommended hy Horticultural Authorities.
BOULTON & PAUL,
WINDOW GLASS
Polished Plate for Shop Windows.
Horticultural Glass at Lowest Rates
DEATH TO THE WEEDS !
HOYTE'S WEED KILLER.
Sirtnily Rtcemmended for the Destrnctian of Wttdi, A'e. I'lice, 2s. per gallon ; 5 g-allons, is. 6d. per gallon ; 10 gallons. IS. 3d. per gallon ; Original 40-gallon casks, IS. per gallon.
HOYTE & SON, The City o( Dublin I)ru>; Hall. 17 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET. DUBLIN
Please mention this Paper
of the cost of a sketch and picture for your advt. It costs very little when you consider
how it attracts the attention of the reader.
We make sketches or photos and blocks
for all purposes.
IRISH PHOTO ENGRAVING CO.
50 MIDDLE ABBEY STREET, DUBLIN
PHONE 4139.
ESTABLISHED 1832
Ant. Roozen & Son's
SPLENDID
HYACINTHS, TULIPS,
AND ALL OTHER
DUTCH, CAPE, and . . EXOTIC BULBS, and . HERBACEOUS PLAINTS.
All of the finest quality
Our Descriptive Catalogue, con- taining full cultural directions, Free on application to our Offices
Qverveen, Near Haarlem, Holland.
OR TO OUR GENERAL AGENTS
MERTENS & CO.
3 Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hill, LONDON, E.C
N.B. — No cunncction >vitli any other rirm of u similar name
PHYTOPHILINE & YITlPHILINEl
Non-Poisonous INSECTICIDES, free from Nicotine, Alcohol, Ether and Arsenic
Effective, Reliable, Economical, and Perfectly Harmless to the Plants and the Operator
THEREFORE
A BOON TO HORTICULTURISTS.
For Black aiiU Orceii Aphis, Fly, Thrips, Scale, Caterpillars, American Blight, &c., LSE I'HVTOPHILINE. For Red or Grey Spider, Mealy Bug, Fungi on Palms or Azaleas, Mildew or Rust on Roses, Chrysanthemums, Peaches,
&c., USE VITIPHILINE.
Free sample on application, also prices and instructions for use from
CHARLESWORTH & CO.,
SUSSEX
ORCHID :; SPECIALISTS)
Haywards Heath
53'
Open, Amateur
and
Cottagers' Classes
It is pniiiosjd to luild
A GYMKHANA
From 3 to 5 o'clock
w Kilkenny Horticultural Society
Tenth == Annua! Exhibition
OF
FRUIT, FLOWERS, AND :: VEGETABLES ::
St. James's Park, Kilkenny
liN
Thursday, Sept. 3rd
1914
From 1 30 to 6 p.m.
Kntriuti and Fer's to be f.eDt to Miss F. E. DUTLER, Hon. Sec. Lavistown House, Kilkenny
Not later than Aug. 29tfa I9I4
n
&
BUIiBS
J. J. THOOLEN
The E«ort Heeraslede, Haarlem, Holland
Nurseries
ESTABLISHED 18S4
HAS the honour to announce that liis Illustrated Price List ol Bulbs and Plants in English, Autumn, 1!I14, at lowest prices, will be sent post free on application. No Charge for Packing. Orders of 10s. and above entirely Free to Destinations in En.glaiid, Scotland and Ireland, &c. First Quality guaranteed. Per
100
s. d.
8 0
Per 1,000
s. d.
70 0
Some sorts of Bulbs noted out of Price List HYACINTHS, in the finest mixture for bedding or
loicinsr
HYACINTHS, single, first size, named, in 25 leading sorts, red, white, and blue varieties, equal
quantities, my selection 15 0 —
TULIPS, single earlv, in the finest mL\ture 2 0 18 4
TULIPS, Darwin, m"ixed 4 0 40 0
TULIPS, double, in the finest mixture 2 2 20 0
ANEMONES, single mi.xed 12 10 C
ANEMONE, The Bride, pure white 12 10 6
CROCUS, first size, in the finest mixture 1 10 16 8
CROCUS, second size, in the finest mixture ... 0 8 5 10
SCILLA SIBIRICA, rich blue 16 14 6
IRIS, SPANISH, mi.xed 0 8 5 6
IRIS, ENGLISH, mixed 3 6 35 0
NARCIS., single, in the finest mixture 14 12 6
NARCIS., Trumpet, in the finest mixture 2 6 20 0
NARCIS., (1. ulile, fine mixture 2 6 20 0
NARCIS. -POLYANTHUS, finest mixed 4 6 40 0
SNOWDROPS, ELWESI, The Giant Snowdrop ... 16 13 6
RANUNCULUS, FRENCH, double mixed 0 9 7 0
SCILLA CAMPANULATA, and Blue Bella 2 0 —
SCILLA CAMPANULATA, white 2 0 —
SCILLA CAMPANULATA, mixed 16
TRITELEIA UNIFLORA 10 —
250 Cuibs of same Kind will be charged at tl-.c 1,0(i0 rate ;
25 at the price per 100 ; G at the price per 12.
Ask for Illustrated Price List and see the Collectioiis
THE "SNAKE"
The most Marvellous and Effective Sprinkler ever placed on the Market.
PRICE COMPLETE,
with heavy iron Stand and brass Union for ; inch Hose. Packed and carriage paid to any part OT U. K.
Patented in U.K., U.S.A.,
France, Germany, India,
Spain, Italy &c.
30 -
May be had from anv leading Ironmongers, &c. I'ltase write for Illustrated Pamphlet. Sole Makers
VSl. lifl/EBSTER & CO.
44 Munster Square, Regent" s Park, LONDON, N.W.
Wm. DUNCAN TUCKER £ Sons, Ltd.
RECIPIENTS OF LARGE GOLD MEDAL & DIPLOMA OF HONOUR AT R.H.I.E. 1912
Write for Horticultural Catalogue No. i8. Sent post free on application
Glasshouses of every description erected complete in any part of the country
LONDON OFFICE, 27 Cannon S^ , E.C.
Works— TOTTENHAM.
JAPANESE IRISES.
The Coronation Cup has at last been won for hardy flowers :: :: ::
It was given to our exhibit of Japanese Irises, Astilbes, and other water-Ioving plants at the Holland House Show, of which one well-known critic wrote —
" Perhaps the most beautiful exhibit we have ever seen at the Show."
special Lists of varieties post free on application.
R. WALLACE & CO., COLCHESTER.
'EUREKA' WEED KILLER.
SAVES WEARY WEEDING.
so gallons of mixed solution will kill all
weeds on 3oo square yards of paths, &c
POWDER. 1/- tin for I J galls, solution ^ Free Tint and Cases.
i gallon
lOO ,, „
LIQUID. ■— <|0.
2/- - drum free
3/0 - „ gd. extra
- 66 • „ 1/6 „ . 14/- - „ 3/6 „
- 26/6 - cask s'- ..
',l'REK.\' Insecticide. Lawn Sand, Bordeaux Mixf"-e. Worm Killer, Hayward's Summer .Sh.ide, " Kiirekatine" fiimij,'..nt, &.c. iif alioveHlticKs lit iin>p.irli<natrly Inwcr i>ri<
I-art;er
SOLD BY AGENTS
i<l <Jre€nhou8P.'" of acents or
Full list with booklet. " Chfln istry in Gardi- tlie iiiakiiH -
TOMLINSON & HAVWARD. Ltd., LINCOLN
in HI IN .^(;ksts : T. .M.Kenzie&Son-, Ltd., 'Jl.MH. Hninswiik .S^ : W. F. Wcll.s .V: Son. Ill Ipptl Sitkville St. : .-iir .1. \V. MmKiv. I.t.l.. 2:; Ipper .Si.tkville St : lliK'i; .<: Koliertsnn, Ltd.. 22 .Marv St.. Ac. ic.
MACKENZIE & MQNCUR, Ltd
HOTHOUSE BUILDERS AND HEATING ENGINEERS
TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING SANITARY AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
SPECIALTIES:
All kinds of Hothouses in Teakvvood, Archangel Larch or Petersburg Redwood. Improved Ventilation Gearing * Patent Wood Spar Blinds * Heating by Low Pressure, Hot Water cr by Steam. * Improved Duplex System of combined Hot Water Service and Heating. * Improved Ironclad System ot Electric Lighting — the only absolutely fireproof system.
WE DO NOT WORK ON THE UNSATISFACTORY PIECE-WORK SYSTEM, ALL
WORK UNDERTAKEN BY US BEING CARRIED OUT BY HIGHLY SKILLED
WORKMEN AT TIME RATES.
EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works) — Balcarres Street, MornJngside GLASGOW— 121 St. Vincent St. LONDON- 8 Camden Road, N.W.
Telegrams: "HOTHOUSE EDINBURGH," and "TREIBHAUS, Camroad, LONDON."
ICHARDSON&Co
SPECIALISTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
Horticultural Buildings & Heating Apparatus
DARLmeTON
THE REASON WHY customers come to us for Glasshouses .ind Heat- ing .Apparatus is because tliey know they will get the best value for the least possible expenditure. A few oC
our customers in Ireland include the Duke of Leinster, the Right Hon. Chief Baron Palles, The Marquess Conyngham, The Marquesses of Headfort, Londonderry; Karl Fitz- wiiliam, the Earls of J)onoughmorc, Ounraven, Erne, Longford, Listonel, Rosse, Aberdeen ; Lords Ardilaiin, Harry more, Castletown, Cloncurry, Dunleath, Farnham ; Lady Maurice FilzGerald; Colonel the Hon. C. F. Crichton. H. P. Goodbody, Esq., &c., &c.
LONDON OFFICE:
belcrayia chambers
VICTORIA STREET
ERECTED FOR THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, VICE RECAL LODGE, DUBLIN. WFQTMIMQTEP Q IV
(Per H. M. Commissioners of Public Works). nco I mino I cn, O.n.
Awards in 1914
FOR
The Best Cabbage for Present Sowing
lATEBBS'
Vegetables and Flowers
R.H.S. Great Chelsea Show Gold Medal
Great Yorkshire Gala :: Large Gold Medal
Wolverhampton Floral Fete Large Gold Medal
Birmingham Floral Fete :: Gold Medal
llluslraicd Price List G nit is and Post Free
WEBB & SONS
THE KING'S SEEDSMEN
Wordsley, STOURBRIDGE
WEBBS' EMPEROR (" Britain's Great Cabbage") 6d. and Is. ner packet ; Is. 6d. per ounce. Post Free
The e;irliest and best cabbage in cultivation. Remarkably free from any tendency to ' bolt
r
=^
Royal Horticultural
Society of Ireland
AUTUMN SHOW
(By kind permission)
Lord Iveagh's Grounds, Dublin
TUESDAY, AUGUST 25tli, 1914
Sweet Peas, 27 classes; Roses, 1 2 classes ; Dahlias, 7 classes; Fruit, 32 classes ; Vegetables, 9 classes, &c. : : : : : :
INCREASED CASH PRIZES.
Challenge Cups for Dahlias, Gladioli, Carnations, Sweet Peas, and Vegetables. Gold, Silver, and Bronze Medals.
Entries close Auoust /7th.
\-.
E. KNOWLDIN, Sec., 5 Molesworth St., DUBLIN
J
VUl
IRISH GARDENING.
Answers to Correspondence.
Kkpj.y to Cakbeky.
FiJOM your doscription the lyiliosare i»i(il)a))ly those called Leopard Lilies (Lilimii pardaliiuim), and are apparently attacked by the " Tily Disease." In autnnm d\'^ up the bulbs clean them, and then rub well with siili>hur, replant them in fresh ground in another y>art of the garden. Early next summer spray the foliage with a solution of Potassium Sii'l])hide, I oz. to 2 galls, of water.
TuiiNiPS WITH A l^iTTEU Taste — Give your ground a good dressing of lime instead of manure for early sowings ; if the soil is of limestone for- mation, dress with soot or burnt ashes. For later sowings, ground from which ])otatoes have been lifted will suit them well, and will not require manure. It should not have a deep digging, but the surface should be stirred with a fork, so that when the seeds are sown the ground can V^e made fairly firm. Treated as above, thinned and kept free of weeds, you will find the following sorts in every way satisfactory :■ — Early White Dutch. Strap liCa f , Snowball and American Stone. The cause of bitterness is probably that the taproot goes too dee)), and this in freshly-nianured gi^ound produces a rank, bitter flavour.
Notes.
The strawberry season this year has been a very variable one. In some districts there has ]»ractically been no fruit, owing to the May frosts : in other districts they esca])ed, and there has been
YOUNG & CO.
HATHERLEY. CHELTENHAM
Perpetual Carnation Specialists
Please send for our Special Catalogue of Perpetual Car- nations for Bedding Out-of- Doors, just issued, post free.
a i)lentiful sui)ply. Kent did not suffer very much this year, but round Wrexluun and that di.strid there was scarcely a strawVjerry lelt. Hami)shire growers sufTered somewhat, but not seriously. We have had a very good .season here : we com- menced to gather on June 3rd in this district and finished on .July 20th.
Several varieties have done exceptionally well with us this year. King George has proved itself a trifle earlier than Royal Sovereign ; it is also a sweeter strawberry, a more robust grower, and we think where Sovereign does not succeed this will take its ]jlace. It has also ])roved itself a week earlier where forced.
The Bedford has done well again this year. It is not a particularly large strawberry, but any- one who likes a very sweet strawberry and not' too much juice, woidd do well to try it. We think it is one of the best maincro])s.
Utility, as a later variety, has done excep- tionally well, also Kival : the cro]) of this has been quite reniarkable ; it is a wonderfully compact habited variety ; wiiere space is limited it should be tried.
In the latest, nothing has done half so well as Laxton's Latest. Fruits of this have been very tine, and it has also been a wonderful cro]»]»er. We cannot too strongly recommend this for a late variety.
Of the older varieties, we (iud Sir .Joseph Paxton is very much worn out, and the fruits are very diminished in size to what they were years ago. This also applies to President and Vicomtesse.
Pineapple we find one of the richest flavoured varieties of which we know.
The Queen has also been highly flavoured again this year.
The old Noble appears to be almost worji out now.
The present season promises to be a good one for runners : they threw them out very early, so they will have plenty of time to get established before delivery will be required.
Of the Perpetual varieties, Laxton's Perjietual is the freest in every way ; the blooms on the young plants were pinched out in the si)ring, and they are now throwing uj) an inimense cro]) of fruit, which will be rii)e in a few days, a)id will continue for quite a month or six weeks, thus i)rolonging the season very considerably.
Of the two new varieties of Perpetuals we arc distributing — viz., Laxton's " White Perpetual " and " Laxton's Everbearing " — both these varieties are showing u\> well, and we should cei'tainly recommend a trial.
Laxtox HnoTHRUs.
Thompson & Morgan's far-famed Seeds & Plants
Revised CATALOGUES for 1914 free on application.
The high quality of our FLOWER AND VEGE- TABLE SEEDS is now universally recognised, and our CATALOGUE — really a book of reference on hardy flowers — describes over 3,000 different kinds, many of them not obtainable elsewhere.
Our HARDY PLANTS, mostly Alpine and Herbaceous, are strong, fibrous rooted stuff, in all the newest and best varieties, at moderate prices
Trial Order Solicited.
THOMPSON & MORGAN,
Seed Establishment and Hardy Plant Nurseries,
IPSWICH
IRISH GARDENING.
IX
If you FUMIGATE OR SPRAY
llM II Kll.rtivi'lv rill.l r>L-
QTIGIDE
-■-■^ '.?
Fumlgant
NICOTICIDE FUMICATORS, I - each for 5,000 cubic feet NICOTICIDE
PLANT SPRAY
is verj-flTective wh»reit is ii'>t .■.invenient t^. fmiii^'iite. WcHclvise yn tfi try if. It will als.i lie vist-ful as a Winter Dressing forlVaclif. \<-.
i- pint 1/2 ; Pint, 2/- quait 3/6 ; K gall,, 5/-; gallon 10/-. Carriage Paid. Ask your Seedsmen for it.
LAWN i SAND
irely eradicates Liaisies, Wet
stimulating' llic
28 lbs. will dress 100 sq. yds. 6d., Is., and 2s. 6d Tins : i cwt., 6s. : i cwt.. lis. ; 1 cwt., 2O3. Carriage Paid.
Worm i Powder
a t ertain leniedy h't removing Wo ms and clearinLi Worm Casts, Lso i lb. to the s<i. yd. Simply sprinkle fairly thickly on the Grass
aud Wifcter copiously. 14 lbs Jiwt. i cwt. 1 cwt. 5 cwt. I ton. 2 ton,
3/- 5 7/6 12/6 £3 £5 10 £10 10
Use also COW'S TOBACCO POWDER & QUASSIA EXTRACT
Vtr.\r LIVERPOOL
HUNTER &GOW, Ltd.
lire A siifcaml sim-
jili' uiiidc to i-'anU'ii
.siutTss, pidducing viKomiLs, lifiiltliy
fruitful gniwtli. They aiT tlii' re-
=r suit of iiiany yi-av.s iiractiiiil rx- "^ — iuiii-uci'li. aiiilenini.'. Foiall u'ardt'u -
:i rips Fruitbearing^. Fotiagre and Flowering- plants, Vegetables, Lawns &c., Ac, (nu
g Vine, Plant and Vegetable Manure M
iMUiriviillril ; :is a >iiiiml:iiil f..i |.(,i |.l;iiits iluriri'.; till— n.vsiiiL; scmm.ii ..in Special Chrysanthemum & Topdressing Manure
i^ excellent they are both indis|,en.sjil.l,- ^ in voiir itarlen
=_ Ask ro.ir SeeilMinrii for fiiU priee list> juini-
=. phlet.t. \.-.. they lire st.ieke.l ..ver\«here
=^ WM THOMSON & SONS, Ltd.
Sol,. Makers
THE CHEAPEST INSECTICIDE OF THE DAY
"NIQUAS"
(NON-POISONOUS) IMPROVED
A Concentrated Extract of Quassia, combined with other valuable ingredients, forming a. cheap, safe, and effective Insecticide for syring- ing and dipping. It destroys all Insect Pests infesting Trees and Plants, whilst no possible injury to vegetation can result from its use
It can be applied with syringe or pump, or used for dipping.
PRICES— Half-pint, 1/-; pint. 1/6; quart, 2/6; half-gallon, 4'-;
gallon, 7/6; five gallons, 25/-; ten gallons, 45/-
I gallon sufHcient for 8o gallons of water.
STANDEN'S MANURE
(Established over 35 Years)
Exceeds all others in General Fertilising Properties and Staying Powers
Analysis on Application
Sold in Tins, 1/-, 2/6, 5/6 each ; and in Kegs, well secured, to preveni
loss through exposure, 28 lbs., 8/6; 56 lbs., 13/6; 112 lbs., 22/6
CORRY'S SPECIAL
Chrysanthemum Manure
Sold in Tins, I/-, 2/6, 5/6, and Bags, i cwt., 10/G ; i cwt., 18/- ; I cwt., 32/-
For Fumigating in Greenhouses. "LETHORION"
Improved Metal Cones
Registered No. 62,597
To destroy Insect Pests. The Candle attached to each Cone only needs lighting, and there is no further trouble. They are most cfiicacious.
No. I. For frames and "leant-to's" up to 1,000 cubic feet. Price, 6d. each.
No. 2. For small greenhouses up to 1,500 cubic feet. Price, 8d. each.
No. 3. For a well secured house of 2,000 to 2,500 cubic feet. Price, 1/- each.
Fowler's Lawn Sand
This prep.iration is for destroying D.-ii>ics and other wccd» on lawns,
and at the same time stimulating the growth of the grass. If one tin
is tried as a sample, its value will be at once appreciated. Sales are
largely increasing.
Tins, 1/-, 2/0, and 5/- each ; Kegs, i cwt., 8/6 ; -i cwt., 16/- ;
I cwt.. 30/-
ELLIOTT'S
* Summer Cloud' Shading
Registered Trade Mark No. 14,C20. (The only genuine orljrinal and Improved article)
For Greenhouses. A pleasant t'rccn shade is given to the glass In pacl<ets, 1/- for 100 feet of glass, and 2/6 each for 300 feet.
Sole Manufacturers ;
CORRY & CO., Ltd.
LON DON
SOLO BY AI.L NURSFRYMRN AND SRP.nSMEN
lEISH GARDENING.
Alpines at the Royal Horticulture Saow (Ireland).
- T and
in. a weak, helpietjs. unt
: The plant
-.;--.>r .a:^M_Tn.»5(sa was ; t sacrifice*! to fill the
I
I:
r shown in low glass .vases.
- ■- . nsin^ th€Jr own foliage
- possible and mo6S to support the Uooms,
T oi the real beauty could be retained, and
tic claas would be a very much more interesting
oue t" visitors. On looking op last year's
it appet- - - - Ls an entirely new
^nd in tL be hoped that the
'* -Jtuct:,. -• dcials will be able
- Doe way ;t less oat of keep-
: rue char- . - _ : he plants.
X. Y- Z.
d an in- :pt>m 3Iessrs.
'-<--<-'• J yir. Taudevin
r to be in any
. in future the
Cm- Cdfrictii %Hk ui^er the direct
the firm.
THE BE5T
CABBAGES
FOR .AUGUST SOWING
Catalogues-
3fr:~;~E::-?. Tottvg
• '.'. send us a copy -r which they have put "he purpose ot drawing
(((
BENTLEYS
COMPOUND LIQUID
Quassia Extract
fSOS-POiSOSOUSi THE ORIGINAL!
)))
))) ))) )) )) /)) ((
Si
^H
— TJut I'iarieiL.
|
1 i SLIION |
•5 H.ARBINGER |
|
--"er packet, i - anri ' -, |
|
|
---_> ,r >t£RlT R.H.S. |
|
|
j SL'i'iON |
S APRIL Pa-padKt. |
|
!>4J 11 a^'5 FLOWER OF SPRING |
|
|
Per ouncfc |
|
|
'£££ |
|
|
Sutton |
& Sons |
|
~ '". ' 1 - |
.ii:: :. READING |
evcrywlsere
RoK% Ck Tc
1\\
Z H ; . ". Ul "' I » :
MIS Ui^x^K^i
Joseph Bentley, Ltd.
CHEMICAL WORKS
il!
)))
ii'
■^
^
ii ■i:,i.JT?r,?r.ai.
|
hlJV_J}4.^ |
|
|
s. 3i_ ^ -»- :. . |
- . Zl^mH |
|
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----- «L |
|
-St |
|
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■- |
-— .?- — |
^'.UnilXBE "T*"
j^ririrrr "^ziruis£tr ^Kawira'^
Tki-
c=i I T-^erT<-e- TV-2P- -ea
■^r .aoT^ jnw :T>iiustf
C
ri^TYTTT^
i,^ '
|
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■ |
i-'i". |
i]._ |
« r ** r |
:^. |
- - |
|
■"■• |
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" • 2^1 r~c ^ |
»..■ *>■ |
- r««. |
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|
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T::r |
X _ _
JCtt. — :■-
imszsBa.
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nwwmwi j(t 9n-
Keuh. ^
IRISH GARDENING.
Alpines at the Royal Horticultural Show (Ireland).
It would l)(! iiitoi-cstiug U) know wluslliur thu " jiieiuboi- of tlic Society " who vroseiited i)nzos at the recent show, held in Lord Iveagli's grounds, for the best collection of cut flowers of true Alpines and rock plants, grown in the tjjjen, and shown in vases, were pleased with the ap])earance of the only exhibit staged. If he or she be a real true gardener, in every sense of the word, and knows and cares for these fascinating Alpine and rock plants, surely the wish of this donor has Ijeen wrongly interpreted
Could anybody contemplate ])utting this class of plant in vases six inches high and not more than three inches wide at the mouth, with no foliage but their own (as stated in the schedule) and make it a success ? The real true beauty of these plants and their charming habits are com- pletely lost when shown in this manner. How could Sempervivum arachnoideum look well with its stiff stems cut and put into a green six-inch show vase ? Having no foliage of its own that could be picked it had to do without any. On the otlier hand, growing in its natural conditions, what a very handsome plant it is in or out of flower. Th<^ schedule permits moss, but even the addition of moss would never have made this Sempervivum look more natural. Hypericvim reptans, the most beautiful and charming of all the dwarf Hypericums, was hanging down the
sides of the vase in .-i weak, hcl]iiess, unliap]»y condition, a i)lant which thrives best lying flat on the ground, covered with golden yellow cups and golden stamens. The true character of the plant was entirely lost. Androsace lanuginosa was another beautiful rcjck iilant sacriliced to All the scheduled vuimber of vases.
If these flowers were shown in low glass .vases, of the saucer shape, using their own foliage where i)ossible and moss to supi)ort the blooms, some of the real beauty could be retained, and the class would be a very much more interesting one to visitors. On looking up last year's schedule, it a]j])ears that this is an entirely new venture, and in that case it is to be hoped that the Royal Horticultural Society's olTicials will be able to alter it in some way to make it less out of keep- ing witli the true character of the plants.
X. Y. Z.
We have received an intimation from Messrs. Young cSc Co. that after July ISth, Mr. Taudevin will have ceased to be the manager (jr to be in any capacity connected with them, and in future the business will be carried on under the direct supervision of the lirm.
Catalogues.
Messiis. Young «k Co. send us a cojjy of the new catalogue which they liave put into circvalation for the purpose of drawing
THE BEST
CABBAGES
FOR AUGUST SOWING
" Sutton's Harbinger is tlio earliest Cabbage grown ; it is small, %ery com- pact and of excellent quality — an ideal early variety. Even last January some of tlie heads of this sort were fit for use. Another equally good variety is Sut- ton's April, but at times it is ready in March. It is a good, small Cabbage, larger than Harbinger, but an ideal amateur's variety. Sutton's Flower of Spring, a medium-sized form, early and etiually reliable is most valuable ; this closely follows the April, and may be had fit for the table early iu April. It is a fine spring Cabbage. — G. Wythes." — The Garden. i-^
SUTTON'S HARBINGER
Per packet, 1/- and 1/6 AWARD OF MERIT R.H.S. SUTTON'S APRIL Per packet. 1/-
SUTTON'S FLOWER OF SPRING
Per ounce, I /- POST FREE
Sutton & Sons
THE KINC'S SEEDSMEN READING
BENTI-EY'si
COMPOUND LIQUID )}
Quassia Extract \
(NON-POISONOUS)
THE ORIGINAL!
Fatal to every form of Aphis, including GREEN, BLACK and WHITE FLY. Infallible and safe anywhere and everywhere. Specially suitable for use on Apple, Plum and C herryTrees Roses, Chrysanthemums, Hops, Tomatoes and Bush Fruits.
One gall, makes from 80 to 100 galls, of Wash
40 -alls., 3/6 I'tT -all. ; ■-'n ualls., 3/7 jn-r -all,: 10 Ralls.
3/8 per aill. : 5 galls.. 3/9 )i.-i- gall. ; 1 gall., 4/2 ; '. gall.
2/6; 1 quart. 1/6; 1 liint. 1/-
(((
CARRIAGE PAID ON 5/- ORDERS AND UPWARDS ^-^
(((
Sole Manufacturers ...
Joseph Bentley, Ltd. >)
CHEMICAL WORKS ))
BARROW = ON = HUMBER, H^LLJ
IRISH GARDENING
XI
25
special attention to the attractions of " Perpetual Aug. 1;
Flowering Carnations " as bedding out plants.
The catalogue is illustrated and contains quite
a small " treatise " on the culture of the plant both
for spring and autumn bedding, and should ])rove "
interesting information to those who would like to
grow " Perpetuals," but who may fear to try them Sept.
because they have not the accommodation of a
greenhouse. It would certainly be worth while
to secure a copy, which we understand will be Oct.
sent post free.
Xaas District Horticultural Society, Naas. Hon. Sec, Dr. O'Donel Browne, Gortnagrena, Xaas.
R. H. S. I., Autumn Show, Lord Iveagh's Grounds, Dublin.
Kilkenny Horticultural Society, St. James's Park, Kilkenny Hon. Sec, Miss F. E. Butler, Lavistown House.
Co. Clare Horticultural Society Ennis- Fruit and Farm Produce.
Irish Show Fixtures for 1914.
This list is intended to assist societies in selecting dates for their shows by indicating the arrange- ments which have already been made and pre- venting the clashing of show dates.
Secretaries will greatly oblige by sending the earliest possible intimation of their fixtures and of any change which takes place in their arrange- ments.
Aug. 5 Portumna Horticultural and Indus- trial Show. Hon. Sec, Rev. J. Griffin, Clonturbert Rectory, Bal- linasloe.
„ 5 Warrenpoint Flower Show. Hon.
Sec, Dr. George W. Connor, The Cottage. Warrenpoint, Co. Down.
„ 13 Co. Galway Horticultural Show, Ballinasloe. Hon. Sec, Miss O'Shaughnessy, Birch Grove, Bal- linasloe.
Dublin Wholesale Markets.
Throughout the month of July the marketing of small fruits is always of first importance, as they engage almost the entire attention of all con- cerned in the trade.
Strawberries are rapidly finishing off with the exception of some consignments from Armagh. On account of the dry weather the season of this fruit was short and the supplies were not equal to previous years. The jtrices were exceptionally good and firm, showing little or no flvictuation except towards the end of the month, and the Cross-channel trade ceased early, thereby giving a chance to the home-grown. Gooseberries have not been so plentifully marketed this season, largely owing to the ravages of the American mildew. The demand for red and black currants has not been as great as was expected ; but i"asi)berries were eagerly looked after and made
.HAYWARDfR"
CRYSTAL PALACE HORTICULTURAL WORKS BROCKLEYROADf
»).ONDON.S.E. ITHECHEAPEST AND BEST FIRM FOR GREENHOUSES, sendfqrlist postfree.
THIS TWO-LIGHT FRAME made to standard
size 6 (t. by 4 (t. Best materials, painted two
coats, glazed with 21 oz. glass, ready ttor use.
PRICE 30I' packed free on Boat.
I!|!l!l'
KILPCST
If you waAta
BEAUTIFUL GARDEN
jou must jireeerve your jilants agaiast all
kinds of blight and garden pests.
ORDEk
';:r "kilpest" n:r
Medal. TO-DAY ^^^^^^
The best Insecticide on the Market— and is nn-poisonous
" KILPEST " EXTERMINATES
Blaclv- and « irecii Kly Red Spider, Thrip GouM'berry ( alorpillar, Mildew and Aphis Pests, ^c, uu FlaiitB, Flowers, or Foliage, ll cannot harm anything but insect life, and the most delicate plant cannot be injuieil by its use 2 ozs. "Kilpest" nialces 1 Call. Insecticide Prices-rint, 1, e; (^uart, 2, 0 gall. 6/-; J-gall. 8;1 'Jet a supply from your dealer to-dav. If any difficulty is exi)erienced in obtaining
A ■' Kilpest" sends postcard to Sole Manufacturers CLOUGH & FIRTH, Ltd.
BRIDGE MILLS, KNARESBOROUCH. YORKS.
> *^ai^--
XI 1
IRISH GARDENING.
liaudsome returns. It is pleasing to note that the loganberry is conaing well to the front as is apparent by the increased quantities of this fruit uiarketed from year to year. Cherries have been selling well, and, judging from the stands, the cro]) must be a plentiful one. Irish apples are making their appearance in small quantities, consisting of " thinnings " of some of the larger cooking varieties. French pluuas are well sup- ])lied, the demand for them active and prices satisfactory.
Taking the returns all rovmd, for soft fruits, it is encouraging to note that they have been distinctly good, although not up to the average of last year.
Cabbages and cauliflowers are comparatively scarce and poor, due to the dry weather, with the result that prices have risen considerably. Peas have been a glut on the market. Lettuce and spinach are selling well. Mushrooms are now plentiful and are eagerly bought up at high figures. Potatoes are well stocked, and prices remain steady for the present.
Prick List — Fruit.
From To
Cherries Currants —
Black
Eed Gooseberries
?) Greengages Loganberries Melons Peaches liaspberries Strawberries —
Dessert
Preserving
per IT)
per basket 12 lbs
per qviart
per J bushel
per Hi.
each
per doz.
per 11).
Vegetables Beans (broad) per float Cabbages per large load
,, per load
Cauliflowers per doz. Cucunabers Lettuce
0 12 7 2 1 0
d.
4
3
2*
O"
2
0
4
0
0
4
4 9
1
25
12
3
2
0
d. 6
|
Marrows |
per doz. |
|
Onions (Trii)oli) Peas Tomatoes Spinach |
per bunch per float per 11). l)er tray |
Flowers. Chrysanthe- mum max. per doz. bunches Cornflowers ,, ,, Roses, per doz. blooms Sweet Peas ])er doz. bui\ches Carnations per doz.
|
From s. d. 2 (1 |
'1 s. 3 |
d. (1 |
|
ft 7 1 0 0 4 0 (5 |
1 1 (1 0 |
4 6 6 10 |
|
0 4 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 6 |
0 0 1 1 2 |
8 0 4 3 0 |
.1. I).
Slugs
Slugs Slugs
SANITAS POWDER will rid your Garden of Slugs, and protect your Seeds and Plants from all pests such as Slugs, Worms, Rats, Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.
Leaflet and Free Sample with Instructions Free.
6d. and i/- Tins and 12/6 per Cwt. of all Chemists, Stores and Nurserymen.
THE SANITAS CO., Ltd., Limehouse, London, E.
Awarded Medal ai Royal Horticiiliitral Exiiibifioii, igii.
LITTLE'S
PESTICIDE I WEED DESTROYER
For BLIGHT, " BLACK SPOT," &c. on Apple or other Fruit Trees
I Gal. Drums 6/- each
5 & 10 Gal. Drums 5/6 per gal. 40 Gal. Casks 5/- per gal.
ANTIPEST
KILLS RED SPIDER, CATERPILLAR, &c.
Used by all the leadir|g Gooseberry Growers
KILLS ALL WEEDS, MOSSES, &c.
On Carriage Drives, Gravel Paths
DOUBLE THE STRENGTH
OF MOST WEED KILLERS
1 Gal. to 60 Gals, of AVater
1 CAL. DRUM, 3/-. Drum Free. 40-CAL. CASK, 2;- PER CAL. Cask Free.
lATEEDOIi
POWDER WEED KILLER, 19 per Tin To make 25 to 3C Gallons
3/6 per gallon
Morris, Little 6 Son, Ltd,, Doncaster
Miscellaneous Section*
THE POPULARITY OF XL ALL SPECIALITIES increases every year. All gardeners proclaim that nothing equals these celebrated preparations. XL ALL NICOTINE VAPORISING COMPOUND, the gardener's favourite Fumigant, both Liquid and cake. XL ALL NICOTINE INSECTICIDE WASH for Syringing, Dipping, and Dressing Fruit Trees and Plants. Mealy Bug, Scale, &c., cannot exist where this is used. XL ALL INSECTICIDE WASH B (sine Nicotine), best
non-poisonous Wash on the market. Other Preparations of great Renown are XL ALL WEED KILLER. Used once a year, no weeds can live. XL ALL ROSE MANURE grows prizu blooms. Use it now ! Don't forget to ask your Nurseryman or Seetlsman for ray small pink list.
G. H. RICHARDS, Manufacturer, 234 Borough High Sti-oct, London, S.E.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING
DESIGNING, Layings out and Planting of New and Renovating- of Old Gardens. The Making and Planting of Rock Gardens, Rockeries, Water and Bog Gardens, and Pergolas a Speciality. Plans Prepared. Estimates Free.
RICHARD C McM. SMYTH, F.R.H.S.
Mount Henry Dalkey, Co. Dublin
LADY (iAlU)ENER, trained Botanic (iardens, Glasnevin, and England, disengaged owing to war. desires post ; flowers, fruit, vegeta))les, &c. ; good references. Address — A. 2(38, Irish Gar- UENiXG, 53 r]»i»er Sackville Street, Dublin.
Dooks on Gardening, Vegetable Culture, Greenhouse ^^ Management, and all other subjects. Second hand at half prices. New 25 % discount. Catalogue NC 992, free. State wants. Books bought.
W. & G. FOYLE, 121 Charing Cross Rd., London.
SANKEYlS''^»^''POTS
^^ ^he BEST and CheopesK
State quantity of each size required and have "carrlaxe paid." quoUtlon ("carriage" frequently amounts to halt: vallie oi
goods), or write lor Price Ust, tree; '; ',' SPECIAL POTS of all descriptions. :,'. Bulb Bowls land, Fern Pans ' from . 2d. each.
RICHARD SAf^ffEy <» SOM^ LTP, Bulwell Pof-hcrrcsvv A<drr/>y<!^>l/«/.
IF YOU HAVE A GLASS ROOK THAT LEAKS, a Conservatory to repair, or any kind of glazing work to be done, Carson's Plastine will save money, lime, worry and annoyance consequent on the use of ordinary putty, which cracks, crumbles, and decays. It saves the expense of constant renewals. Carson's Wood Preservative in green and brown, for Palings, Trellis Work, &c. The best paint for Greenhouses is "Vitrolite." Write for Catalogue. Carson's, 22 Bachelor's Walk, Dublin.
AUTO-SHREDS l3SA^'.o
Leaf-minine Maggots, Mealy Bug and all Pests infesting plants under gLass, &c. Simple to use, no apparatus required. In Boxes to Fumigate 1,000 cubic feet, 6d.; ic.coe cubic feet, 3*. 6d. each. Obtaineii of Seedsmen and Florists; if unobtainable apply direct —
WM. DARLINGTON & SONS,
Ltd.
Wholesale Horticultural Sundriesmen, HACKNEY, LONDON, N.E.
/^",I% P-^teiTt
BUSIXKSS AS USL'AL. Wi|| eu.stomc-rs plca.se .send us their orders as usual, and so keep 150 people in full
<'in])|oyineii'
XOW'lS TH1>: Tl.ME TO PLANT vuur hard V Bods and Bui del s.
Now IS THE TIME to .spend money ou gardening, in order to keep labour employed — surelv the best of all forms ..f charity. Prices on application to KELWAY & SON, Plant ]>epartnient (Retil), LAN<JPORT.
BORDER I'LANTS (iF ALL Kl.NDS. Luvely New Pajonies, Beautiful New Delphiniums, Wonderful New (Jladioli. The Premier House lor the above. KEl^ WAY & SON, The Royal Hor iculturists, LANGPORT SOMERSKT, ENGLAND. Prices free on api.li.ation! '■ Gardens of Delight, "" IllustiMfe.l, Is. post free.
JAPANESE IRISES.
The Coronation Cup has at last been won for hardy flowers :: :: ::
It was given to our exhibit of Japanese Irises, Astilbes, and other water-loving plants at the Holland House Show, of which one well-known critic wrote —
" Perhaps the most beautiful exhibit we have ever seen at the Show."
special Lists of varieties post jiec on at> plication.
R. WALLACE & CO., COLCHESTER.
'EUREKA' WEED KILLER.
SAVES WEARY WEEDING.
so gallons of mixed solution will kill all
weeds on aoo square yards of paths, &c.
POWDER. 1/- tin for IX galls, solution ] Free Tint
1/B
6/-
( galloD
lOO
and Cases.
LIQUID. i-BO.
2. - - drum free
3/e
66 14/- 26/6
9d. extra
.. 1/6 ,. „ a/6 ,. cask s/- „
'EURRK.V Insecticide Lawn Sand, Bordeaux Mixture, Worm
Killer, Haj'ward's Suiiiiner .Sliade, "Eurck.-ttine" liiinigani, &.C.
Larger siz's "f .■il>ci\ !• nrtUIe.s at im>i)orlitiiiv' fly 1i)«>t priii'ii
SOLD BY AGENTS
Kiill list with booklet, "Chca. iclrv in Oiriieii xnci (i eMilioiisi-." <>( .iirciiti) or the inakor«—
TOMLINSON & HAVWARD. Ltd., LINCOLN
111 Fii IN Ac.KNTs: T. McKenzieiSons, Ltd.. 21-2(;t. Bnm.-wi.k Si. : W. F. W.lls .V Son, lil Upiui Sackville St. : Sir J. \\. Macker. Ltd.. Ml'pprr S.. kvillo St : lloiri; k UoLertson. Ltd.. 2! Mary St.. *c.. .Vr.
"GROSUP"
THE MOST PERFECT
Plant! Food and Fertih'zer
EVER PRODUCED SAMPLE Is. PACKAGE
Sufficient to thoroughly treat 20 Square Yards of Soil
P|^^ JVqDP ! SENT CARRIAGE PAID ON RECEIPT OF P.O.
li^^^jliu»iY '«tAOC!*^^ AL.SO IN 1J.\G.S— 7, 14. 'Js. .'.f,, 112 ll>s. ^^ttBHH^^ 2/6, 4/6, 7/6, 12/-, 18/- CARRIAGE PAID.
Growers Supply Association, Ltd. BOULTON WORKS, HOCKLEY (B), BIRMINGHAM
11
IRISH GARDENING
Laxton's New Strawberries for 1914
Including the Grand New Forcing V ariety
LAXTON^S KING GEORGE V.
ADMIRAL, THE DUKE
AND BOUNTIFUL ::
Also LAXTON'S THE EARL LAXTON'S THE QUEEN LAXTON'S MAINCROP
Early Potted Runners of (July delivery) ROYAL SOVEREIGN
For forcing, 20s. 100 ; August 16s. open ground, 6s. IOC,
The Largest Cultures in Europe. Grown specially for Runners. Grand Plants, Millions Sold Annually
A FULL PRICED CATALOGUE AND CUL- i TURAL HINTS will be sent on application.
LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD
ESTABLISHED 1832 TELEPHONE 3351 (Seven Lines) TELEGRAMS-" BROOKS," DUBLIN
HORTICULTURAL GLASS, PAINTS, &c.
Cut to dimensions, packed and delivered at your rail- way station. Also stocked in all the regular box sizes. • ** BROMAS " for general household and estate purposes.
" VALENTINE " for hay barns, &c., doubles the life of
galvanized iron. •• PETREX " for conservatories, does not flake off.
BRUSHES of every description. . . and heating plant, newest Types. Please ask for lists
GREENHOUSES And garden frames.
Also TIMBER, SLATES, BRICKS, IRONMONGERY, and every Building Requisite
GLASS PAINT
BOILERS
BROOKS
THOMAS & CO.
LTD.
BUILDERS' PROVIDERS Sackvillc Placc,
Dublin
Kanges of Glasshouses, complete with Heating Apparatus, Tanl<s, Peach and Vine Trainers, Wood, Iron, or Slate Staging, Potting and Boiler Houses, withevery
modern accessory.
ENQUIRIES INVITED FOR
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES SUN LOUNGES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, CARNATION HOUSES, &c.
IM.USTIIA'rttl) CATAI.llOL'l'. I'OST KIIKK OS A Pn.lCA rio.V
HEATING AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY
INSTALLED IN PIHLIC BLILDINGS :
MANSIONS HOUTICLLTURAL BUILDINGS
&c., &c.
Schemes and Estimates Free
GARDEN FRAMES
utJ*"' In great variety always in Stock
PUK'Kj ON APPLICATIO.V
NORWICH
ENGLAND
LIMITED
MODERN GLASSHOUSES
Superior in Design Material, Construction and above all utility.
WOOD LATH and SCRIM BLINDS :
IN EVEKY VARIETY
For Shading CONSERVATORilES, (iREENHOLSES, &c.
Our Sliadinf^s are recommended by Horticultural Authorities, q
BOULTON & PAUL,
WINDOW GLASS
Polished Plate for Shop Windows.
Horticultural Glass at Lowest Rates
DEATH TO THE WEEDS !
HOYTE'S WEED KILLER.
Strenily Rtcemmtndtd for tht Dtttructien of H^eedt, ife. "'Price, 2s. per gallon; 5 gallons, is. 6d. per gallon; 10 gallons, IS. 3d. per gallon ; Original 40-gallon casks, IS. per gallon.
HOYTE & SON, The City ol DubHD Drug H«IL 17 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN
Please mention this Paper
BE PREPARED
for bad trade. All the more reason to keep yourself and your goods before the public eye. The best way to do this [shy^^^i^^^f^'f^^'^i^ advt. Sh I'iccures of your goods in every Advt. Cata logue or Booklet you send out.
We untJert^Ke prepar- ation of Sketches, Photos and BlocKs-
IRISH FN^TQ
ENGRAVING _
so. MIDDLE ABBEY ST
ESTABLISHED 1832
Ant. Roozen & Son's
SPLENDID
HYACINTHS, TULIPS,
AND ALL OTHER
DUTCH, CAPE, am! . . EXOTIC BULBS, and . HERBACEOUS PLANTS.
All of the finest quality
Our Descriptive Catalogue, con- taining full cultural directions, Free on application to our Offices
Overveen, near Haarlem, Holland.
OR TO OUR GENERAL AGENTS
MERTENS & CO.
3 Cross Lane, St. Mary-at-Hill, LONDON, E.C.
N.B. -Nti connection with any (ither Firm (if a similar name
MACKENZIE & MONCUR, LTD
HOTHOUSE BUILDERS AND HEATING ENGINEERS
TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING SANITARY AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
SPECIALTIES:
All kinds of Hothouses in Teakwood, Archangel Larch or Petersburg Redwood. Improved Ventilation Gearing * Patent Wood Spar Blinds * Heating by Low Pressure, Hot Water or by Steam. ♦ Improved Duplex System of combined Hot Water Service and Heating. * Improved Ironclad System of Electric Lighting — the only absolutely fireproof system.
WE DO NOT WORK ON THE UNSATISFACTORY PIECE-WORK SYSTEM, ALL
WORK UNDERTAKEN BY US BEING CARRIED OUT BY HIGHLY SKILLED
WORKMEN AT TIME RATES.
EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works) — Balcarres Street, MorningsJde GLASGOW- 121 St. Vincent St. LONDON- 8 Camden Road, N. W.
Telegrams: "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH," and "TREIBHAUS, Camroad, LO.NDON."
W.RICHARDSON&Co
SPECIALISTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
Horticultural Buildings & Heating Apparatus
DARLINGTON
THE REASON WHY customers come to us for Glasshouses and Heat- ing Apparatus is because they know they will get the best value for the least possible expenditure. A few of our customers in Ireland include the Duke of Leinster, the Right Hon. Chief Baron Palles, The Marquess Conyngham, The Marquesses of Meadfort, Londonderry; Earl Fitz- william, the Earls of Donoughmore, l>unraven, Erne, Longford, Listowel. Rosse, Aberdeen ; Lords Ardilaun, liarryniore, Castletown, Cloncurry, Dunleath, Farnham ; Lady Maurice FitzGerald; Colonel the Hon. C. F. Crichton. H. P. Goodbody, Esq., &c., &c.
ERECTED FOR THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, VICE REGAL LODGE, DUBLIN. (Per H. M. Commissioners of Public Works).
LONDON OFFICE:
belgravia chambers
VICTORIA STREET WESTMINSTER, S.W.
SUTTON'S BULBS . .
Send for a copy of
Sutton's Bulb Catalogue for 1914
Containing Complete Lists and full descriptions of all the best varieties of
Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissi, &c.
POST FREE
SUTTON & SONS
The King's Seedsmen READING
m
KILPEST
Gold Medal.
If you want a
BEAUTIFUL GARDEN
you must i.ieserve your plants a<raijstaU kinds of blight and garden pests.
ORDER
'ZT "KILPEST" '*""'''
Uedal. TO-DAY
The best insecticide on the Market -and is non-polsonous
" KILPEST " EXTERMINATES Black and Green Fly Red Spider, Tlirip Oouhubi-rry Caterpillar, Mildew and Aphis Fesis, ^c. on Plants, Flowers, or Foliage. It cannot nann anything but insect life, and the most delicutu plant cannot be injured bv its use ?028. "Kilpest" makes 1 Call. Insecticide Pnces- l;ii.t. 1, 6; Quan. 2;9 gall. 6/-; i-palLS/J Also sold m tins 6d. each, tiet a supply fr.,m >our dealer to-day. If any difficulty is exi.eii- encud inobtaining"Kilpest" send a postcard to Sole Manufacturers CLOUGH & FIRTH, Ltd.
BRIDGE MILS.S, KNARESBOROUCH. YORKS.
IFAXYJrlf
GRYSTAlWtACE HdRTICUiTORfitWORKS BROCKLEYROAD
LONDON.S.E. ITHECHEAPEST AND BEST FIRM FOR IGREENHOUSES. send for list postfree
[FROM £300 FRO!\/l£2150l
ALLZI OZ CLA^ THROUCHOUT;
. MaKeris^of aiirklhclspf Creenhouses.Carderi Frames,
y^:.^
^^^
THIS TWO-LICHT FRAME made to standard
size 6 U. hy 4 (t. Rest materials, painted two
ctiats, >!lazed with 21 oz. )$lass, ready for use.
PRICE 30h packed free on Boat.
BUIiBS
J. J. THOOLEN
Heemstede, Haarlem, Holland
The Export Nurseries
ESTABLISHED I8S1
TJTAS the lioiiour t'> announce that his Jllustiated Price List nf ^ ^ Hulljs and Plants in Enjjlibli. Auiunin, I'.lll, at lowest prices, will he scni post free on apiilicatiori. No Charge for Packing. Orders of 10s. and above entirely Free to Destinations in Enirland, Scotland and Ireland, &c. First gualiiv iriiaianleeil Some sorts of Bulbs noted out of Price List HYACINTHS, in the finest miiuire (or hedding oi
forcing
HYACINTHS, single, liist size, named, in 25 1. adiiig
sorts, red, white, and hlu.- varieties, ecpial
i|iiantities, my selection TULIPS, single eailv, in the linost nii.stuve
TULIPS, Daiwin, mixed
TULIPS, double, in the linesl mixiuie ANEMONES, single mixPd
ANEMONE, I he Bride, prtte whit.-
CROCUS, Mist sizp, in tfie (inesi ndxnne .. CROCUS, b.c..i.(l si/c. in {]n- lincsi nii<lnie
SCILLA SIBIRICA, licii blue
IRIS, SPANISH, mixed
IRIS, ENGLISH, mixed
HARCIS., sinu'le, in tlie (iiiesi mixniie NARCIS., 'I'liMi.vict, in the linesl mixliiic ■•
NARC.'S., .i.iiilile. line mixluic
t^ARCIS.-POLYANTHUS, lincst mixed
SNOWDROPS, ELWESI, 'Ihe flianl Snowdiop
RANUNCULUS, FRENCH, .lonlde mixed
SCILLA CAMPANULATA, and Rluc Bella
SCILLA CAMPANULATA, white
SCILLA CAMPANULATA, mixed
TRITELEIA UNIFLORA
250 Bulbs of same kind will be charged at the 1,000 rate ; 25 at the price per 100 ; 6 at the price per 12.
Ask for Illustrated Price List and see the Collections
|
1 |
'er |
Per |
|
lull |
I.OOU |
|
|
s. |
(i. |
s. d. |
|
8 |
0 |
70 0 |
|
15 |
0 |
|
|
2 |
0 |
18 4 |
|
4 |
0 |
40 0 |
|
2 |
2 |
20 0 |
|
1 |
2 |
10 6 |
|
1 |
2 |
10 6 |
|
1 |
10 |
16 8 |
|
0 |
e |
5 10 |
|
1 |
6 |
14 6 |
|
0 |
8 |
5 6 |
|
3 |
6 |
35 0 |
|
1 |
4 |
12 6 |
|
2 |
6 |
20 0 |
|
2 |
6 |
20 0 |
|
4 |
6 |
40 0 |
|
1 |
6 |
13 6 |
|
0 |
9 |
7 0 |
|
2 |
0 |
|
|
2 |
0 |
|
|
1 |
6 |
|
|
1 |
0 |
-- |
VI
IRISH GARDENING.
Dublin Wholesale Markets.
Not since tlie strike of last year was the price of cabbages so abnormal, but this acute condition is not due so much to the war crisis as to the si^arcity of supi)!ics consequent on the i)ersistent drought and the ravages of the fly. This vegetable is retailed at fancy jtrices, far beyond the nxeagre l)ockets of the ordinary consumer, for all that the markets are abundantly supplied with ordinary garden produce; at ])rices scarcely reniunerative to the growers. There has been no dearth in white turnips, vegetable marrows, peas, lettuce and beet, and these are being sold at moderate figures. Cauliflowers of good quality are scarce and change hands at exceptionally good ])rices. Spinach is scarce and dear. Par- snips and carrots are plentifvil at reasonable returns. French beans are very plentifvil, and are hard to dispose of at a respectable price.
Fruits in season were abundantly supplied from home sources, es])ecially apples and plums. For the past fortnight foreign and Cross-channel supi)lies were almost entirely absent owing to the stoppage of transit facilities ; but there is now an occasional consignment arriving. During the first week of the month several consignnaents of apples — of the varieties Beauty of Bath and Grenadier — from the counties Kilkenny and Waterford were much in evidence. They were of excellent quality, well-graded and marketed, and realised exceptionally good prices. But now apples are sold for little or nothing owing to the exorbitant price of sugar. In fact the salesmen find it difficult to dispose of them at any price. Plums are an excellent crop this year and are selling fairly well.
YOUNG & CO.
HATHERLEY, CHELTENHAM
Perpetual Carnation Specialists
Please send for our Special Catalogue of Perpetual Car- nations for Bedding Out-of- Doors, just issued, post free.
|
PmcE T.isT — Fruit. |
F |
'(•III |
'I |
'<> |
|
|
A]»iil(;s — |
s. |
d. |
s. |
(1. |
|
|
Beauty of |
|||||
|
Bath |
per bushel box |
. S |
0 |
10 |
0 |
|
per ^ bushel box |
. 'A |
0 |
4 |
(i |
|
|
Grenadier |
])er bushel box |
. -.i |
() |
.5 |
1) |
|
Dessert |
per dozen |
0 |
l> |
(1 |
s |
|
Cooking |
II |
1 |
0 |
<) |
|
|
(Jrai»es — |
|||||
|
Black |
per 11). |
1 |
r> |
2 |
H |
|
JNIuscats |
,, |
•> |
0 |
2 |
1) |
|
Melons |
each |
1 |
f) |
2 |
0 |
|
Peaches |
per dozen |
2 |
() |
:} |
a |
|
Pears — |
|||||
|
William's |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
|
|
Plums |
per half bushel |
2 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
|
Nectarines |
per dozen Vegetables. |
1 |
(j |
2 |
0 |
|
Cabbages |
|||||
|
(Yorks) |
])er large load |
2.-) |
(» |
50 |
0 |
|
,, |
per medium load |
1.") |
0 |
2.5 |
0 |
|
])er small lo.id |
0 |
15 |
0 |
||
|
Cauliflowers |
per dozen |
1 |
2 |
() |
|
|
Cucumbers |
'•) |
2 |
0 |
||
|
Lettuce |
I |
0 |
() |
||
|
Marrows |
^, |
s |
;] |
0 |
|
|
Onions |
])er bunch |
0 |
1 |
(5 |
|
|
(Tripoli) |
|||||
|
Peas |
per float |
1 |
0 |
o |
0 |
(
Protects your Seeds ?nd Seeding and Garden Beds from Slu^^s.
Protects your new sown Grass Seed from Birds.
Protects Garden Beds from Cats, Kats and Mice.
Put a little round every Seedlins and Plant.
Put a little in every Seed Drill. Sprinkle a
little over every bed beiore digging over and
beddiug out.
For special Leaflet and Sam y' Ecr.d co
THE S ANITAS CO., Ltd.,
Linifchouse, London, E.
6d. and ij- Tins and /2/0 />£/' Cut., from all Stores, Chemists, and Nurserymen.
Thompson & Morgan's far-famed Seeds & Plants
Revised CATALOGUES for 11914 free on application.
The high quality of our FLOWER AND VEGE- j TABLE SEEDS i.s now universally recognised,
and our CATALOG U E — really a book of reference |
on hardy flowers — describes over 3,000 different I
kinds, many of them not obtainable elsewhere. |
THOEVIPSON & MORGA
Our HARDY PLANTS, mostly Alpine and Herbaceous, are strong, fibrous rooted stuff, in all the newest and best varieties, at moderate
prices
Trial Order Solicited.
^1 Seed Establishment and Q YQfi ^ ■ Hardy Plant Nurseries, B a «
IRISH GARDENING.
Vll
^
If you FUMIGATE OR SPRAY
iJo it KllV.liv.lv aii.l I'se
NIGOTIGIDE
Fumlgant
1 pint for
NICOTICIDE FUMICATORS, 1 - each for 5,000 cubic feet NICOTICIDE
PLANT SPRAY
is very effective where it is n^.t c-..nvenient to fumiiiate. Wo :iilvi3e v.iii to trvir. It «iUalsi. l.e useful as a Winter liiessiiii; forlVache . Ac.
;- pint 1/2; Pint, 2/- qu.iit 3/6; A gall,, 5/-; gallon 10/-. Carriage Paid. Ask your Seedsmen for it.
LAWN i
i Daisies, Wceils. Mo^
ulating the
28 lbs. will .Iit>s.s 100 sq. yds. 6d., Is., and 2s. 6d Tins ; J cwt., 6s. ; i cwt.. lis. ; 1 cwt., 20.1 Carri^e Paid.
Worm I Powder
a rertaiu remed v fur removing Wo ms and clearinsj Worm Casts. L'so \ lb. tuthesq. yd. Simply sprinkle fairly tliickly on the Giass
and Wfcttfr copiously. 14 lbs J cwt. * cwt. 1 cwt. 5 cwt. 1 ton. 2 ton.
3/- 5 7/6 12/6 £3 £5 10 £10 10
Use also COW'S TOBACCO POWDER & QUASSIA EXTRACT
Ask your .Seels
for the ah.
i tat i
HUNTER & GOW, Ltd. ^'sK" LIVERPOOL
arc 11 s;iff ami ffini- plf ^'uiilc to fiardfn sucofs.s, pnirlucing vigorous, licaltliv"=^^^= fruitful growth. 'I'lu'y iirc the rf- ^= •suit of nianv yi-ars prat-tiial ex- ":= jifricucfir. pirdfnin};. I'orall pirdcn "E
TCK.ps Fruitbearing:. Follagre and Flowering plants, Vegretables, Lawns &c., &c., oiii
^ Vine, Plant and Vegetable Manure =
is iiiili\:illiil ; MS :i sliiiiiilaiil fur i«.| ].1.lii|s
ilui-ini.' :iir vi-cwinu scasdii i,ur Special Chrysanthemum & Topdressing Manure
is evevll.iit— are Ii(lis|>eMs.ilile
:. in ymir gar ten
^ Ask Ko-ir^pn/nnrn rnrfu11|>riepIiiitKi>aiii- j phletN, .(;e., they are stoikcfl evenwhere —
WM THOMSON & SONS, Ltd.
Sdk- .Makers
THE CHEAPEST INSECTICIDE OF THE DAY
"NIQUAS"
(HON-POISONOUS) IMPROVED
A Concentrated Extract of Quassia, combined with other valuable ingredients, forming a cheap, safe, and effective Insecticide for syring- ing and dipping. It destroys all Insect Pests infesting Trees and Plants, whilst no possible injury to vegetation can result from its use.
It can be applied with syringe or pump, or used for dipping.
PRICES Half-pint, 1/-; pint, 1/6; quart, .2/6; half-gallon, 4/-;
gallon, 7/6; five gallons, 25/-; ten gallons, 45/-
I gallon sufficient for 8o gallons of water.
STANDEN'S MANURE
(Established over 35 Years)
Exceeds all others ill General Fertilising Properticsand Staying Powers
Analysis on Application
Sold in Tins, 1/-, 2/6, 5/6 each; and in Kegs, well secured, to prevent loss through exposure, 28 lbs., 8,6 ; 56 lbs., 13/6 ; i jj II>s.. 22(6
CORRY'S SPECIAL
Chrysanthemum Manure
Sold in Tins, I/-, 2/6, 5/6, and Bags. J c«i.. 10/6; A cwt., 18/-; I c»t.. 32/-
For Fumigating in Greenhouses. "LETHORION"
Improved Metal Cones
Registered No. 62,597
To destroy Insect Pests. The Candle attached to each Cone only needs lighting, and there is no further trouble. They are most efficacious.
No. I. For friimes and "leant-to's" up to 1,000 cubic feet. Price, 6d. each.
No. 2. For small tjreenhouses up to 1,500 cubic feet. Price, 8d. each.
No. 3. For a well secuied house of 2,000 to 2,500 cubic feet. Price, 1/- each.
Fowl
er s
.awn
Sand
This preparation is for destroying Daisies and other weeds on lawns,
and at the same time stimulating the growth of the grass. If one tin
is tried as a sample, its value will be at once appreciated. Sales are
largely increasing.
Tins, 1/-, 2/6, and 6/- each ; Kegs, i cwt., 8/6 ; i cwt., 16/- ;
I cwt., 30/-
ELLIOTT'S
* Summer Cloud' Shading
Registered Trada Mark No. 14,629. (The only genuine orii^lnal and Improved article)
For Greenhouses. A pleasant green shade is given to the glask. In packets, 1/- for 100 feet of glass, and 2/6 each for 300 feet.
Sole Manufacturers :
CORRY & CO., Ltd.
LON DON
SOLD BY ALL NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN
TIU
IRISH GARDENING.
Vkg etables — con.
Spinach Tomatoes Potatoes- British Queens
per tray per 11).
1)er evvt.
Beans, Fienrli per Iray
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To |
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Fr |
om |
Hu |
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s. d. |
S. (1. |
s. |
d. |
s. d. |
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(1 S |
1 2 |
|{t)ses |
per |
doz. bloojn.-; |
(1 |
ti |
1 (i |
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II 1 |
0 (> |
Cornflowers Asteis (iy|)S(j]»hila |
pel |
do/., bundles . |
0 1 |
1 (1 |
(1 1) 1 (-> |
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1 (1 |
."i (1 |
panieulata |
per |
do/,. Sprays |
1 |
(! |
2 (1 |
(I ()
I s
LITTLE'S
PESTICIDE WEED DESTROYER
For BLIGHT, " BLACK SPOT," &c. on Apple or other Fruit Trees
I Gal. Drums 6/- each
5 & 10 Gal. Drums 5/6 per gal. 40 Cal. Casks 5/- per gal.
ANTIPEST
KILLS RED SPIDER, CATERPILLAR, &c.
Used by all the leading Gooseberry Growers
3 /6 per gallon
KILLS ALL WEEDS, MOSSES, &c.
On Carriage Drives, Gravel Paths
DOUBLE THE STRENGTH OF MOST WEED KILLERS
1 Gal. to 60 Gals, of AA/ater
1 CAL, DRUM, 3/-. Drum Free. 40-CAL. CASK, 2/- PER CAL. Cask Free.
IS^EEDOL.
POWDER WEED KILLER, 1/9 per Tin To make 25 to 3C Gallons
Morris, Little 6 Son, Ltd,, Doncaster
MB
% ii"-
NATIONAL RELIEF FUND
THE PRINCE TO THE PEOPLE.
Buckingham Palace. " At such a moment we all stand by one another, and it is to the heart of the British people that I confidently make this most earnest appeal."
COUPON. EDWARD P.
To H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, Buckingham Palace, London.
/ beg to enclose £ s. d. as a donation to the
National Relief Fund.
tA[ame
J^ddress
THE ENVELOPE CONTAINING THIS COUPON NEED NOT BE STAMPED.
Miscellaneous Section.
THE POPULARITY OF XL ALL SPECIALITIES increases every year. All gardeners proclaim that nothina: equals these celebrated preparations. XL ALL NiCOTIXE VAPORISING COMPOUND, the gardener's favourite Fumigant, both Liquid and cake. XL ALL NICOTINE INSECTICIDE WASH for Syringing, Dipping, and Dressing Fruit Trees and Plants. Mealy Bug, Scale, &c., cannot exist where this is used. XL ALL INSECTICIDE WASH B {sine Nicotine), best
non-poisonous Wash on the market. Other Preparations of great Renown are XL ALL WEED KILLER. Used once a year, no weeds can live. XL ALL Grub Killer, clears garden and farm soil from all insects. Don't forget to ask your Nurseryman or Seedsman for my small pink list.
G. H. RICHARDS, Manufacturer, 234 Borough High Street, London, S.E.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING
DESIGNING, Laying out and Planting of New and Renovating of Old Gardens. The Making and Planting of Rock Gardens, Rockeries, Water and Bog Gardens, and Pergolas a Speciality. Plans Prepared. Estimates Free.
RICHARD C McM. SMYTH, F.R.H.S.
Mount Henrv Dalkey, Co. Dublin
BOILERS. • For Sale, Two Heating Boilers, in use till recently. Suitable for 1,900 and iOO feet 4-inch piping. £15 and £5. Seen at Baird's, Limited, Lower Abbey Street, Dublin.
Books on Gardening, Vegetable Culture, Greenhouse Management, and all other subjects. Second hand at half prices . New 25 % discount. Catalogue NO. 992, free. State wants. Books bought. W. & Q. FOYLE, 121 Charing Cross Rd., London.
SANKErS^£S»^''POTS
^'Che BEST and ChcopcsK
5PECIAL POTS of all description
R/CHARD SANKE^A SO/V, LTP, Bcjiwell PoU-cries. NOTTINOMAM.
IF YOU HAVE A GLASS ROOF THAT LEAKS, a Conservatory to repair, or any kind of glazing work to be done, Carson's Plastine will save money, time, worry and annoyance consequent on the use of ordinary putty, which cracks, crumbles, and decays. It saves the expense of constant renewals. Carson's Wood Preservative in green and brown, for Palings, Trellis Work, &c. The best paint for Greenhouses is "Vitrolite." Write for Catalogue. Carson's, 22 Bachelor's Walk, Dublin.
AUTO-SHREDS i5L^V\"o
Leaf-mining Muggots, Mealy Bug and all Pests infesting plants under glass, &c. Simple to use, no apparatus required. In Boxes to Fumigate 1,000 cubic feet, 6d.; io,ooe cubic feet, 3s. 6d. each. Obtained of Seedsmen and Florists; if unobtainable apply direct —
WM. DARLINGTON & SONS,
Ltd.
Wholesale Horticultural Sundriesmen, HACKNEY, LONDON, N.E. Trade Terms and Catalogue of Suodriea upon receipt of bustneai card
"BUSINESS AS USUAL.'' Will customers please send
us their ORDERS as usual, and so keep 150 people in
full employment.
NOW IS THE TI.ME TO PLANT youi hardy Beds and
Borders
NOW IS THIC TIME to spend monej' on gardening, in
order to keep labour emiJloyed — surely the best of all
forms of charity. Prices on application to KELWAY
& SON, Plant Department (Retail), LANGPORT.
BORDER PLANTS OF ALL KINDS. ^ Lovely New Paeonies, Beautiful New Delphiniums, Wonderful New Gladioli. The Premier House for the above, KEL- WAY & SON. The Roval Hoitieulturists, LANGPORT. SOMERSET, ENGLAND. Prices free on application. " Gardens of Delight," Illustrated, Is. post free.
County Antrim Committee of Agriculture.
The above Committee require the services of an Itinerant Instructor in Horticulture- Salary. £100 per annum and travellmg expenses.
Applicants, whose qualifications must be approved by the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, should lodge their applications accompanied by
1 . A short statement of their training and experi- ence, and
2, Copies of not more than three testimonials, not later than 3rd October, 1914, with the undersigned, from whom further particulars may be obtained.
A. B. Clarke, Sec, County Courthouse, Belfast
BULBS
CLASSIFIED as suitable for FORCING,
BEDDINC, CUT BLOOM, HERBACEOUS
BORDER, MOSS FIBRE, and ROCKERY
The most useful list published
■^^^—^—^—^ Send for It Post Free.
SAMUEL McGREDY & SON
The Royal Nursery and Seed Establishment
PORTADOWN IRELAND
NATIVE TIMBER.
THE Directors of the Great Southern and Western Raihvay invito offers of Scotch Fir, Silver Fir, and Black Spruce Loes, out of which Sleepers, 8ft. llins. x loins. X .lins., can be cut, or of t'ut Sleepers of these dimensions. .
Particulars may be obtained of the Compa,ny's Store- keeper at the General Stores, Inchicore, Dublin. (Siened)
R. CRAWFORD,
Secretary. Kitvj;sl>ri(L'e. Dublin, September, 1914.
11
IRISH GARDENING
LmoN's Fruit Trees
New Pamphlet with Cultural Hints Gratis.
Many Thousands of Well Trained, Beautifully Rooted Apples, Pears, Plums, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Cherries, Figs, Vines, Nuts, Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, &c., &c.
AS . . Standards, 2/- and 2/6 each ; Bushes, 1/6 to 3/6 each ; Pyramids, 2/6 to 5/- each ; Espaliers, 3/6 to 5/- each ; Cordons, from 1/6 each, 18/- per doz.; Wall Trees, 3/6 to 7,6 each ; Pot Fruit Trees, 5/- to 10/- each :: :: :: :: ::
New fully Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue Gratis
LAXTON BROTHEfiS, BEDFORD
ESTABLISHED 1832 TELEPHONE 3351 (Seven Lines) TELEGRAMS-" BROOKS," DUBLIN
HORTICULTURAL GLASS, PAINTS, &c.
Cut to dimensions, packed and delivered at your rail-
' * way station. Also stocked in all the regular box sizes.
. . " BROMAS •* for general houseliold and estate purposes.
" VALENTINE " for hay barns, &c., doubles the life of
galvanized iron. " PETREX " for conservatories, does not flake off. BRUSHES of every description. , • and heating plant, newest Types. Please ask for lists
GREENHOUSES And garden frames.
Also TIMBER, SLATES, BRICKS, IRONMONGERY, and every Building Requisite
GLASS PAINT
BOILERS
BROOKS
THOMAS & CO.
LTD.
BUILDERS' PROVIDERS Sackvillc Placc,
Dublin
Ranges of Glasshouses, complete with Heating Apparatus, Tanks, Peach and Vine Trainers, Wood, Iron, or Slate Slatting, Potting and Boiler Houses, with every modern accessory.
ENQUIRIES INVITED FOR
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES SUN LOUNGES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, CARNATION HOUSES, &c.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST FKKK ON APPLICATION
HEATING AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY
INSTAI.I.i:i) IN PIBLIC BlILDINGS : MANSIONS HORTICLLTLRAL BUILDINGS
&Q., &C.
Schemes and Estimates Free
GARDEN FRAMES
In great variety always in Stock
fUICEi ON APPLICATIOX
NORWICH
ENGLAND
MODERN . .
GLASSHOUSES
Superior in Design :: Material, Construction and above all utility.
WOOD LATH and SCRIM BLINDS :
IN EVERY VARIETY
For Shadin>< CONSERVATORIES, GREENHOISES, &t.
Our Shadinj^s are rLcommended t)> Hiirticultiiral Authorities.
BOULTON & PAUL,
I IMIT»-I)
WINDOW GLASS
Polished Flate for Shop Windows.
Horticultural Glass at Lowest Rates
DEATH TO THE WEEDS !
HOYTE'S WEED KILLER.
Strengly Rtcemmendtd for tht Pes/'uctian of Wccdt, ^c. Price, 2s. per gallon; 5 jrallons, is. 6d. per ir^"c" ! 10 g'allon'!. IS. 3d. per jjallon ; Orij^-inal 40-g'allon cHsks, rs. per g-allon.
HOYTE & SON, TbeCltyofDubllnDrugH.il. 17 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN
Please mention th»» Paper
BE PREPARED
for bad trade. AH the more reason to keep yourself and your goods before the public eye. The best way to do this \%\yjllliislrnte(l di^MX.. Show V inures of your goods in every Advt. Cata logue or Booklet you send out. "
We undertaKe prepar- ation of Sketchos, Photos and BlocKs-
IRISH PHOTO tNGKAVINC
so. MIDDLE ABBEY ST DUBLIN
ESTABLISHED 1832
Ant. Roozen & Son's
SPLENDID
HYACINTHS, TULIPS,
AND ALL OTHER
DUTCH, CAPE, and . . EXOTIC BULBS, and . HERBACEOUS PLANTS.
All of the finest quality
Our Descriptive Catalogue, con- taining full cultural directions, Free on application to our Offices
Overveen, near Haarlem, Holland.
OR TO OUR GENERA!. AGENT?
MERTENS & CO.
3 Gross lane, St. Mary-at-Hill, LONDON, E.C
U.B. — No connection with any other Firm of a similar nam
IV
IRISH GARDENING.
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Fruit Trees — Roses |
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Vines, Figs, Oranges |
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A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK ALWAYS ON VIEW |
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Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue POST FREE |
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THOS. RIVERS & SON |
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SAWBRIDGEWORTH HERTS |
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Station: HARLOW, Q.E.R. |
DRUMMONDS
CHOICE
Flower Bulbs
TO ENSURE FINEST BULBS ORDER EARLY
W. Drummond &^ Sons, Ltd. 57 ^J 58 Dawson Street, DUBLIN
UPPER
Sackville St.
DUBLIN
For your Garden and Greenhouse
MACKErS BULBS
Illustrated Catalogue Free
SIR JAMES W. MACKEY LIMITED SEEDSMEN
FOUNDED 1777
BURALL BROS
TREE TICKETS SEED POCKETS
POSTCARD BOOKS ENVELOPES it
WISBECH, CAMBS
HUSH GAKDKNING,
r?
^
v^
DICKSON'S HAWLMARK BULBS
NO INCREASE IN PRICES
Hyacinths, " The Royal Twelve " Exhibition Varieties, 6 6:: ,, "The Popular Twelve" First size bulbs, 4/= :;
„ For bedding in separate colours named, 18 - 100
„ „ ,, mixed colours, 12/- 100, 1/8 dozen
lUlipS. Early single, finest sorts, from 3/- 100 ::
„ Darwin and May Flowering, Prize Stocks grown on
our own farms, see special list
Narcissus, Crocus, Snowdrops, Lilies and other choice bulbs :; :: :: in great variety :: :: ::
Send for our Catalogue — // will interest you
BOWLS FOR BULBS a large selection. Call at our warehouse
:: :: :: and inspect our stock. :: :: ::
ALEX. DICKSON & SONS, Ltd.
HAWLMARK 61 DAWSON STREET, DUBLIN
■^
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S. Spooner & Sons 1 FRUIT TREE GROWERS HOUNSLOW NURSERIES I I r\1 TMCI rWYT IV/Iir^PM CCETV |
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, HOUNbLOW MlUULhbhA |
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1! Fruit Trees a Speciality Over half a million to select from |
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300,000 Maiden Two and Three-year Old Apples on English Paradise. |
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Catalogues free on Appli- cation. Inspection invited |
i |
1
!i
BENTLEY'S
COMPOUND LIQUID
Quassia Extract
(NON-POISONOUS) THE ORIGINAL!
Fatal to every form of Aphis, includintj GREEN. BLACK and WHITE FLY/ infallible and safe anywhere and everywhere. Specially suitable for use on Apple, Plum and C herryTrees Roses, Chrysanthemums, Hops, Tomatoes and Bush Fruits.
One gall, makes from 80 to 1Q0 galls, of Wash
40 ..'alls., 3/6 ixr uiill. ; '.'O calU., 3/7 l»-r pill, : 10 (Siill.s.
3/8 IMM L'all. : .'. RiilU.. 3/9 iwr giilL ; 1 Riill., 4/2 ; k gall.
2/6; 1 quart. 1/6; I pint. 1/-
CARRIACE PAID ON 5 ORDERS AND UPWARDS
So/r Manufaciurers
Joseph Bentley, Ltd.
CHEMICAL WORKS
BARROW = ON = HUMBER, HULL.
HI
I
MACKENZIE & MONCUR, Ltd
HOTHOUSE BUILDERS AND HEATING ENGINEERS
TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING SANITARY AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
SPECIALTIES:
All kinds of Hothouses in Teakwood, Archangel Larch or Petersburg Redwood. Improved Ventilation Gearing * Patent Wood Spar Blinds * Heating by Low Pressure, Hot Water or by Steam. * Improved Duplex System of combined Hot Water Service and Heating. * Improved Ironclad System of Electric Lighting- the only absolutely fireproof system.
WE DO NOT WORK ON THE UNSATISFACTORY PIECE-WORK SYSTEM, ALL
WORK UNDERTAKEN BY US BEING CARRIED OUT BY HIGHLY SKILLED
WORKMEN AT TIME RATES.
w'y-
EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works) — Balcarrcs Street, MorningsJde GLASGOW- 121 St. Vincent St. LONDON- 8 Camden Road, N.W.
Telegrams: "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH," and "TREIBHAUS, Camroad, LONDON."
W.RICHARDSON&Co
SPIvCIALISTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
Horticultural Buildings & Heating Apparatus
DARLINGTON
THE REASON WHY customers come to us for Glasshouses and Heat- ing Apparatus is because tliey know
they will get the best value for the least possible expenditure. A few of
our customers in Ireland include the Duke of Leinster, the Right Hon. Chief Daron Palles, The Marquess Conyngham, The Marquesses of Headfort, Londonderrj-; Earl Fitz- william, the Earls of Donoughmore, Dunraven, Erne, Lonyford, Listowel, Rosse, Aberdeen ; Lords Ardilaun, Barry more. Castletown, Cloncurry, Dunleath, Farnham ; Lady Maurice FitzGerald; Colonel the Hon. C. F. Crichton. H. P. Goodbody, Esq., &c., &c.
ERECTED FOR THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, VICE REGAL LODGE, DUBLIN. (Per H. M. Commissioners of Public Works).
LONDON OFFICE:
belgrayia chambers
VICTORIA STREET WESTMINSTER, S.W.
>ii.^^^^^^^^^^^^^c{i^^|^4^4^c|i4^4^4=--^4^^4^4=--^-^-^4^^'^'^-^^'^-jJ^^^^
BULBS AND BOWLS
FOR CULTIVATION IN FIBRE
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Narcissus and Daffodils
Perdoz. -s. d
Barri Conspicuus, yellow, with crim son cup
Bicolor Empress, white
golden trumpet
perianth,
-Victoria, h hne flower of perfect
form
Emperor, primrose perianth and golden trumpet
Golden Spur, clear golden-yellow
Sir >Vatkin, golden-yellow : a grand flower
Von Sion or Teiamonius Pienus
(DOITBIE DAFFOnit.)
0 6
1 G 1 0
1 0
1 0
I 0
I 0
Polyanthus Narcissus
Grand Monarque, white, with yellow
cup
Paper Vk/liite, Grandiflora, pure white early . .
I 4
1 0
Round Bowls lOd., 1/-, 1/3, 1/6,2/ &3/-
Round Bowls, with holes in- sides .... 1/9
Oval Bowls l/-,2-&3/3
Oblong Bowls, plain
lOd, 1 = &2 3
Prepared Fibre
per bushel .... 3/6 per peck . . . , 1/-
Choice Named Hyacinths
A selection of the finest varieties.
FIRST SIZE BULBS . . from 4d. to 8d. each
SECOND SIZE BULBS
3d. each ; 2/9 per doz.
Early White Roman Hyacinths
EXTRA SELECTED BULBS.
per doz., from 2/6 to 3/-
Dutch Roman or Miniature Hyacinths
These charming varieties are specially suitable for bowl treatment, the spikes are looser and more g^raceful than the ordinary Dnich Hyacinths, and the bnlbs beinfj small quite a number can be placed in a bowl of ordinary size.
IN VARIOUS SHADES, distinct
per doz., 1/6: per loo, 10/6
EDMONDSON BROTHERS
SEED AND BULB MERCHANTS
10 DAME STREET— DUBLIN
;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^4^^^^^^^^^^^-^-^^^^^-^-i
VI 11
TRISH GARDENING.
Journal of tfie Royal Horticultural Society.
The August .To-.irnal of the Royal Horticultural Socioty contaius many iuterostinj: articles, much information, and some <i:oo(l illustrations. Aruoiii; the articles are : — Nortli American Fon^stry, hy Prof. Somerville : The Use of Kxi)losives and the Blow Tiamp in the (Jarden. by II. E. Durham ; Pruning Hardy Shrubs, by E. Beckett ; Fairy Flies and their Hosts, by Enoclc. &c. Al.so note.s and abstracts : and the results of the R. H. S. examinations.
Catalogues
W. Drummond k Sons, Dublin, send a copy of their Flower Bulbs for 1914. As usual the list is well printed on good paper, the illustrations being exceptionally clear and distinct. Their collection of named Hyacinths is a well selected one, and, as tliey are listed according to their colours, selection is an easy matter. Tulii)s are quite invaluable for spring bedding, and here we have good lists of the best varieties in each sec- tion,— early Tulips, Cottage Tulips and Darwins — all offei'ed at a reasonable price. All the leading sorts of Narcissus are stocked, and we are pleased to see an illustration of N. .Tohnstoni, Queen of Spain — a beautiful DafTodil for planting in short grass under trees. Amaryllis, Anenx'ines, Crocus, Gladiolus and a host of other miscellaneous bulbs are stocked in great variety. Chionodoxa Luciliae (The Glory of the Snow) is a delightful .spring flowering bulbous •j)lant, and is not planted so freely as it deserves. Towards the end of the catalogue are lists of Alpines, herbaceous plants, strawberries, vegetable seeds for autumn sowing, and also insecticides, cheniicals, flower pots and numerous other horticultural sundries.
YOUNG & CO.
HATHERLEY. CHELTENHAM
Pe r p e t u al Carnation Specialists
Please send for our Special Catalogue of Perpetual Car- nations for Bedding Out-of- Doors, just issued, post free.
The catalogue sent by Messrs. Edmondson liros., Dublin, entitled Bulbs and Flower Roots for Autumn, litlt, is of a particularly handy size. It is arranged alphabetically throughout and deals with all the mo.st ])opular bulbs and roots for ])resent ]>lanting. Gladioli ai"e listed in variety, also the choicest varieties of double and single Hyacintlis in separate colours. Their collection of Tuli]»s is a long one and contains all the good standard varieties, while Xarcissi are also well repre.sented. Accompanying the catalogue is a leaflet dealing with the cultivation of bulbs in ornamental bowls — a method of growing bulbs ])articularly suitable for town dwellers. The firm .supplies bowls .specially made for the purpose, suitable bulbs, and also fibre compost, which is the best rooting niedium for bulbs grown in thi.s manner. Daffodils, Hyacinths, Tuli]is, Snow- drops, Crocus and several other bun)ous plants may, without nxuch trouble, be grown in bcwis. Messrs. Webb A: Sons, Ltd., Wordsley, Stour bridge. A well illustrated catalogue entitled Webb's Bulbs for 1914 is to hand from this well known firm. As uxight be expected, the list contains many good things, the varieties of Hyacinths stocked being numerous. Hyacinths are e.specially popular for exhibition, and the sorts niost suitable for this ]turpose are distinctly marked. All the leading Daffodils are .stocked, those mo.st suitable for forcing being listed by tlieniselves. Tulips are becoming more popular every year, and this lirm's collection comprises all the leading sorts of the .several sections, Darwins, Parrot Tulips, &c. Among the nunierous other plants we notice Gloxinias, Ixias, Gladioli, various Lilies, Amaryllis and a host of other good things. At the end of the list is a select on of flowering plants, the colour of the flowers and tinie of flowering being placed after each. Few clinibing plants are so popular as the Clematis, and here we find a well .selected list of tilie best varieties.
H. Cannet.t, & Sons, Eynsford, Kent, send a copy of their 1914 Bulb List. Several illustrations are given of Daffodils and Hyacinths growing in ornamental bowls — a juethod of indoor gardening which is becoming very ]>oi)ular. They supply bowls and vases for this purpose as well as the bulbs, and also .specially prepared fibre com]JOst, which is the best rooting medium for the bulbs. Hyacinths, Tulips. Narcissi are listed in variety, as also are nunierous other bulbs such as S(;illas, Muscari, Freesias, Lily of the Valley, &f. On the last page we notice an illustration of the Winter Aconite (Eranthis hyemalis), one of our earliest plants to bloom, and one which we cannot have too niuch. Tlie Spiraeas are quite invaluable for winter and .spring decoration of conservatories, but to get the best residts the improved varieties must be obtained : Queen Alexandra, Gladstone and Peach Blossonx form a trio hard to beat.
Thompson & Morgan's far-famed Seeds & Plants
Revised CATALOGUES for 1914 free on application.
The high quality of our FLOWER AND VEGE- TABLE SEEDS is now universally recognised, and our CATALOGUE — really a book of reference on hardy flowers — describes over 3,000 different kinds, many of them not obtainable elsewhere.
Our HARDY PLANTS, mostly Alpine and Herbaceous, are strong, fibrous rooted stuff, in all the newest and best varieties, at moderate
prices
Trial Order Solicited.
THOMPSON & MORGAN,
Seed Establishment and Hardy Plant Nurseries,
IPSWICH
IRISH GARDENING.
IX
If you FUMIGATE OR SPRAY
Ho it Elfectivi-lv .iii.i Ise
NIGOTICIDE
Fumlgant
1 pint !, pint "6 01.
4 oz
2 01 for
NICOTICIDE FUMICATORS, 1 - each for 5,000 cubic feet
|
Feet |
Each |
||
|
40 000 |
15- |
» |
|
|
20,000 |
7/6 |
^^ |
|
|
12,000 |
4/6 |
- t- OS |
|
|
8.000 |
3/- |
^^ |
|
|
4,000 |
18 J |
" |
NICOTICIDE
PLANT SPRAY
is very effective whTe it is nnt convenient to fumigate. Wc advise you to try ^*- It * ill a-lso be usefui as a Winter I>ressin(j forreache"", &c.
i pint 12; Pint. 2/- quart 3/6; A pall,, 5/-; gallon 10/-. Carriage Paid. Ask your Seedsmen for it.
LAWN i SAND
entirely eradicates Daisies, Weeds, Mo?s, 4c.. besides stimulating the Grass
28 Iba. will di«8S 100 sq. yds. 6d.. Is., and 2s. 6d Tina : i cwt., 63. ; i cwt.. lis. ; 1 cwt., 208 Carriage Paid.
Worm i Powder
a certain remHv for removing Wo nis and clearinc Wotni Ca.sts. Ise J lb. to the sq. yd. Simply sprinkle fairly lUickly on the (Jrass
atid w*ter copiouFly. 14 lbs J.wt. i cwt. 1 cwt. 5 cwt. 4 tmi. 2i..n.
3/- 5 7 6 12/6 £3 £5 10 £1010
Use also COW'S TOBACCO POWDER & QUASSIA EXTRACT
an- a .siifcaml •'*ini-
plf piude to tranlcn ^=r surrcss, producing vipoiou.s, liraltliy =^ fruitful growth. Tlu-y are tlie rc- ^ suit of niaiiv yeans practical ex- - ^ pcriciiccir. L'aiilciiiiii:. I'orall pardiii
Fcrops Fruitbearing:. Foliagre and Flowering plants, Vegetables, Lawns &c., &c., oin
^ Vine, Plant and Vegetable Manure %
i.s iiiirivallcil ; a,s a .Ntlniiilant for )K)t plant.s '
(lurinp tlic (.•id\\iri(4 sca.son our Special
Chrysanthemum & Topdressing: Manure
i.- .-MHIct - arc ndis,».„s.-il.l.-
■^ in your |.-.Trlcn
El .^Nk )o.(r."<>ei(»nicn for full price li.stspam- J
=^^ phlet.". Ac. they are st^M-ked even,»here ^
;^ WM THOMSON & SONS, Ltd. ^=
^^^ Self .M;ikcrs ^=
Clovenfords, N.B.
THE CHEAPEST INSECTICIDE OF THE DAY
"NIQUAS"
(NON-POISONOUS) IMPROVED
,\ Concentrated Extract of Quassia, combined with other valuable ingredients, forming a cheap, safe, and effective Insecticide for syring- ing and dipping. It destroys all Insect Pests infecting Trees and Plants, whilst no possible injury to vegetation can result from its use
It can be applied with syringe or pump, or used for dipping.
PRICES-Half-pint, 1/-; pint, 1/6 j quart, 2/6; half-gallon, 4'^ ;
gallon, 7/6; five gallons, 25/-; ten gallons, 45/*
I gallon sufficient for 8o gallons of water.
STANDEN'S MANURE
(Established over 36 Years)
Exceeds all others in General Fertilising Properties and Staying Power*
Analysis on Application
Sold in Tins, 1/-, 2/6, 5/6 each : and in Kegs, well secured, to prevent loss through exposure, 38 lbs., 8,6 ; 36 lbs., 13/6 ; iis lbs., 22/6
CORRY'S SPECIAL
Chrysanthemum Manure
Sold in Tins, I/-, 2/6, 6/6, and Bags, i cwt., 10/6 ; i cwt., 18/- ; I cwt., 32/-
For Fumigating in Greenhouses. "LETHORION"
Improved Metal Cones
Regristered No. 62,597
To destroy Insect Pests. The Candle attached to each Cone cn!y needs lighting, and there i» no further troubc. They arc most cliiCAciniik.
No. I. for frames ami " leaiil-to's " ii|) to 1,000 cubic feet. Price, 6d. each.
No. 2. P'or small greenhouses up to 1,500 cubic feet. Price, 8d. each.
No. 3. For a well secured house of 2,000 to 2,500 cubic feet. Price, 1/- each.
Fowler's Lawn Sand
This preparation is for destroying D;.isies and other weed* on lawns,
and at the same time stimulating the growth of the grass. If i.nr iin
is tried as a sample, its value will be at once appreciated. Sales arc
largely increasing.
Tins, 1/-, 2/6, and 6/- each ; Kegs, 1 cwt., 8/6; 1 cwt.. 16/-;
I cwt., 30/-
ELLIOTT'S
'Summer Cloud' Shading
Reg:l8tered Trade Mark No. 14,629. (The only g^enulne orlgrlnal and Improved article)
For Greenhouses. A pleasant green shade is given to the glas* In packets, 1/- for loc feet of glass, and 2/6 each for 300 f»ei.
Sole Manufacturers :
CORRY & CO., Ltd.
LONDON
SOLD BY ALL NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN
ItlJ8H GARDENING
MESSR8. Ant. Koozen A: Son, Uvei-veen, Haarlem, send a copy of their autumn catalogue of Bulbs and Koots for 1914. Their catalogue. as usual, is full of interest, containing all the usual popular bulbs for forcing and bedding, giving good li.sts of Hyacinths. Tulips, and Daffodils and Irises, besides these thei'e are many other beautiful, but little known, bulbs which iind a place in the list. The plant list is varied and extensive, containing valuable i)lants for the border and some for the rockery. The catalogue may be obtained pos t free on ai»i)lication to Messrs. Mertens & Co., 3 Cross Lane, St. Mary-at- Hill, London, E.C.
Packing of Apples
The Board «f Agriculture and Fisheries have for some time been in communication with a number of representatives of Fruit Buyers" Associations in order to ascertain the views of the trade w-ith regard to the packing of liome grow^n apples. The Board think it desirable that such inforniation as they have been able to obtain should be brought to "the notice of fruit growers.
Nut Weight of Fruit in each Package TO BE Declared. — It appears that the point to which retail fruit dealers attach most import- ance is that every package should bear a tally or label with the net weight or count declared. The object of this requirement is to give some security as to the amount of the goods he is purchasing. It is said to be impossible under existing conditions to estimate the amount with suflficient accuracy for the purposes of retail trade. The difficulty of complying strictly with this requirement is not under-estimated, but the views of the trade in the matter are so strong and so unanimous that it seems clear that it would be to the advantage of any grow-er w ho w^as in a position to do so to indicate, in the manner suggested, the net weight of packages of fruit sent to market.
Initials or Mark of Grower to appear on Packages.— Another point on which there ai>pears to be little or no difference of opinion among buyers is that the initials of the grower or some distinguishing mark should appear on the Ijackage. The object in view is to facilitate the selection for purchase of apples consigned by growers who avoid the practice of " topping.'' It is alleged that much loss and inconvenience is occasioned to retail buyers of fruit by this practice. There is no doubt that unmarked packages of fruit are in many markets viewed by buyers with a good deal of suspicion, and that a grower who can affix to his produce a mark which will be taken by the retail dealers attending the market as a guarantee that the fruit is faii-ly packed, stands a much better chance than others of meeting with a ready sale. The i»ractice of " topping " not only defrauds the buyer by leading him to pay a higher price for an article than it is worth, but puts him to great incon- venience because he finds liimself with a short supply of apples of the class lie requires to meet the demands of his particular circle of customers, and at the same time has left on his hands a certain quantity of inferior apples for which he has no use, although in the hands of some other retailer they might have been disposed of without difficulty.
Statement ok N'aiuety and Api-kuximatk 1>IAMetf:r. — There is also some evidence that ])reference would be given by i>urchasers tr) l)ackages with labels stating, in addition to the net weight, tlie variety of the a])itles, and their a]»])roximate diameter.
The inquix'ies and c(»rresi)ondence relate specifically to home-grown api)les, but it is believed that the first two of the aljove requii-e- inents apply equally to all home-grown fruit. — The Journal of the Hoard of Agriculture.
Horticulture at Panama-Pacific International Exposition.
Horticulturists will be privileged to enter a rich treasure house if they visit the Panama- Pacific International Ex])osition, which opens at San Francisco on February 20, 1915. Not only will they see some of the world's fairest prodixcts, but they will have an opportunity of inspecting s])ecies wiiich have only just commenced their mundane existence
The de]»artment of horticulture is under the complete direction of Mr. (ieorge A. Dennison, who is a horticulturist and floriculturist of eminence.
The showing under this heading at the exposi- tion will compri.se many features of especial, interest to Englishmen and Australasians.
The frostless climate of California, which enables plant life to obtain the highest perfection of growth, will give the floricultural exhibit a distinction and beauty it has not been ]>ossible to secure at other expo.sitions where the seasons have been short and the winters severe }\e\v creations and heretofore unexhibited varieties will form a unique and interesting feature, such as has never before been assembled in one exhibit. Leading growers and nurserymen all over the world have already signified their intention of participation in the general display as well as in the Rose contest. The Exposition Company offers as a trophy a £200 cup to the originator of the finest new seedling Rose which has never before been exhibited, (^row'ers of rare green- house plants and exhibitors from troi)ical countries will assemble in the conservatory section a wealth of unrivalled exotic beauty.
The Palace of Horticulture now being con- .structed is the most magnificent building of the kind in which Horticulture haa been housed at any ex])osition. It will be crowned by the largest glass dome ever erected. The i)alace will be as ]>rominent in the eyes of the people at night as during the daytime by reason of the scheme for its illumination.
Among the notable exhibits which are promised are totally new varieties of rhubarb and Sweet Pea, both being produced by California gardeners. Tlie rhubarb stands more than a yard high and si)reads in double stalks into a bu.sh six feet in diameter. The new variety of Sweet IVa is extraordinary for its exce})tional length of stem, which is two or tliree feet long. Another charac- teristic of this Pea is that it is not an annual, but a perennial. A bed of these elongated blooms will be in full colour on the opening day of the exposition, and will be as full of fresh bloom at the end of the year. They will no more fade than will the green of living ivy. The new Sweet Pea
IRISH GARDENING.
XI
is the work of Anton Zvolanek and the rhubarb owes its right to life to Mr. Wagner, of Pasadena, Southern California. The new red Sunflower, originated by Professor and Mrs. Cockerell, of Colorado (introduced in England by Suttons), is certain to attract considerable attention. It is to illiLstrate the Mendelian theory of plant segregation. In Ventura, California, Mrs. Francis lias originated the only double seeding double Petunia. Heretofore, fertilisation was always necessary because the dovible specimen never carried the seed vessel. Mr. Albei't Etter has taken two forms of wild strawberries and originated a new kind called the Ettersberg form. It is a drought -resistant, and grows high up instead of on the ground. The originator will exhibit the jiarent berries and the offspring. The exhibit will be under the dejiartment of eugenics of the I'niversity of California.
There are three or four new varieties of peaches tending to overcome the disadvantages peaches now have in shipping. One man has originated a peach that is very late. Another produces a variety that is tougher of skin and excellent of shipment as well as having splendid pulp.
Some of the most famous of English florists have made arrangements for the presentation of the wonderful dis])lays of gardening methods that have made the p]nglish coiintry home notable everywhere. Kelway & Co., who designed the reconstructed ancient garden at Hampton Court Palace built by Cardinal Wolsey, will reproduce A modeltof the Palace and grounds at the exposi- tion. Kelwav's exhibit and those of Hugh
Dickson and Samuel M'Gredy, of England, two of the greatest Rose originators of the world, have already arrived. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm, Sutton's, John Waterer, and Sanders »t Sons are practically certain to exhibit.
Practical Patriotism.
Backing up the Fighting J^ine.
Canadian gifts still continue to pour in most mtimficently. Among recent donors is Mr. .John C Eaton, of Toronto, who has given £10,000 to the Dominion Government to purchase a battery of cpiick-fh-ing machine guns, mounted on armoured trucks, for use with the Canadian contingent : he has also given his yacht and the use of his Marconi station at Toronto, which is the naost powerful installation north of Xew York. The Province of Ontario has offered £100,000 to the Imperial Government to be used in the way considered best, and the Province of Nova Scotia has offered 100.000 tons of coal for use bv the British Admiraltv. Quebec has offered 4.000,000 lbs. of cheese : Prince Edward Island, 100,000 bu.shels of oats : Alberta, 500,000 bags of oats ; in flour alone the gifts from Canada represents £600,000.
Of the many gifts now being organised for our troo])S in the field none, perhaps, wdll give the men greater pleasure than the 100,000 boxes of apples being sent by the British Columbia Fruit Growers' Association. One can imagine the
CRYSTAL PALACE HORTICULTURAL WORKS ^BROCKLEY ROAD
LONDON.S.E.
THECHEAPEST AND BEST FIRM FOR GREENHOLJSES. sendforlist postfree.
THIS TWO-LIGHT FRAME made to standard
size 6 ft. by 4 (t. Best materials, painted two
coats, glazed with 21 oz. glass, ready for use.
PRICE 30h packed tree on Boat.
KILPEST
Awarded Gold Medal.
If you want a
BEAUTIFUL GARDEN
you must iiieeerve your plants agaiastall
kindB oi blight and garden pests.
ORDER
'Zr "KILPEST"
•leil.l. TO-DAY
The best insecticide on the Market-and's non-poisonous
"KILPEST" EXTERMINATES
Black and Green Fly Ked Spidir, llirip, Goobcberr)' Caterpillar, Mildew and Aphis Pests, Ac. on Plants, Flowers, or Foliage. It cannot harm anylhing but insect life, and tlie most clflioatepluiit cannot be injuied by its use 2 0Z8. "Kilpest" makes 1 Call. Insecticide Prices— I'ii.t, 1, 6; Quart, 2, 9 gall. 6/-; i-gall. 8,- .\l,-i> sulil in tins Sd. each. Ueta supply fioiii your dealer to-day. If any difficulty is experi- enced iuobtaining"Kilpest"sendapostcard to Sole Manufacturers CLOUGH & FIRTH, Ltd.
BRIPCE MILLS, KNARESBOROUCH, YORKS.
f^
-aa»^
Xll
IRISH GARDENING.
begrimed British Tommy, alter a hard day's campaigning, taking a rest and enjoying this juicy gift from the orchards of British Oohiuibia. So long as the Commissariat Department is not interfered with, the Bi'itish soldier is in no danger of the condition in which so naany Germans are said to be at the present time.
The Hon. Adam Beck, of the Ontario Govern- ment, has presented 11 ])rize horses to the War Office.
Ulster Horticultural Society. *■
The Chrysanthemum Show pit off.
At a largely attended meeting of the Executive of the Ulster Horticultural Society it was unani- mously decided to abandon the Chrysanthem\im Show this year owing to the very unsettled state of the country. Although they recognise that it will cause disappointment to a great many they felt that it would be impossible to heartily enter into the vmdertaking with such a crisis hanging- over the country, and we feel sure that their action in this matter will have the entire approval not only of the members of the Society, but of the public generally.
Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland,
The monthly meeting of the council was held at the society's offices, 5 Molesworth Street, Dublin, on the 11th ult., Mr. H. P. Goodbody presiding. Consideration being given to the matter of next year's programme, it was unanimously resolved that three shows be held — viz.. Spring, for which the schedules are in circulation ; Autumn, and a Winter Fruit Show, the schedule committee being instructed to deal with the matter. A vote of condolence and synipathy was passed to Col. the Hon. C. F. Crichton, a vice-president of the society, on the loss of his son, killed in action. A cultural certificate was awarded to Mr. G. Bower, gardener to Stanley H. Cochrane, Esq., Woodbrook. Bray, for a collection of annuals and for Lord Grosvenor apples exhibited at the meeting : a F.C.C being awarded to Messrs. Wm. Watson & Sons, the Clontarf Nurseries, for a collection of named new Collarette Dahlias. Mr. Clare, Rockingham Gardens (practical ) ; Hon. Mrs. White, Knockatrii^a, Durrow ; Mr. J. H. Welch, Dunruadh, Londonderry : and Mrs. and Miss O'Neill, Kinsealy Hall, Malahide, were elected members of the Society.
Dublin Wholesale Markets.
The chief feature to record for the past month is the abvmdance of apples on all sides and the low prices, due in great measure to the war crisis and to the overplus of fruit of inferior quality. Apples of every grade are arriving in huge quantities, and the cro]) is reported from all parts of the country, especially the south, to be more plentiful than for many years past. Kilkenny, Waterford, and Tipperary are sup])lying the great bulk of well-graded, excellent fruit ; whilst the suppliers around County Dublin and neighbourhood are forwarding a big percentage of windfalls and a
lot of inferior grades. It may Vje observed that the best ]>rices are obtained for graded aj>])les, marketed in trays or small boxes which hold from three to four dozen fruits. Selected Worces- ters, Sudeleys, and (irenadiers marketed in this manner are awarded the highest ]>rices ; whilst apples in barrels are being sold very cheap in comparison, some of them not going at more than three or four shillings. Damsons are a record crop this season.
Cabbages have got a big drop during the month, and are now at normal prices once moi'c. The showery weather is responsible a good deal for this desirable state of things. Brussel- .sprouts, of excellent quality, made their lirst appearance in the earlier part of the month, and are selling exceptionally well. French beans are practically over, and growers had to be satisfied with very reduced prices. Scarlet runners arc now taking their place at similarly i>oor returns. White turnips, lettvice, carrots, parsley, marrows, and tomatoes are plentifully supplied, and prices remain unaltered.
|
Price List. — Fruit. |
Fr |
JIU |
To |
|
|
Apples — |
s. |
d. |
s. d. |
|
|
Grenadier |
per barrel |
7 |
0 |
12 0 |
|
Cooking |
X)er bvishel |
1 |
(> |
3 () |
|
,, |
per float |
1 |
3 |
2 0 |
|
Selected |
per doz. |
0 |
6 |
0 10 |
|
Lady Svidelej |
)) |
0 |
8 |
1 4 |
|
Worcester |
||||
|
Pearmain |
,, |
0 |
(i |
1 (1 |
|
Peasgood's |
,, |
0 |
10 |
1 u |
|
Blackberries |
per tray (6 lbs.) . |
0 |
9 |
1 0 |
|
Damsons |
])er float |
1 |
<) |
2 i) |
|
Grapes (black) |
]ier lb. |
1 |
0 |
1 (5 |
|
Melons |
each |
1 |
0 |
2 (5 |
|
Pears — |
||||
|
William's |
per doz. |
0 |
10 |
1 2 |
|
Fertility |
,, |
0 |
(i |
1 0 |
|
Louise Bonne |
||||
|
of Jersey |
"5 |
0 |
6 |
(1 10 |
|
Plums |
per half bushel . Vegetables. |
1 |
0 |
2 ti |
|
Cabbages — |
||||
|
Yorks |
per large load |
12 |
0 |
17 a |
|
jj |
per small load - |
i |
0 |
9 0 |
|
Brvissels |
||||
|
Sprouts |
per float |
2 |
0 |
3 0 |
|
Beans — |
||||
|
Kidney |
per tray |
0 |
4 |
0 1(> |
|
Scarlet |
||||
|
Runner |
,, |
0 |
4 |
0 s |
|
Cauliflowers |
per doz. |
1 |
0 |
1 8 |
|
Carrots |
per doz. buiiches |
0 |
ti |
0 8 |
|
Celery |
per doz. |
i |
9 |
2 0 |
|
Cvicumbers |
1 |
0 |
1 (5 |
|
|
Lettuce |
,, |
0 |
4 |
0 0 |
|
Onions |
per bunch |
1 |
0 |
1 2 |
|
Parsley |
per tray |
0 |
2 |
0 3 |
|
Tomatoes |
per lb. |
0 |
2 |
0 3 |
|
Turnips (white |
) per bunch |
(» |
4 |
0 0 |
|
Marrows |
per doz. Flowers. |
1 |
0 |
1 () |
|
Asters |
per doz. bunches |
0 |
(} |
0 8 |
|
Chrysanthemums ,, „ |
(t |
(5 |
1 0 |
|
|
Helianthus |
!> »J |
(t |
4 |
0 8 .1 D. |
S u ppJemcnt to "irii<h (inrdfnliKj.
A jjlot ut oiif-year and two-year ApjWes at Watson's XuiserifS.
FRUIT TREES. —On the left of the photograph here shown is a plot of Maiden (i.e., one-year) trees connnencing with 14.(XMJ Braudey's Seetlling apples, followed by other popular sorts in proportionate numbers, while two-year-old apples will be observed on the right.
Besides the usual stock at Clontarf Nurseries, there are at Messrs. Watson's Killiney grounds over 70,000 young fruit trees of all varieties. They are in perfect condition of health and vigour, a siglit to please the most expert and fastidious eye. The plots have recently been inspeeteil by various horticulturists, including some of the chief experts of the Department of .\griculture. They expressed keen satisfaction w^ith the quality, form and condition of the trees, both for orchard and garden, the latter including trees trained for wall and espalier.
Messrs. Watson's up-to-date methods result in clean, healthy, well-ripened growth and a perfect root system. Better trees to plant, either for profit or pleasure, cannot be obtained. The i)rices will also be found to be right and fair. Special quotations per 100 or 1,000 will be given on receipt of particulars as to quantities and varieties required.
THE ROSES. — These occupy an iuqjortant position, bolli at Cloutart and Kdliney, and im-lude all tiie newest varieties right up-to-date. Large numbers of the leading Hybrid Teas, such as "General McArthur," "Lady Pirrie," " Lyon-rose," "Madame Abel Chatenay," etc., are grown with the newest Goltl Metlal Roses, including "George Dickson," "Queen Mary," " liisli Firefiame," and many others.
Double the quantity of Roses has been grown tlii-; year in order to fill the demand for tlu' firm's rose tice.'^ — a demand clue not only to the strong and well-ripened specimens sold, but also to Watson's Special Rose Discount, i)artieulars of which will be found on page 18 of new catalogue (post free).
ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS, Hedge IMaiits. Herbaceous Perennials, and general nursery goods are largely grown both at Clontarf and Killiney, and anyone interested is invited to inspect either nin-sery.
The Clontarf Nurseries are only fifteen minutes' tram journey from Nelson's Pillar, very convenient for inspection when in Dublin.
Catalogues and all information may be had on application to Wm. Watson and Sons, Ltd., Clontarf Nurseries, Dublin. Telephone: Clontarf 26.
Su p [ih iiiiiit ((I " fr'i<]i (,'(ir(It II nil/."']
View across a 20-acre plot of Nursery Stock at Watson's Killiney Branch Nurseries — looking North.
The above plate is from a photograph recently taken at Messrs. Watson's Killiney Branch Nurseries. The land is situated at the rere of Killiney Hill, with a very open exposure towards the Dublin Mountains, so that the entire stock is of the hardiest nature. The premises occupy 148 acres, and the development of the extensive area under nursery cultivation has placed at Messrs. W^atson's disposal largely-increased numbers of Trees and Plants to select from. This uuist be to the benefit of Planters, both in value and quality.
The view liere shown is necessarily vague because of the extent. Fruit Trees, Roses, and Shrubs occupy many acres. The double line of tripods in the distance are formed by 150 larch poles, on which are planted all the most desirable varieties of Wichuraiana and Pillar Roses. Alternating with a collection of flowering trees, such as Japanese Cherries, Almonds, and Crabs, these tripods of roses form the background to a border on each side of the first 500 feet of an avenue now being formed. One border (length, 500ft.) is planted with ornamental shrubs — no two groups alike — and a set of the latest novelties in Dwarf Polyantha Roses is included in small groups at intervals along the front. The opposite border of 500 feet is an herbaceous border, planted with Rock Plants on a stone edging. Both borders were planted in the spring of 1914, and are already proving of interest to visitors.
[For the convenience of intending visitors it miglit here be statetl that tlie entrance is on tlie Church Road opposite Killiney Golf Links, l-J miles from Killiney Station and 2 miles from Glenageary Station, both on the Dublin and South Eastern Railway. Cars can be had at Killiney, but visitors will be met at Glena- geary if due notice of the intended hour of arrival is sent to the head office at Clontarf.]
All postal communications should be addressed to headquarters, "Wm. Watson and Sons. Nurseries, Dublin," where they will be opened by a Principal.
Ltd., Clontarf
Miscellaneous Section*
THE POPULARITY OF XL ALL SPECIALITIES increases every year. All gardeners proclaim that nothinsr equals these celebrated preparations. XL ALL NICOTINE VAPORISING COMPOUND, the gardener's iavourite Fumigant, both Liquid and cake. XL ALL NICOTINE INSECTICIDE WASH for Syringing, Dipping, and Dressing Fruit Trees and Plants. Mealy Bug, Scale, &c., cannot exist where this is used. XL ALL INSECTICIDE WASH B {sine Nicotine), best
non-poisonous Wash on the market. Other Preparations of great Renown are XL ALL WEED KILLER. Used once a year, no weeds can live. XL ALL Grub Killer, clears garden and farm soil from all insects. Don't forget to ask your Nurseryman or Seedsman for my small pink list.
G. H. RICHARDS, Manufacturer, 234 Borough High Street, London, S.E.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING
DESIGNING, Laying: out and Planting of New and Renovating- of Old Gardens. The Making and Planting of Rock Gardens, Rockeries, Water and Bog Gardens, and Pergolas a Speciality. Plans Prepared. Estimates Free.
RICHARD C McM. SMYTH, F.R.H.S.
Mount Henry Dalkey, Co. Dublin
Books on Gardening, Vegetable Culture, Greenhouse Management, and all other subjects. Second hand at half prices New 25 % discount. Catalogue NO. 992, free. State wants. Books bought. W. & Q. FOYLE, 121 Charing Cross Rd., London.
SANKEyS'gS«'*POTS
^^^he 3EST and Chcapcsh
ntlty of I " ■
Kao<ls);,or SPECIAL P0T5 of all d
R/CHARD SANKEV^A SO/\f, LT.P, Bulwe II Pol-hcrics. yNOrriAfGAfAAT.
IF VOU HAVE A GLASS ROOP^ THAT LEAKS, a Conservatory to repair, or any kind of glazing work to be done, Carson's Plastine will save money, time, worry and annoyance consequent on the use of ordinary putty, which cracks, crumbles, and decays. It saves the expense of constant renewals. Carson's Wood Preservative in green and brown, for Palings, Trellis Work, &c. The best paint for Greenhouses is "Vitrolite." Write for Catalogue. Carson's, 22 Bachelor's Walk, Dublin.
AUTO-SHREDS ^?J?5"ro
Leaf-mining Maggots, Mealy Bug and all Pests infesting plants under glass, &c Simple to use, no apparatus required. In Eoxet to Fumigate 1,000 cubic feet, 6d.; 10,000 cubic feet, 3S. 6d. each. Obtained of Seedsmen and Florists; if unobtainable apply direct —
WM. DARLINGTON & SONS, Ltd.
Wholesale Horticultural Sundriesmen, HACKNEY, LONDON, N.E. Trade Terms and Catalogue of SuodrUa upon recHpt of busineat card
BUSINESS AS USUAL
j FOLLOW YOUR KING. His .Majesty has given in- I struftions for extensive planting to be (.'arried out on his ' estate. " The King can do no wrong." Employment is better than eharity. The King knows. Have i/ou realised the po.sition? If so, XOW 18 THE TIME to place orders which will keejJ employed those who have not joined the Colours, and will preserve the places of those who have. We have no male labour left in our Nurseries between the ages of 19 and 30 and unmarried, but we wish to keep the remainder of our large staff in full employment. Will you help us ? Moderate prices quoted on demand. Kindly send your ordfrn for Border Plants to Kelway & Son (Retail Plant Department), Langport, Somerset, and thus SUPPORT HOME INDUSTRY.
BRITISH EMPIRE FLOWER SEED Collections vtrsuii German Collections. Ordinary German Collections will not be available this year, and as there has been no advantage in this brand, either in quality or price, we ask the public to enquire of S^^edstnan for British Enipiie (Registered Titles) Flower Seeds — collections of choicest showj' Flower Seeds, equal in everj' respect, if not supeiior, to those forinorlv offered as "Gernian."
THOUSANDS OF ROSES
My 6,6 Collection o£ 12 IJoso TfCt's (seat carriage paid for cash with order) contains Betty, Earl of Warwick, Ecarlate, F. K. Druschki, C. C. Waud, General McArthur, Custave Cruner- wald, Lady Ashtown, Madame A. Chatenay, Madame M. Soupert, Madame Ravary, Pharisaer. For another 9d. ( I'.O., 7/3) I will add 1 plant of either Juliet, Lyon Rose, or La Tosca. Write to-da.v. I do not only advertise to sell, but sell lo advertise, uiid get repeat 'irders. Bcwl for Fret' I.iH.
Douglas Leigh, cm^Ir, Hampton-in-Arden
BULBS
CLASSIFIED as suitable for FORCING,
BEDDING, CUT BLOOM, HERBACEOUS
BORDER, MOSS FIBRE, and ROCKERY
The most useful list published
:__^_^^__^— Send for it Post Free.
SAMUEL McGREDY &, SON
The Royal Nursery and Seed Establishment
PORTADOWN IRELAND
County Donegal Committee of Agriculture.
INSTRUCTOR IN HORTICULTURE AND BEE-KEEPING WANTED.
The above-named Committee require the services of an Instructor in Horticulture and Bee-Keeping. Salary at the rate of £100 per annum, with travel- ling expenses, Qualifications to be approved by the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland.
Applications giving particulars as to age and experience, and accompanied by copies of not more than three recent testimonials, must be lodged with the undersigned, on or before the 7th November, 1914. By order,
E. H. O'DOHERTY, Secretary.
Secretary's Office, Courthouse,
Lifford, I 7th October, 1914.
11
IRISH GARDENING
Laxton's Fruit Trees
New Pamphlet with Cultural Hints Gratis,
Many Thousands of Well Trained, Beautifully Rooted Apples, Pears, Plums, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Cherries, Figs, Vines, Nuts, Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, &c., &c.
AS . .
Standards, 2- and 2/6 each ; Bushes, 1/6 to 3/6 each ; PYRAMIDS, 2/6 to 5/- each ; Espaliers, 3/6 to 5/- each ; Cordons, from 1/6 each, 18/- per doz.; Wall Trees, 3/6 to 7/6 each ; Pot Fruit Trees, 5/- to 10/- each :: :: :: :: ::
New fully Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue Gratis
LAXTON BfiOTHEfiS, BEDFORD
ESTABLISHED 1832 TELEPHONE 3351 (Seven Lines) TELEGRAMS-" BROOKS." DUBLIN
HORTICULTURAL GLASS, PAINTS, &c.
Cut to dimensions, packed and delivered at your rail- way station. Also stocked in all tlie regular Dux sizes. • • " BROMAS " for general household and estate purposes.
" VALENTINE " for hay barns, &c., doubles the life of
galvanized iron. " PETREX •• for conservatories, does not flake off.
BRUSHES of every description.
, t and heating plant, newest Types. Please ask for lists
GREENHOUSES And garden frames.
Also TIMBER, SLATES, BRICKS, IRONMONGERY, and every Building Requisite
GLASS PAINT
BOILERS
BROOKS
THOMAS & CO.
LTD.
BUILDERS' PROVIDERS Sackvillc Placc,
Dublin
Ranges of Glasshouses, complete withlHeatinj! Apparatus, Tanks, Peach and Vine Trainers Wood Iron, or Slate Staging, Potting and IJoiler Houses, with every modern accessory, '
MODERN . . GLASSHOUSES
Superior in Design :: Material, Construction and above all utility.
WOOD LATH and SCRIM BLINDS :
IN HVERY VARIETY
For Shading CONSERVATORIES, (IREENHOLSES, &c.
Our Shadings are recommended h\ Horticultural Authorities.
ENQUIRIES INVITED FOR
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES SUN LOUNGES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, CARNATION HOUSES, &c.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOOUK POST KKKE ON APPLICATION
HEATING AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY
INSTALLED IN PLBLIC BUILDINGS : MANSIONS, HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS
&c., &c. Schemes and Estimates Free
GARDEN FRAMES
*>»"* in great variety always in Stock
PRICKS (IN APPLICATIDN
NORWICH
ENGLAND
MMITKI)
BOULTON & PAUL,
WINDOW GLASS
Polished Plate for Shop Windows.
Horticultural Glass at Lowest Rates
DEATH TO THEWEEDS !
HOYTE'S WEED KILLER.
Strengly Rti.ommtndtd for thi Dettructttn of Wtedt, A'e. Price, 2S. per g-allon ; 5 g^allons, is. 6d. per gallon ; 10 gallons, IS. 3d. per gallon ; Original 40-gallon casks, IS. per gallon.
HOYTE & SON, The City ol Dublin Drug Hall, 17 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN
''lease menHon this Parer
WELLS' CATALOGUE
OF
CHRYSANTHEMUMS and . PERPETUAL CARNATIONS
NOW READY . . Post Free on Application
WELLS" BOOK
" The Culture of the Chrysanthemum "
POST FREE, 16
BE PREPARED
for bad trade. All the more reason to keep yourself and your goods before the public eye. The best way to do this 'is\iy /l/us/r((/fd advi. Show Vtccurcs of your goods In every Advt. Cata- logue or Booklet you send out. >
We underttK« prepar- ation of Sketches, Photos and Bloods.
IRISH PHQTCS ENGRAVING
so. MIDDLE ABBEY ST DUBLIN
W. WELLS & CO., Merstham, SURREY
EUREKA' WEED KILLER.
SAVES WEARY WEEDING.
30 gallons of mixed lolution will kill all
wecdi on soo square yards of paths, &c.
POWDER. 1/- tin for IS galls, solution ) Free Tins and Cases,
100
•/-
LIQUID. i-RO.
( gallon 2/- drum firee
I „ 3jf8 - „ 9d. eitra
« .. - B/O • .. 1/6 „
5 „ - 14/- - ,. «/6 „
10 „ - 26/8 - cask si- „
' I'.URKKA' Insecticide. Lawn Sand, Bordeaui Mixture, Worm
Killer, Hayward's Summer Shade, "Eurekatine" iumigant, &c.
Larger sizfs of .^ll()vo articleM :it proportioimUly lower prices
SOLD BY AOBNTS
Kiill list with biioklet. "CLemiatry in Garden and GreenhouBe," of agents oi the makers —
TOMLINSON & HAYWARD, Ltd., LINCOLN
Dublin Ahents : T. McKenzie & Sodb, Ltd.. 212 Gt. Brunswick 81. ; W. F. Wells A Son, 61 Uppei Sackville St. : Sir J. W. Masker, Ltd., 23 Upper HaekTille St ; Hoeg & RoberUon, Ltd., 28 Mary St., *«., *c.
IV
IRISH GARDENING.
RIVERS
Fruit Trees — Roses Vines, Figs, Oranges
and
Orchard House Trees
A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK ALWAYS ON VIEW
Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue
POST FREE
THOS. RIVERS & SON
SAWBRIDGEWORTH HERTS
Station: MARLOW, G.E.R.
DRUMMOND'S
CHOICE
Flower Bulbs
TO ENSURE FINEST BULBS ORDER EARLY
W. Drummond &^ Sons, Ltd.
57 y 58 Dawson Street, DUBLIN
UPPER
Sackville St.
DUBLIN
MACKEY'S
DARWIN TULIPS
100 Bulbs in 10 fine varieties, 10/6 200 „ 20 „ „ 25/- 300 „ 30 „ „ 40/-
Or in Finest Mixture, IOC, 10/6; doz, V G
Illustrated Catalogue Free
SIR JANES W. MACKEY LIMITED SEEDSMEN
FOUNDED 1777
ORDOR N^O^IAT
|
BURALL BROS. TREE TICKETS REPRESENT DURABILITY & ECONOMY |
Samples and Prices on application
M(nni//ictuii'is ot the
SAFE SELF-FASTENING ADDRESS LABELS
IN USE ALL OVER THE WORLD.
PATENT LABEL FACTORY
BURALL BROS, wisbech, Eng
IRISH GARDENING.
r?
DICKSON'S HAWLM&RK BULBS
NO INCREASE IN PRICES
Hyacinths, *' The Royal Twelve" Exhibition Varieties, 6/6 :: „ "The Popular Twelve" First size bulbs, 4/= ::
„ For bedding in separate colours named, 18/- 100
,, ,, ,, mixed colours, 12/- 100, 1/8 dozen
Tulips* Early single, finest sorts, from 3/- 100 ::
„ Darwin and May Flowering, Prize Stocks grown on
our own farms, see special list :: ::
Narcissus, Crocus, Snowdrops, Lilies and other choice bulbs :: :: :: in great variety :: :: ::
Send for our Catalogue — it will interest you
BOWLS FOR BULBS a large selection. Call at our warehouse :: :: :: and inspect our stock. :: :: ::
AliEX. DICKSON & SONS, Lrtd.
■^
'^
HAWLMARK
61 DAWSON STREET, DUBLIN
:iJ
I Established 1820 |
S. Spooner & Sons
FRUIT TREE GROWERS
HOUNSLOW NURSERIES
HOUNSLOW MIDDLESEX
}«
Fruit Trees a Speciality
Over half a million to select from
300,000 Maiden Two and
Three-year Old Apples on
English Paradise.
Catalogues free on Appli- cation. Inspection invited
BENTLEY'S
COMPOUND LIQUID
Quassia Extract /
(NON-POISONOUS)
THE ORIGINAL!
Fatal to every form of Aphis, including GREEN, BLACK and WHITE FLY. infallible and safe anywhere and everywhere. Specially suitable for use on Apple, Plum and CherryTrees Roses, Chrysanthemums, Hops, Tomatoes and Bush Fruits.
One gall, makes from 80 to 100 galls, of Wash
411 iznils., 3/6 I'll L'iill. ; -20 culls., 3/7 inr pill, : 10 piill.x
3/8 \>vv iiM. ; ', Rall.s., 3/9 vcr gall. ; 1 gidl., 4/2 ; .', gall.
2/6; I quart, 1/6; 1 piiit. 1/-
(li:
CARRIAGE PAID ON 5/- ORDERS AND UPWARDS
So/f ManKjiic/iircis
Joseph Bentley, Ltd.
CHEMICAL WORKS
BARROW = ON = HUMBER, HULL, u
MACKENZIE & MONGUR, Ltd
HOTHOUSE BUILDERS AND HEATING ENGINEERS
TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING SANITARY AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
SPECIALTIES:
All kinds of Hothouses in Teakwood, Archangel Larch or Petersburg Redwood. Improved Ventilation Gearing * Patent Wood Spar Blinds * Heating by Low Pressure, Hot Water or by Steam. * Improved Duplex Sj'stem of combined Hot Water Service and Heating. * Improved Ironclad System ol Electric Lighting — the only absolutely fireproof system.
WE DO NOT WORK ON THE UNSATISFACTORY PIECE-WORK SYSTEM, ALL
WORK UNDERTAKEN BY US BEING CARRIED OUT BY HIGHLY SKILLED
WORKMEN AT TIME RATES.
EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works) — Balcarres Street, Momingside GLASGOW— 121 St. Vincent St. LONDON— 8 Camden Road, N.W.
Telegrams: "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH," and "TREIBHAUS, Camroad, LONDON."
W.RICHARDSON&Co
SPECIALISTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
Horticultural Buildings & Heating Apparatus
DARLINGTON
THE REASON WHY customers come to us for Glasshouses and Heat- ing Apparatus is because they know they will get the best value for the least possible expenditiire. A few of our customers in Ireland include the Duke of Leinster, the Right Hon. Chief Baron Palles, The Marquess Conyngham, The Marquesses of Headfort, Londonderry; Earl Fitz- william, the Earls of Donoughmore, l>unraven, Erne, Longford, Listowel, Rosse, Aberdeen ; Lords Ardilaun, Harrymore, Castletown, Cloncurry, Ounleath, Farnham ; Lady Maurice f'itzGerald; Colonel the Hon. C. F. Crichton. H. P. Goodbody, Esq., Sic, &c.
ERECTED FOR THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, VICE REGAL LODGE, DUBLIN. (Per H. M. Commissioners of Public Works).
LONDON OFFICE:
BELGRAVIA CHAMBERS VICTORIA STREET WESTMINSTER, S.W.
' BULBS AND BOWLS
FOR CULTIYATION IN FIBRE
Narcissus and Daffodils
Perdoz. — s. d Barri ConspiCUUS, yellow, with crim- son cup . . . . . . . . . . 0 6
Bicolor Empress, white perianth.
golden trumpet . . . . . . ..10
Victoria, a hne flower of perfect
form . . . . 10
Emperor, primrose perianth and golden
trumpet . . . . . . . . ..10
Golden Spur, clear golden-yellow 10
Sir AVatkin, golden-yellow ; a grand
flower . . .. . . . . ..10
Von Sion or Telamonius Pienus
(DOL'BLK DAt-KODIL) .. .. ..10
Polyanthus Narcissus
Grand Monarque, white, with yellow
cup 14
Paper V\/hite, Grandifiora, pure
white early . . . . . . . . ..10
Round Bowls lOd., 1/-, 1 3, 1 6,2/-&3/-
Round Bowls, with holes in sides .... 19
Oval Bowls 1 -, 2 - & 3/3
Oblong Bowls, plain
lOd, 1 = &2 3
Prepared Fibre per bushel . per peck
3/6
1/-
Choicc Named Hyacinths
A selection of the finest varieties. FIRST SIZE BULBS . . from 4d. to 8d. each
SECOND SIZE BULBS
3d. each ; 2/9 per doz.
Early White Roman Hyacinths
EXTRA SELECTED BULBS.
per doz., from 2/6 to 3/-
Dutch fioman or Miniature Hyacinths
These charming varieties are specially suitable for howl treatment, the spikes are looser and more S'raceful than the ordinary Dutch Hyacinths, and the bulbs being small quite a number can be placed in a bowl of ordinary size.
IN VARIOUS SHADES, distinct
per doz., 1/6; per loo, 10/6
EDMONDSON BROTHERS
SEED AND BULB MERCHANTS
10 DAME STREET~-^DUBLIN
JJL. — ^
;?^^^^^^^^^^^4-^^4-^^^-^^^^4j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^;^^^^^
Vlll
IRISH GARDENING.
Royal Horticultural Society of Ireland.
The monthly Jueeting ol' the Council was held on the Dth ult. at the Society's offices, 5 Molesworth Street, Dublin, the following members being ])resent, viz. : — Messrs. R. T. Harris, L-L.D. ; J. Wylie- Henderson ; Alderman Bewley ; W. F. Gunn, J.P. : D. I.. Ramsav, J. P. ; E. H. Wal])ole, G. M. Ross, M.A. ; Captain Riall, D.L. (Vice- President) : H. P. (ioodbody, and Jas. J. McDonough, with jNlr. E. D'Olier (Chairman) presiding. Regrets at inability to attend were received from Sir Frederick W. Moore, Canon Hayes, and Messrs. G. Watson and A. Oam])bell. A letter was read from Col. the Hon. C. F. Orichton acknowledging the Council's vote of condolence and symi)athy on the death of his son (killed in action at the front). The revised schedule for the Autumn Show, 1915. as drafted by the schedule committee, including additional classes in the vegetable section, w^as submitted, considered and a])proved. On the matter of a winter fruit and flower show^ for 1915, which it has been decided to hold. Sir Frederick Moore's suggestion that it would not be advisable to prepare a definite schedule for this show until it could be ascertained what financial sup]Jort in the way of special prizes it would be possible to obtain — was acted on, this particular scliedule to be deferred for the immediate present. A fine display of Dahlias and Michaelmas Daisies, con- tributed respectively by Messrs. Chas. Ramsay it Sons, from the Royal Nurseries, Ballsbridge, and Messrs. Wm. Watson & Sons, the Nurseries, Clontarf, received Very Highly Commended for the superior excellence of the varieties shown, a vote of tlianks being passed to the contributors.
PLANTS IN POTS
YOUNG & CO., F.R.H.S.
Perpetual Flowering Carnation Specialists and Gold Medallists
Hatherley, Cheltenham.
Amateur Collections at Special Prices
Calaloiriic -A'ilh Cullural Infuniialiim Free.
A Cultural Certificate and vote of thanks wa.-^ passed to Captain Riall for grand specimens of Peasgood's Nonsuch apples from his gardens at Old Conna, Bray.
Co. Clare Horticultural Society.
Autumn Show of Fruit and Fakji Produce.
The Autumn Kruit and Farm Produce Show of the County Clare Horticultural Society was held on October Lst. Tiiere was a fair attendance, but it should have been nuich larger, for the show was an excellent one ; indeed the sliow of the famous Clare a])ples was the best yet .seen at these ex- hibitions. This show worthily upheld the I'eputa- tion of Clare ])roduce ; the judges s])oke in the liighest terms of the quality, and we may here reproduce their si)ecial observations : — " An ex- cellent exhibition, dessert fruit high qiuility and proi)er size and colour. Baking a])i)le classes good, fruit generally sound and clear, of fair size and wdth litt'e blemish. ' Collections of apples ' first-rate, containing some of the best dishes in the show. Packing first-rate, on sound com- mercial lines and in advance of any ])acking seen before. We suggest that in the class for ' three boxes ' the varieties be each different. From Carrigoran there was a very fine exhibit, one of the best in tlie show, with ty])ical sau^ples of various commendable varieties."
The Carrigoran stand referred to by the judges was a splendid one, showing over thirty dislies of tlie best known varieties of a]>V)les and pears of magnificent quality and rich colouring. Some ol the apples were of huge proportions, especially Peasgood's Nonsuch, which weighed li lbs., and of very fine quality. They were shown to the very best advantage by Mr. Barker, on whose care they reflected great credit, and were much admired.
Tlie committee awarded a special silver medal for the stand.
The " Fitzwilliam A. Scott Prizes," presented by Lady Fitzgerald to ijer])etuate the memory of one who was the first to bring the suV)er-excel lent
ROCK OARDEMS
HOW TO IWAKE AND MAINTAIN THEM
2nd Edition
BY LEWIS B. MEREDITH
7/1 0 i>osl free.
14 HENRIETTA STREET LONDON, W.C.
\.\U ALL BOOKSELLBllS
Thompson & Morgan's far-famed Seeds & Plants
Revised CATALOGUES for 1914 free on application.
The high quality of our FLOWER AND VEGE- TABLE SEEDS is now universally recognised, and our CATALOGUE — really a book of reference on hardy flowers — describes over 3,000 different kinds, many of them not obtainable elsewhere.
Our HARDY PLANTS, mosdy Alpine and Herbaceous, are strong, fibrous rooted stuff, in all the newest and best varieties, at moderate
prices
Trial Order Solicited.
THOMPSON & MORGAN,
Seed Establishment and Hardy Plant Nurseries,
IPSWICH
IRISH GARDENING.
IX
If you FUMIGATE OR SPRAY
I'c, it KllVttivflv and Tse
NIGOTICIDE
,jy%^-
Fumlg:ant
Feet isch
40 000 1 5/- 20 000 12.0 >0
8.0'"'
4.01 0
7/6 4/6 3/- 18
NICOTICIDE FUMICATORS, 1 - each for 5.000 cubic (ect NIGOTICIDE
PLANT SPRAY
is very effective wh"re it is n t convenient to fumigate. \\ e.iiiviseymi to try i'. It »ill .also lie iLseful ;is .% Winter l)ressin^■ fi.rPeache . A<:.
i pint 1/2 ; Pint, 2/- quait 3/6 ; i gaU„ 5/-; callon 10/-. Carriage Paid. Ask your Seedsmen for it.
LAWN i SAND
entirely eradicates Daisies, Weeds. Mo^s, £c., b sides stimulating; the Grass
28 lbs. will dress 100 aq. yds. 6d., Is., aod 2s. 6d Tins : i cwt., 6s. ; i cwt., lis. ; 1 cwt., 208. Carriage Paid.
Worm I Powder
a certain remed? for i t'se i lb. to the sij. yd.
einoving Wo- ins aud clearing Worm Citats. Simply sprinkle fairly thickly on the Grass aud water copioufly. 14 11)8 i Lwt. i. cwt. 1 cwt. 5 cwt. h ton. 2 ton.
3/- 6 7/6 12/6 £3 £5 10 £1010
Use also COW'S TOBACCO POWDER & QUASSIA EXTRACT
Ask your See ismen for the above and rofise all imitations
^'sK" LIVERPOOL
HUMTER&GOW.Ltd.
iirf i\ safe lui'l sini-
1)K' puide to garden
MKciss, pidducing vigorous, lieiiltliy
fruitful gio\vt)i. They are the re- "=
=r suit of main- years practical ex- ^=
=■ ipcrii'iiceh. j;anli-iiiii^'. I'orallpirdcn r
Jcio)>s Frultbearing:. Foliagre and Flowering
plants, Veg^etables, Lawns &c., &c., our
= Vine, Plant and Vegetable Manure ^
is unrivalled ; as a stimulant for jxit |JlaIll^•
during the growing season oui- Special
Chrysanthemum & Topdresaing: Manure
ell.'Ilt -th.
I.oth indisjiei gar ten
full price lisUsimi t« ked everywher
phteUs, Ac., til
WM. THOMSON & SONS, Ltd
.Sole .Makers Clovenfords, N.B
THE CHEAPEST INSECTICIDE OF THE DAY
"NIQUAS"
(NON-POISONOUS) IMPROVED
A Concentrated Extr.ict ol Quassia, combined wiili other valuable ingredients, forming a cheap, safe, and effective Insecticide for syring- ing and dipping. It destroys all Insect Pests infesting Trees and Plants, whilst no possible injury to vegetation can result from its use
It can be applied v^ith syringe or pump, or used for dipping.
PRICES— Half-pint, 1/-; pint, 1/6; quart, 2/6; half-gallon, 4'-;
gallon, 7/6; five gallons, 25/-; ten gallons, 46/-
I gallon sufficient for 8o gallons of water.
STANDEN'S MANURE
(Established over 35 Years)
12xceeds all others in General Fertilising Properties and Staying Powers
Analysis on Application
Sold in Tins, 1/-, 2/6, 5/6 each ; and in Kegs, well secured, to prevent
loss through exposure, aS lbs., 8/6; 56 lbs., 13/6; jia lbs., 22/6
CORRY'S SPECIAL
Chrysanthemum Manure
Sold in Tins, «/-, 2/6, 5/6, and Bags, i cwt., 10/6 j i cwt., 18/- ; I cwt., 32/-
For Fumigating in Greenhouses. " LETHORION"
Improved Metal Cones
Registered No. 62,597
To destroy Insect Pests. The Candle attached to each Con« only needs lighting, and there it no further trouble. They are most efficacious.
i No. I. For frames and "leant-to's" up to 1,000 cubic feet. Price, 6d. each.
No. 2. For small greenhouses up to 1,500 cubic feet. Price, 8d. each.
No. 3. For a well secured house of 2,000 to 2,500 cubic feet. Price, 1/- each.
Fowler's Lawn Sand
This preparation is for destroying Daisies and other weed* on lawns,
and at the same time stimulating the growth of the grass. If one tin
is tried as a sample, its value will be at once appreciated. Sales are
largely increasing.
Tins, 1/-, 2/6, and 5/- each ; Kegs, i cwt.. 8/6 ; i cwt., 16/- ;
I cwt., 30/-
ELLIOTT'S
* Summer Cloud' Shading
Registered Trade Mark No. 14,620. (The only genuine original and Improved article)
For Greenhouses. A pleasant green shade is given to the glas* In packets, 1/- for 100 feet of glass, and 2/6 each for 300 feet.
Sole Manufacturers :
CORRY & CO., Ltd.
LONDON
SOLD BY ALL NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN
IRISH GARDENING.
qualities of Clare apples before the country, were won, one a|)]»r()i»riately enough, by one of the most successful rivals of the deceased gentlenian in the past, Mrs. W. Coffey, with a box of Cox's Orange Pii)i)in : the second by Miss Scott, with an entry of dessert apples, and the third by Mr. Enright, with a bushel of cooking ap))ies. A fourtli exhibitor from Tradaree was the winner in the " Bill Challenge Class," also generously ])re- sented by Lady Fitzgerald. The winning exhibit was sent in by Mrs. Frost, and consi-sted of three dishes of dessert a])]>les in three varieties. Another si)ecial iirize, presented by Mr. W. Coffey, was won by Miss Scott.
The arrangements throughout the day worked smoothly under the careful eye of the hon. sec. Rev. R. Scott, who really seemed ubiquitous, and to be " all over the show " at one and the sauie time.
Prize List — Section I. — Dessert Apples. — Allington Pippins — 1st, Lord Inchiquin ; 2nd, Mr. .John Enright : 3rd, Mrs. W. Coffey ; v.h.c, Mrs. G. U. Macnamara. Beauty of Bath — 1st and 2nd withheld ; 3rd, Mrs. Frost. Cox's Orange Pi])] tin — 1st, Miss Scott : 2nd, Major Hickman ; 3rd, Mrs. Knox ; v.h.c. Lord Inchiquin and Mrs. W. Coffey. Duchess of Oldenburg — 1st, Major Hickman. Gascoigne's Scarlet — 1st. Miss Scott ; 2nd, Major Hickman ; 3rd, Hon. Ed. O'Brien. .Tames Grieve — Lst, Miss Scott ; 2nd, Mrs. W. Coffey ; 3rd, Mrs. Frost. King of the Pi])])ins — 1st, Miss Scott ; 2nd, Mr. R. J. Stacpoole ; 3rd, Mrs. Vere O'Brien ; v.h.c, Mrs. W. Coffey. Lady Sudeley — 1st, Mr. .John Enright ; 2nd, Mrs. Frost ; 3rd, Mrs. W. Coffey. Rib.ston Pipi»in— 1st, Mr. .John Enright ; 2nd, Mrs. Coffey : 3rd, Lord Inchiquin ; v.h.c, Mrs. Vere O'Brien. Worcester Pearmain — 1st, Mr. .T. Enriglit ; 2nd, Major Hickman ; 3rd, Mrs. W. Coffey ; v.h.c. Lord Inchiquin. Best dish of any other varieties — 1st, Lord Inchiquin ; 2nd, Mrs. W. Coffey ; 3rd, Major Hickman ; v.h.c. Major Hickman.
Cooking Apples. — Alfriston — 1st, Lord Inclii- quin ; 2nd, Major Hickuian ; 3rd, Mrs. Coffey. Annie Elizabeth — 1st, Lord Inchiquin ; 2nd, Mrs. Frost. Bisuiai'ck — 1st, Mr. .John Enright ; 2nd, Mr. B. Brennan ; 3rd, Mrs. W. Coffey ; v.h.c, Mrs. Frost. Blenheim Pii)]jin — 1st. Mr. .John Enright ; 2nd, Lord Incliiquin ; 3rd, Mr. F. B. Henn ; v.li.c, Major Hicknxan. Bramley's Seed- ling— 1st, Mr. Enright ; 2nd, Mrs. Fro.st ; 3rd, Mr. B. Brennan ; v.h.c, Mrs. W. Coffey. Cox's Pomona — 1st, Major Hickman; 2nd, Mrs. Frost; 3rd, Lord Inchiquin. Douiino — 1st, Lord Inchi- quin. Ecklinville Seedling — 1st, Major Hickman ; 2nd, Lord Inchiquin ; 3rd, Mrs. G. U. Mac- nauiara. (Jrenadier — 1st, Lord Inchiquin : 2nd, Mr. Enriglit ; 3id, Mrs. Coffey. Lane's Prince Albert— 1st, Mr. Enright ; 2nd, Mrs. Coffey ; 3rd, Major Hickman. Lord Derby — 1st, Mr. Enriglit ; 2nd, Mrs. G. U. Macnamara ; 3rd, Ivord Inchiquin. Lord Suffield— 1st, withheld : 2nd, Major Hick- man : 3rd, Lord Inchiquin. Mere de Menage — 1st, Major Hickuuxn : 2nd, Lord Inchiquin. Xewtown Wonder — 1st, Lord Inchiquin ; 2ml, Mrs. Coffey. Peasgood's Nonsuch — 1st, Mr. Enright ; 2nd, Lord Inchiquin ; 3rd, Mrs. Coffey ; v.h.c. Miss Scott. Pott's Seedling — 2nd, Mrs. W. Coffey. Warner's King— 1st, Mr. Enright; 2nd, Mrs. (!oft'ey. Best dish of any other variety — 1st, Mrs. Coft'ey; 2nd, Major Hickiiian; 3rd, Mi.s.s Scott.
Pears. — Beurre Diel — 1st, Lord Inchiquin. Beurre d'Auianlis — 1st, Mr. R. .T. Stac]io()l(^. Catillac — 1st, Mrs. Vere O'Brien. Doyenne du Cornice — 1st. Mr. R. .1. Stacjtoolc ; 2nd, Tiord
Inchiquin ; 3rd, Colonel .7. W. Macnamara. Durondeau — 1st, Lord Inchiquin. Marie lionise — 1st, Lord Inchiquin; 2nd, Mrs. N'ere O'Brien : 3rd. ('olonel Macnamara. Louise Bonne of .Jersey — 1st. liord Inchiciuin ; 2nd, .Mrs. Frost. Pitiiuistoii Duchess — 1st, Mrs. G. I". Macnamara; 2nd, Mr. Stacpoole : 3rd, Mrs. Frost. Williams' Hon C'hr^tien —1st, Mr. Stac]»oole : 2nd, Mrs. W. Coffey ; 3rd, Major Hickman. Best dish of any other variety — 1st, J.iord Inchiquin : 2nd. Colonel Macnamara : 3rcL Major Hickman.
Apples. — Best half bushel of dessert ai)])les — quality of fruit and neatness of apiiles to be equally considered — 1st, Miss Scott ; 2nd, .Mrs. Coffey ; 3rd, Mr. Enriglit. Most ta.stefully and securely ])acked two dozen of cooldng a])])les — 1st, Mr. Enright: 2nd, Mrs. Coffey ; 3rd, Lord Inchiquin and Mrs. Frost. Most tastefully and securely-])acked one dozen of dessert a|)])les — 1st, Miss Scott : 2nd, I^ord Inchiquin : 3rd, Mr. Coffey. Best ten dishes, six cooking and four dessert varieties — Lst, Mrs. Cott"ey ; 2nd. Mrs. Frost : 3rd, Major Hickman : v.h.c. Lord Inchiquin. Best five dishes of a])])les, grown by 1)0)1(1 p'de occui)ier of union distinct cottage — Lst, Mr. M. Reidy ; 2nd. Mr. Tiios. O'Brien.
The Fitzwilliam-Scott Memoriat. Prize.s. — Presented by Lady Fitzgerald, for the encourage- ment of couunercial fruit growing. Best graded and most tastefully jjacked one dozen box of Cox's Orange Pi])iJin — 1st, Mrs. Coffey ; 2nd, Miss Scott ; 3rd, Mr. J. Enright. Best half bushel of dessert a]jples, quality of fruit, grading and i)acking considered — 1st, Miss Scott ; 2nd, Mr. Enright : 3rd, Mrs. Coffey. Best bushel of cooking ajjjiles, quality of fruit, grading and ])acking to be considered — 1st, Mr. Enright : 2nd, Mrs. C'offev : 3rd, Miss Scott.
Catalogues.
We have before us a copy of the Autumn 1911 Catalogue issued by Messrs. Wm. Power & Co., 2.5-26 King Street, Waterford. It is mainly concerned with bulbs and bulbous plants suitable for present planting, and contains many good things. Hyacinths are well catered for, and are offered in many named varieties, while the ])o])ular Tuli]> is also listed in large variety. A somewhat .short, but extremely well-selected, collection of Narcissus is offered, and anutngst tho.se we notice several of the newer varieties, such as Glory of Noordwijk, King Alfred, Wear- dale Perfection, &c., listed at reasonable ]jrices. considering the length of time they are in cultiva- tion. Amongst the miscellaneous bulbs offered we notice Chionodoxas. Scillas. Iris. Anemones, and hosts of other things suitable for every garden, large or small. Xor are ]>lants suitable for forcing omitted, for Dielytra spectabilis. Lily of the Valley. S])ir*as, ijilium llarrisii, and several other bulbous-rooted subjects which lend themselves to this form of treatment are in<luded . Short lists of Herbaceous Plants, Climbing Plants. as well as lists of garden re<|uisites of every descripti<m, labels, manures, Js:c.., are given, " Hoi.T-AND in Ireland," 191 1, is the title of the well printed catalogue sent out by the well- known Irish (irm, Messrs. Hogg & Robertson. Ltd., 22 Mary Street, Dublin. Their Bulb Farm is .situated at Rush, and here are grown, with the exception'of Hyacinths, all the sorts of bulbs whiih are'grownlin Holland. Their collection of Daft'odils is a singularlv com]irehensive one, in-
IRISH GARDENING.
XI
chiding many new and choice varieties as well as those in general cultivation. The Daffodils are listed in their sections. Trumpets, Incomparabilis, Barri, Leedsii, »kc., tlie di.stinguishing characters of each section being* given at the head. Tulips succeed splendidly in the sandy soil at Kush. and the selection stocked is one of the largest in Britain. Early Singles, Early and Late Doubles, Darwins, and Cottage Tulips are all strongly re- presented, and we notice many of the Tulip species are offered. Hyacinths, Freesias, Ixias, Irises, Muscaris, and Liliums are all offered in variety, and at the end of the catalogvie numerous miscellaneous bulbs and roots are listed. In a prefatory note the firm calls attention to the fact that the prices of their bulbs are lixed on a similar level with those of the half-dozen first- cla.ss Dutch hou.ses which .su])ply Dutch bulbs to the public of Great Britain.
The 1914 Bulb Catalogue sent out by Sir James W. Mackey, Ltd., 23 Upper Sackville Street, Dublin, is a very well ])rinted and copiously illu.strated one. The paper used in the catalogue is of good quality, so that many of the illustrations stand out very clearly. Details are given on growing biilbs in bowls, and besides stocking suitable bulbs, the firm offers bowls of many patterns, including several unique designs. Daffodils, Tulii)s, Hyacinths and Gladiolus are listed in great variety, while their collection of Lilies and Irises is an extremely varied one. An illustration of Anemone blanda reminds us that this is a beautiful spring flowering plant for the xock garden, while the variety blanda scythinica is even more beautiful. Among the miscellaneous bulbs we notice Tritelia uniflora, Erythroniums, Fritillarias, and many others which should be found in every garden large or small.
Messrs. Wm. Wat.sox A: Son.s, Ltd., Clontarf Nvirseries, Dublin, send a copy of their current catalogue of " Real Border Carnations." This firm makes a speciality of Border Carnations, and for exhibits of cut blooms have been awarded many gold and silver medals and pi'izes at exhibitions in Ireland, England and Scotland. Their collection consists of all the standard varieties and also niunerous novelties, and it is to be noted that all those listed are grown out of doors. " American '' or perpetual-flowering Tree Carnations are also grown by this llrm, as also are Malmaisons and the lowly " Pinks." At the end of the catalogue several leaves are devoted to the " Culture of Garden Carnations." This describes in a most simple manner all the ojjera- tions, such as layering, ttc., connected with the culture of those charming flowers.
We have also received a copy of their autumn catalogue of Finiits. Roses and Shrubs, 1914-15. Their collection of api)les includes all the varieties which have been found to succeed best in Ireland, and comprises such reliable standard sorts as Cox's Pomona, Bramley's Seedling, &c., each sort being well described. Cherries, peai's, x>eaches, plums, and every other description of fruit are all stocked in considerable vai-iety. The Rose planting season is just now with us, and here are to be found lengthy lists of Roses suitable either for exhibition, or fOi' the decorating of the garden. Polyantha Rose, Wichurianas, &c., are all strongly represented, and for the information of the amateur details are given as to planting, manuring, &c., of these useful shrubs. Long lists of Evergreens, Conifers. Deciduous Trees and Shrubs stocked by this firm are also given, as well as Hardy Climbers and Wall Shrubs. At the end of the list Hedge plants and transplanted Forest Trees find a place.
CRYSTAL PAIACE HORTICULTURAL WORKS BROCKLEY ROAD
LONDON.S.E. ITHECHEAPEST AND BEST FIRM FOR IGREENHOUSES. sendforlist postfree.
THIS TWO-LIGHT FRAME made to standard
size 6 (t. by 4 (t. Best materials, painted two
coats, ((lazed with 21 oz. ({lass, ready for use.
PRICE 30I' packed tree on Boat.
KILPEST
If you want a
BEAUTIFUL GARDEN
you must i)ie8erve your plants against all kinds of blight and garden pests.
OROEk
Awarded «< i^ii nncT »» Awarded
Gold IVILrCOl Q„|j
Medal. TO-DAY n,edai.
The best InsectJclde on the
Market - and is non -poisonous
" KILPEST ■' EXTERMINATES
Blaclv and (ireen Fly Ked Spidrr, Thrip,
Godheberry tJaterpillar, Mildew and AptiiB
Pests, Ac, on I'lants, Flowers, or Foliage. It
cannot harm anything but insect life, and the
iiKistdelicati-iiluiit cannot be iiijnrcd by its use
2ozs. " Kllpest " makes 1 Call. Insecticide
Prlces-l'int.1,6; Qunit, 2,9 gall. S/Si-P^'l-S/V
Also sold in tin^ 6d. each, deta sujiplv froiii
your dealer to-day. If any difficulty is Jxpi ri-
enced in obtaining "Kllpest" send a postcard to
Sole Manufacturers
CLOUGH & FIRTH, Ltd.
BRIDGE MILLS, KNARESBOROUCH, YORKS.
Xll
IRISH GARDENING.
From Frank Cant & Co.. Braiswick Rose (Tardens, Colchester, conies a co])j' of their 1914- 1915 Rose Catalogue. Their list of Roses is an immense one, and com])rises all the best Teas, Hybrids, Peri)etuals, Singles, &c., all arranged alphabetically under their correct headings. Extremely good descriptions of the varieties are given, while an interesting feature is that of giving the raiser's name and also date of intro- diiction of each variety. Several excellent plates of Roses in colour are included in the Catalogue, and should be valuable to the aniateur in making a selection.
From Mr. T. Si\nTH, Daisy Hill Nursery. Newry, comes two catalogvies, one entitled " Trees and Shrubs, Climbing Plants, &c.," and the other entitled " Newry Roses." As might be expected from a firm which has obtained a world-wide reputation for hardy plants, trees. &c., their collection is a most complete one. and comprises practically every tree in cultivation. The tree and shrub list is divided into convenient sections : " Peat-loving Shrubs." " Evergreens." Deciduovis Trees and Shrubs. Weeping Trees, Climbers, &c., being all arranged ali)habetically in sejjarate lists. Many of the newly introduced Chinese shrubs, such as numerous species of Berberis and Cotoneaster. find a ])lace in the catalogue, and we also notice many hybrid Brooms. Phila- dephus, Deutzias, &c.. listed, some of which have been raised in Newry, and all well worth a ])lace in the garden or shrubbery. Conifers. Bamboos and Fruit Trees are also largely grown by this Irish firm. Their Rose Catalogue is also a most comprehensive one, and contains all the best of the new and old Roses. Besides the usual Teas, Hybrid Perpetuals, &c., long lists are given of Bourbons, China Roses, and the beautiful Penzance Briars, as well as those suitable for climbing or for pillars. Many of the Rose species are of great beauty and intere.st, and are strongly represented in the li.st, while many people will be delighted to see a copious list of old fashioned Roses stocked, including tne " Old Celestial Rose " and many other old garden favourites.
The Autumn Guide to hand from H. Cannell & Sons, Eynsford. Kent, contains all those trees and i^lants which are suitable for autumn planting. Friiit trees of every descrij^tion, Roses in large variety, and a long list of hardy ]>erennial plants are included in the catalogue. Zonal Pelar- goniums, so useful for pot culture, are stocked, in all the leading varieties, while decorative and bedding Pelargoniums are also well represented. Short but .select li.sts of Asters, Delphiniums, Pyrethriims and \'iolas are also given, as well as miscellaneous b.ilbs. Culinary Plants. &:c.
Dublin Wholesale Markets*
For the i)ast month the markets have been liberally supplied witli fruit and vegetables : the sup]>ly of flowers, with the exception of Chry- santhemums, was unusually .scarce.
Of the former apples were the principal coni- modity, and large quantities continue to be sold at a com])aratively low price. Small lots of select apples still maintain the upperhand, and leave the biggest niargin of profit to the grower. Large supplies of fair cpuility came from some of the northern counties, packed ])rinci])ally in barrels, and consequently returned very poor prices. Pears are more plentifully sup])lied at present, and prices somewhat better. .Select
])ears now receive their due share of the bidding, when ])ut up for aiu-tion, and growers are well satislied with the present prices. Blackberries still arrive in small quantities, and are selling at reduced prices.
\'egetables are now abundantly supi)lied, and the demand has been fairly active. York cabbages are now conung in i)lentifully, and, although the qviality is good, prices rule excep- tionally low. Savoys are also marketed in fair quantity, but buyers are slow to bid high for this vegetable at pi'esent, and consequently growers have reason to complain of the ])rices they receive for large loads of excellent quality. Cauliflowers are in good demand, and high prices are now paid for them. Brussels sprouts arrive in good cpiantities, and sales are not difficult to effect at profitable prices. The quality of this vegetable, together with the celery ])ut up for auction, is not altogether up to the standard of previous years, which is due, no douljt, to the unusually dry .spell of weather which has pre- vailed for the past number of weeks. All other vegetables — carrots, parsnips, swedes, lettuce, white turnips, beet. &:c. — are now plentifully supplied, and cleared at much the same rates as the previous month.
|
From |
To |
||||
|
Price |
List — Fruit. |
s. |
d. |
s. |
d. |
|
Ai)ples |
per barrel |
5 |
6 |
10 |
0 |
|
,, |
per bushel |
1 |
6 |
3 |
0 |
|
,, |
per float |
1 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
|
j^ |
per dozen |
0 |
9 |
1 |
3 |
|
Pears (selected) |
,, |
1 |
0 |
1 |
tj |
|
,, (seconds) |
0 |
8 |
1 |
0 |
|
|
Melons |
each |
1 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
|
Grapes (black) |
per lb. |
0 |
8 |
1 |
4 |
|
Plums |
per half bushel |
2 |
0 |
•A |
0 |
|
Blackberries |
per tray (6 lbs.) Vegetables. |
0 |
6 |
0 |
9 |
|
Cabbages (York) |
per large load . |
10 |
0 |
18 |
0 |
|
per small load . |
t) |
0 |
9 |
0 |
|
|
(Savoy) |
per large load . |
5 |
0 |
9 |
0 |
|
Cauliflowers — |
|||||
|
(firsts) |
per flasket |
2 |
0 |
4 |
«i |
|
(seconds) |
,. |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
|
Brussels Sprouts |
per float |
2 |
0 |
2 |
9 |
|
Celery |
per dozen |
T |
0 |
2 |
0 |
|
Carrots |
per doz. hunches |
0 |
(j |
0 |
s |
|
Parsnips |
,. |
0 |
8 |
0 |
10 |
|
Lettuce |
per dozen |
0 |
8 |
0 |
15 |
|
Cucumbers |
,, |
1 |
0 |
1 |
9 |
|
Onions |
per bag |
4 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
|
Parslev |
per tray |
0 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
|
Mint |
per doz. biuiches |
0 |
(i |
0 |
8 |
|
Thyme |
?, |
0 |
5 |
0 |
|
|
Tomatoes |
per lit. |
0 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
|
Swedes |
])er cwt. |
0 |
id |
1 |
3 |
|
White Turnips |
])er bunch |
0 |
2 |
0 |
.5 |
|
1 .ccks |
0 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
|
|
.Marrows |
per dozen |
2 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
|
Beet |
per bunch Flow Ens. |
d |
2 |
0 |
4 |
|
Chrysanthemumfe |
])er bunch |
0 |
2 |
0 |
:H |
|
,, |
per doz. blooms |
1) |
9 |
I |
0 |
|
Asters |
l)er doz. bunches |
0 |
,r |
0 |
9 |
ft^ 6^* t^^
Anglo-American Expositiox. — The Special "Juy of the Anglo-American Exposition have awarded a Diploma and Gold Medal to the " Abol "' Xop-Poisonous Insecticide, which hiis- been extensively used in the grounds-
Miscellaneous oection*
q-HE POPULARITY OF XL ALL SPECIALITIES * increases every 3'ear. All gardeners proclaim that nothing equals these celebrated preparations.
XL ALL NICOTINE VAPORISING COMPOUND, the gardeners' favourite Fumigant, both Liquid and Cake.
XL ALL NICOTINE INSECTICIDE WASH for Syringing, Dipping, and Dressing Fruit Trees and Plants, Mealj' Bug, Scale, &c., cannot exist where this is used.
XL ALL INSECTICIDE WASH B. (si>ie Nicotine), best non-poisonous Wash on the Market.
Other Preparations of great renown are XL ALL Caustic Winter Wash for dormant Fruit Trees and Bushes. RICHARDS' WORM KILLER for lawns, both non- poisonous. Don't forget to ask your Nurseryman or Seedsman for my small pink list. G. H. RICHARDS, Manufacturer, 23-t Borough High Street, London, S.E.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING
DESIGNING, Laying out and Planting- of New and Renovating- of Old Garden.s. The Making and Planting of Rock Gardens, Rockeries, Water and Bog Gardens, and Pergolas a Speciality. Plans Prepared. Estimates Free.
RICHARD C. McM. SMYTH, F.R.H.S.
IVIoiint Henry
Dalkev. Co. Dublin
SANKEYS'^^'^POTS
*^ tShe BEST and ChcopcsK
- - nd have *'c quotation ("carriage" frequently amounts to goods), or write for- Price List, f SPECIAL POTS of all deitriptlon - -
Pani from 2i
R/CHARD SANKey^JtSOAf.LTP,
GARDEN APPLIANCES
Rose Trainers, Umbrellas, Trellis for Walls and Lawns, Seats. Arbours, Tubs, Arches . . . Silver Medal International Ex- hibition, 191-.'. llhistruletl J.ist on application.
W. Walters & Co., Morland Rd., Croydon
ENGLAND.
Wood Lath Greenhouse Blinds a Speciality.
IVYBRIDGE, SOUTH DEVON. School of Horticulture — practical and theoretical. Ten
glasshouses, heated pits, nuishrooiu houses. Herbaceous and flower garden. For the sons and daughters of gentle* men. Ladies in resideneo, gentlemen out-students. — Apply Principal.
IF YOU HAVE A GLASS ROOF THAT LEAKS, a Conservatory to repair, or any kind of glazing work to be done, Carson's Plastine will save money, time, worry and annoyance consequent on the use of ordinary putty, which cracks, crumbles, and decays. It saves the expense of constant renewals. Carson's Wood Preservative in green and brown, for Palings, Trellis Work, &c. The best paint for Greenhouses is "Vitrolite." Write for Catalogue. Carson's, 22 Bachelor's Walk, Dublin.
<r-*:sRffENi
-^'..
AUTO-SHREDS 'dL^?5"\^
Leaf-mining Maggots, Mealy Bug and all Pest* infesting plants under glass, &c. Simple to use, no apparatus required. In Boxes to Fumigate 1,000 cubic feet, 6d.: 10,000 cubic feet, 38. 6d. each. Obtain' ■ of Seedsmen and Florists; if unobt&inai apply direct —
WM. DARLINGTON & S0N5,
Wholesale Horticultural Sundriesmen, HACKNEY, LONDON, N.E. Trade Terms and Catalogue of Siiodrlea upon receipt of business cat d
[/ ELWAY COLOUR BORDERS are now being planned IV and planted. Write j-our requirements to Langport, and Borders of any kind can be arranged for immediate delivery at all prices. State area, &c. Testimoxl^ls.
, Chepstow. "You supplied me with ' an artistic
herbaceous border' about eighteen months ago, and I am so very ]ileased with it. It looked so lovely last year that T am thinking of having a similar border laid out by the side of the drive u]) to the house. "
From , Esq., Malvern Road, Wcston-Super-.Mare,
9th October, 1913. — The Kelway Border which you sup])licd to me in November, 1911, has given every satis- faction. I changed my residence in .March last, and brought the greater part of the Border Plants with mo. I had no time to prepare the ground for them, and as the soil here is of a very dry and sandy nature, I was prepared to lose a good many of the ))lants. To my agreeable sui prise, however, only one plant died. The rest have grown vigorously, and nearly all have borne plenty of bloom, notwithstanding the exceptionally dry summer we have had.
This, I think, speaks for the vitality of the plants .sent out by your firm.
" Kelway's Manual f)f Horticulture," 2s. (kl. ; Gardens of Delight, 9d. ; returnable to customers.
KELWAY & SON, The Roval Horticulturists,
LANGPORT. somki;si:t.
YUW LS THE TIME TO PLANT.— Two Beautiful i\ Border Plants. Splendid for small or large gardens. Kelway's lovely Peonies and Delphiniums are the acme of perfection. Exceptionally hardy. Splendid cutting flowers for decoration.
Special combiiaed collection of a dozen splendid named sorts — six Pseonies and six Delphiniums, Collection C, 2os. 6d. Carriage and packing free for remittance with order.
Testi.monial.
From , Esq., Hessle, East Yorks. — You may iwssibly
remember sending me in March or April, 1912, one dozen Delphiniums, Collection B, and also one of each of the following: — King of Delphiniums, Persimmon and Beaut}-.
They have flowered si)lendidly, and I am more than satisfied with them, so much so that I had part of my small garden photographed this last summer when they were about at their best, and I am sending you herewith a co])v of one of the photos. I should like six more of Collection B KELWAY & SON, The Royal Horticulturists. LANGPORT, SO.Al E KS KT.
USE .
COOPER'S
wiNtEHtyilFLOlD
THE IDEAL ^
WINTER^ SPRAY
REASONS why YOU shoufd use it:—
It Destroys Mosses ana Licnens, ana removes loose Bark, thus clearing away the hytiernaling places ol insect pests
It Kills Mussel ana other Scales
It Re-invigorales the trees, leaving them clean and healthy.
II mixes with cola water, no matter now hard.
SPRAY THIS WINTER
and
PROVE ITS WORTH
/ Gall, makes 100 Galls, of Wash
OF AGENTS EVERYWHERE DESCRIPTIVE BOOKLET, WITH PRICES, FREE ON APPUaTION
SOLE M«NiJ<-«CTURER s
WILLIAM COOPER & NEPHEWS, BERKHAMSTEO.
IRISH GARDENING
RIVERS
Fruit Trees — Roses Vines, Figs, Oranges
and
Orchard House Trees
A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK ALWAYS ON VIEW
Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue
POST FREE
THOS. RIVERS & SON
SAWBRIDGEWORTH HERTS
Station: HARLOW, Q.E.R.
SPECIAL AUTUMN OFFER
Fruit Trees, Roses, and Hardy Perennials.
IMMENSE STOCK, WELL GROWN. TRUE TO NAME. AT LOW PRICES.
^ The Barnham Nurseries, Limited, offer a wide selection of finest varieties, and will forward Special Autumn Offer free on application. 1 50 acres under cultivation. Cash Orders of £1 and over Carriage Paid to any address in the United Kingdom. Planters are invited to send list of requirements, when a very low inclusive price will be quoted.
SPECIALITIES.
500,000 Fruit Trees and Bushes in 500 varieties
Market varieties in great numbers. 100,000 Roses in 250 varieties. :: ::
100,000 Hardy Flowering Plants in 500
varieties.
250,000 Trees and Shrubs in 250 varieties.
50,000 Hardy Climbers in 100 varieties.
INSPECTION INVITED
The Barnham Nurseries,
BARNHAM, SUSSEX Ltd.
JAMES CRISPIN & SONS, f.r.h.s.
Please write for Catalogue illustrating this and other Greenhouses.
Supply all Classes of
HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS HEATING VENTILATING
AND
DOMESTIC HOT WATER SUPPLY APPARATUS
Head Office: Nelson Street, BRISTOL
PtACH :case;erectied for h.r.h. the duke of CONNAUCHT.
ENQUIRIES INVITEU FOR
WINTER GARDENS, CONSERVATORIES SUN LOUNGES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, CARNATION HOUSES &c.
No. 77 VIOLET FRAMR
6 ft. by 4 ft. 9 ft. by 4 ft.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST FUEE ON APPLICATION
GARDEN FRAMES
In every variety, always in stock
Write for latest Catalogue post free on £1 15 0 application
£2 7 6 ==^=^==;
NORWICH
ENGLAND
BOULTON & PAUL,
MODERN . . PEACH HOUSES
AND COVERS
We specialise in the con- struction and equipment of Glasshouses for the cultiva- tion of Peaches, Vines, &c.
Designs and prices on receipt of particulars of requirements
60 PORTABLE PLANT PRESERVER
>^"T3</^?
LIMITED
fi ft. by 3 ft. £1 14 0 I- £3 2 0
6 ft. by i it. £2 5 0 I 12 ft. by i ft. £3 13 0
Painted threetcoats Glazed 21 oz. Glass
CARRIAGE PAID value to most Irish Ports
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HAVE YOU A GARDEN ? |
Telegrams : 'Phonf, 556 |
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sow . . |
" DRUMMONDS DUBLIN." |
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DRUMMOND'S |
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CELEBRATED |
USE : : |
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Vegetable and Flower Seeds |
DRUMMOND'S |
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Awarded 118 FIRST PRIZES in 1913 |
Finest Grass Mixture |
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HAVE YOU A LAWN ? |
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Keep it nicely Cut with one of |
For Lawns, Tennis Courts |
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Drummond's Lawn Mowers |
and Croquet Grounds :: |
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ALL MAKES AND SIZES, FROM 17/6 UPWARDS |
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W. DRUMMOND & SONS, Ltd |
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57 and 58 Dawson Street, DUBLIN |
LmoN's Fruit Trees
New Pamphlet with Cultural Hints Gratis.
Many Thousands of Well Trained, Beautifully Rooted Apples, Pears, Plums, Pleaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Cherries, Figs, Vines, Nuts, Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, &c., &c.
AS . .
Standards, 2/- and 2/6 each ; Bushes, 1/6
to 3/6 each ; PYRAMIDS, 2/6 to 5/- each ; Espaliers, 3/6 to 5/- each ; Cordons, from 1/6 each, 18/- per doz ; Wall Trees, 3/6 to 7/6 each; Pot Fruit Trees, 5/- to
10/ each :: :: :: :: ::
New fully Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue Gratis
LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD
An Illustrated List of . .
IRISES
Including upwards of 350 distinct Varieties with an Introduction by
W. R. DYKES, M.A.
dealing -with soil, aspect, and choice of varieties. Also Lists of : :
"Hardy Bulbs, Tubers and Rhizomes" " Hardy Alpines, Herbaceous Plants," &c.
Post free from . .
R. WALLACE & CO.
COLCHESTER
^
BOLTON'S
THE LEADING HOUSE FOR
SIATEET PEAS
AWARDED 14 GOLD MEDALS DURING SEASON 1913
New Illustrated Catalogue containing all the leading varieties, many of them unob- :: tainable elsewhere. Post Free. ::
Robert Bolton, f.r.h.s.
THE SWEET PEA SPECIALIST WARTON CARNFORTH
THE . .
NONE-SO-HARDY NURSERY STOCKS
Are absolutely healthy and regularly trans- planted ; also they are Department Inspected
A few liiu-s :ii<_' . .
APPLE TREES, in fruiting state, 9/- to 15 - doz. GOOSEBERRY & CURRANT BUSHES,
2 6 to 6 - per doz.
LARCH, SCOTCH, SPRUCE, splendid plant- ing stufiE, 20 - to 40/- per 1,000
THORN QUICKS, from lO/- to 25/- per 1.000
Very extensive stock to select from. Satisfaction assured .■. Catalogues free on application
W. HAMMOND, '^"^ff.ll^tllk^G",!;
Paulbeg Nurseries
''EUREKATINE"
Tlie suc<essful nicotine funiigant. Destroys all insect pests without injury to flowers, leaves or plants
1 /- for 2,000 ft. space
2/- ., £,01)0 ,, „
4/- „ 10,000 „ ,,
7/6 ., 20,000 „ „
Larger sizes at lower rates EUREKA CAUSTIC ALKALI WASH
A safe and effective Winter Wash to remove moss and other
vegetal encumbrances. Destroys hi bernatinir insects.
1,6 tins for 10 gallons Wash, 6 tins 6/3, 20 tins 20/-
SOLD BY AGENTS.
Full list with booklet sent post free bv makers
TOMLINSON & HAYWARD, Ltd., LINCOLN
1)1111. IN A.aiNTs : T, MiKcTizieA Sons. Ltd..21-2 0t. BrunswiikSl. : W. F. Wells ,\: Son, ri2 I'll].!-! Siirkvills .St, : Sir .1. W, Mackey, Ltd,, 2:; Upper S:ickvill.> St ; If't',' .\; Koi..irt-Mii, I.t.l., 22 Mary St,, .(te,. Arc.
Wm. DUNCAN TUCKER £ Sons, lt..
RECIPIENTS or LARGE GOLD MEDAL & DIPLOMA OF HONOUR AT R.H.LE. 1912
Write for Horticultural Catalogue ?so. iS. Sent post t"ree on application
Glasshouses of every description erected complete in any part of the country
LONDON OFFICE, 27 Cannon St., EC.
Works— TOTTENHAM.
Established 1 820
S. SPOONER & SONS
Fruit Tree Growers
HOUNSLOW NURSERIES
HOUNSLOW, MIDDLESEX
Fruit Trees a Speciality
Over half-a-million to select from
300,000 Maiden Two and Three-year Old Apples on English Paradise
CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION INSPECTION INVITED
IF YOU >VANT
REALLY GOOD SWEET PEAS
AT MODERATE PRICES SEND TO
ROBERT SYDENHAM LIMITED
55 TENBY STREET, BIRMINGHAM
No one will serve you better
SWEET PEA COLLECTIONS FOR 1914
18 Best Grandiflora Varieties 1/6 12 Good Waved Varieties ... 2- 12 Best iVaved Varieties 2 6
COLLECTION NO. 4. 12 NEWER WAVED VARIETIES (Including 3 Novelties)
Special Price for the 3 Waved Collections 6/6
THE BEST TOMATOES, 3d. per packet ..f joo Seeds THE BEST CUCUMBERS, 6d. per packet of lo -Seeds THE BEST ONIONS. Excelsior or Ailsa Crafgr, 6d. per
p,uj.et ol .iluxit T.jof. Seeds ALL OTHER SEEDS EQUALLY CHEAP AND GOOD
FULL LIST WITH CULTURAL INSTRUCTIONS POST FREE ON APPLICATION
ROBERT SYDENHAM, LIMITED 55 TENBY STREET, BiRIVIINGHAIVI
No. 1. No. 2. No. 3.
4/6
IRISH GAHDENING
CHARLESWORTH & Co.'s NEW YEAR'S GIFT
PHYTOPHILINE
The Nevtf, most Effective, Reliable, Safest and most Economical Insecticide
NON POISONOUS AND ABSOLUTELY FREE FROM NICOTINE
Having experimented with and tested all the Insecticides put upon the Market for a number of years, it affords us immense gratification to be able to introduce to THE BRITISH HORTICULTURAL WORLD an Insecticide which we confidently feel will prove to be
A BOON TO HORTICULTURISTS
Dispense with the unhealthy and dangerous process of Fumigation by using Phytophiline Insecticide as a spraying and dipping compound. You will find it MOST DESTRUCTIVE TO ALL PLANT PESTS, but perfectly harmless to the most delicate vegetative growth, and a mild tonic to your plants
Free sample on application, also price and instructions for use; from
CHARLESWORTH & Co.,
ORCHID SPECIALISTS,
Haywards Heath, Sussex
Kings Acre
60 Medals and 12 Silver Cups Awarded to our Exhibits during Seasons 1909-13
160 ACRES FRUIT TREES. ROSES,
FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL
TREES AND SHRUBS, ALPINE
AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS
Catalogues Nov/ Ready
KING'S ACRE NURSERIES
HEREFORD ltd
Burall's Self-fastening ==Address Labels==
^ii^isr
^Tnm
A GARDENER writes : -
"Please repeat our order for these Labels, we can use no other."
TREE TICKETS. DUPLICATE BOOKS
-AMI'I.KS ir.KK
SEED POCKETS. BULB BAGS. ENVELOPES OF ALL KINDS.
BURALL BROS.
The Patent Label Factory,
WISBECH ENGLAND.
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Da |
isy Hill N |
ursery, Newry |
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is headquarters |
for the following : — |
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Dwarf |
Lavender |
Mountain Pine |
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Pittosporum of sorts |
Gonnemara Heaths |
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Erica |
arborea (all sizes) |
Enkianthus of sorts |
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Azalea |
amoena and varieties |
Rhododendron ciliatum |
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,, |
ledifolia |
,, Kamtschaticum |
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„ |
mollis and Pontica |
Dwarf Rosemary |
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„ |
procumbens |
Dwarf Rockwork Shrubs |
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serpyllsefolia |
and many others |
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LISTS FREE |
ON APPLICATION |
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T. |
SMITH, |
DAISY HILL KJFWRY NURSERY, 1^ i:* TT XX X |
c°d^°™p feet cured
3/6
by wearing the Famous
G Brand Garden Clogs
all lineil with strona miuui Ffit— very co^y. ileus, Woinen's ami
Y.mths sizes <.nly : :: ::
POST PAID TO YOUR DOOR
Oiildreii's sizes. (7to 2), 2/11 post free Kvery customer more than pleased Thnns:in'l8 of Testimonials. Send P.O. and size woni. Handsome il- lustrated lists and sh^et t>f testi- tiiunials post free :: :: ::
STORES SUPPLIED, KEENEST RATES
THE WELLINGTON MANUFACTURINC COMPANY
(Dept. 27)4 WELLINGTON STREET GLASGOW
■I
iK
''^^
DICKSONS. N.\"s\lW CHESTER
NURSERIES ARE OVER 500 ACRES IN EXTENT We have the largest stock of Trees, Plants, Seeds, Bulbs, &c., in the Empire
EXTRA STRONG ROSES
OUR SELECTION
and 1/ 6 each ;
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS AND CHERRIES
standards and Half Standards, 16 to 3/6 each ; 15/- to 36, - per dozen ; 100/- to 250 - per 100.
Bush and Pyramids, 1/6 to 3/6 each ; 15/- to 36/- per dozen ; 100/- to 250/- per 100.
Cordons, 1/6 to 26 each ; 15/- to 24/- per dozen ; 100/- to 175/- per 100.
F«n Trained, 2/6 to 7/6 each ; 24/- to 72/- per dozen ; 175/- to 500/- per 100.
HORIZONTAL TRAINED IN APPLES AND PEARS ONLY
2, 3, 4, 5 Tiers, viz.— 2/6, 3/6, 5/-, 7/6 each ; 24/- to 72/- per dozen.
PEACHES AND NECTARINES
Dwarf Fan Trained, for Walls, 3/6, 5/- and 7/6 each.
Standard and Half Standard, Trained for Walls, 7/6, 10/6 and 12/6 each.
Bushes and Pyramids, in pots, 5/ -, 7/6 and 10/6 each.
Climbers, Shoots 5-7 ft. long, 1/- 10/6 and 15;'- per dozen.
Dwarf Hybrid Teas, 1/- each ; 9/- to 12/- per dozen ; 65/- per 100.
Standard Hybrid Teas, 2/- each ; 21/- to 24 '- per dozen ; 175/- per 100.
Dwarf Hybrid Perpetual, 8d. each ; 7/- per dozen ; 45/- and 50/- per 100.
Standard Hybrid Perpetual, 1/9 each ; 18/- per dozen ; 140/- per 100.
Dwarf Tea-scented, 1/ 65/- per 100.
Standard Tea-scented. 1/9 each ; 20 160/- per 100.
each ; 9/- to 12/- per dozen ; per dozen ;
Full Illustrated Catalogue of any Department post free on application.
DICKSONS,
ROYAL NURSERIES
CHESTER
WINDOW GLASS
Polished Plate for Shop Windows.
Horticultural Glass at Lowest Rates
DEATH TO THE WEEDS !
HOYTE'S WEED KILLER.
strongly Rccommtndtd for tht Dtttruttien of Weedt, &'c. Price, 2s. per gallon ; 5 g-allons, is. 6d. per g-allon ; 10 gallons, IS. 3d. per gallon ; Original 40-gallon casks, IS. per gallon.
HOYTE & SON, The city of Dubllo Drug Hall, 17 LOWER SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN
Please mention this Paper
SkiUully, quickly, and cheaply, for any purpose requiring illustra- tions, but, as we have t)€en blockmakers to " Irish Gardening " since its first issue, we are in a very good position to handle all Horti- cultural subjects, for Seedsmen's Catalogues and Advertisements.
IRISH PHOTO ENGRAVING CO.
Oriel House. Westland Row, DUBLIN.
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DUTCH BULBS & PLANTS |
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SPECIAL OFFER |
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Hyacinths for pots, to narae 2 6 |
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,, for outdoor, to name |
7 6 |
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,, very tine, mixed |
4 0 |
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Tulips, single, to name |
1 4 |
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„ double, to name |
1 (i |
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„ spli'iiilid, mixed |
1 0 |
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Iris hispanica |
1 II |
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,, anglica |
■J II |
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Crocus |
1 0 |
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Narcissus, to name . . |
■1 (1 |
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,, mixed |
1 -1 |
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Snowdrops |
] -1 |
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Gladioli |
■J t> |
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Begonia, siiifilc and double |
.1 II |
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All liulbsarc of flrst-class size. Drlivt ry l.o.li. Kottcnlain |
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P. DE JONG, Grrer. Hillegoiii, HOLLAND |
WELLS' CATALOGUE
CHRYSANTHEMUMS . . . PERPETUAL CARNATIONS HERBACEOUS PLANTS . . ALPINE OR ROCK PLANTS
NOW READY, . •. .■- l^ost Free on Application WELLS' BOOK:
" The Culture of the Chrysanthemum "
POST FREE, 1/6
W. WELLS & CO., Merstham, SURREY
VIU
IRISH GARDENING.
By Special Appointment to
His iVIajesty the King.
MACKENZIE & MONCUR, LTD
HOTHOUSE BUILDERS
HEATING, VENTILATING, AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS AND IRONFOUNDERS
SPECIALTIES:
All kinds of lloihouses in Tcakwood, Siberian Larch or Petersburg Redwood, Improved Ventilation Gearing * Patent Wood Spar Blinds * Improved Duplex System of combined Hot Water Service and Heating. * Licencees for Barker's Patent Cable System of Low Pressure Hot Water Heating. * Improved Ironclad System of Electric Lighting -the only absolutely fireproof system. * * Cast Iron Stable Fittings and all kinds of Estate Castings. * *
WE DO NOT WORK ON THE UNSATISFACTORY PIECE-WORK SYSTEM, ALL WORK UNDERTAKEN BY US BEING CARRIED OUT BY HIGHLY SKILLED ^ ;4c * WORKMEN AT TIME RATES. * * >f
EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works) — Balcarres Street, Morningside GL ASGO W-121 St. Vincent St. LON DON— 8 Camden Road, N. W.
Telegrams: "TREIBHAUS Camroad, LONDON," and " HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH."
W. RICHARDSON & Co.
SPECIALISTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF 11^1)1 lilflTflil
Horticultural Buildings & Heating Apparatus UAnLINblUll
THE REASON WHY customers come to us for Glasshouses and Heat- ing Apparatus, is because tliey know they will get the best value for the least possible expenditure. A few of
our customers in Ireland include the Duke of Leinster, the Right Hon Chief Baron Palles, The Marquess Conyngham, The Marquesses of Headfort, Londonderry; Earl Fitz william, the Earls of Donoughmore, Dunraven, Erne, Longford, Listowel, Rosse, Aberdeen ; Lords .Ardilaun, Barry more, Castletown, Cloncurrj', Dunleath, Farnham ; Lady Maurice Fitzderald; Colonel the Hon. C. F. Crichton. H. P. Cioodbodj-, Esq., &c., &c.
ERECTED FOR W. BROWN, ESQ., LARNE, CO, ANTRIM (Note the Parisian Wood Lath Blinds on roof)
LONDON OFFICE:
belgravia ghaivibers
VICTORIA STREET WESTMINSTER, S.W.
Bp Special Wi^A Jlppoimmenr
WEBBS' SEEDS
Awarded Hundreds of Gold, &c., Medals at Leading Shows.
frtri 01 vvubos exhiim or Calceolarias, Cinerarias, Schizantluis, Gloxinias, Petunias, &c., at the ROYAL INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL SHOW, LONDON. Awarded LARGE COLD MEDAL AND DIPLOMA OF HONOUR. For a somewhat similar display, Messrs. Webb were awarded A LARGE SILVER CUP at the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY CHELSEA SHOW, 1913
For the Newest and Best Vegetables, Flowers, &c., see WEBBS' SPRING CATALOGUE FOR 1914— GRATIS AND POST FREE
WEBB & SONS, Wordsley, STOURBRIDGE
DUBLIN REPRESENTATIVE— Mr. W. ROURKE, 4 Weston Terrace, N. C. Road, DUBLIN
Telegraphic Address: "GENUINE DUBLIN."
IRISH GARDENING.
Anglo-American Exposition, 1914.
lloKTlCLI/rURE, AUBOlUlL'LTLKb; AND FoiJESTK Y
Section. The Aiiglo-Aiueric-an ExpositiDu, which will be held at Shejiherd'.s Hush this year, has for its object the celebration in a (itting manner of the liundred years of i)eace and progress between the English-speaking peoi)ies since the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. It has been felt that no more appropriate means could be adopted to com- memorate these ei)och-making events than to niateriaUse in a magnificent joint disjjlay tlie vast gains which have accrued to mankind through this peaceful develoi)ment of Great Britain and the United States of America during the past century.
As becomes an Exhibition, illustrative in the fullest possible sense of the activities of two great nations famous for the prominent part they have taken in the advancement of the gardening art in its varied aspects, demonstrations of both American and British horticulture are being organised on as comprehensive a scale as possible. From what has already been accomplished, it is believed that these demonstrations will be equally remarkable for their beauty, interest, and use- fulness, and will prove a great source of attrac- tion to visitors from both sides of the Atlantic.
This section of the Exposition is being organised by the Committee of Horticulture, Arboriculture and Forestry, which includes among its sixty members the foremost horticul- turists, arboriculturists and forestry experts of
A HAPPY NEW YEAR
IS assured if you purchase NOW our
Special Collection of Twelve Perpetual
Carnations in 5 inch pots. I 5/- ONLY.
Remarkable Value. Ideal New Year
Present. Catalogue Free
:: Cultural Treatise I/-. ::
YOUNG & CO.
HATHERLEY • CHELTENHAM
NEV/, RARE AND CHOICE
HARDY FLOWERS FROM SEEDS
The Herbaceous Border and Rockery are now the most attractive feature of tlie garden, and no garden is com- plete without a fair collection of hardy plants ;: The raising of these beautiful plants from seeds is at once most interesting and economical. Keen and up- to-date amateurs should get :: :: •:
THOMPSON {^ MORGAN'S
58th ANNUAL SEED CATALOGUE
which they will find of immense value and interest CARR STREET IPSAVICH
the ])resent time, who have also hatl mucl) experience in the organisation of exhibitions ot the highest class. The Coniinittee lias ali-eady made considerable i)rogress, and has formulated a scheme which there is good reason for believing will ensure a representation of horticulture, arboriculture and forestry worthy of the two great nations intercisted. Adequate i>rovisions have been made for the display of rock and water gardening of the most varied character, which has of late years attained to so high a state of develop- ment, more especially in this country. A large area on the western side of the grounds will be placed at the disposal of those who are specially interested in this fascinating branch of the gardening art. ITardy herbaceous |)lants, now so popular with all classes of the tlower-loving community, will not be less liberally provided far, as evidenced by the spacious Court of Progress having been allotted to them, to English formal gardens and Rhododendrons, and here the firms who devote special attention to these important classes of plants will show their taste in arrange- ment and skill in cultivation.
Roses, in view of their importance and i)opu- larity, will have much space devoted to them, and under the scheme the Elite Gardens will be almost wholly occupied by these fragrant, attractive flowers. Ornamental trees and shrubs, which have had so many valuable additions made to them, as the result of the explorations in Western China within recent years, should also constitute a great feature of much interest and usefulness. Indeed arrangements are being niade for the representation of many other classes of
IRISH GAUDENIiXU
XI
|)lauts that can be successfully grown iu the open during the suiiinier months.
Forestry, which is now being recognised in this country as of iniineu.se importance both to land- owners and the general community, is receiving special attention, and the scheme that is now engaging the attention of a special committee of exjierts will, it is fully believed, ensure an ade(piate representation of the varied aspects of tliis great industry.
Six conferences on matters relating to horti- cu'ture and forestry will be held in the course of the summer, and, as ])romi.ses of supi>ort have already been made by the leading societies specially identified with the subjects that will be dealt with, these should be highly successful. These conferences are : l*er|)etual Carnation Conference at the end of May ; Hardy Plants Conference at the middle of June ; Hose Con- ference at the end of June ; Carnation and Sweet Pea Conference towards the end of July; Forestry Conference in August, and Fruit Con- ference in September.
Royal Horticultural Society.
The annual general meeting of the society, held , t 5 Molesworth Street, Dublin, on the 15th ult.. at which, in the vinavoidable absence of the I'resident, Lord Ardilaun, Sir .John G. Nutting, Bart., presided, ends the year's work. The 84th
INICOTICIDEJ
L (FUMIGANT) J
__ •uble It. • No. I liieTin — i pt.tooUintsnincUntfor 40,000
No. a sire Tin— i pint ,. •, 30,000
No. 3 siie Uot. — 6 01. „ ,, la.ooo .
No. 4 size Bot.— 4 ot. „ „ 8,000 .
No. 4I sixe Bot.— a or., new size „ 4,000 .
No. s siie Bot.— I ox., "sample" ,. a.ooo . O^BBIAOK FAID
Fumlgatins Lamps
1 S> each, for 5,000 cubic feet
Nlcotlclde Plant Spray
i-pint 1/2 Pint 2/-
Quart 3,6 i-gal. 5/-
Gallon 1 0/- Cairiage Paid
GOW'S LAWN SAND
DAISY ERADICATOR
38 lbs. (to dress 100 square yds, ) 6,6,
j-cwt. 11/-, 1 cwt. keg 21/- C»iri no f-ii
GOW^S LIQUID WEED KILLER
I ^Uon, to make 51 gallons, in solution . 3,6
5 M .. 255 .. 16/-
Drums Free Carriage Paid
Use Gow's Tobacco Puwder and Quassia Extract
6d., I/- and 2/6, decorated tins.
GOW'S SLUG DESTROYER *r.?tm.T'
38 lbs. 4/ 6 *-cwt. 7/6 1 cwt. 1 1/6
All Carriage Paid Sample Tins, 6d and 1/-
IB DMOrmted Tloa. ABK YOUm BBBD8MKN AND NUKSEETHMM FOR IT.
HUNTER & GOW, Ltd. *ISo'ol"-
THE CHEAPEST INSECTICIDE OF THE DAY
"NIQUAS"
(NON-POISONOUS) IMPROVED
A Concentrated Extract of Quassia, combined with other valuable ingredients, forming a cheap, safe, and effective Insecticide for syring- ing and dipping. It destroys all Insect Pests infesting Trees and Plants, whilst no possible injury to vegetation can result from its use
It can be applied with syringe or pump, or used for dipping.
PRICES-Half-pint, 1/-; pint, 1/6 J quart, 2/6; half-gallon, 4'-
gallon, 7/6; five gallons, 25/-; ten gallons, 40/-
I gallon sufficient for 80 gallons of water.
STANDEN'S MANURE
(Established over 35 Years)
Exceeds all others in General Fertilising Properties and Staying Powers
Analysis on Application
Sold in Tins, 1/-, 2/6, 5/6 each : and in Kegs, well secured, to prevent
loss through exposure, 28 lbs., 7/6 ; 56 lbs., 12/6 ; iia lbs., 20/-
CORRY'S SPECIAL
Chrysanthemum Manure
Sold in Tins, 1/-, 2/6, 5/6, and Bags, i cwt., 10/6 ; i cwt., 18/-; 1 cwt., 32/-
For Fumigating in Greenhouses. "LETHORION *
Improved Metal Cones
Registered No. 62,597
To destroy Insect Pests. The Candle attached to each Cone only needs lighting, and there it no further trouble. They are most efficacious.
No. I. For frames and "leant-tos" up lo 1,000 cubic feet. Price, 6d. each.
No. 2. For small greenhouses up to 1,500 cubic feet. Price, 8d. each.
No. 3. For a well secured house of 2,000 to 2,500 cubic feet. Price, 1/- each.
Fowler's Lawn Sand
This preparation is for destroying Daisies and other weed* on lawns,
and at the same time stimulating the growth of the grass. If one tin
is tried as a sample, its value will be at once appreciated. Sales are
largely increasing.
Tins, 1/-, 2/6, and 6/- each ; Kegs, J cwt., 8/6; i cwt., 16/-;
I cwt., 30/-
ELLIOTT'S
* Summer Cloud' Shading
Registered Trade Mark No. 14,629. (The only genuine original and Improved article)
For Greenhouses. A pleasant green shade is given to the glass In packets, 1/- for 100 feet of glass, and 2/6 each for 300 feet.
Sole Manufacturers :
CORRY & CO., Ltd.
LON DON
SOLO BY ALL NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN
Xll
IRISH GARDENING.
annual report, being in the hands of members, of which a good representation was ])resent, was taken as read and duly adopted, and calls for little com- ment beyond that, with the statement of accounts submitted, it was generally considered satisfactory. Perhaps those most keenly interested in the society's work and welfare felt a little disap])oint- ment in finding the membershii) had not yet reached Jive hundred, but <hey have some reasons for hoping that this will be attained in the ensuing year, as with the publication of the " Record of Pro- ceedings " after each show, coi)ies of M^hich are issued to members free, fvu-ther inducement is afforded for sui)porting the society in this direction. A brief analysis of the year's finance discloses a much larger amount disbursed in cash prizes, more than £350 having been spent in this way, whilst the cost of medals awarded is practically double that of recent years. In spite of this the year's working shows a small balance to the good, which added to the balance shown previously brings the society's assets to £300. Grateful acknowledgments are made in the report to those who have by donations so considerably helped the prize funds, to the Royal Dublin Society and to the Dei)artraent of Agriculture for grants in aid of, and for facilities afforded for, the spring and winter shoAvs. Forecasting another year's work it is stated that the spring show w^U be held at Ballsbridge on similar lines to those of the last four years, the usual autumn show will be held dxxring horseshow week, and a summer, or Rose show, will be held in July. On a ballot being taken for the vacant jiractical member's seat on the council, Mr. A. Campbell, St. Anne's Gardens, Clontarf, was dcelared as duly elected.
Winter Spraying of Fruit Trees.
THE folhnving extracts are from the " Si^raAdng C-alendar," given by Professor Pickering, M.A., F.R.S., Director of the Wobvu-n Experimental Eruit Earm, and E. V. Theobald, M.A., ^'ice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultmal College, Wye, Kent, in their very usefid handbiKik, " Eruit Trees and their Enemies." (Copies of this book can be had jjost free for Is. 9(1. each.)
" Apart from the consideration of the direct action of a winter wash in destroying various pests which are probably [)resent, moss, lichen and dead bark nuist always accumvilate, and the freer trees are kept from these the healthier they will be, and the less will be the opi)ort unities afforded for insects to flourish on them."
" Erom .January to March. — Spray tree with a caustic paraffin emulsion for cleansing them of dead bark, and destroying moss, lichen, mussel scale, small apple, ermine jnoth, gooseberry and currant scale, gooseberry spider, currant shoot and fruit moth, pear leaf, blister mite, and possibly other insects."
Winter spraying is now resorted to by l)ractically every up-to-date fruit grower. The formula most recommended for Winter Spraying Emulsion is as follows : — Soft soap, i lb ; paraffin (solar distillate), 5 pints ; caustic soda, 2 to 21 lbs. ; water, 9i gallons. The necessary articles for this and all other Spraying and Fumigating Mixtures can be had, with directions for mixing, from D. M. Watson, M.P.S., Horti- cultural Chemist, 61 South Great George's Street, Dublin. Phone, 1971.
SWEET PEAS
Exhibition Sorts. Per packet, 6d. Twelve Sorts for 5f-
Barbara
Dobbie^s Cream Edrom Beauty Hercules King Manoel King White Loyalty
Elfrida Pearson Melba Florence Nightingale Nettie Jenkins
Mrs . Cuthbertson Mrs. Hugh Dickson Scarlet Emperor Thomas Stevenson Vermilion Brilliant
Nubian
Red Star
R. F. Felton
The Squire
Wedgewood
EDMONBSON Brothers
10 DAME STREET
DUBLIN
GIANT SWEET PEAS
BIJOU COLLECTION
Price 1 6 Contains 10 Seeds of 1 2 finest
Etta Dyke, white Clara Curtis, cream George Stark, scarlet Countess Spencer, pink Mrs. Hardcastle Sykes
blush. John Ingman, carmine- rose.
Post Free
each of the following varieties : —
Sunproof King, crimson Masterpiece, lavender Qufien of Norway, mauve Helen Grosvenor, orange Elsie Herbert, white and
pink. Flora Norton Spencer,
blue.
5»
POPULAR COLLECTION
Price 1 /9 Post Free Contains 30 seeds of each of the following 12 beautiful varieties : —
Dorothy Eckford, white Queen Alexandra, scarlet Princess Victoria, pink Lord Nelson, deep blue Constance Oliver, cream Helen Lewis, orange King Edward Spencer, Evelyn Hemus, cream
crimson. and pink
Asta Oh n, rosy-lavender Gladys Unwin, pink Tennant Spencf r,mauve Marjorie Willis, rose
SPLENDID MIXTURE, SPENCER AND GRANDIFLORA VARIETIES.
Per Quart, 6 6 ; Pint, 3 6 ; Half Pint. 1 9. Per P 1 -, 6d., 3d., Post Free.
:ket,
UP-TO-DATE EXHIBITION VARIETIES
Agricola. Lovely blush suffused rosy lilac. Per
packet, bd. Barbara. A beautiful salmon-orange self, prettily
waved ; a grand flower. Per packet, \ s. Dobbie's Cream. Deep cream or primrose ; fine large
flower, probably the best of its colour. Per packet,
bd. and \s. Decorator. Beautiful soft cherry-red shaded salmon.
Per packet, bd. Earl Spencer. Beautiful salmon-orange, waved.
Per packet, 'id., bd. and \s. Edrom Beauty. Lovely large orange-pink flower; an
improved Helen Lewis. Per packet, bd. and \s. Helen Grosvenor. Rich deep orange waved. Per
ftarket, Id., bd. and l.v. Illuminator (Novelty, 1914). Salmon-orange suffused
rich cerise-pink ; under artificial light a glowing
orange-scarlet. Per packet (12 seeds), bd. King Edward Spencer. Crimson-scarlet, waved. Per
paeket, 'id. and bd.
King White (Novelty, 1914). The finest white yet introduced ; immense waved pure white flowers, four to a stem usually. Per packet, bd. and 1 •> .
Maud Holmes. A splendid crimson, waved ; a first- class flower. Per packet, id and bd.
Melba. Beautifully waved salmon flower, slightly paler than Earl Spencer. Per packet, \s.
Rosabelle. Glowing rose ; a fine large and well-waved flower, larger than Marjorie Willis. Per packet, id., bd. and 1.>^.
R. F. Felton. Lilac, shaded french-grey, a remarkably strong grower (seed scarce). /"(V/xr.Xv/ (10 seeds), \s.
Scarlet Emperor. One of the largest and brightest of the scarlets ; of the true Spencer type. An extra strong grower ; sunproof. Per packet, bd.
Thomas Stevenson. Brilliant orange-scarlet, beauti- fully waved. Extra large and the best of this shade. Pe> packet, bd.
True Lavender (Dobble). A waved Lady Grisel Hamilton. /\r packet, bd. and l.v.
For Full Descriptive List see
Sir JAMES W. MACKEY, Ltd. m a c K E y ' s
SEEDSMEN AND NURSERYMEN GARDEN-SEED
MANUAL
23 Upper SaCkvillC Street, DUBLIN Free on Application
XIV
IRISH GARDENING.
Note.
The Progress of Agriculture in Nova Scotia. — During last year great progress was made in agricnlture. An experimental Iruil farm has been established at Kentville, a beauti- ful rural town in the heart of the great fruit growing district. Professor J. W. Crowe, of (Juelph, has been appointed as director. The fruit growers of Nova Scotia expect good results from the experiments made on this farm. In March the Dominion Parliament voted £5,000 to enlarge the Nova Scotia Agricultural College. This work was necessary owing to the increasing number of students attending the long and short courses. This attendance has increased from 85 (seven years ago) to nearly 500. An assembly hall. 88 by 60 feet, has been erected. Two additional class-rooms have been added. • A new horticul- tural building with greenhouses attached form I)art of the improvements. There is also an entomological department with a glasshouse attached where insects can be bred and studied at all times of the year. The farm has also been enla-ged to the extent of 40 acres. Another ad- vanced step is the establishment of " Illustrated Farms " in the agricultural centres, the objects of which are to promote the mutual Interests of the farmers, to increase their knowledge of scientific farming, and generally to improve the conditions of country life. Co-operation among farmers has rapidly increased during the year. Twenty-nine fruit growers' associations have united in a central organisation which has been incorporated by the Legislature. The operations of this central body have been of great benefit to the fruit growers. In these and other ways the farmers of Nova Scotia have kept pace with all the improved methods of agricultvire.
Catalogues.
An extremely handsome and well got uji seed catalogue comes from Messrs. Webb A: Sons. Wordsley, Stouibridge, full of really beautiful illustrations, (iarden Peas, for which this llrm has a great name, come lirst, and besides a good collection of tlie well-known sorts there are novelties in both the early and late sections. Heans, Beet, Cauliflowers, Cabbage, Potatoes, and in fact all the well-known vegetables are represented by both new and old varieties, while some little-known kinds of vegetables are also to be found, and a page of information is devoted to the making and renovating of lawns. The list of flowers is a large one in the latter half of the catalogue, and finely illustrated. Creen- house flowers raised from Webb's choice .strains of seeds fonn a striking feature at many shows throughout the kingdom, while their annuals give a blaze of colour during the summer in many a garden. Such reliable firms give the greatest care in the growth, selection, cleaning and testing of their seeds so that a high standard of germination is assured. Free copies of the catalogue are given to customers, but the pub- lished price is Is., post free.
R
eview.
The December .Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of England is an interesting produ(;tion. Prof. R. H. Biffen writes on " Investigations on the Control of Disease in Plants." Sir Everard Ina Thurn writes on " The Cocoanut Palm." In some of the South Sea Islands this all-useful palm supplies the natives with most of their
DICKSON'S "HAWLMARK" SEEDS
are by general consent admitted to be the best for the soil and climate of Ireland. They are the produce of our own stock seeds, and at our extensive trial grounds every variety, before being sent out, is thoroughly tested; and exhaustive experiments are constantly being initiated and carried out with the object of still further improving our stocks.
Those who wish to grow the best crops should sow the best seeds, and we would point out that, all our seed crops being carefully grown and harvested under personal supervision, our seeds are of highest purity and germination.
We never part with our stock seeds, so that it is important to remember that our proprietary strains can only be obtained from us.
Before ordering your Supply for the Season it will pay you to look through our Catalogue, which will he sent gratis and post free
ALEX. DICKSON & SONS, Ltd.
HAWLMARK 61 DAWSON STREET, DUBLIN
IRISH GARDENING.
XV
wants, being food, drink, often elothing and building materials. Among the gardening articles are " Hints on Herbaceous Borders," by (Jeorge Bunyard, and " Tuberous Begonias." by G. ('. F. LanE'don.
From the trials of violas, strawberries and tomatoes at Wisley one gets an idea of the worth of i)articular varieties. Four essays by Wisley students are printed separately, and include " Roses," by Alex. Dickson ; " Fertili'/.ers and Manures," by D. E. Nicholson : The Hardy Herbaceous Border," by .1 O. Pritchard ; " Insects Injiu'ious to Fruit I'rees." by (J. F. Wilson.
Obituary.
Makten Johx Sutton, .J. P., F.L.S.
We regret to announce the death of Mr. Martin .Tohn Sutton, for many years the head of the firn^ of Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading. After a short illness Mr. Sutton died in London on December 14. Born at Reading in 18.50, he was the eldest son of the late Mr. Martin Hope Sutton, who with his brother laid the foundations of the now world- known firm. Mr. Sutton entered the firm at the very early age of 16 years, and on reaching the age of 21 was taken into partnership by his father and uncle. In 1887 he became head of the firm, and remained in this position till a few years ago, when, knowing he was no longer a young
"ABOC
[REG9]
NONPOISONOUS\
INSECTiGIDE
For many years acknowledged to be the World's Best Pest Destroyer. Safe. Sure, and Reliable kill for ALL Garden Pests ::
} pint, 1/-; pint. 16 ; quart, 2/6 ; J gall., 4/-; gall., 7/6
"ABOL PATENT SYRINGES
Specially Recommended by the NATIONAL ROSE SOCIETY The most Economical and Efficient lland Sprayers Vary Spray from fine ta medium or coarse •:
Highest Award at K.H.S. Trials : : :
No 4 (1 X 14). 8,6 ; No 5 (1 x 20), 10/6 ; No. 6 di x 20), 14/6- Bends not included but charged 1/6 extra
"ABOL" SHADING
Far surpasses all other shadinss for Greenhouses Con- servatories, .tc. Price 1/- per tin. Postage, 4d. extra
*'ABOL" WORM KILLER
The mo.st EFFICACIOUS destroyer of earth-worms on Golf (Jreens, Tennis Courts, (iardi'ii Lawns, iVc Full particulars of all
NURSERYMEN, SEEDSMEN, FLORISTS & IRONMONGERS.
V^
Sole Proprs. and Manfrs. K. A. W linK, l.t
9 Beltring, Paddock Wood, Kent 24 Cold, Silver & Bronze Medals & Diplomas
man, resigned in favour of his eldest son. Although no longer responsible for the manage- ment of the business, Mr. Sutton took a keen interest in the firm till the i-nd. He also itlayed a conspicuous part in the agricultural, educational and civic life of his native town.
The funeral took place in London on Wednes- day, Dec. 17, and a memorial service was held on the same day at Grey Friars Church, Reading, attended by representatives of the many societies with which Mr Sutton was a member.
ALL BRITISH BOOTS
AT FACTORY PRICES
Sent on Free Approval
#" Before buying elsewhere, every gardener should take
advantage of this offer and examine Ernest Draper's "All
British " Garden Boot, No. 1420. listed at the factory price 14 6
It is the highest possible value for money. Solid leather
throughout hard-wearing, thoroughly wateiprool. and could
not be pun based locally or elsewh. re for less than one guinea.
By purchasing Ircm us you save aP retailers' profits.
To(on\ln(e vou of the splendid value or these boots,
a sample boot will be sent post paid on four days'
free approval. If after personal examination
X- 1 .on 'he boot falls >o. 1420.
14/6
Really Worth
short of your expectations, you are at liberty to re- turn it free of all obligation, or you can re- mit the price and we will for- ward the other boot per return We sell the boots on their merits. Test them yourself. No. 1420 is made with Finest Chrome Taiuied Grain Hide I'pper, waterproofed by special pro- cess which keeps them soft and pliable, fitted with watertight Bellow s Tongu9. The soles are of best quality solid leather lialf an inch thick, and thoroughly water and d.imp-proof. Either nailed or unnailed soles. Slender and wide flttlnps. My factor>- price 14 6. Quote No. 1420. Heel tips if desired free. Extra heavil.v lailed to meet customers wishes (not retuniable) 6d. extra. U ith toe plates 6d. per pair extra. When writing for sample boot please give name of employer in token of good faith.
^ Gardeners' Catalogue Free ^
Every gardener should write for a copy of this interesting book, "which not only lists "All British" Footwear and Clothing specially suitable for gardeners at this season, but is an invaluable 'means of saving money, as every article is listed at factory piices, thus saving you retailers' profits.
Single Boot on Free Approval
Deal Direct. No Agents. Sample Boot sent post free per Return. No Delay
Only Address . .
ERNEST DRAPER & CO.
80 All British Boot Works
NORTHAMPTON
XVI
IRISH GARDENING
Dublin Wholesale Markets.
Now that Christmas is at hand the naai^eting of all kinds of garden i)roduce is briskly engaging the attention of all concerned in the trade, although there is nothing Uke the customary briskness experienced in preceding years at this busy season.
Cabbages are still remarkably scarce, but they .show no appreciable rise from the usual prices which have ])revailed during the nionth. Celery was sold in large quantities, and for good stuff handsome prices were obtained. Pot-herbs are in abundance, and are eagerly bought up for the festive season. The quantity and quality of Brussels s))routs were well maintained, and the prices did not vary much from the previous month. Koot-crops arid other vegetables were well stocked, and met with a ready sale.
For the past month the price of apples has gone up considerably owing to the expensive and circuitous routes by which foreign apples have to be brought to the markets. During the past few weeks large consignments of home-grown apples — chiefly Bramley's Seedling — of superior quality, well graded and packed in barrels, bushel boxes and trays, were to be seen in the market, and were quickly sold at record prices. Evidently they have been held over for the Christmas season. This is encouraging to the Irish fruit grower. However, owing to the resuniption of work at the ports, foreign and English fruits are now more plentiful than for some weeks past.
Flowers — particularly Chi'ysanthemums — in great variety were in abundance throughout the month, and were easily disposed of. Roman Hyacinths, Narcissi, and pot plants are in great demand at profitable prices. Greenery of all kinds — holly, ivy, arbutus, and mistletoe — is present in large quantities, and receive the eager attention of intending purchasers. The absence of berried holly is quite noticeable this season, which greatly detracts from its value and appear-
Apples-
Price List — Fruit.
From s. d.
To
s. d.
Bramley's
Seedlings per barrel (Ists) . ;^3 0 36 0
(2nds) . 10 0 32 0
per bushel .60 10 0
])er dozen .19 2 6
Crapes — Alicantes Colman's
Tomatoes
per I?
|
1 |
2 |
1 |
6 |
|
1 |
() |
2 |
0 |
|
0 |
4 |
0 |
6 |
Cabbage — York
Savoy ( 'ar)( )t s Cauliflowers Celery (white)
„ (pink) Lettuce Onions Parsley Parsnips Swedes Sprouts Scallions Leeks Thvme
Vegktabt.ks.
per load
per large load
per load
per doz. bunches
])er flasket
pel' bunch
l)er dozen
per bag
l)er float
per doz. bunches
per cwt .
per float
per bunch
per bunch
])er doz. bunches
Froin s. (1.
From
s. d.
16 24
IS (» 1 1 1
0 (5 0 1
(► 1
0 0
0 0 0
s
0
s
0 4 0 6 3 10 6
Flowers.
Chrysanthemums per bunch . 0 6
Arum Lilies per dozen . 1 8 Narcissi (paper
white) per doz. bunches 1 0
Holly (variegated) per bunch 0 6
Ivy per bunch . 0 4
Mistletoe i)er crate .14 0
20 32
•')'t 1
(> •>
T
0 8 0 1 1 2 II 0
1 2
2
0
0
IS
.1. 1).
1914
New Volume
IRISH GARDENING
The new volume will sustain the old standard of excellence as to authori- tative articles on both the practical and scientific side of gardening-, but new features and new writers will be introduced during the course of the year. Every Irish gardener and every owner of any size garden in Ire- land should obtain Irish Gardening (monthly) and read it ! and having read it should preserve it for bind- ing-— it is worth it.
Last year's volume (1913) can be supplied bound in Green Cloth, 4/11 post free.
WINTER SPRAYING
OF FRUIT TREES to remove Lichen, &c.
BERGER^S LIME'SULPHUR WASH CAUSTIC SODA, 98 per cent. PEARL ASH, 75/80 PURE SOFT SOAP
SPRAYING AND FUMIGATING MATERIALS OF
COPPER SULPHATE, 98% COOPER'S V 1 WINTER SPRAY FLUID . .
&c., &c. ALL KINDS AT LOWEST CASH PRICE.
D. M. WATSON
HORTICULTURAL 'CHEMIST
61 South Great George's Street,
Telephone 1971.
Dublin
New York Botanical Garden Librar
3 5185 00260 8063
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