; ;;..'!,' . • . . ' , . , ',,.»>»• >,•»>*•» »» »» * From the collection of the n m o Prelinger v Jjibrary t San Francisco, California 2007 VOL. xxv TITLE REGISTERED U.S. PATENT OFFICE CHICAGO, NOVEMBER, 1909 I You Don't Backfill a Drainage or Irrigation Ditch If you did a dredge would be one of the finest machines in existence for digging them. A dredge-dug ditch backfills by caving and washing; this cav- ing and washing would close the ditch except for the fact that it is always dug twice as large as necessary to allow for backfilling. An Austin Drainage Excavator Ditch doei not backfill, because it is carved with sloping sides in one operation from the solid soil. So perfect is its shape that, when an Austin Drainage Excavator is used on irrigation work, the lining follows the machine without an atom of trim- ming or tamping. WE SELL OUTRIGHT OR LEASE The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Levee Bdilder The Austin Drag Line Excavator OUR FULL LINE COMPRISES: The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher Send for Catalogue "S" H. B.— AGENTS WASTED IN UNOCCUPIED TERRITORY The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Tile Ditcher The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO., Railway Exchange. Morris Machine Works Baldwinsville, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating propo- sition. Send details or specifica- tions of what is wanted and we will recommend a pumping outfit to supply the need. New York Office 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office Cor. Wood 6* Willow Sts .Texas Henion fi# Huboell. Agents, 223-231 N. Jefferson St., Chicago. Harron. Rickard fi# McComb, Agents 21 Fremont St., S. Francisco. Cal. THE IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, Publishers, Chicago, 111. This issue celebrates the twenty-fifth T/ :THE IRRIGATION AGE Union Pacific "The Safe Road to Travel" TO CALIFORNIA OR THE Pacific Northwest 14 Electric Lighted Trains Every Day 40 Per Cent of Main Line is Double Track New Steel Passenger Equipment Electric Block Signals Dining: Car Meals and Service SIXTY BOXES OF APPLES PICKED FROM ONE TREE World's Record Claimed by Orchard Owner in the Grand Valley GRAND JUNCTION, Colo., Oct. 24— (Special) — William Frey, part owner of the famous Grey- Wilson orchard near Clifton, has made affidavit to an apple yield from a single tree, which, it is be- lieved, bids fair to take the world's record. Sixty boxes of Ben Davis apples, worth over $100, was picked Saturday from a single tree in Mr. Prey's orchard. In previous years as many as 40 boxes of apples were picked (from this tree, which is about 12 years old, and it had a considerable local reputation, but this season's record surpasses all expectations. The entire orchard of 18 acres has yielded 7,000 boxes of apples worth net to the growers, about $15,000. — Denver Republican. ^ COLORADO Pays greater profits than any other land on this earth. Hundreds of orchards return a net profit of $500 per acre year after year. No other app'e belt in the world can equal it. There are on^y two first class apple districts in the United States. The Grand Valley is the larger of the two. It grows more fruit and of better quality, and is 1500 miles nearer the market. - "***lttB The Riverside Canal, now under construction, will irrigate practically all the u nappropriated land in the Grand Valley. Riverside is the very choicest location in the Grand Valley for two reasons: First: — It occupies a broad bench 300 feet above the river bottom, high above the region of spring frosts. Second:— It lies at the foot of Grand Mesa, upon whose broad, flat top the snows of winter lie till spring, keeping Riverside cool and retarding the blossoms till danger of frost is past. Remember, these two conditions. They are vital. They insure the superiority of Riverside for all time. Riverside and vicinity is the only spot in the temperate zone vjhere all the elements of a perfect f"ruit region prevail. This land will increase enormously in value in a very short time. It is the best land at the cheapest price and on the easiest terms." On ten acres you pay but $500 in ten years, and it will then be worth $10,000, and in the meantime will pay good interest on the investment. Buy a 10 acre orchard tract and it will make you independent. NOW IS THE TIME TO BUY. Write me at once for map and full particulars. J. B. FRISBEE 1636 Champa Street Denver, Colorado When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRK1GATION AGE. 'ERIOR Omaha, Neb. Portland, Ore. Denver, Colo. Helena, Mont. SUPERIOR DRILLS ire Used and Appreciated b» Oeed farmert Ihe World Over SBND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITpRY: Dean & Co., - - - Minneapolis, Minn. Ringman & Co., .... Peoria, 111. Kinsman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Kingtn»n-Moore Imp. Co., • Kansas City, Mo. Kingman-Moorelmp. Co.. - Oklahoma, Okla. Kingman Implement Co., Parfln & Orendorfi Imp. Co.. Colorado Moline Plow Co., The T. C. Powers Co., - - , Consolidated Wag. & Mach. Co , Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. TheH. C.Shaw Co., - - Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturers AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO.. (Inc.) Springfield, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS % SAVED OF THE EXPENSE OF IRRIGATION Send for our booklet, "COST OF IRRIGATION." It will save you money in irrigating. We guarantee 25£ more water with the same power, or the same amount of water with 25* less power than other make of pumping machinery. We have proved this greater efficiency by hundreds of tests and we are ready to prove it again. Bulletin No. 104 illustrates and describes irrigation machinery THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS AURORA. ILLINOIS. U. S. A. Chicago Office, First National Bank Building. Morse Bros. Machinery & Supply Co., Denver, Col*. Zimmerman- Wells Brown Company, Portland, Ore. Cal. Hydraulic, Engineering & Supply Co., San Franctico, Call'. Farming BV Irrigation Farming by Irrigation is in all ways more profitable than when it is dependent on rain In Northern Colorado — which is considered the best farming country on earth — farming by irrigation is so easy and so certain that prosperity is sure to attend the efforts of any farmer who is at all industrious and economical. The Staple Crops are: Wheat. Oats, Barley, Alfalfa. Potatoes. Sugar Beets, all kinds of Vegetables and Small Fruits, and Apples, Plums, Cherries and other tree fruits. Let me send you free a copy of our thirty-two page book devoted exclusively to the agricultural and horticultural resources of this section of Colorado and also of Wyoming, along our lines. This book contains twenty-seven illustrations and describes the present condition fairly and thoroughly, ft also gives the personal testimony of a few farmers, taken at random, from different valleys that may be cited, as the typical results of successful and profitable farming in this section. Write for free copy today. T. E. FISHER, General Passenger Agent, DENVER, COLORADO COLORADO & SOUTHERN RY. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Troxighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. -OR- T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bldf., Denver, Colo. Going West? Come to Colorado! Where Irrigation has Made the Farmer King! ^ We will quote facts and figures to show a larger yield per acre (or crops in Colorado than in any other section of the country, with greater profits, cost of lands and all things considered. We can show that stock of all kinds, came, sheep, hogs and hones, can be raised cheaper in Colorado and more money made on the capital invested than in any other State. Our fruits, melons, potatoes and other products take prefer- ence and command higher prices all over the country. Our climate and scenic attractions are unequalled anywhere. Fine opportunities for new business concerns and manufactories. We have NOTHING TO SELL, but we furnish FREE, on application, reliable information and literature regarding any section of the State, any product or industry, or about the State in general. State county or sections interested in, subjects you want information on, with other full particulars in first letter. The Colorado State COMMERCIAL ASSOCIATION DEPARTMENT E DENVER. COLO. The Official State Advertising and Information Bureau, eight years old, organized by leading men in Colorada to make known to the world the superior advantages and attractions of the State, and to aid desirable people to locate and invest in its bountifully yielding soil. Ditching Dredges, Placer Mining and Traction Dredges SUITABLE FOR ALL CLASSES OF WORK Steam Shovels — AII sizes Ballast Unloaders Write us for information, giving particulars of requirements The Marion Steam Shovel Co., MARION, OHIO G. W. BARHHART, Western Manager 718 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, Cal. F. H. HOPKINS & CO., Montreal, Quebec Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 60 YEARS Made by AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND, IND., V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments Nay Be Added. KnBBHmMBMBO^^^ •^•^••HBBBMH When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Year THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXV CHICAGO, NOVEMBER, 1909. NO. 1 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, - - CHICAGO Entered u Kcond-clui mutter October t, 18»7, at the Chic.no, I1L. under Act of March t. 1878. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $1.50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid f 1.00 To Canada and Mexico . l.M All Other Foreign Countries l.SO In forwarding; remittances please do not send checks on local bank*. Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is UK only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It a read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 25 yean old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. The United States Land and Irrigation To Open Exposition, to open at the Coliseum in Irrigation this city November 20th and to continue Exposition until December 4th, promises to be one of in Chicago, the greatest educational institutions of the day. The original idea of this exposition was to attract the attention of the people in central and eastern states to the possibilities of the West. This plan has been foremost in making the arrangements for the coming show. It is estimated by the Tribune Company, having the exposition in charge, that there will be an attendance of at least 300,000 people. It is assured that those peo- ple who visit and study the exhibits carefully will do much toward advertising the West by explaining what they have seen to friends and neighbors. The Tribune has been liberal in its expenditures and is entitled to much credit for the manner in which the preparations for the show have been handled. It remains to be proven that their estimate is cor- rect, although the West trusts that their expectations may be fully realized. THE IRRIGATION AGE will be represented by a booth on one of the main aisles, and its many friends are invited to call and make themselves at home. Many thousands of sample copies of this issue will be dis- tributed during the time of the Exposition, and will, no doubt, greatly increase its paid circulation. Even as the Spirit of the West disdains Irrigation the honor of custom and of precedent to Age Has battle with difficulty and attain the glori- Twenty-fifth °us fruits of future success, so has THE Birthday. IRRIGATION AGE struggled with adversity and obstacle to reap the reward of fidelity in a chosen field. Its editor has so long assimilated western ideas and associated with those red-blooded, clear-brained conquerors of the desert that his heart throbs in accord with the pulsating energy of the empire beyond the plains. But though the heart and eye be turned to the future with its millions of happy homes 'neath the cloud- less blue heaven, there are at times unconquerable forces that compel a moment of pause and reflection. Our readers will pardon the backward glance — for THE IRRI- GATION AGE has passed the quarter-century stone, and after a rough and stormy journey gazes into the smiling valley of future years where its full power may be ex- erted for the human race. Time has demanded her toll of recollection and remembrance. Twenty-five years — a mere falling of a grain in the great hour-glass of time — yet how potent in the indus- try of American reclamation. What Alladin's lamp has been rubbed to make the genii appear and change the face of nature, to create millions of bounteous acres where there was desert? Whence came this magic, this fairy Goddess to wave a wand and in a twinkling to re- 10 THE IRRIGATION AGE. create a barren, repulsive wilderness. Is it real ? Must we awaken from the spell to view again the rigid hori- zon of a trackless waste, a cluttered field of sage brush, a spiny ocean of cacti ? But listen, and from the new born Arcadia there rises the busy hum of industry, the crunch of iron wheels, the rumble of harnessed waters and the thous- and other sounds of human being. Look, and as far as the eye can penetrate there nestles between the boun- teous fields, rank upon rank of happy homes breathing into the air their perfume of comfort, plenty, happiness. It is real. It is a transformation in which the dreams of the past have created the reality of today. It is a God's work, for it has added to the sum of human enjoyment. Recking not the motive, the great book of life must credit beneficent achievement to the human magician. What though he gain glory and affluence for himself, he has brought profit and prosperity to his fel- low men. He has created, not diverted, his wealth. Yet in this contemplation of the beautiful and serene, there strikes upon the ear a discordant wail, ever growing in volume with each succeeding turn of the hour-glass. Humans are at the torture stake in the great cities, with their dirty tenements and their squalid basements. Sunshine, pure air, more land, are needed for this generation 'and its progeny. Else in this mael- strom of vice and crime begot of evil environment, the life of a nation may hang in the balance. The reclaimer's work is barely begun. Brains, cap- ital, energy — all are required in this fight against a per- verted nature. Already the trail has been blazed, and he who dares to enter the lists gains for himself honor and influence, and for humankind a better knowledge of divine blessings. At this, the twenty-fifth milestone in its journey, THE IRRIGATION AGE pledges itself to continue its firm support to all legitimate work in the reclamation of desert land. It is with a feeling of pride that the editor reviews the life-history of his publication and knows that in his strict adherence to truth of statement and honesty in purpose he has assisted in the upbuilding of a nation. Allied with no predatory interest and influenced by none but its own opinions, THE IRRIGATION AOE will con- tinue its fearless championship of the cause of Reclama- tion, and will yield to no coterie of individuals or body politic that tends to hinder or obstruct the work of making the "Desert Bloom as a Rose." moth reclamation works by the government in many of her neighboring states of the west, have led to her par- tial, if not entire, neglect. With all the resources at her command she is ready to protest against this lamentable condition of affairs. Reviewing the present situation as relates to funds for reclamation purposes, it is found that the revenue from the sale of state lands now aggregates approxi- mately $5,600,000. Of this amount it is required by law that at least one-half be expended on irrigation projects within, the state. Since this large fund has been lying idle for a considerable period, and during this time certain sections of the state hare suffered from lack of rainfall, it cannot be denied that land owners have reason for a vigorous protest. Chief among the speakers at the recent congress in Woodward, Okla., was Congressman Dick Morgan. In his speech he indicated that inefficient laws and lack of a proper state department for the adjudication of claims had prevented private investors from beginning opera- tions. Promptly on hearing this plain statement of the case delegates, already organized into the Northwestern Oklahoma Irrigation Congress, adopted resolutions call- ing upon the governor for action in the direction of the creation of a department of irrigation, and upon con- gressmen and senators for co-operation in securing the immediate attention of the United States Reclamation Service. After disposing of its work in the direction of irri- gation the convention turned into other channels and before adjourning gave attention to the commercial and industrial needs of this section of the state. By en- couraging the construction of railroads and the loca- tion of industries, northwestern Oklahoma proposes to enjoy a development commensurate with its natural resources. News reports of the past month give an account of an enthusiastic meeting held by delegates from several counties in northwestern Oklahoma for the purpose of inciting state and national interest in local irrigation projects. Oklahoma feels, and the belief is not unfounded, that the mam- Northwest Oklahoma Discusses Irrigation. From southern Wyoming, where the rest- Colorado less Laramie tumbles through the moun- Usurps tains on its northward journey, comes the Wyoming's din of preparation for a short journey Rights. along the war path. Colorado has stepped on its neighbor's toe and the red blood of the victim is kindled. Years ago certain irrigation companies in Wyom- ing appropriated the wafers of the Laramie river to such good purpose and with such expediency that the available supply has been exhausted and the state has refused further grants. Now comes along a band of daring promoters and proposes, under the laws of Colorado, to file on the waters of this stream before it leaves the state. State Engineer Johnston, of Wyoming, has not been caught napping and has addressed a letter to irri- gators indicating what steps should be taken to pre- THE IKRIQATION AGE. 11 vent the proposed diversion. He advises that the con- troversy should be thrown into the United States court, and his Wyoming constituents are wise enough to know that a step in time saves the other point in law. They prefer not to await the day when Colorado companies shall have begun operations and the decision of the court must involve tangible property. In a recent interview as published under "Into copyright in the Washington Times, Little James J. Hill, the versa-tile railroad Pickles builder, took occasion to utter several of Money." truths regarding the government reclama- tion service. In his usual terse and ex- plicit language, Mr. Hill reviewed the present situation in this department as follows : "When the government went into the irrigation business, taught, I am proud to say, by the railroads, which at their own cost initiated the work and educated the people in a knowledge of its importance, the rec- lamation service did not divide its resources into little pickles of money and spend them in laying in a few stones of a dam in each one of all localities where lands were to be irrigated. It arranged projects in the order of their importance, engaged its engineers and spent its funds upon a: few of them at a time, and thus it achieved great practical results." Prom his keen understanding and his policy of forming an intimate acquaintance with the details bear- ing upon development, Mr. Hill would probably be able to make other and even more trenchant criticism of the government service, past and present, if he so desired. Is the government reclamation service, Schemers crippled in its progress by the improvi- Assail dence of a former administration and by Bond reckless incapable heads, soon to become Issue. a buffet in the hands of political trick- sters, a butt for chicanceiy and intrigue ? Few among those thousands who have greeted President Taft during his rapid progress through the west have paused to reflect upon the real motives for his strenuous journey and his Herculean task at speech- making. It was more than a social visit ; it was a brave struggle to regain the confidence of the west and turn its heart from the worship of false gods and its tongue from the rehearsal of false teachings. Powerful political interests are today bending their every energy to discredit the president's policies. His Secretary of the Interior became the first object of attack and the tricksters chuckled as the press seized upon the "water power trust" bogey to hurl their broad- sides of unwarranted abuse at Mr. Ballinger. An irri- gation congress and two conservation congresses gave the rostrum to a government employe who, under the guise of a plea for forestry preservation, threw broad- cast his seditious utterances against the present admin- istration. Failing in this nefarious scheme and daring no longer to play upon the credulity of the west, this trick- ster hurried to a conclave of his fellows in the east- Minister Crane's summary recall and dismissal from the diplomatic service supplied ammunition for an at- tack upon Secretary Knox. Then from Spokane flashed the president's speech on conservation and his pledge to advocate the issue of $10,000,000 in government bonds for the prosecution of work on reclamation projects into which the government is recklessly plunged by an extravagant and improvi- dent predecessor. . Before the president's speech was twenty-four hours old his enemies had concluded their plans. Newspapers in the east, ignorant of the nature of this proposed bond issue, raised the howl of paternalism and sectional favor- itism. From states wherein reclamation by drainage has been discussed, came caustic criticism of the presi- dent's pledge. Western admirers of Ex-president Eoosevelt and his policies cannot fail to condemn these disreputable attempts of third term boomers to embarrass and harass the present administration. President Taft has pledged his effort toward the $10,000,000 bond issue for the prosecution of dilatory reclamation work. It is not a loan of funds, it is a loan of credit by the government to remedy the evil resulting from its own indiscretion. New hope has been born in the breasts of those settlers who have invested their savings in land on government irrigation projects, and if the plan matures the great sum of food production will be increased. Can a band of political tricksters create a strife that shall retard the west and deprive it of the mere loan of financial credit? Open criticism may be consistently directed at that past administration wherein the young and inexperi- enced, possessing energy but not wisdom, were permitted free rein to project and enter upon vast engineering works for the completion of which there were neither present nor prospective funds. As a demonstrative stage-dance with the lime light of publicity playing in- cessantly upon the actors and with public favor ready to spring into rapturous applause at each new gyra- tion, the former administration was a pleasing drama. But since it is found that the box-receipts were in- sufficient to the cost of the performance, the Ameri- can public is awakening from its spell. Must the poor settler, the easterner who was led by fair promises to settle upon government land, suffer for this wanton deception? He invested his meager earnings in government land under the irrigation 12 THE IRRIGATION AGE. project. Possibly he has watched the bureaucratic red- tape unwind and extend itself until land that he thought himself buying at $20 per acre has been advanced to double that figure — and still he has no water to raise crops. Should he be the victim? There is a deeper import in this problem than merely the national purse. A nation's honor and in- tegrity are at stake. And the prayers for aid come not from the "heathen across the sea," but from citizens of the United States, whose confidence and trust have been outraged. In the light of recent developments it can be plainly discerned that eastern trade barons seek to dominate in the financial as well as the commercial affairs of government. Whether from knowledge or ignorance, the band of "Third Term Boomers" is lend- ing its every assistance to these machinators. Westerners who allowed themselves to be worked into a fury by recent declarations of a government employe that there is in existence, or about to be formed, a water power trust, are innocently playing into the hands of their enemies and are thereby add- ing power to those interests that declare government bonds for the completion of reclamation works shall not issue. Let the west crush those false friends who seek its endorsement from the rostrum of its conservation congresses, and then slyly barter its support in the dens of political schemery. In its initial moves for the preparation, of Pueblo the Eighteenth National Irrigation Con- Appoints gress, and the accommodation and enter- Board of tainment of its thousands of visiting dele- Control, gates, Pueblo promises well. There is a spirit of energy and far-sightedness about the preliminary steps that indicate the general reputa- tion of enterprise to which Pueblo has already fallen heir among even its western neighbors. Early in October the committee of business men, selected to appoint a governing board for the congress, made their report, and it was found that many of the most prominent citizens had cheerfully agreed to assist in the work. At a subsequent meeting of the executive committee it was decided to organize in order to handle the affairs of the congress with greater facility and dis- patch. Officers chosen were: Chairman, J. H. Mc- Corkle; vice-chairman, A. G. Watson; treasurer, Alva Adams; secretary and manager of publicity, R. H. Faxon. A committee was appointed to draft articles for formal incorporation under the state laws. It is probable that no former board has entered the field with equal preparation and understanding to that of the Pueblo body. Delegates to the last congress realized that Pueblo was intent upon capturing the eighteenth convention, and that it would produce its best efforts in the encouragement of world wide interest in the sessions. Men selected for membership on the board of con- trol are of large mental caliber, and their names insure success in the undertaking. Mr. Faxon, who will act as secretary, has already demonstrated his ability as a master of publicity. Officers of the executive board are substantial business men who may be expected to give earnest and constant attention to the duties they have willingly assumed. Early in January the board will open its offices in Pueblo. From that time until the date of the congress it is anticipated that the eastern world will hear vari- ous and sundry noises issuing from the state of Colorado. Information from various sources proves Warning. that plans are on foot to exploit irrigation projects of questionable merit. The re- ports show that numerous companies have been formed in the West for the express purpose of selling land to residents in central and eastern states on the weekly payment plan. THE IRRIGATION AGE advises its read- ers to be cautious in investments of this character. There are many points to be considered in judging the value of an irrigation project. The question of sufficient water supply associated with that of good soil is most essential to the development of any project. Those who contemplate an investment of this character should take ample time to study the question thoroughly. The fact that the land can be bought on small and easy payments is no proof that the soil is good, nor does it guarantee sufficient water. People who have made a close study of the subject, know that the basic value of bonds must be scrutinized closely. One prominent operator who has financed sev- eral successful enterprises in different parts of the west, makes the bold statement that many of the promoters who are trying to float irrigation bonds are traveling toward the penitentiary. This is rather an alarming statement and the IRRIGATION AGE hesitates to exploit expressions of this character in the fear that by so doing the legitimate irrigation bond business may be injured. It is the intention of this journal in the future to carefully investigate the basic value of all bonds issued upon newly developing tracts, and to give, so far as is within its province, correct information regardless of the firm acting as sales agent. It is the opinion of the editor of this journal that it is better to warn its readers now than to condole with them after their money is irretrievably lost. THE IRRI- GATION AGE reiterates that it will surely expose any combination of men who are attempting to sell these se- curities by false representation. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 13 Eealizing the fact that many of the new "Notes on subscribers to THE IRRIGATION AGE in Practical both the east and the middle west, are Irrigation" perhaps turning their first attention to Monthly. this subject and are not familiar with the fundaments of scientific agriculture and applied irrigation, it seems advisable that there be re- produced in the columns of this journal a work on this subject that has already enjoyed an immense sale and has proven itself a mine of information to all who have read its pages. Under the caption, "Practical Notes on Irriga- tion," there will be reproduced in the columns of THE IRRIGATION AGE during the ensuing twelve months a series of comprehensive extracts and excerpts from the "Primer of Irrigation," as published and now placed on the market by D. H. Anderson, editor of this jour- nal. For the information of those readers who are seek- ing a knowledge of irrigation it may be stated that this work, already adopted as a complete text-book on the subject, contains elemental facts relative to the char- acter of soils and plant foods existing therein. In successive chapters the reader is informed as to the relation of water to plant life and the origin and peculiarities of arid and semi-arid lands. From these basic principles the reader is carried into the field of irrigation and given instruction in the method of laying out land, handling the water supply, providing for proper drainage, the measuring of water and other kindred subjects of equal importance. For many years the publisher of this book has made a study of irrigation and crop culture where water is supplied to the soil by artificial means. In the preparation of copy especial attention was given to the phraseology in order that the work might be thor- oughly intelligible to the reader. In planning for the re-publication of this book in monthly installments the editor believes that it will be of benefit not only to those who are now entering upon the study with a view to making homes in the west, but that it will be of assistance to those land owners in, irrigation projects who have heretofore depended upon information acquired from hearsay or from another's experience and are therefore still unacquainted with the elementary facts underlying this knowledge. The Banker's and Investor's Opinion of Irrigation Securities Through a misdirection and consequent Western loss of a portion of the matter designed Slope for use as a special write-up of the "West- Write-Up ern Slope" in this month's issue of THE Delayed. IRRIGATION AGE, it has been necessary to hold this article for the future. One of the editors of the AGE has spent several weeks in that section and has secured much valuable data that will prove of interest to readers. The West has the opportunities and wants money — the East has the money and few opportunities. Are irrigation bonds the investment opportunity of the East? This letter from Mr. George E. Eoberts, president of the Commercial National Bank of Chicago and Ex- Comptroller of the Currency, seems to cover the sub- ject rather fully: "Regarding our attitude towards irrigation bonds, we would say that in our opinion the developments of the last five years have demonstrated that the irrigation of arid lands in the West is destined to add largely to the country's annual output of food products, of which there is apparently no longer any danger of over-production. We regard these irrigation projects, therefore, where prop- erly conceived and carried out, as perfectly legitimate enterprises, and irrigation securities issued under such conditions are entitled to rank with real estate mortgages. It goes without saying that both the engineering and man- agement of the finances must be in experienced and re- sponsible hands." From another view point the following extract taken from a letter written by Mr. John Farson, of Far- son, Son & Co., bankers, New York and Chicago, is interesting : "I give it as my deliberate judgment and after most careful examination that properly issued irrigation bonds have more security back of them than any bonds I have ever sold. I unhesitatingly recommend them to my most conservative clients." The rapidity with which irrigation bonds . have grown in popularity with conservative investors throughout the whole United States is most pronounced. This article is the result of an investigation into how and where the large number of irrigation bonds that have been offered the public during the last few years have been absorbed. The comments of the various financial journals of late have been to the effect that the market for the older securities was very soft, but that securities of the irrigation bond class were being absorbed very rapidly by the bond buying public. From every side the evidence that these securities have found a market pours in. For this reason it was particularly satisfactory to know exactly the class of investors that were buying these bonds. In other words the opinion of the banker and the investor regarding these securities is best evidenced by their buying them. The result of a canvas of representative banks, trust companies, insurance companies and fraternal organiza- tions of the United States disclosed the fact that the majority of these institutions already held securities of this class. Further it was discovered that those large investors who had not already purchased were making a definite and thorough study of the subject with a view of purchasing in the immediate future. Such evidence as this proves conclusively that irrigation bonds are meeting with the approval of the most intelligent in- vestors and that they are well established today in the minds of the bankers and investors of the United States. 14 THE IRRIGATION AGE. It is a most wonderful and rich empire that is being created out of these arid History western plains. So positive and immense of These have been the values that have been cre- Securities. ated during the last few years by irriga- tion that the conservative East would not at first believe the reports as they came. However, there were a few financiers of discernment who went out over this country and made thorough investigations into these new values. These men brought back with them the whole story and today it can safely be said that of all the newer securities that are being offered the public irrigation bonds properly issued and properly safeguarded are the most acceptable to the banks, in- surance companies, trust companies and fraternal or- ganizations and private investors of the East. Accordingly we cannot mark this popularity with- out comment. It is deserved, for the values behind these bonds are large and the ratio between the loans and the values are much more attractive than those farm mortgage loans which we, in the East, are familiar with. As a matter of fact irrigation bonds when analyzed are nothing more nor less than farm mortgages. They go farm mortgages one better however, because the largeness of the total issue means the placing of the loan in many hands, thereby making a market and tending to convertibility of the investor's assets. The Western States have greatly benefited Investor in jn their development during the last few Irrigation years by the various laws which have been Securities passed to encourage the rapid develop- Safeguarded. ment of the country and to attract and protect the Eastern investor. The first of these laws was the Carey Act, the second the Reclama- tion Act, and lastly most of the Western States have passed laws by which Municipal Irrigation Districts can be organized. These last named bonds are perhaps the most popu- lar at the present time for the reason that they are a pure municipal obligation. The bonds are voted by the freeholders of the district in the same manner as are the school and paving district bonds with which we are all familiar. The bonds are payable from taxes which are levied by the county assessor and collected by the county treasurer on the same extension with the other general taxes of the county. The following letter from Hon. Charles D. Hayt, former justice of the Supreme Court of Colorado, con- cerning this particular class of bonds is very pertinent. It shows how thorough has been the work of the finan- ciers whose names are so closely connected with this great development of our Western country: "Answering your inquiry as to my opinion concern- ing irrigation securities, I will say that I have had a great deal to do with such securities in recent years, particu- larly as to the class known as irrigation district bonds; and from such experience will say that I regard such bonds as among the best and safest securities that have been placed upon the market, as such bonds are used for the purpose of supplying the lands in the district with water rights and with a system of reservoir for storage and ditches to distribute the water upon lands in the district. In other words, the investor, in addition to the security upon the land, has the additional security upon the property created as the result of the bond issue. "The law was framed in the first place to attract con- servative eastern capital, and also to make the payment of the principal and interest convenient and easy to the land owners. Experience to date has proven the law to be very satisfactory. I see no reason why these bonds are not equally as attractive to the investor as those other bonds which are usually designated as A-l. "The principal questions the investor should satisfy himself upon are the water supply and the legality of the bonds. The water supply should be passed upon by some irrigation engineer of experience and established reputa- tion, and the investor should satisfy himself that a re- liable authority has passed on the complete procedure leading up to and authorizing the issue of the bonds." One cannot deal with a subject of this Caution to kind from the banker's view point with- Buyers of out a word of caution. An old maxim Irrigation of conservative bond buyers is — "Bonds Bonds. should only be purchased from conserva- tive and reliable institutions." This is basicly true concerning irrigation bonds. Considering the income return as indicated by the general market for these securities there is no more attractive purchase among any bonds than the irrigation securities being offered the public. For this particular reason the in- vestor should stop and consider his security very care- fully. It would be impossible to conceive that every irriga- tion project in this Western country would be a suc- cess. As in all business ventures experience has proved that there must be a certain percentage of failures. There is also a tendency when a certain line of invest- ment is proving attractive to investors for the less re- sponsible and promotional institutions to take advantage of the public sentiment as a whole, and often securities will be brought to the public that are weak and do not even merit attention. In fact the older and better known institutions throughout the country are flooded today with unfeasible irrigation projects. And so the investor must look to his investment along this line as in every other line and the questions that he must ask are the following, and if each of these questions are not well answered he will do well to let the security in question alone. First — Is the water supply ample? Second — What is the effect of water on the land? Third — Where is the land located, has it a market for its crops, what are the railroad facilities? Fourth — Is the land already sold and owned by the people who will farm it, or is it subject to future coloniza- tion? Fifth — What is the character, reputation and experi- ence of the banking institution offering the bonds. If these questions are well answered there can be no doubt of the immense value in back of the bonds. In such instances the security will run from six to ten times the amount of the indebtedness represented by the bond issue. Surely this is ample protection to the investor. The investing public appear to have arrived at the position where they appreciate these values. It would seem that irrigation bonds were the investment opportunity of the East. Send $2.60 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 15 Notes on Practical Irrigation D. H. Anderson SOIL IN GENERAL. Its Formation, Characteristics and Uses — Fertility and Sterility. The mere planting of a seed in the ground is not sufficient to insure its growth or development into a useful or profitable plant. This fact is well known to everybody, but what is not so well known is, the reason or cause why a seed grows up into a vigorous plant cap- able of reproducing seed similar to the one from which it sprang, and how it does it. There are certain- elements which are essential to the growth of every plant, the development of every germ, for without them it cannot live; these are heat, light, air and moisture. A few grains of wheat discov- ered in the coffin of an Egyptian mummy after three or four thousand years' deprivation of the four essential ele- ments, were found inert, that is, they were not alive, neither were they dead, for upon giving them the essen- tials above referred to, the wheat sprang into life and produced a plentiful supply of grain. Still, notwithstanding the necessity of heat, light, air and moisture, plants cannot flourish without proper food. In this respect plants are similar to animals. Among animals there is no universal specified diet, some eating one kind of food, others another. We see many that eat flesh exclusively, others whose sole diet is insects. Cer- tain animals eat herbs and grass, others grain, and when we reach man we find an animal that will eat anything and everything; hence we call man "omnivorous." It is the same with plants, some devouring in their fashion a certain kind of food, some another, and so on all along the list. Plants are substantially like animals that possess a stomach; they eat and digest, absorb and assimilate the food they obtain. If the plant is not fur- nished with its proper food, or if it is prevented from obtaining it, it shrivels, droops, withers and dies just like an animal that starves to death. Plant Instinct for Food. There is another striking resemblance between plants and animals, which is the instinct and power 'to seek food. The plant being a fixture in the soil, cannot, of course, "prowl" about in search of food, but it throws out roots, fibers and filaments in every direction, its instincts reach- ing in the direction of food as surely and with as much certainly as the nose of an animal scents its prey of the eye of an eagle sees its quarry. Not only does the plant seek food beneath the surface of the earth, but it thrusts shoots, branches and leaves up into the atmosphere for the purpose of extracting nourishment there also. It is, however, from the soil that plants receive the principal supply of food necessary for their development, hence an acquaintance with its chemical and physical properties is important in helping us to understand the nutritive processes of plants and the operation of agri- culture. Volumes of books have been written on the general subject of agriculture, but they are more adapted to soils upon which falls sufficient rain to dissolve the salts neces- sary to produce a crop. In a book devoted to irrigation, the principles of agriculture and' the adaptation of the various elements of plant food in the soil are all the more important, as the water employed in irrigation — which is nothing but artificial rain — -is absolutely within the control of man, and not dependent upon meteorolog- ical uncertainties. One fact should, however, be con- stantly borne in mind by the practical irrigator, that pure water is absolutely sterile so far as plant food is con- cerned, and if poured upon a pure soil, which is also sterile, there can be no crop of any sort raised. A rem- edy for supplying a defect of plant food in irrigating water will be given in detail in another chapter, the scope of this chapter being limited to soils that contain plant food, or are arable, in which case the quality of the water is of secondary importance. Origin of Arable Soil. Arable soil owes its formation to the disintegration of minerals and rocks, brought about by mechanical and chemical agencies. The rock may be said to stand in about the same relation to the arable soil resulting from p its disintegration as the wood or vegetable fiber stands to what is called the humus resulting from its decay. To be fertile, however, the soil must contain disintegrated vegetable matter. There is no fertility in a heap of saw- dust, nor is there in a heap of powdered rock; indeed, the two might be combined and still remain sterile, it is only after both have been disintegrated by chemical or mechanical action that they become plant foods capable of nourishing and maintaining plant life. From this it results that soil consists of two grand divisions of elements: inorganic and organic. The in- organic are wholly mineral; they are the products of the chemical action of the metallic or unmetallic elements of rocks. They existed before plants or animals. Life has not called them into existence, nor created them out of simple elements. Yet these inorganic mineral elements of soil become part of plants, and under the influence of the principle of life they no longer obey chemical laws, but are parts of a living structure. Through the operation of the laws of the life of the plant, these mineral elements become organic and so continue until death comes and decay begins, when they return to their mineral form. Organic elements are the products of substances once endowed with life. This power influences the elements, recombines them in forms so essentially connected with life that they are, with few exceptions, produced only by a living process. They are the products of living organs, hence termed organic, and when formed, are subject to chemical laws. The number of elements in the inorganic parts of soil is twelve: Oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, silicon and the metals: potassium, sodium, cal- cium, aluminium, magnesium, irori and manganese. The number of elements in the organic parts of soil does not exceed four: Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and ni- trogen. The great difference between these two divisions is, that while the inorganic elements are combinations of two elementary substances, the organic are combinations of three or four elements, but never less than two. These three elements, however, are variously combined with the other elements to form salts which enter into the great body of vegetable products, in fact they are continually 1(5 THE IRRIGATION AGE. changing, the mere change of one element, or its ab- straction, forming a new product. It is this susceptibility to change and the constant assumption of new forms by vegetable products which is the foundation of tillage, and the essence of the knowledge of irrigation. How Plants Feed. We do not know and we may not understand what life is, nor how plants grow, but it is a knowledge which comes to the most superficial observer that all plants feed upon various substances their roots find in the soil, which substances are called "salts," and they are prepared for the uses of the plant by the action of organic matter on the inorganic or vice versa. That is to say, vegetable matter combines with decomposed rocks or minerals and forms a plant food without which the plant cannot live. We know as a fact that the silicates or rock elements and minerals or metallic salts compose all the earthy ingredients of soil, and are always found in plants, the ashes of any burned vegetable or plant showing this. But these silicates and salts do not make fertility in soil. Fertility depends on the presence in the soil of matter which has already formed a part of a living structure, organic substances, in fact. It is this matter which causes constant chemical changes in which lies the very essence of fertility. To make this quite clear, it will be sufficient to refer to the fertility in the valley of the Nile in Egypt, caused by the overflow of the river and the deposits, upon the silicates and minerals or metallic salts, which in plain language means the sands of the desert, of a layer of mud containing decomposed vegetable or organic matter. The consequence is, chemical action takes place and a rich harvest follows. The result would be the same in our arid plains, where the soil contains all the ingredients necesary to plant life, but the element of moisture to dissolve and unite them is absent. Here irrigation cre- ates fertility. The oxygen and the hydrogen in the water supplies the soil with the elements it lacks to manufacture plant food. Plants Induce Chemical Changes. There is a curious, not to say mysterious, fact con- nected with the transformation of the organic and inor- ganic elements in the soil into plant food, and that is, the chemical change does not take place except through the intervention or agency of the living plant itself. It is life that is necessary to the process and this life of the plant gives life to the inert elements around it. The mere presence of a living plant gives to the elements power to enter into new combinations, and then these com- binations occur in obedience only to the well-known, es- tablished, eternal laws of chemical affinity. If, on a dry day, a wheat or barley plant is care- fully pulled up from a loose soil, a cylinder of earthy particles will be seen to adhere like a sheath around every root fiber. This will be also noticed in the case of every plant. It is from these earthy particles that the plant derives the phosphoric acid, potash, silicic acid and all the other metallic salts, as well as ammonia. The little cylinders are the laboratories in which nature prepares the food absorbed by the plant, and this food is prepared or drawn from the earth immediately contiguous to the plant and its roots. This demonstrates the importance of the mechanical tillage of the ground. Cultivated plants re- ceive their food principally from the earthy particles with which the roots are in direct contact, out of a solution forming around the roots themselves. All nutritive sub- stances lying beyond the immediate reach of the roots, though effective as food, are not available for the use of the plants; hence the necessity of constant tillage, cul- tivation of the soil, to bring the nutrition in contact with the roots. Formation and Use of Earth Salts. A plant is not, like an animal, endowed with special organs to dissolve the food and make it ready for ab- sorption; this preparation of the nutriment is assigned to the fruitful earth itself, which in this respect discharges the functions performed by the stomach and intestines of animals. The arable soil decomposes all salts of pot- ash, of ammonia, and the soluble phosphates, and the potash, ammonia and phosphoric acid always take the same form in the soil, no matter from what salt they are derived. It is essential that these "salts," as they are called, should be understood, for without them there can be no fertility.' Unless these "salts" exist in a soil in certain quantities the organic elements, or what are known as "humic acids," are insoluble and cannot be absorbed into the plant through its roots, and so there can be no fruit or vegetble. Yet there is such a thing as an excess of these same salts, and then there is barrenness. A com- mon illustration of which may be seen in what are termed "alkali lands," which will be treated in detail in another chapter. To simplify an acquaintance with these various salts, we shall divide them into three general classes, depending upon the acids formed from them, all of them nutritious to plants. First — Carbonates. Second — Nitrates. Third — Phosphates. The carbonates compose a very large portion of the salts used in argriculture, and include limestone, marble, shells. These salts are set loose from the rock, that is the decomposed rock already alluded to, by the action of the living plant, and their business is to dissolve, or render soluble, the organic matter in the soil, so that the plant may absorb it through its roots. When there is an excess of these salts, or of lime or alkali, the organic mat- ter is rendered insoluble, that is, the plant cannot absorb it, and then the soil is barren. There are, however, cer- tain plants known as "gross feeders," which flourish in such soils, but of them more will be said in another chap- ter. The second class of nourishing salts is the nitrates, and includes saltpeter, nitrate of potash, nitrate of soda, and all composts of lime, alkali and animal matter. This class of salts produces ammonia which hastens the decay or decomposition of the organic matter, and prepares it for absorption. by the plant. All the nitrates act under the influence of the growing plant and yield nitrogen which is essential to its life, indeed, if there are any salts which can be called vegetable foods, they are the nitrates, and they hold the very first place among salts in agriculture. Fertilizers Contain Phosphates. The third class of plant nourishing salts is the phos- phates. They are found in bones, liquid manure, and in certain rocky formations which are abundant in the United States, and ground up, are largely used upon land to add to its fertility and increase the supply of plant food. (Continued on page 48.) THE IRKIGATION AGE. Thirty flillions of Acres Yet Reclaimable C. J. Blanchard, Statistician U. 5. Reclamation Service Within the last three years approximately three million acres have been added to the cultivable area of the United States by the Reclamation Service and large corporations engaged in reclaiming the desert. It is esti- mated, as a result of these activities, that not less than 30,000 families are now living on farms of their own in this new region, and probably an equal number of families are supported in the cities, towns and villages which have come into existence in the new agricultural districts. The work is still only hi its beginning. Conservative engineers have fixed the re- claimable area at thirty million acres. On the intensive system of farming which is the basis of being prac- to most of the people who dwell east of the Mississippi has suddenly come into promi- nence as a land of golden opportunities and a large influx of settlers has followed. An enormous amount of money has already been expended by the Government and by private enterprise to make habitable many fertile val- leys in the West. New communities are springing up in the arid states and territories so rapidly that it is difficult to keep pace with the development. An especially interesting and cheering phase of the growth of these communities is the splendid class of citizens who have established themselves in the new country. They are largely the young, vigorous and intelligent descendants of the pioneers of the Mississippi Finished Portion of Main Canal on Lower Yellowstone Project, Montana. ticed in the irrigated region, this vast area when watered will provide homes for a million families on the land. Another million will find homes and employment in the urban communities which spring up in the midst of the new farming country. Rapid as has been the development of the desert West, it has not kept pace with the increasing demand for homes. Notwithstanding the opening up to settlement of millions of acres of irrigated land and land adapted to dry farming, the undesirable efflux of our best citizens to Canada has continued. It is a most important function of the public press, and one which should not be neglected, to make known the almost unlimited opportunities in the West for homebuilders. The West which has remained so long terra incognita Valley who have been crowded out of the thickly settled agricultural districts by reason of the growth in popula- tion and the high price of farm lands. They represent the best and most progressive citizens of our country, and their coming to the West predicates the upbuilding in an incredibly short time of agricultural communities which will be as nearly ideal as can be found anywhere in the world. The Great American Desert is vanishing from our maps. It is being replaced by wide vistas of green fields and blossoming orchards. Across its broad bosom rail- roads and trolley lines are being extended, and cities, towns and villages are springing up. In its sunny atmos- phere an optimistic and energetic people have begun to 18 THE IRRIGATION AGE. erect their homes and to wrest prosperity and a future competence from a region long vacant and voiceless. To meet the steadily increasing demand for homes on the land, the Government is extending its irrigation works as rapidly as the funds will permit. On a few of the great projects there are farms remaining which are open to homeseekers under the liberal terms of the reclamation act. For the information of a very large class of home- seekers, a brief description of several of these large projects is appended. Shoshone Project, Wyoming. The lands in this project were opened to settlement an equable and healthful climate, a fertile soil adapted to a wide variety of crops, with coal and oil in the near neigh- borhood, and with excellent transportation facilities. This season's crops warrant the prediction that the Shoshone region will become in a short time one of the most pros- perous farming districts in the Northwest. New Settlers Clearing Land and Burning Sage Brush. on May 22, 1909, and are rapidly being taken up. About one hundred farms are still available. These farms, as a rule, are level, requiring no expense for clearing. They are near towns and within easy distance of the railroad. In size they range from 40 to 80 acres, depending upon nearness to towns. The farms have been platted in such Wheat Crop, Heikes & Skinner Ranch, Sun River Project, Montana. a manner that there are eight farm houses along each mile of the main highways, thus contributing to neighbor- liness and eliminating loneliness. In the brief period of four months the country has taken on an appearance of a suburban community. Here is a region possessing Shoshone Dam, General View of Dam Looking Up Stream, Shoshone Project, Wyoming. Huntley Project, Montana. Situated in the southern part of Montana, in a part of the valley of the Yellowstone where irrigation has been practiced successfully for many years, the Huntley project offers many advantages and attractions to the homeseeker and to all classes of professional and busi- ness men and mechanics. More than three hundred fami- lies are now established in homes on this project, several thousand acres have been put in crops, and the growth of the new towns is keeping pace with the agricultural development. With two transcontinental railroads trav- ersing the entire valley, no farm is more than two and one-half miles from a shipping station. Agricultural experts predict that apples and other hardy fruits will become important wealth producers in this section. All the crops of the North Temperate zone do well here. Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota and Nebraska have contributed some of the best blood and brains to the development of this project with exceedingly gratifying (Continued on page 52.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. 19 NORTHWEST OKLAHOMA WANTS IRRIGATION Delegates From Six Counties Ask State to Assist Private Irrigation Projects — Government Will Help. Stirred to action by the partial failure of crops in the past year and their consequent inability to place depend- ence upon the rainfall, land owners in the northwestern part of Oklahoma have framed an urgent appeal to United States reclamation officials for the commencement of irri- gation operations in that section of the state. Accredited delegates from several counties met at Woodward during October and held a convention tha.t for enthusiasm was characteristic of the west. Permanent organization was formed, resolutions were adopted, and in the spirit of positive action the convention framed a request to the governor for a special session of the legis- lature to provide proper irrigation laws and to assist in the railroad and the industrial development of that part of the state. It is predicted that because of peculiar po- litical conditions in Oklahoma the special session will be held. Aside from the accredited delegates there was a large attendance of farmers and citizens who were vitally in- terested in the projected work. It was pointed out, during the three days' speechmaking, that the state has no de- partment wherein affairs connected with irrigation might be investigated or controlled. The convention promptly framed a petition to the governor asking that a state irrigation engineer be appointed and that he be given an able staff of assistants. Permanent officers were elected as follows: Presi- dent, William Little of Harper county; vice-presidents, L. B. Lane of Woodward county, S. L. Lumptin of Ellis county, S. E. Thompson of Cimarron county, E. Lee Adams of Harper county and Hugh M. Bixby of Beaver county; secretary, E. L. Roberts of Texas county; treas- urer, C. A. Manns of Ellis county; delegate to the legis- lature, R. B. Quinn of Texas county. After the framing of resolutions requesting early ac- tion by the government toward the construction of irri- gation systems, and petitioning the legislature to pass laws under which private irrigators may outline and pros- ecute their operations, the Northwestern Oklahoma Irri- gation Congress, as the organization is known, adjourned to meet on March 10, 1910. Among the delegates registered at Woodward during the convention were the following: Cimarron county: W. T. Cleaton, Boise City; Wil- liam H. Guy, Kenton; H. E. Thompson, Garrett. Ellis county: James Shaw, Chancy; I. O. McCal- laugh, Gage; George B. Johnson, Supply. Harper county: Oscar H. Jones, Lelton; O. G. Har- per, Buffalo; E. J. Dick, Buffalo; J. R. Litz, Supply; C. W. Simmonds, Buffalo; A. S. Allison, Buffalo; E. Lee Adams, Buffalo; C. L. Torrance, Yelton; James Reckutt, Yelton; Sam Cooper, Kibby; G. B. Carpenter, Willard; Ed James, Yelton; E. B. Williams, Buffalo; J. A. Madison, Buffalo; J. E. Cooper, Kibby; L. T. Littrell, Buffalo; Sid Scovel, Fern; B. M. Thurman, Fern. Texas county: W. L. Roberts, J. S. Fisher, P. M. Hayne, Texhoma; John F. Allison, Texhoma; R. B. Quinn, L. B. Snead, C. E. Hunter, J. J. Flannigan, F. M. Bathao, E. J. Earl, J. L. Gleason. J. Breslin, J. W. Harris, J. H. Langston. all of Guymon. Roger C. Dahlhjelm President of Dahlhjelm Company. We are presenting in this issue a half-tone likeness of Mr. Roger C. Dahlhjelm, a well known irrigation pro- motor in the northwest. Mr. Dahlhjelm is a very young man to have achieved such great success as has come to him, being now twenty-nine years of age. His first ex- perience in the promotion of irrigation enterprises was in 1907 when he associated himself with Mr. Lewson Bassett, of the Columbian Canal Company, who is a well known capitalist of the Pacific Northwest. In that year Mr. Dahlhjelm came east to exploit the holdings of that com- pany, opening his first eastern land office in the spring of 1908. His success was immediate and his company sold within one year over $600,000 worth of irrigated land in the Columbia River Valley of Washington. During the R. C. Dahlhjelm. past summer Mr. Dahlhjelm became associated with the Lewiston Land and Water Company of Lewiston, Idaho, and placed on the eastern market their holdings, which is considered among those who know, one of the highest class orchard tracts in America, and he has been very suc- cessful in this new venture. Mr. Dahlhjelm's chain of offices are in most of the leading cities of the central and western states, comprising Seattle, Portland, Spokane, Winnepeg, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Des Moines, Ortonville, Duluth, Dunkirk, Lewiston, Clarkston, Springfield, Illinois; Frankfort, Kentucky, and Chicago. The Chicago office of this company is located in the Schiller building and is in charge of Mr. Richard S. Thain. The Dahlhjelm Company, as the new firm is known, will have an elaborate exhibit of the products of the Lewiston- Clarkston district at the Land and Irrigation Exposition, which is to be held in the Coliseum, November 20 to De- cember 4. 20 THE IREIGATION AGE. Irrigation Attracts Advertis- ing Expert Richard S. Thain, Nestor in Publicity Field, Joins Dahlh- jelm Company for Exploitation of Orchard Lands. Behind the mere statement that Richard S. Thain, a veteran in advertising experience and an acknowledged expert in matters relating to publicity methods and ex- ploitation, is about to devote his whole attention to the sale of western irrigation land, may be found a proof that the reclamation of arid lands is gradually assuming a prominent, even a dominant position in the commercial affairs of the nation. Mr. Thain, as proven by the high regard in which he is held by his colaborers in the advertising field, has gained for himself a reputation for aggressive, successful work. For more than forty-two years, in fact since present advertising methods have evolved from infancy to full maturity, Mr. Thain has maintained himself at the wave-top of the tide. His peculiar powers of inception and organization have brought to him not only the laurels Richard S. Thain. of success, but also a bank account of no mean propor- tions. Realizing the full magnitude of western reclamation work, the great field for exploitation to be found in the settlement of these millions of acres, and the financial re- turns to be gained by the agents who induce this coloniza- tion, Mr. Thain has prepared to enter the new field and, by applying the tested rule of experience, add another suc- cess to his record. In associating himself with the Dahlhjelm company, sales agents in the east for the Lewiston Land and Water company, of Lewiston, Idaho, Mr. Thain will become a part of an organization that has already gained an envia- ble name. The company, under the direction of Mr. Dahlhjelm, has already brought to successful conclusion numerous campaigns for sale of irrigated lands. By the inauguration of new methods and his steadfast policy in accepting the sales management for only those proj- ects in which he places his personal confidence, Mr. Dahlhjelm has gained a high place in the commercial affairs of the middle west. Owing to the rapid accumulation of work and the steadily increasing demand for the services of his sales machine, Mr. Dahlhjelm has called to his assistance an expert in the advertising field and it can be safely pre- dicted that this powerful combination shall become a most potent force in the development of the west. It is announced that Mr. Thain will take charge of the Chicago branch for the Dahlhjelm company, thus re- lieving Mr. Dahlhjelm of active work at one of his agen- cies and allowing him to give greater attention to affairs in the western field. At a recent complimentary dinner, given to Mr. Thain by his associates in Chicago, several speakers of national reputation took the occasion to commend him for the integrity and inviolable elements of character that had led to past success. The esteem in which he is held was indicated by the following from the pen of Seth Brown, editor of the Commercial Union: "To be able to maintain for so long a period a steady, uninterrupted and beneficent bearing is indeed a grand accomplishment. There is a goodness about Mr. Thain which is not dependent upon his advertising qualifica- tions. It goes beyond the knowledge of the technique of his business. "Those of us who have enjoyed his personal acquaint- ance know what kind of a man he is. During his forty- two years of service in the advertising field of Chicago there has not been one false note to disturb the harmony of his life. There is a satisfaction and profit in the kindly consideration of other men's feelings which possi- bly has never been more perfectly emphasized than in the life of Richard Thain. "So far as is known Mr. Thain has made no enemies either in a business or a social way. Possibly there is no advertising man in the United States who enjoys a broader acquaintance among the important men of the business than does Mr. Thain. He enjoys the personal confidence of Mr. Cyrus Curtis of the "Ladies' Home Journal," and in fact with every publisher with whom he was associated." In company with Mr. Dahlhjelm and other repre- sentatives of the Dahlhjelm company, Mr. Thain recently made an extended visit to the irrigated orchard lands at Lewiston, Idaho, and Clarkston, Wash., of which the company has already made heavy sales. Upon his re- turn he assumed his work in the Chicago offices of his company at 1206 Schiller building. NEW HARVESTER MAGAZINE. One of the newsiest and brightest of class journals to appear at the exchange desk in the offices of the Irriga- tion Age, is The Harvester World, a magazine issued under direction of the International Harvester Company of America. It is announced that in subsequent issues of the publication, will appear articles on the development of agricultural methods, general news of the trade and other matters of interest to the farm machine industry. The initial number is especially attractive and contains numerous sketches and photographs. THE IKRIGATION AGE. UNDEVELOPED EMPIRE The most accessible lands and those that could be most easily farmed were naturally entered by the Home- seeker m the west, before any great effort was made to establish homes in the regions where natural obstacles are greater. The agricultural lands of Wyoming present some difficulties to those who desire to establish homes within the borders of the state. However, when these difficulties are overcome the lands increase in value more rapidly than they do where conditions seem more favor- able to settlement. A greater variety of crops can be grown in a region where the topography of the surface embraces plains, hills and mountains. The various re- sources surrounding the agricultural districts build up in- dustries which provide a first-class permanent market for all farm products. No state in the union contains varied resources in as great an extent as does Wyoming. These have been untouched until recently on account of a lack of transportation facilities. Following the recent construc- tion of railroad lines, much development has begun which would otherwise have been very slow if not impossible. Wyoming still remains an undeveloped empire, having a total area of 97,890 square miles, of which 10,000,000 acres will ultimately be irrigated. Wyoming stands in the front rank among her sister states in educational facilities, and in its low per cent of illiteracy. The topography of the state is as varied as are its resources. Within its boundaries are 10,000,000 acres of timber lands, 48,000,000 acres of land that will ultimately be devoted to agricul- ture and live stock pursuits. There are fully 20,000 square miles of the state underlaid with coal. Hundreds of car- loads of iron ore are shipped each day from the mines in northern Laramie county. While Wyoming has an elevation of 6,000 feet above the sea level, yet the climate is mild, the mean temperature being 44 degrees. Severe storms are not frequent in the winter, and the ground is generally dry during. that season, and only covered with snow at intervals. It is possible to ride a bicycle or drive an automobile during practically the entire year except in the mountain districts. Wyoming already stands first in so far as the wool and sheep industry are concerned. In addition to the opportunities for the investment of capital in many in- dustries other than farming, Wyoming offers the best advantages to the homesteader. The varied scenery of the state attracts thousands of tourists each year, and as transportation facilities improve many localities possessing special points of interest will be accessible to those who travel for the purpose of studying the beauties of nature. Wyoming has an assessed valuation of $200,000,000 The Dam of the La Prele Irrigation Company, Near Douglas, Wyoming. It Is Now Completed and Is 135 Feet High. Will Store Enough Water for 25,000 Acres. and a population of from 130,000 to 150,000 people. The per capita wealth of its citizens is perhaps higher than any other state. Although the state has made provision Shell Creek Canal in Big Horn County on Which Construction Has Recently Been Finished. for the care of paupers, yet these institutions are but little used, because pauperism is almost unknown. Wyoming (Continued on page 52.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. French Land and Irrigation Co. French, Colfax County, N. M. Irrigation System Is Substantially Constructed — Colfax County Orchards Have Produced for Thirty Years — Oat and Millet Yields Heavy — Sugar Beets Contain High Percent of Saccharine Juice — Active Local De- mand for Vegetables — French Land and Irrigation Company Plans More Irrigation Work. In August, 1907, this company purchased from the W. S. Land and Cattle Company 51,000 acres of land in Colfax county, New Mexico, and immediately began pre- liminary surveys preparatory to putting in a thoroughly modern and up to date irrigation system. The system when completed will consist of seven large reservoirs, with a capacity of 64,500 acre feet. The water to supply these large reservoirs is drawn from the Cimarron and Vermejo rivers and their tributaries, which drain an area of nearly 1,500,000 acres of mountain land immediately adjoining the tract. The irrigation system is considered by experts to be one of the best and most thoroughly constructed in the west and fully equal to the best work done by the United States government. The demand for the lands of this company being so great, in July, 1909, they purchased 74,000 acres more adjoining their first holdings, being the balance of the tract owned by the W. S. Land and Cattle Company. Of this latter purchase about 35,000 acres will be irrigated, els per acre. Large crops of millet have been raised and the value of these first year's crops have in some instances been sufficient to pay for one-half the purchase price of the land. The second crop to be raised by these farmers in the year 1910 will be sufficient to pay for the entire purchase price of the land. Where alfalfa grows successfully it clearly demonstrates the fertility of the soil. It is nature's guarantee that the soil is good. The semi-arid country of the southwest is the natural home of alfalfa. Nowhere else does it grow to so good an advantage and become so rich in the singular fattening qualities that has given it so well earned a reputation. Alfalfa is one of the leading products of this valley. It yields from five to seven tons per acre yearly and the local demand insures a good price. Fifty dollars to sixty dollars per acre is the ordinary value of a year's crop of alfalfa in this locality, and as the country develops this amount will be increased instead of diminished. When the expense of caring for and placing on the market of this crop is considered the net amount received from al- falfa land is perhaps greater than any other crop, except- ing fruit. The sugar beet is another crop that promises much to the farmer. This county has taken numerous prizes on her sugar beets, judged by the percentage of sugar and the purity of the juice. Tests made at the sugar beet factories and by the United States government at Wash- ington show that the beets raised in Colfax county con- tain several per cent more sugar than those from any other state. The standard price paid by the factories at the rail- road in this county is $5.00 per ton, which is the same price paid at the factory, the expense of freight being Views on the French Land and Irrigation Company's Project, \ew Mexico. the remainder consisting of rolling land suitable for pas- turage and timber land in the mountains covered with an excellent quality of merchantable pine timber. The soil on this tract is a dark chocolate loam, rich in all the chemicals necessary to produce the best quality of alfalfa, grains, vegetables and fruits. Colfax county is the best apple country known in the ! United States. Orchards have produced in abundance for over thirty years without a failure. The perfect climatic conditions, the large number of sunshiny days to mature the fruit and the absence of in- sects all assist in bringing it to the highest stage of de- velopment. In appearance they have a ripe, rich, red tint and perfect form, that make them a marvel of beauty, and possess a peculiar flavor that cannot be surpassed. Apples from this district took first prize at the Buffalo Exposition. Owing to these conditions, that do not exist elsewhere in the United States, the apple is the best paying com- mercial fruit crop, but all kinds of small fruits grow in abundance. Cherries and plums are a safe and profitable crop and the pear and quince yield abundantly. While this tract of land has only been recently opened for sale, there have been upwards of 6,000 acres broken up and seeded to grain and millet during the season of 1903. The results obtained by new settlers working under all the adverse conditions that must of necessity come to them in settling upon and opening up a new farm, the results obtained have been wonderful. Oats have been grown on these new farms, newly broken up in the spring of 1909, that have yielded from fifty to seventy-five bush- paid by the factory, owing to the superior quality of the beets. The average yield per acre is from fifteen to thirty tons. It costs about $30.00 per acre to raise them, and taking the smaller average of fifteen tons per acre, the net profit would be $45.00. The local demands from the cities, ranches and mining camps furnish a market for vegetables that is constantly growing and insures a profitable market for this kind of produce for all time to come. New Mexico has never yet been able to produce a sufficient Quantity of edibles for her people and has had to depend on neighboring states for her supply. Celery, tomatoes, rhubarb and asparagus are especially fine, and cantaloupes and water melons cannot be beaten anywhere. Cabbages and cauliflower grow to an immense size, frequently weighing from twenty to twenty-five pounds each. As an instance of what the ordinary farmer can do raising vegetables for the market, Mr. E. L. Gorham, for- merly of Rockford, 111., now residing near French, and a recent settler on these lands, raised on one and one- fourth acres newly broken in the spring of 1909, 130 bush- els of Mexican beans. The market price at the stores in French, N. M., for this product is now 4 cents per pound. At this price his one and one-fourth acres netted him nearly $300.00. This result as well as other estimates made in this article is not unusual, being only what any farmer may do one year with another by careful and intelligent man- agement. (Continued on page 45.) THE IEKIGATION AGE. Land of Pone 1 CLUd Home of an Ancient Civilization, Antedating the White Race — Rich in Historic Interest — Curious Rites of Present Day Taosans Baffle Inquiry — Irrigation Prac- tised in Remote Age — Ranchos Orchard & Land Com- pany Introduces New Methods — Valley Proves Its Richness by Grain, Stock and Fruit Yields. — A valley so rich in archaeological interest that it has contributed more facts to the "study of the ancient Ameri- can peoples than any other section of the United States. — Scenery whose sublimity exalts the mind and in- spires mankind with a lowliness and contentment in the contemplation of the mighty works of the creation. — Climatic conditions that bar disease, promote lon- gevity and give to humans a virility and energy far surpass- ing that of the dweller in cities or lowlands. valley had reached the zenith of its glory and had passed to the decline. As the army of white men approached the western mountains it was convulsed by strife and turmoil. When the first fair skinned intruder gazed upon ;he peaceful valley its peoples had diminished, its struc- tures had decayed, its institutions had faded into the great past from which there was no recall. Yet there remains today in the valley of the Taos the gaunt and silent sentinels of a by-gone race. The native engineer has left his mark upon the landscape. Here are the homes of his ancestors and his progeny, the pueblos with their impregnable walls reared with methodi- cal exactness. Away in the valley are the fruits of his constructive skill, the canals and ditches by which he carried water to the parched acres. His was a crude yet a wonderful skill, for he knew no precedent and he created an art. But in this wreck of a nation, this relic of another world, there remains one connecting link betwen the old and the new. Each year, at a given time, the Taosans gather in secret conclave for mysterious rites and cere- monies into which the Gentile may not so much as inquire. for the secrets of his people are guarded as faithfully by the Indian as are the Masonic rites of today. Old settlers Pueblo of the Taos Indians. These Structures Have Endured for Hundreds of Years and Are Still Occupied by the Last of a Once Powerful Race. — Soil, impregnated with plant foods and eager to yield up its bounty at the magic touch of water, from which it has been withheld for hundreds, perhaps thou- sands of years. Such is the valley of the Taos. Isolated from modern civilization by almost impassable barriers, it escaped the eye of the prospector and the rancher alike until within the past decade. While the white man was slowly push- ing his way westward from the narrow chain of colonies along the Atlantic coast, the Taos valley of New Mexico enjoyed a culture and a civilization unknown to any other section of ancient America. Long before Jamestown had been founded the Taos residing in the valley, declare their inability to gather even a farthing of understanding from the stoical Indian. Neither his cupidity nor his friendships will tempt the Taosan to divulge the secrets of his honored customs. Ethnologists are baffled in their attempts to gain a crumb of information upon which to base an assumption. It is asserted, and there is reason for the belief, that the present descendants of the race know not of the import of their ceremonies and that it is only the superstitious belief in the ancestral custom that prevents abolishment. Whether or not this surmise is correct, it is predicted that the last survivor of the race will carry his secrets to the grave. 24 THE IREIGATION AGE. From the site of this ancient seat of learning there now springs a new civilization founded upon the pulsating energy of a white race. Already the valley of the Taos has been reclaimed from its dilapidation and decay. New towns and villages are assuming form. The modern im- plement, the modern method, and, greatest of all, the modern brain are developing this valley into an earthly Elysium. Fields are being reclaimed from long aridity, substantial construction, based upon more modern lines, is supplanting the old canals; thousands instead of hun- dreds of acres are smiling under their loads of fruit and grains. To the Ranches Orchard & Land Company, headed by A. L. Barker, of Hopkinton, Iowa, must be given acre of ground under the company's control has been purchased." When asked as to the progress of construc- tion work, he said: "Within a few weeks we will be able to place on the market a tract of about 7,500 acres into which we are now completing a ditch about eight miles long. We also contemplate the construction of a ditch from the Ranches Where Kit Carson Made His Home in Taos Valley. much of the credit for the development of lands in the Taos valley and the rapid growth of the various communities within this district during the past few years. Until this company, whose officials were confident of the success of their project, had invested large sums of money to car- ry water to fields distant from the Pueblo river, there was a comparatively small part of the valley under cultivation. But since the date of the company's initial operations the growth has been steady and rapid. Nearly 10,000 acres of land have been reclaimed by the Ranches Orchard & Land Company, but its operations had been conducted so quietly and with so little effort at publicity that the eastern world knew nothing of its rapid work. At- tracted by the rumors of peace and plenty in a valley far removed from railroads, numerous travelers made the journey only to become enamored of the climate, the scenery and the general air of good cheer and contentment, and, finally, to settle upon the fertile acres for a life of seren- ity and comfort. But with the influx of the more com- mercially inclined, the valley has begun a boom which promises to make it the greatest orcharding district in the United States. Scientific methods have been in- troduced in a manner and on so exten- sive a scale that a few years must bring an enormous production of tree fruits. "We need little advertising," said President Barker during a recent visit in Chicago. "Taos lands and prod- ucts are doing more publicity work for our company than might be gained from a thousand columns of newspaper space. Settlers on the Ranches Orchard & Land Com- pany's tracts are satisfied, yes, more than satisfied, they are enthusiastic. Their personal letters to their friends or relatives in the east or the middle west have brought a steady stream of buyers into the valley. Nearly every Group of Citizens of Taos Valley, including Indian. river to reclaim about 2,500 acres, although this work is now just beginning. There are nearly 300,000 acres of irrigable land in the Taos valley and the company will continue its work until 30,000 families are supplied with homes and the present towns and villages shall grow to thriving cities." Engineers' Camp on Property of the Ranchos Orchard & Land Co. Investors in the Taps orchard lands are strong in their praise of this locality. They point to the fact that in some of the parts where irrigation has been practised for many years there is no record of even a partial failure of the fruit crop. The attention of experts in apple growing has been directed to this valley and it is recorded that numerous easterners of means have purchased large tracts upon which to grow apples and peaches for an exclusive eastern demand. These heavy producers have THE IRRIGATION AGE. 25 Presbyterian Church, Ranches, Taos Valley. and water contribute to the success of these industries. Live stock raising is yet an impor- tant industry although the higher returns from ground cultivation has detracted from its former prominence in the valley. Hog cholera is unknown as are many of the other ailments to which stock in eastern communities is liable. In the direction of new industries and better means of transportation the Taos valley looks with satisfaction at the de- velopments of the past year. The St. Louis, Rocky Mountain & Pacific Rail- road has constructed its line to within a few miles of Taos and it is confidently predicted that this work will be completed within a twelfth-month. It is anticipated that through this easier method of en- trance large numbers of settlers will be induced to investigate the lands. It is also probable that the Denver & Rio Grande will shortly begin construction of a line through this district. Local commercial organizations, aid- ed by the Ranches Orchard & Land Com- pany, are rapidly closing negotiations for the various industries required to utilize the sugar beets, grain and live stock with- out the expense of shipment to distant points. Aided by the demand for manu- factured supplies the retail interests in towns and villages are rapidly expanding sent experts to plant and cultivate the growing orchards and from their methods an(j increasing in number. The mechanic the less experienced settlers are enabled to gather many valuable facts, and in- and artisan finds a ready market for his formation that shall result in maximum crops. C. E. Watson, of Chicago, has re- cently visited the valley on a tour of inspection to the 1,280 acres of orchard planted this year under his direction. He is optimistic as to the future and states that the crops throughout the entire val- ley are giving most bountiful harvests this year. When it is considered that Mr. Watson is not only an expert in the grading of apples and has backed his long experience by buying Taos lands, hi1.' that he is also investing more than a quarter of a million of dollars in his ranch, t must be admitted by the most skeptical that fruit lands in this section give prom- ise of lucrative returns. For those settlers who find them- selves unable to await the products from the orchard, because of limited finances, the market for garden truck, potatoes, small fruits and vegetables gives promise of speedy returns upon investment. Prices for produce are high, due to the demand not only from residents of villages within the valley, but also from those districts surrounding where agriculture is impos- sible. Peas, potatoes, corn, oats, barley and alfalfa give large yields and the small farmers are enabled to market readily and without heavy expense of transportation. Reports of wheat yields show from fifty to sixty bushels, weighing from fifty to sixty-five pounds, and of a quality that creates a ready market. Aside from earth products, there are other important industries in the valley. N'o more favorable conditions can be found for bee culture, poultry raising or dairying. Returns upon money so invested, as shown by actual re- sults, are beyond the most optimistic conceptions of eastern producers. Almost continuous sunshine, a lux- uriant growth of grasses and flowers, and both pure air Mexican Ranch, Rancho:. services in the construction of business and residence build- ings. Manager Joe B. Warner, who has charge of the Den- ver office for the Ranches Orchard & Land Company, and who is manager for the company at Taos, has lately returned from a trip of inspection to determine what steps may be taken to hasten the company's construction work and thereby to increase the acreage available for cultiva tion. In a letter dated at the Denver office, 625 Common- wealth building, he states that all crops in the Taos valley will be above the normal this year and that farmers and citizens alike are enjoying the fruits of great prosperity. THE IRRIGATION AGE. Fountain Valley Land and Irrigation Company An Attractive Project Near Colorado ^Springs, Colo. Lying in a country that is already famed throughout the nation as a health resort, and to which benevolent and fraternal organizations send their stricken and suffering members for rejuvenation and recreation, the Fountain valley district of Colorado promises brimming health to every purchaser of land within its sheltered precincts. Fertility of the land under irrigation is unquestioned. Proofs have been and are given by reports of fruit and grain crops each year. It is a place where health is a heritage, wealth may be easily accumulated, and enjoy- ment is but the natural product of right life. Land immediately tributary to the Fountain river has been cultivated under irrigation for many years ; in fact, some of the smaller ditches and water-rights along the Fountain in this vicinity were installed and in operation many years be- fore larger projects, which have recently become so well known, were thought of. A Colorado Onion Crop. The soil in this valley is rich, deep, well drained, has a good sub-soil and is free from stones and alkali. Another feature of importance is that there is no heavy brush to clear from it. It is easily plowed and cultivated, and the surface is smooth and can be irrigated with very little effort. Some years ago the Fountain Valley Land & Irrigation Company was organized to water lands higher up than the main stream level, which would take in extensive reaches of productive land lying on mesas and hillsides at and near the town of Fountain. Construction work was carried on, reservoirs built, and all of this work has been duly accepted by the state engineer of Colorado, and the engineering features, including water rights and water supply have been certified by one of the leading engineering concerns in the world, Arnold & Co., of Chicago. Water in abundance is stored in these reservoirs at flood time of the stream, and recent reports from there state that it has been found necessary to cut the water off from the main reservoir, as it was then so full that there was fear of injury being done to the dam. This is mentioned merely to illustrate that there is sufficient water to supply for the total acreage of something like 24,000 acres. . The seasonableness and adaptability to crops and fruits have been certified to by such authorities as Hon. W. S. Co- burn, President of the Colorado State Board of Horticulture, who personally visited this land early in 1909. Products from the Fountain Valley find ready market at high prices throughout the state. It is said that Fountain Val- ley alfalfa brings nearly double the price to be secured in any other irrigated district, due to the strong local demand for feed in the mining country adjacent. Six large railways enter Colorado Springs, and all of the lines between Denver and Pueblo pass through or adjoin the Fountain Valley lands. It is said that there are one hundred passenger trains which run through Fountain, in either direc- tion, every twenty-four hours. The climatic and scenic features of this particular section are world renowned, being in close proximity, some of the land lying as close as three miles from the limits of Colorado Springs, and the majority of it lying within ten miles of that An Alfalfa Field near Fountain, Colorado, June 9, 1909. delightful health resort indicates what may be expected in the way of climate. The air is particularly pure, with reports to show that there are over 300 days of sunshine in each year. It is probable that more people have been benefited by the wholesome atmosphere in and around Colorado Springs than in any similar area in the United States. The schools and social features are unexcelled. At Colo- rado Springs, near by, may be found colleges, while the high school at Fountain is one of the best in the west. When one examines the reservoirs on the Fountain Valley The two views on the left show Main Supply Canal; view on the right, Water Flowing into Reservoir No. 2, Fountain, Colorado. lands, stored with water from the great Pikes Peak water shed, he does not question the fact that there is sufficient water to supply all the needs of this tract for all time to come. The quality of the water rights, the sufficiency of the supply, the construction of the system and of engineering fea- tures have been favorably passed on by one of the most cele- brated engineering concerns in the world, the Arnold Company, as above stated. President Coburn has gone on record concerning the soil of this section and the location in the following words : THE IRRIGATION AGE. "My closer examination of the soils and location yester- day only confirm my former opinion that these features of the Fountain Valley district are equal to the best in Colo- rado. The irrigation system seems to be all that is claimed for it. I found the big supply canal from the Fountain river Home with Apple Trees in Fountain. Full of Fruit June, 1909. running with water, and the two reservoirs, dams, etc., impress me quite favorably. "In conclusion, I would say that with proper irrigation and above advice adhered to, all settlers in the Fountain Val- ley district should do as well as in any part of Colorado. In some respects you combine advantages here which are prob- ably not equalled elsewhere. You are fortunate in being supplies from the Greeley district through Denver on the north or from the Arkansas valley through Pueblo on the Grammar and High School Building in Fountain, Colorado. south, or from other more remote points, compelling prices for products greater than any other in the state. However, Fountain Valley can successfully compete in the markets of Denver and Pueblo, as the latter is only 31 miles south by four lines of railway, and Denver is only 75 in close to the mountains, and in touch with the best mar- kets of Colorado, besides the excellent schools, social advan- tages, etc. With the splendid quality and good variety of your soils, free from alkali, stones and brush to clear, all you need for the highest success is proper irrigation." Probably in no one thing is the superiority of Fountain Valley so pronounced as in its markets. Colorado Springs, Manitou, Cripple Creek, Victor, Colorado City (points directly connected) and other important mountain markets to which Colorado Springs is the gateway, such as Leadville, serve altogether a population of about 200,000 people, besides the annual gathering of tourists, which is estimated at 150,000 people. Aside from Fountain Valley these places must draw their miles north of Colorado Springs by five lines of railway. For example, alfalfa in the stack usually brings $10.00 to $11.00 per ton in Fountain Valley Springs. By delivering at Colorado Springs, within hauling distance, a much larger price is ob- tained, the figures often running as high as $16.00 to $18.00 per ton. Comparing with prices in other noted irrigated districts of Colorado, it will be found that these figures are about double the average market prices in the best of them. There is a sugar beet dump at Fountain where beets may be delivered at the same price, $5.00 per ton, as at anil factory in Colorado. Fountain Valley beets have taken first state prizes for both quality and yield per acre. Poultry and eggs are profitable products in Fountain Val- ley. The market for them in Colorado Springs is one of the best in the United States. Gateway to the Garden of the Gods at Colorado Springs and View of Pike's Peak, near Fountain, Colorado. Cripple Creek, the greatest gold mining camp in the world, is near Colorado Springs, connected by the famous Short Line Railway, the finest scenic route in the world, Switzerland not excepted. Secretary Craig, of the Colorado State Commercial Asso- ciation, has prepared figures showing average yield and prices of fruit and crops in Colorado. It shows that the average gross yield of cherries is 1,500 per acre, plums $750 per acre, apples $500 per acre and peaches $425 per acre. President Coburn of the State Board of Horticulture strongly recommends navy beans as a profitable field crop for Cathedral Spires in the Garden of the Gods at Colorado Springs. Fountain Valley. He considers that farmers should make from $75.00 to $100.00 per acre. They can be cultivated as easily as corn and will yield three or four times as much. They will yield as much as sugar beets and one man can cul- tivate two or three times as much. THE IERIGATION AGE. Domestic water is usually found in Fountain Valley from season. We already have a man on the grounds laying plans 40 to 80 feet deep. It is soft and of excellent quality and wells are easy to bore. for the erection of a substantial cement farm house and barns, with covering for machinery, etc. A well will be sunk soon for Good domestic coal is mined near Fountain within easy domestic purposes. It is our intention to publish from time hauling distance. Price at mine never exceeds $2.00 per ton. to time a report of the development of our work on this Young Cherry Orchard in Fountain, Colorado. Full of Fruit, June, 1909. Alfalfa Field near Fountain, Colorado. Water Ditch in Foreground. A Yard of Colorado Potatoes. Homes in Fountain, Colorado. Fruit Trees Loaded with Fruit June 1909. Apple Orchard in Fountain, Colorado. Full of Young Fruit June, 1909. Local prices of lumber and all materials and other mer- chandise at Fountain and Colorado Springs compare favor- ably with prices in the central states. The editor of THE IRRIGATION AGE has recently purchased a tract of land near Fountain which may be seen on the map shown in these pages, and is preparing to crop it next Shaded Road in Fountain, Colorado, June, 1909. ranch, which we trust will be interesting to our readers. Ad- ditional information, with illustrated literature concerning this section, may be obtained by addressing W. C. Johnston, President Fountain Valley Land and Irrigation Company, Colorado Springs, Colo., or The Pearsons Wilhite Company, 181 La Salle street, Chicago. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 29 K -i CARDEK OE THE GODS j COLORADO / SPRINGS DUDOU DDDDrtODDL C DRAINAGE AREA Head Gates PROJECT OF FOUNTAIN VALLEY I A LAND & IRRIGATION CO ^TT TOTAL AREA I7OOOACR6S 7 rourpT/MN VALUE r RES. IRRIGATION AGE MODEL FARM TI4S. T.I5S. Ties FOUNTAIN VALLEY LAND AND IRRIGATION COMPANY. The illustration above shows the location of the Fountain Valley Land and Irrigation Company's project near Colo- rado Springs, Colorado. The Editor of IRRIGATION AGE has purchased fifty acres under this system and will improve it as rapidly as possible. It is his intention to erect a comfortable cement house and barn this season. The entire fifty acres has been broken, leveled and sowed to oats this year. All work and improvements on this ranch will be illustrated and described in these columns from time to time. Many eastern and central states people have purchased land under this system. The climate of this section is equal to that of any in the world. For additional information address Fountain Valley Land & Irri- gation Co., Colorado Springs, or Pearsons & Wilhite Co., 181 La Salle St., Chicago, 111. 30 THE IEKIGATION AGE. Scientific Horticulture at Lew- iston Idaho The earlier orchards that were planted in the north- western country were handled on the principle that man would plant and God would do the rest. Every grower tried to get as many trees on an acre of ground as he could and he tried also to get a crop as early as possible and pruning was conspicuous by its absence. Spraying was early known to be essential, but due to faulty plant- ing and faulty pruning it was not effective. The advance in years and knowledge changed all this, but changed it in individuals and not as a whole. The great fruit districts contained hundreds of owners who have developed horti- culture to a science, but hundreds also who handle their properties in the bygone ways. Every district contains the anomaly of first-class prop- erty immediately in contact with an orchard which would shame the grower of thirty years ago. It is not infre- quently known that orchards have been sold at prices varying from $1,500 to $3,500 an acre, when the orchard alongside has failed to market at $500 an acre, the trees being ai equal age and the varieties the same. The dif- ference is due, of course, to the amount of profit derived from one and from the other, and the sole reason of the one being profitable and the other unprofitable is due to the good horticultural care on the one hand and the lack of it on the other. That district which lies at the junction of the Snake and Clearwater rivers, immediately in the suburbs of the city of Lewiston, Idaho, has inaugurated a system of hor- ticultural care which is a radical step in the evolutionary process of fruit growing, and this district, unsatisfied to have only a percentage of first-class properties, has con- ceived it to be possible to make of every orchard a tech- nically perfect property. They have engaged the services of a man who was recently professor of horticulture at the University of California and have given into his hands the domination of the district from a horticultural standr point. Those who purchase are compelled to sign a con- tract by which they agree that their property will be cultivated and cared for in a horticultural like and thrifty manner, thus delegating into the hands of a horticultural • expert the superintendence of their properties. It will not be uninteresting to indicate briefly who was chosen, after persistent examination of the capability of many, for the position of horticultural adviser in the Lewiston country. To that end follows a quotation from a bulletin which is one of a series continuously issued by the Lewiston Orchards Company. "The company has employed Prof. E. H. Twight, re- cently from the University of California, to direct its hor- ticultural work at Lewiston. His time will be devoted to the general supervision of the planting and care of all fruit properties in Lewiston orchards, and to experimental work and lecturing, with a view to developing the orchard system of the valley in the most perfect manner, to the end that all orchards within the company's district may receive expert care. Prof. Twight will personally inspect each orchard from time to time and render a report, to- gether with his recommendations, to the owner. "Prof. Twight took the B. S. degree at the National University of France at Montpelier, after which he spent three years in the College of Agriculture at that institu- tion, taking the degree of agricultural engineer. During his technical course he traveled extensively through the vineyard districts of France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Spain and Algeria. After graduating he came to Canada for the Canadian government, and for two years exam- ined lands and locations, after which he was sent by the British government to Australia for the purpose of experting vineyards. On returning to this country a year later he was employed by the California Wine Associa- tion in the capacity of chemist and consulting expert in viticulture, and was then called by the University of California to the position of assistant professor of hor- ticulture, where he remained for five years. "In writing the company concerning Prof. Twight, Prof. E. J. Wickson, dean and director of the College of Agriculture at the University of California, states as fol- lows: " 'Mr. E. H. Twight is a thoroughly trained man in the viticulture of Europe and of California, understanding the grape from the choice of the land to the manufacture of the products. He is also trained in collateral studies and is what the French would call a qualified agricultural engineer. His work with us was very satisfactory, and I should consider him well qualified for the undertaking which you have in hand.' " 'The company is able to get the services of Prof. Twight because he desires to associate himself with the practical development of commercial orchards and be- lieves that the Lewiston field offers superior advantages for successful orcharding and vine culture.' " Prof. Twight has instituted an organization of in- spection from the selection of nursery stock to the com- pleted orchard. So complete in details has his system become that an owner of an orchard property living in the east can receive from him reports as to just the condition of the property at any time during the season. Periodically, whether requested or not, the owners of property are sent a statement as to what work has been done and the condition of the property. The result of Prof. Twight's work has already demon- strated itself to the satisfaction of everyone concerned. In all the Lewiston orchard tracts there is scarcely a property from a horticultural standpoint which is not technically perfect. Those which are less well handled are those which are cared for entirely by their owners, and even these, under the advice of Prof. Twight, are better properties than the average of any district in the west. The Dahlhjelm Company of Lewiston, Idaho, will be glad to give further information to anyone who will write them. NORTHWESTERN IRON HEADGATES. The old fashioned wooden headgate will soon be a thing of the past in up-to-date irrigation districts. Water is becoming too valuable to be trusted to leaking, warping, swelling wooden headgates that wash out when the farmer needs the water for his crops. When an irrigation system is equipped with iron headgates that are absolutely water tight, the water they save more than pays for them, and the farmer under the system does not have to worry about his water when he wants it. C. D. Butchart, 501 Mercantile building, Denver, Colo., specialist in headgates and inventor and manufacturer of Northwestern iron headgates, has perfected iron gates which can be adapted to any size reservoir, ditch or lateral, and they are being used in the best irriga- tion systems in the country. Irrigation engineers, irrigators and those interested in the building of irrigation systems should write to him at once for a copy of his latest illustrated catalogue, giving full particulars about Northwestern Iron Headgates. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 31 Government Reclamation Service to Date Edmund T. Perkins, Engineer in Charge, Chicago Office The National Reclamation Act, and the work of the Reclamation Service under it, have become familiar topics to most of the readers of the IRRIGATION AGE through the large amount of publicity which has been given through its columns to this work of the Gov- ernment within the past few years. It is be- lieved, however, that a statement at this time of the progress made on the various projects and the work of the recently-established Set- tlement Bureau in Chicago will be of sufficient interest to justify its publication. On June 17, 1902, the Reclamation Act was made a law by the signature of President Roosevelt, stance of this act was that all moneys received from the Main Canal, Mesa Project, Arizona. sale and disposal of public lands in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wyoming, beginning with the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, including the surplus of fees and commissions in excess of allowances to regis- ters and receivers, and excepting five per centum of these amounts which is set aside for educational and other pur- poses, be set aside and appropriated as a special fund in tne treasury to be known as the "reclamation fund," to be used in the examination and survey for and the construc- tion and maintenance of irrigation works for the storage, diversion, and development of waters for the reclamation of arid and semi-arid lands in the said states and terri- tories. The public lands so reclaimed are subject to home- stead entry, and there is absolutely no charge for the land itself, though the settler must pay to the United States, in not more than ten annual installments — without inter- est— his proportion, according to the number of acres he owns, of the amount expended by the United States in re- claiming his land. Acting under the authority of the Reclamation Act and using the funds which are made available by it, the Reclamation Service has expended nearly fifty million dollars in the building of irrigation works in thirty localities in the west. Some of the projects, viz.: the Garden City in Kansas, the Carlsbad, Hondo, and Leasburg in New Mexico, and the Huntley in Montana, have been completed and are in successful operation. Others, such as the Minnidoka in Idaho, the Truckee-Carson in Nevada, the North Platte in Nebraska, the Umatilla in Oregon, the Okonagon in Washington, and the Fort Shaw unit of the Sun River in are nearly finished, and water is being de- livered to a portion of the irrigable lands. On the Salt River project in Arizona, the Yuma project in Arizona- California, the Shoshone project in Wyoming, and investigation, and the construction of the necessary dams, canals, etc., will be begun immediately upon the comple- tion of the larger projects, the construction of which have to date consumed most of the funds. The work is being planned in such a way that no time will be lost, and all parts of the country will share in the prosperity which invariably follows the construction of a Government irri- gation project. Perkins. Montana, Onion Patch, Fallon, Nevada. Note the Irrigation Furrows Between the Rows. The statistician of the Reclamation Service, Mr. C. J. Blanchard, estimates that more than fifteen million dollars have already been added to the wealth of the west through the crops raised on reclamation projects. This does not take into account the enormous addition to land values which is the direct result of the reclamation work. The year 1909 is really the first in which notable re- . turns have been made. It is now seven years since the Reclamation Act was passed. During this interval sur- veys and examinations have been carried on throughout the western half of the United States. Large projects have been laid out and the most important structures have been built to a point where 768,000 acres have been sup- plied with water, or brought to a condition where settlers, 32 THE IRRIGATION AGE. by proper application to the land office, can immediately take the water to their fields. The work is not in advance of the needs of the peo- ple but is in advance of their knowledge of its possibilities, for out of this 768,000 acres applications for water rights have been received for only 425,000 acres, leaving 343,000 with water ready for the plow. The great problem, there- fore, is no longer that of engineering, but how to put this land into the hands of the men who will immediately utilize it for crop production. The approximate invest- ment in this 343,000 acres, which is now standing idle, is a little over ten millions of dollars, so that in one sense these ten millions of dollars are locked up until the farmer makes application for the water and returns to the Govern- ment his proportionate share of the money which has been invested in this reclamation work. predicts that with the excellent harvests secured from the irrigated lands this year, it will not be many months be- fore the areas unutilized will be taken up and put in crops. The opportunities for homemakers on a number of these projects are so attractive, and the terms under which these lands are disposed of so reasonable, that there is every reason to expect a heavy rush of homeseekers to take up these farms before the beginning of the next crop season. In the office of the Reclamation Service in Chicago, a systematic campaign is being carried on to disseminate information about the opportunities for making homes on these reclaimed lands. Room 802 in the Federal building (postoffice) has been fitted up as an exhibit and lecture room and is visited daily by hundreds of people who de- sire to secure information about the Government's irri- Field of Wheat on Glein Ranch, Klamath Falls, Oregon. A considerable portion of this vacant irrigable land is embraced in four projects now completed in Montana, Wyoming, and Nevada. On other projects the farmers, owing to lack of funds, scarcity of labor, and other con- ditions, have not been able to prepare all of their land for water, and thousands of acres were for this reason un- productive this season. The Chief Engineer of the Reclamation Service, now in the field, calls attention to these important matters, but gated lands. Around the walls are arranged beautifully colored transparencies which show the principal engineer- ing features of the projects and scenes on irrigated lands. The exhibits consist of fruits, vegetables, and other farm products. At stated times illustrated lectures are given by the settlement agent, Mr. J. C. Waite, on the work of the service, with particular reference to the phases which are of particular interest to prospective settlers. In addition, (Continued on page 58.) T H E IRRIGATION AGE. 33 Revives Old Project; Success Is Assured Frank P. Read of Denver, One of the Nation's Stalwarts in the Reclamation of Arid Western Lands. When the history of American reclamation work is written and those sturdy pioneers who are today devoting their brains and energies to vast irrigation projects shall have been given proper credit for achievement, the name of Frank P. Read of Denver must occupy a place on the roll of honor. While he is a comparatively young man and, obvi- ously, has not yet reached the summit of his ambitions, his name is familiar to many of the peoples of the west. It may be said that he is upon the threshold of a career that promises fame and fortune to himself and develop- ment for those districts into which he may direct his tire- less energy and his potential power of organization and execution. *\ ^- %fe v View of Main Canal, Nearly Completed. Coupled with his capabilities in the practical work of building is a keen insight into financial affairs and a knowledge of both electrical and civil engineering. In Showing Volume of Water Available on Model Land and Irrigation Company's Project, Colorado. this respect he possesses advantages over many promoters who lack one or more of these qualifications. At the present time Mr. Read is bending his energies toward the completion of a project in the vicinity of Trin- idad, Colo., known under the name of the Model Land and Irrigation company. The story of his revivification of this project at a time when it lay 'nearly dormant and promised no immediate results, forms a base upon which to judge of his abilities. In December, 1908, Mr. Read, who had established a reputation as president and manager of the Trinidad Electric Light, Power and Gas company, first directed his Mr. Frank P. Read. attention to an irrigation project for reclaiming lands in the Las Animas country. A stock company had been formed and partial surveys for an extensive system had been completed. Yet there was lacking a dominating spirit to prosecute the work and bring the project to com- pletion. Dilatory efforts at construction work had served but to discourage settlers and stockholders as well. With characteristic energy Mr. Read called a meeting of stockholders and laid before them a proposition to finance the company and take full control of the pro- posed work. His offer was accepted and his first step was to secure the co-operation of the capital necessary to instant resumption of work. As originally outlined, plans call for the construction of a reservoir about four miles above Hoehue. The big basin is to be filled from flood waters of the Purgatoire and Chicosa creeks. A flood dam of masonry will be THE IRRIGATION AGE. thrown across the river near El Moro and the water will be conducted along a ditch to the reservoir. Along a part of the route the natural arroyo will be used to carry the water. The outlet ditch will be twelve or four- teen miles long and will run in a general southeasterly direction to a point near Earl, where it will go under the Santa Fe tracks. Here the laterals will he run over the land. It is estimated that about 20,000 acres will be brought under water when these works are finished. The under- taking is capitalized at $300,000. Lards to be reclaimed by this system are among the Supreme Court Decisions Irrigation Cases Constructing a Ditch, Showing Steam Shovel in Operation. most fertile in southern Colorado. Climatic conditions make it possible to raise nearly any crop desired, and in neighboring districts, where water has already been sup- plied, harvests of grains, produce and fruits are suffi- cient to warrant the most optimistic of predictions for the future of the Model Land and Irrigation company's holdings. Stockholders, interested in this project, accord the highest praise to Mr. Read for his organization of the work and its rapid advancement since he has been in control. It is stated that his capacity for overcoming obstacles and steadily pushing the work on this project has brought to him the confidence of capitalists in the entire Trinidad district as well as at Denver, where he is well known. With the end of this work almost in view Mr. Read is now turning his attention to other reclamation projects in southern Colorado. Despite the time required for ac- tive work on the Las Animas project he has found oppor- tunity to interest himself in other plans and it can be predicted that the west, as well as the east, will hear of more of his works in the future. FISH. — Water may not be appropriated to fill a series of small reservovirs or lakes in which to propagate fish. — Windsor Reservoir &• Canal Company v. Lake Supply Ditch Company. Supreme Court of Colorado. 98 Pacific 729. To GAIN PRESCRIPTIVE RIGHT. — To gain a prescriptive right to water, the enjoyment of the right must be that of a proprietor, and it must also be adverse.— Rhoades v. Barnes. Supreme Court of Washing- ton. 102 Pacific 884. RIPARIAN RIGHTS. — The common-law doctrine of riparian rights that the ri- parian proprietor is entitled to a continuous flow of the stream does not obtain in Colorado. — Sternberger v. Seaton Mountain Electric Light, Heat & Power Company. Supreme Court of Colorado. 102 Pacific 168. ADVERSE USER OF WATER. — In order to constitute an ownership of a right to use water by adverse user, the use must have been open, notori- ous, continuous, adverse, and exclusive under a claim of right, for the statutory period, which is 10 years. Smith v. Duff. Supreme Court of Montana. 102 Pacific 981. CONTINUOUS ADVERSE USE. — An adverse use of an irrigation ditch during the cropping season only constitutes a "continuous adverse user," as its nonuser when the water is not needed does not interfere with the continuity of use. — Silva v. Hawn. Court of Appeal, Third District, California. 102 Pacific 952. CONTEST OF WATER PERMIT. — The act of March 11, 1909 (Laws 1909, p. 300), which provides for a contest of a permit issued, and vesting power in the state engineer to cancel such permit, does not vest in the state engineer judicial power. — Speer v. Stephenson, State Engineer. Supreme Court of Idaho. 102 Pacific 365. DISTURBANCE OF PRESCRIPTIVE RIGHT. — Conceding that a diversion of water from a dam initiated a prescriptive right thereto, it is disturbed by obtaining per- mission to lay pipes across land in question, and take from the dam at a point 300 feet from the first diversion. — Rhoades v. Barnes. Supreme Court of Washington. 102 Pacific 884. EXCHANGE OF WATER. — Where a system of exchanges of water between different owners of reservoirs, if put in practice, would necessarily con- vert a junior water right into a senior priority, it could not be sustained. — Windsor Reservoir &• Canal Company v. Lake Supply Ditch Company. Supreme Court of Colorado. 98 Pacific 729. WHAT ARE WATERCOURSES. — Where a stream flows in a continuous current, the fact that the water thereof, on account of the level character of the lands, spreads over a large area, without apparent banks, does not affect its character as a water course. — Miller &r Lux v. Madera Canal & Irrigation Company. Supreme Court of California. 99 Pacific 502. ADVERSE USER. — Proof of the mere use of water during the statutory period is not sufficient; it is necessary that during the entire period an action could have been maintained against the party claiming the water by adverse user by the party against whom the claim is made. — Smith v. Duff. Supreme Court of Mon- tana. 102 Pacific 981. THE IRKIGATION AGE. 35 PRESCRIPTION. — In order to claim the use of an irrigtation ditch across defendant's land by adverse user, plaintiff's use thereof must have been continuous and uninterrupted for five years prior to the commencement of his action to enjoin the obstruction of his user.— Silva v. Hawn. Court of Appeal, Third District, California. 102 Pacific 952. DIVERSION OF PERCOLATING WATERS. — One having a right to take a definite quantity of water from a basin of permeable material saturated therewith, and not composing part of any stream, may change his place of diversion, so long as the total amount of water taken is not thereby increased. — Barton v. Riverside Water Company. Su- preme Court of California. 101 Pacific 790. ESTOPPEL TO RETURN TO NATURAL CHANNEL, — The proprietor of a stream who diverts it into an arti- ficial channel, and continues such change for a time exceed- ing the statute of limitations, is estopped, as against a per- son making a beneficial use of the water, to return it to its natural channel to the latter's injury. — Hollett v. Davis. Supreme Court of Washington. 103 Pacific 423. SEEPAGE FROM IRRIGATION DITCH. — The injuries to land from water seeping from a properly constructed irrigation ditch which is intended to be per- manent constitutes a single cause of action, and as affected bv the statutes of limitations accrues at the beginning of the injury.— Middelkamp v. Bessemer Irrigating Ditch Co. Su- preme Court of Colorado. 103 Pacific 280. CONTEST OF WATER PERMIT — NOTICE. — Notice of contest sent by registered mail to the last known post office address of the persons or corporation to whom a water permit has been issued of the time of hearing such contest before the state engineer is sufficient notice and due process. — Speer v. Stephenson, State Engineer. Supreme Court of Idaho. 102 Pacific 365. WATERS SUBSEQUENTLY BROUGHT ONTO WATERSHED. — Where, after plaintiff appropriated waters from a stream, defendants brought onto their lands in the watershed of such stream waters from another watershed, such appropriation did not prevent defendants impounding the overflow or waste of such waters after use on their lands, and using it on other land. — Miller v. Wheeler. Supreme Court of Washington. 103 Pacific 641. DUTY OF WATER. — The amount of water that a water user and consumer has been in the habit of using and applying to his lands can- not be accepted as the true test of the duty of water, but the question to be determined in such case is the amount actually necessary for the useful or beneficial purpose to which the water is to be applied. — Farmers' Co-operative Ditch Com- pany v. Riverside Irrigation District, Ltd. Supreme Court of Idaho. 102 Pacific 481. RIPARIAN RIGHTS.— A riparian owner having a right to take water for irri- gation from a stream may do so from any convenient point on the stream, whether at a point on his own land or the land of another, so long as the taking does not injuriously affect the rights of riparian owners between the point of diversion and the land to be irrigated. — Turner v. James Canal Com- pany. Supreme Court of California. 99 Pacific 520. SPRINGS. — 1. Ballinger's Ann. Codes & St., Sec. 4114 (Pierce's Code, Sec. 5829), providing that the person on whose lands seepage or spring water first arises shall have a prior right to such waters if capable of being used on his lands. does not apply to springs which form the fountain heads of a living water course; the waters of which stream having been pre- viously appropriated by another. — Miller v. Wheeler. Supreme Court of Washington. 103 Pacific 641. IRRIGATION DISTRICTS. — The statute of this state authorizes the board of county commissioners to include within the boundaries of an irriga- tion district all lands, which in their natural state would be benefited by irrigation, and are susceptible of irrigation by one system; and this is true regardless of the question as to what particular use is being made of any particular tract or piece of land at the time the district is organized.— Oregon Short Line Railroad Company v. Pioneer Irrigation District. Supreme Court of Idaho. 102 Pacific 904. ASSESSMENT OF RAILROAD RIGHT OF WAY. — The fact that the officials of an irrigation district neglect to assess the right of way and station grounds of a railroad company for certain years is not a reason why such right of way and station grounds are not subject to assessment by said district; and the company cannot defeat a future assess- ment by reason of the fact that its property was not assessed for any particular year or years prior to the assessment made. — Oregon Short Line R. Co. v. Pioneer Irrigation District. Supreme Court of Idaho. 102 Pacific 904. RIGHTS TO WATER. — Where, in a suit to enjoin defendant from interfering with the flow of water in plaintiff's ditch, defendant by answer made no claim to any water nor title to any land, and plaintiffs claimed no definite quantity of water, and did not prove the amount to which they were entitled, a decree attempting to establish plaintiff's title to a definite amount of water, and to settle the rights of the parties as to the water flowing in the main ditch, was erroneous. — Simpson v. Harrah. Supreme Court of Oregon. 103 Pacific 58. EVIDENCE OF DUTY OF WATER. — The duty of water for the successful irrigation of lands cannot be established by guesswork and hearsay evidence or by witnesses who have never measured water applied to lands and have never seen water measured, and have made no tests in reference thereto, and do not know the size of a stream and the grade or pressure necessary to carry a given number of inches of water as measured under the irrigation law. — Farmers' Cooperative Ditch Company v. Riverside Irrigation District, Ltd. Supreme Court of Idaho. 102 Pacific 481. ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHTS OF STOCKHOLDERS. Mandamus lies to compel a corporation, organized to secure a supply of water for irrigation purposes and dis- tribute the same among its stockholders for use on lands owned by them, to deliver water to a member for use on his land for irrigation, for he has no adequate remedy at law, and his rights to have water furnished on his land is an inseparable adjunct to his membership, and a plain duty rests on the corporation to furnish the water. — Miller v. Im- perial Water Co., No. 8. Supreme Court of California. 103 Pacific 227. WASTE WATER. — Where water is claimed as the "waste" waters from the farm of an adjacent water user, all the water in excess of that caused by and resulting from seepage is but the quantity di- verted by such near-by appropriator in excess of his needs, and accordingly in excess of the quantity to which he may be entitled, and the person receiving and applying the excess to a beneficial use acquires a vested right therein, as would an appropriator of any other surplus water, the inception of which right, like that of any other appropriator, dates from the first steps taken to provide for its use. — Hough v. Porter. Supreme Court of Oregon. 98 Pacific 1083. ACQUIESENCE IN PRESCRIPTION RlGHT. — In order to establish a right to use an irrigation ditch by prescription, the right must have been asserted with the knowledge and acauiescence of the landowner, but "acquies- cence," which commonly means an affirmative permission or consent, in addition to knowledge of the hostile claim, need not be shown independently of knowledge ; and, if the owner has knowledge thereof which the law imputed to him, and takes no steps to prevent {he adverse claimant from his continuous enjoyment of the right, he is deemed to have acauiesced in such use. — Silva v. Hawn. Court of Appeal. Third District, California. 102 Pacific 952. 36 THE IRRIGATION AGE. ROUTT COUNTY, COLORADO. Rich in Mineral and Agricultural Products — Makes Ex- hibit at Exposition. Experts from Grand valley, Colorado, and from other sections where fruit raising is conducted as a business, have predicted for many years that the Little Snake River valley, in Routt county, Colorado, would be a fruit coun- try, but until this year no results have been obtained in a definite way to bear out these predictions. The fruit which has been grown this year in parts of the valley demonstrates beyond any question that the Little Snake River valley will produce fruits of every kind in great abundance, and very fine in quality and size. No attempt has been made so far to grow peaches, but apples, pears and plums, as well as small fruits, are all doing well. Routt county is the extreme northwest county of Colorado. It covers about 7,000 square miles, and it has up, and with the advent of the Moffat road and the other lines which are now projected for that county, farm lands in all sections of the county will undoubtedly greatly enhance in value. There are several large irrigation projects now under way in the county. One of the largest of these, a mon- ster irrigation development work which will do for north- western Colorado what the Twin Falls irrigation project has done for Idaho, is now in progress in the Little Snake River valley, in Routt county, Colorado, where 50,000 acres of land on either side of the river are being re- claimed by the Routt County Development Company, with headquarters in Denver, Colo., under the Carey Land Act. The land and perpetual water rights are sold to set- tlers for $35 an acre, one-tenth cash and ten years for the balance. The price is fixed by the Carey Land Act and the State Board of Land Commissioners. The canal system is being constructed under the general supervision of the state engineer of Colorado. The Little Snake River valley is reached now from the Union Pacific Railroad from Wamsutter, Wyo. The r An Oat Field Irrigated by the Canal of the Routt County Development Company. Oats in This Field Threshed Ninety T ashels to the Acre. been correctly stated that the county contains every nat- ural resource necessary to sustain a community without any outside aid. Much has been said and written about the coal fields of Routt county. These are indeed very extensive. There is a world of wealth hidden beneath the surface of this rich section of the country, including gold, silver, lead, copper and iron, as well as coal. The coal fields cover more than 1,000 square miles and are said to contain more coal than the entire state of Penn- sylvania. The coal veins vary in thickness from three to twelve feet. It is not, however, in the mineral possibilities of this section that its greatest wealth lies. Routt county is destined to be the greatest agricultural county of Colo- rado, and with the development of other industries which go hand in hand with agriculture, it will, in the next ten years, be the greatest wealth producing section of the West. Its soil is suitable for the growing of all kinds of grains, grasses, alfalfa, vegetables and root crops, including sugar beets, small fruits and tree fruits of every description, except possibly the most delicate. Many people have formed their impression of Routt county from a short visit to the eastern section of the county, and while the agricultural possibilities there are very great, the climate in other sections of the county is probably less severe and perhaps equally if not better adapted for general farming. The lands around Steamboat Springs, Hayden, Craig and Maybell are now selling at from $35 to $45 per acre upper end of the tract is about forty-five miles from Wamsutter. The land can be reached over the "Moffatt Road" from Steamboat Springs and Craig. It can be reached over the Rio Grande by stage or wagon route from Rifle, Colo., via Meeker and Craig, or from Wolcott, via Steamboat Springs and Craig. The larger part of the tract is from fifteen to twenty-five miles from the established line of the Denver, Northwestern & Pacific Railroad (Moffat Road), which is surveyed through Lay and Maybell, just south of the lands under the Little Snake River canal. The survey for the branch of the Union Pacific Railroad from Wamsutter, Wyo., to Craig, Colo., also runs within a few miles of all the land. It has been positively announced that the Union Pacific ex- tension into the valley will be completed next year. The Moffat Road is completed to Steamboat Springs and will be pushed on to Utah next year. Further particulars concerning the land which can be taken up under the Carey Act in this valley can be secured from the Routt County Colonization Company, 1734 Welton street, Denver, Colo. This company will have a display at the United States Land and Irrigation Exposition at the Coliseum, Chicago, November 20 to December 4, occupying spaces Nos. 1, 2 and 6, Division L. Mr. C. E. Wantland or Mr. -Warren R. Given, representing this company, will be at the Audi- torium Annex during the show. The company also has a Chicago office at 910 Marquette building and at 946, 115 Adams street. THE IKKIGATION AGE. Reclamation Notes CALIFORNIA. By a large majority, owners of 60,000 acres in the Stanis- laus and San Juaquin counties voted on October 23 to form an irrigation district. The California Irrigated Land Company has recently pur- chased an additional tract near Biggs, and proposes to put this land under water. The Madera Canal & Irrigation Company is defendant in a suit brought by the City of Madera to compel the company to pay $500 expended by the city in constructing a concrete bridge across the canal. Farmers near Wheatland, Yuba County, are becoming in- terested in pumping for irrigation purposes. Experiments have proved satisfactory and many wells will be sunk within the next twelve months. Acting as the representative of the Sacramento Valley Irrigation Company, L. D. Waddell has bought the entire holdings and interest in the pumping station on the west bank of the Sacramento River in North Glenn County, from the Sacramento Valley Land Company. Stockholders in the Santa Ana Valley Irrigation Com- pany are divided over the recommendation of the present board to buy the Bixby holdings in the Santa Ana River. The opponents consider this proposition unadvisable and de- clare for a policy of retrenchment in finances. The Santa Ana Valley Irrigation Company and the Ana- heim Union Water Company, both cooperative concerns in Orange County, have reached an agreement with the River- side Water Company, whereby the latter may use 3,300 inches of water. This arrangement ends long litigation. The Rio Colorado Land & Irrigation Company, composed of Pasadena and Chicago capitalists, is preparing to construct a dyke twenty miles in length on the Arizona side of the river, opposite Needles, to irrigate a tract of 40,000 acres. D. M. Martin, of Pasadena, is manager for the company. At a convention of land owners in the district lying in the eastern section of Stanislaus County, the following officers were nominated for the ensuing year: Treasurer, M. J. Nightingale and E. N. Moulton; assessor, M. P. Kearney and L. J. Dittemore ; tax collector, Carl Wolfer and D. C. Lee. H. A. Barre, of New York, and F. N. Flynn, an engi- neer of Globe, Ariz., have formed a company to irrigate land in Box Canyon in the Gila River basin, fourteen miles below San Carlos. Wm. Sparks, of Globe, owns the water rights. It is reported that the cost of the project may reach $3,000,000. The report of Edwin Duryea, of San Francisco, as sub- mitted to the board of directors of the South San Joaquin irrigation district at Manteca, estimates the cost of the sys- tem at $1,861,500. The source of supply is in the Stanislaus River. A special election will be held early in December to consider the financing of this project. In its first application for the formation of an irrigation district in Shasta Valley, lying west and north of the Shasta River, L. J. Hibbrin^ met opposition from the Edson-Foulke Company. The petitioners for the district have filed on 6,000 inches of the waters of Shasta River; 4,000 inches of Parks Creek, and 2,000 inches of Willow Creek. The Chamber of Commerce at Lincoln, Placer County, is considering the adyisability of forming a company to irrigate by deep well pumping. It is said that investigations have dis- closed the fact that the project is feasible. Lands have suf- fered for lack of rainfall and farmers show great interest. Several thousand acres adjacent to Lincoln may be irrigated under this plan. C. W. Wooster Company, of San Francisco, has pur- chased bonds on the Chowchill ranch, fourteen miles south of Merced, to the amount of $1,000,000. The Wooster com- pany proposes to construct an extensive irrigation system to reclaim the 108,000 acres composing this ranch. Many of the stockholders live in Scotland. E. L. Blythe, of Edinburgh, arranged the bond negotiations. A. G. Wishon, of the San Joaquin Light & Power Com- pany, is working on plans for a pumping plant run by elec- tricity, to place water on the east side foot hill country, east of Fresno. Since the completion of the company's Crane Valley power plant this project appears more feasible, and it is understood that Manager Wishon will take immediate steps to secure surveys and give attention to the details of the pumping plant. The government has awarded contracts for the earth- work on the distribution system for the Orland project, Cali- fornia, as follows: Sections 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 to Anson B. Munson, Stockton, Cal., $26,780; Section 3. William P. Gay and S. D. Koons, of Orland, Cal., $3,109.50; Section 5, George T. Hale, W. N. Downer and J. D. Smith, Orland, Cal., $2,979.50. The distribution system involves the excava- tion of approximately 200,000 cubic yards. The prices bid range from 11^ cents to 14 cents per cubic yard. J. B. Lippincott, assistant chief engineer of the Los An- geles Aqueduct Bureau, denies that he is authority for the statement that the Aqueduct Bureau will irrigate 75,000 acres in the San Fernando Valley. He asserts that there is suffi- cient water under control of the aqueduct commission for this purpose. It is estimated that the cost of a system to supply this water would approximate $800,000 and there is now a probability that local land owners will subscribe to this amount in order that the project may be carried for- ward under private ownership. The Alessandro irrigation district has been made de- fendant in a suit by Henry Allan, as intervener in an action commenced against the district by E. W. Freeman three months ago, to recover $123,400. Directors of the district, at the time it was dissolved by order of court, are also named as defendants. Allan is represented to have bought bonds in 1892 and 1893 and upon these grounds asks the court to set aside the decree of confirmation for the dissolution of the district; that properties be sold and that D. E. Myers be compelled to transfer to the district the property turned over to him as trustee. The original suit was instituted in 1908, but has never been tried. COLORADO A government land drawing, in connection with the Two Buttes project, is scheduled for November 22. Farmers in the Holbrook Irrigation District recently voted by a large majority to authorize a bond issue of $650,- 000. Six different items are involved in this issue. At a meeting of the" North Sterling irrigation district, resolutions were passed authorizing th^ sale of $55,000 worth of bonds. J. C. Hedgecock and Edward Lee, of Fowler, have re- cently filed plans for reservoirs and ditches to irrigate about 4,000 acres in the Blueridge Valley. The Warner-Kinney Syndicate, of Denver, has made ap- plication to the State Land Board for 15,000 acres in Cos- tilla County. It is proposed to construct an irrigation system. Local bankers are said to be backing a project to irri- gate 2,500 acres in Park Center, and North Park, near Canon City. It is proposed to carry the water along lower Four Mile Creek. George Smith, of Grand Junction, has applied for ap- proval on plans for Rapid Creek Reservoir No. 3, in Mesa County. The water of Rapid Creek will be stored by a 40- foot dam, at a cost of about $35,000. It is reported that the Fountain Valley Land & Irriga- tion Company has placed bonds to the amount of $500,000 for the purchase of 20,000 acres of land near Colorado Springs. Two new reservoirs are proposed. G. V. Leach, of Denver, has made application for the segregation of 15,000 acres of land in Routt County. To irrigate this tract, and 35,000 acres between Craig and Twenty Mile Park, he proposes to construct an extensive system. Plans for the Omer Canal & Reservoir Company's supply ditch, designed to irrigate 40,000 acres of land in Las Ani- mas, Pueblo and Otero counties, have recently been filed. It is estimated that the cost of this ditch will reach $150,000. Failing to secure a reasonable bid on the enlargement of thirteen miles of the Montrose and Delta Canal, Uncompahgre Valley project, the Secretary of the Interior has authorized the Reclamation Service to perform the work by force ac- count. The Amazon Investment Company, of Denver, has asked permission from the state engineer's office to enlarge the 38 THE IRKIQATION AGE. Brankamp reservoir in Adams County. The dam will be raised from 10 to 24 feet in height The estimated cost is $20,000. The Model Land & Irrigation Company, of Denver, re- cently let the contract for building its concrete dam on the Las Animas River, near El Moro. The company is incorpo- rated and has a capital stock of $300,000. Eric Von Budden- brok is president. Preliminary maps for the Iron Ridge irrigation system, of Mercer, have recently been filed in Pueblo. It is planned to irrigate 2,000 acres, by constructing two reservoirs and seven ditches. Fred B. Martin and Floyd Hildreth, of Mer- cer, filed the plans. The Farmers' Irrigated Land Company, an Illinois corpo- ration, has filed its articles of incorporation with the county clerk at Colorado Springs. Capital is $100,000. D. B. Kel- logg, W. L. Kellogg, Jas. W. Kellogg and Samuel Block of Chicago, are directors. Owners of 16,000 acres of land north of Wetmore will organize for the construction of two reservoirs, one in the North Hardscrabble Canyon and the other in the South Can- yon. It is believed that water will be sufficient to irrigate an additional 4,000 acres. The Secretary of the Interior has withdrawn from all forms of entry 600 acres in T. 45 N., R. 4 W., Sec. 11, Un- compahgre Valley. This land contains timber which is re- quired in construction work in connection with the Un- compahgre Valley project. During the month special bond elections have been held, as follows: Golden-Littleton irrigation district, $550,000, for construction of reservoirs and ditches; Orchard Mesa dis- trict, $175,000, for construction of additional ditches and im- provement of present system. Reports from Weld County indicate that there is great activity in the investigation of reservoir sites and water sup- plies. Several maps for proposed projects have already been filed with the state engineer. It is claimed that other pro- jects are now in process of formation. The Two Buttes Irrigation Company has recently let the contract for building its main canal and laterals to the Mc- Dowell Construction Company, at a cost of $125,000. Dennis Gibbons has the contract for the dam at $175,000. About 22,- 000 acres will be irrigated under this project. Approximately 6,000 acres adjoining Rifle will be brought under water by a company formed by O. V. and J. M. Coul- ter. Preliminary filings and surveys have been completed. Water will be taken from Rifle Creek and carried to the Pre- Fountain Mesa. The estimated cost is $200,000. Harry B. Wilson, of Denver, has filed maps in the office of the state engineer, for the G rover Ditch and Reservoir project in Northeast Weld County, fifty miles from Greeley. Five thousand acres will be brought under water taken from the Crow. The estimated cost of this work is $30,000. Negotiations have been closed by the Denver Reservoir Irrigation Company for taking control of the Goodline ditch in the Pleasant Valley district. The company has also let a contract for the enlargement of Marshall Lake reservoir, at a cost of $450,000. The work will be completed by March, 1910. The Bar J. H. Cattle & Land Company has filed a map of Boone Creek reservoir and supply ditch from Haines Creek, to cost $236,000. They will construct dams and reser- voirs to store waters from Boone, Chico and Black Squirrel creeks. This system will be supplemental to that of the Chico irrigation system. Thos. E. Wilkinson, a consulting engineer, of Denver, will have charge of the work for the recently organized Valley Irrigation Company, of Las Animas. It is planned to build a reservoir in Smith Canyon. Ditches will be carried through the break in the hills to the Hienan Flats and Mud Creek, in Bent County. The Denver Reservoir & Irrigation Company has let con- tracts to the Kenefick-Quigley-Russell Construction Company for the enlargement of Milton Lake and the construction of 82 miles of irrigating ditches. It is estimated that the cost of this work will aggregate $800,000. Contractors agree to com- plete same before April 1, 1910. The Wet Mountain Reservoir Company have filed maps at Denver. The lands in Pueblo and adjoining counties on the south are to be placed under irrigation. Water comes from the St. Charles River, on which a dam will be con- structed 186 feet high. The cost of the work proposed by this company will aggregate $2,250,000. The Kindred Irrigation & Power Company, of Steam- boat Springs, has completed surveys for the reclamation of 55,000 acres of land southwest of Lay. It is proposed to con- struct a dam in Juniper Canyon. Ditches will carry the water to an upland between the Canyon and Maybell and Lily Park. Maps and plans have been filed with the state engineer. The Pueblo-Rocky Ford Irrigation Company, successors to the Orlando Irrigation Company, has filed at Pueblo an amended map of Orlando Canal No. 5. This canal will irri- gate 77,000 acres with water from the Huerfano River, and will cost $285,000. The company is said to be composed of stockholders in the Anderson Hydraulic Construction Com- pany, of Boston. To increase its water supply for the 30,000 acres between Alamosa and Mosca, the San Luis Canal Company has de- cided to construct two new reservoirs, at a cost of $500,000. Through the increased storage capacity, it is claimed that about 30,000 acres of land north of Alamosa may be supplied with water. Land owners in this latter section will be asked to give approval to the project. Judge Shackelford has granted a temporary injunction restraining the Orchard Construction Company from building its dam across the Grande River. This work was contem- plated in connection with the Orchard-Mesa project. The Denver & Rio Grande and the Colorado Midland Railways, plaintiffs, allege that the dam would result in annual inunda- tion of their tracks near Palisade. By an almost unanimous vote, stockholders in the Gree- ley-Poudre irrigation district confirmed the action of its di- rectors in arranging a contract with the Laramie Poudre Reservoir & Irrigation Company for construction of a com- plete system of irrigation. It is proposed to build a three- mile tunnel from the Laramie to the Cache La Poudre. Bonds, as voted, aggregate $5,100,000. The Northern Irrigation & Power Company, in which well known Colorado and Eastern capitalists are interested, is planning the construction of an immense dam across Elk Creek, in Routt County. This structure will be 255 feet in heighth and the reservoir thus formed will have a capacity of 7,405,200,000 feet of water. The company proposes to irri- gate nearly 100,000 acres of land, but detailed plans have not yet been completed. P. H. Murphy, an attorney at Trinidad, has brought suit for the enforcement of the award of a committee chosen to arbitrate and fix the damage to the Murray ranch as a result of extension of the Model Land & Irrigation Company's ditch. The case has attracted considerable attention because of its similarity to others pending litigation. The company charged that the committee had failed to take the necessary oath before acting as a basis for its refusal to settle. Directors of the San Luis Valley Land & Irrigation & Power Company were recently served with an order from the United States Supreme Court of Denver, restraining them from declaring forfeited their contract with A. C. Savage, of Adair, Iowa. Mr. Savage had failed to deposit the $25,000 each month as specified in his contract, as fiscal agent. Di- rectors of the company had notified him of their intention to break the contract because of his failure to comply with its terms. In securing the injunction, Mr. Savage stated that by the reason of "lavish expenditures" of the money secured from the sale of bonds, he was impeded in his work and was unable to sell a sufficient amount of bond? to keep the con- tract. Send $2*50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation THE IRRIGATION AGE. 39 IDAHO Engineering parties are now making surveys for the proposed Black Canyon irrigation district near Caldwell. Local capitalists are said to be interested in the develop- ment. Plans for the district will probably be filed at once. Yerkes & Armstrong, representatives of the Southern Idaho Reclamation Company, have asked for the segre- gation of 67,000 acres in the Sunnyside district. Water will be secured from Fall and Lime Creeks and the Boise River. Col. E. R. Place and associates are investigating a project calculated to reclaim 50,000 acres in Jordan Val- ley. It is understood that preliminary plans locate the dam site on' Jordan Creek. Jordan Valley business men are interested. E. P. Coltman, L. A. Hartest, Barzilla Clark and O. A. Johnnesen, of Idaho Falls, have filed on 23,000 acres of land fifteen miles east of Blackfoot. It is proposed to irrigate by artesian water, with which experiments have been made ,to determine the feasibility of the plan. Reports from Nampa state that there was much in- terest in the election for the purpose of authorizing bonds to the amount of $80,000 for cementing two miles of the Nampa-Meridian canal. This work is necessary because of breaks which occurred last year and will probably be begun as soon as the bonds are placed. The government has restored to entry the following described lands in Idaho: T. 2-3 S., R. 46 E., all Sec. 15; S. E. 54 Sec. 16; E. 54 Sec. 21; all Sec. 22; N. W. 54 Sec. 27; all Sees. 28 and 33. T. 24 S., R. 46 E., N. J4 Sec. 4; W. 54 Sec. 5; all Sec. 6 and N'. y2 Sec. 7. These lands are no longer necessary to the interest of the Payette- Boise project. Slick Bros., well known Idaho contractors, have the contract for construction of dams, flumes, ditches and rock work for the Weiser Land & Water Company. The contract calls for a dam in the middle fork of the Weiser River, about eight miles from Council. The company con- templates the reclamation of about 12,000 acres. Con- struction work will cost approximately $300,000. Officers of the Kings Hill Extension Irrigation Com- pany, near Glenns Ferry, have made a recent inspection of the stream, and state that water will be available for the season of 1910. Nearly $200,000 has been expended in this work to reclaim 15,000 acres. It is claimed that other work not completed will cost a total of $400,000. C. H. Hammett is president and G. W. Thompson, vice president. Surveyors, said to be in the employ of the North Side Twin Falls irrigation project, are now engaged in making surveys of the district planned for reclamation by the Great Western Beet Sugar Company, commonly known as the Mountain Home project, near Pocatello. The latter company has recently gone into the hands of a receiver, and it is said that negotiations with the Twin Falls Company are pending. Twin Falls capitalists have filed application for segre- gation under the Carey act of 90,000 acres of land in the Raft River valley. Part of the tract is in Cassia county, about 15 miles south of the Minidoka project and near Goose Creek and Oakley projects. It is proposed to con- struct a dam on the Raft River to supply water to reser- voirs. Eastern capital is said to be preparing to interest itself in the company's favor. The Secretary of the Interior has restored to entry the following described lands upon recommendation of the reclamation service, as being no longer necessary to the interests of the Payette-Boise project: T. 2 N., R. 3 W., S. W. 54 Sec. 14; S. 54 Sec. 15; S. E. 54 Sec. 16; E. y, Sec. 21; All Sec. 22; W. 54 Sec. 23; W. 54 Sec. 26; All Sees. 27 and 28: N. E. 54 Sec. 29; E. 54 Sec. 33; All Sec. 34; and W. 54 Sec. 35. These lands will become subject to settlement and entry upon such dates and after such notice and publication as the Secretary of the Interior may prescribe. It is reported from authoritative sources that the Twin Falls-Bruneau project calling for the reclamation of near 650,000 acres of land, mostly in Owyhee county, is now practically assured. The segregation has been approved by the State Land Board and the Minidoka and South- western railroad has planned to extend the Twin Falls branch to Nyssa, traversing this district. F. H. Buhl, of Sharon, Pa., who has taken a prominent part in irrigation affairs, is reported to have said that financial matters have been arranged. It is estimated that the cost will approximate $10,000,000. The system of storage reser- voirs extending to the headwaters of the Snake River will supply water. The point of diversion will be at Milner dam. A series of inverted siphons will carry the water from the Salmon River canyon to the Owyhee County canal. It is stated that the construction of this system involves many interesting engineering feats and that sev- eral years will be required before water is supplied. Mr. Buhl recently held a meeting with the state land board to arrange details of the projected work. MONTANA Farmers in the vicinity of Billings are considering the feasibility of pumping water from wells for irrigation pur- poses. It is said that artesian water can be secured at a maximum depth of 2,000 feet. A damage suit of some importance to irrigators has been instituted at MSssoula. Plaintiffs represent that Redmond, Michael & Flynn, owners of an irrigation ditch, have allowed rubbish and debris to accumulate therein. They ask dam- ages of $2,000 and an injunction to prevent further depre- dations of this character. The Secretary of the Interior has restored to entry the following described lands in Montana, upon recommendation of the Reclamation Service, as being no longer necessary to the interests of the Milk River project: T. 30 N., R. 37 E., Lots 1, 2, 3 and 6, N. E. 54 of N. W. 54 Sec. 15 and Lot 1 of Sec. 14. This land is embraced in H. E. 920 by Percy Mar- tin, who is a member of the Lower Milk River Water Users' Association. Thos. J. White, who constructed a portion of the Bitter Root Valley Irrigation Company's ditch near Hamilton, has recently secured the contract for an extension of this ditch to supply water to about 25,000 acres of land in what is known as the Eight Mile and the Three Mile countries. By the combination of the Como dam this company has an ade- quate supply for the added tract. Flumes and several pipe lines, aggregating 5,000 feet in length, are involved in this contract. Alex McKenzie, a well known figure in North Dakota politics, is said to be considering the purchase of a large amount of stock of the Teton Cooperative Reservoir Com- pany, in Teton County. For several years this company has been torn by internal dissensions. Local interests have been at war and the system of canals is not sufficiently completed for use. It is said that 120,000 acres can be irrigated if the system is extended along comprehensive lines. Mr. McKen- zie proposes to expend about $1,000,000. NEW MEXICO Application from the promoters of the Urton Lake project in the Pecos Valley has been approved by the territorial engineer. The company proposes to irrigate 60,000 acres. Reports from Deming state that the number of acres to be watered from a central power plant has been increased to 8,000, and that there is prospect of addi- tional territory. The Uracca ranch in Colfax County, New Mexico, is now being irrigated by an extensive system, and it is claimed that within the next twelve months nearly 1,000 additional acres will be supplied with water. The pres- ent system will be enlarged and extended. Reports from Moriarty state that E. A. Fisher, of Albuquerque, is investigating the underground water supply for a corporation which proposes to irrigate sev- eral thousands of acres by a pumping system on the Pecos River. Lands are located in the Estancia Valley. Under direction of Engineer A. E. Rose, the Western Construction Company of Wichita, Kan., is now install- ing an irrigation plant at Portales to water about 10,- 000 acres. Fourteen inch wells will be driven and it is anticipated that by means of a central power plant these wells will each supply water for 160 acres. San Juan County is said to be capable of irriga- tion and it is reported that several capitalists have made investigations. Authoritative reports agree that nearly 1,000,000 acres can be brought under water. Reports from 40 THE IRRIGATION AGE. 'he Water 'is on the Land This is the only one of the larger projects throughout the United States in which the Company has been able to deliver the water to the land promptly without asking for an extension of time. 'he Settlers Have Proved the Excellence of the Soil, the Climate and the Water Supply by the Raising of Prolific Crops The land is particularly adaptable to potatoes, field peas, alfal- fa, wheat, barley, oats and other small grain, sugar beets, etc. T T 'he Present Price of the Land and Perpetual Water Right is $30.50 Per Acre The cost of the irrigation system is assessed against the land at the rate of $30.00 per acre, payable in ten annual installments, which, with the payment of 50 cents per acre to the State for the land, brings the cost per acre to $30.50. Where? This tract of 150,000 acres of rich irrigated land is in Eden Valley, Sweetwater County, Wyoming, north of Rock Springs, which|is an important City on the Union Pacific Railroad. Alow! The land under the first segregation is practically all taken. There are some good tracts left, however, and within a few months there will be opened another tract for new settlers. Accordingly you must act at once. Address' for full particulars Eden Irrigation fr Land Company First National Bank Btdg., Chicago W. G. DeCelte, Vice*President and Gen'l Mgr. Branch Office, Rock Springs, Wyoming FARSON, SON & COMPANY, FISCAL AGENTS, CHICAGO AND NEW YORK When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 41 Aztec state that there is great interest in the investi- gations now being conducted by private parties. Italian capitalists at Albuquerque and from Califor- nia have filed application papers for the Sandia Land & Improvement Company. A storage reservoir will be constructed at the mouth of the Tijeras Canon, six miles west of Albuquerque. The company controls 2,000 acres and is capitalized at $250,000. It is said that more than 4,000 acres will be irrigated. A. M. Patten of Denver has secured approval of his application for water rights in Bull Gap and tributary streams of Water Canyon, near Alamogordo, in Lin- coln County. Five thousand acres of land are irrigable by the expenditure of $110,000. The reservoir will be located two miles northwest of Oscur. Lands are said to be particularly adapted to fruit raising. Application for water rights have been approved by Territorial Engineer Vernon L. Sullivan from the Amargo Ditch & Land Company for sixty second feet of the Navajo River on the Colorado-New Mexico boundary in northern Rio Arriba County, near Cum- berland. It is reported that several small reservoirs are to be constructed at a cost of about $40,000, and about 7,500 acres will be watered. Work will begin early in 1910 and must be completed within four years from that date. In its application for water rights on the Gallmas and Sapello Rivers and the Pecos and Sanguijuela Ar- royos to the amount of 80,000 acre feet, the Las Vegas grant claims priority over the government under the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. It is claimed that about $750,000 will be expended in the construction of an irri- gation system east and south of Las Vegas. The largest of several reservoirs will have a capacity of 27,- 580 acre feet. The Sanguijuela and Sapello Rivers will be dammed. The main canal will be 58 feet wide and six feet deep. UTAH F. L. Sumpter and Mabel J. Betts, of Salt Lake, have made application for water rights on unnamed springs in Millard County for the irrigation of about 640 acres. The Castle Reclamation Company, of Salt Lake City, has made application for ten second feet of the unappropriated water from a wash in Washington County, near Saw Mill Canyon. The Mountain Home Irrigation Company, successor to the Coveville Irrigation Company, has recently filed articles of incorporation, showing capital of $5,230. Jos. Biggs is president. The Kelton Development Company, of Brighara City, has filed articles of incorporation for a general fanning, real es- tate and irrigation business in Box Elder County. Capital, $10,000. Jas. Jensen, president. The Mitchell Hollow Irrigation Company has filed arti- cles of incorporation. Stock is divided among local land owners. The company owns the water rights in Mitchell Hollow, in American Forks Canyon. Application for permission to erect a dam on the Price River, in Emery County, and to construct dams and laterals for irrigation purposes, has been filed by E. Warren Stees. It is proposed to construct a dam across the river and to re- claim 60,000 acres. The four-mile tunnel at Strawberry Valley project has been excavated 4,383 feet, the rate of progress for September being 370 feet. Labor conditions were not wholly satisfac- tory, due to the large amount of engineering and construc- tion work going on in that part of the West. George A. Snow, promoter of the Buckhorn Flats, in Emery County, is reported to have sold his interest to Chi- cago associates. Wm. Hall Thompson, H. M. Higginbotham and Gale Thompson are said to be the purchasers. The fact that these gentlemen were in Utah recently is considered proof. Suit has been filed in the Fourth District Court by the Price River Irrigation Company against R. E. Benedict and Jas. C. Armstrong to amend the action of the state engineer in allowing the application of R. E. Benedict for 9,600 acre feet of water, to be taken from White River, a fork of Price River, to be stored in Utah Lake. It is now reported that the Weber and Davis County project, which appeared to be in process of formation last month, has been abandoned. Chas. C. Shepard, who was in- terested in the promotion of this project, is reported to have made the statement. It is claimed that because of misrepre- sentation and misunderstanding on the part of land owners, it has been considered advisable to abandon the project for the present. Reports from Salt Lake City state that the Northwest Land Company, of Chicago, has filed on water rights on the Price River. About 70,000 acres in the vicinity of Woodside in Emery County are available for irrigation. A 600-foot dam across the Price River is proposed for the storage of water between March and November. After diversion waters will be carried through a system of flumes aggregating 56 miles in length. Horace W. Sheley, of Chicago, is chief en- gineer for the company. Samuel Newhouse, who has filed on water rights for 200,000 acres in Wayne and Emery counties, is now seeking to interest capital in this project. A reservoir near the town of Thurber and a comprehensive system of canals and laterals is contemplated. At present the land is of little value be- cause of lack of water, although it is said that engineers in the employ of Mr. Newhouse have submitted practicable plans for storage. In an interview, Mr. Newhouse recently stated that several millions would be required to construct the dam and reservoirs and that a considerable sum had al- ready been interested. OBJMKKH A Pendleton newspaper is agitating the formation of a co-operative company for investigation and recom- mendation on good irrigation projects. It is said that for- mal action in this direction may soon be taken. It is reported that engineers are making preliminary surveys for the proposed Pine Creek irrigation project near Weston. Preliminary plans call for a dam on Pine Creek several miles above the city. Lands to the east and south of Weston will be irrigated. The Idagon Irrigation Company, composed of capital- ists at Boise, Idaho, is planning active work on the pro- posed dam on Sucker Creek. This company operates near Homedale, Idaho, where 50,000 acres are supplied with water. The Jump Creek dam is nearly finished. The Desert Land Board is considering the advisability of extending the time given the Portland Irrigation Com- pany to complete a portion of the work in Klamath Coun- ty. It is reported that little work has been accomplished and that the company advances sufficient reason therefor. The Grande Ronde Reservoir Company of La Grande is planning the construction of its south side canal, of the Meadow Brook project. This canal will extend from the river north to La Grande and east toward Katherine Creek. It is proposed to complete the work early next year. After long deliberations, the Desert Land Board has reached the decision that the Deschutes Irrigation & Power Company cannot demand an increased lien of 140 per cent or $40 per acre from the settlers in this district. It is claimed that there will be further litigation as the result of this decision. The Citizen's Committee from Grants Pass recently visited the Rogue River valley and secured signatures of farmers who desire to have water supplied to their land. A competent engineer has been secured and work is about to begin on a gravity ditch, which will water thousands of acres in the river bottom. At the annual meeting of the stockholders of the Columbian Southern Irrigating Company, successor to the Three Sisters Irrigation Company, the acting presi- dent, T. W. Clark, recommended the plan whereby the annual flow of the Tumalo Creek might be stored in reser- voirs, to be constructed at a cost of $450,000. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. THE IRRIGATION AGE. THIS CUT is a reproduction of a photograph of Type "A" AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR, operated by gasoline engine, cutting a ditch with an 18 ft. bottom, 1 to 1 slope. Note the Roller Platform Traction, which requires no track upon which to travel. Each traction has 81 sq. ft. of surface, and the units or panels making up the complete traction are so connected that the load is distributed over a multiplicity of units, hence there is no danger of miring in soft ground. It is also arranged to work on short curves. Send for complete Catalogue "S" F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO. RAILWAY EXCHANGE CHICAGO, ILL, When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 43 WASHINGTON Water from the ditches of the Fruitland Irrigation Company has arrived at Daisy. This canal is about 20 miles in length. Engineer Jacobs has conferred with D. E. McEwen of the Quincy Valley Irrigation project and will soon start preliminary surveys. The Smith-Cling Company, of Seattle, has purchased about 1,200 acres in the Moxee Valley, and proposes to irrigate by artesian wells. Work on the pumping plant for the Pasco irrigation project at Pasco is progressing rapidly. The plant when completed will cost approximately $60,000. The Fruitvale Chamo Irrigation Company of North Yakima has made application to the secretary of state for an increase in the number of stockholders. The Rose Land Company in Moxee Valley has ar- ranged to open several thousand acres to settlement. Plans have been perfected to pump water for irrigation purposes. The Palouse Irrigation Company proposes to make numerous improvements in its system three miles from Hooper. Work has been begun on extension and enlarge- ment of ditches. J. S. Malloy, associated with other capitalists, re- cently purchased 3,500 acres near Post Falls, and proposes to pump water from Hayden Lake for irrigation purposes. A large power house will be installed. The Strahorn irrigation project of the Pasco Reclama- tion Company is now being pushed to completion. Many homeseekers are nocking to Pasco and adjacent territory. When completed this engineering work will irrigate 20,000 acres. Michael Earles, president of the Hanford Irrigation & Power Company, with possessions in eastern Wash- ington, has bought a controlling interest in the company. It is said that the North Coast railway attempted to secure control. Noland & Thomas, contractors, are said to have ar- ranged with the Pease Irrigation Company of Pasco for part of the work on the company's power site near Straw- berry Island on the Snake river. This work will be prose- cuted with vigor. _ It is now claimed that representatives of the Klickitat Irrigation & Power Company, with headquarters at Seat- tle, has secured signatures representing about 100,000 acres of land for their irrigation project in the Prosser and Horse Heaven country. The water right applications on the Sunnyside unit of the Yakima project number 1,204 and embrace 27,125 acres. During the month of September the government, through the Sunnyside canal, served a total area of 47,000 acres, including old water rights. Ralph B. Williamson, attorney for the federal reclam- ation service, has received authorization from the attorney general to institute condemnation suits to obtain strips of land in Yakima county, Washington, along the Sunny- side canal to permit of its enlargement. The Prosser Land Owners Association, recently organized, is said to have secured signature for 150,000 acres considered feasible for irrigation in the "Horse Heaven" country. This organization will assist the Klick- itat Power & Irrigation Company of Seattle. Holland capitalists are said to have made an investiga- tion in the Moses coulee and adjacent river branches near Columbia with a vv.w to irrigating about 8,000 acres, and planting orchards. A central pumping plant will be con- structed if the investigations prove satisfactory. E. F. Elaine, president of the Okanogan Power & Irrigation Company, has arranged to increase the water supply for irrigating lands in the Brewster flats. En- gineers have made surveys and it is said that several thousands of acres will be brought under water during • 1910. The present reservoir will be enlarged. Samuel Hill and associates at Cliffs have purchased sev- eral thousand acres of land near that place, and are con- structing a cement dam about four miles northwest of the city at the junction of two large canyons leading from the Klickitat valley. Through a system of canals this water will be supplied to the newly acquired lands. It is reported from Colfax that the Palouse Power & Irrigation Company, which recently made application for right to construct a dam on Rock Creek at the foot of Rock Lake, has purchased a site from private property owners and has begun construction. In this project the reclamation of about 12,000 acres is contemplated. The secretary of the interior has decided that the proposals received for sixty miles of sub-laterals under the first section of the Tieton unit, Yakima project, are excessively high. Engineers estimated the cost of the work at $11,344, while the lowest bid was $23,750. The secretary has authorized the work to be done by force account. The government engineer in charge reports the Okanogan project as 96 per cent completed, and the Con- conully dam embankment 80 per cent. During the month of September 12,600 cubic yards of material were sluiced from the borrow pit, and 600 cubic yards were hauled by scrapers for the big earth dam. This structure now con- tains 267,000 cubic yards. The Camas prairie country, fifteen miles northwest of Husum will soon be supplied with water. Wm. R. King, of Portland, has begun work on dams necessary to divert water from the Klickitat river at Glenwood. Ditches will conduct this water a distance of eight miles to the Camas prairie, ten miles long and three miles wide. This land was formerly used for grazing purposes. The Seattle Chamber of Commerce has been re- quested to use its influence with congressmen and other government officials for the early completion of the United States project in Kittitas county. It is said that an effort will be made to have this part of the govern- ment project constructed before the canals in Benton and Yakima counties. About 70,000 acres in Kittitas county are available for irrigation. Quincy Valley Water Users' Association and Joseph Jacobs, consulting engineer to the United States reclama- tion service, signed a contract at Morrison for the pre- liminary survey for irrigating the Quincy country, part of the Big Bend project, about 500,000 acres. Mr Jacobs started work at once and will first cover the country to be irrigated south of Ephrata, Winchester and Quincy to the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound Railway Com- pany's right-of-way. Chiefs of the Yakima tribe in central Washington had a conference at Fort Simcoe, west of Spokane, re- cently to discuss the Wapato irrigation project, which will eventually supply water for 120,000 acres. They listened to explanations of the proposed work by Indian Agent Young. The matter of sending a delegation to Wash- ington, D. C, to take the question of paying for water rights direct to headquarters, with a view to having the secretary of the interior or the president deal with the reclamation service, was mentioned, but no decision was reached. H. M. Gilbert, president of the Washington State Horticultural Association, and L. V. McWhorter made the chief addresses to the Indians. Fifty farmers owning land under the Cascade canal in the Ellensburg district, west of Spokane, have decided to spend $300,000 in improving the works to water 10,000 acres of land. B. F. Reed, president of the commercial club of Ellensburg, will soon appoint a committee to pre- pare plans and means of financing the project. Most of the owners favor an assessment against every acre under the canal, the rest of the money required to be raised by issuing bonds. The project calls for a tunnel from Dry Creek through the hills for more than two miles to a point near Indian Lake. Engineer Riddell, who made the survey of the line, reports that the distance is approxi- mately 14,100 feet. At one point the canal tunnel will be 240 feet below the surface. Wenatchee Canal Company, headed by W. T. Clark, formerly of Spokane, which owns a high line ditch of 40 miles in the Wenatchee valley in central Washington, has plans for improvement involving an expenditure of from $75,000 to $100,000. Plans have also been completed for the expenditure of $65,000 next season. The work this fall and winter will be between Wenatchee and Cash- mere. The company intends to replace the flume above Cashmere by running a tunnel through Cashmere hill next fall. This will be 5,000 feet in length and cost $40,000. A ditch will be dug to replace other flumes and new flumes constructed at an expense of $17,000. Six thousand feet of tunneling will be done the coming win- ter. The canal was constructed in 1903 through the sage- brush land, for years considered worthless. It is selling at $1,000 an acre. 44 THE IRRIGATION AGE. WYOMING The dam under construction near Douglas, by the Platte Valley Land & Irrigation Company, is nearing completion. Water from the La Poudre and tributary streams will re- claim 50,000 acres. Eastern capitalists were recently in Greyyille, Wyo., to attend the mortgage sale of the Wiley irrigation project. It is claimed that they secured control and that work will be completed within a year. The French Creek Irrigation & Development Company has matured its plans to reclaim 50,000 acres of land in the Platte Valley from waters in the French Creek. It is re- ported that the company is about to let the contracts for construction work. Eastern bankers are said to have investigated conditions in the Buffalo Basin, between Worland and Meeteetse, with a view to the reclamation of 150,000 acres. W. H. Rohrer, of Chicago, was one of the party. It is claimed that an irri- gation company has already been organized and preliminary work is now being done. The Lake Hattie Water Company, formed to operate the Lake Hattie irrigation system in Albany County, has recently filed articles of incorporation showing capital stock at $150,- 000. F. W. Bowen, president; W. R. Smith, vice-president, and N. E. Corthell, secretary; also constitute the board of directors for the first year. In its charter the company is empowered to own, operate and manage the Lake Hattie system, to collect charges for water and to acquire such property as necessary in the pursuit of this work. The North Platte Valley Irrigation Company has taken over the plans and irrigation works of the La Prele Irriga- tion Company and assumed control. About 60,000 acres lo- cated in the valley of the North Platte are included in this project. Water will be stored on the headwaters of the La Prele River. The cost of this work is estimated at $600,000 and involves the construction of a power plant. Much of this sum has already been expended, and it is said that the com- pany will complete the work within the next three months. Appropriates of water from the Big Laramie in this state are planning to contest the right of the State of Colo- rado to grant water rights on this river: State Engineer C. T. Johnston, of Cheyenne, asserts that the entire supply has been appropriated in Wyoming and that there is every reason to believe that proceedings started to prevent the use of Laramie waters by appropriates in Colorado must result in suspension of Colorado claims. It is reported that Wyom- ing parties are prepared to institute proceedings at once be- fore the United States court in order to prevent the financ- ing of Colorado companies now planning to divert water from the Colorado section of the Laramie River. MISCEILAKEOUS Engineers are investigating the feasibility of supplying water to 300,000 acres of ranch in the Boca Grande Valley in Mexico. New York and Philadelphia bankers are said to have in- vested $2,500,000 in bonds of the Arkansas Valley Irrigation Company, of Kansas. The Colonial Land Company, of Lake City, Fla., has pur- chased the gravity canal and 16,000 acres of land at Bay City, Texas. The canal will be extended. George W. Decker, of St. Louis, Mo., is said to be in- terested in a project near San Geronimo, Mexico. By an expenditure of more than $1,000,000 they hope to reclaim 90,000 acres. Reports from Chester County, Pa., state that the farmers are becoming interested in irrigation affairs and are endeavor- ing to find some means by which water may be stored and carried to their farms. Water users in the proposed Rillito irrigation district, . near Tucson, Ariz., are considering formal articles of incorpo- ration with a view to perfecting this organization. They plan to irrigate by deep well pumping. Water users in the Keith-Lincoln counties irrigation dis- trict, Nebraska, have employed an engineer to make sur- veys and plan improvements of its ditches. It is proposed to construct a tunnel through Sutherland hill. News reports state that the South Gila project, below Gila Bend. Arizona, will soon be extricated from litigation, which has been pending for several months. This project in- volves the reclamation of about 20,000 acres. Successful tests of deep well pumping for irrigation pur- poses in the Sulphur Springs Valley of Arizona, have in- duced many farmers to turn their attention to this method. It is said that several organizations will take action toward securing central pumping plants. A competent engineer is said to have declared that two dams constructed on the Brazos River, about 100 miles north- west of Waco, Texas, would result in the reclamation of about 200,000 acres of arid land. Newspapers in this section are trying to interest eastern capital. Land owners in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, are or- ganizing to secure government assistance in irrigation proj- ects. The organization is to be known as the Cimarron Val- ley Irrigation Association. J. A. Ellis has been elected presi- dent; Ralph Sloan, vice-president, and Ira Wolf, secretary and treasurer. Rice growers on lands of the Louisiana Irrigation & Mill Company, near Crowley, La., are protesting against a water rent of $6.00 per acre, as voted by directors of this company. Farmers assert that they will not cultivate their land if the company insists upon this rent. Heretofore one-fifth of the crop was given for the water right Farmers in Quaker Valley, west of Galena, Kans., will petition to government to supply water for irrigation pur- poses. It is claimed that the drouth of the past few years indicates that the rainfall is insufficient for crops. The Spring River traverses Quaker Valley and is said to contain suffi- cient water to irrigate the entire district. Jas. Goode, of Pecos, Texas, is promoting a company to irrigate about 8,000 acres of land in the lower Pecos Valley. It is proposed to pump water from the Pecos River or to secure a supply from artesian wells. G. M. Noble, Scott Hopkins, C. Foote, J. W. Kelly, N. B. Burg and H. A. Heath, of Topeka, Kans., and Attorney J. S. Dean, of Marion, Kans., are said to be interested. Capital stock is placed at $80,000. Farmers and stockmen, of Leon Valley, Texas, are be- coming interested in irrigation by pumping. Within the past few years there has been a decrease in yields because of lack of moisture. Reports from Waco state that land owners are considering the feasibility of pumping water from the Leon River. It is also intimated that a dam may be constructed by a privately controlled irrigation company in the near fu- ture. The newly organized Barnes-Daily Power, Land & Irri- gation Company, of Tucson, Ariz., is threatened with litiga- tion involving a parcel of land abutting the junction of the Santa Cruz and Rillito rivers. Parties acquired an option on the land in question. When the option expired and before same could be renewed, it was purchased by H. J. Donau. The new owner proposes to restrain the company from de- veloping its system. Henry Esten, president of the Wadsworth Power, Light & Water Company, of Wadsworth, Nev., states that local farmers will apply to the government to place under irriga- tion a tract of 40,000 acres of fertile farming land in this vicinity. Surveys for canals and laterals have been completed by the government_ in connection with its Truckee-Carson project. Settlers will urge that the government give imme- diate attention to the Wadsworth district. W. T. Sterley, general freight agent of the Denver & Rio Grande Railway, is authority for the statement that the Palo Duro Canyon, near Ft. Worth, Texas, can be utilized as a storage basin for water to irrigate nearly 1,000,000 acres of land in this vicinity. This canyon is about 138 miles in length and of varying width. . CAPITAL WANTED. I have 18,000 acres of excellent irrigable land in the Northwest, which I will sell for $20 per acre. Can all be easily irrigated by gravity system for about $18 per acre, from large stream running through tract. It is good fruit or general farming land, and will readily sell for $125 and more per acre when watered. It is near a railroad and is the best irrigable land proposition left in the West. For full information, write E. G. Dickson, P. O. Box 743, Seattle, Washington. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 45 (Continued from page 22.) The investor and homeseeker is naturally interested in what has been done and what can be done in the coun- try toward which his attention is called. However, it is impossible to fully outline all that can be said of this wonderful country. Only a personal visit and a thorough examination of its possibilities will suffice if an invest- ment, of a new home, is desired. This is especially true of this locality, for Colfax county, New Mexico, had never been advertised until The French Land and Irrigation Company made its investment and put its lands upon the market. These lands, lying in the beautiful Antelope Valley, were as nature made them, rich in all the natural resources necessary to make a veritable "Garden of the Gods," waiting only for someone with pluck, energy and foresight necessary to develop them by putting on these lands the only element they lacked, an ample supply of water. This The French Land and Irrigation Company are doing. That their judgment of the future possibilities of this valley is correct is evidenced by the results obtained in competition with other localities. At the International Industrial Exposition, held at Albuquerque, N. M., September 29 to October 3, 1908, Colfax county, against very strong competition, took as a prize a $400.00 silver cup for the best general exhibit, including education, mineral, live stock, agriculture and horticulture, and also took all the prizes for sugar beets. Colfax county also took first prizes for apples at the great expositions held at Chicago, St. Louis and Buffalo. Judge Hugo Seaberg of Raton, the county seat of Colfax county, in a recent letter published in "The Earth" says "Everything is combined to make this county one of the most desirable places to reside in. A progressive class of people, a sunny, mild and healthy climate, sur- passed nowhere, an abundance of good water furnished by its numberless mountain springs, brooks and rivers passing through the county, excellent schools and churches easy of access, quick and satisfactory newspaper service, telephone service to all parts of the country reached by long distance telephone, and a low rate of as- sessment and valuations for taxation purposes." Situated in this county are the lands of The French Land and Irrigation Company. Bordering their land on the east is the main line of the Santa Fe Railway Com- pany. The town of French is at the junction of the Santa Fe and the Dawson branch of the El Paso & South- western railways, which runs to the mining town of Daw- son, with its population of about 9,000 people, engaged in mining coal and working in its immense coking plants. On the west is the St. Louis, Rocky Mountain & Pacific Railway, running to Cimarron, a thriving, progres- sive city of about 1,000 population. The towns lying near this tract and which furnish a market and trading place for the residents are French, Dawson, Springer and Cimarron, and Raton, the county seat, with a population of about 7,000, lies about twenty- five miles distant. French is a new town, founded by The French Land and Irrigation Company, and has great future prospects, and is destined to be one of the best cities in New Mex- ico. Located at the junction of two railroads and sur- rounded by as fine an agricultural country as can be found anywhere, it affords the investor an unusual oppor- tunity to get^n on the ground floor, and to the business man a chancy-; to start a business that cannot fail to be successful anjjyimited only by the energy and intelligence that he puts into it. Go out and see this wonderful coun- try, its greatifuture prospects, and if you are seeking for an investment or a new home secure a piece of land or a town lot in French while the project is new and reap the benefit of the great increase in values that is sure to come. The home office of The French Land and Irrigation Company is at French, N. M., and a branch office is main- tained at 604 Atwood building, Chicago. A letter ad- dressed to Sophus Richard, general, manager of the com- pany, at either office will be promptly answered. Mr. Richard is a veteran in the land business, thor- oughly conversant with the value of real estate, and has a reputation for fair dealing. 320 ACRE HOMESTEADS IN EASTERN COLORADO An unequalled opportunity to secure a Free Farm of 320 acres of Fertile Government Land which will raise Wheat, Corn, Alfalfa, Oats, Barley, Buckwheat, Kaffir Corn, Potatoes, Melons, Onions and Small Fruit. Write or send $1.00 for map showingcounties, sections, town- ship, range, streams, distance from Denver and rail- road towns. Come and see for yourself. MAYBE YOU DON'T KNOW-BUT IT IS TRUE "Uncle Sam" will give you one more show, even If you have used your Homestead Rights. Write us or call and learn particulars. FREE HOMESTEAD LAND COMPANY Room 18, Iron Building. Denver, Colorado ENGINES Are doing the work of the worldanddoingitwell. 100,000 of them are making money for 100, 000 sat- isfied users. You can become a profit sharer by sending for a catalogue and telling us your needs. I THE OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS, PHILKHIA' •USE A- PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU To get AHEAD of your competitors and be FIRST to find out about and get NEW CUSTOMERS or about CONTRACTS to be let and where MA- TERIAL is wanted. To gather the very LATEST information on any subject of interest to you. TO WIN your Debate, or enrich your Essay, or Club paper. OUR drag net is WORLD WIDE. You get RESULTS quickly, cheaply. DO NOT WAIT A MINUTE but write for information and handsome booklet showing how you can MAKE MONEY and SAVE TIME by patronizing America's greatest news- paper reading organization. THE CONSOLIDATED PRESS CLIPPING CO. 1207 North American Building CHICAGO, U. S. A. 46 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Ditch Bclntf Durf by the Austin Drainage Excavator. I K to 1 Slope Austin Wheel Ditcher For digging lateral ditches. Is self-propelling and digs automatically. Will deliver the soil either to right or left. All Austin Excavators have self-cleaning buckets, and will dig hard or sticky clay as well as sand. Austin Drainage Excavator Requires no \\ater for its oper- ation, other than for boiler. Hence, excavation may be be- gun at mouth of ditch and pro- ceed toward its source. This per- mits landjalong lower stretches of ditch to be drained and put into crops while upper stretches are still being excavated. Austin Drag Line Excavator Can be operated either by steam or gasoline engine. Will swing to right or left, and buckets can be dumped at any point in radius of boom. Mounted on roller platform traction, railroad track, or wooden rollers. c.XI°-s F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. MEXICAN LAND COMPANY BUYS AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR. Sale of Ditching Machine Attracts Attention to Chicago Company's Success — Officials Report Large Sales — Machine Adaptable to Either Drainage or Irrigation Work — Description. A recent contract secured by the F. C. Austin Drain- age Excavator company of Chicago, to supply one of its great machines for use on the mammoth works projected by a well known Mexican land company, has been the feature of the month in machinery circles of Chicago. The closing of the contract by the Austin company has attracted unusual attenton to its product and has resulted in heavy inquiry from many western concerns now plan- ning construction work for the irrigation of arid lands. Officials of the Austirt Drainage Excavator company state that their trade has grown enormously during the past few months and that it is with difficulty that their The machine illustrated on the page is known as Type A. It consists of a frame made of structural steel, mounted on wide wheels far enough apart to straddle the ditch. On this frame is attached the engine and boiler, and other machinery which supports a "U"-shaped scraper bucket guide frame. The guide-frame as a whole can be moved up and down so as to ride clear of the surface or reach down to the bottom of the ditch. The width at the bottom and the angles of the "U" frame can be altered, in- creased or decreased, so as to give any cross-section slope of ditch desired, within ordinary limits. The scraper buckets travel on the guide frame. There are two of them, facing in opposite directions and mov- ing back and forth across the ditch like a shuttle in a loom, planing off a shaving of the earth down one side, across the bottom and up the other side at each trip. As the excavation deepens the guide frame is lowered, and as the scraper buckets cannot depart from the line of travel it is evident that they cannot cut a channel otherwise than true as to slope of sides, width of bottom, or depth. Where the material to be handled is sticky a single special automatic reversible positive dumping bucket is The illustration is a reproduction from a photograph of the Type "A" Austin Drainage Excavator mounted on rolling platform traction instead of track, each side of the machine having a bearing surface of 81 square feet, hence will travel over soft ground without much trouble. The cut also shows the different sized ditches that the machine is capable of digging. The first cut is an 18-foot bottom. Tke upper ditch is 4-foot bottom, about 8 feet deep and 1 to 1 slopes. shops are able to supply the demand. A large number of its machines are now in operation in various parts of the west and the south. Because of the fact that the exca- vator can be utilized both for the construction of drainage ditches on swamp lands, and irrigation ditches on arid tracts it is now in use in nearly every state in the union. Chief among the valuable qualities of the Austin ma- chine is its adaptability to the character of the projected work. It can be easily adjusted to the exact width of ditch desired, as pictured in the accompanying cut. When dug by this excavator, ditches retain their original dimen- sions for years without becoming obstructed with earth from caving banks, drift or silt. Its excavations are true to grade, properly sloped and the spoil banks are de- posited well back from the channel. substituted for the regular equipment. The positive cleaa- ing feature is worthy of note. The construction is such that each time the bucket crosses the ditch it fills, runs out to any desired distance and is discharged of every particle of its load, no matter what the nature of the soil may be. It is impossible to return the bucket until the contents are absolutely all out. The banks and bottom are by this method cut per- fectly smooth and true to grade. The berm can be made practically any desired width, and waste banks or dykes built a sufficient distance from the ditch to prevent their return to the channel by erosion to interfere with the free flow of water. The center of the ditch is always the low- est point, so that during dry seasons the stream follows a (Continued on page 56.) 48 THE IRRIGATION AGE. (Continued from page 16.) The phosphates act much like the nitrates, their acid forming a constituent of the plant. The proper, proportionate quantity of all these salts in the soil, is generally in the order already given; the carbonates in the greater quantity, the nitrates in less quantity, and the phosphates least. The quantity of any salt which may be used to advantage, however, will de- pend upon the demands or necessity of the plant which will show for itself the salt proper for its well being and perfection. To still further simplify the idea of the use and opera- tion of these salts and their necessity, it will be well for the reader to again imagine a similarity between the plant and an animal. The stomach of the animal secretes, or produces, gastric juice and other acids which come from and other acids of the animal stomach, convert it into pre- pared food, so to speak, and the plant absorbs it, is nour- ished by it and grows to maturity. Silicates An Essential to Fertility. There is one important prevailing element in all soil which can neither be overlooked nor ignored, in fact, its power of fertility is unlimited; we refer to silicates. Salts are spoken of as the inorganic substances acting upon humus or organic matter to produce nourishing foods that can be absorbed by the plant, but behind these salts, there is another substance which really constitutes the frame- work of the plant structure, the bony framework of the plant, the sinew of the soil. Silex, or silica, which is the earth of flints, is, in its pure state, • a perfectly white, insipid, tasteless powder. Glass pulverized is an illustration, so also is a sand heap. GET A FREE FARM FROM UNCLE SAM IRRIGATION AGE The Two Great Land Tw,nt,-fi«th Year Jt ffl € T t C d WESTERN WORLD THE WESTERN WORLD tells you where and how to secure land. THE IRRIGATION AGE tells you how to cultivate it. Can You Beat This Combination? IRRIGATION AGE is the only journal of its class in the world, and has been established for 25 years. It teaches beginners how to farm under irrigation, and offers in each issue valuable suggestions to those who are acquainted with and practice the art. THE WESTERN WORLD, the only journal published which reproduces the records of the Government Land Office, show- ing by maps and plats exactly what land is open for homestead or desert entry; makes it so plain that you can go out and select your own free farm from among Uncle Sam's remaining unentered lands. It shows from 500,000 to 1,000,000 acres in each issue, giving accurate soil description. It tells you how and where to get a 320 acre homestead, which is yours for the asking. It tells you all about Indian Reservation openings. Most Attractive Offer Ever Made In order to make this offer especially attractive, the publishers of these two great journals offer to all who subscribe before January 1st, 1910, the following proposition: IRRIGATION AGE, per year ............ Sl.OO THE WESTERN WORLD, per year .......... l.OO THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION, . ... . l.OO OL'R OFFER— SPECIAL: Send in $1.23 and take them all. S3.OO THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION contains 257 pages, is finely illustrated and is especially valuable for beginners. The price for this book, cloth bound, is $2.OO. Send all remittances to THE IRRIGATION 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, practically similar salts, by the action of which the or- ganic matter — the meat and vegetables — put into the stom- ach, are digested and distributed to nourish every part of of the body. If there were no gastric juice, or other acids formed from the salts of the body, the organic matter put into the stomach could never become food, and the body, left without nourishment, would starve and die. So it is substantially with plants. The main differ- ence being that the plant has no stomach within itself, but it requires food just the same as the animal, and if it does not receive it, it starves and dies. By the active principle of life in the plant as in the animal, the salts of the soil are brought into the presence of each other to form acids which act upon the organic matter in the soil, or the hu- mus, in very much the same manner as the gastric juice But earth of flints, sand heaps, are barren and worthless, as much so as a peat bog; but put the two together, and there is astonishing fertility. The silica unites readily with the mineral substances or bases, forming what are called "neutral salts," to which is given the name "sili- cates." Thus we have the silicate of soda, of potash, of lime, of magnesia, of alumina, of iron and of manganese, a class which forms the great bulk of all rock and soil. The action of the silicates is simple and easily under- stood. When humus, or decomposed organic matter — manure for instance — is mixed with silica, that is added to a common sand heap, there is an immediate decompo- sition of the silicate of potash, which we have said is a neutral salt, and it becomes an active salt of potash which (Continued on page 53.) THE IERIGATION AGE. New Passenger Train Equip* ment for Harriman Lines Continuing the policy of the Harriman system and catering, to the wishes of the traveling public that safety, speed and comfort be pro- vided, lead to the adoption of all steel, fireproof passenger equipment. Steel, entering so largely into the best forms of me- chanical and architectural structures, was decided upon for future cars in preference to continuing the building of the wooden type of cars. At its best, the wooden car carlnot be considered as a solid unit and especially so when compared to the sub- stantially built steel car, with its steel sides and other members securely riveted together. The absence of wooden sills, flooring, etc., completely eliminates a 1 1 danger from such source to passengers if trains should collide. The strength of the new all steel equipment affords all possible protection ment consisting of all steel postal, baggage, chair car and coaches, will constitute trains of unequalled construction, beauty and strength. All cars of the new equipment are, so far as possible, of uniform design. The sides, ceilings, partitions and doors are made of steel plates reinforced by steel posts and braces, forming practically a unit construction. The underframing of car consists of heavy steel Interior View of Mail Car. to the passenger. The addition of all steel dining and ob- servation cars now under consideration, to the present equip- Exterior View of Baggage Car. beams braced throughout with diagonal and cross mem- bers. The ends of underframing are reinforced with heavy steel castings; the ends of car bodies are provided with heavy angle iron posts and braces, all secure- ly held together with heavy steel plates. All cars are pro- vided with the most efficient heating and lighting system and are heavily insulated throughout with hair felt. A duplex light- ing system, consisting of gas and electricity, is provided on all cars. . A most commend- able feature is the omission of the upper deck type of roof and its accompanying draft producing ventilating sashes. The roof of the new equipment is semi-elliptical in shape and the ventilators thereon are unequalled for efficiency and appearance. The production of a draft throughout the car which would mean discomfort to the passengers, is an impossibility. All cars are equipped with cast steel trucks. The steel postal cars are sixty-three feet long, over plat- forms, when coupled, and weigh approximately 108,000 pounds. Baggage cars are of the same length and weigh approximately 90,000 pounds. Coach and chair cars are sixty-seven feet nine inches over platforms when coupled, and weigh approxi- mately 94,000 pounds. Seating capacity of coach, seventy-two; of chair car, sixty. Interior View of Chair Car. Exterior View of Passenger Coach. 50 T II E I K It I G A T I 0 N A G E . Irrigation Bonds should have first considera- tion by those investors who are acquainted with the Great Land Values that are being created through Irrigation in our great West Banks, Insurance Companies, Trust Companies, Fraternal Orders and the most conservative Eastern investors are the heaviest purchasers of our irrigation securities. They buy Municipal, Carey Act and Corporation Irrigation Bonds. The following letter written by our Mr. Farson summarizes the facts concerning Irriga- tion Bonds: CHICAGO, November 13, 1909. , FARSON, SON & Co., NEW YORK CITY. Gentlemen: — For thirty-five (35) years my life work has been the study of investments. During this time I have sold many millions of bonds, issued for almost every conceivable legiti- mate purpose. In the early days, when I visited Savings Banks and Insur- ance Companies in New England, I found great objection to WESTERN securities, and had to talk very earnestly in many cases to sell these excellent people bonds issued in IOWA, ILLI- NOIS, WISCONSIN, MICHIGAN and INDIANA, carrying SEVEN and EIGHT per cent interest, issued for SCHOOL, BRIDGE, COURTHOUSE and similar purposes. Such issues sell these days quickly on from a 4 to a 4.50 per cent basis. This same objection obtains today against bonds issued in the states farther west, and yet, we know that as a matter of fact, securities issued in Montana, Washington, Idaho, Utah, California, Colorado and Oregon, are just as good in every respect as bonds issued in the Eastern states. One of the great developments of the last few years has been on IRRIGATION lines, and as astonishing as the state- ment may seem, MY ASSOCIATES AND MYSELF HAVE, TO DATE, RECLAIMED MORE LAND THAN HAS THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES ITSELF. I give it as my deliberate judgment, after the most careful examination, that properly issued Irrigation bonds have MORE security back of them than any bonds I have ever sold, and I UNHESITATINGLY RECOMMEND THEM to my most con- servative clients. Yours truly, JOHN FARSON. Upon request we should be pleased to furnish you full information concerning irrigation bonds, Circular 10340. If you hold securities netting you from 3% to 4%, we especially invite your correspondence with a view to increasing your income by the exchange of your securities. We are the leading dealers in Irrigation Bonds. We buy these issues outright and have at all times an excellent assort- ment of these securities paying from 5% to 6%. FARSON, SON & COMPANY BANKERS „- Members New York Stock Exchange icagO. Chicago Stock Exchange First Nat'l Bank Bldg. New York: Railway Exchange Bldg. Established 30 Years 21 Broad Street When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRKIQATION AGE. 51 GRAND VALLEY FRUIT AND WATER COMPANY. About forty miles west of Grand Junction, Colo., on the main line of the Rio Grande Railroad in Grand county, Utah, the Grand Valley Fruit and Water Company is developing an irrigation project of considerable mag- nitude. During the past month the company has issued a neat booklet giving accurate information as to the wonderful fertility of its land in this district. Because of the high altitude and the warm sunny days, the Grand Val- ley section has produced abundantly of fruit and vegetables. The Grand Valley Fruit and Water Company has constructed a substantial irrigation system in this valley and is preparing to sell ten-acre tracts near the town of Cisco, Utah. It is announced by officials of this company that many sales have been made during the past few weeks and that the tone of the inquiry proves that there is great interest in these lands. HARROW w£? PLOW Save All The Work of Harrowing Make The Most Perfect Seed Bed ALL by going over the field once only with your sulky, disc or gang plow and the Kramer Rotary Harrow Attachment. It levels, pulverizes and makes a mulch of the "moist soil" that is not possible after the ground dries and "sets." Use the original f and only successful machine of its kind, — The Kramer SSZ* Attachment So light-running that horses hardly notice additional draft. Made in styles and prices to suit every farmer. Implement Dealers every- where sell on easy and reasonable terms— no freight to pay. Write Now For Free Book Shows how the Kramer Rotary Harrow Attachment more than pays for itself in one season. Gives all the facts and figures — reports from Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations to prove our claims. Let this book show you the way to better crops, less work, less hired help. Write us today. Ask for Free Book No. 91. THE KRAMER CO., Pax ton, I II. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age one year, and the Primer of Irriga- tion, a 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. Irrigation Systems Are Safe When Iron Headgates Are Used For reservoirs, canals and laterals. Don't trust your water supply to wooden headgates. Wooden headgates always leak, waste water arid wash out when you need your water most. Water lost means money lost. NORTHWESTERN IRON HEADGATES Never Leak or Wash Out= =They Last a Life Time Every gate machined absolutely water tight and made to be depended upon. Northwestern Iron Head- gates cost little more, but more than pay for themselves by saving water that is usually lost by leaky wooden headgates. They are easily operated, never stick, and are used by large irrigation projects and irrigators all over the country. Making a specialty of iron gates, I can quote close prices and make gates especially adap- ted to your purpose. Investigate at once. showing gates for every purpose, pressure, size and price. Every irrigation engineer and irrigator should write for one today. C. D. BUTCHART 5O1 Mercantile Bldg., DENVER, COL. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IERIGATION AGE. (Continued from page 18.) results. To the man of small means who desires to secure a home of his own, the Huntley project offers a most in- viting opportunity at the present time. Sun River Project, Montana. Located in the northern part of the state, near the rapidly growing city of Great Falls, the Sun River project is attracting a very high class of people who are making a garden in the desert. To the man who is accustomed to the vigorous climate of New England, or of Minne- sota and Wisconsin, this section is peculiarly attractive. The lands are covered with bunch grass and blue-joint, furnishing excellent grazing. There is no sage brush to clear and but little leveling to do to prepare land for irrigation. The farms are 80 acres each of irrigable land, and in addition each homesteader may secure another 80 acres of unirrigated land without charge. Considering the low price of water-right, only $30 per acre payable in ten years without interest, this may be regarded as an exceptional chance to secure a home in a section which is rapidly growing. Lower Yellowstone Project, Montana-North Dakota. In the lower valley of the Yellowstone, in Montana and North Dakota, are 66,000 acres of choice land em- braced in a Government project. While all of the land has been filed upon, there are opportunities of purchasing from present owners, many of whose holdings are in ex- cess of the limit of 160 acres prescribed by law. These lands are held at such reasonable prices that settlers who desire to locate there, and who have exhausted their home- stead rights, can secure sufficient acreage to establish a home. A new railroad is being built down the valley which will afford first-class transportation facilities for crops. Bountiful crops were the rule this year. Detailed information regarding these projects and others which have been completed or are being con- structed will be supplied upon application to the Statisti- cian, U. S. Reclamation Service, Washington, D. C. The very large number of inquiries which are being received indicate a wide-spread interest on the part of the public. As the opportunities on these projects for homeseekers are not unlimited, it is probable that ere another year has passed all the lands described above will be taken up. (Continued from page 21.) possesses the greatest hot springs in the world, including those of the Yellowstone National Park, Thermopolis, there are experts in land and legal matters who are avail- able for answering questions on the homestead laws, and the methods of acquiring title under them. Lectures are also being delivered at various state and county fairs and Saratoga, Alcova, and many others. The springs at Ther- mopolis in the northwestern part of the state are perhaps the most remarkable in the world. Sulphur, asbestos and plumbago are being mined, and the districts where these minerals are found would be fully developed at this time if transportation facilities had been furnished at an earlier date. Information relative to the various resources of the state, together with the opportunities for investment will be furnished those who make inquiry to the Wyoming State Immigration Commission, Cheyenne, Wyoming. THE BROTHEN AUTOMATIC LEVEL The Modern Leveling and Ditching Instrument So simple that any man can use it. It will give automatically the dead level or any grade and also distances. The only instrument which will prove the correctness of its work from the point where it is operated. The instrument is fully guaranteed. EVERY FARMER AND MECHANIC SHOULD HAVE ONE THE BROTHEN LEVEL ON THE TRIPOD READY FOR USE Price, $10.00; Tripod, $2.00. Total for full outfit, $12.00. For Information and Literature, address A. A. BROTHEN, Idaho Falls, Idaho When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. (Continued from page 48.) dissolves the humus, or organic matter and fits it for plant food. So the same process goes on with the other sili- cates as the various plants growing in the soil may de- mand for their nourishment. They are converted into active salts, which are capable of dissolving organic mat- ter, whereas, as neutral, inactive salts or silicates, they are powerless to act. Were it not for these silicates, the various active salts and acids would lose their virtue, but as it happens, the silicates hold them in a firm grip, intact, until the action of plant life demanding food, sets them free to aid in pre- paring plant food. The base, or fixed element of the earth called silex, or silica — keep in mind a sand heap and it will be easy to re- member— is "silicon." It is pure rock crystal, common quartz, agate, calcedony and cornelian. All these are sili- con acidified by oxygen, and hence called silicic acid. It is this which forms, with potash, the hard coat of the polishing rush, the outer covering of the stalks of grasses. It is the stiff backbone of cornstalks which stand sturdily against the blast. Wheat, rye, oats, barley, owe their sup- port to this silica, and where grain is said to "lodge" dur- ing a heavy storm, the trouble may be traced to a de- ficiency of silica in the soil. It cases the bamboo and the rattan with an armor of flint so hard that from it sparks may be struck. Entering into the composition of all soil, and hard and unyielding as it appears, forming not only the solid rock, but the delicate flower, combining with the metals of soil whose gradual decomposition is the birth of fertility, silica, or the sand heap, may well be likened to the bony structure or framework of the animal. The next chapter on particular soils will give, more in detail, the component elements which enter into their composition, and present a series of tabulated analyses showing proportions favorable to the growth of various products. T T A "X~x«****x~»»:« 1 •? Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 year, and the Primer of Irrigation The BUCKEYE FOUR-CYCLE GAS ENGINE SIMPLE IN CONSTRUCTION - ECONOMICAL IN OPERATION - RELIABLE CATALOG ON APPLICATION BUCKEYE ENGINE COMPANY, Salem, Ohio 17* ,— r Ol Sell a Foundation Upon Which to Build a Fortune $10 Cash and $10 Monthly, or $100 Cash and $100 Yearly, for each 1 0- Acre Tract, including perpetual Water Right, 50 miles west of Grand Junction, on railroad. For Booklet address THE GRAND VALLEY FRUIT AND WATER CO., 1760 Stout St., DENVER, COLO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 54 THE IRRIGATION AGE. THE RECLAMATION DITCHER For Cutting Irrigation and Drainage Ditches at the Least Cost U. S. RECLAMATION DITCHER This type of machine is different from all other ditching machinery, in that it plows the dirt out of the ditch with a continuous sweeping motion, whereas all other machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The cost therefore, per cubic yard, of excavating with the U. S. Reclamation Ditcher is necessarily much less than with any other tools or appliances. The Reclamation Ditcher is adapted to cutting ditches as deep as three feet below the original surface and as wide as ten feet at the bottom and with sides sloped as steep as 2 to 1. It has adjustable oblique wheels which perform the same function as the oblique wheels of a sulky plow. They are simply rolling landsides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold and also make It possible for the machine to be operated on the sloping side of the ditch as shown in the cut. It is universal in all of its adjustments and may be either used right or left hand. It is operated with twelve horses. The difference In cost of cutting ditches with the Reclamation Ditcher and any other form of machinery Is sufficient to pay for the machine very quickly. We absolutely guarantee this and will prove It to you by a demonstration of the machine on your own work before you accept it. Write for descriptive folder which gives diagrams of ditches and cost estimates. J. D. ADAMS & CO., Indianapolis, Indiana When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 55 MYEBS BULLDOZER POWER WORKING- HEAD. The accompanying cut Is an illustration of the Myers Bulldozer Power Working Head, designed es- pecially for pumping purposes, for which the makers claim the widest possible range of use, being adapted to wells of great depth and equally efficient in de- livering water to high elevations, all of which re- quires a construction of great strength in all its parts and arranged with special care with regard to endurance when kept in continuous use, as is often required from a working head of this class. It is claimed that this working head for a pump has such a construction that the several parts can be readily removed to permit of access to the in- terior of the head whereby the working parts can be removed without disconnecting the discharge pipe from the base, without loosening the fastenings that secure the base to the platform or other supporting structure, and without disconnecting- the driving mechanism; the construction admitting of a very short base so the operating mechanism is located close to the supporting surface, being simple in construction and operation. The power Is applied close to the base, and bronze boxes operate on the wrist pin and cross-head pin. A strong claim Is made that the entire machine is self-contained, com- plete within itself, so that it is only -necessary that the base be properly fastened to the platform, when It Is ready for operation. This working head can be furnished with a bal- ance wheel, differential, and air chamber; it has a 24-inch stroke, and is especially designed for a heavy duty service. Full descriptive matter will be furnished by the makers, Messrs. F. E. Myers & Bro., Ashland, Ohio, upon application. APRIL30T.M90I, No. 673,282. JULY 13™, 1909, No. 928,234- AUGUST 10^190 9, No. 930,405. AUGUST 10™ 1909, NO. 930,981. TheLittle Roadster Grader andDitcher THE A New, Light Ditch Plowing Machine, Especially Designed for Cutting Small Laterals on Irrigated Farms, and Ditching and Grading Roads. This type of machine cuts ditches^for less money than any other tool or ma- chinery, because it plows the dirt out of the ditch with one continuous motion, whereas all other ditching machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The Little Roadster is a practical plowing machine, being built with ad- justable leaning wheels or rolling land- sides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold, the same leaning wheel principle which is used in the sulky plow. It is made almost entirely of wrought steel and the few castings that are used are malleable and all parts are put to- gether so far as possible with hot driven rivets, so that while it is a light machine weighing about eleven hundred pounds, it is exceptionally strong and rigid. It is designed primarily for two horses, al- though four may be used. EVERY IRRIGATED RANCH OR FARM NEEDS ONE OR MORE OF THESE MACHINES. IT WILL QUICKLY PAY FOR ITSELF. SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE FOLDER AND LET US TELL YOU MORE ABOUT IT J. D.^ADAMS & COMPANY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 56 THE IRRIGATION AGE. (Continued from page 47.) straight line and the ditch actually cleans itself, so that it is at all times ready to take care of heavy rainfalls. The carry- ing capacity of a canal made by the Austin Drainage Ex- cavator is from twenty to forty per cent greater than that of canals of the same size made by ordinary methods. The excavator is constructed of steel throughout and is practically indestructible. While it is essentially an earth- handling machine yet it will take out boulders, stumps and roots if they are not too large, and being very srong it is not apt to be injured by these obstructions. It propels itself upon a temporary track, and is so arranged that it can be operated either backward or for- ward, thus relieving the ditch of the weight of the ma- chine. This is a desirable feature when passing over swamps, bogs or light bottoms which are covered with water when the machine enters them. In this country nearly all drainage canals run through soft marshy places, and in order to work to the best advantage there should be sufficient fall to the ground so that when work is com- menced at the outlet the water will drain off ahead of the machine and permit the soft ground to dry out before the excavator reaches it. Instead of the above a rolling platform traction is sometimes desirable, particularly where the yardage is light, as is the case in the construction of shallow canals and ditches. When so equipped these excavators require but two men on the pay roll for each working shift. The capacity of the machine varies according to the size of canal, but under favorable conditions, and charac- ter of material with Type A machine, it is possible to ex- cavate from 1,900 to 2,300 cu. met. in twenty working hours. It is customary to have two operating shifts, one for day and one for night work, but this output may be curtailed or increased, according to the manv conditions which gov- ern a given case. The estimated cost of operating the machine for a (Continued on page 57.) IRRK1ATORS', ENGINEERS', PROSPECTORS' and MINERS' HIGH CUT BOOTS Expressly adapted for irrigation work. Made of the highest quality and stock. Strong, comfortable and dependable. Many styles. Protect the feet and keep them dry. Can be secured through shoe dealers. If not obtainable, write to us. For a dress shoe, wear -"HONORBUILT" F, Mayer Boot & Shoe Company Milwaukee, Wisconsin TRUMP TURBINES When used for driving centrifugal pumps for irrigating purposes, either direct con- nected horizontally or vertical!* , or for furnishing power through other types of transmission, will be found to be the most economical and highest grade type of water wheel machinery manulactured in this country. These turbines are adaptable to the severest of conditions. We build all water power appur- tenances,such as Head Gaes, Head Gate Hoists, Piping, Etc. Send your inquiries direct to us. pur illustrated catalog for the asking. THE TRUMP MFG. CO. Greenmount St., Springfield, Ohi Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price: Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead $1.35 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 2.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 8.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.00 Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Win. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 Cement Pipe & Tile, Hanson 1.00 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 SAMSON TURBINE! When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the tur- bine shaft, the power is usually transmitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. Write Department K-2 for Catalog. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRBIGATION AGE. (Continued from page 56.) day and a night, based on prices paid in this country, are as follows: 2 engineers @ $4.00 per day $8.00 2 firemen @ $2.00 per day 4.00 1 to 3 laborers (one shift only @ $1.50 per day 4.50 1 man with team horses (1 shift only) @ $3.50 per day 3.50 Oil and repairs 1.00 Coal, \l/2 tons, or its equivalent oil, gasoline or wood 6.00 $37.00 The total weight of a Type A machine is approxi- mately fifty tons. The company's smaller machine, known as Type B, weighs about thirty-five tons. will produce satisfactory results to the buyer, providing the instructions are followed. It is practically indestruct- ible. SHEFFIELD COMPANY EXPANDS. The Sheffield Gas Power Company, of Kansas City, reports the purchase at bankruptcy sale of the plant and assets of the Weber Gas Engine Company. During the receivership of the latter company the plant has been in constant operation through the agency of the Sheffield Gas Power Company. It is announced that the sales and factory departments will be placed in new hands and that the management will vigorously push the sales of Weber gas engines and gas producers. THE BROTHEN LEVEL. A. A. Brothen, inventor and manufacturer of the Brothen Level, an instrument calculated to prove of great assistance to farmers and mechanics in their work, states that the inquiry for information concerning the level has been active during the past two months and that sales are steadily growing in volume. The level can be placed at a convenient point and remain set up for use at all times, and in less time than it takes to find the spirit level, any point on the wall or floor can be determined far more accurately than with the spirit level. Mr. Brothen guarantees that his instrument Brothen Level. with a HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR -AND SAVE MEN— SAVE HORSES— SAVE MONEY— SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing farming methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, threshing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farm work. Hundreds in Successful Operation — Built in sizes of 30, 45 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED FROST PROOF FIRE PROOF USE GASOLINE, KEROSENE, DISTILLAT.E, or ALCOHOL Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalog Tells You All About Them. HART- PARR CO., Charles City, Iowa When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 58 THE IERIGATION AGE. (Continued from page 32.) there are experts in land and legal matters who are avail- able for answering questions on the homestead laws, and the methods of acquiring title under them. Lectures are also being delivered at various state and county fairs and expositions in the Middle West. The publicity campaign will be carried on systematically and continuously to the end that all the people of the country may be informed of this great paternalistic work of the Government. To every dweller in the crowded cities, every rent payer who hopes at some time to own a home of his own, and every seeker after health such as life in the open brings, will be carried the glad message that the Government itself stands ready to assist him to secure a "vine and fig tree" of his own. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation ONE MILLION DOLLARS PROFIT Can be made on a cash Investment of (450,000. Thirty thousand acres in one tract in the liveliest section of California. Rich, deep soil, level as a floor. Grows 60 bushels wheat, 14 tons sugar beets and 8 tons alfalfa to the acre. Will also pro- fitably produce any fruit or other crop grown in California. Price $35.00 per acre: (15.00 per acre down, we to insta complete irrigation system without cost to purchaser. Must be taken as a whole; Crops and rentals will meet balance of payments; can be subdivided and retailed at $75.00 to $100.00 per acre, same as lands adjoining. Quick action required. Address GOLDEN GATE LAND CO.. Room 327-B Chronicle Bldg..SanFranciKo,Cal- The Chas, T, Manning Realty Go,, Ltd, SOLE SALES AGENTS The Gooding Townsite Company, Ltd, RESIDENCE LOTS. BUSINESS LOCATIONS. Improved — Irrigated Lands — Unimproved. GOODING, IDAHO. Head Gate Hoists in all sizes and types for use in connection with timber or cast iron Head Gales and Waste Gates also a complete line of Cast Iron Gates Catalog No. 25 is devoted exclusively to Gate Hoists. We also build the. New American Turbine The Dayton Globe Iron Works Co. Dayton, • • • Ohio IRRIGATED LAND Open to Settlement Some of the richest and most productive farm land, in the world lies along the Shoshone and the Big Horn Rivers in the "Big Horn Basin" of Wyoming. Over ten million dollars is being spent by the United States Government and by private enterprise in building great concrete dams and ditches in order to lead an inexhaustible supply of water to irrigate some of the best of these lands and make them independent of rainfall. A great portion of this work is completed, and these lands, with a perpetual supply of water for irrigating them, are now offered you on reasonable terms. This is an Unusual Opportunity to get a wonderfully productive farm, with water whenever you want it, regardless of rainfall; in a country where a single crop can be made to pay for the land; where 50 bushels of wheat or barley, and 75 bushels of oats are commonly grown to the acre; where fruits grow luxuriously and where the glorious air and sunshine, summer and winter, make life a joyous thing. This wonderful country is developing fast. Churches and schools abound. The population is intelligent, Godfearing and law-abiding, and any man out there who is half a man has the opportunity to make himself independent. Land in this great country is going fast. If you have any thought for the welfare of yourself or children, find out all about this opportunity to-day. Send for our new folder with large map, and also folders issued by the private irrigation companies and by the United States Government Reclamation Service giving all information about these lands, terms, etc. Free for the asking. Study these folders and then come with me on my next excursion to the Big Horn Basin and see for yourself. My excursions, which I personally conduct, leave Omaha on the 1st and 3d Tuesday each month, on which days reduced railroad rates are in effect My services are free to you. Burlington D. CLEM DEAVER, General Agent Landseekers' Information Bureau, . 69 Q Building, OMAHA, NEB. N. B. — The winter weather in the Basin Country is fine and lands can usually be seen to advantage all Winter, When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IERIGATION AGE. 59 PERSONAL MENTION. Ira W. McConnell, supervising en- gineer in charge of government work in Colorado, Nebraska, South Da- kota, Kansas, Oklahoma and southern Wyoming, has resigned his position to accept a more lucrative position with a private concern. Mr. McCon- nell entered the service in 1903 and soon thereafter was made resident manager of the Umcompahgre project in Colorado. In connection with his resignation officials in the reclamation department at Washington assert that each year brings added difficulties in securing competent engineering abil- ity for government work. As official representative of the gov- ernment at Santiago, Chile, Alberto Alibaud has been making quiet but extensive investigations of the irriga- tion projects in this country. Several months ago he left Washington, D. C, and after visiting many points in the northwest is now finishing his trip through the southwest. In a recent interview he stated that Chile pre- sented many of the topographical fea- tures to be found in the district west of the Rocky Mountains, and that for this reason his government had deemed it advisable to secure detailed information as to the methods of irri- gation in the United States. He will return to Santiago about January 1 to present his report in official form. That Russia is evincing great inter- est in American methods of irrigation is shown by the presence in the United States at the present time of three official representatives of that govern- ment. Tihon Polner, secretary of the Zemstvos of the Russian empire, and F. Van Kesel Renard, secretary of the imperial Russian Consulate at Mon- treal, have been traveling extensively in the west and recently were in California. Aside from irrigation mat- ters, these representatives are study- ing colonization and agricultural methods and upon their return to Montreal will make a detailed report of the investigations. E. Skorniakoff. an eminent engineer in the employ of Russia, has already spent several months in the United States, but is now planning to remain in California for the winter before returning to St. Petersburg. In published interviews he states that southern provinces of Russia are now under irrigation, but that within the past decade there has been no especial interest or advance- ment in the methods of reclaiming arid lands. The congestion of popu- lation in many of the large cities of Russia now demands solution and the government has delegated Mr. Skor- niakoff to make recommendations looking to the storage and distribu- tion of water over great tracts in southern and middle provinces of Russia. Tsuneo Tokumi, Japanese engineer stationed at Formosa, is now making a trip through the south, securing in- formation as to methods of drainage to reclaim swamp lands. In connection with his visit he states that his gov- ernment projects an immense drain- age system for Formosa, involving the expenditure of nearly $15,000,000 for the reclamation of about 300,000 acres A SATISFACTORY WATER SUPPLY ALWAYS PAYS DIVIDENDS A Humphryes' Hydraulic Ram will furnish you, when in- Stalled, with a permanent and automatic water supply Why spend money on costly pumping plants and time, strength and expense in operating same, when a Hydraulic Ram will lift your water and de- liver it with absolutely no expense. The Humphryes' Pneumatic System will supply your residence with water under pressure for all domestic purposes and give service heretofore obtainable only with an elevated tank or direct con- nection with municipal water works. Our New Catalog "Domestic Water Supplies" tells you all about the HYDRAULIC RAM and PNEUMATIC SYSTEM and will be mailed you upon request THE HUMPHRYES MFG. CO., MANSFIELD, OHIO GASOLINE OR KEROSENE raise water in any quantity. It makes you independent an es paying out profits. Our plants sold under IVE YEAR BOND GUARANTEE ENGINE ABSOLUTELY THE BEST Write for free Booklet. "Potato Culture" ASPINWALL MFG. CO. JACKSON. MICH. us. *. $122 a Year will keep you posted on Nevada Mines Get the Facts Reliable information weekly from every mining district in Nevada What the mines are Where they are Who is behind them and What they are doing SEND $1.00 NOW FOR THE Weekly Mining Edition of the NEVADA STATE JOURNAL RENO. NEVADA Buckeye Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Designed especially for pumping large quantities of water from deep wells. The frame is hinged to the base and can be thrown back out of the way for convenience in renewing the valves. Range of. stroke, 5 in. to 20 in. Size of cylinder can be varied to suit requirements. Write Ui To-day Mast. Foos (SL Co. Springfield - Ohio 60 THE IRRIGATION AGE. of 'rice and sugar lands located on this island. He states that aside from his work in connection with drainage mat- ters, he will make an exhaustive study of irrigation methods and that upon his return to Japan will present a re- port on reclamation of swamp and arid lands. "WINTON SIX.' Alexander Winton, Discussing Auto- mobiles, Says Six-Cylinder Will Be Standard Type for Many Years. Does the six-cylinder car mark the last radical improvement of the au- tomobile? Alexander Winton, president of the company that bears his name and the only big manufacturer in America who produces sixes exclusively, be- lieves it does. "Of course," says Mr. Winton, "no sensible man pretends to forecast the future absolutely, but it does not seem possible that a car superior to the six will be made, at least within many years. Certainly no development is yet in sight. Advocates of simplicity look with hope toward the two-cycle motor, and yet, though endless and fortune-wasting attempts have been made to put this form of motor to the front, there is but one maker in America who has been able to get a single annual dividend from it. "There are those who have a linger- ing hope that the future may pro- duce a successful gasoline turbine, but there is no present foundation upon which that hope may rest. "An American inventor has lately made a stir abroad with a yalveless four-cylinder motor, in which two slotted sleeves, moving between the piston and the cylinder walls, pro- vide inlet and exhaust ports. The moving parts of this construction are as numerous as in a motor of usual four-cycle construction, and, added complication, seems to produce only the absence of valve noise, which, reasonably, might be more easily eradicated. The significant fact, how- ever, is that the British company which took up the manufacture of the valveless engine, displayed at the Olympia show, a six-cylinder car, the first it ever produced, so that we can only conclude that even this most highly developed four-cylinder car still lacks a much desired something that the six supplies. "We hear less now than ever be- fore of the 'added complication' of the six, of the terrors of ignition, carbure- tion and the valve timing of the six. Present silence may well be taken to mean that views have changed. More manufacturers have entered the six (field, which in part acounts for the silence. But the maker who produces both fours and sixes cannot very earn- estly advocate either type, so that from such men we need not expect startling views either way. "Personally I am of the opinion that the six has become the high-powered cars, and that it will remain standard for many years." B OSTROM'S $15.00 FARM LEVELiTELESCOPE With Magnifying Lenses, Enabling You to Read the Target Over 400 Yards Away, Shipping Weight 15 Ibs. Complete Oil Mil. with full instructions, Shipped Anyihtn C. 0. D. S1S.OO and express And 18 being welcomed by land owners from the Atlantic to the Pacific, for Draining. Irrigating, Terracing. Ditching, Grading, Road Building. Run- ning Fences, Setting Out Orchards, Levelling Buildings and Foundations, Getting Angles, and every 8ort of work requiring a Level. Wltb this outfit, which Includes Level with TELESCOPE and Plumb-Bob in neat wood box, also Tripod, Graduated Rod and Target, no man needs a Surveyor or Civil Engineer. Simplicity, Accuracy. Durability, GUARANTEED. ORDER TODAY, direct from this offer— or, if more complete information is desired, write today. Address, BOSTROM-BRADY MANUFACTURING CO., Ilia Pine Street, St. I.mii«, Mo. IRRIGATE FROM YOUR OWN RESERVOIR WITH AN I HC GASOLINE ENGINE KJiTT- •«'•« Water is the great magicia land of the cactus into a rural and sleek stock abound; where pn A hundred thousand square because irrigation has brought th Irrigation is centuries old— I. H, pyramids were built. But the ancient irrigation which you need. Don't depend upon the water-ditch tl and expensive flumes. You have the Pump it into your own reservoir. At times of heavy rainfalls fill your reser1 spell. You will then have the water when yoi The modern farmer must use modern me fertilize his soil with up-to-date ideas, and the t brings life where desolation reigned — transforms the parched .disc; where luscious fruits, prize garden truck, plump grains ssive frontiersmen are carving out new empires. s of former wastes are now ready for the plow, simply which nature refused. •rigation is new. There was irrigation even before the new nothing about that independent, never-failing, cheap belongs to somebody else. Don't build long ditches r. It may be running streams or low-lying ponds ir and have sufficient water through the longest dry t it and where you want it. s. He must mix brains with his work; he must idea of all is that of an I. H. C. Gasoline Engine This powerful little engine will pump unlimited small cost. A type for every section and every problem— all size both stationary and portable; engines on skids: sawi I. H.C. gasoline tractors— first -prize-gold-medal winners— t An I. H.C.gasolineengine not only frees you from the irregularities ofc gravity irrigation, but the problem of the " ntities of water for you at a surpisingly >r all farm uses— vertical, horizontal - mmping and spraying outfits. Also best all-'round farm tractor by test. Ties of uncertain rainfalls and the in is simplified— the efficiency of our grinder, fanning mill, cream alfalfa cutter, and any other your other farm machines is more than doubled. It will oper separator, churn, pump, thresher; your bean huller, cider p machines requiring power. Nature has given you the land and the water, the seed and the^unshine. A reservoir will cost very little to build, and an I. H.C. engine very little to own. It will save its c.ost before you run it a year. Information regarding I. H.C. engines will be cheerfully given by the local agent; or, if you prefer, write to our nearest branch house for catalogue, prices and further details. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver. Colo ; Portland. Ore.; Salt Lake City. Utah; Helena. Mont.; Spokane. Wash.; San Francisco. Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA CHICAGO. U. S. A. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 yee.r. a.nd the Primer of Irrigation When writing .to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IEKIGATION AGE 61 NEW INCORPORATIONS. WASHINGTON.— Keystone Irri- gation & Townsite Company, $10,000; R. M. Thompson and Chas. W. Thompson, Tacoma. Columbia Irrigation & Power Com- pany, $100,000; W. M. Mauser, M. A. Robinson and H. A. Hyland, Seattle. Straitdrive Irrigation Pump Com- pany, $25,000; F. J. Clifford, R. T. Woodruff, A. B. Courtway, W. A. Montgomery, J. A. Rosson, C. W. Reed and L. H. Breese, Wenatchee. Mattawa Power & Irrigation Com- pany, $500,000; Edward Campbell, Eva Lina Campbell and Wm. J. San- derson, Spokane. Rock Lake Irrigation Company, $25,000; Frank Babcock, Ida Babcock, Cheney. COLORADO.— Farmers' Irrigated Land Company, $100,000; D. B. Hutch- inson, Jas. W. Kellogg, Delia B. Kel- logg, Samuel Block and W. L. Kel- logg, Colorado Springs. Larimer County Land & Securities Co., $50,000; C. T. Maltby, W. M: Morse and S. J. Thomas, Denver. Kiowa Valley Reservoir & Irrigation Company, $50,000; Lee A. Reynolds, Chas. D. Griffith, Edwin W. Jackson, Denver. Deer Creek Reservoir & Irrigation Co., $1,000,000. W. H. Dickson, Jos. S. Jaffa and H. E. Harsh, Denver. TEXAS.— Gravity Irrigation Com- pany, $5,000; John Closner, John J. Conway and A. W. Roth, San Juan. UTAH.— The Mitchell Hollow Irri- gation Company, $9,000; Lott Russen, T. A. Shelley, Elisha Peck, Sr., Ameri- can Forks. ARIZONA.— Hydro Engine Power & Irrigation Company, $1,000,000; Phoenix. Send $2.50 for the Irrigation Age one year and the Primer of Irrigation for Its equal. Wind power doubled. Two 14 ft. wheels work on same pinion; sec- ond wheel gives more pow- er than first. A Governor That Governs In all winds. Develops 10 full h. p. In 20 mile wind. All power needed for farm, shop, irrigating', etc. Ask about our self oiling, self governed, single wheel pumper — also Armsaver Huslcer. Ask for book (50 DOUBLE POWER MILL CO, Appleton. Wl... U. S.A, WILSON MFG. CO. GOES LIKE SIXTY BELLS LIKE SIXTY FOR SIXTY GILSON OABOLCNC ENGINE 'or Pumping. Cream itors. Churns. Wash Ma- aes. etc. TSSt TEIAL Askfor catalog-all torn YOU EVER USE PRESS CLIPPINGS Do you want everything printed in the newspaper, magazine and trade press of the United States and Canada on any particular subject? Send us your order describing what you want us to clip, enclose $3.00, and we will send you our service for one month, mailing you daily or weekly all clippings found on your topic. We read and clip about 25,000 publica- tions each month MANUFACTURERS can learn where there is a market for their goods, and how best to reach it BUSINESS MEN can obtain reliable tips which lead to business brought in on the follow-up plan ANYONE can gather all that is printed about matters of immediate interest, the latest and best thought from many sources. UNITED STATES PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU Chicago, U. S. A. Send for our booklet. 1309-1312, 153 LaSalle St. Getting the moat engine for your money doe* not mean buying the cheapest— it is a matter of securing an engine that will give reliable results year in, year out — one that consumes practi- cally no water— that is easily moved from on* well to another — that starts the pump instantly. Every requirement of any irrigation proposition requiring a simple, reliable, powerful engine is met by the Weber Gas or Gasoline Engine We make a specialty of heavy duty, distillate, or producer gat engines, in a great variety of sixes up to 40O h.p.f peculiarly adapted for irriga- tion propositions, operating at a very low cost — having fewer working parts than any other engine of the same general type. The design and work- manship are of the very highest order, Weber Heavy Duty Engines are mak- ing records for reliability at the following irrigation plants : Blalock Island Irriqition Co., Coyote, Ore.— 100 H.P. Doumheller Development Co., Irriqon. Ore.— IN H.P. Inter-Stile Imgatmi Co., Hayden Like. Ids.— 250 H.P. Pekin ft La Marsh Drainage Com.. Pekm. IK.— 100 H.P. Slalc Irrigating Co., Patterson. Wash.— 250 H.P. U. S. Government (Distillate) Rupert, Idaho.— 100 H.P. U. S. Government (Distillate) Mimdoka. Idaho.— 125 H.P. Write today, telling us your power needs, and we will send you our new handsomely illustrated catalog fully describing the Weber Engine beat let it Furnish Power for \bu DITCHERS SCRAPERS GRADERS Little Yankee '•huart Grader F YOUR LAND has not been brought to a grade that will let water flow over It by grav- ity alone, you need one of our Shnart Graders. The Little Yankee is a ditcher. Not only is it that, but it is a dig- ger, leveler, grader, all in one. Special attachments shown in our catalog. Fresno, wheel, drag and ditch scrapers, plows, and in fact everything for irrigation grading. THE OHIO ROAD MACHINERY COMPANY, Box F. OBERLIN, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 62 THE IKEIGATION AGE. Irrigation in Victoria By ELWOOD MEAD, M. Am., C. E., M. Inst-.C.E., Chairman State Rivers and Water Supply Com- mission. In the Engineering Record of January 20, 1909, ap- peared an article on "Irrigation in Victoria," which de- scribed the difficulties which irrigation development had encountered, and contained near its close the following sentence: "From the terms of the water act referred to, and from the discussions which took place in the Victorian parliament regarding it, the inference which may fairly be drawn is that from the general taxpayer's point of view the irrigation works must be regarded as a permanent and hopeless failure." It is true that the state as a whole pays a consider- able interest on sums spent on irrigation development. Part of this is on sums written off an indebtedness of irrigation trusts several years ago, and part interest on works which were built as free headworks, and on which it was announced at the outset no interest would be charged. But last year the completed state works instead of being a hopeless failure from the taxpayer's stand- point paid 4 per cent interest on the existing capital debt, and met all operating expenses and current repairs. And they would have done equally well this year had it not been for a large sum spent on extensions and betterments which have not yet become revenue producing. When the water which this makes available comes into use there is every reason to believe that the entire irrigation system will pay 4 per cent interest on the reduced capital debt and provide a satisfactory sinking fund for the ulti- mate extinguishment of that debt. And as the state is able to borrow money at 3yi per cent interest the tax- payer is not likely to suffer. The real cause of the financial losses incurred in the earlier years of Victorian irrigation development are not disclosed in the article referred to. They were argricul- tural rather than engineering. When the first works were built the irrigable lands were practically all in private ownership. The farms were large, and irrigation was not a matter of necessity, as the rainfall is sufficient to grow large crops of grain. The landowners had neither the la- bor nor the inclination to adopt the methods of cultiva- tion necessary to success in irrigation. What they did was to secure from the state a costly and extended system of channels planned to supply water to only a few acres of each farm, which was used chiefly to grow fodder crops to supply green food for live stock during' a brief period in summer, when the pastures were dried up. It was found that channels built to carry water past four or five acres of unirrigated territory to supply one acre of irri- gated land were costly to build and still more costly to operate. And it was discovered that when water was applied to land not properly prepared the results were unsatisfactory. That irrigation works built on this plan would not pay is now apparent to all who understand the requirements of irrigation. But the difficulty of inducing the land- owners to change their methods before the value of irri- gation had been proved led at the outset to this make- shift substitute. That experience and its consequences belong to the past, and the losses were no greater than America in- curred during the early years of canal building. The works now being built and those being reconstructed are intended to provide for the complete irrigation of all the land, and wherever the holdings are too large for success- ful results the state is acquiring the land and subdividing it and offering it for sale in small areas. The works now nearing completion will provide water for 250,000 addi- tional acres, and this will open up opportunities ior home seekers not surpassed in any country of which I have any knowledge. The reason for this lies in the combination of natural advantages which irrigated agriculture possesses. The climate of Victoria is very like that of California, and the Goulburn Valley, where the chief development is taking place, resembles in many ways the Sacramento Valley in California. Practically all of the 250,000 acres which will soon be provided with water for irrigation is suited to fruit growing; pears, apples, oranges, lemons, raisin, wine and table grapes are being profitably grown on contiguous irrigated areas. A great shipping trade has already been established in apples and pears, which are carried from here directly to the markets of Europe. Experiments are now being made in the shipping to London of table grapes and promise to be successful, and in supplying Europe Australia will have great advantages over the . Pacific slopes of the United States, because its fruits come at the off season and because the expenditure in railway freights in order to reach the ocean is far less. The greatest possibilities of irrigation in Victoria are not, however, in fruit growing, but in supplying hay and fod- der to carry live stock through the dry months of sum- mer, especially in years when lack of rain is long con- tinued. A few geographic facts will make this apparent. The continent of Australia has an area equal to the whole of the United States; three-fourths of this is semi-arid, well suited to pastoral industries, but unsuited to the growing of other crops except small grain. It has, how- ever, great advantages for growing live stock owing to the mild climate in which winter is unknown and to the abundance of nutritive grasses, which grow luxuriantly during the spring and autumn months. The conditions are very like what they would be in America if all the live stock grown in the Mississippi valley had to depend for its winter food supply on the hay crops grown in the arid regions. Hay is one of the best paying crops in arid America even when subjected to the competition of the humid and fertile interior valley drained by the Mississippi and its tributaries. But its possibilities are meager when com- pared to the opportunity opening up to the farmer under irrigation here. Where wool grown in the interior sells for about double that grown in America, where the ex- port trade in refrigerated meat is rapidly extending, and where the dairy trade only waits to be released from the vicissitudes of dry seasons to take a front rank in Euro- pean markets. The extension of irrigation will accom- plish this and will give to the Victorian alfalfa grown, the market which in America is supplied by the growth of both corn and hay. As a result of this extended and con- stantly increasing demand the prices paid for alfalfa hay, grown chiefly under irrigation, seemed at first incredible. I found on my arrival in November, 1907, that £5 per ton was being paid for loose alfalfa hay in the field where cut, and this price rose before the end of the season to THE IKRIGATION AGE. 63 £8 per ton when pressed for shipment. Pressed hay is selling in Melbourne at present for £5 per ton. From four to six cuttings can be made each season in the irrigated areas. The consequence is that in those districts where the land is properly graded and culti- vated land values have reached high prices, £100 being paid in some instances for alfalfa farms. The improved farms which the state recently purchased for subdivision were resold to settlers at prices varying from £8 to £16 an acre, and this will probably be the range of prices on the large area soon to be opened for settlement. Thirty-two years' time is given to pay this, with interest at 4J/2 per cent, the first payment being 3 per cent of the purchase price. Under the Small Holdings and Closer Settlement acts the state is preparing to aid in the settlement and devel- opment of its irrigable areas in the following ways: 1. Long time and low interest in paying for land. 2. No charges for water rights, only an annual charge to meet interest and operating expenses. The average price of water will be 5/ — an acre foot, measured at the place of use. 3. Small advances to settlers to aid in constructing needed buildings. 4. State cool stores, to which meats, fruits and dairy products can be consigned. Thus relieving farmers of the discrimination and extortion sometimes charged against American farmers by meat and dairy trusts. These advantages, coupled with the high prices of farm products, are making the irrigated districts so pros- perous that the old water troubles are being forgotten. With an annual charge of 10/6 an acre for water the state irrigation works will be a complete financial success, and at this price water is cheap whether considered in respect to the results it makes possible or compared to prices under similar works in America. I know of no country where the profits of irrigated agriculture promise to be greater or where the ultimate success of all the irrigation works, whether considered from an agricultural or financial standpoint, are better assured than here. Victoria has one enormous advantage over the United States, it has taken the question of water rights or the control of rivers out of the domain of specu- lation or the uncertain jugglery of courts. Instead of water titles being determined as in America in suits at law between private claimants in which the public has no adequate voice, all such matters are settled by administra- tion procedure. Riparian rights have been eliminated by the simple and effective method of the state retaining ownership of a strip of land bordering each side of every stream, hence the state is the only riparian proprietor; no one can cut the bank or build a pumping plant, or in any way interfere with the water supply of a river or creek without trespassing on state land and obtaining the state's consent thereto. The contrast to this pre- sented by the enormous and constantly increasing litiga- tion over water rights in America is one which can only be fully appreciated by one acquainted with conditions in both countries and who knows how heavy is the burden in money, cost, and worry imposed by the continued war- fare in the courts due to lack of proper public control of streams. There has not been a law suit over water titles in Victoria for ten years, and there are no indications of any being instituted within the next ten years. Irrigation under these conditions should pay, and there is no question in the minds of those who understand conditions best, that the state works for providing water are destined to be a complete financial success. COMMENT AND CRITICISM HOW MAXWELL RAISES MONEY. The National Irrigation Congress which met this year in Spokane should not be confused with "The National Ir- rigation Association," a concern that is run chiefly, if not wholly, by George H. Maxwell, who publishes a monthly called Maxwell's Talisman. Probably a great many peo- ple have contributed to Maxwell's scheme under the im- pression that they were aiding the National Irrigation Congress. Maxwell was closely questioned by the house commit- tee on irrigation of arid lands and admitted that his scheme was subsidized regularly by the transcontinental railroads to the extent of $39,000 a year; that other con- tributions brought the annual receipts to about $50,000 a year, and that he practically controlled the expenditure of this great sum. At the hearing Chairman Hitchcock of the committee expressed a belief that Maxwell's periodicals which pre- tended to champion the interests of the people were in reality zealous advocates of railroad interests, when those interests came in conflict with the people's rights. Chair- man Hitchcock asked: "Is it not true that your associa- tion has taken occasion to ridicule legislation prohibiting the location of valuable timber lands with the forest re- serve lieu rights or script (held by the railroads) and the people who have proposed it?" Maxwell answered this and other questions evasively. Maxwell is now sending circulars broadcast to the business men of the United States, urging them to con- tribute to his "National Irrigation Association" and two other schemes of his devising — the American Homecroft Society and the Rural Settlements Association. He signs himself "executive chairman," but in his circulars fails to give any names other than his own in connection with the Homecroft society and the Rural Settlements Associa- tion. It is believed by persons who have investigated Max- well's operations that he has been in receipt, for several years, of "a total fund of about $100,000 a year, of which he has absolute control and disposition. Prudent business men will want a more definite and substantial guarantee of the proper and business-like ex- penditure of these various funds before they contribute to Mr. Maxwell. — Spokane Review. ATTACKS PINCHOT PLAN. Utiited States Judge Cornelius Hanford, in address- ing a meeting in the Exposition Auditorium at Seattle recently, denounced the conservation policy advocated by Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot and former Governor Pardee of California, saying: "We have been told repeatedly by advocates of the 'big stick policy' that our court's proposed new system will not hurt the West, but will aid in the development of the natural resources of the region in which vast areas are reserved and to be reserved. These provisions of kindly intentions bring to mind a case tried in one of our courts many years ago, in which, according to the testi- mony, a murderer consoled his victim by beseeching him not to mind having his throat cut, because the pain would soon be over, and he would be in heaven. "In our state the reservations comprise more than 27 per cent of its total area, into which no homeseeker dares to set his foot. The water runs down our moun- tains, and most of it flows idly to the sea, without turn- ing a wheel, but to prevent grabbers from acquiring vested rights the theorists insist it must keep on flowing idly until it can be made to yield tribute to the national treasury perpetually as the agents of the government shall dictate." THE IRRIGATION AGE. Jerks and Repair Bills vs. ContlnUOUS THE single-cylinder motor car jerks itself along. You can almost see each separate jerk. The four-cylinder car differs from the single-cylinder chiefly in that it has four times as many jerks. Perhaps you never thought of it in just that way — but it's an absolute fact. Jerks are the worst enemy of motoring. Jerks eat up tires, devour gasoline and oil, and shake your car into the re- pair shop. All makers know that. Some of them have acknowledged it by using heavy flywheels. But heavy flywheels only lessen the shock of each jerk and do not cure the Jerk Itself. Like giving the baby a sleeping opiate (so he'll not feel the pain) without do- Ing one solitary thing to remove the cause of the pain. Jerks in a motor car are due to the power-strokes of the piston. The carpenter comes and tears out every fifth step. That leaves four steps and a gap, four more steps and a gap, four more steps and another gap. In climbing those stairs, you have to jump every fifth step, don't you? That's practically what every four- cylinder motor has to do driving its car. For every four-cylinder motor pro- duces power only four-amis the time and has to jump the one-fifth gap before it produces power again. And It makes absolutely no difference how fast the motor turns over, or how many flywheels It may have. Six-cylinder motors produce power six-fifths the time. Thus in the Six, power In each cylin- der always overlaps power in each pre- ceding cylinder one-fifth the time. The result is Continuous Power. The Six produces more than enough power to fill the gap. So, there is never an instant of "no power" in the Six. And there Is never a Jerk in the Six, because there is no gap. A 48 horse-power, single-cylinder car jerks Itself along under 28,800 pound power-strokes — 28,800 pound jerks. A 48 horse-power, four-cylinder car jerks along under four times as many Jerks, each Jerk having 7200 pounds be- hind It — 7200 pound jerks. But the Six-Cylinder car (no matter how great its horse-power) doesn't Jerk at all, because it has Continuous Power. Mark this: The Six is the only gaso- line car that has Continuous Power. No motor car can have Continuous Power unless it has Six Cylinders. Continuous Power and Six Cylinders are inseparable. At home you have a flight of stairs. If all the steps were replaced, you could ascend and descend your stairs without acrobatics. So, If a motor could only produce power all the time, it wouldn't be necessary to resort to futile flywheel acrobatics. And as your acrobatics do not replace the missing steps, so neither do flywheel acrobatics supply the missing power. One-cylinder motors one-fifth the time. Four-cylinder motors four-fifths the time. produce power produce power Tha Application of Power in the Six-Cylinder Motor Because it has a stream of Continuous Power, without ever a jerk, the Six is the smoothest, sweetest-running motor in the world. Continuous Power saves tires and re- pair bills. Twenty Winton Sixes traveled 184,190 miles (more than seven times around the earth) on total repair ex- penses of {142.43. That averages 77 cents per 1000 miles. What was your average, Mr. Owner, on jerky power? Continuous Power does more work than jerky power. That's why the Six motor will drive Its car, on high gear, at a mo- tor speed so slow that, If at- tempted on a four, the motor GREATEST PRESSURE IN A POWER STROKE POWER STROKE POWER STROKE POWER STROKE POWER STROKE POWER STROKE FOUR OF EQUAL POttER THE SIX A A /U A s A ACTUAL PRESSURE _ MO PRESSURE / :- ^J c c / "~X ) NIT 1 1 / ~x M LJ O / ^~\ us / ^ R OW / ^ fER The Application of Power in the Four-Cylinder Motor POWER STROKE IDLE POWER STROKE IDLE POW POWER STROKE I71E would stall. Since the Six motor will do this, the higher speeds of the Six motor represent Reserve Power. This Reserve Power makes the Six the best nUl-cllmber there is. Ability to run on high gear at extremely slow motor-speed, reduces the necessity of gear- shifting In traffic and on hills. That means Flexibility. NO PRESSURE ACTUAL PRESSURED CRANK SHAFT REVOLUTIONS Flexibility means Economy. Everybody knows the economy of continuous use of the high gear, and the wastefulness of low gears. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Power Continuous Power enables a car to "pick up" and get away faster than is possible with Jerky power. The Six gets through crowded traffic at a great sav- ing of time and patience. THE IRRIGATION AGE. See the Power Diagram. Note the four-clyinder gaps of No Power. (Marked "Idle.") Note the continuous, unbroken power- stream of the Six. That's the chief reason why there are Six-Cylinder cars on the market. The Six remedies fundamental faults of all previous types. Because that Is true, the Winton Com- pany Is now making Sizes exclusively for the third successive season. It is a matter of conscience with us. We haven't the hardihood to make an outclassed type of car. Six-Cylinder Advantages ought to ap- ply to all Sixes — because the differences are fundamental and reach back to basic principles. But since some makers now producing sixes, continue to make old-style types also, we can only conclude that their sixes have not convinced them — the makers. If a maker Isn't himself convinced by his own product, he Is, to say the least, Ill-equipped to convince you. So we suggest that you look for Six Superiority in the Winton Six, the car that Is able to show that Superiority. Furthermore, there are numerous ex- clusive advantages in owning a Winton Six. The Winton Six motor starts from the seat without cranking1. This feature, not found on any other car of any other make, is a feature worth the price of one's self-respect The same pressure that cranks the motor also Inflates your tires. The Winton Six motor for 1910 Is Identically the same motor we used for 1909. It needed no Improvement. The Winton Six motor Is completely housed — not a single working part ex- posed to dust and dirt. No wonder Win- ton Six motors seem to run forever without trouble. The 1910 Winton Six buyer gets four forward speeds, a large diameter multi- ple-disc clutch, the best carburetor we have ever seen, dual Ignition, a superb, roomy body, suspended low on semi- elliptical springs, 124-Inch wheel-base (four inches more than last year), and an Inswept frame, allowing short turn- ing radius. At $3000, the 48 horse-power Winton Six for 1910 represents the absolute limit of motor car value. This is the self-cranking, 48 horse-power Winton Six Touring Car— $3000. The upper car seats five passengers, and the lower car four passengers. Except in body, they are identical. Six-cylinder, 48 h, p. motor. Cylinders offset. All working parts housed. Oil-bathed multiple-disc clutch. Four-speed, selective transmission clutch and transmission run on ball-bearings. Bosch or Eisemann magneto, and storage battery. The liveliest carburetor we have ever seen. Force-feed lubrication. Frame narrowed in front, to allow short turning radius. 124-inch wheel base. Semi-elliptical springs, with four shock-absorbers and four rubber bumpers. 34-inch wheels. 4-inch tires in front, 4J^-inch tires on rear wheels. Low-suspended body. Price, with four or five-passenger touring car body, runabout body, or toy tonneau body, $3,000. With limousine body, $4250. With Landaulet body, $4500. Chassis only, $2750. The Car that Traveled 184,190 miles on $142*43 upkeep — averaging 77 cents per thousand miles. When Price Does Not Mean Value Car buyers pay every expense of the car manufacturer. Every expense — legitimate and otherwise. The car buyer pays the maker's bills for material, pays his payroll, his selling commissions, taxes, insurance, freight, rent, coal bills — everything. Because every expense of the maker is figured In the price of the car- — the price the buyer pays. • • * The maker who Is extravagant, waste- ful, a poor business man, is compelled to charge more for his car than is the careful and competent maker. The maker's extravagance and mis- management add to the price — but do not help the car's quality. Remember that. * * * The extravagant, wasteful maker bluffs his high prices upon buyers who are not careful to ask what they get for their money — Or who think that high price must mean high quality. Price and quality are widely different things. Careful buyers know that already. Careful buyers get maximum oar- merit without paying for a maker's rac- ing team, publicity stunts, red-tape and watered stock. Careful buyers first analyze cari and then compare prices. That's the way to get your money's worth. There is no mystery about motor cars. Any clear-headed man can determine a car's real worth by comparison. For instance: — Compare power. A 48 horse-power car Is worth more than a 30 horse-power car. Compare motors. A six Is worth more than a four. A motor with working parts fully housed is worth more than one with working parts exposed. Compare clutches. An oil-bathed mul- tiple-disc clutch is worth more than any other clutch. (CON'IINUKD ON PAGE 70) When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 66 THE IKKIGATION AGE. Clay Working •BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire anil all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Ciay . Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Soft Mud Machines, Hone •nd Steam Power none Power Plunger Machine Product* of our Auger Macnlnei When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 67 VERY RICH ALLUVIAL LAND 100,000 Acres $2^2 Per Acre Near New Orleans City, Railroads and River THE SOIL FROM THIS LAND IS WORTH $6.50JPER TON AS A FERTILIZER. The land is low, level prairie, covered with a heavy growth of grass, and produces under cultivation from $50 to $125 per acre net upon staple crops, and from $250 to $1,000 per acre upon early vegetables and oranges. 13,000 AND 8,000 ACRES $2.50 PER ACRE, situated upon> deep and navigable stream, so that a farmer could harvest his crops in the afternoon and have them in the New Orleans marketf and the surrounding cities in the morning. healthiest cities in the Union. Average resident white death rate less than fifteen per 1,000. The temperature in winter seldom below 30 degrees, and usually between 50 and 60 degrees Fah. In summer between 75 and 90 degrees Fah. Has the Largest Sugar Refinery in the World 15,000 Barrels Refined Sugar Daily The building of the Panama Canal. New Orleans is destined to have over 1,000,000 population within the next few years. The city is expending $25,000,000 for sewerage, drainage and municipally owned water works and filtration plant. Does not tax foreign capital. ALLUVIAL LANDS CO. 121 La Salle Street. • CHICAGO. ILL. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 68 THE IRRIGATION AGE. 55,000 ACRES OF Colorado Irrigated Land AT DENVER'S DOOR Under the Antero Reservoir and High Line Canal Farmers and in- vestors who are considering the buying of low priced lands near a good city with More than enough Water for Irrigation cannot find a bet- ter buy [than to secure land now which will be irri- gated by The An- tero Reservoir and High Line Canal. This land, lying at Denver's door, ready for the farm- er, can be bought at prices that will more than .double in the next year. Come and see this land at once. Denver has a pop- ulation of 225,000 to feed. If you want land and con- sider Good Markets, Location, Climate and Crops as an asset in buy- ing land, this is your opportunity to get them all. The soil is ideal, will grow large crops, and is being bought by farmers and investors of Colorado and the Middle West who know good land when they see it. When under culti- vation this land will be worth from $300 to $500 per acre. THE HIGH LINE CANAL IN PLATTE CANON The BEST BUY in COLORADO for FARMERS and INVESTORS Thousands of land buyers are commencing to realize tha* Colorado Irrigated land is the best Investment that they': can make. More Irrigated land, and land coming under Irrigation, has been sold in Colorado during the past year, than ever before In the history of the State. The land coming under the Antero Reservoir and High Line Canal lst near enough to Denver to haul In the crops you raise to sell to the Denver market. The time you take to investi-j gate this land and water system will be well spent. We want you to Come to Denver and See this Land, or Write for FREE BOOKLET and Particulars to any of the following prominentTreal estate firms, who will take you In an automobile from Denver and show you the lands in the Antero District. Write any of them today : A. J. S1MONSON HAWKETE LAND CO. GLOBE INVESTMENT CO. 214 Cooper Bldg,. Denver, Colo. 17th and Anpahoe St»., Denver. Colo. 417 Seventeenth St.. Denver. Colo. A. D. ANN1S JONES £ DANIELS THE FARMERS MORTGAGE £ LOAN CO. 1728 Welton St., Denver, Colo. 1728 Welton St., Denver, Colo. 1715 California St., Denver, lolo. _ When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE UNION MACHINES WITH PUQ MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & GO, QALION, OHIO ";H ' When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 70 THE IEBIGATION AGE. Compare transmission!. The selective type is worth more than the progressive type. Four speeds are worth more than three. Compare convenience!. A self-crank- ing car is worth more than one that re- quires cranking. Compare operation. Quietness is worth more than noise. Flexibility Is worth more than inflexibility. Hill-climbing capacity Is worth so much that you can't afford to lack it. Comfort (always try the rear seats) is priceless; an uncom- fortable car is a white elephant on your hands. Compare type*.. Is it an un-to-clate Six or an out-of-date type? Compare "previou* performance!." Has the car stood up in the past, or is it a new-comer without a pedigree? • • * Just make these comparisons, and then — compare prices. • • • Having found that the sweet-running, six-cylinder Wlnton Six possesses every desirable element a motor car can have, you will note that its price of $3000 is less than the price of every other quality car on the market. (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 63.) The Winton Six price is lower because: There is no water in Wlnton stock. (Incidentally, there is no Winton stock for sale.) There are no Winton mortgages or bonds with Interest charges to force up the price. We make the Winton Six in our own plant, eliminating intermediate expense. The Wlnton plant is conducted in the most economical manner consistent with high-class results. There is no extravagance In Winton management — no army of time-serving clerks, no load of unproductive labor, nor red tape. We do not give 30 or 40 per cent commission on sales. Being America's longest-established successful makers, we know how to pro- duce maximum car-merit; and knowing that It pays in the long run, we give our purchasers the benefit of our econ- omies in production and selling. That's why the six-cylinder, 48 horse- power Winton Six at 13000 represents the absolute limit of motor car value. We want you to make u» prove this statement. Because, In proving it, we'll make you as enthusiastic over the Winton Six as we are. Our catalog is the most complete and thorough ever issued by an automobile manufacturer. "Light Weight" Is a subject we handle without gloves. "The Difference Between Price and Value" analyzes the worth of cars. Write us today. THE WINTON MOTOR CARRIAGE CO. Member A. L.A. M. Licensed Under Selden Patent. CLEVELAND, V. 9. A. Winton Branch Houses (owned and operated by the Company) in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Pittsburg, Detroit, Chicago, Minneapolis, Seattle and San Fran- The 1910 Winton Six Is on Display at These Salesrooms WINTON BRANCH HOUSES OWNED AND OPERATED BY THE WINTON COMPANY BRANCH HOUSES BOSTON— Berkeley and Stanhope Streets. F. A. Hinchcliffe, Manager. NEW YORK— Broadway and 70th Streets. Chas. M. Brown, Manager. PHILADELPHIA— Broad and Race Streets. A. E. Maltby, Manager. BALTIMORE— 208 North Liberty Street. W. L. Duck Manager. PITTSBURG^-Baum and Beatty Streets. Earl H. Kiser, Manager. CLEVELAND— Huron Road and Euclid Ave- nue. Clarence M. Brockway, Manager. DETROIT— 740 Woodward Avenue. Thos. W. Henderson, Manager. CHICAGO— Michigan Avenue and 13th Streets. Jos. F. Davis, Manager. MINNEAPOLIS— 18-23 Eighth Street N. John S. Johnson, Manager. SEATTLE— 715 East Pine Street. Geo. W. Miller, Manager. SAN FRANCISCO— 800 Van Ness Avenue. H. L. Owesney, Manager. WINTON DEALERS Akron, Ohio — Akron Auto Garage Co., Buchtel Avenue, near South Main Street. Ann Arbor, Mich.— C. W. Wagner. Atlanta, Ga. — Herman J. Haas, Masonic Tem- ple. Augusta, Ga. — A. B. Prontaut, 644 Broadway. Augusta, Me. — Herbert W. Norcross, 148 Water Street Bangor, Pa.— S. A. Teel & Co. Bellingham, Wash.— Winton Motor Co. Belton, Texas — Slade Yarrell. Binghamton, N. Y. — Binghamton Motor Car Co., 172 State Street. Boise, Idaho — C. R. Shaw. Booneville, Mo. — Ferd E. Arn, 418 Main Street. Bridgeport, Conn. — F. A. Wilmot, The Winton Brooklyn, N. Y. — Carlson Auto Co., 481 Ster- ling Place. Buffalo, N. Y. — Ralph E. Brown Motor Car Co., 781 Main Street. Butte, Mont. — Butte Novelty Works. Chamberlain, S. D.— J. W. Sanford. Chassell, Mich.— C. H. Worcester. Cherryvale, Kan. — W. H. Francis. Cincinnati, Ohio — L. C. Denison, 216 East Ninth Street. Columbus, Ohio — The Curtin- Williams Auto Co. Conneat Lake Pa. — D. L. McGuire. Cooperstown, N. Y. — The Ostego Garage Co. THE WINTON MOTOR CARRIAGE CO. 86 B*r«o Road. Cl.-vi-l.nd. Ohio. Please send Winton Six literature to Corsicana, Texas — H. E. Pace. Coshocton, Ohio — J. P. Forbes. Culbertson, Mont. — Verne H. Bostwick. Danbury, Conn. — John W. Green, Jr. Danville, 111. — Robt. Holmes & Bros., North and Hazel Streets. Davenport, la. — Mason's Carriage Works. Decatur, III— Elkin Chandler, State and Wil- liam Streets. Denver, Colo. — J. Hervey Nichols, Jr., 1636 Broadway. Des Moines, la. — C. F. Strong Motor Car Co., 917-919 West Grand Avenue. Duluth, Minn.— F. J. Cosford. El Paso, Texas — Homan C. Myles, 204 Texas Street Erie, Pa.— J. B. Arbuckle. Evansville, Ind.— E. K. Ashby Co. Fitchburg, Mass. — Geo. A. Marshall. Fresno, Cal. — Waterman Bros. Co. Galesburg, 111. — Hobbie & Martin, 66 North Seminary Street. Geneva, N. Y. — D. M. Dorman. Great Falls, Mont. — Montana Auto Tire Re- pair Co. Hammond, Ind. — G. H. Stewart. Hardwick, Vt.— W. W. Marshall. Hillsdale, N. Y.— S. D. Zeh. Hollidaysburg, Pa.— Lynn A. Brua. Houston, Texas — Mosehart & Keller Automo- bile Company. Huntington, Ind. — Roy J. Gibler. Huntington, W. Va.— H. E. Love. Indianapolis, Ind. — Henry Wilke, 341 Massa- chusetts Avenue. Jackson, Mich.— B. M. Byrne, 103 West Pearl Street Jacksonville, 111.— John Cherry, 238 North Main Street Johnstown, Pa. — Geo. W. Conrad. Kalamazoo, Mich. — F. F. Rowe. Kankakee, 111.— Geo. A. Fortin. Kansas City, Mo. — Albert G. Parker, 604 Dwight Bldg. Lebanon, N. H — Jackson & Carter. Lidgerwood, N. D.— J. L. Mathews. Lima, Ohio — Mack-Brooks Co. Lincoln, Neb. — Lincoln Automobile Co., 118 North 13th Street. Lindenwood, 111. — M. D. Stocking. Litchfield, Minn.— C. H. March. Los Angeles, Cal. — W. D. Howard Motor Car Co., 12th and Main Streets. Louisville, Ky. — The Thomas Automobile Co., 910 8d Avenue. Madison, Wis. — Hokanson Auto Co. Magnolia, Miss. — Lampton Mercantile Co. Manning, la. — Parkhouse & Parish. Mansfield, Ohio — Geo. W. Kenson, Masonic Temple. Middletown, Conn. — F. L. Caulkins Garage, 405 Main Street. Milwaukee, Wis. — Bates-Odenbrett Automobile Co., 603 Broadway. Missoula, Mont. — F. M. Shoemaker. Mobile, Ala. — Bloch Bros. Modesta, Cal. — Young Bros. Montgomery, Ala.— Alabama Auto & Electric Company. Mt Vernon, N. Y. — Jos. A. Henning. Mt Vernon, Wash.— H. S. Hawley. New Brunswick, N. J. — R. E. Ross, Connor's Square. Newburgh, N. Y.— Youngs Co., 249 Grand Street Norfolk, Va. — Woodley Automobile Co., 26 West City Hall Avenue. Oakland, Cal.— Osen & Hunter, 1224 Webster Avenue. Oroville, Cal. — Oroville Auto Co., 811 Mont- gomery Street Pekin, 111.— O. W. Noel. Pensacola, Fla. — Gulf Motor Co. Pontiac, IlL — John S. Murphy. Portland, Ore. — Emmet Harris, 16th and Alder Streets. Portsmouth, Ohio— R. S. Prichard. Providence, R. I. — Davis Automobile Co., 7 Dorrance Street Racine, Wis.— Frank J. Miller. Richmond, Ind. — W. P. Haughton. Roanoke, Va. — Roanoke Automobile Co., 105 Franklin Road. Roaring Spring, Pa. — Frank McDonald. Rosevifie, 111.— W. T. Wolfe. Rugby, N. D. — A. J. Scott. San Antonio, Texas — C. H. Dean, 234 South Flores Street. San Jose, Cal. — Geo. B. Polhemus. Sapulpa, Okla. — Central Motor Car Co. Schenectady. N. Y.— R. De Witt Veeder, 35 University Place. Scranton, Pa. — Lackawanna Automobile Co. Spokane, Wash. — Columbia Garage, Inc. Springfield, 111.— Little & Sons Livery Co., 321 East Adams Street Springfield, Mass. — Geisel Automobile Co. Stamford. Conn.— W. A. Clark Co. Steubenville, Ohio — The Automobile & Motor Boat Company. St Louis, Mo.— Chas. P. Luhn, 3916 Wash- ington Boulevard. Stockton, Cal. — H. N. Cross. Syracuse, N. Y. — Syracuse Motor Car Co., 235 W. Genesee Street. Tacoma, Wash. — C E. Detwiler. Terre Haute, Ind. — Wabash Auto Electric Co. Toledo, Ohio. — Lichtie Automobile Co., 1102 Madison Avenue. Topeka, Kan. — A. G. Lewis, 835 Kansas Ave. Trenton, N. J. — John L. Brock, Canal Street. Tulsa, Okla.— C. J. Wrightsman. Vancouver, B. C. — British Columbia Automo- bile Co., Ltd. Waynesburg, Pa. — Hoover Automobile Co. Webb City, Mo.— J. M. Hirons. Wheeling, W. Va.— A. A. Wheat Wichita, Kan.— Wichita Garage Co. Wilkes Barre, Pa. — C. D. Hershberger. Williamsport, Pa.— Laedlein & Best Winchester, Ohio— Mark H. Mechlin, 4S1 W. Third street When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. ARTESIAN has been discovered in southern Nevada, on the main line of the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake R. R., only a few hours' ride from Los Angeles, California. On October 10th a well was brought in, flowing 120 miner's inches at a depth of only 325 feet. The soil is the very richest, producing pears, apples, figs, alfalfa (alfalfa returns over $100 per acre) and all kinds of vegetables. One man received over $1,000 from one acre of vegetables! There are 15 flowing wells; over 7,000 acres of land have been taken up since the first of October. A syndi- cate of wealthy mining men from Tonopah have taken up 3,000 acres and are preparing to irrigate it and sell it to settlers. All this land is within eight miles of Las Vegas, the coming town of Nevada. Five years ago Las Vegas existed only on the map, and what is now a thriving town was only sagebrush. Today, there is a population of 1,800, macadamized streets, electric lights, telephone, a fine hotel, The Nevada, equipped with all modern improvements; the railroad is expending one million dollars in machine shops; the Pacific Fruit Express Co. have built a new Ice Plant costing $250,000; 125 cottage houses are being built for the skilled laborers who will come to work in the railroad shops. Las Vegas is the supply point for the great mining sections of Tonopah and Goldfield. We can sell you lands from $15 to $100 per acre, which will more than double in value within the next twelve months. Write NOW for particulars. Tell us what money you have to invest and we will give you reliable advice. We furnish bank references. We are the Largest Dealers in Land in Southern Nevada When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. IRRIGATION SCENE IN CALIFORNIA AMES DEEP WELL PUMP Driven by a Gasoline Engine Pump 150 feet long. Capacity 450 gallons per minute We manufacture Double Acting Deep Well Pumps that pump a continuous stream from well and deliver it either at the surface or through long pipe lines against high heads above the surface at one lift. Write A. T. Ames Manufacturing" Co. NILES, CALIFORNIA, jo. Catalogue. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Going Up! City ways were not altogether new to him, but, as he waited at the elevator shaft, in one of the large office buildings, he said to his companion: "Well, I'll be hanged if that isn't a beater." "Why, what?" uJust look at that confounded railroad advertising on an elevator — UP! What won't they do next?" His companion replied, "Sh, Sh, those letters mean 'up.' When I see that word, this jingle always comes to my mind: ' Whenever the little word " up" you see, Think of Safety, Speed, Service, via U. P."' You will see that word at almost every passenger elevator in the country — but, before you leave for the West, be sure to ask for literature and information rela- tive to rates, routes, etc. Call on or write to E. L. LOMAX, G. P. A. Omaha, Neb. 15he RELIABLE LINE "Dempster" That's The Name High Class Gasoline Engines 2 to 12 Hone Power For Gasoline Kerosene «k.nd Alcohol Four Cycle Economical Powerful Will Run Anything Anywhere Irrigating and Water Works Pumping Plants our Specialty OUR LINE: WIND MILLS ALL KINDS OF PUMPS WOOD AND STEEL TANKS WELL MACHINERY GASOLINE ENGINES CULTIVATORS FEED MILLS GRAIN DRILLS IRON PIPE AND CASING COCKS AND VALVES WELL POINTS AND STRAINERS FARM AND RANCH WATER. SUPPLIES BEST TO BUY BEST TO WORK Look Carefully at the Best Windmill Head Ever Made See that Extra Bearing on the Wheel Shaft and the Center Lift Crank Roller Rim Gears and other good things DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING CO. FACTORY: BEATRICE. NEBRASKA Branch Houses : Omaha. Neb. Kansas City. Mo. Sioux Falls. S. D. Mention Department "A" when you write THE VOL. xxv TITLE REGISTERED U.S.PATENT OFFICE Nfi 2 I CHICAGO, DECEMBER, 1909] THE FINISHED APPEARANCE OF THE DITCH The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Levee Builder The Austin Drag Line Excavator OUR PULL LINE COMPRISES: The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher Send for Catalogue "S" is the first thing that strikes the observer of work done by an AUSTIN DRAINAGE EX- CAVATOR. If the observer be a contractor, he will see more than mere good looks. He sees 1. A ditch durf and finished sim- ultaneously at the same unit cost. 2. No excess excavation — only so much material as the plans call for is removed. 3. A machine which will dia a drainage canal through a swamp or an irrigation canal across a desert. 4. If he will look up cost rec- ords, a machine which will take out material and deposit it in spoil banks more cheaply than it can be done by any other machine used in ditching. 5. A canal that pleases the engi- neer and adds to that asset of his bus- iness called "good will." WE SELL OUTRIGHT OR LEASE tolling 1 The Austin Tile Ditcher The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO., N. B.— AGENTS WANTED IN UNOCCUPIED TERRITORY Morris Machine Works BaldwinsviUe, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating propo- sition. Send details or specifica- tions of what ia wanted and we will recommend a pumping outfit to supply the need. New York Office 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office Cor. Wood & Willow Sts..Texa» Henion &f Huhhell. Agenti. 223-231 N. Jefferson St.. Chicago. Harron. Rickard & McComb. Agents 21 Fremont St., S. Francisco, Cal, THE IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, Publishers, < CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Union Pacific "The Safe Road to Travel" -TO Pacific Northwest 14 Electric Lighted Trains Every Day 40 Per Cent of Main Line is Double Track New Steel Passenger Equipment Electric Block Signals Dining:. Car Meals and Service '*Best in the World" For literature and information relative to rates, rontes, etc., call on or address THE IRRIGATION AGE. 73 The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most EconomicalandCertain Means of Lifting Water 55 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices — State Requirements CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND GASOLINE ENGINE IRRIGATION OUTFIT. The Temple Water Elevators —The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Manufacturers of all kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Fou. Cylinder Gaso- line or Kerosene Engines Briefly stated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as follow*: First — They are more economical in the use of fuel On light loads one cylinder can be used, reserving both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the double cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more convenient it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine. The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. Factory, 15th St. and 16th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III.. U. S. A. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 74 T H E I K H 1 G A T 1 0 N AGE QUESTIONS 7 to 13 ANSWERED 6-PURPOSE IRRIGATION MACHINE Go to the Land Show in Chicago ? It's over, but what a memory ! Such active in- terest was displayed by every class of persons from the Colored Pullman Porter to the Landed Proprietor of foreign blood. Questions ? Yes. All practical. Many of them centered along machinery for cutting sage brush — for leveling and sloping land — for cutting wide and narrow ditches — for throwing borders. The Baker Mfg. Co., No. 726 Fisher Bldg., will answer some of these questions. If you have others, write direct to them. They will be answered by mail without charge. No. 7 — Size of Laterals. Question — What sized laterals will the zoth Century Ditcher cutf Answer — The pitch of the blade can be regu- lated to cut a narrow or wide ditch. The narrow ditches measure : 12 in. deep x 24 in. wide. 15 in. deep x 30 in. wide. 18 in. deep x 36 in. wide. 24 in. deep x 48 in. wide. Wider and deeper ditches can be cut as demand requires. No. 8 — A Little Mysterious. Question — W hat do you mean by the ex* pression, "6-purpose machine" ? Answer — That machine — the 20th Century — is a Ditcher, Leveler, Sage-brush Grubber, Road Grader, Shallow Drain Maker and Bor- der Thrower ; all six combined in one easy- to-buy, easy-to-handle machine for economical irrigation farmers. No. 9— Shape of Ditches Vital. Question — Does it matter what shape the side of a ditch is? Answer — Yes, indeed. Round-bottom ditches always fill up rapidly. They are loose on the bottom — they are not easily cleaned. The hard bottomed "V" shaped ditch is the ideal form. Water runs rapialy through it; it does not fill easily with washed dirt; the sides do not fall in as in the round-shaped form. The 20th Century Ditcher cuts a ditch with an angle of 45 degrees at the side — a pitch which supports the side dirt and helps resist the breakdown swash of the rapidly-moving water. (See cut No. 1.) No. 10— Firm-Bottom Ditch. Question — One party said at the Land Show at Chicago that when the 2Qih Century made a ditch, one of the horses walked in the ditch and that one wheel folloived the point of the blade. Is this tramping and wheel pressure of any ad-vantage f Answer — Yes. As shown by the half-tone on this page, the horse precedes the Ditcher, making the "V" point firmer than it would be if the weight of the horse had not gone over it. Then the three-inch, flat rim of the wheel of the 20th Century following the point of the blade at a 45-degree angle, helps to roll down the side of the angle and make the point still sharper. Anyone is safe in order- ing a 20th Century. It will cut just the laterals any irrigation farmer may require. No. 11— Cost of Grubbing Brush. Question — Is there no cheap, eas\ wa\ to get rid of sage brush' It's dreadfully 'slow to hack out each plant with a mattock. It costs $3.00 to $4.00 per acre. What do you tliink of tlie bent rail-' Answer— The bent rail the soil, give it a thorough shaking up. If your ground is well sloped and level, it will be in condition for immediate sowing of alfalfa or other grains. This plowing and grubbing combination is a great saving and means that an irrigation farmer accomplishes his plowing and grubbing in one-half to one-third of the time usually required. The cost of this separate plowing and grubbing would be from $5.00 to $7.00 per acre, when the same can be done with the 20th Century Combination for $1.25 to $1.75 per acre. Think of it. the spreading knives as they ir No. 12 — Leveling Land Profitably. Question — My land has quite a few bumps and hollows. Will the zoth Century cut down these bumps and fill in the Itollowsf Answer — If you will carefully read some of the Government Reports and Instructions to Beginners in Irrigation, you will discover that they emphasize continually the necessity of leveling and sloping the land to a proper angle from the source of the water supply. This machine is admirably adapted for cutting off the high places and carrying the dirt into the hollows. As shown in Cut No. 3, below, the blade can be set, left or right, at any acute angle or right angle. It can be raised or lowered so that the amount of dirt can be nicely gauged for' either filling or scrapnig. (See Cut No. 8.) It is impossible to give an estimate on the cost of leveling your land, but it is safe to say that it will cost at least one-half to two- thirds less with a 20th Century than by most any other method which the farmer can follow himself. No. 13 — Where to Get Information. Question — Where can complete information regarding this machine be obtained .' Answer — Write the manufacturer, The linker Mfg. Co., 72(i Fisher Bldg., Chicago. "Dollars in the Ditch" is the unique name of their new irrigation folder. They send it with a complete catalog — both free. No. 2-SAGE BRUSH CUTTER. This has a stiff, steel cutting edge sharpened and pointed to rip open the brush. At each side are two strong, keen knives that cut a swath 30 inches wide, is attached to 20th Century tongue. See Question 1 1. No. 1— 20th CENTURY CUTTING *'V" SHAPED LATERAL Tbe loose dirt on the sides can be cut off, moved over, and leveled with the same machine. Thus no ground need be wasted. See answer to Questions 7, 9, 1 0. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. No. 3— MACHINE SET FOR LEVELING. For cutting down "bumps'* and hummocks, the blade is set at right angles, then lowered by main lever and a moderate slice cut off. The dirt is then spread and "spilled*' as desired. See Question 12. THE IRKIGATION AGE. Myers Power Pumps Working Heads, Pumping Jacks, Cylinders, Etc. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Length of Stroke 5 to 24 inches Size of Discharge Up to 6 inches PATENTED APRIL 30 TM90I, No. 673,282. JULY 13™, 1909, No. 928,234 AUGUST lo™ 1909, No. 930,405. AUGUST 10™ 1909. No. 930,981. Fig. 813 U'BRASSROO PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps For Shallow Wells Double Acting ^Length of Stroke 5 to 20 inches Size of Cylinders 2 ' •; to 6 inches Size of Discharge Up to 4 inches Capacities 600 to 7200 Gallons per Hour Fig. 1321 The construction of these pumps permits a double gearing which transmits the power in two lines— one from each end of the same shaft, thus insuring perfect align- ment and reducing an friction and side strain to a minimum. Write for Catalogue and Prices F. E. MYERS ^ BRO., ASHLAND, OHIO ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. Deep Well Working Heads These Working Heads Can be Operated by Electric Motor, Gas or Gasoline Engine, Steam Engine or Belt Driven — the Motors and Engines being Direct Connected if Desired. The chief advantage to the possessor of a Doming Deep Well Working Head is in the immense saving of power money in direct proportion to the great depths from which the water can be pumped. • Then, too, our working heads have differential or double acting cylinders — discharging water at each stroke. Anyone desirous of securing water from deep wells for private estates, farms, etc. , could purchase one of the smaller sizes and use it to excellent advantage . Of course we make other larger sizes for irrigating — those in the illustrations having 24 inch stroke. If you expect to install a private irrigating plant, or need a pump of any kind, we should be glad to have you write us, giving conditions under which the pump would have to work. Our engineering department would then give you full information. THE DEMING COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO HAND AND POWER PUMPS FOR ALL USES Including Spray Pumps, Nozzles and Accessories HENION AND HUBBELL, Chicago, 111., General Western Agents Other Agencies in All Principal Cities When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 'KRIOR SUPERIOR DRILLS are Used mil Appreciated by Out Farmers Ihe World Orer SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: Dean & Co., ... Minneapolis, Minn. Kincman & Co., • - - - Peoria, 111. Kinsman St. Louis Implement Co., M. Louis, Mo. Ktngman-Moore Imp. Co., - Kansas City, Mo. Kingman-Moore Imp. Co., • Oklahoma, Okla. Kineman Implement Co., - • Omaha, Neb. Parfin & Orewlorff Imp. Co.. Portland, Ore. Colorado Moline Plow Co., - Denver, Colo. The T. C. Powers Co., - - Helena, Mont. Consolidated War. & Mach. Co., Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw Cn., - - Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturer* AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO.. (Inc.) Springfield, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS All the Grand Prizes and All the Gold Medals fftven to pumps by the Alaska - Yukon - Pacific Exposition at Seattle last summer were awarded to AMERICAN PUMPING MACHINERY Few users of pumps realize that the efficiency of the centrifugal pump has been doubled during the last ten years and it is now the simplest, most dependable and most economcal pump made. The reason why "American" Centrifugals attain higher efficiencies than any other is, they have more refined flow-lines and there is the least possible resistance, caused by sudden change of direction and eddies of fluid when passing through the pump. This feature enables the single stag.; "American" Centrifugal to attain mechanical efficiencies of 60 to 80 per cent, on total heads up to 125 feet and make them the most economical pumps for irrigation purposes. "American" Centrifugals are made in both horizontal and vertical styles, in any number of stages, in any size and equipped with any power. Write for efficiency tests of "American" Centrifugals by one of the most eminent hydraulic engineers of the Pacific coast. Complete catalog free. THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS General Office and Works AURORA. 1LL..U.S. A Chicago Office First National Bank Building Western Sales Agencies DENVER, 18th and Lawrence Streets SAN FRANCISCO, 523 Market Street LOS ANGELES, 160 N.Los Angeles St. PORTLAND, ORE., 2d and Ash Streets Farming BY Irrigation Farming by Irrigation is in all ways more profitable than when it is dependent on rain In Northern Colorado — which is considered the best farming country on earth — farming by irrigation is so easy and so certain that prosperity is sure to attend the efforts of any farmer who is at all industrious and economical. The Staple Crops are: Wheat, Oats, Barley, Alfalfa, Potatoes, Sugar Beets, all kinds of Vegetables and Small Fruits, and Apples, Plums, Cherries and other tree fruits. Let me send you free a copy of our thirty-two page book devoted exclusively to the agricultural and horticultural resources of this section of Colorado and also of Wyoming, along our lines. This book contains twenty-seven illustrations and describes the present condition fairly and thoroufhly. It also gives the personal testimony of a few farmers, taken at random, from different valleys that may be cited, as the typical results of successful and profitable farming in this section. Write for free copy today. T. E. FISHER, General Passenger Agent, DENVER, COLORADO COLORADO & SOUTHERN RY. When writing to advertisers please 'mention The Irrigation Age. 78 THE IEEIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Troxighs For catalog and prices address P. M AGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. —OR — T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bldf., Denver. Colo. GET AN AVERY ALL-AROUND TRACTION LOCOMOTIVE An Avery TJndermounted Traction Locomotive pulling an Excavating Grader CAN BE USED FOR MORE KINDS OF WORK THAN ANY OTHER ENGINE— Is adapted for all kinds of Traction and Belt Work, and can also .be furnished with Special Steam Shovel, Steam Crane and Road Roller Attachments. HASAN IMPROVED FORM OF CONSTRUCTION OVER ANY OTHER ENGINE— It is Undermounted. The only engine with a design adapted especially for heavy traction work. Is more Powerful, Durable and Easier to Handle. Built in five sizes: 18, 20, 22, 30 and 40 horsepower. WE ALSO BUILD a large line of Engine Hauling Wagons and Steam Plow Attachments for use with Traction Engines. 1910 CATALOG JUST OFF THE PRESS. Get our catalog and prices on the Avery Improved Undermounted Traction Locomotives. AYERY COMPANY • ft 96S Iowa St., Peoria, III, Ditching Dredges, Placer Mining and Traction Dredges SUITABLE FOR ALL CLASSES OF WORK Steam Shovels— AII sizes Ballast Unloaders Write us for information, giving particulars of requirements The Marion Steam Shovel Co., MARION, OHIO G. W. BARNHART, Western Manager 718 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, Cal. F. H. HOPKINS & CO., Montreal, Quebec Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 60 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND, IND., V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments Hay Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Year THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXV CHICAGO, DECEMBER, 1909. No. 2 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE IRRIGATION ERA ARID AMERICA THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL MID- WEST THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postoffice at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 3, 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $1.50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid 11.00 To Canada and Mexico, . 1.50 All Other Foreign Countries 1.50 In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks . Send either postomce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation, Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age it the only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 25 year* old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. Although it has been freely predicted dur- Secretary ing the past two months that Secretary Ballinger Ballinger would demand the removal of Asks for the chief forester for insubordination and $30,000,000. conduct unbecoming a public official, no tangible proof of this action has yet been recorded. It is presumed that the secretary of the in- terior has reached the conclusion that if sufficient "rope" is given to the creator of the "water-power trust" he will accomplish his own official demise. In his report of work accomplished by the depart- ment during the year, Secretary Ballinger points to the need for additional funds with which to complete Ihe reclamation "work undertaken by the government, but which must be carried forward slowly unless financial assistance is given. He advocates an act by Congress to authorize the issuance of bonds aggregating $30,000,- 000 against the reclamation service and that these be used as needed for the completion of works in which the government is now involved. It is probable that the secretary named a bond issue somewhat in excess of the amount desired in order that Congress may record an economy by pruning the figure to one-half or one-third the sum asked. Whatever may be the criticisms directed Many Attend against the methods employed by the Chi- Chicago cago Tribune, in conducting the United Irrigation States Land and Irrigation Exposition in Exposition. Chicago, the fact cannot be disputed that the show has exerted a powerful influence for the development of the west. Chicago, the great vortex for the activities of the middle west, and ihe gateway through which the east gathers much of its information concerning western deeds and doings, has been stirred to its center. Land irrigation is now 3 known quantity and its fruits have excited the interest of a Chicago public. Chief among the problems before the irrigation pro- jector today is the method by which his reclaimed areas may be populated and given proper cultivation to insure the production of food stuffs, thereby bringing return for the energy and money expended in the engineering works. In the cities is a public that is far more frighted at the prospect of a temporary suspension of its pay envelope than at an old age ol poverty and ill-health. To this class of people there is but one convincing argu- ment— demonstration of the financial returns to be ex- 80 THE IRRIGATION AGE. pected from the irrigated farms. In this respect the exposition has fulfilled its purpose and has opened the eyes of Chicagoans to the proven worth of irrigated lands. While the Chicago exhibition was well patronized by citizens and was doubtless an excellent financial venture for the Chicago Tribune under whose auspices it was held, exhibitors find some reason for complaint at the lack of attendance by farmers and residents in suburban communities, recognized as being the most likely to grasp the full importance of the show. It is but natural that THE IRRIGATION AGE should commend, along general lines, the management of an exposition that has accomplished much for the west. To the complaint as voiced by many western exhibitors against the arbitrary rulings and seeming arrogance of the managers, it must be stated, that the exposition was planned and matured by the Chicago Tribune, a com- mercial organization, and that too great motives of philanthrophy should not therefore have been ascribed to the promoter. Neither a daily newspaper nor a monthly, class journal is an eleemosynary institution — a bank account is a necessity for its operation. Under co-operative management an exhibition of a style similar to the United States Land and Irrigation Exposition might possibly have been organized to pre- vent many of the criticisms and complaints so generally heard on the floor of the Coliseum. Results from this exposition are not to be measured by either inquiry at display counters or sale of lands at the show. It was a demonstration, where the west as a whole proved the utility of irrigation methods in the production of crops. From this show large inquiry must result from those who were personally present and who' have reflected upon the problem, or from those who have been interested by the statements of friends or neigh- bors in describing the marvelous fruits and produce seen at the Chicago irrigation exposition. There is a deal of merit in the plan ad- tngineers vanced by Chairman McCorkle, of the May Meet Pueblo Board of Control, for a meeting of at Pueblo irrigation engineers in that city at the Congress. time of the eighteenth -session of the Na- tional Irrigation Congress. It is to be hoped that this plan will be carried forward with vigor and that there may be formed an organization of en- gineers which shall meet with the congress in succeeding years. Aside from the benefits to be gained by the members of this organization through yearly conference and ex- change of ideas, their presence would add materially to the strength of the irrigation congress, for it is rarely that questions do not arise which, while interesting to practical irrigators, cannot be discussed intelligibly and in detail except by those who are familiar with engineer- ing lore and practice. Then, too, the financier and the projectors of irrigation works would be brought into close communication and personal acquaintance with the practical engineer. These three agents are the vital forces in private reclamation work and ties of personal friendship would aid in their co-operation for mutual benefit. If the time taken at the seventeenth session by Forester Pinchot and his followers in a futile attempt to create a "water power trust" had been used to advantage by the presentation of an address on some practical en- gineering problem, the congress would have better main- tained its dignity and been of more value to irrigators. It is anticipated that state engineers from all terri- tory west of the Mississippi river would eagerly embrace the opportunity to meet with the irrigators and exchange ideas. By properly fomenting interest in the proposed organization, Chairman McCorkle would do an excellent service for the National Irrigation Congress. The long smoldering agitation of Ways and Means for combating the alarming tendency to herd in the cities to the detri- ment of the substantial and vital interests of the country, finally culminated and found expression through the medium of the Farm Land Congress, called into being through the commendable activity of the Hearst newspapers at large, and the "Chicago Examiner" in particular. That the Congress has justified its initial purpose and its continued existence, has been sufficiently demon- strated by the generous response upon the part of all who were invited to co-operate by the initiators of the movement — a response far exceeding the most sanguine expectations of its promoters. Delegates to the number of -five hundred, from every quarter of the country, the very flower of the land, were in attendance, and without exception devoted their best thought and energies toward the solution of the many matters of detail concerned in the solution of the tremendous problems confronting them. That the men responsible for the inauguration and successful execution of this enterprise were fully alive and equal to the situation is evidenced by the elevated character of the committees and of the list of speakers, and by the subjects assigned to them. Resolutions often mean little, but the resolutions adopted by this Congress, composed as it was, to so large an extent, of members of law-making bodies, can- not be regarded in any other light than as the fore- runners of desired and much-needed legislation. The resolutions, as finally adopted, must appeal to the highest sense of patriotism of every student of economic affairs. From the standpoint of THE IRRIGATION AGE, , THE IRRIGATION AGE. 81 which, for a quarter century, has in season and out of season, consistently advocated the reclamation of the arid lands of the West, it is a matter for sincere congrat- ulation that the opportunity to secure an emphatic ex- pression of endorsement of the work of the United States Geological Survey in its water resources investigations, and of its claim upon more substantial financial support was not overlooked, and an added source of satisfaction is the resolution calling for the means for speedy com- pletion of the unfinished government reclamation projects with its consequent relief to be afforded settlers upon these projects now enduring hardships for lack of long-delayed water for irrigation. Coming as it does simultaneously with the public announcement of the position taken by Secretary of the Interior Ballinger upon this vital question, it is to be hoped that the national legislators will take heed and respond to the "call of the West." The need for further legislation authorizing co- operation between the State and Federal Governments in the construction of drainage works and the prevention t,f floods and forest fires is pointed out, while the estab- lishment of agricultural high schools in each congres- sional district would be an unmixed blessing. It is to be hoped that the call for a conference com- i/jittee, as authorized by Mr. Walsh, will meet with the same prompt and hearty response that was accorded the eall to the larger gathering. It may be well, as sug- gested, to strike while the iron is hot, and convoke this committee in January or February, 1910. Whether the idea of a "Central Board of Publicity" inviting, as it Joes, states control and co-operation, or the plan of a "centralized bureau of colonization" under Federal con- trol will prevail, with the better chance of ultimate success, within a measurable period of time, remains to be seen. The Bond Market. It is interesting to note the following comment on bonds in general and irriga- tion bonds in particular, from the monthly letter of Farson Sons & Company, New York and Chicago : "A preponderance of evidence indicates that throughout the entire country there is a feeling of se- curity and satisfaction over the business situation sel- dom, if ever, equaled. Manufacturing seems fully re- vived, and excellent crops with high prices tend toward a prolonged period of prosperity. The truest reflection of those conditions is the fact that November and De- cember show the greatest business ever handled by the leading trunk line railroads in the United States. "All this has its bearing on the bond market. Banks, trust companies, insurance companies, fraternal organizations and all classes of bond investors are influ- enced by this feeling of confidence — the market for the better class of higher income bonds being excellent. Those investors who formerly were slow to investigate irrigation, drainage and timber bonds netting from 5 to 6 per cent are now not only looking into these secu- rities, but actually are absorbing almost more than the conservative bond houses can procure. It is well dem- onstrated that the security back of high-grade irrigation, drainage and timber bonds is ample for the most con- servative investors. It is also demonstrated that owners of such properties, as well as municipalities, can well afford to pay 6 per cent for money. "Prosperity brings with it high prices. These prices influence not only the luxuries, but the necessities of life. It is a fact that the price of living has increased over 100 per cent during the last ten years. This con- dition reflects itself in the bond market by a strong tendency of a large portion of bondholders to convert their lower income bonds into securities that will bring a more remunerative return and at the same time give absolute security of principal. "The market for low income bonds, however, is not dead, and during the last few weeks has shown much life. As there are different personalities, so there are different ideas as to what a bond should represent. Cer- tain institutions also are limited by old laws to this class of securities. Good bonds paying all the way from 3!/2 to 4 per cent are always in demand. The low prices of these bonds at the present time make them es- pecially attractive, and we predict that those persons desiring securities of this class will not find a better market to purchase them in than that we are now expe- riencing." To the thousands of innocent settlers who Congress were led to file on land under government To Study irrigation projects in the expectation that Irrigation water would be supplied to the parched Question. acres within a reasonable time, but who have been subjected to a series of disap- pointments and are even now seemingly far distant from that joyful day, the present session of congress is filled with grave import. Aside from the unanimous demand of western repre- 'sentatives at Washington, President Taft has promised his support to an act to authorize the issuance of gov- ernment bonds for the completion of the federal reclama- tion projects. Whether or not these forces can outweigh the opposition and secure the desired legislation, is a question that cannot be determined until the general policy of the session may be more fully outlined. It is claimed that certain interests in the east arc working for a • do-nothing session and will therefore attempt to throttle all aggressive action toward discussion and disposition of new projects. If this policy prevails, it is fair to conclude that the west must endure «till slower progress on its government reclamation work. Comment on the proposed bond issue as given in the eastern press leads to the belief that the real nature of this loan is either grossly misunderstood or is inten- tionally distorted for political purposes. THE IRRIGATION AGE. Notes on Practical Irrigation D. II. Anderson PARTICULAR SOILS, Their Adaptation to Varieties of Plants — Functions of Or- ganic and Inorganic Elements. Although these notes are intended to apply exclusively to irrigation, that is, the artificial application of water to lands deprived of a sufficient rain fall to raise a crop, such as the arid and semi-arid lands, which constitute so vast a portion of our western country, yet, as all arable or fertile soils in whatever part of the world they may be, must contain certain elements necessary to plant life, an inquiry into the specific nature of soils will supply whatever information may be needed to till irrigable lands, as successfully as those where a rain fall may be depended upon to raise a crop. It is even possible that such information may be of greater practical value, be- cause the elements in the soil and the crop itself, are under better control and management when the necessary water is in an irrigating ditch, than when it is in a cloud beyond control. As a matter of fact, there is very little difference in soils as such* wherever they may exist. All of them are capable of producing some variety of plant life, unless absolutely barren on account of the absence of plant food, as the Desert of Sahara, for instance, or by reason of an excess of the elements essential to plant life, as our so-called "alkali lands." But, when it comes to the comparative quantities of organic and inorganic elements to be found in all soils, there is a vast difference, par- ticularly when crops of a certain kind are to be successfully raised. Soil Has Two Elements. It was stated in the last chapter that soil consists of inorganic and organic elements. The inorganic material being decomposed rocks and mineral; to be more precise, such as were never endowed with life, and the organic material consisting of decomposed vegetable matter, which once possessed some form of life, both of which elements are absolutely necessary to grow any kind of plant. A little experiment, which any one can perform, will make this clear to the reader. When any vegetable substance is heated to redness in the open air, no matter whether it be a peach or a potato, a strawberry or a squash, a handful of straw or a beautiful rose, the whole of the so-called organic elements, which are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, are burned away and disappear, but there remains behind an "ash" composed of potash, soda, lime, magnesia, iron, etc., which does not burn, and which, in most cases, does not undergo any diminution when exposed to a much greater heat. It is this "ash" which constitutes the inorganic portion of plants. The predominance of certain of these substances, which, it was stated in the last chapter, are absorbed from the soil by the operation of plant life, is what en- ables agriculturists to give certain names to various kinds of soils, which names, however, are of very little prac- tical importance, except to enable a farmer to specify which of them are best adapted to the varieties of plants he desires to raise. So far as these inorganic substances are concerned, they must exist in the soil in such quantities as easily to yield to the plant, so much of each one as the kind of plant specifically requires. If they be rare, the plant sickens and dies just the same as does an animal when deprived of its necessary food. The same thing will hap- pen if the organic food supplied the plant by the veg- etable matter in the soil be wholly withdrawn. It should be noted, however, that a plant will sometimes substitute one inorganic element for another, if it does not find exactly what it requires, as soda for potash, the tendency of every plant being to grow to perfection if it possibly can do so. This matter will be treated at length in the chapter on "Plant Foods." The following table of the essential inorganic ele- ments found in soils will prove useful and well worth study. The first column gives the scientific, technical name of the elementary bodies; the second column the elements or substances they combine with, and the third column contains the result of the combinations, that is, the various substances ready to form salts which enter into the life of the plant. Elementary Combined Body With Forming Chlorine Metals. Chlorides. Iodine Metals Iodides. Sulphur Metals Sulphurets. Sulphur Hydrogen Sulphuretted Hydrogen. Sulphur Oxygen Sulphuric Acid. Phosphorus Oxygen Phosphoric Acid. Potassium Oxygen Potash. Potassium Chlorine Chloride of Potassium. Sodium Oxygen Soda. Sodium Chlorine Chloride of Sodium, or Common Salt. Calcium Chlorine Chloride of Calcium. Calcium Oxygen Lime. Magnesium Oxygen Magnesia. Aluminum Oxygen Alumina. Silicon Oxygen Silica. Iron and ) Oxygen ( Oxides. Manganese $ Sulphur ( Sulphurets. All the above elementary substances, except sulphur, exist only in a state of combination with other substances, principally oxygen, and are found only in the soil; in no combination are they generally diffused through the at- mosphere, so as to be capable of entering into the life of the plant through the leaves, or those portions above the ground. Hence, they must be taken up by the roots of plants, for which reason they are said to be the necessary constituents of a soil in which plants are expected to grow. Inorganic Matter in Soil. The enormous quantity of inorganic matter in soil may be estimated by a simple calculation. Out of five hundred samples of soil gathered from different parts of the world, the average weight of a cubic foot, wet, has been found to be 126.6 pounds. Now, let us ascertain how many pounds of mineral, or metallic salts exist in an acre of soil, say eight inches deep, the usual tilled depth, or surface soil; of the subsoil, we shall speak later on. We shall give the chemical analysis of an ordinary alluvial, or river bottom soil, such as is common in the western lands. The first column gives the name of the mineral, and the figures in the second column the parts of the min- eral in an agreed one hundred parts, and the third column THE IKRIGATION AGE. 83 the weight of each substance in the surface soil eight inches deep: Elementary bodies and their com- Per- binations. centage Silica and fine sand 87.143 Alumina 5.666 Oxides of Iron 2,220 Oxides of Magnesia 0.360 Lime 0.564 Magnesia 0.312 Potash combined with Silica 0.120 Soda combined with Silica 0.025 Phosphoric Acid combined with Lime and Oxide of Iron 0.060 Sulphuric Acid in Gypsum 0.027 Chlorine in common Salt 0.036 Carbonic Acid united to the Lime... 0.080 Humic Acid 1.304 Insoluble Humus 1.072 Organic substances containing Nitro- gen 1.011 Total Inorganic and Organic sub- stances 100. Weight in pounds 3,203,781+ 208,308+ 81,617+ 13,235+ 20,735+ 11,470+ 4,411+ 919+ 2,205+ 992+ 1,323+ 2,941+ 47,941+ 39,411+ 37,169+ 3,676,464 It should be remembered that these immense quan- tities are contained in only eight inches of top soil, and that twelve inches, or one foot of soil, which is about the depth before reaching the subsoil, would contain a total of inorganic and organic matter equal to 5,514,696 pounds, or 2,757 and one-third tons. The calculation is made by multiplying 43,560, the number of square feet in an acre, by 126.6 pounds, the estimated average weight of one cubic foot of wet soil, which gives the weight of one acre twelve inches deep. Then dividing by twelve, we get the weight of an acre one inch deep. To ascertain the weight of eight inches, we have only to multiply by eight inches, and again mul- tiply by the number of parts of any organic or inorganic matter to ascertain the exact weight of that particular matter in the acre, thus: 43,560X126.6=5,514,696 pounds per acre one foot deep. 5,514,696-4-12=459,558 pounds per acre one inch deep. 459,558X0.120=551.46960 pounds of Potash in one inch acre. 551.46960X8=4,411 pounds of Potash in acre eight inches deep. Five right hand figures must be cut off, three for the decimal places and two more because the calculation is based on a percentage of one hundred parts. The average weight of a cubic foot of dry soil, ac- cording to the foregoing estimate, based upon the tests taken in the cases of five hundred soils collected from various places on the globe, is 94.58 pounds, which will make the dry soil acre eight inches deep weigh 2,715,792 pounds, a difference in weight between wet and dry soils of 960,672 pounds per acre eight inches deep, which, of course, represents the weight of water. This information will prove of value in considering the question of applying water to the soil. As a rule, the proportions of inorganic and organic matter remain about the same, except that the application of water by irrigation adds to the quantity in soluble matter carried to the soil, which is greater in the case of irrigation than when rain is depended upon, humus and salts in solution being carried in the ditch water. By referring back to the test table of a specimen soil, it will be noticed that -the first twelve substances are "inorganic," and the three last "organic." It will also be noticed that the proportion of inorganic matter is vastly greater than that of the organic. It is necessary that this should be so, for the organic matter is the "active" prin- ciple, the dynamic force, and the inorganic matter the "passive" principle. If the proportions were reversed, the inorganic matter would react upon and destroy itself, and as it could not be replaced very well, there would soon be an end to the growth of plants. Hence, nature provides a store-house of raw material, so to speak, to be utilized in the manufacture of plant food, and it is practi- cally inexhaustible, the subsoil, for an unlimited depth, containing all the ingredients necessary to restore the top soil should it become jaded and unresponsive to the demands of cultivation and fertility, if the farmer will take the trouble to dig down after them and bring them to the surface. Moreover, the inorganic elements in the soil are per- SOPHUS RICHARD, General Manager and Treasurer, French Land & Irrigation Company. manent. They are insoluble except when acted upon by the acids formed through the chemical action of the or- ganic matter, and the vital force exercised by the growing plant. In the table of specimen soil, given on another page, the percentage of inorganic matter passes 95 per centum, while the organic matter is about three and one-half per cent. Yet that particular soil is a fertile one, in which it is possible to produce a good crop of any kind of plant. It is only an analysis, it is true, and a chemical analysis is not Always to be depended upon, because there are so many unknown and mysterious applications of the laws of nature, but there are many things to be said in favor of ascertaining what ingredients the soil does contain, approximately, if not with rigorous exactitude. It gives the practical farmer valuable information in the form of suggestions for the improvement of the soil. It (Continued on page 100.) 84 THE IRRIGATION AGE. EXHIBIT OF THE DAHLHJELM COMPANY AT U. S. LAND AND IRRIGATION EXPOSITION. The exhibit of the Dahlhjelm Company at the United States Land and Irrigation Exposition, held at the Coli- seum, Chicago, November 20 to December 4, attracted a great deal of attention and favorable comment, especially from engineers and irrigation experts, who united in pronouncing the underground pressure system the most satisfactory system yet produced. As heretofore noted in these columns the orchards of the Lewiston Land & Water Company. Limited, for and vineyards were displayed, also apples on platters and grapes, peaches and plums in jars were exhibited in such a way as to make a very striking and pleasing exhibit. So far as the Dahlhjelm Company are concerned the results from the Land Show are proving very satisfactory. The exhibit was in charge of Mr. Richard S. Thain, resident manager of the Dahlhjelm Company, whose offices are at 1206-8 Schilier building. Chicago. Mr. Thaiii was assisted by the following salesmen: Messrs. E. N. Read, F. B. Millar, H. S. Fish. R D. Bokums. Jr.. and I. C. Humphrey. Exhibit of The Dahlhjelm Co., Showing Products of the Lewiston Land and Water Co., Ltd., Lands, Near Lewiston, Idaho. whom the Dahlhjelm Company are the sole selling agents, are irrigated by this system, the water being supplied from the Sweetwater reservoir, which is at an altitude of one hundred and fifty feet above the average altitude of the Lewiston orchards. From this reservoir the water is con- veyed in large pipes to relief reservoirs and from thence to each five acres in the Lewiston orchards, five acres constituting the selling unit. In the exhibit of the Dahlhjelm Company large photo- graphs illustrating the irrigation system, also orchards A photograph of the Dahlhjelm Company exhibit is presented herewith. NOTICE TO NEW SUBSCRIBERS. Notice is hereby given to the hundreds of new subscribers who are entitled to a paper-bound copy of the Primer of Irrigation, in connection with their subscription to IRRIGATION AGE, that owing to slight revisions necessary in the. text of the Primer we will not deliver copies until about January 25, 1910. THE IERIGATION AGE. U. S. LAND AND IRRIGATION EXPOSITION Many Exhibits in Chicago Show — Large Attendance of Chicago Residents - Exhibitors Form Permanent Organization — Full Text of Resolutions An exposition of agricultural and horticultural prod- ucts, from irrigated as well as rainfall sections of the country, was the method adopted by the Chicago Tribune in furtherance of the general subject of farm home- building, and to bring the farm, so to say, to the doors of the city dweller. The exposition was held in the Coliseum, which was beautifully decorated at lavish expense, the plans of the architects carried out so as to harmonize all of the exhibits. The attendance during the two weeks of the exposi- tion is estimated at .'100,000, although as yet no authentic figures have been given out. As to how much of this attendance was upon the part of Chicago people, and how much outside sources there is no means of determining. The exhibitors, generally, were well pleased with the results. There was, however, considerable criticism of the management of the show, and representatives of many of the western states decided that an event of this magni- tude should be conducted, if at all, by the exhibitors them- selves, who in turn could reasonably expect the support of all of the newspapers of a city like Chicago, rather than that of a single publication, even though as strong as the Chicago Tribune. At various meetings held during the last week of the exposition, plans were formulated for perfecting an or- ganization to conduct future exhibits, independently of any one newspaper, and the following resolutions were drawn up by a committee appointed for that purpose, and adopted at a subsequent meeting: WHEREAS, The various commercial bodies and financial institutions interested in the development of arid lands have united in placing a very large and splendid exhibition of the products of the irrigated sections at the United States Land and Irrigation Exposition, from November 20th to December 4th, 1909, inclusive, and that it has been a success in a great many ways, and enabled those exhibiting to show in a proper manner the wonderful products brought forth by sun, irrigation, and an extremely fertile soil; and WHEREAS, We believe the Exposition will prove of great value in the development of the arid sections, and will be an uplifting force in the United States, inasmuch as it will act as a teacher to those who live in crowded, unhealthy districts in other cities, or who have capital which they seek to invest profitably, that health, wealth and independence are to be felt by all industrious and intelligent men who cast their lot in the irrigated sections; and WHEREAS, As such exhibitors, we feel that great credit is due to those who conceived the idea of the United States Land and Irriga- tion Exposition, and that we are very grateful for the manner in which they have carried out their conception; and WHEREAS, As we believe that the Exposition should be a permanent annual feature, therefore Be it Resolved, That it is the sense of this meeting composed of exhibitors from States under the Reclamation Act that a permanent organization of all persons interested be formed for the furtherance of our mutual interests. We believe that such organization should be a general one, embracing all of the States included in the Reclamation Act, and that its purpose should be mutual co-operation in the matter of future exhibitions, wherever and whenever held. We recommend that each exhibitor in attendance here return to their respective homes and take steps to bring about a State Organiza- tion which will send delegates to a general meeting to be held on or before the first week in April, 1910, at Salt Lake City, said delegates to be empowered to pledge the industrial interests of their respective States to abide by the decisions of this Executive Board with reference to exhibits at National Industrial Expositions in the future; and Be it Resolved, That it is the sense of this meeting that such executive committee or board of control shall recognize only such cities, commercial bodies or other organizations who desire to secure industrial exhibits from the States referred to as can pledge the entire support of the public press in their respective States and localities. Be it further Resolved, That we pledge the support of the people of irrigated areas to Expositions held under such auspices. Be it further Resolved, That we hereby express our appreciation for what has been done, and for the opportunities that have been afforded us to make a display of our products, and we feel that the Chicago Tribune is especially entitled to the thanks of all for the good which has been accomplished. Your committee of Vice-Presidents respectfully suggest as a name for this organization UNITED EXPOSITION ASSOCIATION OF IRRIGATED STATES. C. J. Sincell, President, Boise, Idaho; Reilly Atkinson, Secretary, Boise, Idaho; Vice-Presidents, H. M. Gilbert, North Yakima, Wash.; os. A. Wilson, Hood River, Oregon; Dr. Clarence E. Edwards, 'alifornia Promotion Bureau, San Francisco; D. R. Hubbard, Boise, Idaho; Dr. E. D. Ball, Logan, Utah; Dwight Woodruff, Hamilton, Mont.; Prof. B. C. Buffum, Worland, Wyoming; Lee Haney, Colorado Midland Railway, Denver, Colo.; W. B. Hening, Bureau of Immigra- tion, Albuquerque, N. M. ; R. L. McMillan, Dalhart, Texas; Rodney C. True, Experiment Station, Reno, Nevada. Jos. Cali DESCRIPTION OF EXHIBITORS' BOOTHS. The Pueblo Chieftain, Pueblo, Colo. The interests of the Chieftain were taken care of by Messrs. J. A. Bar- clay. John F. Reardon and J. F. Ferris. The Morris Machine Works, Baldwinsville, N. Y., represented by Henion & Hubbel, of 223 North Jefferson street, Chicago. An interesting exhibit of pumping and dredging machinery designed for irrigation and dredging purposes. This exhibit was in charge of Mr. R. C. Wise. International Harvester Company of America, Chi- cago, 111. Model of farm with background of mountain scenery, the farm being given the semblance of life by sheaves of wheat and other products artistically distrib- uted. The central part of this exhibit was the Auto Pump manufactured by this company. Western Michigan. The exhibit of the district bor- dering upon Lake Michigan from Muskegon county to Fmmett county comprising fifteen counties, to which a very larere amount of space was devoted for the presenta- tion of field crops, fresh and canned fruits and vegetables, and apples in boxes. A striking feature of the display was the columns of apples ascending to the roof of the exhibit, and held in place with cylindrical wire cages. The exhibit was in charge of Mr. R. B. Hendel, representing the interests of the Western Michigan Development Bureau. The California-Texas Land Company presented inter- esting views of sections of California and Texas by means of ;i revolving screen. This exhibit was in charge of Mr. Hogan. Enid, Ochiltree & Western Railroad Company, "The Pan-handle of Texas." Exhibit of Pan-handle products, including Kaffir Corn, Milo Maize, Alfalfa and Sugar Beets. The State of Utah. Too much cannot be said in praise of this artistic and interesting presentation of th = resources pf the fertile valleys and treasure-bearing hills of Utah. The handsome trophies won by the State at various Irrigation Congresses in competition with dis- plays from other states, were among the most interesting sights displayed at the Exposition. The beautiful cup donated to the Sixteenth National Irrigation Congress at Albuqueraue by W. R. Hearst, and awarded to the State of Utah for the finest state exhibit of fruits, was the centerpiece of this rich display. Of especial interest were the exhibits of preserved fruits and vegetables emblematic of the industry of packing, which has made such great strides within the last few years. Fifty-six varieties of asparagus were shown. The Utah exhibit was not con- fined to that of agricultural products, a fine display of her mineral resources being made. The Utah-Idaho Sugar Company showed beet sugar in various stages of manu- facture; from the growth of the plant to the finished product. The exhibit was in charge of Mr. Thos. Judd. president of the State Board of Horticulture, Mr. G. E. Taylor, State Insoector of Horticulture, and E. D. Ball, director of the State Agricultural College. North Central Washington. Under this head were grouped exhibits of that part of the State, representing three different interests. First: the exhibit of the Neeley & Young Company, of Spokane, Wash., and Suite 501, 115 Adams street. Chicago. Mr. F. Comstock Mintie of Spokane being in charge. It will be recalled by those who attended the Seventeenth National Irrigation Con- gress at Spokane last August that it was through the enterprise and liberality of this firm that the very inter- esting and instructive display of irrigation systems em- 86 THE IRRIGATION AGE. bracing every known device was presented to the dele- gates, upon one of the firms' properties a few miles east of Spokane. The Wenatchee Valley Commercial Club. This ex hibit of magnificent apples in charge of Mr. Wilmroth, Secretary of the- Club, and one of the Lecturers upon behalf of the Washington Development League. The Great Northern Railroad, represented by Mr. E. C. Leedy, who has succeeded the late Mr. Max Bass as General Immigration Agent of the Railroad, and by Mr. J. J. Mooney; these completing the exhibits grouped as "North Central Washington." The State of Minnesota. A great deal of credit is due the State Board of Immigration, which was responsi- ble for this interesting and picturesque exhibit, which was in charge of Mr. Geo. Welsh, State Commissioner of Immigration, and Mr. Fred D. Sherman, both of whom at times delivered stereopticon lectures on their state. Council Mesa Orchard Company, 426 Marquette Build- ing, Chicago, in charge of Miss Dora Jones. Exhibit of apples raised by irrigation in the famous Council Valley of Idaho. American Well Works, of Aurora and Chicago, 111., in charge of Mr. Geo. W. Igo. An exhibit of centrifugal deep well pumps, their product being well known and in extensive use throughput the west, and having been awarded two Grand Prizes and four Gold Medals at the Alaska-Yukon Exposition. This exhibit attracted much attention. Meade County, Kansas, showing an artesian well in operation in the center of a grass plot. This exhibit was in charge of Dr. W. W. Simpson and C. S. Hulbert. El Paso, Texas. The term "striking" is an inadequate one to apply to the exhibit which bore the name of "El Paso," but which, owing to the liberal spirit for which El Paso people are famous, might better have been termed the exhibit of the "Rio Grande Valley." The exhibit, if such it can be called, consisted of a topographic model of the famous Rio Grande Valley, embracing that part of it from what is known as "Elephant Butte," to the city of El Paso, showing the northern unit of the Gov- ernment's spectacular "Rio Grande Reclamation Project." This miniature reproduction, not only of the country to be benefited by this enterprise, but of the country for hundreds of miles east and west of it was executed with a faithfulness of detail and accuracy of description — the whole being illuminated from beneath — that is difficult to describe. There can be no question that many peo- ple were enabled for the first time to grasp an idea of the immensity of this enterprise, and of the character of the country, which at some not distant date will be one of the richest agricultural sections of the world. Routt County Colonization Company, Denver, Colo- rado. A reproduction, in miniature form, of the section of the "Carey Act" irrigated lands in the Little Snake River Valley in Routt County, comprising 60,000 acres of fertile soil. The exhibit was in charge of Messrs. C. E. Want- land, Hebarton, Bronson, Haste and Keffer. The San Luis Valley, Colorado. An exhibit of grains and field products raised in the famous. San Luis Valley of southern Colorado. This exhibit was in charge of Mr. G. R. Moore, 811 Railway Exchange building, Chicago, 111. Garfield County, Colorado, on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, Glenwood Springs being the county seat, showing irrigated products, including potatoes from the Carbondale district. The miniature train passing through Hell-Gate over the Colorado-Midland Railroad attracted much attention The exhibit was in charge of Messrs. W. P. Clough, Lou D. Sweet and F. E. Sweet. Little Rock, Arkansas. Exhibit of the products of the territory adjacent to Little Rock, including field crops and rice, for the production of which irrigation by pumping is necessary. The exhibit was in charge of Messrs. Speed, Bodeman, Ratteree and Waters. Alexandria, Louisiana, Progressive League, products of central and northern Louisiana, in charge of M. L. Alexander, Secretary of the League. St. Louis & Southwestern Railroad, "The Cotton Belt Railroad," showing products of southwestern Mis- souri, Arkansas, northwest Louisiana and Texas, in charge of Mr. Guy L. Stewart, Agricultural and Industrial Com- missioner of the road. Calhoun, Denny & Ewing, of Seattle, Washington, with Chicago offices at 801 Stock Exchange building, dis- played products of Yakima Valley irrigated fruit lands un- der private and community ditch systems. This com- pany plants orchards and cares for them for non-resident purchasers. Mr. C. F. Bishop, Jr., had charge of the exhibit. Algoa Orchards, of Algoa, Texas, display of semi- tropical and citrous fruits, in charge of Mr. L. H. Payne, sales manager of the company. West Plains, Howell County, Missouri, on the south- ern slope of the Ozarks. The exhibits of the products of this section were in charge of Mr. L. A. Sutherland. Denver Reservoir Irrigation Company; this being one of the smaller exhibits of the Trowbridge & Niver inter- ests, to which reference will be made later. The exhibit was in charge of Messrs. Milnarnow and Davis. J. C. Vining Investment Company, of Denver and Grand Junction, Colorado. Exhibits of products of irri- gated lands in the famous Grand Valley between Palis- ades and Fruita. The Chicago office of this company is located at Room 815, 135 Adams street. The exhibit was in charge of Mr. N. D. McDonald, of Chicago. Julesburg Land Company, of Julesburg, Colorado. This exhibit was in charge of Mr. Church D. Todd of Chicago and Mr. Thompson of Julesburg. The exhibit consisted of a very interesting display of Sedgewick County products raised by irrigation and dry farming. Salt River Valley of Arizona. This exhibit was in charge of Mr. Arthur L. Waterhouse, representing the Phoenix Board of Trade, and embracing the exhibit of the Bartlett-Heard Company of Phoenix, represented by G. W. Gate and C. T. Hirst. This exhibit can easily be classed among the Star attractions of the Exposition, and judging from the crowds of interested people who swarmed before it day and night, the Salt River Valley of Arizona will soon become one of the most populous sections of the country. It is to be expected that the products presented for public inspection would be unique, considering the climatic advantages enjoyed by this sec- tion, which render it peculiarly attractive for the growth of remunerative crops which do not thrive in any other part of the country. The earliest oranges in the market, dates, figs, olives and grape fruit should prove a lode- stone to intending home-seekers. The exhibit of the Bartlett-Hard Company consisted of a house built of bales of alfalfa, of which five and six cuttings are har- vested during the year. The Bartlett-Heard Company is the owner of a large tract of ranch land in the vicinity of Phoenix, which is being sub-divided and sold to set- tlers in small tracts, with water from private ditches or from Government canals, as may be preferred. The fact that the Government's project is almost completed and will be finished next year, together with the low charge for water, and the possibilities of electrical development make this valley, at the present time, a peculiarly favor- able one. State of New Mexico. Any doubt in the minds of the layman as to the possibilities rife in New Mexico must have been removed after viewing the magnificent display by the New Mexico Bureau of Immigration upon behalf of the Territory, all of the irrigated districts of the Terri- tory being represented by displays of fruits, vegetables and grains. For a more extended account of New Mexico and its present state of development we refer the reader to an article elsewhere in this issue, which contains a statement made by Mr. H. B. Hening, Secretary of_ the New Mexico Bureau of Immigration, who was in direct charge of the exhibit. The other gentlemen represent- ing the interests of the various parts of the territory were Messrs. C. W. Colbert, Jas. Mead, A. L. Cox, W. A. Ellis and Geo. H. Webster. That the territory is inhabited by a class of live American citizens is well evidenced by the fact that all of these gentlemen should have evinced their interest in their Territory to the extent of attending the exposition as representatives of various parts of the State, and in such numbers. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 87 Luther Burbank's wonderful discovery, the thornless Cactus, which, according to the statements of the Wizard, will revolutionize the dairy and cattle business, and give to humanity a food at once wholesome and delicious. California. No attempt was made to make a display of the resources of California, but the California Promo- tion Committee had established headquarters in charge of Dr. Clarence E. Edwards and Miss Chapline, where in- formation and literature regarding California was dis- tributed. Dr. Edwards, in a communication to the AGE, states that during the time of the Exposition fully 3.000 people registered at the Information Bureau, of whom he felt confident fully 2,700 would go to his state. During his twenty-one days' stay in Chicago Dr. Edwards deliv- ered nineteen lectures to 15,000 people. It is hardly neces- sary to make any extended mention of California's well- known attractions in this connection. The Dahlhjelm Company of Lewiston, Idaho, with a Chicago office at 1206 Schiller Building, in charge of Messrs. R. S. Thain, E. M. Reed and F. S. Millar, H. S. Fish, R. D. Bokum. Jr., exhibiting Lewiston Land & Water Company's irrigated lands. The French Land & Irrigation Company of French, New Mexico, displayed an exhibit which attracted more than ordinary attention, owing to the fine display of fruit and vegetables, as well as grains. This booth was in charge of Mr. Maxson of the Chicago office, who fur- nished all callers with detailed information concerning the opportunities for home-building under their project. The French Land & Irrigation Company's offices in Chi- cago are on the sixth floor of the Atwood Building, where intending purchasers may secure further data and information upon application, as well as a lot of good literature gotten out by this company. The Twentieth Century Grader and Sage Brush Grub- ber, manufactured by the Baker Manufacturing Company. 726 Fisher Building, Chicago, Illinois, had one of their latest models on exhibition. This booth was in charge of Mr. C. C. Stewart, who was kept busy answering- ques- tions and demonstrating the machine. Denver Reservoir & Irrigation Company showed a model of the irrigation system of the Company, together with an exhibit of products. Standley Lake Irrigation System of the "Denver- Greeley" Irrigation District. This also is one of the numerous projects financed by the firm of Trowbridge & Niver Company of Chicago. Bitter Root Valley Irrigation Company, of 100 Wash- ington Street, Chicago, and Hamilton, Montana, in charge of Messrs. Dwight L. Woodruff, F. D. Nichols, Jas. B. Ransen, T. S. Miller, G. B. Nash. R. E. Mathews, J. M. Lovett and E. W. Herbst. This display, being located at one end of the building, the opportunities for making it effective were utilized to the utmost. A large map of the Bitter Root Valley, showing the irrigation system and towns, and the topographic features being clearly shown, together with a display of irrigated products. The State of Wyoming. This exhibit was in charge of Mr. R. A. Whitely from Cheyenne and Professor Buffum of the State Agricultural Experiment Station at Worland, who delivered lectures on Wyoming during the week. The space reserved included exhibits from the Eden Irrigation & Land Company, the financial sponsors of which are Messrs. Farson Son & Co., of Chicago, and which has frequently been referred to as one of the last of the first-class Irrigation Projects offering water-rights at a minimum figure; also of the Wyoming Land & Irri- gation Company of Greybull, Wyoming, which has de- veloped a tract of 15,000 acres under their Shell Creek canal. The State exhibit was a part of the permanent collection maintained at Cheyenne in charge of Mr. Whitely. A free information booth was maintained by the State, at which circulars describing its resources, prepared by Mr. Robt. P. Fuller, the State Land Commis- sioner, were distributed gratis. The display of the State was very interesting, and consisted of practically all the products of the temperate zone. Particularly interesting were some as yet unnamed forage grasses, produced by scientific plant breeding upon the part of the Wyoming Plant & Seed Breeding Company, of Worland. While -it is estimated that there are water resources in the State sufficient to reclaim a total of 10,000,000 acres, only about 1,500,00) acres have been segregated for this purpose. Yates & McLain Realty Company of Colorado Springs, Colorado, made an interesting display of the products of this climatically favored district. Baldwin County, Alabama. Sub-tropical fruits and tresh preserved, and "Casava," the new food plant. This exhibit embraced that of the Magnolia Spring Land Com- pany of Chicago, with Mr. J. D. Foley in charge. The Alabama-Sumatra Company, in charge of Mr. P. S. Hamm and the Baldwin County Colonization Company, a Ger- man organization. Yakima Valley, Washington, Exhibit displayed by the United C9mmercial Clubs of Yakima Valley, repre- senting the cities of North Yakima, Sunnyside. Toppe- msh, Zillah. and Prosser, all of these districts being a part of the Government's justly famed Reclamation Project. The exhibit was confined almost entirely to apples, and was donated to charitable institutions of the City of Chicago at the close of the show. San Diego County, California, Exhibit, upon behalf of the county, represented by Mr. Jas. E. Jasper. This was made up of a beautiful collection of citrus fruits, apples and nuts, one of the prominent features being a large theremometer showing the daily range of tempera ture at San Diego, California. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. It must have been a source of gratification to this enterprising Rail- road Company, which has done so much to lead thou- sands to a "better life'' in the great Southwest, to witness the immense amount of interest aroused by its exhibit, crowded as it was to the point of discomfort from morn- ing to night. As a matter of fact, it required the efforts of a number of police officers to maintain some semblance of order among the throng which gathered to view this exhibit, which consisted of an exact reproduction built of adobe brick of a typical Pueblo Indian dwelling and Navajo Hogan, with all furnishings, and of a number of Pueblo and Navajo Indian families, the whole set off by a painting in the background, representing a charac- teristic northern Arizona landscape. Fort Smith, Arkansas. The chief feature of this ex- hibit was a farm wagon manufactured at Fort Smith, and loaded in an artistic manner with farm and garden prod- ucts. Mr. W. S. Furman was in charge. The Rock Island-Frisco Railroad Company. This exhibit consisted of a huge map 15 feet by 30 feet, showing all of the States traversed by lines of this road, its Cities and chier minimi. Irrigating, Terracing, Ditching, Grading, Road Building, Run- ning Fences, Setting Out Orchards, Levelling Buildings and Foundations, Getting Angles, and every sort of work requiring a Level. With tbis outfit, which includes Level with TELESCOPE and Plumb-Bob in neat wood box, also Tripod, Graduated Rod and Target, no man needs a Surveyor or Civil Engineer. Simplicity, Accuracy, Durability, GUARANTEED, ORDER TODAY, direct from this offer— or. If more complete information la desired, write today. Address, BOSTROM-BRADY MANUFACTURING CO., 111O Pine Street, St. Louis, Mo. for its equal. Wand power doubled. Two 14 ft. wheels work on same pinion; sec- ond wheel gives more pow- er than first. A Governor That Governs nail winds. Develops 10 full h. p. in 20 mile wind. 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Irngon, Or*.— 100 H.P. Inter-Slit! Irrigating Co.. Hidden Lake, Idi.— 250 H.P. Pekin ft La Marsh Drainage Com., Pekin, III.— 100 H.P. State I r rig a tin | Co.. Pit tenon. Wash.— 250 H.P. U. S. Government (Distillate) Rupert. Idaho. -100 H.P. U. S. Government (Distillate) Minidoka. ldiho.-125 H.P. Write today, telling us your power needs, and we will send you our new handsomely illustrated catalog fully describing the Weber Engine best suited to your requirements. Sheffield Gas Power Co. ISO Winchester Place Kansas City, Mo. Let it Furnish Power for \bu When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 103 NATIONAL INCORPORATING COMPANY. The National Incorporating Com- pany, whose advertisement appears in our columns, is an organization whose business is that of procuring corpora- tion charters from all the leading Charter States; maintaining domicili- ary offices and agencies; furnishing resident officers; assisting in organiz- ing and reorganizing corporations, etc. It has been in existence many years and has acquired a standing and reputation throughout the coun- try. Its literature is standard among attorneys and prospective incorpora- tors who desire to keep fully informed as to the most approved systems of incorporation laws of the States and Territories; its "Corporation Blue- book" being a classic upon this sub- ject. The company has a corps of local attorneys in all cities of ten thousand or more inhabitants, a list of whom is found in the Bluebook. it renders through its representatives free preliminary advice as to where to incorporate most advantageously, and how to incorporate, etc. The Bluebook is mailed without charge to any who request it. Its President and General Western Counsel and Manager is Chas. E. DeLand, of Pierre, S. Dak., the author of "An- notated Statutes of Trial Practice and Appellate Procedure" for the Dak- otas, "Annotated Incorporation Laws of South Dakota," etc. Its Vice- President and General Eastern Coun- sel is Thomas G. Frost, author of "Frost on Incorporation & Organi- zation of Corporations," "Frost on Guaranty Insurance," etc., and prac- ticing in New York City. Its Gen- eral Western Office is at Pierre, S. Dak., its General Eastern Office at 76 William St., New York City. The standing and ability of its represent- atives are sufficient guaranty of faith- ful and competent services at mod- orate charges. The Company's ousi- ness is nation-wide and rapidly in- creasing. Send $2.50 for The Irri- gation Age 1 year, and the Primer of Irrigation This powerful I.H.C. Engine will reclaim your waste land IT is one of the great family of I.H.C. engines which is bringing unheard- of farm prosperity where all was a barren waste a few years ago. Thousands of farmers are using these simple, powerful engines for irrigating their lands, and they have no other source of water supply. The engines pump water where it is needed. They pump water in quan- tities. They do it economically. Have you a water problem to solve? Why not look into the matter and see what one of these engines will do for you ? What I. H. C. Gasoline Engines Mean to Irrigators Fint— In hundreds of cases they avoid the necessity o£ going away up-stream and building long, expensive ditches. Second— They do away with costly ditch maintenance. Third— They make an independent water supply possible. Fourth— They enable you to store in reservoirs on your own farm the water that would otherwise flow by In the low-lying stream and run to waste. You know the trouble is not so much a scarcity of water as of getting the water to the right place. An I. H. C. Gasoline Engine enables you to take advantage of the low-lying lake or slough or spring on your place, or to pump water from the stream that flows by at the foot of the bluff. The I. H. C. line Includes an engine for every section and every problem— all sizes for all farm uses— vertical, horizontal— both stationary and portable; engines on skids; sawing, pumping and spraying outfits. Also I. H. C. gasoline tractors— first-prize-gold- medal winners— the best all-'round farm tractor by test. An I H. C. gasoline engine not only frees you from the worries of uncertain rain- falls and the irregularities of gravity irrigation, but the problem of the hired man is simplified— the efficiency of your other farm machines is more than doubled. It will operate your grinder, fanning mill, cream separator, churn, pump, thresher; your bean huller, cider press, alfalfa cutter, and any other machines requiring power. Call on the International local agent for catalogue and full particulars, or address the nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helena, Mont.; Portland, Ore.; Spokane. Wa.h.; Salt Lake City. Utah; San Francuco, Cat INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA I I I I II Mil I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t*. SAMSON TURBINE! When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the tur- bine shaft, the power is usually transmitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO., Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. Write Department K-2 for Catalog. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I M I I I I II I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I III When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 104 THE IRRIGATION AGE. CALIFORNIA-ARIZONA PRO- JECT. Engineers throughout the country, and especially those engaged in irri- gation development in the West, have been greatly interested in the pro- gress of the construction of a remark- able dam across the Colorado River near Yuma, Ariz. This enormous structure, nearly a mile in length, nineteen feet in height, and 246 in width up and down stream, was built by force account by the Reclamation Service. It rests upon the quicksands of the turbulent Col- orado River, and is the only structure of its kind in this country. Since its completion many promi- nent engineers of the United States and several from other nations have visited the site. The erratic stream has several times spent its fury in vain against the obstruction which man has placed in its channel, but the severe tests which the dam has withstood are evidence that it was built to say. — (Orchard & Farm.) A SATISFACTORY WATER SUPPLY ALWAYS PAYS DIVIDENDS A Humphryes' Hydraulic Ram will furnish you, when in- stalled, with a permanent and automatic water supply Why spend money on costly pumping plants and time, strength and expense in operating same, when a Hydraulic Ram will lift your water and de- liver it with absolutely no expense. The Humphryes' Pneumatic System will supply your residence with water under pressure for all domestic purposes and give service heretofore obtainable only with an elevated tank or direct con- nection with municipal water works. Our New Catalog "Domestic Water Supplies" tells you all about the HYDRAULIC RAM and PNEUMATIC SYSTEM and will be mailed you upon request. THE HUMPHRYES MFG. CO., MANSFIELD. OHIO PUMP WATER Send $2.50 for the Irrigation Age one year and the Primer of Irrigation HUMP 1000 GALLONS OF WATER Every farm should have one of our pumping plants. Un . like a windmill it always works, wind /jr no wind, and ] costs less for repairs. Plenty of water in a minutes time. WITTE GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINES fc Suitable for wells, any depth, and for irrigation. 7 Guaranteed 5 years. Write stating: size wanted / WITTE IRON WORKS CO. 505 W. fifth Street KANSAS CITY, MO. ABSOLUTELY THE BEST Cutters Planters, Sprayens, ZJlrideny, Sortenr. 00 Write for free Booklet. "Potato Culture" ASPINWALL MF'Q. CO, JACKSON. M.CH. u. S.A. TheLittle Roadster Grader and Ditcher A New, Light Ditch Plowing Machine, Especially Designed for Cutting Small Laterals on Irrigated Farms, and Ditching and Grading Roads. This type of machine cuts ditches for less money than any other tool or ma- chinery, because it plows the dirt out of the ditch with one continuous motjon, whereas all other ditching machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The Little Roadster is a practical plowing machine, being built with ad- justable leaning wheels or rolling land- sides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold, the same leaning wheel principle which^is used in the sulky plow. It is made almost entirely of wrought steel and the few castings that are used are malleable and all parts are put to- gether so far as possible with hot driven rivets, so that while it is a light machine weighing about eleven hundred pounds, it is exceptionally strong and rigid. It is designed primarily for two horses, al- though four may be used. EVERY IRRIGATED RANCH OR FARM NEEDS ONE OR MORE OF THESE MACHINES. IT WILL QUICKLY PAY FOR ITSELF. SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE FOLDER AND LET US TELL YOU MORE ABOUT IT J. D. ADAMS & COMPANY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 105 SALT RIVER PROJECT. The progress report of the supervising engineer of the Salt river project states that the contractors are making rapid progress on the great Roosevelt dam. The elevation of the highest point of the dam is 211 feet. As soon as the water ceases to flow on the dam the work of closing the gap between the ends will be begun. The work of sinking wells on the Gila reservation is being carried on and similar work is progressing in the Mesa district with satisfactory results. Andrew Weiss, project engineer, lias filed a petition with the state engineer of Nebraska, together with an application for an extension of time, in which to complete the work on the North Platte irrigation project of the government. Five more years will be required to complete it, and it may be ten years before all the available water can be turned over to the farmers. The application has been granted with two pro- visions : First, that water be placed on the land as fast as possible ; second, that settlers who are now irrigating their land from adjacent streams shall retain their rights. The Chas, T, Manning Realty Go,, Ltd, SOLE SALES AGENTS The Gooding Townsite Company, Ltd, RESIDENCE LOTS. BUSINESS LOCATIONS Improved — Irrigated Lands — Unimproved. GOODING, IDAHO. IRRKJATORS', ENGINEERS', PROSPECTORS' and MINERS' HIGH CUT BOOTS Expressly adapted for irrigation work. Made of the highest quality and stock. Strong, comfortable and dependable. Many styles. Protect the leet and keep them dry. Can be secured through shoe dealers If not obtainable, write to us. For a dress shoe, wear "HONORBUILT" P, Mayer Bool & Shoe Company Milwaukee, Wisconsin TRUMP TURBINES W^hen used for driving centrifugal pumps for irrigating purposes, either direct con- nected horizontally or verticallv, or for furnishing power through other types of transmission, will be found to be the most economical and highest grade type of water wheel machinery manutactured in this country. These turbines are adaptable to the severest of conditions We build all water power appur- tenances, such asHeadGaes, Head Gate Hoists, Piping, Etc. Send your inquiries direct to us. Our illustrated catalog for the asking. THE TRUMP MFG. CO. Oreeomounl St., Springfiell, Obi REAL MONEY IN IRRIGATION Little Yankee if you go at it right. The first thing is to get your land in proper shape. We have the ideal machines for doing that and want to tell youaboutthem. Ask us today. THE OHIO ROAD MACHINERY COMPANY BOX r, OBCRLIN. OHIO IRRIGATION MADE EASY with the BROTHEN AUTOMATIC LEVEL Gives automatically the level or any grade desired, and will verify the correctness of its own work from where it is operated. PRICE $10.00; WITH TRIPOD $12.00 For further information address A. A. BROTHEN, Idaho Falls, Idaho Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price: Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead $1.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 2.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.58 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.»0 Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 Cement Pipe & Tile, Hanson 1.00 The Irrigation Age Company, • 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. When writing to advertisers please mention Th« Irrigation Age. 106 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Jerks and Repair Bills vs. ContmUOUS HP HE single-cylinder motor car jerks itself along. You can almost ^ see each separate jerk. The four-cylinder car differs from the single-cylinder chiefly in that it has four times as many jerks. Perhaps you never thought of it in just that way — but it's an absolute fact. Jerks are the worst enemy of motoring. Jerks eat up tires, devour gasoline and oil, and shake your car into the re- pair shop. All makers know that. Some of them have acknowledged it by using heavy flywheels. But heavy flywheels only lessen the shock of each jerk and do not cure the jerk Itself. Like giving the baby a sleeping opiate (so he'll not feel the pain) without do- Ing one solitary thing to remove the cause of the pain. Jerks In a motor car are due to the power-strokes of the piston. The carpenter comes and tears out every fifth step. That leaves four steps and a gap, four more steps and a gap, four more steps and another gap. In climbing those stairs, you have to jump every fifth step, don't you? That's practically what every four- cylinder motor has to do driving Its car. For every four-cylinder motor pro- duces power only four-flftlis the time and has to jump the one-fifth gap before it produces power again. And it makes absolutely no difference how fast the motor turns over, or how many flywheels it may have. Six-cylinder motors produce power six-fifths the time. Thus In the Six, power in each cylin- der always overlap* power in each pre- ceding cylinder one-fifth the time. The result is Continuous Power. The Six produces more than enough power to fill the gap. So, there Is never an instant of "no power" In the Six. And there is never a jerk in the Six, because there is no gap. A 48 horse-power, single-cylinder car jerks Itself along under 28,800 pound power-strokes — 28,800 pound jerks. A 48 horse-power, four-cylinder car jerks along under four times as many jerks, each jerk having 7200 pounds be- hind it — 7200 pound jerks. But the Six-Cylinder car (no matter how great its horse-power) doesn't jerk at all, because It has Continuous Power. Mark this: The Six Is the only gaso- line car that has Continuous Power. No motor car can have Continuous Power unless It has Six Cylinder!. Continuous Power and Six Cylinders are inseparable. At home you have a flight of stairs. If all the steps were replaced, you could ascend and descend your stairs without acrobatics. So, If a motor could only produce power all the time, It wouldn't be necessary to resort to futile flywheel acrobatics. And as your acrobatics do not* replace the missing steps, so neither do flywheel acrobatics supply the missing power. One-cylinder motors one-fifth the time. Four-cylinder motors four-fifth! the time. produce power produce power The Application of Power in the Six-Cylinder Motor Because it has a stream of Continuous Power, without ever a jerk, the Six ii the smoothest, sweetest-running motor in the world. Continuous Power saves tires and re- pair bills. Twenty Wlnton Sixes traveled 184,190 miles (more than seven times around the earth) on total repair ex- penses of $142.43. That averages 77 cents per 1000 miles. What was your average, Mr. Owner, on jerky power? Continuous Power does more work than jerky power. That's ~~^~~ why the Six motor will drive its car, on high gear, at a mo- tor speed so slow that. If at- tempted on a four, the motor GREATEST PRESSURE IN A POWER STROKE POWER STROKE POWER STROKE POWER STROKE POWER STROKE POWER STROKE THE SIX I A A A A /\ ACTUAL PRESSURE . NO PRESSURE / fex ' & c ) ISITl SI LJ O u s f=> OVN 'ER CRANK SHAFT REVOLUTIONS 1-3 REV. 2-3 REV. 1 REV. 1 1-3 REV. 1 2-3 REV. 2 REV The Application of Power in the Four-Cylinder Motor POWER STROKE IDLE POWER STROKE IDLE POWE would stall. Since the Six motor will do this, the higher speeds of the Six motor represent Reserve Power. This Reserve Power makes the Six the best hill-climber there is. Ability to run on high gear at extremely slow motor-speed, reduces the necessity of gear- shifting In traffic and on hills. That means Flexibility. GREATEST PRESSURE AVERAGE POWER NO PRESSURE ACTUAL PRESSURE, CRANK SHAFT REVOLUTIONS Flexibility means Economy. Everybody knows the economy of continuous use of the high gear, and the wastefulness of low gears. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Power Continuous Power enables a car to "pick up" and gret away faster than is possible with jerky power. The Six gets through crowded traffic at a great sav- ing of time and patience. THE IBBIGATION AGE. 107 See the Power Diagram. Note the four-clyinder gaps of Ho Power. (Marked "Idle.") Note the continuous, unbroken power- stream of the Six. That's the chief reason why there are Six-Cylinder cars on the market. The Six remedies fundamental faults of all previous types. Because that is true, the Winton Com- pany is now making Sizes exclusively for the third successive season. It is a matter of conscience with us. We haven't the hardihood to make an outclassed type of car. Six-Cylinder Advantages ought to ap- ply to all Sixes — because the differences are fundamental and reach back to basic principles. But since some makers now producing sixes, continue to make old-style types also, we can only conclude that their sixes have not convinced them — the makers. If a maker isn't himself convinced by his own product, he is, to say the least, Ill-equipped to convince you. So we suggest that you look for Six Superiority in the Winton Six, the car that is able to show that Superiority. Furthermore, there are numerous ex- clusive advantages in owning a Winton Six. The Winton Six motor starts from the seat without cranking. This feature, not found on any other car of any other make, is a feature worth the price of one's self-respect. The same pressure that cranks the motor also inflates your tires. The Winton Six motor for 1910 is Identically the same motor we used for 1909. It needed no improvement. The Winton Six motor is completely housed — not a single working part ex- posed to dust and dirt. No wonder Win- ton Six motors seem to run forever without trouble. The 1910 Winton Six buyer gets four forward speeds, a large diameter multi- ple-disc clutch, the best carburetor we have ever seen, dual ignition, a superb, roomy body, suspended low on semi- elliptical springs, 124-inch wheel-base (four inches more than last year), and an inswept frame, allowing short turn- ing radius. At $3000, the 48 horse-power Winton Six for 1910 represents the absolute limit of motor car value. This is the self-cranking, 48 horse-power Winton Six Touring Car— $3000. The upper car seats five passengers, and the lower car four passengers. Except in body, they are identical. Six-cylinder, 48 h. p. motor. Cylinders offset. All working parts housed. Oil-bathed multiple-disc clutch. Four-speed, selective transmission clutch and transmission run on ball-bearings. Bosch or Eisemann magneto, and storage battery. The liveliest carburetor we have ever seen. Force-feed lubrication. Frame narrowed in front, to allow short turning radius. 124-inch wheel base. Semi-elliptical springs, with four shock-absorbers and four rubber bumpers. 34-inch wheels. 4-inch tires in front, 4}4-inch tires on rear wheels. Low-suspended body. Price, with four or five-passenger touring car body, runabout body, or toy tonneau body, $3,000. With limousine body, $4250. With Landaulet body, $4500. Chassis only, $2750. The Car that Traveled 184,190 miles on $142.43 upkeep —averaging 77 cents per thousand miles. When Price Does Not Mean Value Car buyers pay every expense of the car manufacturer. Every expense — legitimate and otherwise. The car buyer pays the maker's bills for material, pays his payroll, his selling commissions, taxes, insurance, freight, rent, coal bills — everything. Because every expense of the maker is figured in the price of the car — the price the buyer pays. The maker who is extravagant, waste- ful, a poor business man, is compelled to charge more for his car than Is the careful and competent maker. The maker's extravagance and mis- management add to the price — but do not help the car's quality. Remember that. The extravagant, wasteful maker bluffs his high prices upon buyers who are not careful to ask what they get for their money — Or who think that high price must mean high quality. Price and quality are widely different things. Careful buyers know that already. Careful buyers get maximum car- merit without paying for a maker's rac- ing team, publicity stunts, red-tape and watered stock. Careful buyers first analyze cars and then compare prices. That's the way to get your money's worth. There is no mystery about motor cars. Any clear-headed man can determine a car's real worth by comparison. For instance: — Compare power. A 48 horse-power car is worth more than a 30 horse-power car. Compare motors. A six is worth more than a four. A motor with working parts fully housed is worth more than one with working parts exposed. Compare clutches. An oil-bathed mul- tiple-disc clutch is worth more than any other clutch. (CONTINUED ON PAGE io&) When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 108 '•••••,• THE IRRIGATION AGE Compare transmiMiong. The selective type is worth more than the progressive type. Four speeds are worth more than three. Compare convenience!. A self-crank- ing car is worth more than one that re- quires cranking. Compare operation. Quietness is worth more than noise. Flexibility is worth more than inflexibility. Hill-climbing capacity is worth so much that you can't afford to lack it. Comfort (always try the rear seats) is priceless; an uncom- fortable car is a white elephant on your hands. Compare types.. Is it an un-to-date Six or an out-of-date type? Compare "previous performances." Has the car stood up in the past, or is it a new-comer without a pedigree? * « * Just make these comparisons, and then— compare prices. • • • Having found that the sweet-running, •Ix-cylinder Winton Six possesses every ficsirnble element a motor car can have, you will note that Its price of $3000 is less than the price of every other quality car on the market. (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1O7.) The Winton Six price is lower because: There is no water in Winton stock. (Incidentally, there is no Winton stock for sale.) There are no Winton mortgages or bonds with interest charges to force up the price. We make the Winton Six in our own plant, eliminating intermediate expense. The Winton plant is conducted in the most economical manner consistent with high-class results. There Is no extravagance in Winton management — no army of time-serving clerks, no load of unproductive labor, nor red tape. We do not give 30 or 40 per cent commission on sales. Being America's longest-established successful makers, we know how to pro- duce maximum car-merit; and knowing that it pays in the long run, we give our purchasers the benefit of our econ- omies in production and selling. That's why the six-cylinder, 48 horse- power Winton Six at $3000 represents the absolute limit of motor car value. We want you to make us prove this statement. Because, in proving it, we'll make you as enthusiastic over the Winton Six as we are. Our catalog is the most complete and thorough ever issued by an automobile manufacturer. "Light Weight" is a subject we handle without gloves. "The Difference Between Price and Value" analyzes the worth of cars. Write us today. THE WINTON MOTOR CARRIAGE CO. Member A.L.A.M. Licensed Under Selden Patent. CLEVELAND, U. S. A. Winton Branch Houses (owned and operated by the Company) in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Pittsburg, Detroit, Chicago, Minneapolis, Seattle and San Fran- cisco. The 1910 Winton Six Is on Display at These Salesrooms WINTON BRANCH HOUSES OWNED AND OPERATED BY THE WINTON COMPANY BRANCH HOUSES BOSTON— Berkeley and Stanhope Streets. F. A. Hinchcliffe, Manager. NEW YORK— Broadway and 70th Streets. Chas. M. Brown, Manager. PHILADELPHIA— Broad and Race Streets. A. E. Maltby, Manager. BALTIMORE— 209 North Liberty Street. W. L. Duck Manager. PITTSBURG— Baum and Beatty Streets. Earl H. Kiser, Manager. CLEVELAND— Huron Road and Euclid Ave- nue. Clarence M, Brockway, Manager. DETROIT— 740 Woodward Avenue. Thos. W. Henderson, Manager. CHICAGO— Michigan Avenue and ISth Streets. Jos. F. Davis, Manager. MINNEAPOLIS— 16-22 Eighth Street N. John S. Johnson, Manager. SEATTLE— 716 East Pine Street. Geo. W. Miller, Manager. SAN FRANCISCO— 300 Van Ness Avenue. H. L. Owesney, Manager. WINTON DEALERS Akron, Ohio — Akron Auto Garage Co., Buchtel Avenue, near South Main Street. Ann Arbor, Mich.— C. W. Wagner. Atlanta, Ga. — Herman J. Haas, Masonic Tem- ple. Augusta, Ga. — A. B. Prontaut, 644 Broadway. Augusta, Me. — Herbert W. Norcross, 143 Water Street. Bangor, Pa.— S. A. Teel & Co. Bellingham, Wash. — Winton Motor Co. Belton, Texas— Slade Yarrell. Binghamton, N. Y. — Binghamton Motor Car Co., 172 State Street. Boise, Idaho— C. R. Shaw. Booneville, Mo. — Ferd E. Arn, 418 Main Street. Bridgeport, Conn. — F. A. Wilmot, The Winton Agency. Brooklyn, N. Y. — Carlson Auto Co., 481 Ster- ling Place. Buffalo, N. Y. — Ralph E. Brown Motor Car Co., 721 Main Street. Butte, Mont. — Butte Novelty Works. Chamberlain, S. D.— J. W. Sanford. Chassell, Mich.— C. H. Worcester. Cherryvale, Kan. — W. H. Francis. Cincinnati, Ohio— L. C. Denison, 216 East Ninth Street. Columbus, Ohio— The Curtin- Williams Auto Co. Conneat Lake, Pa.— D. L. McGuire. Cooperstown, N. Y. — The Ostego Garage Co. THE WINTON MOTOR CARRIAGE CO. 86 Berea Road. Cleveland. Ohio. Please send Winton Six literature to Corsicana, Texas — H. E. Pace. Coshocton, Ohio — J. P. Forbes. Culbertson, Mont. — Verne H. Bostwick. Danbury, Conn. — John W. Green, Jr. Danville, 111. — Robt. Holmes & Bros., North and Hazel Streets. Davenport, la. — Mason's Carriage Works. Decatur, 111.— Elkin Chandler, State and Wil- liam Streets. Denver, Colo. — J. Hervey Nichols, Jr., 1636 Broadway. Des Moines, la. — C. F. Strong Motor Car Co., 917-919 West Grand Avenue. Duluth, Minn. — F. J. Cosford. El Paso, Texas — Homan C. Myles, 204 Texas Street. Erie, Pa.— J. B. Arbuckle. Eyansville, Ind.— E. K. Ashby Co. Fitchburg, Mass. — Geo. A. Marshall. Fresno, Cal. — Waterman Bros. Co. Galesburg, 111. — Hobbie & Martin, 66 North Seminary Street. Geneva, N. V. — D. M. Dorman. Great Falls, Mont. — Montana Auto Tire Re- pair Co. Hammond, Ind. — G. H. Stewart. Hardwick, Vt.— W. W. Marshall. Millsdale, N. Y.— S. D. Zeh. Hollidaysburg, Pa. — Lynn A. Brua. Houston, Texas — Mosehart & Keller Automo- bile Company. Huntington, ind. — Roy J. Gibler. Huntington, W. Va.— H. E. Love. Indianapolis, Ind. — Henry Wilke, 341 Massa- chusetts Avenue. Jackson, Mich. — B. M. Byrne, 103 West Pearl Street. Jacksonville, 111. — John Cherry, 238 North Main Street Johnstown, Pa. — Geo. W. Conrad. Kalamazoo, Mich. — F. F. Rowe. Kankakee, 111. — Geo. A. Fortin. Kansas City, Mo. — Albert G. Parker, 604 Dwight Bldg. Lebanon, N. H — Jackson & Carter. Lidgerwood, N. D. — J. L. Mathews. Lima, Ohio — Mack-Brooks Co. Lincoln, Neb. — Lincoln Automobile Co., 118 North 13th Street. Lindenwood, 111. — M. D. Stocking. Litchfield, Minn.— C. H. March. Los Angeles, Cal. — W. D. Howard Motor Car Co., 12th and Main Streets. Louisville, Ky. — The Thomas Automobile Co., 910 8d Avenue. Madison, Wis. — Hokanson Auto Co. Magnolia, Miss. — Lampton Mercantile Co. Manning, la. — Parkhouse & Parish. Mansfield, Ohio — Geo. W. Kenson, Masonic Temple. Middletown, Conn. — F. L. Caulkins Garage, 405 Main Street. Milwaukee, Wis. — Bates-Odenbrett Automobile Co., 503 Broadway. Missoula, Mont. — F. M. Shoemaker. Mobile, Ala.— Bloch Bros. Modesta, Cal.- — Young Bros. Montgomery, Ala. — Alabama Auto & Electric Company. Mt. Vernon, N. Y. — Jos. A. Henning. Mt Vernon, Wash.— H. S. Hawley. New Brunswick, N. J. — R. E. Ross, Connor's Square. Newburgh, N. Y.— Youngs Co., 249 Grand Street Norfolk, Va. — Woodley Automobile Co., 26 West City Hall Avenue. Oakland, Cal.— Osen & Hunter, 1224 Webster Avenue. Oroville, Cal. — Oroville Auto Co., 811 Mont- gomery Street. Pekin, 111.— O. W. Noel. Pensacola, Fla.— Gulf Motor Co. Pontiac, 111. — John S. Murphy. Portland, Ore. — Emmet Harris, 16th and Alder Streets. Portsmouth, Ohio — R. S. Prichard. Providence, R. I. — Davis Automobile Co., 7 Dorrance Street Racine, Wis. — Frank J. Miller. Richmond, Ind. — W. P. Haughton. Roanoke, Va. — Roanoke Automobile Co., 105 Franklin Road. Roaring Spring, Pa. — Frank McDonald. Roseville, 111.— W. T. Wolfe. Rugby, N. D.— A. J. Scott. San Antonio, Texas — C. H. Dean, 234 South Flores Street. San Jose, Cal. — Geo. B. Polhemus. Sapulpa, Okla. — Central Motor Car Co. Schenectady. N. Y.— R. De Witt Veeder, 36 University Place. Scranton, Pa. — Lackawanna Automobile Co. Spokane, Wash. — Columbia Garage, Inc. Springfield, 111. — Little & Sons Livery Co., 321 East Adams Street. Springfield, Mass. — Geisel Automobile Co. Stamford, Conn. — W. A. Clark Co. Steubenville, Ohio — The Automobile & Motor Boat Company. St. Louis, Mo.— Chas. P. Luhn, 3916 Wash- ington Boulevard. Stockton, Cal. — H. N. Cross. Syracuse, N. Y. — Syracuse Motor Car Co., 235 W. Genesee Street. Tacoma, Wash.— C. E. Detwiler. Terre Haute, Ind. — Wabash Auto Electric Co. Toledo, Ohio. — Lichtie Automobile Co., 1102 Madison Avenue. Topeka, Kan. — A. G. Lewis, 835 Kansas Ave. Trenton, N. J. — John L. Brock, Canal Street. Tulsa, Okla.— C. J. Wrightsman. Vancouver, B. C. — British Columbia Automo- bile Co., Ltd. Waynesburg, Pa. — Hoover Automobile Co. Webb City. Mo— J. M. Hirons. Wheeling, W. Va.— A. A. Wheat. Wichita, Kan. — Wichita Garage Co. Wilkes Barre, Pa. — C. D. Hershberger. Williamsport, Pa. — Laedlein & Best Winchester, Ohio— Mark H. Mechlin, 481 W. Third street When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 109 RTESIAN « i \V AT has been discovered in southern Nevada, on the main line of the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake R. R., only a few hours' ride from Los Angeles, California. On October 10th a well was brought in, flowing 120 miner's inches at a depth of only 325 feet. The soil is the very richest, producing pears, apples, figs, alfalfa (alfalfa returns over $100 per acre) and all kinds of vegetables. One man received over $1,000 from one acre of vegetables! There are 15 flowing wells; over 7,000 acres of land have been taken up since the first of October. A syndi- cate of wealthy mining men from Tonopah have taken up 3,000 acres and are preparing to irrigate it and sell it to settlers. All this land is within eight miles of Las Vegas, the coming town of Nevada. Five years ago Las Vegas existed only on the map, and what is now a thriving town was only sagebrush. Today, there is a population of 1,800, macadamized streets, electric lights, telephone, a fine hotel, The Nevada, equipped with all modern improvements; the railroad is expending one million dollars in machine shops; the Pacific Fruit Express Co. have built a new Ice Plant costing $250,000; 125 cottage houses are being built for the skilled laborers who will come to work in the railroad shops. Las Vegas is the supply point for the great mining sections of Tonopah and Goldfield. Send us your name and address on a postal card and we will have sent to you Free for Six Months the new magazine " Homes on Irrigated Lands." The January number will tell all about this wonderful Vegas Valley: how you can acquire land by " Homestead ;" how you can take up 320 acres under the Desert Law; what others already living here are actually doing now, and what you can reasonably expect to do on this J wonderful soil, in a land of sunshine and flowers. Send your name and address today to We are the Largest Dealers in Land in Southern Nevada We Fviimlsli i;t ii i iv ix*c- t\-i-c-i 10*-?-.. 110 THE 1KR1GATION AGE. Clay Working •BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay Mcll. Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Soft Mud Machine*, HorM •nd Steam Power Hone Power Plunger Machine Product* ol our Auger Machine! When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. lit •••••••I UNION MACHINES " ! WITH PUG MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO, QALION, OHIO , , , , , When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 112 THE IRRIGATION AGE. AMES DOUBLE ACTING CONTINUOUS FLOW PUMPS In practice, with ordinary types of double-acting pumps, ihe piston speed must be slow enough to allow the water col- umn to start gradually. Water is non-elastic and incompressible as iron. A water column hundreds of feet long: must be started its whole length at once. A large part of the useful power applied is wasted In starting the water column from rest at every stroke. With such cylinders a foot valve is required, and there is generally some loss caused by slippage here. The efficiency of such cylinders and power heads is usually figured at 40 per cent to 50 per cent. Small capacity, due to low piston speed, a large loss of useful power, and short life due to the shocks on the moving parts, are the objections to the use of the ordinary types of double-acting pumps. The Ames Double-Acting- Continuous-Flow Pumps overcome all the foregoing objections by keeping the water column in constant motion upwards, without stopping at each stroke. This permits high piston speed and great capacity; saves power lost in starting the water column from rest, and there are no shocks on the moving parts. This action is produced by the patent eccentric gearing shown in the cut. There are two sets of this gearing in each power head. Eacli bucket Is connected to the crankpin of a gear. Each gear is on a separate shaft, independent of the other, and driven by a double eccentric pinion. Both pinions are keyed fast on the same pinion shaft. Uniform revolution of the pinion shaft produces uniform upward motion of the buckets and water, but the down stroke is made in less time than the up stroke. As the upper bucket carries the load up, the lower bucket, with clapper wide open, travels down at a higher speed, passes the lower dead center, and travels part of its up stroke before the upper bucket has passed the upper dead center. As the lower bucket rises, It reaches a point where its speed is exactly equal to the speed of the upper bucket, when the lower clap- per closes, and the lower bucket takes the load. As the lower bucket is then traveling at exactly the same speed as the upper bucket, and consequently at the same speed as the water column, it follows that it takes the load without shock, no matter what the piston speed may be. It is like giving a push to a moving body instead of starting the same body from rest. This action of the valves, termed lap, takes place with each bucket alternately, or twice in each revolution of the power head, and this combination of a spur gear with a crankpin is the simplest and most efficient known way of producing such action. There are no cams, levers, or exposed sliding surfaces as in all other devices, and in combination with the other mechanical features of our pumps is the best and most economical way of pumping water. The power head is placed on the surface of the ground, and may be driven by steam or gas engine or electric motor. The driving pulley is furnished to suit the type and speed of the motive power, using a friction clutch pulley when driven by engine or jack shaft, or a plain pulley when drlveen by electric motor. The cylinder is placed at a point in the well where it is always submerged, and requires no priming. The discharge may be at the surface or against high hearts through long pipe lines above the surface. A. T. AMES MANUFACTURING CO. NILES, CAL. UNION PACIFIC A Ten Acre Farm IN Idaho, Oregon or Washington MEANS A Comfortable Living AND Money in the Bank ¥ "TV A WW f| raised $7,000,000 worth of fruit last year. Idaho's •^ •*-* -^ ••"*• ^-^ apples are in great demand in New York, Liverpool and London. A ten acre tract very often produces a yearly revenue of $4,000. 4~\ T* "Ci /^ /^ TW" is famous for its prunes, peaches, apples, pears \J l\ JJJ VJ VJ 11 and cherries. Rev. F. N. George, of Salem, Ore., writes: "My cherries yielded at rate of $640.00 per acre." L. T. Reynolds, Route 9, Salem, Ore., says: "Harvested 3,300 boxes apples in 1907, from eight acres. V|y A Q¥¥¥l\/^inr^|T\r produces wonderful crops of grain ' -r^J-ll.!.-!.^ v> J. Vrlll ancj fruit^ antj in this state the prices of good land range from $10 to $50 per acre. The report of the First National Bank of Dayton, Wash., shows lowest deposit for any one month in 1908 to be $200,000, and the highest for any one month was $543,000. If you are interested in the Pacific Northwest, write us, and for informa- tion relative to rates, routes, stop- overs, etc., call on or address E. L. LOMAX, G. P. A. Omaha, Neb. RELIABLE LINE Dempster" That's The Name High Class Gasoline Engines 2 to 12 Horse Power For Gasoline Kerosene »nd Alcohol / Four Cycle Economical Powerful Will Run Anything Anywhere Irrigating and Water Works Pumping Plants our Specialty OUR LINE: WIND MILLS ALL KINDS OF PUMPS WOOD AND STEEL TANKS WELL MACHINERY GASOLINE ENGINES CULTIVATORS FEED MILLS GRAIN DRILLS IRON PIPE AND CASING COCKS AND VALVES WELL POINTS AND STRAINERS FARM AND RANCH WATER. SUPPLIES BEST TO BUY BEST TO WORK Look Carefully at the Best Windmill Head Ever Made See that Extra Bearing on the Wheel Shaft and the Center Lift Crank Roller Rim Gears and other good things DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING CO. Branch Houses: FACTORY: BEATRICE. NEBRASKA Omaha. Neb. Kansas City. Mo. Sioux Falls. S. D. Mention Department "A" wh*n you writ* THE VOL. xxv TITLE REGISTERED U.S.PATENT OFFICE CHICAGO/JANUARY, 1910 ONE OF THE COMMANDMENTS IS We aell outright tr lease. The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Levee Bailder The Austin Drag Line Excavator N. 5. Agents wanted in unoccupied territory. OUR FULL LINE COMPRISES: The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher Send for Catalogue "S" The stdes of the ditch shall be (rue and smooth and shall slope back from the bottom of the dttch at an at* die flat enoutfh to prevent the earth from falling, cavlnj or slipping. Except solid rock no material stands upright when cut with vertical sides. All other materials wash and slide until they come to a Certain slope, when they will remain stationary. This is called by engineers the natural slope. Now, if in the beginning a ditch is excavated with its sides inclined to the natural slope of the materials th-ough whi h the channel runs, it is certain that the sides being in equilibrium will not need to adjust them- selves by cavlnu and sliding. This nat- ural slope of sides must be obtained in one way and no other— by cutting down the earth exactly to slope plane and not an inch farther. If the sides arc gouged out haphazard beyond the slope plane the ditcn can be made true to slope only by trimming and filling, and as this must be done with loose earth it cannot by any ordinary amount of labor be made as firm and as solid as the original soil. The Austin Drainage Excavator Is a machine for excavating ditches with sloplntf stdes In one op- eration. The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO., ilwa, Exrbantf < hicajo II. ft. Morris Machine Works Baldwinsville, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery. designed lor any irrigating propo- sition. Send details or specifica- tions of what is wanted and we •will recommend a pumping outfit to supply the need. New York Office 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office Cor. Wood &? Willow Sts ,Texa» Henion & Hubbell, Agents. 223-231 N. Jefferson St.. Chicago. Harron, Ricltard & MeComb. Agents 21 Fremont St., S. Francisco, Cal. N2 3 THE IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, Publishers, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS San Francisco "Overland Limited" is the new name of The Overland Limited THE TRAIN DE LUXE To California EVERY DAY VIA Union Pacific "THE SAFE ROAD TO TRAVEL" Electric Block Signals All the Way Dining Car Meals and Service "Best in the World" ELECTRIC LIGHTED Pullman Standard Sleeping Cars Composite Observation Cars Dustless, Perfect Track For literature and information relative to rates, routes, etc., call on or address THE IRRIGATION AGE. 113 The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most Economical and Certain Means of Lifting Water 56 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices — State Requirements CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND GASOLINE ENGINE IRRIGATION OUTFIT. The Temple Water Elevators —The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Manufacturers of all kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Fou. Cylinder Gaso- line or Kerosene Engines Briefly stated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as follow* : First — They are more economical in the use of fuel. On light loads one cylinder can be used, reserving both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the double cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more convenient it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine. The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. Factory, 15th St. and 15th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III.. U. S. A. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 114 THE IRRIGATION AGE. He Says He's "Green" HIS QUESTION ANSWERED Questions Answered Free DON'T be backward about coming forward with your questions. This page is devoted to a full explana- tion of the newest methods in irrigation — DITCHING LAND LEVELING BRUSH GRUBBING LATERAL MAKING BORDER THROWING SHALLOW DRAINAGE LATERAL CLEANING ROAD BUILDING No. 14 — Settler is "Green." Question — "I'm green about this irrigation business, especially about the flow of water and how to get it to the seeds I plant. What implement would / need?" Answer — Most settlers in Idaho and vicin- ity find their -land covered with sage brush. Land will be level in some places, "humpy" in others with low spots. (Look out for the low spots. If they get wet and soggy that part of your land will be a dead loss to you.) If the growth of sage brush is abundant, be assured that your land is valuable and fertile. Grubbing Sage Brush. — You'll be in a big rush this spring to . clear your land. The implement to use is the remarkably success- ful machine, the 20th Century — a brush grub- ber— land sloper and leveler — lateral cutter — drain maker — border maker — road builder- — border thrower — all combined in one easy-to- buy implement. Grub Brush $1.50 to $1.75 per acre. — You'll "thank your stars" if you invest in a 20th Century. You will have your sage brush cut and burned while your neighbor will be rushing around for some contractor or will use a bent rail at twice the cost com- pared with your way. With our attachment fastened to the pole you can clear 4 acres a day for $1.50 to $1.75 per acre. Remem- ber this is but one of many uses to which you' can put the machine. No Plowing Needed. — After our grubber has cleared your land, you'll find that alfalfa or cereals can be drilled in at once, without further preparation of the soil. This means a tremendous saving in time in early spring. Water. — Your water supply will come from your main canal. Your land must slope gently from this canal so that water, when turned into small ditches and laterals, will flow with sufficient velocity to the rows where seeds, trees or bushes are planted. These laterals should be "V" shaped. Sloping Land. — Here's where so many irri- gation farmers "fall down." They are in such a "sweat" to get some crop in so as to see some profits that they fail to properly slope and level their land. Don't you make this mistake. Get onto your land early and take sufficient time. If you go on your claim without providing yourself beforehand with easy-to-handle, quick-to-use implements you'll likely lose the whole summer's profit. Don't depend on homemade affairs, for raw supplies will be high priced and not always easy to get. Provide yourself with the Many Purpose 20th Century Grader. Then you'll be fully equipped. Making Laterals. — Don't use round bottom laterals. The 20th Century cuts a sharp pointed "V-shaped" lateral that conveys water rapidly with minimum waste. The cost of cutting small laterals, say 15 to 18 inches deep, will be from $1.25 to $1.50 per mile. A Good Letter. — This letter from a well- known man in Jerome, Idaho, clinches our ditch argument: "I received your letter of November 10th, in which you ask me to buy one of your 20th Century Graders. I already have one. One of the machines sent to the Jerome Mercantile Company was for me. Have used the machine for 2,000 feet of ditch and found it more than satisfactory. It will be a labor saver and a great help on my 320 acre ranch. What terms are you offering for agency? I might push it myself, demon- strating it on the ranch." G. I. Towle, Manager Towle Land Company. More Information. — Write for brand new catalogue, just warm from the press. A good- ly portion of it is devoted to irrigation. It's free. Address as below. The 20th Century Grader and Ditcher IS MADE BY The Baker Manufacturing Co. 726 Fisher Building, Chicago No. 2-SAGE BRUSH CUTTER. This has i stiff, steel cutting edge sharpened and pointed to rip open the brush. At each side are two strong, keen knives that cut a swath 30 inches wide. Is attached to 20th Century tongue. 20th Century Grader No. 1— 20th CENTURY CUTTING "V" SHAPED LATERAL Theloose dirt on the sides can be cut off, moved over, and leveled with the same machine. Thus no ground need be wasted. No. 3-MACHINE SET FOR LEVELING. For cutting down ''humps" and hummocks, the blade is set at right angles, then lowered by main lever and a moderate slice cutoff. The dirt is then spread and "spilled" as desired. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. . THE IKKIGATION AGE. 115 Myers Power Pumps Working Heads, Pumping Jacks, Cylinders, Etc. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Length of Stroke 5 to 24 inches Size of Discharge Up to 6 inches PATENTED APRIL 30 T-M, 1901, No. 673,282. JULY 13™, 1909, No. 928,234 AUGUST 10™ 1909, No. 930,405. AUGUST 10™ 1309, No. 930, 9 8 1. Fig. 813 U BRASS H PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps For Shallow Wells Double Acting Length of Stroke 5 to 20 inches Size of Cylinders 2 ' i- to 6 inches Size of Discharge Up to 4 inches PISTON / COUPLING NUT The construction of these pumps permits a double gearing which transmits the power in two lines— one from each end of the same shaft, thus insuring perfect align- ment and reducing all friction and side strain to a minimum . for Catalogue and Prices Capacities 609 to 7200 Gallons per Hour F. E. MYERS 4 BRO., ASHLAND, OHIO ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 116 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Deep Well Working Heads These Working Heads Can be Operated by Electric Motor, Gas or Gasoline Engine, Steam Engine or Belt Driven — the Motors and Engines being Direct Connected if Desired. The chief advantage to the possessor of a Deming Deep Well Working Head is in the immense saving of power money in direct proportion to the great depths from which the water can be pumped. Then, too, our working heads have differential or double acting cylinders — discharging water at each stroke. Anyone desirous of securing water from deep wells for private estates, farms, etc. , could purchase one of the smaller sizes and use it to excellent advantage . Of course we make other larger sizes for irrigating — those in the illustrations having 24 inch stroke. If you expect to install a private irrigating plant, or need a pump of any kind, we should be glad to have you write us, giving conditions under which the pump would have to work. Our engineering department would then give you full information. THE DEMING COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO HAND AND POWER PUMPS FOR ALL USES Including Spray Pumps, Nozzles and Accessories HENION AND HUBBELL, Chicago, 111., General Western Agents Other Agencies in All Principal Cities When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. nr 9UFEIIOI DRILLS an Used and Appreciated ky Out firmer! the World Orer SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: Dean & Co., - - - Minneapolis, Minn. Kingman & Co., • • - - Peoria, III. Ktagman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Klngman-Moorelmp. Co., • Kansas City, Mo. Kingman-Moorelmp. Co., - Oklahoma, Okla. Kingman Implement Co., - - Omaha, Neb, Parlin & Orendorff Imp. Co.. Portland, Ore. Colorado Moline Plow Co., - Denver, Colo. The T. C. Powers Co., - - Helena, Mont. Consolidated Wag. & Mach. Co . Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw Co., - Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmer* please write direct to the Manufacturers AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.) Springfield, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS All the Grand Prizes and All the Gold Medals diven to pumps by the Alaska . Yakon- Pacific Exposition at Seattle lust summer were (warded to AMERICAN PUMPING MACHINERY Few users of pumps realize that the efficiency of the centrifugal pump has been doubled during the last ten years and it is now the simplest, most dependable and most economcal pump made. The reason why "American" Centrifugals attain higher efficiencies than any other is, they nave more refined flow-lines and there is the least possible resistance, caused by sudden change of direction and eddies of fluid when passing through the pump. This feature enables the single staga "American" Centrifugal to attain mechanical efficiencies of 60 to 80 per cent, on total head- up to 125 feet and make them the most economical pumps for irrigation purposes. "American" Centrifugals are made in both horizontal and vertical styles, in any number of stages, in any size and equipped with any power. Write for efficiency tests of "American ' Centrifugals by one of the most tminent hydraulic engineers of the Pacific coast. Complete catalog free. THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS General Office and Works AURORA. ILL., U.S. A Chicago Office First National Bank Bulldlnf r Western Sales Agencies DENVER, 18th and Lawrence Streets SAN FRANCISCO, 523 Market Street LOS ANGELES, 160 N.Los Angeles St. PORTLAND, ORE., 2d and Ash Streets GET A FREE FARM FROM UNCLE SAM The Two Great Land THE WESTERN WORLD Of J} ffl € T I C d "" " IRRIGATION AGE Twelfth Year THE WESTERN WORLD tells you where and how to secure land. THE IRRIGATION AGE tells you how to cultivate it. Can You Beat This Combination? IRRIGATION AGE is the only journal of its class in the world, and has been established for 25 years. It teaches beginners how to farm under irrigation, and offers in each issue valuable suggestions to those who are acquainted with and practice the art. THE WESTERN WORLD, the only journal published which reproduces the records of the Government Land Office, show- ing by maps and plats exactly what land is open for homestead or desert entry; makes it so plain that you can go out and select your own Iree farm from among Uncle Sam's remaining unentered lands. It shows from 500,000 to 1 ,000,000 acres in each issue, giving accurate soil description. It tells you how and where to get a 320 acre homestead, which is yours for the asking. It tells you all about Indian Reservation openings. Most Attractive Offer Ever Made In order to make this offer especially attractive, the publishers of these two great journals offer to all who subscribe before March 1st, 1910, the following proposition: IRRIGATION AGE, per year ............ Sl.OO THE WESTERN WORLD, per year .......... l.OO THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION, (paper cover special) ..... .50 OUR OFFER— SPECIAL: Send in $1.25 and take them all. $2.5O THE PRIMER OP IRRIGATION contains 257 pages, is finely illustrated and is especially valuable for beginners, price for this book, cloth bound, is $2.OO. Send all remittances to The THE IRRIGATION AGE, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. When writing to advertisers please' mention The Irrigation Age. 118 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Troxighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIM BALL, NEB. T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bld«.. Denver, Colo. GET AN AVERY ALL-AROUND TRACTION LOCOMOTIVE An Avery Under-mounted Traction Locomotive pulling an Excavating Grader CAN BE USED FOR MORE KINDS OF WORK THAN ANY OTHER ENGINE— Is adapted for all kinds of Traction and Belt Work, and can also be furnished with Special Steam Shovel, Steam Crane and Road Roller Attachments. HAS AN IMPROVED FORM OF CONSTRUCTION OVER ANY OTHER ENGINE— It is Undermounted. The only engine with a design adapted especially for heavy traction work. Is more Powerful, Durable and Easier to Handle. Built in five sizes: 18, 20, 22, 30 and 40 horsepower. WE ALSO BUILD a large line of Engine Hauling Wagons and Steam Plow Attachments for use with Traction Engines. 1910 CATALOG JUST OFF THE PRESS. Get our catalog and prices on the Avery Improved Undermounted Traction Locomotives. AVERY COMPANY Manufacturers 965 Iowa St., Peoria, HI, Ditching Dredges, Placer Mining and Traction Dredges SUITABLE FOR ALL CLASSES 'OF WORK Steam Shovels— AU sizes Ballast Unloaders Write us for information, giving particulars of requirements The Marion Steam Shovel Co., MARION, OHIO G. W. BARNHART, Western Manager 718 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, Cal. F. H. HOPKINS & CO., Montreal, Quebec HOE DRILLS Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 60 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND, IND.. V. S. A. Supplied in «I1 Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments May Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXV CHICAGO, JANUARY, 1910. NO. 3 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE IRRIGATION ERA ARID AMERICA THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL M ID- WEST THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postofflce at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 3, 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $1.50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . $1.00 To Canada and Mexico 1.50 All Other Foreign Countries 1.50 In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postoffice or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 25 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. Forestry Chief Is Official Outcast. Pinchot is undone. Trapped in his own intrigues, his motives fully revealed, he is shorn of the authority and deprived of the high office of Forester of the United States. The action of President Taft in thus forcing from the government payrolls a man who lost no opportunity to embarrass the administration, and, by his pernicious activities in the field of petty poli- tics, has been a menace to good government, excites only commendation and respect. For months Forester Pinchot has been anxiously waiting for the president to force him from office. He was ambitious to pose as a martyr for conservation poli- cies. He had hoped that his discharge might appear to the public as a crown of thorns. In vivid imagination he painted a picture of the crucifixion with himself ly- ing upon the cross. Yet how signally he failed to deceive the people. A patient administration watched his fanciful efforts in the play of politics and boded its time. As the Forester became more furious at the delay in his discharge, and his inability to don the waiting crown of thorns, the president and his cabinet noted his operations, but with- held the mark of open censure. Not until Gifford Pinchot became so deeply mired in his schemes that a candid public might readily dis- cover the motive, did the official axe descend. At the hour when he dreamed of transfiguration, Pinchot is convicted of insubordination, is accused of dishonesty of motive, and is discredited in integrity. And his own acts supply the testimony. Nor can this outcast from official life lay claim upon the companionship of those sturdy congressmen and senators who are banded together as insurgents to fight for a cause they believe to be just. His only ob- ject was self aggrandizement. His motive was solely the embarrassment of the existing administration that the Third Term idea might be promoted. He was merely a player at the game of politics. In the charges as presented by Glavis against the policy of Secretary Ballinger, there were frequent refer- ences to Attorney General Wickersham, and it is per- haps to this reference that the attack provoked unusual discussion and interest. Since the recent declaration of the Attorney General that Glavis withheld or failed to mention important records and matters pertaining to his charges, and that these omissions must throw a new light upon Secretary Ballinger's policies in regard to coal land entries, it must be conceded that the im- portance of these charges is waning. Eecent action by the house at Washington is sufficient proof that the forthcoming investigation of the department of the in- terior shall be sufficiently critical to give full informa- tion to the public. But the real field for rejoicing at the overthrow of the Pinchotian policies is to be found in those western 120 THE IRRIGATION AGE. states where are the great tracts of land, withdrawn from settlement for no other reason than to satisfy the the- oretical conservation of forests. No more will the arro- gance and arbitrary rulings of the forestry bureau prove an impediment to the development of agriculture. Under the direction of a competent Chief of Forestry it may be anticipated that proper surveys will be made and those tracts that are today available for farming purposes, and are not valuable as timber reserves, will be released from Government control and will help to provide happy homes for a growing population. Divide Over Bond Issue. Grinding of the legislative mill at Wash- ington seems to bring forth no food for the gratification of the settlers on govern- mental irrigation projects. The $10,000,- 000 bond issue through which they hoped for respite from their long years of yearn- ing for water, seems no nearer than the day when Presi- dent Taft presented his views of the situation and the necessity for action by congress. Western senators and congressmen seem somewhat divided in opinion as to the proper method by which to afford this financial relief. Some are unequivocally in favor of the national bond issue. Others believe that funds might be advanced through a different class of security. It is generally supposed that the problem is being discussed outside the legislative halls in an effort to reach a conclusion satisfactory to all. With a divided west, part of which is fighting his administration by supporting Forester Pinchot, and a part of which is praying for his influence in assisting the bond issue, it is not to be wondered that President Taft is giving first attention to the proper vindication of his policies. As indicated in the IRRIGATION AGE two months ago, there is decided sentiment among eastern congress- men that the issuance of securities for completion of irrigation projects establishes a dangerous precedent and is therefore inadvisable. There is no more trusty criterion of the Eastern growing interest in the reclamation of Readers desert lands and the building of homes Seeking in the western irrigated districts, than can Information, be found in the increasing demand for the IRRIGATION AGE, the journal that for twenty-five 3'ears has sung the praises of the west and pictured the valley and the plain where man and his method has changed the face of nature from a frown to a smile. Let facts proclaim the story — a total of 113 new subscribers to the AGE were added in one day last month. Of this total, 105 were received by mail and 87 writers accompanied the order with check or money order. Within a period of forty-five days nearly 3,000 names have been added to our mailing list. These facts are not submitted for the purpose of enlarging advertising patronage, but are intended merely to cheer the hearts of those irrigation promoters who are today engaged in a struggle against nature in an effort to win success, and incidentally to provide peace- ful homes for the eastern overflow. Nor does the publisher take unto himself the credit or glory for achievement when the subscription list goes bounding upward. It is the virtue of the field in which his publication has worked. The public is awakened to the fact that there is a great and glorious west where nature has combined in earth her dearest treasures. What matters it if a designing Providence has withheld the rains, but, by providing natural reservoirs and rush- ing streams, has set for humans the task of surmounting obstacle to reach success. Come thou skeptic who hath opened but one eye since the lion hunter left the American shores. Open both eyes and view the future in the light of the present. If 1910 does not mark an epoch in the irrigation age then the IRRIGATION AGE cannot judge by appearance or forecast events by the indications that grow daily and lead always to the same conclusion. Pending the receipt and publication of the Rumors of report of the senate committee on Irriga- Senate tion and Reclamation of Arid Lands, Committee there continue to arise vague but persis- Report. tent rumors that its members, while not united upon specific recommendations, will intimate that the government should take steps to confine its operations to those irrigation projects for \vhich funds are available for prompt completion. Should this report contain specific recommenda- tions to this effect, or should its intimations in this respect be reasonably plain, it cannot be regarded as other than a direct slap at the past administration wherein young and inexperienced engineers were allowed full power to outline and commence operations on irriga- tion projects for which there were inadequate funds. Readers of this journal as well as the thousands of settlers under government projects are already familiar with the results. Long delays, carrying gradually in- creased charges for water rights, have succeeded in dis- couraging many settlers and forcing them to leave before the arrival of the government water, even though they had invested their all in improvements. Ill success in colonizing the government irrigation tracts have so depleted the available funds that there is prospect of slow returns of the money invested. Unless conditions change the much heralded "revolving" fund will fail to revolve. Probably no man appreciates the necessity for con- servative policy in government work better than Secre- tary Ballinger. It can be predicted that under his direction a more business like management will be pur- THE IRRIGATION AGE. 121 sued and that the government will not be plunged into operations which must be slowed to a snail's pace for lack of finances. Had this policy been adhered to under the former administration there would now be no de- mand for a national bond issue for completion of the lagging government irrigation projects. Attention of readers is respectfully but Bohm urgently directed to the series of articles Discusses now appearing in the AGE and relating to Carey the Carey Act, the law that has resulted Act. in more good to the irrigable sections of the west than any other state or national enactment. The writer, Mr. E. F. Bohm, of Cleveland and Chicago, is a deep student of irrigation affairs and his utterances upon the subject of the Carey Act are well worth the attention of all readers of this journal. Although not actively engaged in irrigation work at the present time, Mr. Bohm is enabled to the better discuss this subject in a broad and comprehensive man- ner. It is the opinion of the editor that this series •of articles will constitute the most complete and valu- able treatise ever presented to its readers or to the public. To accommodate those who have already become inter- ested in Mr. Bohm's work and are demanding the entire series in handy form for future reference the IRRIGATION AGE has arranged to print the matter complete in pamphlet and when ready for distribution further, an- nouncement will be made in these columns. President Taft is at bay. Urged on by Secretary repeated attacks of the third term boom- Ballinger ers, directed first against his policies and Demands next against his personal and official Investigation, integrity, the president has turned upon his foes and will allow the search light to play upon all correspondence and matters pertaining to his cabinet office occupied by Mr. Ballinger. What effects may come from this investigation can- not be predicted. Since Glavis made his charges and they were greedily embraced by every enemy of the administration and every agitator in the band of Third Termers it is conceded that the inquiry will allow wide scope. The action of the president in requesting the search for evil doings in his department of the interior, must be viewed as a preliminary indication that the seekers after campaign material will be sorely dis- appointed. The president is to be commended for his firm and honest reply to his critics in asking an investi- gation. Upon the result of this inquiry Forester Pinchot must stand in the limelight either as a champion of the public welfare, or a base fabricator conniving with poli- ticians to discredit an administration by foul and infa- mous means. Since the chief forester floated his famous "water power trust" story at the irrigation congress in Spokane it is known that he has cherished a positive and open enimity toward Secretary Ballinger and the administration that aided in puncturing his cleverly contrived romance of the Montana "water power grab." Believing that Secretary Ballinger would demon- strate his capability for the duties of the office he has assumed, and that only motives of honesty can be attributed to him in his official as well as his private life, the IRRIGATION AGE has supported his attitude in many matters. But from the secretary of the interior this journal has no favors to ask and while it rests firm in the belief that the inquiry will result in complete vindication of his policies, an adverse finding by the inquisitors will bring no effort on the part of this paper to meliorate or condone the offense. Following in the wake of the hundreds of Investigate legitimate irrigation enterprises in which Wild-Cat capital has been invested by the purchase Irrigation of bonds and from which promoters and Securities. bond holders have realized profit without unusual hazard, there may be expected a swarm of wild-cat projects in which an innocent public will be urged to invest its savings upon promise of large interest and absolute safety of principal. Already this school of sharks has appeared upon the horizon with well organized plans for the capture of the unwary bank account. No more is it the duty of a reputable class journal to promote and augment the interest of the public in its chosen field, than is it an obligation to protect its readers against such forms of deceit and misrepresenta- tion as may come to its notice or be unearthed by in- vestigation of existing conditions. • " To the publisher of the IRRIGATION AGE the clink of gold is not unwelcome. But were that gold to be purchased by prostitution of his editorial columns to nefarious schemes for exacting monies from the pockets of the people, the cost overweights the price and there can be no bargain. Qualified representatives of this paper are now at work, studying the financial horizon, ready to throw the search-light of truth upon any stock-jobbing and bond-juggling concern that may appear in the irrigation field. Law suits must* be avoided and the editorial pen must be smoothed at times, to mere intimation without deductions from fact. Yet so far as it is possible for this journal to use its editorial and news columns in reasonable opposition, the illegimate 'in irrigation bond schemes shall not flourish. As a foreword to the thousands of new readers who have been placed on our mailing list, it may be stated that the editor will be pleased to give any information relating to, or advise, any investors in regard to the basic values of bonds. Since a reputable bond house, however, has greater facilities for investigation than this 122 THE IRRIGATION AGE. journal, investors are urged to appeal to these institu- tions first, and only upon failure to secure satisfaction to address the AGE. Should our special agents be able to reach conclusions within the next thirty days, matter calculated to interest and instruct readers will probably appear in the February issue. While the field of investment in irrigation bonds is so wide, and while there are so many reputable con- cerns offering these securities at reasonable rates of interest, it is to be deplored that rascals may not be barred. All reliable bond houses may not be represented in the advertising pages of the IREIGATION AGE but readers may place confidence in those whose advertise- ments appear in this or any other issue. SOUTHERN IDAHO COMMERCIAL CLUBS. In direct line with the Ballinger-Pinchot Westerner's controversy is an interview with Mr. C. F. Opinion of Robertson, mayor of Worland, Wyo., in Pinchot. the heart of the Big Horn basin, given in the office of this journal on the sixth day of January, 1910. Mr. Robertson is a pioneer in the Big Horn basin and knows whereof he speaks. He has the following to say: To those of us who live in the inter-mountain west and lace the actual conditions affected by the public land and forest reserve policies, the attitude of Gifford Pinchot is so ridiculous that one wonders at the credulity of the unsuspecting public in "swallowing his bait." His whole theory of conservation of the forests is founded upon false assumptions; for instance, he would make the people be- lieve that the forests upon the mountain sides hold back the snow and conserves that moisture, when in fact, any- one who has been in the high mountains in summer knows that the only moisture conserved is in the glaciers, high above the timber line. While I do not believe in willful waste of any natural resource, why keep the timber for future generations that will be using concrete and steel and have comparatively small use for lumber? If Gifford Pinchot had held himself closely to the line in performance of his duties, instead of "gallivanting" over the country, parading himself before the public, he could have saved millions of feet of lumber destroyed by forest fires last year, and the same during all past years of office. It is strange that charges have not been filed against him for failure to perform his sworn duty in protecting the forests from fires. The fact is that at the very time Pinchot was at the Irrigation Congress in Spokane giving his time to conducting a political fight against Ballinger, I looked out and saw in three different directions dense smoke in the mountains from forest fires that raged for days. The thought came to me at that time, how utterly useless the forestry division was and how far it came from fulfilling its purpose. Exit Pinchot, and give the country a man of affairs as chief forester who will conduct the office along practical lines in the interest of the whole people. Mr. Robertson is one of many westerners who have made statements of this character, and it can be safely said to reflect the general sentiment of those who are face to face with this overshadowing question. Send $2,50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation Central League Formed for Exploitation of Lands and Resources of Twenty-three Cities. Called into being four years ago as a result of the conviction upon the part of many of the aggressive young business men of southern Idaho, that the interests of the State could be immeasurably advanced through co-operation of effort, the League of Southern Idaho Commercial Clubs has since then amply justified its existence, and its methods may well serve as models for other organizations, pursuing campaigns of publicity. The activities of the League are focused almost entirely in the direction of laying before the public authentic informa- tion regarding the resources of southern Idaho. Where for- merly the commercial bodies of the various cities (twenty- two cities are identified with the League at present) strug- gled with the problems of publicity — often with inadequate resources — they are now enabled to maintain a Central Bureau at Boise, with a permanent Secretary, devoted to their in- terests. It is apparent that the merits of each individual section are heralded without bias, and with strict regard to facts. The League has been convened, as a body, once each year at one or the other of the cities embraced by it, the first meeting having been held at Weiser, the last one at Pocatello, durine the month of October, 1909. An Execu- tive Board of seven members meets at Boise for confer- ence every sixty days. Charles M. Hill, the President of the League, is one of the young men of force and character who has "made good" in Idaho. He is a native of Minnesota and removed to the city of Twin Falls, Idaho, five years ago. He is a member of the firm of Hill & Taylor, Real Estate and Insurance Brokers. Mr. Riley Atkinson, Secretary of the League, is another man of the same stamp. Although, like Mr. Hill, still very youthful, his character and his success in achieving the in- cumbency of such an important office, are evidences of what may be accomplished in Idaho. CANDIDATE FOR CONGRESS. Mr. G. L. Shumway, who for several years acted as assistant in editorial work on The Irrigation Age, is now a candidate for Congress in the Sixth District of Nebraska. Mr. Shumway is well known throughout the entire coun- try among irrigationists and conservationists as a man with steadfast purposes not easily carried away by passing fads and fancies, so common with politicians. The editor of this journal is not acquainted with the other candi- dates, but he does know that regardless of politics, Mr. Shumway has as much, or more, influence in and out of politics as any man in Nebraska, with the exception pos- sibly of Mr. W. J. Bryan, Victor Rosewater and one or two others, and we make no exceptions when it comes to the question of the public domain. Should he be elected, it can be predicted that his work will not be confined to members of his own party, for Republicans and Demo- crats alike recognize in him a character which rises above partisanship. The state of Nebraska will gain distinction by sending Mr. Shumway to Congress. GROW SEEDS ON IRRIGATED LAND. The opening up of the lands embraced in the recla- mation projects of the Government is attracting the at- tention of the wholesale seed houses. The new lands which are entirely free from weeds and other injurious forms of plant growth, are regarded by the seed men as ideal for the raising of certain kinds of plants for seeds. On the Huntley project, in Montana, the Northrup- King Seed Company of Minneapolis are planning to ex- periment in the growing of seed peas during the crop year of 1910. This company expects to plant about 1.500 pounds, and if successful other logumes will be grown for seed. Contracts are now being made with the farmers at the price of 2 cents per pound for all seed peas grown. THE IERIGATION AGE. 123 Notes on Practical Irrigation D. H. Anderson SOIL IN GENERAL. Foundation of Plant Life — Power to Absorb Moisture. The reader has already discovered that the inorganic elements consist of decomposed rocks and minerals, which have assumed a variety of forms by combining with one another, and now he has reached a point which is the foundation of plant life, being that other essential in all soils, the organic elements, which must exist in a greater or less proportion. This organic matter consists of de- cayed animal and vegetable substances, sometimes in brown or black fibrous particles, many of which, on close examination, show something of the original structure of the objects from which they have been derived; some- times forming only a brown powder intermixed with the mineral matters of the soil, sometimes entirely void of color and soluble in water. In soils which appear to consist of pure sand, clay, or chalk, organic matter in this latter form may often be detected in considerable quan- tities. In the table already given, the percentage of humic acid, insoluble humus, and organic substances contain- ing nitrogen, is given as 3.387 per centum, a very small quantity apparently, but really amounting to 124,521 pounds or 62J4 tons, in a top layer of soil eight inches deep, covering one acre of land; a quantity sufficient to supply crops with essential matter for plant food dur- ing many years without manuring. This vegetable matter is the result of vegetable de- composition, a decay which means fermentation ending in putrefaction, a purely chemical process. Whence it is said: Growth is a living process; death, or decay, a chemical process. Putrefaction is the silent and inward march of decay, its goal being humic acid, which in its turn produces life. The saying of that great physician of the past centuries, Paracelsus, may be aptly quoted here: "Putrefaction is the first step to life." Everything travels in a circle in the vegetable as well as in the animal kingdom: The egg, or germ must first putrefy to pro- duce an animal, and the seed, or plant germ, must first putrefy before there can be any living plant. Three Classes of Soil. It has been said that various names have been given soils, according to the predominating mineral of which they are composed, but in reality, there are only three great varieties of soil; sand, clay and loam, the latter being a mixture of granite sand and clay. The great distinctions in the scale of soils, may be said to be sand and clay, all other varieties proceeding from mixtures of these with each other. Now, the sand may be siliceous, or calcareous, that is, composed of silicates or lime. By clay is meant the common clay abounding everywhere, and composed of about thirty-six parts of alumina, sixty-eight parts of silica, oxide of iron, and salts of lime, and alkalies, 6 parts. A sandy clay soil is clay and sand, equal parts; clay loam is three-fourths clay and one-fourth sand; peat soil is nearly all humus, which we have seen is vegetable matter decomposed, decayed or putrefied ; garden, or vegetable mold is eight per cent humus, the rest being silica, and the other mineral substances; arable land is three per cent humus. There are, in addition to these varieties of soil, several special varieties which are fortunately not general, and therefore, need not be more than referred to. They are those peculiar conditions found in the "black waxy," "bad lands," "hard pan," upon which nothing short of dynamite will make any impression so far as discovered, and the "tules," which are common to California, but are extraordinarily fertile when reclaimed, being similar to peat bogs without the disadvantages of the latter, and that are known as "swamp" or "marsh lands." When it comes to "desert lands" in the sense of the Acts of Congress, they lack only water to make them as fertile as any lands in the world. They will be treated in the chapter on Arid and Semi-Arid Lands. Aside from the chemical composition of soils, what equally concerns the farmer is their physical character- istics. These may be enumerated under the terms cold, hot, wet, and dry land. And these are dependent upon weight, color, consistency, and power to retain water. The relation of the soil to consistency makes it light or heavy; its relation to heat and moisture makes it hot or cold, dry or wet. Taking the varieties already specified, sand is always the heaviest part of soil, whether dry or wet; clay is among the lightest parts, though humus has the least absolute weight. To calculate more closely: a cubic foot of sand weighs, in a common damp state, 141 pounds; clay weighs 115 pounds, and humus, 81 pounds, and gar- den or vegetable mould and arable soil weigh from 102 to 119 pounds. The more humus compound soil contains, the lighter it is. Why Sand Plains Are Hot. The power of a soil to retain 'heat is nearly in pro- portion to the absolute weight. The greater the mass in a given bulk, the greater is this power. Hence, sand retains heat longest, three times longer than humus, and half as long again as clay. This is the reason for the dryness and heat of sandy . plains. Sand, clay and peat are to each other as 1, 2, 3 in their power of retaining heat. But while the capacity of soil to retain heat de- pends on the absolute weight, the power to be warmed, which is a very important phyical characteristic, de- pends upon four circumstances: color, dampness, materials, and fourth the angle at which the sun's rays fall upon it. The blacker the color, the easier warmed. In this respect, white sand and gray differ almost fifty per cent in the degree of heat acquired in a given time. As peat and humus are of a black, or dark brown color, they easily become warm soils when dry, or secondly, damp- ness modifies the influence of color, so that a dry, light-colored soil will become hotter sooner than a dark wet one. As long as evaporation goes on, a difference of ten or twelve degrees will be found between a dry and a wet soil of the same color. Thirdly, the different materials of which soils are composed exert but very little influence on their power of being heated by the sun's rays. Indeed, if sand, clay. peat, garden mould, all equally dry, are sprinkled with chalk, making their surfaces all of a color, and then exposed to the sun's rays, the difference in their tempera- ture will be found to be inconsiderable. Fourthly, the angle at which the sun's rays fall on the 124 THE IRKIGATION AGE. land, has much to do with its heat. The more perpendic- ular the rays, the greater the heat. The effect is less in proportion as these rays, by falling more slanting, spread their light out over a greater surface. This point is so well understood that it is not necessary to dwell any longer upon it, further than to add, that there are local- ities where every degree of heat diminishes the prospect of a good crop, particularly in hot regions, and the cir- cumstances should be taken advantage of to obviate the danger of loss. A northern exposure or an eastern ex- posure, or a crop on a slope may sometimes realize more benefit than if this knowledge were disregarded. Humus Absorbs Moisture. The relation of soil to moisture and gas, particularly moisture, is of great importance in the case of irrigation. All soil, except pure siliceous sand, absorbs moisture, but in different degrees. Humus possesses the greatest powers of absorption, and no variety of humus equals in its ab- sorptive power, that from animal manure, except those heavily charged arid and semi-arid lands, in which fibrous roots and vegetable matter form a large part of the ele- ments they contain. The others rank in the following order: Garden mould, clay, loam, sandy clay, arable soil. They all become saturated with moisture by a few days' exposure. , It is a very interesting question. Does soil give up this absorbed water speedily and equally? Is its power of retaining water equal? There is no more important question to the irrigator. As a general fact, it may be stated, that the soil which absorbs fastest and most, evaporates slow- est and least. Humus evaporates least in a given time. The power of evaporation is modified by the consistency of the soil; by a different degree of looseness and compactness of soil. Garden mould, for instance, dries faster than clay. As it has already been shown, that the power of being warmed is much modified by moisture, so the power of a soil to re- tain water makes the distinction of a hot or cold, wet or dry soil. Connected with this power of absorbing moisture, is the very important relation of soil to gas. All soils absorb oxygen gas when damp, never when dry. Humus has this power in the highest degree, however, whether it be wet or dry. Clay comes next, frozen earths not at all. A moderate temperature increases the absorption. Here are the conse- quences of this absorptive power. When earths absorb oxygen, they give it up unchanged. But when humus absorbs oxygen, one portion of that com- bines with its carbon, producing carbonic acid, which decom- poses silicates, and a second portion of the oxygen combines with the hydrogen of the humus and produces water. Hence, in a dry season well manured soils, or those abounding in humus, suffer very little. The evaporation from an acre of fresh-ploughed land is equal to 950 pounds per hour; this is the greatest for the first and second days, ceases about the fifth day, and begins again by hoeing, while, at the same time, the unbroken ground affords no trace of moisture. This evaporation is equal to that which follows after copious rains. These are highly practical facts, and teach the necessity of frequent stirring of the soil in the dry season. Where manure or humus is lying in the soil, the evaporation from an acre equals 5,000 pounds per hour. At 2,000 pounds of water per hour, the evaporation would amount in 92 days, that is, a growing season, to 2,208,000 pounds, an enormous quantity of water, too much to be permitted, however beneficial that evaporation may be. It is true that this evaporation is charged with carbonic acid, and acts on the silicates, eliminates alkalies, waters and feeds plants, but where irrigation is practiced, the evaporation is carried on with as good an effect beneath a mulch of finely pulverized soil through which it penetrates, if the land is properly prepared for and tilled after the appli- cation of water. This is a subject which demands careful study, so that the laws of nature may be as rigorously en- forced when man takes them under his control, otherwise, there will always be failure. How to enforce those laws without doing violence to the principles which underlie them, is matter which will be fully treated in future chapters. In concluding this chapter, it is deemed proper to call the attention of the reader to this maxim which should never be forgotten: It is not the plants grown in a soil that exhaust it, but those removed from it. It is an undeniable fact, that the growth of plants in any soil is beneficial, inas- much as it brings into play the forces of nature which are in constant motion toward increase through fertility. For ages, the great prairies of the West, and also the so-called "arid, and semi-arid" lands have been storing up humus which now needs but the application of water to convert them into lands that will laugh with rich harvests. Plant life has, for centuries, sprung into existence, reached maturity, and de- cayed, going back into the soil, with no hand to remove it. The consequence is, all these lands are rich in salts and humus, and it is left for the man with the ditch to add moisture, open the soil and admit oxygen to the seeds he plants, so that they shall be fed up to perfection and enable him to reap a glorious harvest. The laws of nature are the same in this regard as to the man who looks to the heavens for his inconstant rainfall. There is for him to consider in the lands under ditch, that all soil has four important functions to perform, which are: First. — It upholds the plant, affording it a sure and safe anchorage. Second. — It absorbs water, air and heat to promote its growth. These are the mechanical and physical functions of the soil. Third. — It contains and supplies to the plant both organic and inorganic food as its wants require; and Fourth. — It is a workshop in which, by the aid of air and moisture, chemical changes are continually going on; by which changes these several kinds of foods are prepared for admission into the living roots. These are its chemical functions. They all are the law and the gospel of agriculture, and all the operations of the farmer are intended to aid the soil in the performance of one or the other of these functions. ILLINOIS HONORS McCORMICK. Agricultural College Admits Name of Inventor of Har- vester to Hall of Fame. In recognition of his services as a contributor to the agricultural development of the country, through his in- vention and the perfecting of the harvesting machine, the Illinois College of Agriculture has admitted the name and portrait of Cyrus Hall McCormick to the hall of fame. There were many impressive features to the ceremonies on December 15 and among those gathered at Urbana to participate were the foremost statesmen and business men of Illinois. That the event received recognition from the many workers in fields of scientifice agriculture was indicated by the numerous letters received from foreign ministers of agriculture. These letters will be incorporated in memorial column to be kept at the College of Agriculture. In speaking of Mr. McCormick, President A. P. Grout. of the Farmers' Hall of Fame Commission, said: "This gathering, these exercises, mark an important epoch. It is the first recognition of the services of the men who have contributed largely to the growth of the country. To no one is the country more indebted in this respect than to Cyrus Hall McCormick. Farming has been transformed from laborious drudgery to a scientific industry. "No invention probably contributed so much to this changed condition as the reaper. More effective means of harvesting called for a more scientific way of sowing. Mr. McCormick lived to see his invention recognized by all of the great nations of the globe." Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 125 THE CAREY ACT How to Acquire Title to Public Lands Under The Act. A Comprehensive Survey of the Regulations in Force in the Various States. Copyrighted 1910 By E. F. Bohm, Cleveland and Chicago (Member Executive Committee, Eighteenth Nat'l Irrigation Cong.) Having pointed out, with a brief reference to the his- tory of the federal "Carey" Act, the salient features of federal and state legislation, it will be interesting to trace the course to be pursued by both the company, and the entryman (or settler), as well as the methods followed, and regulations adopted, by the various states, in the con- trol of these great estates. The contract between the state and the "construc- tion" company having been executed, the next step is to provide for the "entering" of the land by those who are qualified and who may wish to make use of their statutory rights. It is well, at this point, to emphasize the fact that the benefits of the Carey Act, in so far as they relate to the segregation of lands and the acquisition of title, insure in the same degree to the individual who may wish to construct his own irrigation plant to furnish water for 160 acres, or to an association of persons who may desire to co-operate toward this end, as to the corporation which proposes to sell water rights to hundreds of settlers. The principal causes for the development of large tracts by aggregations of capital may be found: First, in the physi- cal difficulty of individual water diversion; second, the greater economy resulting from joint effort; and, third, the easy terms of payment upon which water rights, under the large canal systems, are sold. Some small tracts have been taken up from time to time in Wyoming by individuals or by two or three com- bined, while the statutes of both Montana and South Da- kota provide for state aid to associations of settlers who desire to operate in their own behalf. The statutes of all states provide for request for selection of lands upon the part of "any person or persons, company, firm, association or corporation." Since an overwhelming amount of the settlement occurs upon the larger tracts, irrigated under contract with large corporations, the statements herein made are to be construed as dealing with this class of operations, and, for convenience of nomenclature, the con- tractor is hereafter referred to as the "Company." Sep- arate mention will be made of special provisions for "As- sociations" where their importance may justify it. The various statutes, rules and regulations governing the rela- tions of the state, the contractor, and the settler, will be explained somewhat in sequence as they may become of importance in actual operations, and, as far as practicable, will be grouped together as they may deal with the land, the water, or the subjects of general importance. Wherever the regulations are of a general nature, and, as between all the states, largely in harmony, they will be referred to without specific mention of each state — possible exceptions to the rule will be pointed out by individual mention. Distinct omission of the names of any state or states may be taken to indicate, either ab- sence of statute or regulations governing the subject in- volved, or lack of data. The official titles of the various governing boards, t^eir constituency and post office address, together with the names of the principal official of the board are here- with presented IDAHO. State Board of Land Commissioners — Governor. Attorney-General, Secretary of State, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Registrar of Land Department. Postoffice address, Boise; 'M. I. Church, Registrar and Secretary of Board. WYOMING. State Board of Land Commissioners — Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State. Postoffice address, Cheyenne; R. P. Fuller. Commissioner of Public Lands. COLORADO. State Board of Land Commissioners — Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney-General, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Registrar of Land Department. Postoffice address, Denver; R. L. Jefferson, Registrar. UTAH. State Board of Land Commissioners — Five resident citizens ap- Kinted by Governor, with consent of Senate, hold office two years, istoffice address, Salt Lake City; Thos. C. Callister, Secretary. MONTANA. Carey Land Act Board — State Engineer, Secretary of State, State Examiner. Postoffice address, Helena; G. R. Davies, Secretary. OREGON. Desert Land Board — Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Attorney-General, State Engineer. Postoffice address, Salem; John H. Lewis, State Engineer, is Secretary of Desert Land Board. NEW MEXICO. Carey Act Land Board — Governor, Commissioner of Public Lands, Territorial Engineer. Postoffice address, Santa Fe; R. P. Ervien, Sec- retary of Board. SOUTH DAKOTA. Carey Land Act Board — State Engineer, State Auditor, Commis- sioner of School and Public Lands. Postoffice address, Pierre. Qualifications Necessary to Enter Land. Any citizen of the United States, or any person hav- ing declared his intention of becoming a citizen (who must present a certified copy of his declaration of inten- tion) may present a sworn "Application for Entry" to the board to "enter any of said lands," regardless of whether he (or she) may have exhausted, previously, all rights under the federal agricultural land laws. Rights of Married Women. Wyoming — Permitted to file. Idaho and Colorado — Debarred from filing. Montana — Permitted to file if the head of the family, through physical incapacity or incarceration for crime. Oregon — Permitted to file. Amount of Land That May Be Entered. Settlers may take up 40, 80, 120 or 160 acres — 160 acres being the maximum. Entries must be made in legal subdivisions of 40 acres unless the subdivision should be made to include a greater or less amount through railroad or canal right of way or similar causes. One filing of a less amount than 160 acres may be succeeded by other filings in the same state, or in others, provided the maximum of 160 acres be not exceeded. EXCEPTION. — Utah — The statutes provide that "no settler shall be entitled to make more than one entry." Filings Subsequent to the First — Special Regulations. Idaho—Regulations prohibit two or more entries at the same time, upon the same project, and prescribe that at least 60 days must elapse between applications by the same party, for non-contiguous lands, upon the same project; also, that, in case of a second entry, adjoining one already "proven up" residence and the erection of a dwell- ing be not required, provided the necessary amount of cultivation (of the second entry) be shown. Lands Thrown Open to Public Entry — When and How Done. In all states (except Montana, Oregon and South Da- kota— -see exceptions below) the statutes provide, substan- tially, that "upon withdrawal of land by the Department of the Interior and the inauguration of work by the con- tractor, it shall be the duty of the board of publication (usually once each week for four weeks in one newspaper in the county where land is situated, and in one news- paper in the state capital) to give notice that the land, or any part thereof, is open for settlement, the price at which land will be sold and the contract price at which the set- tlers may purchase water rights (shares in the works). The "Rules" of Idaho, Utah. Montana and New Mex- ico provide, further, that "The lands may be thrown open from time to time as the construction proceeds and ap- plications received to enter lands by entrymen after notice given," while the "Rules" of Idaho and Montana proceed, further, to prescribe that, "the throwing open of lands to entry or the approval of applications to entry, may, at the discretion of the board, be deferred until satisfied that water is actually available." 126 THE IRRIGATION AGE. EXCEPTIONS.— Montana and South Dakota— The statutes provide that "Any person qualified may make ap- plications at any time after the land has been classified." South Dakota has inserted a further provision savor- ing strongly of the federal laws upon homestead settle- ment: "The claimant first settling shall have prior right to enter the land; provided, however, that, if any claimant shall fail, within 60 days after his settlement (upon classi- fied land), or within 60 days after classification (if not classified when settled upon), to file his application to enter, and to make the necessary payments, his claim will be forfeited and shall be awarded to the next settler." Oregon — The statutes provide that no land shall be open to entry until water supply is assured and the regula- tions provide (Rule 26. Sales — Contract with State) : "No water rights can be sold until the works have been constructed to insure a water supply satisfactory, and the company directed by the board to proceed with such sales. Any land so open for entry and sale shall be subject to entry by application to the company." While Rule 15 provides that "no one shall enter until he has first entered into contract with the company for water rights." The usual method of throwing lands open is by a drawing, under the supervision of the state authorities. Applications for Entry — Approval of Entry. In all states applications are required to be made out upon special blank forms, setting forth that the applica- tion is made "for the purpose of actual reclamation, cul- tivation and settlement — that the applicant has never re- ceived the benefits of the Act to an amount greater than 160 acres (including the amount specified in the applica- tion)." Such application must be accompanied by a cer- tified copy of a contract for a perpetual water right, stat- ing (with date) what entries, if any, have been previously made by the entryman. "The board shall file the application and other papers and, if allowed, issue a certificate of location to the appli- cant. Al! applications shall be accompanied by a first payment of 25c per acre for the land — to be refunded in case the application is not allowed." EXCEPTIONS.— Oregon — Statutes of 1909: Each application must be accompanied by a payment of not less than $1.00 per acre to be made by contractor out of the applicant's first payment and to be returned if the applica- tion be not approved. Wyoming, Utah, South Dakota and Montana pro- vide, further, that where the company fails to furnish water under its contract, "the state shall refund to the settler all payments made to it." All applications must be subscribed and sworn to be- fore any officer having a seal and authorized to adminis- ter oaths. (The officer need not furnish certificate of his authority.) The filing fee exacted by all the states to ac- company the application is $1.00. New Mexico statutes also provide that "whenever land filed upon under the homestead or desert land acts lies under and is susceptible to irrigation under any pro- posed Carey Act project, such land may, with the ap- proval of the federal land office, be relinquished back to the government, and be re-entered under Carey Act pro- visions, and the board will allow the entryman the first right to file upon such land as it becomes available for entry." In some of the states the company is permitted to exercise its discretion as to whether applicants are quali- fied to meet the required payment for water rights. Some of the states also provide for the appointment of a representative of the board in the county wherein the lands are situated, before whom applications may be made. The usual method is to forward the applications to the company, which then files it with the board. This method is obligatory in Montana and Oregon. In most states the filing can be made by an attorney-in-fact, while in Wyoming, applications may be mailed to the commis- sioner of public lands, if accompanied by contracts and payments. This method, of course, cannot be pursued at. drawings, where the presence of the settler, or of an at- torney, or locator, is absolutely essential for a quick de- cision as to choice of lands. Where filings are made by an attorney-in-fact the settler is not required to leave his home until within the statutory period after water Js ready for delivery. In Montana all applications must be presented in person. Protection of Settler's First Payment — Escrow and Com- pany Bond. All States — Company required to give penal bond in varying amounts "to secure the completion and execution of their contract." New Mexico requires in addition (Rule 6) that "The company shall give a bond, conditional for the return of any money paid by settlers in case of abandonment or failure to perform its contract with the settler." Montana provides that, "in every case where the com- pany shall contract for the sale of water rights, prior to reclamation, it shall furnish additional bond, conditioned that unless water shall be available upon a date fixed by the board, all moneys paid by purchasers shall be returned with interest upon demand, after such date." Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado and Utah provide that in all such cases the first payments and all papers shall be deposited in escrow with the board or with some trust company named by it under an agreement to refund the moneys to the settlers in case of failure of the company to complete its contracts. The most obvious argument in favor of filings prior to reclamation is that it enables those applying first to secure the most desirable tracts and to prepare the land for reclamation and irrigation in advance of the comple- tion of the canal, enabling them to make final proof and to receive patent in the minimum space of time. Residence — When to be Established — Annual and Final Proof. Idaho, Colorado, Utah, Montana and Wyoming — The applicant (with his family; if married) must establish resi- dence within six months after notice that water is avail- able, and within one year after such notice must cultivate and reclaim at least one-sixteenth of the entry, within two years not less than one-eighth of the entry, and within three years the settler must make "Final Proof" of rec- lamation, occupation and settlement or such final proof may be offered (at any time after one-eighth of the entry has been cultivated) at any time before the expiration of three years. All of these affidavits are required to be sworn to be- fore the secretary of the board or a designated repre- sentative of the board, and must be supported by the evi- dence of two witnesses; affidavit of the non-character of the land must be made at time of final proof, also support- ed by the evidence of two witnesses (this is required in all states). "The entryman shall give notice of his intention to make final proof by publication in a newspaper in thr county wherein his entry is located during the four weeks preceding the date set for making such proof." After final proof a certificate is given him by the official taking the proof which, in effect, is the same as a warranty deed. A duplicate of this certificate, together with the affidavits, are forwarded to the board and, if found correct and ar>- proved, a patent from the state is issued to the settler — provided the state has already received title from the fed- eral government; if not, then the proofs are forwarded to the Department of the Interior, with the request that pat- ent be issued to the state, upon the receipt of which the state issues patent to the settler. Final proof must be accompanied by the unpaid bal- ance of the purchase price of the land (25 cents per acre). EXCEPTIONS. — Wyoming — Entryman permitted to defer settlement upon condition that he make final proof within 1 year after notice of water showing reclamation of one-half of the land and continuous residence within the thirty days immediately preceding such proof; the statutes of Wyoming also provide that any qualified person having resided in the state three years, continuously, may enter land in the vicinity of his residence, and secure '.itle by cultivation merely, and without the need of residence. Final certificates are not issued in Wyoming but, in lieu thereof, the settler is given a receipt for his final payment. New Mexico — "Within one year after notice of water (Continued on page 135.) THE IKRIGATION AGE. 127 NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION. The Legislature of New Mexico acted wisely when eight years ago it created an official body, to be known as the Bureau of Immigration, to consist of six members appointed by the Governor bi-ennially, subject to ratification by the Legislature, and with authority to employ a permanent secre- tary, the mission of the Bureau being to gather and to dis- seminate reliable information concerning the territory and to advance its interests generally through proper channels of publicity. Men of high standing in the territory have served upon this Bureau and the high character of its work attests to the interest displayed in this voluntary service of the Terri- tory. The position of Secretary, the responsible official of the Bureau, was held during the first four years of its existence by the late Col. Max Frost of Santa Fe, whose recent death served to remind the public of this man's genius, which triumphed over the obstacles of total blindness and partial H. B. HENING, Secretary New Mexico Bureau of Immigration. paralysis. When, four years ago the weight of infirmities caused Col. Frost to resign his commission, the Bureau faced the problem of finding a man measuring up to his intellectual standard. H. B. Hening was finally decided upon and the brilliant work performed by him since his appointment has amply vindicated the choice of the Bureau. He possesses in a rare degree the faculty of presenting facts and statistics in a manner which makes them entertaining reading even to the indifferent. Mr. Hening was born in Missouri, and secured his educa- tion at the University of Syracuse, New York. After his graduation some nine years ago, he removed to New Mexico, where he became a range rider. Perhaps for lack of intel- lectual stimulus he forsook this life and devoted himself to newspaper work, from which field of activity he was chosen to fill his present position. He was in direct charge of the exhibit of his Territory at the recent Land and Irrigation Exposition in Chicago, and was largely responsible for the creditable display made. Mr. Hening made the following statement 19 a representative of the IRRIGATION AGE relative to his Territory: "During the past three years New Mexico has attained the record of growth in citizenship, 40,000 homestead entries having been made during that time, upon 6,000,000 acres of public land. Our water resources for irrigation and power are very largely unappropriated, and under the able administration of Mr. V. L. Sullivan, Territorial Engineer, investigation of these are being consistently pursued with the co-operation of the United States Geological Survey. Within two or three years the water resources of the State will have been adequately charted. Reliable estimates place the amount of water available for irrigation as sufficient for two million acres, including the half million under completed works, or those under construction. Applications for water sufficient for one-half million acres more have been approved, includ- ing one Carey Act project — the Urton Lake project of 40,000 acres, the first Carey Act project in the Territory. In addi- tion to this enormous total, applications sufficient for fully 1,500,000 acres are on file, but are not as yet approved. Mr. Sullivan estimates that approximately 75,000 acres in the vicinity of Deming, 25,000 acres in the Estancia Valley, 50,000 acres in the Pecos Valley, 50,000 acres about Portales, and 100,000 acres in the Rio Grande Valley are capable of reclama- tion through pumping. Pumping projects to reclaim land around Deming and to the extent of 6,000 acres near Portales are now under construction. The figures quoted before, relative to irrigation, include the Government's Rio Grande and Carlsbad projects, both of these being storage proposi- tions. Of interest is the announcement that a company of Italians headed by the grandson of Garibaldi, have applied for water sufficient to reclaim 50,000 acres of Mesa land east of Albuquerque, with a storage dam at the mouth of Hain's Canyon. "In eastern New Mexico, the boundaries of the Pecos Valley Artesian belt are well defined by the sand dunes on either side. The area embraces a total of 450,000 acres, of which 160,000 are under irrigation from canals and artesian wells, the proportion of each being about equal. This artesian flow has been under continuous official observation for the past four years, and where wells have been properly cased no diminution in their flow has been observed. The use of the water is under stringent regulations, and no waste of it is permitted. All of the land in this area is under private ownership, and is sold at reasonable figures. "The Government's Carlsbad project, of 20,000 acres, has been in successful operation — 16,000 acres having been culti- vated this year. The balance comprises so called "excess holdings," the raw lands of which are upon the market at from $60 to $75 per acre. It is now proposed to increase the capacity of the reservoir to serve an additional 10,000 acres. "In the Rio Grande Valley the entire 25,000 acres served by the Leasburp dam were under cultivation, with excellent results this year. "As to the land grants in New Mexico, all of those hav- ing a recognized existence have been confirmed by Congress under decision of the court of Private Land Claims, these decisions sustaining the title of all known heirs from the original grantees. An adjudication by the local courts to sustain the rights of living heirs in making assignments is all that is necessary now from a legal standpoint in securing a title to any of these grants. This is a comparatively easy matter and many of the heirs are disposing of their holdings upon a reasonable basis. "Eastern investors are beginning to pick up these fine large tracts of land which offer cohesive holdings, and which are unique upon the land map of the United States. The title to some of these grants includes available appropriations of water. "Some of these purchases are being made for investment, others for the purpose of immediate development. One of the largest grants including 500,000 acres was sold in this manner recently." MYERS' 1910 CALENDAR. Among: the many calendar posters sent to the office of the Age during the past month, that issued by F. B. Myers & Bro.. manufacturers of pumps, hay-tools, etc., at Ashland, Ohio, deserves special mention. A representative of the com- pany states that more than 30,000 of these have been mailed to dealers handling- Myers' goods. The company has spared no expense In designing and printing: the calendar and it verifies the claim of the largest manufacturer of domestic pumps and hay-tools In the United States. 128 THE IRRIGATION AGE. SOME POINTED ADVICE BY AN EXPERT. WYOMING AND ITS RESOURCES. If the man who causes two blades of grass to grow- where only one grew before is a benefactor, then surely Alexander McPherson, the subject of this sketch and tho "best known" man in Idaho, is entitled to nothing short of a niche in the Hall of Fame. This Nestor of southern Idaho is a native of Illinois, and removed to Idaho twenty-three years ago. Mr. McPherson has probably been instrumental, during these many years of activity, in causing more blades to sprout upon the arid plains of southern Idaho where none grew before than any other man, of whom we have record. Incidentally it may be remarked that Mr. McPherson is the father of three bright sons (total length eighteen feet) as emphasized by him, one of whom has followed his father's example by becoming a farmer, and who has literally "put it all over his father" at the last Idaho State Fair; one a civil engineer, while the third is yet attending school. If the McPherson family ever adopts a coat of arms, it can Alexander McPherson. most appropriately be surmounted by a sheaf of alfalfa. "Plant alfalfa, then alfalfa and then more alfalfa" is Mr. McPherson's slogan. "Then you may turn it under and thus enrich the soil to a degree that any crop suited to this zone will thrive phenomenally." When Mr. McPherson first went to Idaho there was but one irrigation ditch in that state — the Ridenbaugh ditch in the Boise Valley. He has been identified with the irrigation interests of Idaho for twenty years, during all of which period he has been in the employ of the State conducting experimental horticultural and dairy work. He has acted as the Agricultural Adviser upon many of the Carey Act projects of southern Idaho, including the vari- ous Twin Falls projects, Salmon river, Big Wood river, Big Lost river, Medbury and Boise Valley projects. Upon the Twin Falls tracts he organized the Farmers Associa- tions for education through the medium of public meetings, held nightly, and by practical work upon demonstration farms during the day. Under this system inaugurated by Mr. McPherson, he states, "Every settler on the Twin Falls south side project 'has made good.' There is no reason why the same results should not be accomplished on all the more recent projects." Mr. McPherson has latterly extended his activities to embrace other states. The state of Wyoming is entering upon a period of rapid and wholesome development along many lines of activity. Especially is this evident when considered in the light of what has been accomplished under the provisions of the Carey act, as interpreted by the land board. Wyoming has long enjoyed the enviable reputation of possessing both a model code of Irrigation Laws and a sup- ply of water for power and irrigation purposes sufficient to provide for the needs of the State for many years to come. These facts, combined with able management of its land and water resources, have attracted investment-seeking capital as well as settlers in great numbers. Mr. R. P. Fuller, commissioner of public lands, and Mr. Clarence T. Johnston, state engineer, are in high esteem, throughout the west, for their efficiency and integrity. Both of these gentlemen attended the National Farm Land Con- gress at Chicago. Mr. Johnston returned at the close of the session to Cheyenne, while Mr. Fuller repaired to Wash- ington, D. C, on business matters. Upon his return to Chi- cago on his way home, Mr. Fuller was consulted by a repre- sentative of THE IRRIGATION AGE. Speaking of his State, Mr. Fuller remarked : "The agricultural sections of the state are being settled up rapidly, and, what is most gratifying, by a superior class of men, mostly farmers, and of American birth — the great majority of them coming from the middle west. The Carey Act projects are attracting many of the more intelligent, who realize the importance of adequate water supply and the measure of protection which the state affords to settlers. ' "Wyoming irrigation projects being relatively smaller in area than those of other states, have not proven attractive to the speculative entryman, but this is rather a blessing than otherwise, as their absence clears the way for the bona tide settler, whose energies we need "As the abundance of the water resources of Wyo- ming become better known to financiers generally, we may justifiably expect an increasing flood of eastern capital to unlock the treasures of our State. Notwithstanding the number of irrigation projects now completed, or under con- struction, the normal flow of our streams in the aggregate has not begun to be fully appropriated, and when, in time, it is, there will still remain adequate storage facilities to be utilized. "However, my recommendatio_n is, that no power or irrigation project should be undertaken without complete engineering investigation and data. "Wyoming is fortunate in two respects. First, by reason of its abundance of unappropriated water; second, because our law-makers, profiting by the example of other states, legislated wisely for distribution of waters, so that the entanglements of over-appropriations, and of conflict- ing interests manifest in some other localities, are not to be feared. "No one can secure a property interest in our waters; they belong to the State, and all that the appropriator is granted is an easement or the right to the use of as much water as he can apply beneficially. A license is granted, not for the amount of water that is applied for, but for the amount that is actually put to beneficial use as an adjudi- cation may determine, if necessary. Our water rights cannot be sold, neither can they be transferred from one tract to another. "In the aggregate there are now seventy-six Carey Act projects either segregated or in process of segregation, averaging from 30,000 to 50,000 acres, each, but there still remains room for many more. "Our agricultural lands lie at altitudes averaging from :i,500 to 6,000 feet and are suited to all the crops of the Temperate Zone. "Railroad development will take place rapidly within the near future — the Burlington Railroad has commenced actual construction upon its north and south line, from the' old road, beginning on the Northern Pacific, near Billings, to Worland, and thence south to a connection with the Colorado & Southern, 150 miles north of Cheyenne, thence to Chevenne. This means much to the State, as it will afford the fruitful Big Horn Basin, and the lands under the Shoshone project of the Federal Government, a direct out- let to Colorado, Texas, and the Gulf Sea Board, over the Hill lines. We have every reason to be satisfied with the outlook." THE IRRIGATION AGE. 129 Reclamation Notes COLORADO. Stockholders in the Grand Valley Irrigation Associa- on held their annual meeting recently at Grand Junc- on. Directors were re-elected and reports show that the sar has been prosperous. The county commissioners have authorized the or- inization of the Platte Valley Municipal Ditch near reeley. Land involved in this organization lies on the ist side of the Union Pacific tracks between Brighton id Platteville. Cincinnati capitalists are said to be financing the lorida Irrigation Company whi,ch will include the Pen- ington Lake reservoir site and the Farmers' Enterprise, nd other ditches near Durango. About 22,000 acres are antained in the proposed system. Land owners in the Mesa County and the Palisade rrigation Districts recently held an election to decide on proposed bond issue of $176,000 for the construction of diverting dam across Grand river above Palisade. These onds will be equally divided between the two districts. In connection with the projected consolidation of the •rigation systems known as the Teller Reservoir, the lanyon City, the Florence and the Pueblo Water Corn- any, it is stated that the Teller Reservoir Company has ecided that its plans are too far advanced to admit of le combination. The Fountain Valley Land and Irrigation Company as recently authorized the issuance of $500,000 for im- rovements in its property near Fountain. It is stated lat the company has already expended one million dol- irs in this work, and that the new bond issue will result i reclamation of additional acreage. E. L. Tebow has brought suit against J. C. Teller, John )lsen and William Olsen, doing business as the Olsen lonstruction Company, for the sum of $60,000, which he laims to be due him for his interest in the Turkey Creek eservoir. Tebow claims that he filed on this site many ears ago and that the Construction Company has usurped is rights. District Judge Rizer, in court at La Junta, recently ecided that the proposed bond issue of $650,000, voted by lie Holbrook Irrigated district, is valid. It is reported hat farmers will take bonds to the amount of about 400,000. and that the remaining $250,000 will be placed >n the market. The district is comprised of 20,000 acres, ping about five miles from La Junta. Promoters of the Bent County Reservoir Company lave filed plans with the state engineer, showing the site if the reservoir to be in Bent county and the supply of rater to be taken from Rule Creek. By the construction if a dam at a cost of $200,000 there will be stored about i50,000 acre feet. To complete the entire system bonds 0 the amount of $650,000 will be issued. Petitions for the new Hardscrabble Irrigation District n Freemont county have been generally signed by land iwners and it is claimed that a majority of the district is low represented. Several surveys have been made with 1 view to filing on the waters of Hardscrabble creek and >ther available reservoir sites. It is proposed to issue >onds for necessary construction work. Farmers of the Otero Irrigation District held a meet- ng recently and nominated the following directors: ?rank Taylor, R. W. Norton, D. A. Bole and M. W. Vlclntyre. George Anderson, a civil engineer of Denver, The Ghas, T, Manning Realty Go,, Ltd, SOLE SALES AGENTS The Bonding Townsite Company, Ltd, RESIDENCE LOTS. BUSINESS LOCATIONS Improved — Irrigated Lands — Unimproved. GOODING, IDAHO. TRUMP TURBINES When used for driving centrifugal pumps for irrigating purposes, either direct con- nected horizontally or verticall , or {or furnishing power through other types of transmission, • will be found to be the most economical and highest grade type of water wheel machinery manulactured in this country. These turbines ar adaptable to the severest of condition We build all water power appur- tenances, such asHeadGaes, Head Gate Hoists, Piping, Etc. Send your inquiries direct to us. Our illustrated catalog for the asking. THE TRUMP HFC. CO. Greenmonnl SI., SprinffieU, Ob ENGINES Are doing the work of the world and doing it well. 100,000 of them are making money for 100,000 sat- isfied users. You can become a. profit sharer by sending for a catalogue and telling us your needs. THE OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS, Send $2*50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation 130 THE IERIGATION AGE. Head Gate Hoists in all sizes and types for use in connection with timber or cast iron Head Gates and Waste Gates also a complete line of Cast Iron Gates Catalog No. 25 is devoted 'exclusively to Gate Hoists. We also build the i N«w American Turbine The Dayton Globe Iron Works Co. Dayton, • • - Ohio "SUN" LIGHT All Is Right "SUN" Hollow Wire System is su- perior to ALL other pressure systems. Bright, soft, clear white light. Most economical. No smoke, grease, odor. Beautiful fixtures, 1, 2, 3, 4-burners. Pressure tanks in cellar, attic or out- side of house. Lamps operated independently. Satisfaction or money back. Agents make jine commissions THE SUN VAPOR LIGHT CO. 451 Market Street : : CANTON, OHIO REMARKABLE OFFER OF Valuable Irrigated Farm To attract attention will consider a trade COLORADO Eight miles from Ramah, on Rock Island R. R. Forty-seven miles from Colorado Springs. In the famous Denver District. Water now on the land. Will treble in value in eighteen months. I have 125 acres under completed water system, water now in ditches, with 200 acres tiptop land ad- joining, which I will sell for $9,000, or I will sell in three parcels, 100 acres each, 40 acres under completed ditch, 60 acres adjoining. Ideal com- bination farm. Price, $30 an acre, total $3,000. I am interested in 12,000 acres nearby, and to attract attention will consider a trade for first-class eastern farm land or city lots on these three pieces only. Country Well Settled. Famous Bijou Valley. Rural Free Mail Delivery and Telephones in Homes. Write Now— First Come, First Served. ADDRESS G. A. MILLER 842 Crescent Place Chicago, 111. has been retained to make surveys for improvements. It is proposed to construct a reservoir on Anderson arroyo, for which the company has voted $150,000 in bonds. John T. Warren, of Greeley, is soon to launch a proj- ect involving an estimated expenditure of approximately $11,000,000, and calculated to reclaim 1,000,000 acres in Morgan, Logan and Washington counties. In an inter- view M'r. Morgan stated that the company plans to build a dam across the narrows of the Platte river about six miles below Weldon. The capacity of this reservoir will be 1,000,000 acre feet. Early last month it was rumored that the Beaver Land and Irrigation Company, operating in the vicinity of Beaver creek, west of Pueblo, had been consolidated with the Canyon City, Florence and Pueblo Water Company project. General Manager Matlock, of the former com- pany, denies that there have been negotiations for such consolidation, and states that his company is preparing to increase its acreage. Through the agency of Ball De Weese and others a meeting of land owners in the vicinity of Canyon City was held in that city under the auspices of the Canyon City, Florence and Pueblo Water Company. Mr. De Weese and others, interested land owners in the project for the reclamation of 300,000 acres in the Arkansas valley between Canyon City and Pueblo. It is proposed to in- vest about $8,000,000 in construction work. Upon application of Gerald Hughes, La Fayette Hughes, J. I. Case of Milwaukee, the state has recently granted rights on a 144,000 acre tract north of Hayden, on the line of the proposed western extension of the Moffit road. The new project is known as the Traveler's Lake and Yellow Jacket Irrigation Company. It is proposed to build a series of reservoirs to impound 210,000 acre feet of water from the White river, which will be brought over Yellow Jacket pass. A. E. Bent of Lamar is said to be heading a move- ment to organize the territory on the north side of the Arkansas river between Las Animas and Wild Horse creek, involving about 100,000 acres. He plans to com- plete the Mammoth reservoir site on the Purgatoire river, and also to construct a reservoir thirty miles below Trini- dad. Providing the organization is carried forward rap- idly, Mr. Brent predicts that the construction work will be completed before the spring of 1911. The Colorado State Land Board has recently heard a protest of the Bent County Reservoir Company against the Carey Act segregation asked by the Valley Invest- ment Company. The latter company wants rights on 24,000 acres of land in Bent county, but the reservoir company states that if this right is given the supply for its project will be inadequate. State Engineer Comstock is of the opinion that there is enough water for the irrigation of 24,000 acres by the Valley Investment Company and 10,000 acres by the Bent County Reservoir Company. H. W. King, a civil engineer of Chicago, is reported to be arranging the details for a consolidation- of numer- ous projects in the west end of Montrose county. Aside from combining numerous small districts containing ap- proximately 50,000 acres, the projected company proposes to take water from the Dolores river near Rico and re- claim about 50,000 additional acres by the construction of reservoir and canals. The reservoir will supply water for lands in the East Paradox valley. Present capital of the small companies aggregates $75,000, and it is esti- mated that not less than $300,000 will be required for im- provements. Through negotiations closed at Denver recently it is announced that the Herylyn and the Golden-Littleton ir- rigation systems have been transferred to the Camfield Development Company, in which David H. Moffit, Wm. G. Evans, J. K. Mullen, Gerald Hughes, D. C. Camfield and other Denver capitalists are interested. Lands com- prised in these two districts are located within a radius of forty miles of Denver and aggregate 125,000 acres. Bonds to the amount of $432.000 have been issued by the District and the Camfield Development Company secured control through the purchase thereof. About 100.000 THE IRRIGATION AGE. 131 acres lie in the southern part of Weld county, while the remaining 25,000 acres are near Denver along the line of the Burlington railway. Articles of incorporation for the Royal Gorge Irriga- tion Company have been filed at Denver, showing incor- porators to be capitalists of Colorado Springs, and the capital stock to be $500,000. It is proposed to reorganize the Lida irrigation and Lida reservoir systems, and to complete their construction by six supply ditches. Water will be taken from the Arkansas river and Ten Mile creek and various small tributaries of the Arkansas. A canal sixty miles in length will convey water into Freemont and Pueblo counties, where much of the land lies. The board of directors is as follows: Thos. F. Daly, Geo. B. Tripp, Jas. R. Moore, A. Sutton, F. Gilpin, D. F. Carpenter and Henry C. Hall. The principal office of the company is at Colorado Springs, Colo. Of the five thousand shares of capital stock five hundred are preferred, and bear interest at the rate of 6 per cent. CALIFORNIA. To secure an appropriation of $400,000 from Congress for the improvement of the Sacramento and San Joaquin irrigation project, state officials have directed requests to their representatives at Washington asking that they co- operate to this end. Engineers working in the interest of the Putah Creek Irrigation Company have nearly completed their work, and the company is planning condemnation of lands and other steps necessary to the construction of its canal to water 60,000 acres in Yolo and Solano counties. It is reported that the old Tulloch irrigation system, lately controlled by the San Joaquin Canal and Irrigation Company, has been offered to the new Oakdale irriga- tion district for $650,000. This offer includes the entire system except the power plant at Knights Ferry. At the annual meeting of stockholders held at Glen- dora it was decided to reduce the water rate from four to three cents per hour inch. Directors were elected as follows: W. B. Gildden, president; C. C. Warren, Chas. F. Gordon, F. H. Harwood, E. E. Card, T. C. Shiftman and W. G. Hall. Secretary Eddy of the Stockton Chamber of Com- merce has been instructed to investigate the feasibility of storing water in a reservoir in the Calaveras County can- yon. The United States Geological Survey has made in- vestigations. Water thus stored could be used for the irrigation of arid lands in this vicinity. E. A. Wiltsee of New York recently laid before the directors of the Modesto and Turloch districts a plan for storing water in an immense system of reservoirs in Tuo- lomane canyon. He proposes an expenditure of about $470,000 for a 160-foot dam at a point seven miles up the river from the present diverting dam. Water thus stored is to be used for both irrigation and power purposes. IDAHO. At a recent election in the Pioneer Irrigation District at Caldwell, Arthur G. Street was selected as director over G. T. Morse. J. E. Lane of Blackfoot states that he has financed the Salmon River Land and Irrigation Company, which propose to reclaim 5,000 acres in Custer county. The Idagon Irrigation Company has completed its dam in Jump Creek and is building 20 miles of laterals to cover 50,000 acres around Homedale, and in western Oregon. Prominent citizens of Roswell have made plans for the reclamation of a 2,000-acre tract known as Roswell Park. To secure water from the Riverside ditch, a 4,500 feet inverted siphon will be constructed. S. G. Yerkes, general manager of the Southern Idaho Reclamation Company, states that his company has no connection with the Great Western Beet Sugar Enter- prise. The company proposes to construct a reservoir on the Long Tom basin, and it is to this fact that there was report of connection between the two companies. Re- cently the Southern Idaho Reclamation Company was REAL MONEY IN IRRIGATION Little Yankee if you go at it right. The first thing is to get your land in proper shape. We have the ideal machines for doing that and want to tell you about them. Ask us today. THE OHIO ROAD MACHINERY COMPANY BOX F, OBERLIN. OHIO IRRIGATION MADE EASY with the BROTHEN AUTOMATIC LEVEL Gives automatically the level or any grade desired, and will verify the correctness of its own work from where it is operated. PRICE $10.00; WITH TRIPOD $12.00 For further information address A.A. BROTHEN, Idaho Falls, Idaho Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price: Irrigation Institutions, El wood Mead $1.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 8.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh «.W Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson '. 1.60 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 Cement Pipe & Tile, Hanson 1.00 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. THE IKKIGATION AGE. granted a segregation of 07,000 acres in the Sunnyside dis- trict. Land owners under the Canyon Canal Company's project have applied to the State Land Board for the en- forcement of the terms of the contract between the state of Idaho and the Trowbridge & Niver Company. In their complaint they assert that construction work is in- ferior and canals insufficient in capacity to supply water. They state that there has been a depreciation of $500,000 in land values within five months, owing to loss of crops and discouragement of settlement. Chairman R. B. Wil- son of the water users' committee, was accompanied by a delegation of prominent Emmett citizens when the ap- peal was taken to the Land Board. The complainants pointed to the fact that the difficulties are set forth in the report of C. C. Stephenson as filed with the State Board. Water users stated that their efforts to secure recognition from the Trowbridge & Niver Company met with unsatisfactory results. MONTANA. Grading operations have been suspended for the win- ter on the government's Milk River project. The greater 'part of the cash contracts were completed before suspen- sion of operations, and with one exception all cash con- tracts can be completed in a short time after operations are resumed in the spring. On the Fort Shaw unit of the government's Sun River project betterments and maintenance work closed down about the middle of the month on account of cold weather until spring. The east and west ends of the unit are ready for another season's service, and but little work is required in the middle of the unit, which can be fin- ished easily prior to any call for water. During the win- ter advantage will be taken of the frozen condition of the ground to haul rock to strengthen prospective works along the river bank. John R. Hedley of Butte, said to be representing Den- ver capitalists, has filed on the water of Red Rock and Beaver Head rivers to the amount of 5,000 second feet. According to the plans of Mr. Hedley a ditch will be constructed on the east bank of the Red Rock river about two miles southeast of Armstead, a point twenty miles south of Dillon. Water will be conducted down this canyon to Beaver Head valley and along a canal which will be about forty-five miles in length. Estimates call for the expenditure of approximately $2,000.000. The land to be reclaimed will aggregate about 30,000 acres. The company proposes to purchase the Lima dam and to en- large the structure to give an adequate water supply. NEW MEXICO. Reports from Las Vegas stated that final arrange- ments have been made for proceeding with construction work on the Camfield Reservoir project. The company conferred with the board of trustees of a Las Vegas grant and arranged a definite basis of procedure. Business men at Roswell have conferred with J. L. Norton, of Chicago, with a view to the construction of a dam on the Rio Penasco. It is proposed to generate cur- rent for lighting in the Pecos valley and to supply power for pumping water to irrigate a tract of approximately 100,000 acres. The Oasis Development Company has applied for the segregation of 30,180 acres in Otero county. It is pro- posed to take waters from the Sacramento river sixty miles south of Alamagordo and convey the supply to a reservoir through a natural arroyo. An earth embank- ment 5,810 feet long is proposed. The cost is estimated at $175,000. The auction sale of excess lands under the Carlsbad *»»»»»»fr«»»»»»»0»00»0»»«»»«»»»0»»0 »»»*»« ** Send $2.80 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. The Little Roadster Grader and Ditcher A New, Light Ditch Plowing Machine, Especially Designed for Cutting Small Laterals on Irrigated Farms, and Ditching and Grading Roads. This type of machine cuts ditches for less money than any other tool or ma- chinery, because it plows the dirt out of the ditch with one continuous motion, whereas all other ditching machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The Little Roadster is a practical plowing machine, being built with ad- justable leaning wheels or rolling land- sides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold, the same leaning wheel principle which js used in the sulky plow. It is made almost entirely of wrought steel and the few castings that are used are malleable and all parts are put to- gether so far as possible with hot driven rivets, so that while it is a light machine weighing about eleven hundred pounds, it is exceptionally strong and rigid. It is designed primarily for two horses, al- though four may be used. EVERY IRRIGATED RANCH OR FARM NEEDS ONE OR MORE OF THESE" MACHINES. IT WILL QUICKLY PAY FOR ITSELF. SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE FOLDER AND LET US TELL YOU MORE ABOUT IT J. D. ADAMS > COMPANY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA When writing to advertisers please mention Th« Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 133 irrigation project, which was scheduled to take place on February 15, 1910, has been postponed until February 21. The railroads have arranged for homeseekers' excursions from the east on the 1st and 15th of that month, and it is desired to hold the sale on such a date that it may be attended by persons taking advantage of the excursions. The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the ex- ecution of a contract with the Elephant Butte Water Users' Association for the delivery of water to the asso- ciation for the irrigation of certain lands under Leasburg division of the Rio Grande irrigation project. The object of the contract is to provide for the delivery of water temporarily under a rental basis pending preparations for the formal opening of that portion of the project under the terms of the Reclamation Act. The contract will ex- pire December 31, 1910, or at an earlier date. Articles of incorporation have been filed at Santa Fe by the Portales Irrigation Company, and the San Antonio Improvement Company, showing a capitalization of $875,- 000 for the former and $100,000 for the latter. The Por- tales company has headquarters at Portales, Roosevelt county, and Thos. J. Molinari is agent. Seth A. Morrison, Geo. L. Reese, Hobson F. Jones, Washington E. Lindsey, John A. Fairley, Thos. J. Mola and Robt. Hix are di- rectors. The latter company has headquarters at San An- tonio and following are directors: Agnes E. Allaire, L. R. Weber, P. A. Allaire, Powell Starkhouse, Jr., and Wm. Watson. For the third time the Supreme Court of the United States has given a decision in the litigation over the Rio Grande Dam and Irrigation Company. The court declares the company's charter to be forfeited. It is believed that this decision will end the litigation. In the case was in- volved the right of the company to construct a dam for irrigation purposes across the Rio Grande at Elephant Butte, where it was proposed to create the largest arti- ficial lake in the world. The decision is based upon the fact that the construction work would violate the treaty between the United States and Mexico and would ob- struct navigation. OREGON. During a recent flood in the Or_gue river the pumping plant near the Ament dam was seriously crippled, with a considerable financial loss. The plant supplied water for the local irrigation district. The Hermiston Engineering and Railroad Company of Hermiston was recently organized to irrigate 6,000 acres of high bench land adjacent to the Umatilla project. Artesian wells will be used. A. R. Ruffner is president and E. Ruffner, secretary. Owing to successful tests with artesian wells in the Wild Horse county, north and south of Andrews, many farmers are now turning their attention to this plan. It is claimed that numerous wells will be sunk during the coming year. The Cottonwood West Creek Irrigation Company of Vale is planning the reclamation of 15,773 acres, twenty- four miles west of that city. The dam will be four miles west of Westphall, and will impound sufficient water to. irrigate 25,000 acres. C. H. Oxman, E. L. Clarke, W. W. Caviness and Geo. B. Hayes of Vale are interested. Spokane capitalists are said to be interested in the Marion Irrigation Company and the Tualatin Irrigation Company with a combined capital of $300,000. John A. Finch, Chas. Hussey, Cyrus Happy, Harl J. Cook and W. L. Benham are stockholders. It is proposed to develop about 40,000 acres in western Oregon and lying for sev- eral miles along the Willamette river, south of Portland. Officers of both companies will be the same. Land owners under the former government's Malheur irrigation project have formed themselves into two or- ganizations and have requested the creation of two dis- tricts. One lies south of the Malheur river and along the Owyhee river to the state line of Idaho, and it is said that arrangements have been made for the construction of a system of reservoirs and canals. Both districts propose to use the same system for supplying water. The Hood River irrigation district having about 6,000 acres in the Hood river valley, proposes to issue bonds The Kewanee Siphon Pump for Irrigation and Drainage A wonderful pump that beats them all for simplicity and durability, and will produce more water with less power than any pump on the market. Will pump sand and gravel without injury to the pump. Made in any size or capacity up to a 30 foot lift. We also have the best Gasoline Engines made. Write for circulars and prices. KEWANEE SIPHON PUMP CO., 4OS N. Tremont St., KEWANEE, ILL. Subscribers whose subscription expires with this issue are requested to renew by remitting the regular price — or take advantage of premium offer on page 117. If unable to remit the amount please fill out blank order below and mail it to this office. CUT THIS OUT AND AFTER FILLING OUT MAIL TO Irrigation Age 112 Dearborn St.. CHICAGO THE IRRIGATION AGE 112 Dearborn St.. Chicago, III. _1910 You are herewith requested to renew my subscription to The Irrigation age for one year, for which I agree to pay at regular rates. Name Address SUBSCRIPTION PRICE $1.00 A YEAR When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 134 THE IRRIGATION AGE. to the amount of $40,000 and extend its canal from Dead- point creek to Greenpoint creek. About 2,000 acres will be reclaimed by this work. W. R. Winans, who proposes to build an electric line, has filed on water rights in this vicinity and it is claimed that if these are granted the aims of irrigation promoters will be defeated. It is reported that the Desert Land Board has ad- vised the Southern Irrigating Company, operating near Salem, to make a topographical survey of its segregation and take steps to secure a reservoir site. There has been some question as to the legality of the company's claim, and it is now believed that these matters are adjusted, and work will proceed. In the notice given to the company it was stated that unless work is completed as outlined the land shall revert to the state. The Umatilla project is now 86J4 per cent completed. It represents to date an investment on the part of the government of $1,138,425. The canal system is con- structed so as to irrigate at the present time approxi- mately 15,000 acres out of a total of 23,171 acres. The government has recently notified settlers that on Janu- ary 15, 1910, all patented land within the first and second units of the project for which water right application has not been made in the local land office, in accordance with public notices then in force, shall be excluded from the project and appropriate steps shall be promptly taken to add to the project other lands equivalent in the irrigable area. Appropriate notices, at that time, will also be given by the department to' the water users' association regard- ing the exclusion of such lands so that water right sub- scriptions therefor may be cancelled. UTAH. The Newcastle Reclamation Company has filed an application for rights on Shoal creek to irrigate about 5.000 acres in Washington county. At the annual meeting of the Nephi Irrigation Com- pany at Nephi, Jos. E. Iron was re-elected and Chas. Hall was elected as a new member of the board. The Beaver Land, Irrigation & Power Company will have an opening of 12,000 acres in Beaver county early this year. Construction work is nearing completion. H. A. Tyson and W. M. Gibson, of Chicago, have re- cently inspected land along the Utah-Wyoming border that can be watered from the tributaries of the Green river. The Buckhorn Irrigation Company, having about 30,- 000 acres in Emory county, is planning to start active work on storage reservoirs in the near future. The cost is estimated at $400,000. Land owners in Juab county are planning to irrigate 14,000 acres in that district by expanding the Hatchtown reservoir in Garfield county, 150 miles distant. The dam is to be constructed at a cost of $165,000 and land owners believe it feasible to send water down the Sevier river to be taken out in Juab county. The Torrey Irrigation Company of Torry, Wayne county, has filed amended articles of incorporation show- ing the capital stock to be $42,000. Directors of the com- pany are L. M. Schaffin, Jas. Huntsman, Wm. Smith, W. C. Smith, J. A. Hancock, A. E. Pierce and W. E. Lee. The company owns waterrights and an irrigation system near Torry. W. F. Scheffel of Twin Falls. ex-Senator Frank Petti- grew of South Dakota and Gep. A. Dodge of Chicago have recently returned from an inspection of the plans of the Sevier River Land and Water Company, a concern that proposes reclamation of 200,000 acres in Millard county, about 125 miles south of Salt Lake City. It is reported that lands and water rights have been secured. Baron Hirsch of Hamburg, Germany, is alleged to have outlined this project about ten years ago. By damming the river near Lynn Junction the company proposes to create a reservoir from which thirty-five mile ditches will convey the water to lands near Oak City and Holden. HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR •AND SAVE MEN— SAVE HORSES— SAVE MONEY— SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing fanning methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, threshing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farm work. Hundreds in Successful Operation — Built in sizes of 30, 45 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED FROST PROOF FIRE PROOF USE GASOLINE, KEROSENE, DISTILLATE, or ALCOHOL Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalog Tells You All About Them. HART- PARR CO., Charles City, Iowa When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 135 WASHINGTON. The Wenatchee Canal Company, owning a high line ditch in the Wanatchee valley, proposes to expend about $100,000 in extending its system. A 5,000 foot tunnel through Cashmere Hill is proposed. Additional ditches and flumes will cost about $20.000. Wm. R. King, promoter of the Klickitat project, as- serts that $750,000 has been subscribed for the construc- tion of the irrigation ditch fifteen miles northeast of Husum. He states that preliminary work on the Klicki- tat river for the drainage of Camas lake has been started. Numerous damage suits against the White Bluffs Land & Irrigation Company and its associated water company have been filed at Prosser. Plaintiffs ask the appointment of a receiver because the company has failed to supply water as per contract. Land embraced in the White Bluffs project aggregates 2,000 acres. Water contracts are being submitted to land holders in the district covered by the Horseheaven irrigation project near Bristol. Eastern capitalists are said to be willing to finance the work as soon as a sufficient number of contracts are signed. The company, known as the Big Klickitat Irrigation & Power Company, has com- pleted preliminary surveys for a main canal 100 miles in length. Contracts allow fifteen years for payment of water rights. Upon order from the Secretary of the Interior there has been withdrawn from all forms of entry, excepting any tracts already withdrawn under departmental order of September 8, 1904, and also any tracts the title to which has passed out of the United States, the following de- scribed lands in the Yakima project, Willamette principal meridian: T. 20 N., R. 13 E., NE ^ NE J4 Sec. 10; NWJ4 NW y4 Sec. 10. T. 21 N., R. 12 E, all Sec. 10; S ]/2 Sec. 11; NE % and S Yi Sec. 12; all Sees. 13 and 14; N y* Sec. 15. T. 21 N., R. 13 E., all Sec. 7; NW Y? Sec. 18; SE J4 Sec. 34. These lands are required in order to provide for additional storage on Lake Nuchess, and also for the development of the spillway and proposed feeder canal from Lake Keecholus. (Continued from page 126.) being available, settler shall cultivate and reclaim not less than one-eighth of his entry and within two years fhall appear before (the official designated) and make final proof, showing actual settlement and cultivation of at least one-eighth of his entry and make the final payment of 25 cents per acre ior the land." Mention is made of the final certificate and the rules for patent are as above recited. No mention is made of the obligations of a mar- ried man to reside with his family. The depositions of . two witnesses is required with all proof. Oregon — The regulations provide that "the settler shall within three years from date of his application make proof of reclamation, settlement and residence for three months (with two witnesses) and file the same with the state land board at Salem," or as an alternative, that "Proof may be made upon showing of only 30 days resi- dence (with his family, if married), the cultivation of three-quarters of the entry, and the erection of a sub- stantial house of at least four rooms. Either proof may be offered at any time before the expiration of the three- year period." The statutes provide: "Upon filing with the board satisfactory release of the company's lien against land of any applicant, it shall be the duty of the board to issue deed for the same." South Dakota — The statutes make no provision for final proof, but they state that "after the state has re- ceived a patent for the land and a purchaser has paid for it in full, the board shall execute and deliver a deed to him." In General — While the regulations of some of the states make no mention of the obligations of a married man to reside upon his entry with his family, it is to be assumed that such a requirement will be made. All the affidavits herein referred to are executed upon blank forms, which are practically identical (as are the various fees) in all states. The fees are as follows: For taking evidence of final proof, $2.00. For taking evidence of annual proof, $1.50. The BUCKEYE FOUR-CYCLE GAS ENGINE SIMPLE IN CONSTRUCTION - ECONOMICAL IN OPERATION - RELIABLE CATALOG ON APPLICATION BUCKEYE ENGINE COMPANY, Salem, Ohio When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 136 THE IRRIGATION AGE. THE RECLAMATION DITCHER For Cutting Irrigation and Drainage Ditches at the Least Cost U. S. RECLAMATION DITCHER This type of machine is different from all other ditching machinery, In that it plows the dirt out of the ditch with a continuous sweeping motion, whereas all other machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The cost therefore, per cubic yard, of excavating with the U. S. Reclamation Ditcher Is necessarily much less than with any other tools or appliances. The Reclamation Ditcher is adapted to cutting ditches as deep as three feet below the original surface and as wide as ten feet at the bottom and with sides sloped as steep as 2 to 1. It has adjustable oblique wheels which 'perform the same function as the oblique wheels of a sulky plow. They are simply rolling landsides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold and also make it possible for the machine to be operated on the sloping side of the ditch as shown in the cut. It is universal in all of its adjustments and may be either used right or left hand. It Is operated with twelve horses. The difference in cost of cutting ditches with the Reclamation Ditcher and any other form of machinery is sufficient to pay for the machine very quickly. We absolutely guarantee this and will prove it to you by a demonstration of the machine on your own work before you accept it. Write for descriptive folder which gives diagrams of ditches and cost estimates. J. D. ADAMS & CO., Indianapolis, Indiana When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 137 MISCELLANEOUS. The Chamber of Commerce at Globe, Ariz., is interesting itself in the San Carlos irrigation project. It is proposed to assist in organizing a company for construction work. At a cost of $200,000 a company pro- poses to, construct an irrigation sys- tem in Finney county, Kansas. Con- tracts for water are now being signed and it is proposed to have the system ready for operation on May 1, 1910. The Vegas artesian water syndicate of Vegas, Nev., has recently interest- ed Judge Kenneth M. Jackson, and it is proposed to sink artesian wells for irrigation purposes. About 28,000 acres are now under control of the company. Work is now progressing on the ir- rigation system in the vicinity of Lake Wichita, Texas, to water lands in the vicinity of Wichita Falls. Frank Kell, J. A. Kemp and T. R. Orth are back- ing the proposition. About twelve miles of ditch will be constructed. Plans to irrigate 24,000 acres in the Rio Grande valley have been complet- ed by the Texas-Louisiana Sugar Company of Texas, a recently organ- ized concern. About $200,000 will be expended on the irrigation system lo- cated between San Juan and McAllen. J. S. Dennis, assistant to the second vice-president of the Canadian Pa- cific Railway, is planning the con- struction of a system of main and secondary canals for irrigation of 500,000 acres in Alberta. The com- pany also plans the expansion and re- modeling of its present system. Directors of the United States Rice & Milling Company of Crowley, La., have arranged to extend the com- pany's canals in Vermillion and Ar- cadia parishes for a distance of about twenty-five miles. Work will be be- gun at once. Storage increased by the construction work will water 10,- 000 acres. The construction of the regulating works on Lake Tahoe in connection with the Truckee-Carson project, Ne- vada, has been suspended until spring on account of winter weather. Dur- ing November contracts were let for 85,000 cubic yards of earth work on lateral district 5. In Carson Sink valley the weather continued favorable throughout the month. Representatives of the various ir- rigation interests in the Pecos valley, Texas, are arranging for a conference during January for the purpose of forming an organization for co-op- eration in conversion, distribution and diversion of the waters available for irrigation. It is proposed to agitate the passage of laws relating to water rights and to revise the present laws now on the statute books. Recently there has been formed the Arkansas Valley Irrigation Company of Colorado, with capitalization of $400,000, for the purpose of reclaim- ing lands in Ford, Gray and Edwards counties, Kansas. The company will revive the Eureka irrigation ditch, commonly known as the Soule ditch. John T. Barnett of Denver, A. M. S8,76O,OOO.OOO!! That's the Value of Farm Products tor 1909— Isn't It Great? Think of producing on the farms of the United States twice as much new wealth in one year as is represented by all the gold money in the world outside of this country ! No wonder our esteemed friend, Secretary James Wilson, of the Department of Agricul- ture, is jubilant. It is a showing that every citizen is proud of, whether he had a hand in the production or not. The most gratifying story told by these figures is that they represent a gain over the previous year of $869,000,000. We are going ahead — going ahead rapidly. That is the best message we gather from this report of our results for 1909. But, instead of being content with these figures, let us take them only as an indica- tion of what our real possibilities are, and let us use them merely as a mile post in our climb to better things. Let each of us, for instance, look back over our operations of 1909 to determine whether or not we did our share toward making thi^ showing possible. We all know that there are about 0,000,00(1 farms in this country. Did 6,000,000 advance, improve, produce more wealth — or did one million, two million, or three million do all of this pushing and improving of methods to make a gain of $869,000,000 possible? We ought to stop and think of what has made the gains of former years possible. We must stop to realize that this gain of $869,000,000 for 1909 is not due to so much more land under cultivation, but has been brought about primarily by better methods of cultivating the same land that has been culti- vated before; by better methods of preparing the soil, sowing the grain and harvesting the crops. Without the wonderful strides made in the development of farm machines, an $8,760,000,- 000 crop would be entirely out of the question. And yet there is room for progress — the rules of 1909 farming are not the rules for 1910. New machines mean new advances and new wealth. Do you keep abreast — are you posted about these things? About traction plowing — how to plow more acres, in less time, with less expense, for bet- ter, bigger returns: How a good disk harrow will enable you to make better seed beds; \\ny it's to your advantage to spread manure the right way — as soon as you get it — instead of spreading it after half its value is gone; About the money-saving and money-making advantages of having a good, reliable, depend- able gasoline engine on your place; how it will help to keep the boys at home; how it will save you a hired man's wages — and how it will more than pay for itself in twelve months; What the right kind of a cream harvester means to you in increased milk and butter profits — and skim-milk calves; Why a good feed-grinder means fatter stock; How greatly to increase the value of the 1910 hay crop by using the right mower, tedder, baler, etc.; How to know all about harvesting machines; How to get the most profitable profits out of the stalks as well as out of the ears by harvesting your corn in the right way — at the right time; How to know the ear marks of a good wagon. If any of these will help you in the race, get a copy of our book — "Glimpses of Thrift- land " That tells the whole story briefly and in verses that you'll like. Then we have some hooks that are still more business-like — the 1 H C Almanac and Encyclopaedia, the Farm Science. Say which you are most interested in. All are free for the asking. There is an International dealer near you. He will be glad to see you to hand you one of our new 1910 calendars, posters, catalogues or pamphlets on harvesting and haying ma- chines and tools, and tillage implements, or any of the machines mentioned above. a dtitf ' 6 INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA (Incorporated) CH.CAGO, U.S.A. CORPORATION CHARTERS For Irrigation, Mining, Manu- facturing or any Business. Procured in Leading Charter States. Agencies Maintained. Bluebook FREE. NATIONAL INCORPORATING CO. PIERRE, S. DAK. $60 ilLSON MFG. CO. GOES LIKE SIXTY MLUUBCMCTV] SELLS FOR SIXTY G1LSON GASOLENE ENGINE 'or Pumping, Cream .etc. nil TBUL for catalog-all sizo PBtWuhlBgtcn,Wlii Buckeye Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Designed especially for pumping large quantities of water from deep wells. The frame is hinged to the base and can be thrown back out of the way for convenience in renewing the valves. Range of stroke, 6 in. to 20 in. Size of cylinder can be varied to suit requirements. Wiite Us To-day Mast, Foos ®. Co. Springfield - Ohio Send $2.50 for the Irrigation Age one year and the Primer of Irrigation 138 THE 1 1? I? I G A T I O X A 0 E . Eppstean of Denver, T. A. Scales and Albert Watkins of Dodge City and J. W. Gilbert of Spearville are incorpor- ators. Under direction of the Department of the Interior there will be received until January 17th bids for the con- struction of an earth and gravel dam to be known as the Patillas Dam, and appurtenant structures near the town of Patillas, Porto Rico. The cost of this work is estimated at $500,OOQ Bids for the construction of 6,000 feet of tunnel in connection with this proj- ect will be received later. Cost of the tunnel work is estimated at $1,- 200,000. Assistant State Engineer Ralph D. Goodrich has tendered his resignation to State Engineer Clarence T. Johns- ton of Wyoming, and will be succeed- ed by J. F. Kingston of Casper. Mr. Goodrich has accepted the position of chief engineer for the company which is constructing the vast Oregan Basin project in northern Wyoming. This project is the largest ever undertaken in the state, and will reclaim 300,000 acres of land with water from the Sho- shone river. It is reported that incorporation papers for the Truckee-California Ir- rigation Company will soon be filed in Nevada. Capitalization will be $3,000,000, and O. B. Burgland of Gunnison will be president, with W. E. Tollestrup of Salt Lake City as secretary. Salt Lake Capital is said to be interested. By expending about $500.000 near Reno the company ex- pects to water land north of that city. A dam will be constructed on the Truckee river below Independence creek, and water will be carried for twenty-one miles through pipe and tunnel. The engineers estimate the cost of canals, tunnels, reservoirs and dams at $500,000. SIPHON ACROSS THE COLO- RADO. The sum of $150,000 has been authorized by the Reclamation Serv- ice to take up immediately the con- struction of a siphon across the Colo- rado river to supply water to lands in the vicinity of Yuma, Ariz. This siphon is one of the important engineering features in connection with the Yuma project. In connects with the main canal on the California side at a point opposite and a short distance below Yuma, and will con- vey 1,390 cubic feet of water per sec- ond at a mean velocity of 9 feet per second under the river. Its total length is approximately 1,000 feet and its internal diameter 14 feet. It will be built of reinforced concrete, and will be laid in a tunnel passing through the bed rock under the stream. At the outlet of the siphon on the Arizona side, power is to be devel- oped in the near future which will be utilized to lift water to the rich lands on the Yuma mesa. B OSTROM'S $15. OO FARM LEVELSTELESCOPE With Magnifying Lenses, Enabling You to Read the Target Over 400 Yards Away Shipping ~ Weight 15 Ibs. Complete Outfit. with full instructions, Shipped Anywhere C.O. D. $15.00 and express charges subject to examination. And Is being welcomed by land owners from the Atlantic to the Pacific, for Draining, Irrigating, Terracing, Ditching, Grading, Road Building, Run- ning Fences, Setting Out Orchards, Levelling Buildings and Foundations, Getting Angles, and every sort of work requiring a Level. With this outfit, which includes Level with TELESCOPE and Plumb-Bob In neat wood box, also Tripod, Graduated Rod ana Target, no man needs a Surveyor or Civil Engineer. Simplicity, Accuracy, Durability, GUARANTEED. ORDER TODAY, direct from this offer— or. If more complete information is desired, write today. Address, BOSTROM-BRADY MANUFACTURING CO., 1110 Pine Street, St. Louis, Mo. for iis equal. Windpower doubled. Two 11 ft. wheels work on same pinion; sec- ond wheel gives more pow- er than first. A Governor That Governs nail winds. Develops 10 full h. p. in 20 mile wind. All power needed for farm, shop, irrigating, etc. Ask about our self oiling-, selfgoverned, single •wheel pumper — also Armsaver Husker. Ask for book 60 DOUBLE POWER MILL CO. Appleton, Wlv., U..S.A BOOK ROCKFORD Send postal now Learn about most economical, durable, simple Gasoline Engines made. Dor" buy till you get our book low prices Address Rockford Engine Works » 5. Wayne St. Rockford III. YOU EVER USE PRESS CLIPPINGS Do you want everything printed in the newspaper, magazine and trade press of the United States and Canada on any particular subject? Send us your order describing what you want us to clip, enclose $3.00, and we will send you our service for one month, mailing you daily or weekly all clippings found on your topic. We read and clip about 25,000 publica- tions each month MANUFACTURERS can learn where there is a market for their goods, and how best to reach it BUSINESS MEN can obtain reliable tips which lead to business brought in on the follow-up plan ANYONE can gather all that is printed about matters of immediate interest, the latest and best thought from many sources. UNITED STATES PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU Chicago, U. S. A. Send for our booklet. 1309-1312, 153 LaSalle St. Getting the moat engine for your money doe* not mean buying the cheapest — it is a matter of securing an engine that will give reliable result* year in, year out — one thai consume* practi- cally no water— that is easily moved from one well to another— that starts the pump instantly, Every requirement of any irrigation proposition requiring a simple, reliable, powerful engine ic met by the Weber Gas or Gasoline Engine We make a specialty of heavy duty, distillate, or producer gat engines, in a great variety of sizes up to 40O h.p.t peculiarly adapted for irriga- tion propositions, operating at a very low cost — having fewer working parts than any other engine of the same general type. The design and work- manship are of the very highest order. Weber Heavy Duty Engine* are mak- ing records for reliability at the following irrigation plant 1 1 Blilock Island Irrigation Co., Coyole, Ore.— IN H.P. Doumheller Development Co., Irngon, On.— 100 H.P. Inter-State Irrigating Co., Hayden Lake, lda.-?50 H.P. Pekin A La Marsh Drainage Com.. Pekin, III.— 100 H.P. State Irrigating Co.. Patterson. Wash.— 250 H.P. U. S. Government (Distillate) Rupert. Idaho.— 100 H.P. U. S. Government (Distillate) Mimdoki, leohe.— 1Z5 H.P. Write today, telling us your power needs, and we will send you our new handsomely illustrated catalog fully describing the Weber Engine beet suited to your requirements, Sheffield Gas Power Co. ISO Winchester Place Kansas City, So* Let it Furnish Power for >bu THE IRRIGATION AGE. 139 NEW INCORPORATIONS. Colorado. United States Real Estate & Irriga- tion Company; capital stock, $100.000. C. H. Edgecomb, E. N. Nye, W. Bow- man; Victor. The Medano Land & Irrigation Company; capital stock, $500,000; Joseph Warner, Myron H. Kinney, Earl M. Cranston; Denver. The Royal Gorge Irrigation & Con- struction Company; capital stock. $500,000; H. E. Lutz, R. R. Mitchell: Colorado Springs. The Colorado Irrigation & Orchard Company; capital stock, $1,000,000; Chas. N. Miller, Wm. E. Miller, El- mer Bisbee; Denver. Idaho. The Snake River Irrigation Com- pany; capital stock. $500,000; C. C. Crocker, W. A. Reed. D. W. Stand- ard; Boise. Maine. The Kansas Irrigation Development Company; capital stock, $3,500,000; Clarence Eaton, T. L. Croteau, Albert Jones. Clarence G. Trott, J. P. O'Don- nell; Portland. Oregon. The Little Butte Irrigation Com- pany; capital stock, $1,400; E. S. Wolfer, L. K. Hawk. G. G. Guthrie, W. W. Taylor; Eagle Point. Washington. Okanogan Land & Irrigation Com- pany: capital stock, $45,000; Frank A. Morris, Geo. W. Longstaff, H. D. Wiard, Louis Dalhy, C. P. Bissett; Chelan. New Jersey. River Front Power & Irrigation Company; capital stock, $50,000; Allen Benny, Harry Sylvester, Geo. Kramer; Bayonne. Texas. Rio Grande Valley Irrigation Com- pany; capital stock. $12000; Winches- ter Cooley, J. E. Williams, I. G. Mc- Nary; El Paso. Polvo Irrigation Company; capital stock. $3,000; Francisco J. Alvarado, Mateo Carrasco, Z. Madrid; Presidio. AUCTIONEERS c^£hna™£ Make BIG MONEY iX™nhf°™ Address Carpenter's College, (Largest in the World) Trenton. Missouri. A SATISFACTORY WATER SUPPLY ALWAYS PAYS DIVIDENDS A Humphryes' Hydraulic Ram will furnish you, when in- stalled, with a permanent and automatic water supply Why spend money on costly pumping plants and time, strength and expense in operating same, when a Hydraulic Ram will lift your water and de- liver it with absolutely no expense. The Humphryes' Pneumatic System will supply your residence with water under pressure for all domestic purposes and give service heretofore obtainable only with an elevated tank or direct con- nection with municipal water works. Our New Catalog "Domestic Water Supplies" tells you all about the HYDRAULIC RAM and PNEUMATIC SYSTEM and will be mailed you upon request. TH£ HUMPHRYES MFG. CO., MANSFIELD. OHIO GASOLINE OR KEROSENE raise water in any quantity. It makes you independent *n ves paying out profits. Our plants sold under FIVE YEAR BOND GUAANTEE ENGINE ABSOLUTELY THE BEST Gutters Planters, Sprayers, , Sortenf. Write for free Booklet. "Potato Culture ASP1NWALL MF'G. CO, JACKSON. M.CH. o .S.A. MACHIN \\ FASTEST-SAFEST CUN EVER MADE ; SHOTS IN FOVR SECONDS. Perfect hammerleM imii-rloR- •Ine action. 24 to S2 In. <;K>"l"i>'K IMPORTED I1AMASI I S BARREL. Full lencth of upkeep. ark you, sworn statements, not mere "I ," or "I guess," but statements of fact, under oath. ;iese sworn statements prove that the Win- jix costs its owner practically nothing to Lain. liat does it cost to maintain a Winton Six ? E ollowing figures are compiled from the sworn statements of the individ- ual owners.) j In 1908 ten Winton Sixes ran 65,687 miles c total upkeep expense of &15.13. In 1909 ten Winton Sixes ran 118,503 miles d total upkeep expense of $127.30. Jus, in 1908 and 1909, twenty Winton Sixes ran , 0 miles on total upkeep expense of $142.43. fis distance is more than seven times the cir- i rence of the earth. Bis seventy times the distance of the 1909 Glid- jiur. Bis more than four hundred and fifty times the ij ce of the Vanderbilt cup race. These twenty Winton Sixes were not handled by high-priced racing men nor factory experts, but by ordinarily intelligent boys, each chosen and hired by the individual car owner himself. These twenty cars averaged 1315.6 miles travel per month — 43.8 miles per day everyday for seven months. At an average cost for upkeep of 77 cents per one thousand (1,000) miles. Incidentally, by way of illustration — one car (owned in New York) ran 25,290 miles. It cost nothing the first year. The sec- ond year the owner paid $60 for overhauling. Another car (owned in Chicago) ran 22,158 miles. It carried a Limousine body, and in two years cost not one cent for upkeep. Thus these two cars (both running two years) traveled 47,448 miles on a total expense of $60, averaging $1.26 per one thousand (1,000) miles. When the next salesman tries to sell you a car, ask him to show you his car's upkeep figures. And remember this: Low upkeep expense means not only that you [are not bur- dened by repair bills. It means also that you have a car able to stand up and go, and to keep going, day in and day out, every day. Many car owners never enjoyed that experience. Winton Six owners experience it right along. And it is a vital reason why your next car ought to be a self- cranking, sweet-running, six cylinder Winton Six. If you want maximum car* value at minimum cost, you'll get our literature. It bristles with dollars-and-sense facts. Write today. 'he Winton Motor Carriage Co. Licensed under Selden Patent. CLEVELAND, U. S. A. o plan to buy a car at less than $3000, get quotations on our used cars. These are exceptional bargains. They represent higher value and better service than any new cheap car on the market. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 142 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Centennial Auger Machine Mascot Auger Machine Clay Working ••BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay . Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Eagle RepreM Hand and Power Cuttcn Soft Mud Machine*. Horse and Steam Power Hand Power Screw Pre» Disintegrators Hone Power Plunger Machine Products of our Auger Machines When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 143 UNION MACHINES j WITH PUQ MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO, GALION, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 1-14 THE IRKIGATION AGE. WE MANUFACTURE DOUBLE ACTING CONTINUOUS FLOW PUMPS SINGLE ACTING DEEP WELL PUMPS CUP LEATHERS, All Sizes and Shapes, from OAK TANNED CALIFORNIA LEATHER THE ABOVE CUT SHOWS ONE OF OUR INSTALLATIONS CONSISTING OF One Ames Continuous Flow Deep Well Pump 100' Long. 14" Bored Well 120' Deep 25 Horse-power Gasoline Engine Capacity 600 Gallons per Minute Actual Power Consumed 20 H. P. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOG TO A. T. Ames Manufacturing Co, NILES, CALIFORNIA When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. UNION PACIFIC A Ten Acre Farm IN Idaho, Oregon or Washington MEANS A Comfortable Living AND Money in the Bank ¥ 1TV A TT f"| raised $7,000,000 worth of fruit last year. Idaho's *• *-* -™ *•*• ^* apples are in great demand in New York, Liverpool and London. A ten acre tract very often produces a yearly revenue of $4,000. fk W* "El f* fl T^ is famous for its prunes, peaches, apples, pears ^ **• ^ ^ ^ Li and cherries. Rev. F. N. George, of Salem, Ore., writes: "My cherries yielded at rate of $640.00 per acre." L. T. Reynolds, Route 9, Salem, Ore., says: "Harvested 3,300 boxes apples in 1907, from eight acres. \LT \ C l^lTlVrf"1 TPf"V|V produces wonderful crops of grain " ^1-kJlllll VJ 1 V^il and fruit5 and in this state the prices of good land range from $10 to $50 per acre. The report of the First National Bank of Dayton, Wash., shows lowest deposit for any one month in 1908 to be $200,000, and the highest for any one month was $543,000. If you are interested in the Pacific Northwest, write us, and for informa- tion relative to rates, routes, stop- overs, etc., call on or address E. L. LOMAX, G. P. A. Omaha, Neb. RELIABLE: LINE Dempster" That's The Name High Class Gasoline Engines 2 to 12 Horae Power For Gasoline Kerosene a.nd Alcohol 77- Four Cycle Economical Powerful Will Run Anything Anywhere irrigating and Water Works Pumping Plants our Specialty OUR LINE: WIND MILLS ALL KINDS OF PUMPS WOOD AND STEEL TANKS WELL MACHINERY GASOLINE ENGINES CULTIVATORS FEED MILLS GRAIN DRILLS IRON PIPE AND CASING COCKS AND VALVES WELL POINTS AND STRAINERS FARM AND RANCH WATER, SUPPLIES BEST TO BUY BEST TO WORK Look Carefully at the Best Windmill Head Ever Made See that Extra Bearing on the Wheel Shaft and the Center Lift Crank Roller Rim Gears and other good things DEMPSTER MILL MANUFACTURING CO. FACTORY: BEATRICE. NEBRASKA Branch Houses : Omaha, Neb. Kansas City. Mo. Sioux Falls. S. D. Mention D apartment "A" when you write THE VOL. xxv [ TITLE REGISTERED U.S.PATENT OFFICE CHICAGO. FEBRUARY. 191011 NS 4 THE DITCHES THEMSELVES ARE THE BEST PROOFS The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Levee Bailder The Austin Drag Line Excavator OUR FULL LINE COMPRISES: The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher Send tor Catalogue "S" of the absolute success and super- iority of digging by a method which produces, by carving to templet from the solid soil, a channel with sloping sides and bottom smooth and true to grade. A ditch so dug stays dug, as we can prove by reference to the ditches themselves or by dozens of photo- graphs of them. A ditch not so dug does not stay and is a constant t xpense for cleaning and redigging. Some scores of land owners and contractors have found this so and are doing all t icir drainage and irri- gation ditch work with an AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR. WE SELL OUTRIGHT OR LEASE The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Tile Ditcher The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO., N. B. -AGENTS WANTED IN UNOCCUPIED TERRITORY Morris Machine Works irj Baldwins ville, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating propo- sition. Send details or specifica- tions oi what is wanted and we will recotrmend a pumping outfit to supply the need. New York Office 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office Cor. Wood & Willow Sts .Texas Hellion d> Hukbell. Agents. 223-231 N. Jefferson St.. Chicago. Harron. Rickard & McComb. Aflenta 21 Fremont St., S. Francisco, Cal. THE IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, Publishers, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most Economicaland Certain Means of Lifting Water 65 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices — State Requirements CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND GASOLINE ENGINE IRRIGATION OUTFIT. The Temple Water Elevators --The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Cylinder Gaso- Manufacturers of all kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Fou. line or Kerosene Engines Briefly stated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as foil jws: First — They are more economical in the use of fuel. On light load* one cylinder can be used, reserving both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the double cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more convenient it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine. The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. Factory, 15th St. and 15th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III.. U. S. A. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. THE IERIGATION AGE. 145 A SPORTSMAN'S PARADISE IS MALHEUR COUNTY, OREGON. Result of Three Days Shooting in the Malheur Country. Not only is Malheur County a sportsman's paradise, but the greatest ground floor propo- sition ever offered to investors is to be found in the Willow River Valley. New Railroad, new town, 1,000 acres planted to orchards in 1909; 10,000 acres of the best fruit land in the west is offered for sale on easy terms and at right prices. Only 20 miles from the famous Payette Valley, Idaho. Volcanic ash soil; abundant water supply; ideal climate; mountain protection. Protected valleys are like gold, valuable on account of their scarcity. No tract over three miles from railroad. The thriving city of Brogan at the head of the valley has every modern advan- tage that makes life pleasant for the settlers. Twenty acres will pay you more than the best 160-acre farm in Illinois or Iowa. Call or Write Us If Interested OREGON FRUIT FARMS SUITE 319-322. 218 La Salle Street, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Or UNION LAND LOAN AND TRUST COMPANY, Brogan, Malheur County, Oregon When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 146 THE IRRIGATION AGE. A.T. AMES MANUFACTURING CO.,Niles,Cal Manufacture CUP LEATHERS From OF ALL SIZES Oak Tanned California Leather We HeLve Records of Five Years Continuous Service Without Renewing. Pumping plant of the Sunnyside Irrigation Co., of Portervllle, Cal., con- sisting of 2 No. 30 Ames Pumps driven by one Electric Motor. These 2 Pumps run day and night continuously and pump thirty-two thou- sand four hundred gallons per hour. 100 ft. to the surface from 12 in. Bored Wells, thence through 1900 ft. 10 in pipe, delivering the water 109 ft. vertical above pump; total vertical lift, 209 ft. WRITE A. T. AMES MANUFACTURING CO., FOR MILES. ALAMEDA CO.. CALIFORNIA. CATALOG When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. ' THE IRRIGATION AGE. 147 Buy A 20th Century— Now GRUB LEVEL DITCH TO $1.50 an acre is all it costs to rid your land of sage brush with a 20th Century. Do it yourself— four acres daily. Only four horses needed. Cuts roots where weakest. (See cut at right). No need to plow after using our grubber. Sow seed at once. New catalog tells all about it. Send coupon now. IT costs one-half the usual expense to level land with a 20th Century. You can re- verse moldboard to left, to right, or set straight across— just as you choose. Cut off hummocks, fill hollows, carry dirt, spill it where you want it. Slope your land cheap- est way. Clip coupon now and get catalog. SUPPLY ditches can be cut with a 20th Century. A.J.Nordloh, Byers, Colorado, made three miles of ditch and brought water to a desert claim. "Four horses and myself did it," says he. (See cut below.) You can cut a ditch 36 inches deep and 72 inches wide, and shallower. Ideal for surface drainage, Cut Laterals Clean Laterals BUILD ROADS «\7» SHAPED laterals carry water with » least waste. 20th Century cuts them 12, 15, 18, 24 inches deep. Costs $1.25 to $1 .50 a mile. One man can cut four to five miles a day. In moderately soft ground once up, once back is sufficient for an 18-inch ditch. Send for new catalog by filling in and mailing coupon. HERE'S a Colorado man's experience with a 20th Century. "My laterals were so full of thistles and trash that they gathered under my plow beam and threwitout;butthe 20th Century once up, once back, took the trash out and left the prettiest ditch you ever saw." THE 20th Century makes dirt roads at one- half the usual cost because it requires but one man and two teams. Catalogue explains all. MR, IRRIGATION FARMER REMEMBER— The and one Man do All These Things — and More No. 2. 20th Century tilted at ditching angle. No. 1. 20th Century With sage brush attachment fast- ened to pole. Two keen, strong knives cut a swath 30 in. wide, 4 to 6 in. beneath the surface. Send for catalog. No. 3.\ SOth Century reversed to left. You can fit It straight across for leveling. Cut Off This Coupon-Mail It The Baker Manufacturing Co.. Chicago Please send me that new Catalog. NAME_ THE BAKER MFG. CO., ADDRESS. TOWN. I owe. _ STATE_ When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 148 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Myers Power Pumps Working Heads, Pumping Jacks, Cylinders, Etc. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Length of Stroke 5 to 24 inches Size of Discharge Up to 6 inches PATENTED APRIL 30T-", 1901, No. 673,282. JULY 13™, 1909, No. 928,234- AUGUSTIO™I909, No. 930,105. AUGUST 10™ 1909, NO. 930,981. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps For Shallow Wells Double Acting Length of Stroke 5 to 20 inches Size of Cylinders to 6 inches Fig. 813 Size of Discharge Up to 4 inches PISTON / COUPLING HUT The construction of these pumps permits a double gearing which transmits the power in two lines — one from each end of the same shaft, thus insuring perfect align- ment and reducing all friction and side strain to a minimum. Capacities 600 to 7200 Gallons per Hour U BRASS HOI F. E. MYERS ^ BRO., ASHLAND, OHIO ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IER1GATION AGE. 149 ' ' '- * E HI OR SUPEIIOI DRILLS are Used and Appreciated by Good Farmera the WorM Orer SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITpRY: Dean & Co. ... Minneapolis, Minn. Kingman & Co., - - ••"•_. Peorla, 111. Kinsman St. Louis Implement Co., at. Louis, Mo. Kineman-Moorelmp. Co., • Kansas City, Mo. Kingman-Moorelmp. Co.. - Oklahoma, Okla. Kingman Implement Co., - - Omaha, Neb. Parlin & Orendorff Imp. Co.. Portland, Ore. Colorado Moline Plow Co.. - Denver, Colo. The T. C. Powers Co., - - Helena, Mont. Consolidated Wag. & Mach. Co., Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw Co.. - - Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturers AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO.. (Inc.) SDrinefield. Ohio GRAIN DRILLS All the Grand Prizes and All the Gold Medals dlven to pumps by the Alaska - Yukon - Pacific Exposition at Seattle last summer were awarded to AMERICAN PUMPING MACHINERY Few users of pumps realize that the efficiency of the centrifugal pump has been doubled during the last ten years and it is now the simplest, most dependable and most economcal pump made. The reason why "American" Centrifugals attain higher efficiencies than any other is, they have more refined flow-lines and there is the least possible resistance, caused by sudden change of direction and eddies of fluid when passing through the pump. This feature enables the single stage "American" Centrifugal to attain mechanical efficiencies of 60 to 80 per cent, on total heads up to 125 feet and make them the most economical pumps for irrigation purposes. "American" Centrifugals are made in both horizontal and vertical styles, in any number of stages, in any size and equipped with any power. Write for efficiency tests of "American" Centrifugals by one of the most minent hydraulic engineers of the Pacific coast. Complete catalog free. THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS General Office and Works AURORA, ILL. .U.S. A Chicago Office First National Bank Building Western Sales Agencies DENVER, 18th and Lawrence Streets SAN FRANCISCO, 523 Market Street LOS ANGELES, 160 N.Los Angeles St. PORTLAND, ORE., 2d and Ash Streets GET A FREE FARM FROM UNCLE SAM The Two Great Land THE WESTERN WORLD Of Jl 171 € T I C d "" " IRRIGATION AGE Twenty-mth Year THE WESTERN WORLD tells you where and how to secure land. THE IRRIGATION AGE tells you how to cultivate it. Can You Beat This Combination? IRRIGATION AGE is the only journal of its class in the world, and has been established for 25 years. It teaches beginners how to farm under irrigation, and offers in each issue valuable suggestions to those who are acquainted with and practice the art. THE WESTERN WORLD, the only journal published which reproduces the records of the Government Land Office, show- ing by maps and plats exactly what land is open for homestead or desert entry; makes it so plain that you can go out and select your own tree farm from among Uncle Sam's remaining unentered lands. It shows from 500,000 to 1,000,000 acres in each issue, giving accurate soil description. It tells you how and where to get a 320 acre homestead, which is yours for the asking. It tells you all about Indian Reservation openings. Most Attractive Offer Ever Made In order to make this offer especially attractive, the publishers of these two great journals offer to all who subscribe before March 1st, 1910, the following proposition : IRRIGATION AGE, per year .......... %'. . $1.OO THE WESTERN WORLD, per year .......... l.OO THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION, (paper cover special) ..... .50 OUR OFFER— SPECIAL: Send in $1.23 and take them all. S2.5O THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION contains 257 pages, is finely illustrated and is especially valuable for beginners, price for this book, cloth bound, is $2.OO. Send all remittances to -rur IDDI/^ A TI/-VM 1 rit IKKlVj A 1 iUlN The 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, HI. When writing to advertisers please 'mention The Irrigation Age. 150 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Trovighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KINBALL, NEB. -OR- T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bldf., Denver. Celo. WHY NOT BE COMFORTABLE? Use an Enterprise Tent Cot. There is nothing made so adaptable for out-door sleeping. It is practical, light, portable, bug proof, fly proof, sun and shower proof. Just the thing ! Write to ENTERPRISE: BED co. HAMMOND. IND. They will Send You Their Illustrated Catalogue. Ditching Dredges, Placer Mining and Traction Dredges SUITABLE FOR ALL CLASSES 'OF WORK Steam Shovels— AII sizes Ballast Unloaders Write us for information, giving particulars of requirements The Marion Steam Shovel Co., MARION, OHIO G. W. BARNHART, Western Manager 718 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, Cal. F. H. HOPKINS & CO., Montreal, Quebec HOE DRILLS Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 60 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND, IND.. V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments Hay Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Year- THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXV CHICAGO, FEBRUARY, 1910. NO. 4 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE IRRIGATION ERA ARID AMERICA THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL MID-WEST THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postofflce at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 3, 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is S J .50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, ' . . $1.00 To Canada and Mexico 1.60 All Other Foreign Countries 1.60 In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postofflce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation, Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 25 yean old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. Interesting developments are promised in Contest the fight recently inaugurated by residents Rights of in the Big Laramie valley of Wyoming, Colorado against the Laramie-Poudre irrigation Company. project in northern Colorado. With a question of state rights as a bone of con- tention and strong financial as well as official influ- ence on each side of the state line, it is apparent that the fight will extend to the high courts and that neither con- testant will be content until the final judgment. Wyoming officials insist that the waters of the Lara- mie have been legally and properly appropriated in that state and that the storage reservoirs, projected by the Colorado company, will result in depreciation of the river's volume to such extent that there will be great financial loss to land owners in the lower Laramie dis- tricts. Notwithstanding these protestations and argu- ments, promoters of the Colorado project continue prep- arations for heavy construction work near the head- waters. While the question of state rights under similar conditions to those obtaining in the Wyoming- Colorado controversy has already been submitted to the courts, yet it is believed that the Colorado irrigation company is prepared to submit a new line of defense and that it is confident of obtaining a favorable decision. Wyoming land owners have been aroused to the seriousness of the situation and with their usual vigor and energy have entered the fight to win. By the appointment of H. S. Graves to the Graves office of chief forester, President Taft has Heads not only given conclusive proof of his Forestry zeal in support of the general policy of Bureau. conservation, but he has also skillfully spiked the guns of the political clique that had planned to use the removal of the former for- ester in stirring up sentiment against the present admin- istration. Even the most ardent of conservationists must ap- prove of Mr. Graves' appointment. If the former for- ester has builded policies that should endure, the present chief of the forestry bureau will insure their vigorous continuance. Trained in the same school, and holding similar views to those of his predecessor, Mr. Graves may be expected to pursue the work of this bureau with energy and with a keen appreciation of its value to fu- ture generations. It is predicted with every degree of confidence that there will be no apparent change in the general policy or the conduct of forestry conservation work. But let us all devoutly hope that at least two evils — arrogance and politics — may be permanently separated from the forestry bureau. Let the new chief feel that he is but the servant of the people, intrusted with grave responsibilities and arduous duties. Let him realize that while he guards the welfare of the future millions of American people, yet he is not clothed with dicta- torial power over the present generation. 1E2 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Where theory conflicts with fact, it is not the fact, it is the theory that should be modified. In the rapid evolution of the west from desert to the garden spot of America, each year brings changing conditions. Ideals must give place to realities; fancies to facts. Policies of forestry preservation need direction from a mind so well balanced that it heeds today's progression while contemplating the needs of the morrow. Unallied with any political party and owing alle- giance only to his chief, who has already declared an unequivocal attitude in conservation policies, Mr. Graves enters the arena with the well wishes of all except the coterie of Third Term boomers. Who Killed Cock Robin? Whom is to be the scapegoat when these ponderous investigations have run their course and congress is ready to assign a cause for the high cost of necessities and the resultant increased cost of living ? Of course, there must be a "goat," otherwise the demonstration would fail to have its effect upon the public. Something must be done to appease the mental suffering of a million city-glued, salary-grabbing people who are incapable of solving the problem. Trusts, labor and the tariff are all popular crim- inals in the eyes of certain classes. A decision that either, any two, or all, are responsible for the high price of food-stuffs would meet with ready belief, provid- ing the charge is adorned with even a meagre covering of logic. And where the public's suspicions are already so firmly rooted, even the logic of the conclusion might be dispensed with without loss of effect. But while the imaginary cause is, in the popular mind, reputed to be hiding behind barriers of capital, organization, or legislation, the virile words of James J. Hill, the master railroad builder of the northwest, recur to the mind and throw a new light upon this baffling economic problem. • For years he has preached a doctrine in which he found few supporters. Watching the wasteful methods of American farming, and noting the failure of pro- duction to keep pace with consumptive demand, he sounded the note of alarm — but only to unheeding ears. For was the country not prosperous? Were the people not living in affluence while they skimmed the earth of its food products? In his public utterances Mr. Hill again and again, warned against that day when, without more intensive and more scientific methods of farming, production of food stuffs would fail to supply the demand. For the farmer he predicted an era of prosperity at the expense of the city consumer. Looking beyond even the present time he prophesied an evolution in methods of agricul- ture and the adoption of plans for conservation of plant foods within the soil. Only from this change in condi- tions, he believes, the consumer may expect relief from the high living costs. But while these observations may be of interest to those who are already studying agriculture or who are actively engaged in farming or gardening, there is still another condition that is of import. Unless there is immediate relief from the present high food costs city dwellers will be forced, both from necessity and inclination, to seek better fortune in the country. To maintain the balance of -economic conditions, some con- sumers must become producers. Observation at the recent land show and exposi- tion in Chicago proves the fact that city dwellers are restless. During the entire period of exhibit there were probably fewer farmers in attendance than might be found at a county or township fair. Records of exhib- itors show that it was citizens, not suburbanites, who made inquiry and asked to be supplied with detailed data. Unless appearances are deceptive and signs of the times point to wrong conclusions, the western land own- er may expect rapid appreciation in land values within the next few years. And the promoter of an irrigated project should find an increasing demand for his hold- ings. Already the crowd of vultures has scented the prey and dozens of "dollar a month" and other similar of- fers are being placed before the city public. Doubtless there are some concerns engaged in this work that merit commendation, but it can be truthfully said that the majority are in the gold-brick class. Loco Weed Yields to Science. Basing his prediction upon experiments and investigations covering a period of nearly twenty years. Prof. L. E. Sayre, dean of the Department of Pharmacy in the Kansas Universitv. predicts that the time is approaching when the loco weed, so common in many of the western and southwestern states, shall become an animal food of even more nutri- tious value than, alfalfa. Newspaper reports intimate that he has already discovered a means to destroy the noxious elements within the weed, and that experiments are now being conducted to prove the practicable value of the method. According to a lecture delivered before the Kansas Stock Breeders' Association, in session recently at To- peka, Professor Sayre asserted that a liberal sprinkling of the loco plant with sodium sulphate will result in the formation 'of an insoluble compound of barium, the only known poisonous element in the weed. When so treated, he declared, it not only becomes harmless to stock, but from its richness in proteids and nitrogenous elements it is a most desirable food. In connection with his announcement of the dis- covery and his hope to demonstrate its value, Professor THE IRRIGATION AGE. 153 Sayre told of his long study in this special field and his inability to interest farmers or scientists until within the past few months. It is a recognized fact, especially in the districts that have been practically abandoned on account of the prevalence of this weed, that Professor Sayre merits high commendation for his perseverance and the successful issue to which he has brought his life- long study. With the loco weed turned from a poison to a food, thousands of acres may again be opened to agriculture and grazing. Alarmed at the growing tendency on the Federal part of bureaus and departments at Wash- Bureaus ington, to seize and retain those rights Threaten and authorities which are, by the consti- Republic tution of the United States, vt-sted in the state governments, statesmen both in the national capitol and elsewhere are voicing a protect that promises to awaken the public to an understanding of the imminent evil. Recent writings and utterances of that venerable senator, Gore, of Oklahoma, command the attention while the light of truth is thrown unerringly upon this menace to a free form of government. Pointing to all the pages of history and finding in each a confirmation of this declaration that bureaucracy is the door that leads to a monarchial form of government, he decries the tendency of the times and throws the gauntlet to those national officials who are active in support of the movement. In a speech that has already grown famous for its caustic criticism of the bureaus for their steady en- croachment upon state rights, the Honorable Frank W. Mondell, congressman from Wyoming, voiced senti- ments that brought vigorous applause from his fellow members of the house. Speaking to the subject of the control of waters in non-navigable streams he severely arraigned the policy that had been advanced from certain quarters for the surrender by the state of its rights in connection with the prospective water power, and their assumption by the national government, for the purpose of allowing easements for specified periods. At the conclusion of his argument against legis- lation that, shall force states to yield their authority, in this respect, to the federal government, he said: "It may be that some of the public land States have not provided for the complete control of the use of waters within their borders. It is possible that in none of them the laws are perfect. The fact remains, however, that nowhere, except in the people, to be exercised through state agencies, rests sovereignty and control over the nonnavigable waters of a State, and the people of these western States have not only realized that fact, but have clearly and definitely asserted that control by modi- fying, or entirely abrogating the rule of riparian rights, substituting therefor the law of appropriation, and setting up administrative machinery for the regulation and con- trol of the use of water. "This clamor for federal control over water and water power is but one phase of a general movement in the direction of niching away the reserved powers of the peo- ple and lodging them in federal bureaus. Sugar coated with an appropriation, or the hope or promise of the expenditure of federal cash, it seduces some of the most ardent States' rights advocates. Advanced with the ex- troardinary argument that to take authority from the peo- ple locally and lodge it with a federal bureau is 'saving' something for 'all the people' and from the 'interests,' and backed by the demand of a certain section of the press, inspired by socialistic government bureaus, the propa- ganda has much influence with some legislators. "I care not what others do or think touching these matters. For myself, I am still a believer in our dual form of government; still wedded to the belief that the people are better qualified to manage their own affairs than federal departments are to manage them for them. [Applause.] But whether I held these views or no, if I were as fearful of the ability of the people to govern themselves and attend to their own affairs as some seem to be, I hold no credentials authorizing me to aid and assist in a program which has for its purpose federal interference with the reserved rights and powers of the people who sent me here. I can not forget, and I shall not forget, that the people of my State have said in their organic act. "The water of all natural streams * * * within the boundaries of the State are the property of the State — and that Congress has ratified that declaration. "I should be false to my path and recreant to my duty should I favor these' policies which are in violation of that declaration." (Applause.) Readers of this journal, who through actual con- tact or study, desire information as to the question of control of water power, will find much food for thought in this speech delivered by Mr. Mondell before the house of represents tivpr last December. To those who had expected startling rev- Official elations and sensational testimony in con- Inquiry nection with the congressional investiga- Lags in tion into affairs of the department of the Interest Interior, the preliminary reports of the proceedings are both insipid and uninter- esting. Already public and press alike are inclined to avoid the subject or to give to it only a casual attention. Testimony of L. R. Glavis to whose writing? the sensational press had given free rein a few weeks ago and who was looked upon as the most damaging wit- ness against the department, consisted largely in inti- mation and suspicion. Proof for this suspicion failed of development during his examination. His charges against the department for its conduct in the Cunning- ham coal land cases were based largely upon private conversations with individuals. His testimony on all subjects seemed circumstantial and the tangible state- ments were based only on his own conclusions. The attitude of the department in regard to the inquiry seems best indicated by its failure to provide lawyers to question the witnesses or to in any way as- sist or impede the process of examination by the mem- bers of the inquisitorial body. Regardless of the attempt by the house of representatives to "play politics" in the appointment of the members of the investigating com- mittee, neither the president nor the Secretary of the 154 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Interior relied upon the services of an attorney to influ- ence the trend of affairs while witnesses were upon the stand. This attitude upon the part of the government officials who had become involved in the controversy must be warmly commended. The defense seemed will- ing to allow the committee as wide latitude as it de- sired in seeking the truth. Not until it became evident that the former chief forester, deprived of the political effect that he had expected in connection with his departure from office, would depend solely upon counsel to keep the inquiry within the desired bounds, did the defense decide to employ a lawyer to represent its interests. Testimony thus far gathered by the committee is not of a nature to prove that the policy of the Interior Department in connection with the water power sites or the Cunningham coal land claims, is to be severely criticised. However, at the time of writing this review several witnesses of prominence are yet to be examined and it is possible, if not probable, that the "third term boomers" may yet make their political demonstration. OPENING OF YUMA LANDS. Among the first problems that may en- Protest gross the attention of Chief Forester Against Graves is that embodied in resolutions re- Forestry cently passed by representative citizens of Policies. Flathead and Lincoln counties, Mon- tana. From the nature of the protest against the withdrawal of lands for forestry conserva- tion purposes on the recently opened Flathead Indian reservation in that state, it is apparent that local senti- ment is decidedly hostile to the policy of the forestry bureau. At a meeting in Kalispell on January 22 several hundreds of residents in these two counties passed the following resolution by unanimous approval: "Be it resolved that it is the sense of this meeting that vast areas of land on the Flathead reservation have been classified as timber lands and as such withdrawn for set- tlement when in fact such lands are agricultural and not timbered in character. "We hold that level lands of good soil having only 20,000 feet of saw timber to each forty acres should not be classified as timber land, and we insist that said lands be reclassified, and that all the lands that are agricultural in character without reference to the amount of standing timber thereon be opened to homestead entry." Reports indicate that the meeting was not entirely harmonious inasmuch as many were in favor of more caustic criticism of the Forestry Bureau as well as the Reclamation Service for its withdrawal of large tracts of agricultural land at a time when there appears to be little possibility of early assumption of operations in pursuance of the engineering plans. Speakers of promi- nence declared that the plans as projected would ruin nearly as much land as that included in the tract to be irrigated. At 9 a. m., March 1, 1910, the Secretary of the Interior will open to entry in the local land office at Los Angeles, California, 173 farms approximately of 40 acres each in the Yuma reclamation project, Arizona-California. The lands available for homestead entry in this unit are a part of the Yuma Indian reservation, and are located on the Cali- fornia side of the Colorado River near Yuma. Under the terms of the public notice just issued, the charges which shall be made per acre of irrigable land are in three parts as follows: (a) The value of the lands before reclamation, $10 per acre for the total area in each entry, as required by Section 25 of said act of April 21, 1904, payable in not more than ten annual instalments, the first of which shall be $1 per acre, and the remaining instalments at the rate of $1 per acre per annum until fully paid. (b) The building of the irrigation system $55 per acre of irrigable land, payable in not more than ten annual in- stalments, the first of which shall be $5.50 per acre and the remaining instalments at the rate of $5.50 or some multiple thereof per acre. Full payment may be made at any time of any balance of the building charge remain- ing due after certification by the Commissioner of the General Land Office that full and satisfactory compliance has been shown with all the requirements of the law as to residence, cultivation and reclamation. (c) For operation and maintenance for the irrigation season of 1910, and annually thereafter until further notice $1 per acre of irrigable land, whether water is used there- on or not. As soon as the data are available, the opera- tion and maintenance charge will be fixed in proportion to the amount of water used with a minimum charge per acre of irrigable land whether water is used there or not. All entries must be accompanied by application for water right in due form, and by the first instalment of the charges for the Indian Lands and for building, operation and maintenance, not less than $7.50 per acre for irriga- ble land, plus $1 per acre for the non-irrigable land, if any, included within the entry. A second instalment will be- come due on December 1, 1910, and subsequent instal- ments on December 1 of each year thereafter until fully paid. Transportation facilities in this valley are excellent. A branch line of the Southern Pacific Railroad extends through the reservation, connecting with the main line at Yuma. The principal markets will be southern Cali- fornia points and the mining camps on the Colorado River. HEAVY PUMP TRADE. On another page of this issue there appear cuts of pumps of the Gould Company, who, from their plant and offices in Chicago, have been receiving extensive orders for pumps to be used for irrigation throughout the west. There is a growing demand for the centrifugal pump owing to the steady increase in both underflow and quick pumping. Pump companies report extensive inquiries in advance for this sea- son. This is because of the fact that in addition to pumping, which for years has been done from creeks and bodies of surface waters, the experiments of the Government at Garden City, followed by large private pumping projects in other parts of the west, have demonstrated that it is feasible to pump the underflow. This is particularly true where the water is not too far below the surface and in the districts where sandy loam or volcanic ash form the surface soil and where not too far down there is a sub-soil of clay close to Many a farmer who has thought that he had semi-arid land and has been using only the Campbell system of farming, now finds it possible to put down a centrifugal pump and irrigate at least a part of his land. Many large companies are now engaged in building pumping projects. The cuts referred to show pumps made with a solid shell as opposed to the split shell type. Runners are of large diam- eter, adapting them for slow speed, and all parts accurately machined and fitted. This company has already sold its product for irrigation work in Montana, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas and other states United States Government officials have placed orders with the ""•The vertical type of pump is the one most generally used for irrigation. Of the four irrigation systems followed in the west the pumping system has received universal attention later than any other method, and the present year promises to show extensive development In this direction. THE IERIQATION AGE. 155 Notes on Practical Irrigation D. M. Anderson Semi-Arid and Arid Lands — Their Origin and Peculiarities. From a general chemical point of view there is very little difference between the soils elsewhere on the surface of the globe, and those in the vast empire in the United States west of the 100th meridian. The soil possesses the identical organic elements already specified in the table given in the second chapter; the same organic sub- stances abound; the processes of plant life are similar, and the same plant foods are essential to the welfare of crops. Still, there is a difference apparent to every man who thrusts a spade into the ground, plants a seed, and attempts to coax the soil to produce a harvest. A bird's-eye view of the entire region impresses the ob- server with the appalling sense of a vast, barren desert, a few oases, here and there, where widely separated streams and springs exist, but in the main it is an illimit- able ocean, a desolate plain, with occasional straggling clumps of scant coarse grass, sage brush, artemisia, chem- isal, greasewood, scrub oak, cactus and other sparse vege- tation, kept alive by the scant snows of winter followed by dreary, hot, rainless summers, or by inadequate winter rains succeeded by a tropical dry season. This is the general aspect of the semi-arid lands. Beyond them, except in the North, there is no winter, no seasons, nothing but a pitiless cloudless sky, tropical heat, unmitigated by moisture, with an atmosphere so dry and desiccating that animal matter exposed to its oxygen dries, or oxidizes and becomes reduced to an odorless powder, the toughest substance soon presenting the ap- pearance of a moth-eaten garment. This is the aspect of the arid lands. Some say there are a hundred millions of acres of both kinds of land west of the 100th degree of longitude, others claim a hundred and fifty millions of acres, but the author suspects a still greater measurement. Notwithstanding all these discouraging features, there is no land in the world that possesses greater fertility, greater capacity for plant growth, and that will so amply and so richly repay the labor of him who puts his hand to the plow and blinds his eyes to the hideous scenic features, until he has created an oasis of his own, in the midst of which he may sit in peace, plenty and content, beneath his own vine and fig tree, in a cooling breeze, sipping the pure cold water from his own olla hanging in the shade, while over, beyond him. sizzling in the hot sands of the so-called desert, eggs may poach in the in- tense heat, and not even an insect finds energy enough to emit a single buzz. Reclaim the Desert. By and by, a neighbor comes, sees the oasis and the near by sands, wonders if he can accomplish as much, tries it, and is surprised to find how easily it is done. Then comes another neighbor, and another, and still more, who push the desert farther off, until there is no desert as far as the eye can reach, nothing visible but rich har- vests, fat kine, and plenty. The very atmosphere has changed; the rainfall is slightly increased, where rain and moisture had been strangers from a time far beyond the memory of man, the dews of heaven begin to fall and re- store to the parched soil a portion of the moisture stolen from it by the greedy sun. It is a desert reclaimed, semi- arid and arid lands wrenched from the grasp of ages of barrenness and in the struggle forced to perspire plenty, comfort, and wealth. Is the picture overdrawn? The reader has but to look around to perceive the truth of it; it is a moving picture constantly before the eyes of him who turns them in the right direction. There are men still living who remember when all that vast domain was considered as a desert, and indicated on the maps of long ago, as "The Great American Desert," even the Government regarding it as a desert not worth offering the public, or so poor and worthless as not to be worthy of protecting against marauders. It has been said that from a general chemical stand- point, there is no difference in the soil which offers so mournful and dreary a prospect as our semi-arid and arid lands, and that found anywhere else on the globe. In their physical characteristics, however, a vast difference is pre- sented to the eye, but that difference is not to the dis- advantage of the desert, for when we come to investigate, even carelessly, we discover a greater richness of inorganic and organic matter than in any other region on the earth. For ages the land has been exposed to the lixiviating action of rain water, in greater or less quantities — for it must be taken as true that at some period in the misty past all these lands were exposed to the wash of rains — without losing their fertility. As year after year and age after age rolled away, greater or less vegetation grew to maturity, and, unharvested, returned back into the soil to further enrich it, and hence it became richer and richer, for it must be remembered, that the fertility of the ground is not diminished by plants growing therein; it is not until they are removed from the ground that the soil gradually loses its fertility. Neither was there any im- pairment by their utilization as pasture grounds for count- less herds of wild and domesticated animals, for those, during ages of pasturage, returned to the soil the elements most suitable for plant life. General Characteristics. Inasmuch as this article is devoted to irrigation, it will be understood in all cases, that the lands and soils referred to in it belong to that class known as "arid," or "semi- arid," or, as they are commonly called, "desert lands," as contradistinguished from those soils which produce crops through the instrumentality of rain. This is often said to be raising crops by "natural means," but it by no means follows that growing crops by irrigation implies "unnatural" means, the latter method being equally as natural as the former, the forces of nature being equally at the command and disposal of the farmer. Nature works along lines laid down by general laws, and man makes a special application of them for his own uses and purposes. He drains the land when the rain fall is too abundant, and when it is insufficient, or fails altogether, he irrigates it. He follows the laws of nature in both cases, without altering, straining, or violating them, indeed, he could not if he would. Comparing the entire vast area of arable desert lands of the great West with the lands within the rain belt, the soil relations between the various localities are sub- stantially the same. There are good and there are bad lands, lands that are fertile and others that are sterile; here we find soils which will grow luxuriant crops, there we see soils that are not worth even an experiment. To realize this properly the reader must divest his mind of the idea of immensity that amazes, and often disheartens him; this idea eliminated, the only thought that should dominate his mind, if he contemplates practical success, is, how to abolish the actual differences and arrive at practical uniformity in agricultural results. He thinks of the pioneers who went into the forests with their axes and laboriously felled trees and extracted stumps with infinite labor, to prepare a clearing, in the soil of which he might plant his sparse crops, and wait years before establishing any sort of home. Perhaps he remembers how a bog or marsh had to be drained, and the years it required to "sweeten" the soil before it could be utilized. He does not fully realize that in the desert his land is ready for his muscles, for his seed, and for his crop; he does not dream that he does not have to grow old before carving out a comfortable home as he had to do in the old days, back in what he is pleased to call "God's coun- try," and that out in the desert he may have a home and plenty while still young enough to enjoy them. The climate differences are too much in favor of the desert to desire alteration, but the diametrically opposite methods of controlling the soil are difficult to be appreci- ated, though they are never baffling. They are no greater than elsewhere, but they are opposed by preconceived opinions, perhaps, rooted prejudices, and are, therefore, ap- parently more serious. There are illimitable treeless regions, covered or patched with stunted vegetation, that receive little 156 THE IRRIGATION AGE. or no moisture at all from the clouds, and a soil parched, even burned by the hot sun. Yet the scientists have dis- covered and classified 197 different species of plants that love the desert soil and flourish in it. Many of them suitable for animal food, all of them indicating some quality in or under the soil as plainly as if they were labeled. Thus, greasewood, or "creosote bush," indicates less than 0.4 per cent of alkali in the soil ; salt grass and foxtail mean that there is plenty of moisture at the surface of the ground and consequently, the presence of free ground water not far below the surface ; shad scale indicates dry land with less than 0.4 per cent of salt ; rabbit bush flourishes on sandy soil comparatively free from salts, and will seldom grow under any other conditions ; sweet clover and foxtail indicate wet land and less than four per cent of salts, though sweet clover will grow in six per cent alkali soil and produce a fairly good crop for forage if harvested very early. So it is with the color of the soil. Indications are ever present of the dominant characteristics of the ground. Red soils always indicate iron in the form of an oxide ; black soils mean carbonate of soda, an alkali ruinous to vegetation ; white soils or gray mean soda in sulphate salt form, also dele- terious to plants when more than one or two per cent ; gray or brown and black cracked or checked soil with vegetation, signifies adobe, while barren, dark or light colored soil so hard that dynamite is more suitable for its tillage than a plow, is "hardpan" the former indicating a soil retentive of moisture, the latter indicating that moisture is somewhere beneath. Another peculiarity of desert land soils is the frequent occurrence in the soil when plowed or dug up, of innumerable small roots or rooty fibers. They are, indeed, vegetable re- mains, but through lack of moisture, they have not fermented into humus, though it may be said that they have practically "oxydized" without losing any of their nitrogenous elements. It is well for the desert soil where this organic matter exists, that these rooty fibers have not fermented, for the inorganic matter, the alkalies and other mineral and metallic salts would have speedily devoured the product and left nothing for plants to feed upon. The reader has already been informed that both organic and inorganic elements are essential to plant life, and that the inorganic elements — the substances given in the table in the second chapter and their combinations into salts, are largely in excess of the organic elements. The same principle holds good in the case of desert soils — it is not a theory but a practical fact — that organic matter added to the inorganic means life ; their separation, death. Hence, it is clear, that the addition or presence of organic matter and nitrogen, added to the mass of inorganic substances in the soil, tempers the latter and lessens its natural tendency to do harm. In the case of an alkali soil, vegetable matter and nitrogenous substances lessen the deleterious effects of the alkali, although it may not reduce the percentage of the salts. Whence, also, the presence of masses of coarse or fine vegetable fibers in the soil is evidence of either the absence of an excess of alkali, or that it is under control and innocuous to vegetation. Perhaps the reader may see in this a way to get rid of the alkali in soils and render them fertile. If he does, he will not be far wrong in his idea, as we shall see presently. Lack of Water. There are two conditions which are the bane of all desert lands, whether arid or semi-arid : Lack of water and the presence, in excess, of alkalis. We shall devote space here to some general remarks on both conditions, leaving it to subsequent chapters to enter more into details. The chapters on "Alkali Soils," "The Relations of Water to the Soil," and that on "Cultivation," will give more particulars, though at this point it may be necessary to include matter which will be repeated elsewhere, or presented from a differ- ent viewpoint. This, however, should not be deprecated as a fault, but extolled as a benefit, for the subject is of so much vital importance that it can not be repeated too often, lest it be forgotten. There must be a water table at some point below every soil, at a less or greater depth. This may be accepted as a fact without going into geology to prove it. Such subsoil water originates in a variety of sources, through percolations from above, underground streams coming from great dis- tances, from springs that have their original sources in some nearby hill or mountain land, by seepage from rivers, brooks, or streams, from an irrigating ditch, or pond, and from the artificial surface application, or through sub-irrigation. Al- though the action of the earths gravity pulls or draws water downward as it does every other object heavier than the atmosphere, the constant natural tendency of the water be- neath the surface is to rise to the surface and evaporate. It is this rise of. the water table to the surface that causes more alarm than any other process of nature in the arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in the arid regions where all water must be applied artificially. The reason is obvious. The subsoil water contains in solution whatever soluble salts it may come in contact with, and reaching the surface, evaporates, leaving behind a deposit of the salts as crystals. Constant deep cultivation also has a tendency to bring up the water table with alkaline solutions, for we have already seen that the subsoil contains in reserve as much mineral matter and salts as the surface soil. And this is so whether the land is in the arid regions or in the rain belt, the disadvantage of the desert land being that the proportion of organic matter is not high enough to maintain an equilib- rium of plant food consumption. Still, this is not an incur- able disadvantage, for when the labor and expense of drain- ing, mixing, tempering, and reducing soils in the rain belt is compared with the trifling care and attention devoted to desert land soils to render them continuously fertile, the wonder is that they produce any crops at all, so slight is the effort to make them yield. Water Tables. It is not uncommon to fill the subsoil with water from irrigating ditches, by putting into it all the supply obtainable during the flood season, thus bringing the water table suffi- ciently near the surface to supply the crops by capillary action. This brings the ground water within three or four feet of the surface, which is well enough for alfalfa and gross feeding plants, but is bad for trees, vines, and more delicate plants. In arid regions where irrigation is the only means of bringing moisture to the soil the water table may be a hundred or more feet below the surface and cannot rise on account of impenetrable strata of rock or hardpan. But in that case the irrigation water creates a new water table, the excess of the irrigating water sinking down until it meets an impervious stratum of rock or hardpan, and there it accumulates, becomes stationary, dissolves out the earth salts and when the surface soil dries out or is deeply cultivated begins coming to the surface by capillary action, every subsequent additional satura- tion of the soil from the irrigating ditch increasing the area and zone of the artificial water table. When that happens, and it does happen in desert lands sooner than it takes to clear the ground of trees and stumps in the rain belt, drainage becomes of vital importance, second to irrigation itself. In semi-arid regions, where there is some rain fall, though inadequate, the amount of rainfall, whatever it may be, has washed the alkali out of the surface soil down into the water table, and the surface soil is freer from the deleterious ma- terial, which in the arid soils even prevents the seeds from germinating and obta'ning a foothold strong enough to resis it, for when a plant has outgrown its infancy, and develope its first true leaves, it will require a most extraordinary quantity of deleterious material to destroy it. It refuses to absorb what it does not need and does not require, and unless wholly overpowered by the solutions in the water that sur- rounds it, it will grow up to be something more or less perfect. It is said that six or eight inches of rain will mature a crop in the semi-arid region with proper cultivation. It matters little whether it be wheat or barley if the grain be sown very thin to allow more room for stooling. Six inches will grow it to fodder and eight inches will cause it to head out fairly well. An instance has been called to the attention of the author, where ten inches produced two crops without irrigation. A fair crop of potatoes was grown in and removed from the fibrous, red clayey soil in April. The land lay on a side hill, about in the center, the summit of which had been roughly plowed to gather as much rain as possible so as to utilize the seepage for the potatoes. Immediately after the removal of the potatoes the land was plowed deep, and moisture still showing, it was carefully cutivated. Corn, of the variety known as "white Mexican," was then d:bbled in and left to its fate. From the time of its planting, until harvested, not a drop of water was put on the land by way of irriga- tion, and only about an inch of rain in "Scotch mists" fell (Continued on page 181.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. 157 THE CAREY ACT IOW TO ACQUIRE TITLE TO PUBLIC LANDS UNDER THE ACT. A Comprehensive Survey of the Regulations In Force in the Various States. Copyrighted 1910 by E. F. Bohra, Cleveland and Chicago. (Member Executive Comm., 18th Nat'l Irrigation Cong.) III.* Classification and Appraisal of Lands — Leasing and Tem- porary Occupation of Lands. Montana and South Dakota — The statutes provide that "the board shall cause to be classified all lands received under the Act," and shall "sell or lease any or all of the lands required by the state under the Act," the price and terms to be fixed by the board according to such classifi- cation, "provided the selling price be not less than 50 cents nor more than $2.50 per acre." Specific mention is also made in the requirements for proposals for reclama- tion, where among other recitals the company is to state that "perpetual water rights will be sold or leased to set- tlers." etc. The statutes of both states provide, also, that "For the purpose of expediting the settlement of any lands the board may permit such lands to be improved, occupied, and cultivated, for limited periods; provided, however, that such occupancy shall not preclude any per- son desiring to settle, from doing so at any time." State Applies to United States for Patent on Lands. The federal statute provides that "when an ample sup- ply of water is furnished ... to reclaim a particular tract or tracts of such lands, then patent shall issue to such state without regard to settlement or cultivation." "Before this will be done the state must furnish proof of such supply of water," and the practice in the past as to making application for U. S. patent has varied. Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico — The statutes and regulations provide that, after the settler's final proof, application is to be made for patent for the land embraced in his entry, and that upon receipt of same the_ state will issue a patent to the settler, and these states (with the exception of Idaho) provide also as below, viz.: Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico (also Oregon and Montana) provide that when proof of reclamation of all or a considerable part, of a tract by the contractor is fur- nished, the board shall apply for patent for the lands with- out regards to settlement and cultivation. Montana estab- lishes a minimum of 2,000 acres to be applied for. Idaho provides, instead, that "if any of the lands shall remain un- entered for two years from date of completion of work, the state shall apply for a patent, and when issued shall, upon application, issue patent to the construction com- pany, upon payment for the lands." Upon inquiry of the states directly affected at present, it is ascertained that the practice, heretofore, in Idaho, Colorado and Utah has been to make application for U. S. patent only as final proofs are offered. In Wyoming the board applies for a patent "as soon as the canal is ready to deliver water for any or all portions of the segregated tract and frequently before any large portion of the land has been filed upon or reclaimed," the same practice pre- vailing in Oregon. In Montana "U. S. patent comes to the state in a lump, including a large per cent, or, possibly, all of it." Price of Land and Payments for Such. Idaho. Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico, "In the third of his series of articles on the Carey Act, Mr Bohm ntinues his explanation of the regulations as adopted by the various ates. but which are of interest to prospective entrymen. Compre- nsive in its scope, and relating to matters that are of vital importance, readers may find it profitable to refer to the second paper which ap- peared in the January issue of the AGE, and to which the third article bears a close relation. 50 cents per acre, payable 25 cents per acre at time of filing, and twenty-five cents when final proof is offered. Montana and South Dakota statutes provide for the appraisal of land (as previously referred to) and for the payment of 25 cents per acre at time of filing. Oregon — The statutes adopted in 1909, section 13, provide that "each application shall be accompanied by a payment of not less than $1.00 per acre, to be made by the con- tractor out of the applicant's first payment and to be re- turned if the application be not approved. In the contract between this state and the only company having lands open for entry it is provided that the company may charge $2.50 per acre, for "waste land," i. e., non-irrigable land, and "$40.00 for water rights for irrigable land." Montana — The regulations of this state provide for a maximum price of $1.00 per acre and "the payment in full at time of making application." In neither Montana nor South Dakota is the payment of any balance at time of final proof referred to — in fact, South Dakota statutes make no provision for final proof — but the statutes of both states provide that "after the state has received a patent and purchaser has made full payment for the land, the state will execute a deed for it." Water Right Becomes Appurtenant to Land. In all states when patent issues from the United States to the states. Forfeiture and Redemption of Entryman's Rights. In all states (except Montana and South Dakota) by statutory provision as follows, viz.: Failure to take up residence. Failure to submit annual and final proof. Failure to make payments for water rights as they become due. Idaho, Wyoming and New Mexico — The statutes pro- vide as follows, viz.: Upon default of deferred payments the company may foreclose and sell land and water rights, according to the terms of the contract, by advertisement in a news- paper in the county for six weeks. Both are to be sold to the highest bidder at the county court house, or other place mentioned in the contract, by the sheriff. The "com- pany" is prohibited from bidding in the property at a greater price than the amount due on said deferred pay- ments and costs of sale. Within nine months after foreclosure sale the original owner may apply to the purchaser to redeem the land, and the purchaser shall assign the certificate of sale to him upon payment of the amount of lien for which sold, together with costs and interest. If the lien holder becomes the purchaser and the property is not redeemed by the original owner within nine months, anv intending settler may apply to the pur- chaser within three months after the expiration of the aforesaid nine months to redeem the property and have the certificate of sale assigned to him, upon payment of the amount of the lien for which sold, with interest and costs, the sheriff making the proper entries for record in either case. If the nroperty is not purchased by the lien holder, the sheriff is to first pay the lien holder, out of the pro- ceeds of the sale, the amount of the lien, together with all costs and interest, and then to pav any balance remaining to the person against whom the lien has been foreclosed, after deducting his fees. Colorado — The statutes provide that after the original foreclosure sale "the sheriff shall execute a certificate of sale, as in case of a sale of an execution, subject in all re- spects to redemption as in such case." Utah — The statutes provide that the "lien may be fore- closed according to contract as mortgages are foreclosed," and that they "may be redeemed within one year with interest at not to exceed twelve per cent." Montana and South Dakota — The statutes provide the same as those of Idaho, except that the period for redemp- tion is twelve months instead of nine, and the rate of interest is fixed at ten per cent, and provide, further, that the holder of a deed who may be required to trans- fer the property to an intending settler shall have the right to remove any crops growing on the land at the time. 158 THE IREIGATION AGE. Oregon — The statutes do not mention this subject, but the contract before mentioned provides that "in case any entryman shall fail to pay any installment of princi- pal or interest for one year after it becomes due, then the contract shall become void and all payments made shall be forfeited to the company and the land shall be deemed vacant and subject to sale." The statutes of Montana and South Dakota provide also for forfeiture of the entryman's rights in case of de- fault in payment of any unpaid balance due upon the land for a period of one year after water is available. New Mexico — Special provision is made for serving thirty days' notice upon a settler failing to take up resi- dence, to make proof, or to make payment to the territory for lands, for the purpose of affording him a hearing, and provide for his eviction by the sheriff upon cancellation of. the entry, if so ordered by the board. Assignment of Entry. Idaho, Colorado, Utah, Montana, Oregon and New Mexico — The statutes provide as follows: "Assign- ment of entry may be made but the assignee shall possess all the qualifications of an original entryman and shall file a certified copy of a proper deed of assignment of all the rights of the original entryman, together with evidence from the construction company of the transfer of all the interests in the canal," together with an affidavit as prescribed. It is to be borne in mind that the assign- ment of entries up to 160 acres debars the assignor from making any further entry under the Act. Wyoming— Assignments of entry, as such, are not permitted, but the entryman is privileged to relinquish his entry to the state (forfeiting thereby his first payment of 25 cents per acre for the land, and to make a new filing of up to 160 acres should he so desire). He may assign the credit for water charges already paid up to a subsequent entryman or he may arrange with the company for a refunding of payments already made. Leave of Absence Before Final Proof. Idaho, Wyoming, Montana. — "An entryman may ob- tain leave of absence upon application to the state board but must in all respects conform to the law requiring cultivation and reclamation." The maximum length of time for which leave of absence may be granted is six months. Utah. — Absence is permitted, except during time notice of intention to make proof is being published. Oregon. — "Since annual proofs are not required, there is no occasion for leave of absence." Character of House to be Built. Idaho. — No final proof shall be accepted where the entryman established residence in a tent or house covered with canvas. Wyoming.— Requires "a house that is habitable regard- less of its character where entryman shows his good faith by continuous residence. Final proof within a short time would require the erection of a substantial house as indicating the intention of the settler to make it his per- manent home." Montana. — No restrictions — simply a dwelling. Oregon. — No particular character required — so long as settler's affidavit states "that he has built a house." If the alternative proof of 30 days' residence is made (rule 9-A— see "Annual and Final Proof") then a substantial house of at least four rooms is required. Cultivation of Entry by an Employe or Tenant. Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah. Montana, Oregon. — Actual cultivation by someone upon behalf of the entry- man is permitted, provided that entryman, in person, con- forms to the requirements as to settlement, residence and proofs. Minimum Acreage Irrigable in a Legal Subdivision, to Bring It Within a "Carey Act" Segregation." Idaho and Wyoming. — "At least five acres out of each forty acres must be susceptible to irrigation to permit Carey Act entries thereon." It is to be assumed that the same view of the situation will govern in the case of the other states. Railroad Right of Way. Idaho and Wyoming.— "Where railroad right of way has been granted prior to the settler's final proof, a re- bate for the acreage involved is allowed against the water contract." Utah. — "No rule but equity." Montana. — No rebate allowed. In no case is a rebate allowed against the cost of the land. Co-operative Associations— Special Regulations in As- sistance of. Montana.— (Sec. 2266) and South Dakota (Sec. 12). "Parties desiring state aid shall incorporate as a 'co- operative irrigation association' for the reclamation, by their own labor, of arid lands. Each member shall sub- scribe to one share of stock for each 40 acre tract filed upon. "After incorporating the association may apply to the Carey Land Act Board f9r aid and it shall be the duty of the state engineer to investigate the project, and, if found feasible, prepare the maps and data required for reserving the land, and, subsequently, to furnish the en- gineering plans necessary, and to exercise general super- visory control. "The board, upon the approval of the plans by the state engineer, shall cause the lands to be segregated. The association is required to pay the United States Land Office fees, and a fee to the State Land Board of $0.25 per acre. "When all, or any part, of the land has been reclaimed, the board shall apply for patent for such — all expenses being borne by the association. "After water has been available for four seasons, the association shall, on or before November 1st of such fourth season, pay to the state, such additional amount, not exceeding $1.00 per acre, as may have been agreed upon prior to the reservation of the land, whereupon the state shall issue deeds to each stockholder of the asso- ciation, having settled upon the lands, for the amount of land subscribed for, or the state may issue deed at any time when the land is paid for — the maximum in any case being 160 acres to each settler." State Lands Coming Under Carey Act Projects. Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico. — Lands be- longing to the state, coming under Carey Act projects, may be sold at auction to the highest bidder, when water is available, upon application from intending purchasers, such sales, however, being limited to a certain acreage each year. The price of water rights for state lands is $10.00 per acre, less than for other adjoining lands. Oregon. — "State lands under Carey Act projects are sold at same prices and terms as other state lands. Price of water for such lands is a matter of contract between state, company and settler." Wyoming. — The statutes of 1909 authorize^ the land board to appropriate "surplus Carey Act fees" for the purchase of water rights or a proportionate interest in lands and irrigation systems, for state lands, which lands may be leased or sold. Montana. — The statute of 1909 provides for "investi- gation by the state engineer, of plans for irrigating state lands." Utah. — The general statutes provide for a so-called "Reservoir Land Grant Fund," the proceeds of which are to be used in storing water for state and other lands. The federal "Carey Act" . (section 4) provides that "any sur- plus of money derived by any state from the sale of (.public) lands in excess of the cost of their reclamation shall be held as a trust fund for, and be applied to, the reclamation of other desert lands, in such state." Thus far the discussion has been of subjects which have been defined by publishing statutory or departmental regulations (with the exception of those bearing upon the water itself, and its delivery). In the next paper I shall refer at length to the many interesting phases of the subject of water and water rights and to some other matters of interest to the settler which belong to the realm of state legislation generally, such as taxation, schools, roads, etc. (Continued on page 183.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. 159 Graves Appointed United States Forester Recognized as an authority in all matters pertaining to the preservation and recreation of the forest, and with a record for success in his practical as well as his edu- cational work in this direction, Henry S. Graves enters upon his duties as chief forester in the United States Forestry Bureau at Washington, with the good-will of his fellow laborers in this field, and with the support of all conservations, whether from the east or west, who realize the vast importance of this work and its value to coming generations. When President Taft announced the appointment on January 12, he was the recipient of congratulations for his selection of a man who combined technical knowledge with practical experience. The fact that Mr. Graves holds similar views and will advo- cate the same policies as his predecessor leaves no grounds upon which his selection may be criticised. Mr. Graves was born in Marietta, Ohio, in 1871, but while still a child his father moved to Andover, Mass. For many years his father, W. B. Graves, was a mem- ber of the faculty at Phillips Academy in Andover as Pro- fessor of Natural Sciences. After studying at the schools in Andover, Mr. Graves entered Yale in 1892. Here he gained high rank in scholarship, but nevertheless found time for athletics and became quarterback on the university foot-ball team. Following his graduation from this university, and upon suggestion from his friends, he took up the study of forestry as a life work. Completing his school work at Harvard he was in- vited to participate in the initial application of scien- tific forestry to American conditions, then in progress at Biltmore, N. C, on the estate of Mr. Vanderbilt. This practical experience fitted the young man for his further studies under competent instructors in Europe. At the University of Munich, in Germany, he studied under Sir Dietrich Brandis, an old world authority in all matters relating to forestry growth and preservation. Upon returning to the United States, the second American who had ever pursued forestry studies in Eu- rope, Mr. Graves found his services to be in demand. For two years he was associated with others in consulting forest work at New York city. In July, 1908, he became first assistant in the forestry department, recently created by the government as a part of the Department of Agri- culture. As a result of his explorations and investiga- tions he produced two publications, "The Black Hill For- H. S. GRAVES. est Reserve" and "Practical Forestry in the Adirondacks." Prior to that time he had assisted in the editing of a volume under the title "The White Pine." Upon the organization of a forest school at Yale, Mr. Graves was urged to become its head. To this call he finally gave heed and his work since that time as director of the school has been eminently successful. It is largely to his efforts that the Yale school of forestry is now recognized as second to none in the United States. Since 1900, the time of his acceptance of the work of instruction at Yale, Mr. Graves has found opportunity for wide study in the west and south as well as in the east and middle west. His advice and conclusions in forestry matters were eagerly sought after by workers in the national forestry bureau. His publications are of a high order of professional merit and include the follow- ing: Forest Mensuration. The Woodsman's Hand- book. The Black Hills. Practical Forestry in the Adirondacks. The Woodlot (joint au- thor with R. T. Fisher). The White Pine (joint author with Gifford Pinchot). He is editor-in-chief of the proceedings of the So- ciety of American Foresters, as well as a prominent mem- ber of this body. Among the scientific organizations with which he is connected are the following: Member of former Na- tional Conservation Associa- tion. President Connecticut Forestry Association. Director in American Forestry Association. Vice-President Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests. Associate Editor For- estry Quarterly. Member Royal Arboricultural Society (England). Member Societe Forestiere de Franche Compte et Belfort (France). Member Oesterreichesche Reichsforstverein (Germany). Connecticut Academy of Sciences. In the field of practical and scientific forestry Mr. Graves has gained a reputation for deep study and com- prehensive knowledge of conditions that has already gained for him a reputation among old world foresters. A thorough student in all branches of the work and a keen thinker on economic problems, he is said to abhor the petty wranglings of politics and to be ready to devote his time and endeavor to the work outlined for his depart- ment. 1GO THE IRRIGATION AGE. Story of the Oregon Fruit Farms Project In 1908, D. M. Brogan "discovered" the Willow River Valley. He is a Westerner haling from the State of Wash- ington, where he owns fruit land in the Yakima and Wenat- chee country. Haying seen what this land produced,, he was desirous of getting a body of irrigated land which would be strictly fruit land and had spent a great deal of time investigating projects in Idaho, Washington and Oregon. He inspected the Willow River Valley and decided that it was the best of all the propositions that he had looked at. The Willow River comes down from the Burnt River mountains where it has a water shed area of about 500 square miles, and runs down through the center of the valley. Leonard Cole, now president of the United States Na- tional Bank of Vale, Oregon, a town at the lower end of the valley, had located his home ranch at the head of the valley in 1868, and established his cattle and horse business there, ranging his cattle in the surrounding hills and winter-feeding on alfalfa which he raised along the Willow river. He had prospered during these years and when Mr. Brogan came to the valley, he owned some 12 different ranches which were all improved and on which he raised alfalfa and grain for his winter-feeding. He therefore, owned practically the entire water of the river. In about 1900 the Government had established a stream measurement station on his ranch at a bridge crossing the Willow River and for the next six or seven years, daily stream measurements were made showing that the Willow River had a flood flow as high as 100,000 acre feet per year. The river flows through a long series of hills to the point where it breaks out into the valley about one mile above his ranch, and there are numerous natural reservoir sites along this course making the impounding of water a simple matter. The Willow River Company purchased all of these old cattle ranches from Mr. Cole with the entire direct flow of the river and filed on three reservoir sites which have the capacity of impounding 90,000 acre feet of water. Construe- induced four fruit raisers from Palisade to make a trip with him and give him their expert opinion of the trees. What they saw was so satisfactory that in February, 1909, twenty-two of these fruit growers returned to the valley and purchased 1,000 acres of this land and agreed to plant it immediately on the assurance of Mr. Brogan that the first reservoir, impounding about 7,000 acre feet of water, would be constructed in time for the season's irrigation. With this nucleus of. practical fruit men, the project was launched under flying colors. Most of them sold their farm ranches and moved into the valley, commenced the con- struction of houses. Their money helped to increase de- posits in the local banks over $100,000. The company on its part, has been very active. Reser- voirs No. 1 and 2 are finished and the present Spring will see 40,000 acre feet impounded. Reservoir No. 3 will also be finished in time for the Spring flood flow. One of the largest bond houses in Chicago has pur- chased securities to the extent of one million dollars for use if needed. The Oregon Short Line has agreed to build a branch line from the town of Vale through the center of this Home of A. Tschirgi in April, 1909. tion was begun early in 1909, on reservoir, No. 1 and later in the same year on reservoirs No. 2 and 3. Around each of the home ranches was the regulation farm orchard where apples, peaches, plums, apricots and pears had been growing from twenty to thirty years. It was the condition of these trees and the fruit raised, coupled with the sworn statement from Mr. Cole and other old inhabitants of the valley that there had never been a frost in their thirty years of fruit raising sufficient to injure the trees, that was the deciding factor in the selection of this valley as an ideal fruit raising district. The trees were without a blemish, the trunks being clean and the fruit without a sign of any fruit pest, though there had never been a sprayer in the entire valley. In order that he might make no mistake, Mr. Brogan, in the Fall of 1'JOS when the fruit was still on the trees New Home of A. Tschirgi in August, 1909. valley to the new town of Brogan, which has already been established. The grading for this road is completed and is now awaiting for the steel and ties. A general commercial store has been built at Brogan, a new hotel is half completed and will be ready for the Spring business. This hotel will be strictly up-to-date with steam heat, hot and cold water and mahogany furni- ture. A bank has been organized with $50,000 capital paid up and will be located in the new hotel building. The temporary houses that were built this Spring have all been supplanted by bungalows and residences thus showing the class of settlers that has come to the valley. Oregon Fruit Farms. In 1909 a party of Chicago capitalists became inter- ested in the Willow River Valley. They first visited the district only as individual purchasers seeking good fruit farms, but the possibilities of the valley appealed to them so strongly that they arranged for the purchase of 8,000 acres of land and water from the Willow River Company and have opened an office in Chicago for the retailing of the land in small tracts. To intending purchasers this valley has many strong points. First. Water supply is ample. There is no question but that there is sufficient for many more acres than the company contemplates irrigating. Second. The construction work is practically all com- pleted. Third. The character of the settlers is high class. Most of them are experienced fruit men from older dis- tricts. This means that the valley will benefit from their long experience in the fruit raising business. They under- Continued on page 182.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. 1G1 Irrigation and Fruit Raising By B. C. BUFFUM. The fruit development of the West has only been fairly begun but enough has been accomplished to indi- cate something of the place to be occupied by irrigated fruits in the world's markets. We know something ot the highly developed fruit industry of California and other western coast states, but our interest is more closely centered on the present attainment and the future possibilities of domestic and commercial fruit production in the Rocky Mountain region. Last year, on the occasion of our first annual meeting, 'it was my privilege to bring before this society what 1 believed to be the more important factors affecting fruit- fulness in the arid region. Tonight I invite your atten- tion to a somewhat general discussion of the present fruit growing situation and to some suggestions regarding the known and unknown principles underlying our ir- rigated horticulture. Western Fruits and the Market. There is an important and valuable trait in human nature which makes us take patriotic pride in home associations and things. Even though some of it is born of prejudice, it is most fortunate that each one believes in his heart and conscience that the things he associated with while growing up were a little better than those experienced by anyone else and that the best cook i the world can not quite equal the pies tnat mother used to make. This well nigh universal trait of character is the one which brings stability and contentment. We cling to the old and are slow to accept anything new as equal or better either in a personal or a gen- eral way. We have as yet but small native population in the west and the majority of our people were raised "back east," or "down south." These good people con- tinually tell me that the eastern fruit is far superior in quality to anything grown in the West. While not quite a native westerner. I practically grew up in the arid region. I therefore think the choke cherries that grew on my father's ranch, were the best choke cherries in the world and I hail with peculiar satisfaction any proofs of high quality of our western products. I remember being pleased to read a report of a great peach expert that the southwestern Colorado peach was the finest flavored peach in the world, comparing favorably with the peaches of Armenia which are considered the standard of highest quality. A few other instances may be mentioned. At Chicago Exposition in 1893, the Idaho prune gained the distinction of "finest in the world", and western fruits have made important winnings at other great expositions. Apples from an irrigated orchard in the Arkansas valley, took second prize at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and apples from the Clark's Fork, close to the Wyoming line, won honors last year in competition at the national apple show at Spokane. The proof of a pudding is both in the eating and in he amount eaten and a popular demand for our fruit nust indicate some elements of superior quality. I re- ently ran across a report of Professor Sears, the Pomolo- ?ist of the Massachusetts Agricultural College which was published by the State Board of Agriculture this sum- aer, that is another link in my chain of evidence of su- eriority of Western fruit. Professor Sears says: "Even the most casual observer must be impressed vith the fact that eastern fruit has been almost entirely crowded out of the better class of our eastern markets. There are honorable exceptions, but these men have personally overcome the prejudice of consumers against astern apples." Professor Sears then enumerates seven causes for the supremacy of Western apples, as follows: First: That the orchards of the west are young and just in bearing. Second, That the apple business President's address, third annual meeting of the Wyoming State lorticultural Society, Douglas, Wyoming. is a great industry with them — an exclusive industry. Third, That their orchards are on new land containing all the elements of fertility. Fourth, That they never neglect spraying, keeping their orchards practically clear of insects. Fifth, That they practice the best methods of packing and grading — the few blemished apples that they produce, being discarded and the apples so graded that all in the box are exactly alike. Seventh, That their climate gives a finer finish in appearance than in New England. I beg you to note that three points out of the seven given are the natural causes which contribute to the- success of Western fruit — young orchards, rich soils, and better climate. The remaining four points are attributed to the intelligence shown, in better management and correct business methods. Now listen to the three great advantages claimed for the eastern orchardist. "First he can get much splendid fruit land at $10 to $50 per acre, whereas prices in the West are much higher." Second, (He says) "the quality of New England fruit is superior to that of the West in the opinion of all good judges." "Third, they are right at home with the best of markets, whereas the western grower must ship 3,000 miles." It looks like a rather serious series of handicaps for the western apple — poorer quality, higher priced land. greater expense of production, and 3,000 miles to market — yet withal, "Eastern fruits have been almost entirely crowded out of the better markets." (Quotation ver- batim). I need not reach further into this report or continue the quarrel about quality, though I believe it possible to at least modify Professor Sears' statements in this regard. Without considering the reasons, therefore, the point I wish to bring out is that Western fruit does now and will continue to lead in the markets of the world. Wyoming as a Fruit State. My time and the subject of this paper do not permit me to enter into any lengthy discussion of what has been done or what may be done with commercial fruit growing in onr own state. Enough has been accomplished to demonstrate that there is no corner or altitude in Wyom- ing, where grain, potatoes and hay will grow that can not be made to produce a domestic supply of apples, cherries, plums and small fruits of various kinds. In my own mind, profitable commercial fruit production in favorable locali- ties is only a question of a little time jnd development. I am assured that in Big Horn County alone, during the next five years, there will probably be an average of as much as one 'thousand acres of commercial orchards planted each year. To those who would make a business of raising tree fruits for market, I would give a word or two of advice: Protect with wind breaks. Plant on alfalfa land that is in good tilth. Plant ten or more acres. Choose known hardy commercial kinds for main plant- ing. Practice clean culture and constant culture. Watch for diseases and insect pests — We have almost none at present. Wrap young trees in winter. Prune systematically. Thin when the fruit sets too thickly. Irrigate thoughtfully. I wish to discuss as briefly and as practically as pos- sible, the irrigation of fruits. There is altogether too little accurate information to be had. in fact too little knowledge of the irrigation of fruits and it can be gained omy through more study of the underlying principles of irrigation fruit raising. The Wyoming Horticulture Society should make it- self felt in a demand for more investigation — not of meth- ods of building ditches and bringing water to the land or the mechanics of applying water to orchards and small fruit plantations, but investigations which will throw more light, on when and how to supply water to the plant and the reasons therefor. We know how to plant trees and how to apply water enough to drown the life out of them. A few ranchmen have planted trees and raised good crops of fruit without clean culture or any other kind of culture. There has been over irrigation and 162 THE IRRIGATION AGE. under irrigation and the very lack of care has given us great faith in what may be done by correct methods. The interest of our people has been in cows, not trees; in sheep rather than in shade. With development, we are losing interest in the range to a large extent and centering it in the home. Now we need to know more of the indulging principles that will guide us in our prac- tice under our varying conditions. Because one man gets apples with a single irrigation and another gets a crop by applying eight irrigations is no reason for a third using either one or eight applications of water. Why do we apply water anyway and what does more or less of it do to the growing or to the dormant plant? It is not unreasonable to ask that the state and the general government put forth more effort to solve these ques tions. Irrigation and Plant Food. We seldom think, perhaps, of the relation of the food supply to the life of the plant as we do in rearing animals. The statement has been often made by live stock breed- ers that the "corn crib is the best mother," and all suc- cessful animal feeders understand the importance of a balanced ration. A rich and nutritious soil solution con- taining the right proportion of the different plant foods is of as much importance to the individual plant and to the collective crop as is the full corn crib and balanced ration to the growing calf and the increasing herd. By limiting the food supply the Japanese have dwarfed giant kinds of trees. We dwarf apple and pear trees by using small or slow growing stocks to limit the supply of food to the scion. Some animals are consti- tutionally good feeders and in like manner there are in- herent feeding qualities in plant varieties. It is well known that rye or buckwheat will gather food from poorer .-soils than other grains. One of the more important economic achievements of Burbank, is in the great grow- ing force or power which he secures in his productions. To secure a maximum growth, there must be an abundant and available food supply in the soil. We also vary the balance of the ration to secure large vegetative growth or a larger production of seeds and fruit. Many of the life processes of animals are reversed in plants. Higher animals take food through their heads, higher plants through their feet. The animal takes solid food which must be organic, the plant never uses any- thing but liquid or gaseous food which is usually simple and inorganic. Animals digest their food on the inside and burn it to produce heat, the plant digests its food on the outside by the influence of light on the leaves and reverses the burning process. The animal needs a prac- tically continuous supply, whereas the plant feeds in seasons with long dormant periods of rest. The food of animals is in sight, tangible and known, and the food of plants is in the soil, out of sight, intangible and unknown save through the mind's eye of the observer who notes its effect on growth or to the chemist. These are all simple statements and known to every- one, so it might seem like a loss of time to reiterate them, but you will agree with me that we know too little of the basic principles underlying our practice and we may make use continually of all this kind of knowledge we can obtain. The plant then takes its food and drink together. Most plants can not even absorb water through their parts above ground — they obtain it with the soil solution and the strength of this solution varies with every factor which influences the character of the soil and its mois- ture content. It is pretty well settled in my own mind that the strength of the soil solution is the rnain factor which determines the amount of water used by a plant in its growth and maturity, though this relationship has never been studied. Those who have investigated the nmount of water used by the plant in its growth, have ignored the character and amount of plant food which might be carried with it. The plant physiologist has be- lieved in selective absorption, but where the chemist and physicist has investigated, it appears that absorption is purely mechanical, i. e., it is osmotic. If a poison gets into the soil, the plant absorbs it and commits involun- tary suicide as shown in Colorado, where Dr. Headden discovered that arsenic used in spraying has killed many trees. In our investigations of alkali, Professor E. E. Slosson and myself found that the amounts of salt solu- tion absorbed by plants were inversely proportional to the strength (measured in osmotic pressure) of the salts in the solution. This being true, the strength of the solution must directly affect the feeding and nutrition of plants. One investigator found that it took 912 pounds of water transpired by the plant to produce one pound of growth. Another investigator found that 225 pounds were used. It would, be interesting to know and especial- ly by us here in the West, where we manage the water supply of the soil through irrigation or conservation, whether the thickness of the soup used by the plant does not determine the amount of it needed to satisfy vegetable hunger. If this is true, less water is needed in the arid region to produce growth than will be required where rainfall has leached out a portion of the soil salts. It is through the control and management of the food supply that we can exert such perfect control over our orchards in the west by our use of irrigation and keeping the underlying principle in mind, will help us in practice. Our soils are lastingly rich in the mineral plant foods which are so important in the formation of wood, fruit and seed. If there is too much soluble salt in the soil, we may add some amendment that will make it less soluble as does the California orchardist when he adds gypsum to correct the effect of "black alkali," or we may add drainage and cultivation so too much of the salt will not stand in solution or we may wash out the surplus salts by using abundance of water. Generally on our good soils we need only to apply water when we would have the trees make growth or withhold it when we want them to mature or become dormant. If the soil should remain too wet, we may use a quickly growing cover crop to pump out the surplus moisture. I have no doubt that the lack of clean culture in some of our orchards has been a blessing in disguise to automatically overcome the deleterious effect of too much irrigation. We undoubtedly make many mistakes in the time and amount of irrigation and it will take much experience and study to overcome them. Irrigation and Orchard Control. Erasmus Darwin, the early agricultural poet and grandfather of Charles Darwin, pointed out that the bud is the individual in plant life. It is the development, ma- turity and welfare of the bud that is of most concern to the orchardist. If the buds ripen and put on enough overcoats to protect them through our long winters, there is little danger that loss will be incurred by cold and storm. Correct management of the irrigation of our trees secures maturity of the buds and ripening of the season's growth of wood. Too much irrigation during the latter part of summer and early fall is undoubtedly a frequent cause of winter killing of trees. After the season is so far advanced that new growth will not be produced, the orchard soil should be filled with water to prevent injury from winter drouth. Another important factor in frost control is the pos- sibility of preventing injury to the fruit buds in spring by keeping the orchard wet during the danger period. Enough latent heat is given out by the standing water to prevent killing the blossoms except in very severe frosts. All too often the man with a small home orchard and plenty of water to use substitutes irrigation for cultiva- tion. The arguments for clean culture are too numerous and weighty, however, to permit of any other practice. Of course this does not interfere with the growing of short period cover crops of legumes to gather nitrogen and add humus to our orchard soils, Until such time as we shall breed more stability and fixity into our fruits to produce' adapted varieties which ivill be at home in our western environment, the fruit raiser under irrigation must expect considerable variation in his product. Fortunately the result of pur rich soils and the stimulation given plants by the artificial applica- tion of water is increase in productiveness, size and other qualities and with skilful treatment and the application of plant breeding methods we have great opportunities to improve varieties for our own conditions. With our soils, climate and irrigation, the mountain region of the west by force of favorable natural conditions will lead im the production of more important farm crops and fruits. THE IRKIGATION AGE. 163 Irrigation of Alfalfa By SAMUEL FORTIER, Chief of Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment btations. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Experience in the growing of alfalfa for more than two thousand years shows that it thrives best in the soil and climate of arid and semi-arid regions. The abundant sunshine, the warmth, and the deep, rich soil prevailing throughout the western half of the United States seem to be well suited to its requirements, and over half a cen- tury's experience has shown that there is comparatively little cultivable land in the West on which it can not be grown. One finds the same varieties flourishing in Im- perial Valley, California, 100 feet below sea level, and maintaining a sturdy growth on the San Luis plains of Colorado, 7,500 feet higher. Alfalfa makes a remarkable growth in the warm sunshine of Arizona, yet it is rarely injured by cold in Montana. One can not well overestimate the importance of al- falfa to western farmers. The alfalfa field and the alfalfa stack provide the best means of protecting stock against enormous losses by starvation when the excellent pastur- age available throughout the greater part of the year fails either through drought in midsummer or by being cov- ered with deep snow in midwinter. A single ton of alfalfa may save the lives of many head of stock by pro- viding feed during short periods of cold, stormy weather. Alfalfa can not be excelled as a preparatory crop on soils that have long been unproductive. Likewise, it maintains the fertility of soils naturally rich in plant food, and if used as a base of rotation makes possible abundant crop yields of various kinds. In 1906 the chemist of the Colo- rado Experiment Station* estimated the fertilizing value of the stubble and roots of mature plants at $35 per acre when measured by the commercial value of artificial fer- tilizers on the market. Moreover, the yields are excep- tionally high when irrigation, favorable climatic condi- tions, and proper treatment are combined. Seven tons of cured hay at three cuttings are obtained from the best fields of Montana, while frequently 9 tons in five cuttings are harvested in California. This large tonnage, together with its high feeding value and the fact that it is con- sumed by practically all farm animals, makes it not only a convenient and useful crop to the grower, but a highly profitable one as well. Notwithstanding its present importance and great value in irrigation farming, the profits on the area now in alfalfa can be greatly increased if more care and skill are exercised in growing it. The western irrigator has sel- dom been able, financially, to dig his ditches and prepare his fields in such a way as to insure the most efficient irrigation and the highest profits. In consequence, valu- able water is wastefully applied to land that is in no fit condition to be irrigated. On the large acreage in irri- gated alfalfa this amounts to an enormous loss. This fact, considered in connection with the importance of this crop, the rapidly increasing area devoted to its growth, and the large number of farmers who are settling in the West and who will be for years dependent in a large measure on alfalfa for a livelihood, would seem to war- rant the collection and publication of any information de- signed to improve the present practice. As its title implies, this publication deals with but one feature, that of irrigation, and its scope is necessarily limited to irrigated lands. There has been no attempt to present or discuss at any length other phases of the gen- eral subject of alfalfa growing,! and wherever mention has been made of these it has been only to show their relationship to irrigation. In the examination of alfalfa fields and the collection of the data necessary for this publication, advantage was taken of the organization of the irrigation investigations of this office, which is well adapted for such a purpose. •Colorado Station Bulletin 110. tThese are treated in U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 339. Through the state and territorial agencies of that divi- sion and through co-operation with the members of state experiment station and the state engineers it was possible to obtain with a high degree of accuracy the conditions and irrigation practice with reference to this crop through- out the entire arid region. Irrigable Lands Adapted to Alfalfa. Perhaps the most essential conditions for the pro- duction of alfalfa are abundant sunshine, a high summer temperature, sufficient moisture, and a rich, deep, well- drained soil. All of these essentials, save moisture, exist naturally in the arid region of the United States, and when water is supplied it makes the conditions ideal. Al- though alfalfa can be successfully grown under a wide range of soil conditions, yet all western lands are not equally well adapted to its growth. For this reason those who are seeking such lands with a view to their purchase should first make a careful examination of the character and depth of the soil, its behavior when irrigated, the slope and evenness of the surface, the presence of injuri- ous salts, and the facilities for drainage. One of the best indications of the character of the soil is the native vegetation. When sagebrush, buffalo grass or cactus is found on a tract it is reasonably certain that the soil is fertile, easily tilled, and well drained. On the other hand, the presence of greasewood, saltwort, salt weeds, or similar plants is indicative of a heavier soil, less easily cultivated and irrigated, and containing more or less of the injurious salts usually grouped under the common name of alkali. Figure 1. — Soil Auger. In arid regions most cultivated plants are deep rooted. They draw their supply of plant food and mois- ture from considerable depths, and the deeper the soil the larger is the feeding ground for the roots and the greater is the capacity to store water. The presence of any impervious stratum lying between the first and fifth foot prevents deep rooting and the storage of moisture. A hard stratum lying between the fifth and tenth foot is likewise injurious, but to a less extent. The character of the subsoil may be readily determined by boring holes, with a suitable soil auger similar to that shown in figure 1, to a depth of 10 feet, if necessary, and taking samples of soil at different depths. It will be possible usually to find under irrigation in near-by fields soils similar to those being examined, but if this is not possible a trial may be made on a small scale to determine how the soil acts under irrigation. In general, sandy loams irrigate well; clay is hard to cultivate when wet, does not absorb water readily, and bakes and cracks when drying; while a soil which is too sandy will not retain sufficient moisture to maintain crops. The most favorable condition for irrigating is a smooth surface, with a uniform slope of 10 to 20 feet to 164 THE IBBIQATION AGE. the mile. Such land costs little to put into shape for the spreading of water over it, and the slope insures good drainage. Sometimes the land is cut up by ravines which increase the labor and cost of putting water upon it, or it may have too much or too little slope. In other cases it is full of buffalo or hog wallows, which are difficult to bring to an even grade. If land which is naturally smooth on the surface and of the right slope costs $5 per acre to prepare for irrigating, hog-wallow land may cost $15. Besides, some hog-wallow land is inferior in quality, frequently being charged with injurious salts. Lastly, good drainage is essential for a permanently productive irrigated farm. It is practically impossible to supply crops with sufficient water for the best growth without applying so much that some will seep into the subsoil. Unless this can flow away the level of the ground water will rise until it comes near the surface and drowns out crops, and perhaps cause an accumulation of alkali. If the natural drainage is not good it must be supplied ar- tificially, but this need not be done until a few crops have been raised, for the reason that it is not possible to tell until after irrigation where the drains should be placed to drain the land most effectively. The frequent failures to get a good stand of alfalfa in the humid portions of the United States have led some writers on this subject to prescribe within somewhat nar- row limits where and under what conditions this forage plant can be grown successfully. That this view is not correct as regards the irrigated portion of the United States is amply shown by the fact that it is grown suc- cessfully in every state and territory of the arid region, in localities which are not only widely separated but pos- sess many radical differences in the way of rainfall, tem- perature, altitude, topography and soil. Figure 2. — Sagebrush Grubber Used in Clearing Land Near Riverton, Wyoming. The Removed of Native Vegetation. In arid America few places are so barren as not to pro- duce plants of some kind, and the first step in preparing land for irrigation is the removal of this native vegeta- tion. When this consists of native grasses, low cacti, or small bushes they can be plowed under or removed with- out much extra expense, but when it consists of large sage- brush, mesquite, or greasewood, the cost is high and the task of removing it may require special implements. Of all the desert plants sagebrush is the most common. For- merly the grubbing hoe, or mattock, and plow were the only implements used to remove this bush. Breaking down the branches and then digging out the roots before attempting to plow proved laborious. By this process the cost of grubbing, gathering the brush into piles, and burning varied from $2 per acre in light sage to $5 per acre in heavy sage. Of late, farmers who are well pro- vided with work teams greatly expedite the work and re- duce the amount of manual labor by first dragging a rail- road rail or heavy timber over the sagebrush. This work can be done best when the ground is frozen. If only two teams of two horses each are available, one rail will suffice. but with six, or, better still, eight horses, four at each end, two railroad rails may be bolted together. If iron rails cannot be had, two large logs chained together make a good substitute. In railing brush, as it is termed, the rails are dragged at least twice over the same trip, but in op- posite directions. The few stumps which remain are then grubbed out by hand or left to be plowed out and the brush raked into windrows and burned. A brush rake may be made of a 6-inch timber 12' feet long, by boring 2-inch holes through the timber, 10 inches apart, and in- serting in each a wooden tooth about 3 feet long. The rake is then fastened by two joists to the rear of a wagon to which a team is hitched. In the San Joaquin and Im- perial valleys of California the railroad rail is bent in the form of a V, but it is a question if this form has any ad- vantages over the straight rail. A more effective imple- ment for light brush is sketched in figure 2. From 8 to 12 horses are hitched to it and 20 acres may be cleared in one day. In Kern county, Cal., a 6 by 12-inch timber. 24 feet long, shod with steel, is preferred. The steel shoe projects about half an inch and a board on the back, sim- ilar to that of a buck scraper, serves to keep it in position. A team is hitched to each end, crossing the field and re- turning on the same track. The cost of the removal of sagebrush by means of teams and a minimum amount of hand labor runs all the way from $1.50 to $4 per acre, de- pending on .the character and extent of the growth. In the Imperial Valley of California, the Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico and Texas, and in parts of Arizona, the mesquite tree is quite troublesome to remove. This usually has to be "rubbed out by hand and the cost varies from $5 to $40 per acre, depending on the number and size of the trees. Oscar Snow has 600 acres in alfalfa in the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico. In its natural state the land was covered with a dense growth of tornillo, mesquite and shad scale. He states that it cost him $40 to $50 per acre to cut the brush, grub out the roots, grade the land, and seed it to al- falfa. The usual price paid for grubbing out mesquite bushes in Salt River Valley, Arizona, is 30 cents per tree and the cost may run as high as $100 per acre. The larger trees have usually some value as firewood and fence posts. Mr. Hubbard, of Weiser, Idaho, rids the raw land of sagebrush and plows it to a depth of 8 inches before grading and leveling the surface. Whenever possible, this work is done in the fall and early the following spring the tract is thor- oughly disked and harrowed. He prefers flood- ing the tract before seeding in order that the water may show us the low as well as the high places and also to insure ample moisture for the speedy germination of the seed. When the surface dries out sufficiently to pulverize after the harrow, it is seeded. In this part of Idaho the cost per acre for removing sagebrush varies from $2.50 to $4; for plowing, $2.50 to $3; disk- ing, 50 cents to 75 cents; harrowing, 35 to 50 cents. Grading and leveling are discussed under another heading. In localities covered by native grasses, nothing more is necessary than plowing and thorough cultivation. The native grass lands of Montana are usually plowed 2 to 5 inches deep in the fall. In the spring the surface is double- disked, perhaps cross double-disked, harrowed, and leveled, and then seeded to grain rather than alfalfa, in order to properly prepare the surface of the ground for the later crop. The cost of plowing new land in Kern county, Cal., where the surface is covered with low sage, wheat, and wire grasses, runs from $2 to $4 per acre, depending chiefly on the depth of nlowing, which is usually more than 4 inches and less than 10 inches. On the extensive holdings of Miller & Lux traction engines are used to operate gang plows, followed by harrows. By this means, it is claimed, the cost can be reduced to between 75 cents and $1 per acre. In all the older irrigated sections of the West alfalfa (Continued on paye 183.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. 165 Irrigation Bonds Under Carey Act By^Mark Bennitt Bonds issued on account of irrigation projects under- taken by authority of the Carey act are among the best known of securities of this class. The Carey act has afforded a plan for irrigation development with private capital, whose success is without parallel. The great work of the Government under the reclama- tion law calls for no assistance from bond houses or pri- vate interests of any sort. Such public lands as may lie within the area to be irrigated by a Government project is at all times available for entry under the homestead act, and the patented lands come under an arrangement where- by no person shall have more than the farm unit decided upon under the project. On the other hand, the Carey act furnishes a splendid means for private enterprise and investment. The pro- cedure under the Carey act is in the main as follows: The initiative is taken by a private individual or company. The first step is to make a filing upon the waters avail- able for irrigation and then to secure the segregation of the lands which may be irrigated from the stream or proposed reservoir. In all this work the private parties must have the co- operation and assistance of the State Land Board. It is the duty of the board, on approving the project, to apply to the Federal Government for the segregation of the land. The application must be accompanied by a full statement of water supply and all necessary data to justify the segregation. Then follows a Government investigation of the project. The price of the perpetual water right is fixed in the beginning by agreement between the irrigating company and the state. This having been done, the com- pany is allowed to go ahead with construction. An open- ing day for the sale of the land and water rights is an- nounced. On this occasion the State Land Board and the private company work together, the state selling the land at 50 cents an acre, the price named in the Federal statute, and the water right being sold at the fixed price, which cannot be increased. The law requires that each applicant for land must sign a contract for a water right before he may enter the land. It is this provision that is so advantageous in the protection of the invested capital, the ordinary homesteader being excluded. The success of the sale of lands under the Carey act depends more or less upon the reputation of the private organization which is undertaking the project. During the first year that the law was enforced there were numerous failures by reason of miscalculation as to cost and by unsuccessful advertising, and other causes. The state exacts a sufficient bond from the private organiza- tion to insure the performance of the contract. This also protects the settler. During the last two or three years the demand for irrigated land has become such that it frequently happens that large tracts are sold out immedi- ately on the opening day or soon thereafter. The price of the perpetual water right is based upon the cost of construction. All the details of construction must be approved by the State Land Board. A small down payment is made on the water right by the entry- man, and the contract is signed for the full right. These contracts under the law constitute a first lien on the land and are the equivalent of a first mortgage. It has been the practice of bond houses to deposit these contracts with the trustee as collateral for the bonds at the rate of $1.25 for each dollar of bond issued. Sometimes these securities are in the form of serial payment bonds, the payments extending through a period of ten to fifteen years; in other cases term bonds are issued to run two, three, four or more years up to the full period of payments on the water rights. As the water rights are all paid for seri- ally, the short-term issues are promptly retired. In this case, as in the case of district bonds, the standing of the trustee and the bond houses have an important bearing on the salability of the securities. Where the state exercises strict supervision of con- struction and where the bond issue is ample to cover all contingencies, the safety of the investment is well assured. Ultra-conservative investors are now seen buying these securities. Water rights under the Carey act are now selling at from $45 to $65 and even up to $125 an acre. Conserva- tive financiers estimate that under general conditions now existing in the irrigating regions a bond issue of $25 per acre is justified. The fact that the value of the lands is immediately increased by occupancy is reassuring to the investor. Occupancy necessitates improvements of a per- manent character. The purchaser of land and a water right under one of these irrigating systems can ill afford to allow his property to remain idle. The generous pro- ductiveness of the land under irrigation is such as to attract the best farmers. The trained farmer, especially the one who has scientific knowledge, is quick to appre- ciate the immense money-making value of the land which has a controllable water supply always available for im- mediate use. Irrigated land is generally of very high quality be- cause it is usually river bottom land or bench land where the soil is deep, and it has never been subjected to the copious rains which wash out much of the plant foods in the rainy country. Chicago bond houses have become heavily interested in irrigation. Some of these have placed large issues with their customers all over the countrv, and so prompt have payments been, both of interest and maturing bonds, that these securities are rated very h'gh when put out by well known and conservative houses. The Twin Falls country of southern Idaho is the source of many of these bonds. The gigantic works which have been constructed for irrigating portions of the Snake River Valley have involved the expenditure of many millions of dollars. Still greater works are in process of construction and others still are contemplated. More than a million acres of land in this region alone will be irri- gated under the Carey act before the completion of proj- ects now in hand. A sale of land under the Carey act was recently held at Milner, Idaho, when nearly 30,000 acres were sold at $65 per acre. Another sale under the Carey act had taken place a few days before at another point in the great valley, where an equally fine class of people representing many Eastern states were in attendance, and where nearly 50.000 acres were sold at $40 per acre. Under good management Carey act land sells out at once, furnishing a strong un- derlying value for the bond issue. 166 THE IRKIGATION AGE. A View of the First Pumping Plant on the Ranch of Tarr & Sellers, Platteville, Colo. A tee is placed in the pipe line 100 feet from the pump. The elevation of the tee above the pump at this point is 12 feet. A Dempster 12 H. P. Horizontal Four Cycle Gasoline Engine and a No. 5 Gould Submerged Vertical Centrifugal Pump are lifting 120 inches of water per minute. At this rate one acre would be covered one inch deep in about 20 minutes. One acre of water a foot in depth would be pumped in about four hours. RESULTS OF IRRIGATING WITH A SUCCESSFUL PUMPING PLANT. The 12 horsepower horizontal gasoline engine and a No. 5 centrifugal pump sold by the Dempster Mill Manu- facturing Company, Beatrice, Neb., to Tarr & Sellers, was installed late in 1908 and in the season of 1909 was used to irrigate 60 acres of wheat and 12 acres of potatoes. gasoline and lubicating oil was 91 cents per acre for pumping water to the wheat through 600 feet and 800 feet of 10-inch pipe at elevations of 18 feet and 25 feet respectively. For the 12 acres of potatoes the cost was slightly under $1 per acre. The cost for repairs was nothing. The crop of wheat averaged over 35 bushels per acre, but no report on the potato crop was received. With the engine and pump and plenty of available water the operation has all the advantages of the ditch. The 60-acre Wheat Field Irrigated with the Pumping Plant shown Above. THE IERIGATION AGE. 167 Florida and Sub-Irrigation at Sanford J. N. Whitner, Sanford, Florida. The most inviting fields for enterprise, brains and money are the undeveloped resources of new countries, and while Florida is old in point of discovery and early set- tlement, the peninsular, which is the part you know of, is new, very new. From the standpoint of development, barely fifteen years old, for the developments there date from the freeze of February 8, 1895, when in one night Florida lost $100,000,000 in orange groves, her principal industry. As far as I know, this is the only disaster of similar magnitude where no assistance was asked or received and it speaks volumes to say there was no suffering and her people turned to other things, thereby making her richer and a thousand times more independent than be- fore. Since then, besides bringing our orange and grape fruit groves to a greater state of productiveness and of better fruit, as well as a more profitable basis, we have begun along other lines. Florida has become and will continue to be the great source of phosphate, naval stores and lumber productions. We are improving our stock on pastures where grass grows and is green twelve months in the year. This field is almost limitless. The production of fine tobacco for cigar wrappers is a big success. Pecan and other nuts are being grown. On the east coast pine apples and other tropical fruits have made that section famous and rich. The trucking in- dustry is reaching magnificent proportions. But as yet, these are all in process of development and the possi- bilities unknown. To show what has been done in one locality, Sanford, Florida, I am going to tell you about Sanford Sub-irriga- tion and its results. Let me describe the system, its operation and theory: then, with your permission, tell you something of what it has done for us. Its possibilities seem limitless. With- out an illustration or drawing, a description is diffi- cult to understand or remember. I have, therefore, brought a sufficient number of illustrations, a glance at which will give a full understanding. These are for free distribution at the Florida table, or will be mailed upon request. Briefly stated, the water is applied through 3- inch tile, laid in parallel ditches 18 inches deep, with a fall of not less than one inch to the hundred feet. The distance between the rows of tile varies according to quality of soil; in our sandy loam 25 feet affords effective drainage, as well as irrigation. The more clay and the stiffer the soil, the nearer they should be placed. At the upper end of the tile, beginning at the water sup- ply (with us, flowing or artesian wells) and running by the end of each row of tile, is a water main; the cheapest being small sewer pipe cemented at the joints. Between the tile and this water main a joint of 6-inch sewer pipe is used as a stand-pipe, connected by a short iron pipe on one side with the main, while on the other is a connection with the tile. It will readily be seen fhat water turned into the water main, and running by each of the stand pipes, can be turned into as few or as many as desired, in this way irrigating all or any portion of the field. Of course, the tile is in short joints, with us, one foot in length, and the water finds ingress or egress at the joints, porous tile being largely a myth. At the lower side of the field the tile discharges into a waste ditch, and when the ground is level and the flow of water not too rapid, it will be found that capillary attraction supplies all the moisture needed, even for setting plants, but most fields are equipped with stop boxes at the lower end of tile, and when ground is much broken, these boxes are placed at intervals, as required, and the illustration shows how the water is dammed up to any level required, even to flooding the ground. This much for irrigation. It is quite as effective for drainage, being laid on an incline, and water applied by gravity. In case of rain the excess is taken off very quickly and on our soil if it rains three inches today we can plow tomorrow. This, we find, is of inestimable value, for with the soil saturated with water, as the small boy would say, there is nothing doing, or, as one of your western farmers put it, "You can't get no action out of the ground." The reason of this inertia, as you all know, is that the water excludes the air from the ground. Now with surface irrigation, and without this sub-drainage you have to wait for the water to evaporate, which slowly drying from the surface, inch by inch, lets in a little air from above, while the plants await the life-giving air. With our system, as soon as the water stops running the tile become a conveyor of air, which is supplied, so to speak, from both top and bottom. Our system not only does these things, but furnishes warmth from below, and as warm air rises from the tile, it has a marked influence on the growing crop, especially in winter when our most profitable crops are grown, for with us September and October are seed time, and Feb- ruary and March the harvest. You can understand that it matters little to us whether it rains or not, for during the winter of 1906 it rained frequently and in torrents, while the next year we had not a single rain from September 15th to April 5th, yet raised equally as good and profitable crops. So rain is not necessary to plant, grow or perfect a crop. As yet your principal crops are celery and lettuce for the northern markets, and I quote from the State De- partment of Agriculture for the crop of 1907-8, Volume 8 Page 129, as follows: Lettuce.. 139 acres, 97,180 crts., $132,587 or $953.86 per A Celery... 209 acres, 209,185 crts., 402,300 or 1,924.88 per A. Total, where celery follows lettuce $2,878.74 per A. I have not seen the report for 1908-9, but the results were certainly as good. These figures for 1907-8 do not mean two years, but one, running from November of one year to June of the next, that being one crop season. Now, with your kind indulgence, I want to tell you a few of the things we have accomplished by this unique and wonderful system of irrigation: In the spring of 1898, I had the honor to ship the first four carloads of celery from Sanford, this being the first year we used sub-irrigation, and the first carload of produce of any kind following the freeze of '95. The past season from this one point, we shipped 1700 carloads, exclusive of ex- press shipments, making in all close to 2,000 carloads, the estimated income of same being $600,000, from approxi- mately 800 acres of land. It is certain that one broker- age firm, Chase & Company, paid the growers $275,000 for the portion of the crop they handled. We have one grower, C. F. Williams, who sold from measured five acres in celery $30,680 in three consecutive years. L. A. Brumley bought l*/2 acres with crop on it, in March, 1908, and in fourteen months sold $5,000 worth of celery and lettuce from the lyi acres. T. V. Denton, a New York commission man, told me that last season he paid a Mr. Allison $1200 for the lettuce on one acre, which was then planted in celery, for which he paid him $1,800, making $3,000 the past season from one acre. Is it any wonder, then, that we estimate a revenue to railroads of $700 per acre on our sub-irrigated farms. And if you will add $700 to the above known yields, and tell me what our sub-irrigated lands are worth, figures on an interest-bearing basis, I will thank you. As to the value of these lands, ten years ago, before sub-irrigation was adopted, 1,000 acres of these Sanford Celery Delta lands were sold for 25c an acre. That fall, just ten years ago, H. H. Chappell, being fortunate enough, by the sale of the railroad he was working for, to lose his position, began farming on this then new plan of sub-irrigated lands, practically without means. On the 25th of October just past, he bought 35 acres of sub- irrigated lands just across the road from his farm, where he made the money, and paid $35,000 for it. He paid, in addition, for the labor and fertilizer already expended for this season's crop, making the purchase price over $40,000 for 35 acres. This 35 acres being a part of the land sold at 25c ten years ago. Please note this was no land boomers' sale to a stranger. 1G8 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Supreme Court Decisions Irrigation Cases RIGHT TO STORE WATER. — The right of a riparian owner to the water of a stream for irrigation purposes is not confined to a use of the water as it flows by, and while it is so flowing, but he may store the water in reservoirs for future use after it has ceased to flow so far as is consistent with the rights of the lower owners, but such use of the water by one owner as will prevent a lower owner from storing water for irrigation is not reason- able.— Stacy v. Delery. Court of Civil Appeals of Texas. 122 Southwestern 300. USING STEAM AS CONDUIT.— Persons who use a stream, the waters of which have been appropriated, as a conduit for other waters, can take out only what they put in, making allowance for natural waste and evaporation and for cutting off or drying up any original tributaries of the stream. — Miller v. Wheeler. Su- preme Court of Washington. 103 Pacific 641. DIVERSION.— GOVERNMENT IRRIGATION WORKS. — The fact that an irrigation scheme projected by the government under Irrigation Act June 17, 1902, c. 1093, I 1, 32 Stat. 388 i(U. S. Comp. St. Supp. 1907, p. 511), contem- plates the irrigation of private lands, as well as a large tract of government land, and that the owners of the private lands are assisting and co-operating therein, does not render the project illegal, nor deprive the Secretary of the Interior of the power given by the act to condemn lands necessary to carry it out. — United States v. Burley. U. S. Circuit Court, Idaho Central District. 172 Federal 615. LIABILITY FOR FLOWAGE. — An irrigation company which negligently constructed the intakes from the Colorado river into its canal without head- gates or other means of controlling the flow, by reason of which in a time of flood the water flowed through in such volume as to wash away the river bank and overflow the lands of others, is not relieved from liability therefor by the fact that the flood was extraordinary. — The Salton Sea Cases. California Development Co. v. New Liverpool Salt Co. U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals. 172 Federal 792. CONTRACT TO SELL LAND. — Plaintiff contracted to sell to defendants a tract of land, with water therefor to a certain amount, the price to be part cash and part deferred payments. The contract also pro- vided that plaintiff should furnish the water between certain dates of each year. Held, that the provision as to the time for furnishing water was an independent continuing covenant, upon which the promise of defendants to pay did not depend, and when plaintiff had delivered possession of the land it was entitled to payments as agreed. — Spokane Canal Co. v. Coff- man. Supreme Court of Washington. 103 Pacific 1106. DEED TO ENTRYMAN. — A deed executed by an entryman before he is entitled to a receiver's final receipt and purporting to vest the grantee with a right of way over, and the privilege of constructing and maintaining a reservoir upon the lands of the entryman. will not vest the grantee with any right against a subsequent entry of the land under the acts of Congress, unless such grantee, before the last entrv. shall have constructed said improvements, and was using them under such circumstances as to entitle him to protection under the laws of this state. — Rasmussen v. Blust. Supreme Court of Nebraska. 122 North- western 862. ACQUISITION OF RIGHTS IN PUBLIC LANDS. — One who has constructed upon the vacant public lands of the United States a system of reservoirs and ditches for the distribution of water anpropriated by him for irrigation purposes, and has secured the approval _ of his plan and appropriation by the state board of irrigation, and was using his .said reservoirs and ditches for the storage and distribu- tion of such waters before said lands are entered, has a vested and accrued right within the meaning of sections \i:'M and 2340 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1437). — Rasmussen v. Blust. Supreme Court of Nebraska. 122 Northwestern SG2. APPROPRIATIONS — ABANDONMENT. — The overflow or waste, after use on defendants' land, of waters which they appropriated and brought there, was n.;; abandoned, so as to be subject to the use of others, unless there was a concurrence of intent to abandon and an actual relinquishment. — Miller v. Wheeler. Supreme Court of Wash- ington. 103 Pacific 641. "ABANDONMENT." — The mere temporary nonuse of water during one ytar subsequent to its appropriation, without intent to abandon the appropriator's right is insufficient to establish an "abandon- ment."— Land v. Johnston. Supreme Court of California. 104 Pacific 449. CONTRACTS FOR SALE OF WATER. — The owner of certain lands and water rights constructed a canal to carry the waters from his land to lower lands, and entered into contracts with the owners of such lands by which he sold and conveyed to each a certain quantity of water, measured at the canal. The contracts provided that "it is understood and agreed * * * that water as above stipulated has been actually delivered to the vendee, and that said delivery and this conveyance are accepted by vendee in full satisfaction of all obligations of vendor to vendee." All of them also provided, in effect, that "vendee hereby covenants and agrees to bear his proportionate share of taxes and all expenses of maintaining and operating said canal system and all water sources and water rights and structures that may . be connected therewith." Held, that such contracts must be construed to require the vendor to furnish continuously the stipulated quantity of water, and the covenants of the vendees to bear a proportionate share of the expenses related to the expenses of delivery only, and did not bind them to contribute to the expense of producing the water, or procuring additional sources of supply, when by reason of drouth the original sup- ply became inadequate to fill the contracts. — Riverside Trust Co., Ltd., v. East Riverside Water Co. U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals. 173 Federal 241. FAILURE TO FILE MAP. — The failure of the irrigator to file a map in the land of- fice and to secure the approval of the secretary of the interior in accordance with the act of Congress approved March 3, 1891 (Act March 3, 1891, c. 561, § 18, 26 Stat. 1101 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1570]), entitled "An act to repeal timber- culture laws, and for other purposes," and the acts supple- mentary thereto, does not destroy the privileges protected by sections 2339, 2340, Rev. St. U. S. (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1437.) Rasmussen v. Blust. Supreme Court of Nebraska. 122 Northwestern 862. CONDEMNATION BY UNITED STATES. — In a proceeding by the United States to condemn land for reservoir purposes under Irrigation Act June 17, 1902, c. 1093, §1, 32 Stat. 388 (U. S. Comp. St. Supp. 1907, p. 511), whether a more feasible plan of irrigation than the one adopted might be devised, or some other site selected for the reservoir, is immaterial ; the determination of the proper gov- ernment authorities being conclusive. — United States v. Bur- ley. U. S. Circuit Court, Idaho, Central District. 172 Fed- eral 615. OVERFLOW THROUGH A BREACH. — Defendant by the negligent construction of the works by which it diverted water from the Colorado river into its irrigation canal caused an overflow through a breach in the bank, creating a lake in the Salton Basin, which covered and practically destroyed the value of complainant's property sit- uated in the basin. In a suit by complainant it vras awarded damages for the injury, and also an injunction restraining defendant from diverting water from the river in excess of the substantial needs of the people dependant on its canal, from permitting any waste water to flow on or over complain- ant's land, or into the lake in such amount as would "sub- Continued on page 181.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. 169 Irrigation by Deep Well Pumping E. B. KIEISTZ, NILES, CAL.* "Reclaim the Deserts" and "Make Homes on the Land." These are two of the four cardinal objects of this Irrigation Congress and they can be accomplished only through irrigation. It behooves us, therefore, to give publicity to any method of irrigation which has been found practical by ihorough trials, and the more general use of which will make large areas of our arid and semi-arid western coun- try of greatly increased value and productiveness. A great deal of our land can and is being irrigated by the gravity system, but in all districts supplied by this system there are large areas of fertile land, that, owing to the contour of the land, can not be irrigated with grav- ity water, but have an abundant supply of waer below the surface within a practical depth or lift of deep well pumps. In view of the fact that there are such large areas that can only be irrigated by deep well pumping and the consequent important part this method will play in the development of the West, and as suitable machinery for this method of irrigation is of comparatively recent de- sign and manufacture, it is particularly opportune that we should give to this subject our serious consideration. Deep well pumping, as the term is generally used and accepted, means pumping from a source below the surface beyond suction limit. Until recent years, if water could not be secured within the suction limit is was not consid- ered a feasible proposition to attempt to pump water for irrigation purposes. But it had been shown what could be done by irrigation, and this was an incentive for those own- ing land that could not be supplied by other systems to ir- rigate also. Their only altern.itive was deep well pumping. Hence a great need was felt for a pump that would de- liver an irrigating head from below suction limit to or above the surface efficiently and make irrigation, under these conditions, practical and profitable. Such a pump, it was fully realized, would prove of unknown value in devel- oping arid and semi-arid lands. The ordinary type of double deep well plunger pump was found to be impracticable for this work because each bucket completed its stroke at the instant the other com- menced and both were on the dead center at the same time, causing a stoppage in the upward flow of the water and the necessity of starting the long water column from rest twice in each revolution of the pump, and that both clappers must close under the full pressure of the water column. The load on the buckets changing instantly from nothing to full load twice in each revolution caused r heavy shock or water hammer on the moving parts, and not only shortened the life of the pump, but a large part of the useful power applied was wasted in starting the water column from rest at the end of each stroke. To overcome this obstacle in deep well pumping it was realized that it would be necessary to construct a double plunger pump that would produce a continuous stream of water from deep bored or dug wells efficiently. To meet this demand a type of pump was designed since known as the double plunger continuous flow deep well pump. This type of pump overcame all the foregoing objections by keeping the water column in constant motion upward, without stopping at each stroke, thus permitting high piston speed and great capacity, a saving of the power lost in starting the water column from rest and eliminating the shocks on the moving parts. This is accomplished by a patented two sets of eccentric gearing in each powerhead, each bucket in the cylinder in the well being connected to the crankpin of a gear by steel rods. Each gear is on a separate shaft, independent of the other, and driven by a long double eccentric pinion. Both pin- ions are keyed fast on the same pinion shaft. Uniform revolution of the pinion shaft produces uniform upward motion of the buckets, but the down stroke is made in less time than the up stroke. As the upper bucket carries the load up, the lower •Address delivered at Seventeenth National Irrigation Congress. bucket, with clapper wide open, travels down at a higher speed, passes the lower dead center, and travels part of its up stroke before the upper bucket has passed the upper dead center. As the lower bucket rises, it reaches a point where its speed is exactly equal to the speed of the upper bucket, when the lower clapper closes, and the lower bucket takes the load. As the lower bucket is then travel- ing at exactly the same speed as the upper bucket, and consequently at the same speed as the water column, it follows that it takes the load without shock, no matter what the piston speed may be. It is like giving a push to a moving body instead of starting the same body from rest. This action of the valves, termed lap, takes place with each bucket alternately, or twice in each revolution of the pump, and this combination of a spur gear with a crankpin :s the simplest and most efficient known way of producing such action. There are no cams, levers or exposed sliding surfaces and in combination with the other mechanical features of these pumps is the best and most economical way of pumping water. This design not only gave great efficiency, but dura- bility as well because there is no undue strain on any part in operating. These are two all important points in deep well pumping for irrigation as the cost of irrigation by pumping is not the cost of the initial installation, but is the cost of operation and maintenance, which the above described type of pump reduces to the minimum, attaining an efficiency as high as 70 to 80 per cent. With this perfection of suitable machinery by which deep well pumping for irrigation was made successful and extremely profitable, this system of irrigation has come to be preferred even where gravity water is available. The reasons for this are: A person owning his own irrigation plant is more independent, he can irrigate when he wants to and when he can do so to the best advantage; the water is pure and free and there is no danger of scattering the seeds of obnoxious weeds and plants, which are liable to ruin any crop; there is no loss from evaporation and seepage. The first thing to consider in deep well pumping is an adequate water supply usually procured from bored wells. All over our western country there is a large supply of water below ground which only needs to be brought to the surface to transform the barren plains into gardens of productiveness. The wells should be bored large for two reasons: First — It gives more area for the water to get into the well. Second — A larger cylinder can be used which will deliver a greater amount of water. The largest diameter of cylinder that can be used in a 10-inch well is 8-inch, using 9-inch O. D. casing for column pipe and having a capacity of 300 gallons per minute. A 9-inch cylinder can be used in a 12-inch well using 10-inch O. D casing for column pipe with a capacity of 400 gallons per minute, or a 11-inch cylinder using 12-inch O. D. casing for column pipe in a 14-inch well with a capacity of 600 gallons per minute. The well should be cased and casing perforated at each water strata, either before or after the casing is put into the well. It is much the better plan to perforate the casing in the flat before it is rolled. As will be noted from above, in all installations of deep well pumps, the pump column pipe in well connecting cylinder in well to powerhead at surface is of larger inside diameter than the cylinder. This allows the valves to be pulled for repairs without taking the pump column put of the well, and the large pipe also reduces the friction to the minimum. The pumps deliver either at the surface or through long pipe lines at high heads above the surface, as desired. The hydrostatic pressure of water is 335^ feet, that is water will rise to a height of Zy/z feet, in a perfect vacuum, at sea level, but in practice, with the most perfect of suc- tion pumps, it is necessary to place the pump within 20 feet of the water level when pumping, in order to operate. This is impractical when the water level is at a great dis- tance below the surface. Pits are sometimes dug to place centrifugal pumps within the suction limit, but there are two objections to this method: First — The cost of the expensive pit. Second — The necessary low efficiency of the centrifugal pump makes the cost of operating exces- sive. 170 THE IERIQATION AGE. A complete well pump consists of the power head carrying the driving pulley, gearing and piston rods; the cylinder and valves; the inside and outside pump rods connecting the buckets with the power head at surface, the guides on the outside rod, and the pump column con- necting the cylinder with the pump head at surface. The check valve, discharge elbow, discharge pipe, air chamber, pipe line above surface and other fittings as needed. The power head is placed on the surface of the ground and may be driven by steam or gasoline or electric motor, belt driven or direct connected. The driving pulley is furnished to suit the type and speed of the motive pow- ers, using a friction clutch pulley when driven by engine or jack shaft, or a plain tight pulley when driven by electric motor. The cylinder is placed at a point in the well where it is always submerged and requires no priming. In all cases the work is done in one lift from water level to point of discharge, no matter how deep the water level below the surface or how high the point of discharge. No expensive pit is required to bring the pump within suction distance of the water, as in all centrifugal or plunger pumps depending on suction. It is very hard to give the exact cost of irrigation by pumping, because of the varying conditions, and I do not know that I could do better than to explain what deep well pumping has done for California. I merely mention this state because I am more familiar with it than others, and what has been accomplished in California by this method can be repeated all over the western country. Up to eight or ten years ago irrigation was unknown there, except by the gravity system and centrifugal pumps which were expensive to operate. But as soon as the deep well pumps were introduced and proved successful they at once came into prominence and they are now used almost exclusively in California. In the past six years hundreds of deep well pumps have been installed in Cali- fornia with capacities ranging from 100 to 600 gallons per minute. There being an abundance of water, the use of deep well pumps has made gardens out of sections of California that for many years was looked upon as only good for grazing and for raising grain on a wet year. Land in these sections eight to ten years ago sold at $5 to $8 per acre; it is now selling at $150 to $200 per acre unimproved, brought about by the fact that they know by boring wells, and installing deep well pumps their water supply is assured and their land made valuable and productive. If this had not been demonstrated by the use of deep well pumps, this land would still be worth only $5 to $8 per acre, as it would still be only grazing or wheat land. Orange orchards in California, five or six years old, that have been properly cared for, produce from $150 to as high as $500 per acre per year, and the grower in some few in- stances has received as high as $1,000 per acre, but this of course is exceptional. It is not uncommon to net $300 per acre from a 6-year old orchard and it would not be looked upon as anything to attract particular attention. I merely mention these facts to show what irrigation, through deep well pumping, has done for one state in our great West. In most districts in California where deep well pumps are employed, the water stands all the way from 50 feet to 300 feet from the surface, and in many installations of deep well pumps the cylinder is placed 300 feet below the surface and water has been pumped very successfully from these depths. Until recently water at this depth would not be considered as available for irrigation purposes, but it is thought nothing of at this time. There is a great deal of land in California, not irrigated as yet, where the water will have to be lifted not less than 200 feet and from thaf up to 300 and 400 feet, and this will all have to be irri- gated by deep well pumps. In many places pumps are kept in comnvssion all winter ready to operate at a moment's notice, especially in sections where there is apt to be frost, as it has been found that the water pumped from below the surface, being much warmer than the atmosphere, and run through the or- chards on a cold night, forms a mist or fog which lies like a blanket over the whole orchard and prevents frost from affecting the trees or fruit. It is used instead of smudge pots, as it has been found much cheaper and quicker and more efficient than the old method. Self reg- istering thermometers are installed which ring a bell as soon as the temperature in the orchard has fallen to the danger point, and in 30 minutes from that time there is water through every furrow in the orchard and the tem- perature has risen about 5°. This system has proven suc- cessful wherever tried, no fruit being lost by frost. From the foregoing it will be seen that deep well pumping has proven successful wherever tried. While still in its infancy deep well pumping for irrigation has accomplished a great deal in reclaiming arid and semi-arid, lands, and as there is a spirit in this congress of "Let all profit by our experience," I wish to leave with you this account, showing what this system can be made to do to "Reclaim the Deserts and Make Homes on the Land," that our great and beautiful western country of the land we know and love may come into its own, and let us work together to accomplish this through irrigation by the sys- tem best suited to the existing conditions. ALKALIED LANDS. In the November circular issued by the Colorado Agricultural College is an article of considerable interest relating to the reclamation of lands whereon alkalies have interfered or wholly prohibited the raising of crops. In connection with this problem, Prof. E. B. House offers the following suggestion: "Considerable areas in the State of Colorado have become in late years strongly alkalied. Good crops used to be grown on this land, but as time has passed irriga- tion waters have been poured upon the land year after year, the water table has risen, and gradually the alkali has worked to the surface as the water from below has risen by capillary attraction and evaporation. The ground has gradually whitened, yields have decreased year after year, the growth of "Alakli Weed" has increased, and finally the land has been abandoned because it would not pay. "This question is then asked by the farmer: What can I do to redeem this land? The answer for most cases is as follows: Drain it, flood it, and give it deep cultiva- tion. Draining it lowers the water table. Flooding it dis- solves the alkali crust at the surface and carries it away in solution, or carries it downward to the drains and it passes away through them. Deep plowing and cultivation mixes what remains through the upper foot of soil instead of leaving it at the surface. Good crops can now be grown. Some of the very worst alkalied lands in the world have been redeemed in this way. 'But,' says the farmer, 'I'm a busy man, money is scarce, and it takes time, work, and money to drain a field.' "True, farmer, all very true, and now that winter is coming on and the ground will soon be frozen, let me suggest this as a temporary remedy: Next spring, when the water is turned into your ditch, put on your gum boots, get out with your shovel, and give this land a thorough flooding. As soon as it then becomes dry enough to plow, plow it good and deep, plant your oats, or wheat, or po- tatoes, and although by this flooding you raise the water table and the alkali begins to collect at the surface again, yet before it collects in sufficient quantities to do any real damage, your crop will have matured and a good crop harvested. IRON HEAD&ATES. The twenty-acre model Irrigated farm at the Seventeenth National Irrigation Congress, at Spokane last year, proved a most instructive and interesting exhibit. One of the strong points brought to the attention of irrigation companies and irrigators was that to have a water supply absolutely safe and under perfect control, iron headgates must be used in the reservoirs and irrigating ditches. Old-fashioned wooden gates, besides being unreliable and unhandy, are responsible for the wasting of much valuable water by the individual irrlgrator. The company's water sup- ply and the farmer's crops are never safe where wooden gates are used, because wooden gates invariably fail and wash out just when the water is needed to save a burning crop. The gates used on the demonstration farm were "North- western Iron Headgates." They demonstrated their advan- tages over wooden gates so completely that it is a question of only a few years when every up-to-date farm will be equipped with Iron headgates. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 171 Reclamation Notes COLORADO. In the Syloam and Boggs flats country near Florence farmers are irrigating by pumping with success. The Henrylyn irrigation district has begun condemna- tion proceedings against the Western Land Company to obtain title for its west reservoir of canal No. 2. The Greeley-Ppudre irrigation district has recently let the contract to Kingsbury Bros, for the construction of the March reservoir in the center of the district, 12 miles east of Ault. Farmers in the Hardscrabble country have organized an irrigation district composed of 20 000 acres. Filings have been made on water of Hardscrabble creek and reser- voir sites have been surveyed. Announcement is made that the immense project in Routt county in which La Fayette Hughes, son of Senator Charles J. Hughes, is interested, has been financed and that contracts will be let shortly for construction work. The Denver Reservoir Irrigation Company has re- cently purchased 20,000 acres in southwestern Weld county. With its auxiliaries this company now controls 125,000 acres and has rights to 400,000 acre feet of water. Colorado Springs capitalists are interested in a project for the reclamation of 30,000 acres near Breed, six miles north of Colorado Springs. Reservoirs will be constructed on Cottonwood creek. H. B. Neff of Colorado Springs is interested. The entire bond issue of the Laramie Poudre Reser- voir & Irrigation Company, amounting to $5,100,000, is said to have been sold to Parson, Son & Co., of Chicago. E. A. Camfield recently stated that contracts were to be let and actual work begun at once. Farmers owning 50,000 acres in the district to be watered by the Purgatoire Irrigation Development Com- pany's system have approved the plans for organization and construction. State Treasurer A. E. Bent is inter- esting himself in this project. Contracts for extending the Sunnyside canal for a dis- tance of eighteen miles east of Hudson have been let at a cost of $500,000. It is claimed that the total amount re- quired for construction purposes and purchase of land as now outlined by the company will aggregate $2,500,000. Canon City fruit growers have interested Colorado Springs capitalists in a proposition to reclaim 1,400 acres of land by the use of hot water from the natural springs. It is claimed that this hot water will not only prevent frosts but will supply moisture for crops. Two reservoirs will be constructed. Thomas C. Pease of Denver is fiscal agent. The Kiowa Valley Reservoir and Irrigation Company has recentlj' filed maps of 20,000 acres in Arapahoe and Elbert counties, twenty miles from Denver, which it is proposed to irrigate at a cost of $500,000. Lee A. Rey- nolds has promoted the company and A. E. Jackson is gen- eral manager. C. D. Griffith, H. S. Coovey, Arthur Keenan and others are interested. Four reservoirs will be con- structed. J. A. Tuttman of Montrose is interested in an irriga- tion project in Custer county, plans for which have re- cently been made public. It is proposed to irrigate 12,000 acres in the southwest end of Wet Mountain valley by water from San creek, one of the strong flowing streams in the Sangrede Cristo range. A dam will be constructed at the head of the creek and water will be carried down the east slope of the mountain. The project is said to be financed. The Bear River Irrigation and Construction Company, with a capital of $500,000, has been incorporated. It is proposed to construct an irrigation system in Routt county to reclaim 60000 acres lying south of Hayden. Water will be taken from Bear creek below Steamboat Springs, also from Trout and Grassy creeks. George Bancroft is the engineer in charge. The cost of the project is esti- mated at $1,000,000. Incorporates are T. E. Garrett R G. Bardwell and Wm. Jameson, all of Denver. In connection with the contract as let by the Henrylyn district for the construction of its system at a cost of about $4,500,000 to the Camfield Development Company, it is stated that there is a controversy between the Henrylyn Company and the Denver Irrigation Company over the control of land in the Henrylyn district. Stockholders in the Henrylyn company charge that the Denver Reservoir & Irrigation Company is trying to defeat its plans. Stock- nolders in the Henrylyn district will be called upon to vote bonds for the construction work as contracted for with the Camfield Development Company. The Colorado Construction Company has recently re- ceived from its engineer, Herbert Badger, a complete set of maps for the "Narrows" project on the Platte river. By these plans it is proposed to construct a reservoir at the Narrows and to conduct water through ditches to sev- eral smaller supply basins. Land in Morgan, Phillips and Logan counties,1 aggregating nearly 1,000,000 acres, may be watered by extension of this system. It is claimed that construction work will cost $11,000.000. One obstacle that must be overcome is the changing of the route of the Union Pacific railroad through Weldon valley. CAUrOBXTXA. The California Irrigated Lands Company has recently purchased 10.000 acres adjoining the Sunset colony, near Gridley. At the annual meeting of the Azuza Irrigation Com- pany. W. R. Powell was elected president and W. W. Heth, vice-president. J. S. & W. S. Kuhn of Pittsburg have offered for sale $2,000,000 in bonds of the Sacramento Valley Irrigation Company. This company controls about 100,000 acres in the Sacramento valley. At the annual election of the Covina irrigation dis- trict the following directors were chosen: A P. Kerck- hoff, J. R. Elliott, J. H. Coolman, E. H. Lehee, J. H. Houser, G. D. Jennings, J. B. Coulson and J. G. Am- brose. Late in December the Turlock Garden Land Company, with capital stock of $32,000, was incorporated with head- quarters at San Mateo. It is said that the company owns about 6,000 acres under irrigation. E. E. Fitzpatrick is president; E. A. Husing is secretary. Both ends of East Park dam, Orland irrigation project, are completed to an elevation of 32 feet above the bed of the stream. Between these portions there is a gap through which the ordinary floods will pass. A storm from Decem- ber 4 to December 8, with its subsequent floods, delayed operations for ten day's. Reports from Los Angeles regarding the Santa Anna Valley Irrigation Company state that it is proposed to revise the by-laws and increase the capital stock from $100,000 to $250,000. Land owners in this district will vote upon the proposition. It is proposed to use the additional funds for development work. By an almost unanimous vote the stockholders of the South San Joaquin district have authorized their directors to issue bonds in the amount of $1,875,000 for the purpose of reclaiming approximately 70,000 acres. A complete sys- tem of reservoirs and canals is to be constructed in the southern end of San Joaquin county. It is reported that the California Corporation of Sac- ramento has recently paid $200,000 for a controlling inter- est in the Mokelumne Canal Company. This concern holds properties in San Joaquin with about 100 miles of laterals. The project was begun in 1891. H. H. Hender- son has, until the present time, owned the majority of stock. Engineer W. G. Hunter has submitted a report to the board of supervisors at Stockton in regard to the "Bellota Flood Problem." He recommends the construction of a reservoir in Calaveras county for the storage of waters and to control the freshets of the river. This reservoir, accord- 172 THE IRRIGATION AGE. ing to plans, will have a capacity of 80,000 acre feet. En- gineer Hunter also recommends investigation of the project for the diversion of Little John creek into the canal of the South San Joaquin irrigation district. Articles of incorporation for the Sierra Irrigation Company with a capital of $3,000,000 have been filed at Red Bluff. The principal offices of the company are at San Francisco, but operations will be directed from Red Bluff. The company was first organized as the Valley Ir- rigation Company, but it was decided to change the name. Several directors of the Antelope Water Company are said to be interested. Incorporates are as follows: H. C. Swain, O. C. Coombs, Alva Dennie, W. L. Bransford, T. J. Wells, all of Red Bluff. KONTANA. Farmers in the Tobacco Plains region in Lincoln county are planning for the organization of an irrigation district. Preliminary surveys have been made. It is proposed to construct a system to insure adequate water supply. Press reports from La Crosse, Wis., state that W. S. Cargill and W. W. Withee, promoters of the irrigation project at Valier, have arranged for a $3,000,000 bond issue and that a Chicago bonding house has taken the securities. Lewis W. Hill, president of the Great Northern Rail- road Company, is giving his support to the movement requesting the government to abandon its Milk River project in the northern part of the state. Mr. Hill is re- ported to have declared that the project could be easily financed through a bond issue by a private company. Engineers for the Great Northern Railway are said to have made an exhaustive estimate of cost. Local senti- ment is favorable to his plan. H. N. Savage, chief engineer of the United States Reclamation Service, has filed on water rights on the Flathead reservation for the irrigation of 54,000 acres. This district is in the western part of the state. Much of the water will come from Pend Oreille river and a small amount from Mud creek. After conveying the water through several tunnels it will be raised by turbines to the arable land It is estimated that the cost of con- struction work will be between $2,000,000 and $3,000,000. IDAHO. It is announced that the Salmon River Land & Irri- gation Company, having a tract of 5.000 acres in Custer county, has been financed. Spokane capitalists are in- terested. The application of the Idaho Irrigation Company for segregation of 9,000 acres under the Carey Act has been approved. Contract figure is $50 per acre for low land and $60 per acre for high land. The lands lie sixteen miles southwest of Caldwell. Owners of land watered by the Owyhee ditch in the Boise-Owyhee project held a meeting recently for the purpose of discussing organization. It is said that senti- ment was favorable. Steps will be taken shortly tending to the formation of an irrigation district. Water users under the Canyon canal near Emmett have decided to organize an irrigation district to take over this canal, which will be completed early in the spring. Officers are: R. B. Wilson, president; H. S. Worthman. vice-president, and V. T. Craig, secretary and treasurer. It is reported that the Twin Falls-Raft River irri- gation project has been financed, and that work will com- mence on the dam early next spring. The company has a tract of 96,000 acres in southern Idaho, and has head- quarters at Rupert. A land drawing will be held before the close of 1910. Surveyors for the Reclamation Service have been in- vestigating the head waters of the Boise river for the purpose of locating reservoir sites to provide a supply for the Payette-Boise project. Large tracts of land in the headwaters of the river near Centerville have been withdrawn from entry. The final steps in the organization of the Jump dis- trict near Caldwell has been consummated. At a recent election Charles McCord and C. S. Faurot were elected directors, while there was a tie vote between George Hum- rickhouse and Charles E. Tabor. Contracts for construc- tion of a canal are now being signed. There are some matters to be adjusted with the Succor Creek land own- ers, but it is claimed that these will be easily arranged. At the annual election of the Portneuf-Marsh Valley Irrigation Company at Downey the following officers were elected: D. W. Stanrod, president; Jos. Burns, vice- president and general manager; T. M. Edwards, secretary, and Geo. T. Hyde, treasurer. In addition to these the following directors were chosen: H. O. Harkness, Louis E. Wettling, of Lincoln, Neb., and Paul H. Marley of Mason City, Neb. Work on the canal will be resumed at once. J. E. Lane has announced that work on the dam across the Snake river above American Falls will be begun within twelve months. This project involves an expenditure of $20,000,000 and will supply water to 600,000 acres in the Owyhee district north of the Idaho-Nevada line. The Kuhn-Buhl syndicate of Pittsburg is financing the project. By enlargement of the south side canal sys- tem to three times the present capacity it is proposed to reclaim a vast acreage. The dam will be 70 feet in height. NEW MEXICO. J. E. Eddington, who applied for water-rights on the Penasco river in Eddy county for power purposes has been refused because of failure to comply with the law. As a result of the controversy over the appropriation of water from the Pecos river, the matter has been car- ried into the courts at Albuquerque by the Reclamation Service, A. A. Jones and his associates, and the Las Vegas land grant claim rights. Territorial Engineer Sullivan is listening to the testimony. Territorial Engineer Sullivan has approved the ap- plication as presented by J. Turley, civil engineer, for 640 second feet of the San Juan river in San Juan county near the Colorado line. The company represented by Mr. Tur- ley proposes the reclamation of 25,000 acres of valley and mesa lands. Part of the water will be diverted into the main canal for the valley lands and about 40 second feet will be elevated to the mesa lands. The Portales Irrigation Company has filed articles of incorporation showing capital stock of $875.000. Land owners representing 10,000 acres have approved the plan of organization. Engineers are now working on plans and specifications. The incorporators and directors are as follows: John A. Fairley, Geo. L. Reece, W. E. Lind- sey, Robt. Hicks, Thos. Molinari, S. A. Morrison, Hobson Jones. Mr. Lindsey is president and Mr. Molinari is sec- retary. It is reported that the final survey on the line of the Eden canal near Aztec has been completed and that actual construction of this high line canal will be begun within a few weeks. The ditch will be about 40 miles in length and will reclaim 40.000 acres on the east side of the Animas river and nearly 80,000 acres on the west side of this river where the line runs into the La Plata valley. W. G. Black of Aztec is reported to have interested Den- ver and New York capitalists and to have arranged the finances. Water costs are estimated at $40 per acre. Business men and land owners near Melrose are in- terested in a proposition for the construction of a $450,000 irrigation plant. Mr. L. Y. Fuller recently submitted a proposition whereby he would insure the construction of this plant providing farmers contracted for water at_a specified rate. While there are nearly 100,000 acres avail- able for irrigation it is claimed that about 15,000 acres have already been pledged. It is proposed to construct a plant with three 500-K. W. generators and three 750- H. P. engines to pump the water. There is great interest in this project and it is claimed that farmers in nearby districts are planning organizations for similar purposes. f. Send $2.50 for the Irrigation Age I year, and ,s. X cloth bound copy of the Primer of Irrigation £ A •:• THE IRRIGATION AGE. 173 OREGON. A company which was formed near La Grand, Union county, within the past year is now building canals for irrigation purposes, and is about to close a contract for the construction of a dam at Meadow Brook. This will store water to supply 35,000 acres in Grande Ronde valley. At a special meeting of the stockholders of the Owy- hee Ditch Company to consider the proposition of joining the Malheur irrigation district, a resolution was adopted agreeing to join the district provided the Owyhee set- tlers' prior rights were recognized in case of shortage of water. Similar action was taken by the stockholders of the Nevada Ditch Company at a meeting held recently. Engineers employed by settlers in Crook county have recently completed surveys for a reservoir at Cres- cent Lake on the Upper Deschutes river. Application for rights has been submitted to the Secretary of the In- terior, Crescent Lake being located in the national forest reserve. James John, president of the Hartman Prospect Com- pany of Pendleton, is of the opinion that by proper con- struction work many thousands of acres of land may be irrigated by waters from McKay and Birch creeks. He proposes to interest the commercial association in the formation of an irrigation company. A company known as the Fall River Irrigation Com- pany is planning the reclamation of 2,000 acres near Bend. Land owners are stockholders. The following are interested: M. J. M'ain, John Usher, A. D. Lewis, John Peters, Joe Hoffman, Bob Bowser and Harold Palmer. The main canal will be about six miles long. Early next spring the Powder Valley Irrigation Com- pany will begin work on two reservoirs in the Powder River valley, seven miles east of North Powder, and twenty miles north of Baker City. The company pro- poses another reservoir about thirty miles northeast of Baker City. The system will irrigate 65,000 acres on both sides of the Powder river. The Western Umatilla Water Users' Association has been incorporated with capital stock of $10,000. The com- pany is composed of settlers with holdings under the Western Land & Irrigation Company's project. Directors are: C. D. Teal, president; R. C. Canfield, vice-president; J. W. Campbell, secretary, and Thomas Hurlburt. treas- urer. About 10,000 acres, west of the Umatilla river are represented in this organization. In financial circles it is reported that the Deschutes Irrigation & Power Company will be unable to float a new bond issue as originally proposed. By payment of bond interest a foreclosure is avoided, but it is said that the company will be reorganized as outlined several months ago. In a recent announcement sent to stock- holders by the secretary it was stated that new officers would be elected at the January meeting. The Oregon, Washington and Idaho Finance Com- pany, which has recently taken over the Columbia South- ern Irrigation Company, has secured signatures to con- tracts and will complete the original project. A dam will be constructed to store waters for about 45,000 acres. Officers of the company are as follows: President, Otis H. Wright; secretary, A. D. Katz; vice-president and treasurer, H. B. Steel of Van Couver, Washington. Pending litigation over the title to the grant lands of the Dallas Military Wagon Road Company the Eastern Oregon Land Company is planning the development of water power on the Deschutes. Test points are now be- ing sunk and it is proposed to construct a dam more than 1,000 feet in length to raise the water of the river 140 feet. Balfour. Guthrey & Co., are fiscal agents, and Whistler & Stubblefield are engineers in charge of pre- liminary work. W. H. Bradford. E. C. Belknap and Chas. H. Glein have filed articles of incorporation at Portland for the Warner Lake Irrigation Company. Under its plan the company proposes reclamation work in Warner Valley, Lake and Harney counties, to cost $250,000. The com- pany also proposes to operate electric railways and de- velop electricity for power purposes. Offices will be at Portland. About 97,000 acres are available for irrigation in this district. THE KEWANEE SIPHON PUMP for IRRIGATION and DRAINAGE Power Applied To Siphon Requires H to H less power than any other pump. No runners, plungers, valves or pistons. Will pump sand or gravel. Many in operation. An absolute success. Pumping capacity VO to 35,000 gallons per minute. 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The majority of the stockholders are said to favor the plan. The Hatchtown State Reservoir project in Garfield county is nearing completion and it is reported that water will be supplied for the 1910 season. Funds for this proj- ect were taken from the Reservoir Land Grant and as the land is sold the money is returned to the State. Litigation between the city of Salt Lake and the East Jordan Canal and Irrigation Company is now pending be- fore Judge M. L. Ritchey. The city attempts to condemn a right of way through the East Jordan canal. The irri- gation company is fighting to prevent condemnation. The Pneumatic Water Lift Company, formed for the purpose of exploiting an apparatus for the elevation of water, has filed articles of incorporation at Ogden. Capi- tal stock is placed at $100,000. E. G. McGrif is president and C. D. Ives, secretary and treasurer. J. Lauritzen of Richfield is promoting a project to reclaim land in that vicinity by storing waters of the Virgin river. He is said to have interested Chicago capitalists. Another project for the reclamation of 50,- 000 acres with water from the Virgin river has been pro- nounced feasible by engineers and it is claimed that pro- moters are now trying to secure funds. The Pacific Land and Water company has filed articles of incorporation with capital stock at $300,000. It is proposed to reclaim 40,000 acres in the northwestern part of Utah, and the southern part of Idaho. This dis- trict is commonly known as the Emery tract in Box Elder county. Following are the officers: James H. Pat- erson, president; Robert A. Lafount, vice-president; C. N. Strevell, secretary; F. A. Druehl, treasurer, and Harold A. Lafount of Logan, general manager. The active man- agement of the company will be with Mr. Lafount at Logan. Utah capital is interested in a $3,000.000 project known as the Truckee-California Irrigation Company for the reclamation of an immense tract of land in Nevada. O. B. Bercrland of Gunnison is president and W. G. Tollestrup of Salt Lake City is secretary. It is planned to tap Inde- pendence lake not far from Floriston, Nevada, and carry the water down Independence creek to be stored at the Junction of the latter stream with the Little Truckee river from whence it will be sent through a canal to a dis- tribution point near White Lake. Lands to be reclaimed are in the vicinity of Reno. Plans for construction call for a 6,000-ft. tunnel. WASHINGTON. The Lower Yakima Irrigation Company of Richmond has added 100 acres of land to its project. Two new pumping plants will be installed. It is announced that the Post Falls irrigation project will be completed by June first of this year. The total cost of the work is estimated at $1,000,000. The Okanogan Irrigation & Improvement Company pro- poses to begin active work, on its high line ditch in the spring. The project will irrigate 14,000 acres. C. P. Devine has filed on the waters of Winas creek and proposes to carry a supply through a ten mile system of canals to irrigate a large tract of land. The irrigation company at Kennewich has secured an additional '2,000 acres which it proposes to irrigate by pump- ing. New machinery will be installed in the plant. Spokane men are said to have purchased 900 acres in the vicinity of Hell Gate with the intention of installing a pump- ing plant for irrigation. The capital of the new company is $50,000. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 175 A. M. Ham has instituted suit against the Grapeland Irrigation district for $12,105 alleged to be due as principal and interest on the district's bond issue in 1887 under the Wright Act. The Plaouse Irrigation & Power Company is said to be considering the advisability of reviving the Palouse irrigation project. Extensive surveys for this project have been made at various times. The Quincy Valley Water Users Association in which owners of 2,000 acres of land in Grant County near Quincy and Ephreta are interested has recently filed on the waters of Pend Oreillo river near Newport, 46 miles north of Spokane. Cost of the work is estimated at $20,000,000. The Hanford Irrigation & Power Company, from its headquarters at the foot of Priest Rapids on the Columbia river, is planning for extensive construction work early in the spring. The work involves the expenditure of $1,000,000 and the building of a high line ditch to irrigate 15,000 acres in the valley west of White Bluffs. Kilbourne and Clarke of Seattle have been awarded the contract for construction of a pumping plant for the Columbia River Orchard company near Wahluke. The contract calls for an electrically driven plant with a capacity of 40,000 gal- lons per minute. This supply is believed to be adequate for the irrigation of a 10,000 acre tract. W. S. Gamble is authority for the statement that the cost of the proposed tunnel under the Cascade canal about five miles west of Ellensburg will not exceed $300,000. This esti- nate is based on the report submitted by Engineer Harry Riddell. Stockholders of the canal company are seriously considering the advisability of this construction work. A proposition for the improvement of the present canals is also before the board of directors. Owners of 50,000 acres in the vicinity of North Yakima are planning to petition Secretary Ballinger for permission to levy an assessment of $1.00 per acre to construct a high line canal. The proposed ditch would be an extension of the one already begun in Kittitas county and would be brought down through the hills to Selah valley and thence through the Moxee valley to the Sunnyside canal. Storage dams may be constructed at Lakes Katches and Kitchles. Canal construction on the Tieton unit of the Yakima proj- ; ect will be sufficiently advanced during the irrigation season of 1910 to allow the furnishing of flood water to approxi- mately 10,000 acres in Yakima county. The secretary of the interior has granted authority to' furnish this flood water on' a water rental bisis in the irrigation season of 1910, at the rate of $1.50 per acre for the season to those water users within the first unit of the Tieton project who make applica- tion for such service before March 1, 1910. • The secretary of the interior has formally approved a plan whereby the Reclamation Service may undertake to furnish water to about 2,200 acres of land in the vicinity of Prosser, during the season of 1911. The conditions to be complied' with in general are as follows : 1. That the building charge for lands which have a water right from the Prosser Falls Land and Power com- pany as shown by the abstract of title and reports of the com- pany which have been submitted to the office of the Reclama- tion Service at North Yakima, be fixed at $31 per acre; that the building charge to lands without water right be fixed at $52_per acre, the same as for other lands in the Sunnyside project, and that the operation and maintenance charges for all such lands be the same as fixed from time to time for other lands in the Sunnyside project. 2. That before construction is authorized at least 90 per cent of the lands having a Prosser Falls Land and Power Company's water right, and 90 per cent of the lands having no such water right, or a total amount of land which will give an equivalent return in money on the basis of such building charges, must be subscribed for in the Sunnyside Water Users' Association, and the town of Prosser must enter into a proper contract with the United States for the supplying of the town with water for irrigation purposes sub- ject to the stipulation that should the town secure the release to the United States of 2J4 cubic feet of water per second, being part of the five cubic feet of water per second held by the Prosser Falls Land and Power Company for irrigation purposes, the town of Prosser will receive a credit on account of the charges under such contract to the extent of $2,900. GOVERNMENT FARM Before they are all gone You get from Uncle Sam either a 320- acre farm, FREE, or an irrigated farm for the mere per capita cost of the irrigation system 320-acre Farms Free The LJ. S. Government is now offering over three million acres of homestead lands in eastern Wyoming, along the Burlington Route, under the new Mondell homestead law permitting settlers to take 320 acres instead of the usual 160-acre homestead. These lands are ideal for dry farm- ing and hundreds of farmers have made a suc- cess of this method of farming in the locality where these lands are located. Irrigated Government Lands In The Big Horn Basin and Yellow- stone Valley where rich productive lands with perpetual water right may be purchased for about one-half the cost of land in the central states and where the water can be turned on and off the land to suit the convenience of the farmer, and where you are not bothered with rain during harvest; where a single crop can be made to pay for the land; where 50 bushels of wheat and 75 bushels of oats commonly grow to the acre. Don't Wait Longer, But Get a Home To-day These lands are being rapidly taken up and ere long all of the Government lands will be gone. Thereafter land will be possible of ac- quirement only at prices phenomenally high com- pared to those of to-day. OUR PERSONALLY CONDUCTED EX- CURSIONS on the first and third Tuesday of each month and cheap homeseekers' tickets, on those dates, allowing stop-overs in both direc- tions, will give you an opportunity to examine the irrigated lands and the Mondell lands on one trip. OUR NEW FOLDERS WITH MAPS, show- ing the location of all of the above-mentioned lands and explaining in detail the crops raised, the natural resources of each locality, and the method of procedure to acquire title, will be sent to you, free for the asking. Write for them to- day. Free for. the asking. D. CLEM DEAVER, General Agent, Burlington Route Landseekers' Information Bureau 137 Q. Building, OMAHA, NEB. N. B. The winter weather in the Big Horn Basin Country is fine and lands can usually be seen to advantage all Winter. 176 THE IERIGATION AGE. SAMSON TURBINE When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans- mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO. Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. 316 Lagonda Street ForHouse, Store, Church °rHail The"SUN" Outshines Them All "SUN" INCANDESCENT GASOLINE Lamps used with Sun Hol- __^ low Wire Pres- I sure System make O *^ A the finest light in the world. Operated by low pressure; tank can be located in cellar, attic or outside house. Lamps can be operated independently, any- one can install it. Better than gas, oil, electricity or acetylene. Maximum light at minimum cost. Restful to the eyes. Dirt, grease, smoke, odor unknown. Bracket, pendant, table and chandelier styles . Satisfaction or money back. Agents make fine Commissions Get Catalog. THE SUN VAPOR LIGHT CO. 492 Market Street CANTON, OHIO IRRKJATORS', ENlilNRHRS', PROSPECTORS' and MINERS' HIGH CUT BOOTS Expressly adapted for irrigation work. Made of the highest quality and stock. Strong, comfortable and dependable. Many styles. Protect the (eet and keep them dry. Can be secured through shoe dealers If not obtainable, write to us. For A dress shoe, wear "HONORBTJILT" F.Mayer Boot & Sloe Company Milwaukee, Wisconsin 3. A relinquishment to the United States of 25 cubic feet of water per second by the Prosser Falls Land and Power Company free of all liens, conditions or charges of any kind. 4. The securing without cost to the United States of all necessary right of way for pipe lines, canals and incidental structures for the works necessary for carrying out this agree- ment. The secretary directs the Reclamation Service that when these conditions are satisfactorily fulfilled construction of the works necessary to irrigate the Prosser lands may be under- taken, and that such construction shall be taken up in advance of the commencement of work for any pumping plants for the Sunnyside project. WYOMING. It is announced that Wm. Parson of Parson, Son & Company of Chicago, has been elected president of the Eden Irrigation & Land Company of Rock Springs. Representatives of the North Flatte Valley Irrigation Company announce that arrangements have been made to secure $2,000,000 for construction work. This com- pany owns the present La Prele irrigation system and under its project about 100,000 acres will be watered. The company also proposes to develop water power. Officers are as follows: J. P. Wilson, president; W. F. Hamilton, vice-president, and W. J. Lester, general manager. Land owners in the Parkman irrigation district were called upon to vote on an issue of $150,000 bonds for con- struction of a system, of reservoirs and canals. It is claim- ed that the supply will be adequate to irrigate 14,000 acres in Sheridan county. It is proposed to utilize the old Granger ditch. Preliminary surveys have been com- pleted. Officers of this district are as follows: President, I. McNutt; secretary, W. H. Wallace. Water will be taken from the Tungue river at a point west of Sheridan. A siphon will be necessary to carry the waters over Fool creek. Thomas B. Lentry, acting as attorney for Gist Broth- ers, La Plata county. Missouri, contractors, filed suit re- cently at Chicago against the Wyoming Land and Irriga- tion Company of that city in the municipal court asking $100,000 for breach of contract. The suit involves a ditch dug for the irrigation company at Basin, Wyo. On January 1st the government's Shoshone dam was completed to within seven feet of the finished structure, only about 600 cubic yards of masonry remaining to be laid. Forty-five feet were added to the height of the dam during December in spite of the difficulties incident to the severe winter weather. MISCELLANEOUS. The Mississippi Land Improvement Company of Brownsville, Texas, will increase its irrigation capacity by the construction of dams. About 9,000 additional acres will be brought under water. Reports from the Southern Alberta Land Company operating near Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada, state that before suspension of work the first division of the project had been about two-thirds completed. Preliminary surveys for its system of reservoirs and canals have been completed by the Gravity Irrigation Company of Hidalgo county, Texas. Active work will be begun within the next few weeks. Land owners on both sides of the California-Nevada state line are fighting over the right to waters of the Walker river. For several years this controversy has been before the courts in various forms. Land owners in the Sulphur Springs Valley near Tucson. Arizona, are experimenting with irrigation by pumping. It is claimed that these experiments have been successful and that many wells will be sunk during the coming season to provide against the annual mid-summer drought. The total amount of masonry laid in the government's Roosevelt dam, Salt River irrigation project, Arizona, up to the first of January was 295,338 cubic yards, leaving THE IRRIGATION AGE. 177 31.000 cubic yards yet to be laid. During the season of 1909 water was sold for 74,256 acres, the receipts being $70,126.25. The Chamber of Commerce at Globe, Ariz., is inter- esting itself in the San Carlos irrigation project. It is proposed to assist in organizing a company for construc- tion work. The Louisiana Irrigation & Milling Company at its annual meeting recently ratified the action of its board of directors in adopting a cash basis for water rentals to be effective early next spring. It is believed that the decrease in the canal acreage will not be more than thirty-three per cent. Experiments are now being made along the White Creek near Laoti, Kansas, to determine whether or not water for irrigation purposes can be secured from deep wells. Owing to the rigorous weather these experiments have been temporarily abandoned but it is predicted that they will be taken up again early in the spring. Work on the Yuma irrigation project, California- Arizona, during the past month has been confined prin- cipally to canal excavation. About 150 men with two steam shovels were engaged on the reservation, and 50 men with 100 head of stock were engaged on scraper work. About 18,500 cubic yards were moved with the shovels. Land owners in the Pecos Valley were called to con- ference at' Pecos, Texas, on January 26th to discuss methods of organization and co-operation in the conserva- tion, distribution and diversion of waters available for ir- rigation. Many matters of importance to organized dis- tricts were discussed. Reports told of various pumping systems now in existence and indicated the plans of opera- tion thereof. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated, cloth- bound work for new beginners in irrigation. REAL MONEY IN IRRIGATION Little Yankee if you go at it right. The first thing is to get your land in proper shape. We have the ideal machines for doing that and want to tell youaboutthem. Ask us today. THE OHIO ROAD MACHINERY COMPANY BOX F, OBERLIN, OHIO IRRIGATION MADE EASY with the BROTHEN AUTOMATIC LEVEL Gives automatically the level or any grade desired, and will verify the correctness of its own work from where it is operated. PRICE, COMPLETE WITH TRIPOD $20.00 For further information address BROTHEN AUTOMATIC LEVEL COMPANY IDAHO FALLS, IDAHO THE RELIABLE LINE "DEMPSTER' We make 1^, 2^, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15 and 20 H. P. High Grade _ Gasoline] Engines Built for Exacting] and Enduring Service Best for Irrigating Work Cut shows our 16 H. P. and 20 H. P. DEMPSTER MILL MFG. CO., Factory, Beatrice, Nebr. Write for our Booklet "Dempster Irrigation Plants," 1910 Edition It will "Show You" what we can do for you. BRANCH HOUSES OMAHA KANSAS CITY SIOUX FALLS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 178 THE IBRIGATION AGE. Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price: Irrigation Institutions, El wood Mead 91.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 2.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.M Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 Cement Pipe & Tile, Hanson 1.00 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. The Vegas artesian water syndicate of Vegas, Nev., has recently interested Judge Kenneth M. Jackson, and it is proposed to sink artesian wells for irrigation purposes. About 28,000 acres are now under control of the com- pany. Work is now progressing on the irrigation system in the vicinity of Lake Wichita, Texas, to water lands in the vicinity of Wichita Falls. Frank Kell, J. A. Kemp and T. R. Orth are backing the proposition. About twelve miles of ditch will be constructed. Plans to irrigate 24,000 acres in the Rio Grande valley have been completed by the Texas-Louisiana Sugar Com- pany of Texas, a recently organized concern. About $200,000 will be expended on the irrigation system lo- cated between San Juan and McAllen. Directors of the United States Rice & Milling Com- pany of Crowley, La., have arranged to extend the com- pany's canals in Vermillion and Arcadia parishes for a distance of about twenty-five miles. Work will be begun at once. Storage increased by the construction work will water 10,000 acres. Recently there has been formed the Arkansas Valley Irrigation Company of Colorado, with capitalization of $400.000, for the purpose of reclaiming lands in Ford, Gray and Edwards counties, Kansas. The company will re- vive the Eureka irrigation ditch, commonly known as the Soule ditch. John T. Barnett of Denver, A. M. Eppstean of Denver, T. A. Scates and Albert Watkins of Dodge City and J. W. Gilbert of Spearville are incorporators. Assistant State Engineer Ralph D. Goodrich has ten- dered his resignation to State Engineer Clarence T. Johnston, of Wyoming, and will be succeeded by J. F. Kingston of Casper. Mr. Goodrich has accepted the posi- tion of chief engineer for the company which is 'construct- ing the Oregon Basin project in northern Wyoming. This project is the largest ever undertaken in the state and will reclaim 300,000 acres of land with water from the Shoshone river. Ohio and Franklin Sts., Chicago, 111. FACTORIES, CHICAGO, ILL. : SENECA FALLS, N. Y. Write for Catalogue and (Estimates Manuf act urerslof ' f or When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 179 THE RECLAMATION DITCHER For Cutting Irrigation and Drainage Ditches at the Least Cost U. S. RECLAMATION DITCHER This type of machine is different from all other ditching machinery, in that it plows the dirt out of the ditch with a continuous sweeping motion, whereas all other machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The cost therefore, per cubic yard, of excavating with the U, S. Reclamation Ditcher Is necessarily much less than with any other tools or appliances. The Reclamation Ditcher Is adapted to cutting ditches as deep as three feet below the original surface and as wide as ten feet at the bottom and with sides sloped as steep as 2 to 1. It has adjustable oblique wheels which'perform the same function as the oblique wheels of a sulky plow. They are simply rolling landsides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold and also make it possible for the machine to be operated on the sloping side of the ditch as shown in the cut. It is universal in all of its adjustments and may be either used right or left hand. It is operated with twelve horses. The difference In cost of cutting dltches*,wlth the Reclamation Ditcher and any other form of machinery is sufficient to pay for the machine very quickly. We absolutely guarantee this and will prove it to you by a demonstration of the machine on your own work before you accept it. Write for descriptive folder which gives diagrams of ditches and cost estimates. J. D. ADAMS & CO., Indianapolis, Indiana When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 180 THE IRRIGATION AGE. FARMS ON LAKE BEDS. GREAT TRANSFORMATION. Clear Lake dam, another large structure of the Gov- ernment is now practically completed. This dam is located on Lost River at the outlet of Clear Lake, in Modoc County, California. Its purpose is to form a reservoir for impounding water for use in connection with the Kla- math irrigation project. Oregon-California. Excavation at the outlet was begun during the fall of 1908, and actual construction of the dam itself was begun in June, 1909. The dam is of the earth and rock-fill typ.e, with con- crete outlet works and spillway. Its extreme length is approximately 940 feet, and its extreme height 33 feet. The reservoir has a surface area of approximately 25,000 acres, and a capacity of 1.089,000,000 cubic feet. The Klamath project involves perhaps the most unique engineering works yet undertaken by the Government. A considerable portion of the lands to be irrigated are now covered with the waters of navigable lakes. This water is to be drawn off and the lake beds turned into agricultural fields. When completed the project will em- brace nearly 200,000 acres of land. TRUMP TURBINES. Representatives of the Trump Manufacturing Company, makers of water power machinery, at Springfield, Ohio, state that there is heavy inquiry for the company's turbines for driving centrifugal pumps for irrigation plants. Within the past few weeks the company has sold to the King Hill Irri- gation Company, of King Hill, Idaho, to W. B. Slick, of Bliss. Idaho, and several other irrigation enterprises throughout the west. Among the other recent sales of Trump turbines are the following: High Falls Power Company, Haileybury, Ont, two high head special horizontal turbines designed to work under a head of eighty-five feet, direct connected to generators. These wheels will generate power to be furnished the gold mining properties in the Cobalt district. Basic City, Va., for municipal hydro-electric plant. This shipment consisted of two pair of horizontal Trump turbines of draft chest type driving direct-connected generators. This plant will furnish the city with light and power. C. Miller & Son, of Clermont, Iowa, have secured a fran- chise from their city to furnish same with electric light and power. Trump turbines will be used in this plant and it will be noted that this is the third important hydro-electric development in which Trump turbines have been used in the state of Iowa, during the past few months. Send $2.50 for the Irrigation Age 1 year, and a cloth bound copy of the Primer of Irrigation. The great importance and benefit of the present agitation on the subject of irrigation is seen not only in its opening up of territory which has heretofore been uninhabited and entirely unproductive, but in its renovating and practically working over of the oldest com- munities in the United States. Such a condition we find at Santa Fe, New Mexico, which claims the distinction of being the oldest city in America, with the first buildings, both churches and residences, that were ever built on the American continent. Irrigation has been practiced in this vicinity for centuries, but only in a primitive way. The tourist of the present day will find Santa Fe transformed into a modern, up-to-date city with magnificent residences and public buildings, a splendid public school system and quite a number of important private educational in- stitutions, and. a goodly supply ot churches, both Protestant and Catholic. Banking and commercial houses are conducted along up-to- date and approved lines, whe_re the traveler and homeseeker can find the most modern accommodations along these lines. As one of the strongest evidences of the awakening of the Santa Fe District we find a modern, up-to-date irrigation project, well under way, a few miles from the city on a mountain stream known as the Arroyo Hondo. This project is being exploited by the Santa Fe Irri- gation and Improvement Company, and is backed by men of ability and of sufficient means to carry out the undertaking. It is the ex* press purpose of this undertaking to irrigate a tract of about 10,000 acres of land beginning about four miles from the city. A little trip among the gardens and orchards of Santa Fe and surrounding country, where fruit growing and gardening has been practiced for upwards of three hundred years, we find some results that are astonishing to those who are not posted on this territory. We find beans averaging 2,000 pounds to the acre, currants netting $500 per acre, wheat running 50 bushels to the acre, oats 80 bushels to the acre, tomatoes producing $700 per acre, potatoes averaging 300 bushels to the acre, alfalfa from four to five tons per acre and worth from $12 to $18 per ton, celery bringing as high as $1,600 per acre, Spanish onions 30,000 pounds to the acre, worth from 3c to 4c per pound, cabbage 50,000 pounds to the acre. It is possible to find cabbage heads weighing 20 pounds or more raised in this neighbor- hood. Apples from $500 per acre up. Other fruits are raised suc- cessfully, such as pears, peaches, prunes, grapes, nectarines, etc. Apparently very satisfactory conditions face the man who wishes to settle in the Santa Fe District. One of the strongest attractions, of course, is its climate, which the government reports indicate to be the finest on the American continent. ENGINEER HAYS LEAVES SERVICE. In the resignation of Mr. David W. Hayes, employed on ,the Truckee-Carson irrigation project, Nevada, the Reclamation Service has lost one of its most efficient en- gineers. Mr. Hays received his education in the Nevada State University. In 1900 he was levelman and topog- rapher under the Commissioner of State Highways of the State of California, in survey of road into Yosemite Val- ley, and in survey of the Placerville road between Placer- ville and Lake Tahoe. In 1901-02 he was assistant hydrog- rapher and engineer in stream measurement and surveys of canals and reservoirs under L. H. Taylor, U. S. Geolog- ical Survey. On January 1, 1903, he was appointed assist- ant engineer in the U. S. Reclamation Service. Mr. Hays will engage in private practice of his profession with head- quarters at Reno, Nevada. From 600 trees'Mlss Cowperthwaite harvested 450 boxes summer and fall ap- ples; 3,000 boxes of winter varieties, which sold for $1.35 per box, making a grand total of $4,657.50. Photo taken October 9, 1909, Santa Fe District. Land Opportunity in the Santa Fe] District Get your share of the profits on the present day high- cost of living. Prices on "fool stuff are governed by the law of supply and demand. Secure a 20 -acre tract in the Santa Fe District and be a producer, and at the same time reduce your own expenses. This land all within a short drive of New1 Mexico's beautifully situated capital city. Proven by government statistics to be'the finest climate in the world. Two town sites on the land and two railroads crossing it. Every tract within three mile? of a town site. A former governor of New Mexico says: "THE SANTA FE DISTRICT HAS MORE ADVANTAGES AND FEWER DRAWBACKS THAN ANY IRRIGATED SECTION IN AMERICA." Send or call for fulllpartlculars. National Mortgage and Bond Company 134 Monroe St.. Chicago, HI. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 181 (Continued from page 156.) upon the surface. The corn came up in four days and grew strong and vigorous. The soil was plowed deep about every ten days, fully turned over and followed with the cultivator and harrow, until it became so soft and powdery that it was difficult to walk in it. It was also hoed frequently, not a weed being permitted to appear, and the soil stirred deep and drawn well up over the roots. The land measured about an acre. The corn grew to full maturity without a single set back, or twisting of a leaf. The stalks measured an average of nine feet and each bore from two to four perfect ears of plump kernels, and made good roasting ears, and when harvested in the middle of June, the ground still snowed some moisture. Instances of this particular kind are abundant in every locality in the arid and semi-arid regions. They are nothing but experiments, or rather accidents, and prove nothing that can be of general utility. They show, however, what may be done by careful cultivation with a small amount of water husbanded to the last drop. There was not a particle of alkali in the soil above referred to, and it was very retentive of moisture. It emphasizes what the author contends, and what scientific investigation places beyond the pale of denial, that cultivation and moisture are what may be considered essentials, and not water in its liquid form. To borrow a word from another profession : we are dealing with the homoe- opathy of agriculture, and advocating water triturations pro- vided they accomplish the purpose of growing a profitable crop, where drastic doses will ruin. In every case, however, the supply of water diminished by evaporation must be restored either by irrigation or by rain fall, and the requisite amount must be continuous and not intermittent ; that is, the plant must be kept growing. If it were not for the fact that water is a solvent of the salts necessary to plant life, and as a medium for conveying them in a state of solution to the plants, there would be no necessity for water, and plants could grow in an absolutely dry and rainless region without irrigation. It should be borne in mind that it is not so much "wet- ness" that plants require, as a medium for dissolving the earthy salts and vegetable acids, so that the two may find their affinities and form the various chemical combinations which are necessary to make the plant. When that has been accomplished all the rest is surplus, waste, useless expenditure of the forces of nature, deleterious to plants by over feeding them, and injurious to the soil by washing its reserve elements out altogether, or driving them down into the subsoil be- yond the reach of the plant roots, or forcing them to combine in excessive quantities which leach out, or crystallize on the surface and accumulate in masses that prevent the germination oi seeds. More will be said upon this important subject in the chapter on "The Relations of Water to the Soil," the second bane of desert land, "alkali," being next in order. (Continued from page 168.) stantially increase the amount of water therein," or prevent the decrease thereof by natural causes. Defendant's canal was the only source of water supply for an arid valley some 30 miles long and containing 20,000 people, who were wholly dependent thereon for water for domestic purposes and the raising of crops. It appeared that in order to supply their needs, and especially to meet emergencies, as in case of hot winds to which the valley was subject, it was necessary to run through the canal, which was 61 miles long, a quantity of water somewhat in excess of the average consumption, and that the excess, when unused, was discharged through waste gates and flowed into the lake at a point some 40 miles from complainant's land, but not in such quantity as to materially affect its volume. Held that, giving the decree a proper and reasonable construction, such waste of water into the lake did not work substantial injury to complainant, and was not a violation of the injunction. — The Salton Sea Cases. — New Liverpool Salt Co. v. California Development Co. U. S. Cir- cuit Court of Appeals. 172 Federal 820. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and cloth- bound copy of the Primer of Irrigation. The Little Roadster Grader and Ditcher A New, Light Ditch Plowing Machine, Especially Designed for Cutting Small Laterals on Irrigated Farms, and Ditching and Grading Roads. This type of machine cuts ditches for less money than any other tool or ma- chinery, because it plows the dirt out of the ditch with one continuous motion, whereas all other ditching machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The Little Roadster is a practical plowing machine, being built with ad- justable leaning wheels or rolling land- sides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold, the same leaning wheel principle which is used in the sulky plow. It is made almost entirely of wrought steel and the few castings that are used are malleable and all parts are put to- gether so far as possible with hot driven rivets, so that while it is a light machine weighing about eleven hundred pounds, it is exceptionally strong and rigid. It is designed primarily for two horses, al- though four may be used. EVERY IRRIGATED RANCH OR FARM NEEDS ONE OR MORE OF THESE MACHINES. IT WILL QUICKLY PAY FOR ITSELF. SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE FOLDER AND LET US TELL YOU MORE ABOUT IT J. D. ADAMS & COMPANY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA THE: When writing to advertisers please mention Th« Irrigation Age. 182 THE IERIGATION AGE. (Continued from page 160.) stand what varieties to plant and how to organize most effectively the means to market their project, so that the best money returns will follow. Fourth. The valley has the best kind of natural pro- tection from frost. It is surrounded by hills on three sides and is narrow, being from one to five miles wide. Fifth. The transportation problem is solved and any farm can not be more than two miles from the railroad or more than 3 or 4 miles from a shipping point. The valley is 400 miles nearer the Eastern market than some of the well known fruit raising districts that have become famous in Washington. It is about twenty-five miles west of the famous Payette district in Idaho. This altitude is ideal, being 2,300 feet. This assures a nice climate both in sum- mer and in winter. Seventh. The soil is a deep volcanic without hard pan or alkali. Drainage, which means so much to a fruit district, is perfect. Eighth. Many of the settlers who arrived early enough in the Spring of 1909 turned part of their atten- tion to crop raising and some great yields were reported. Actual returns on alfalfa netted the ranchmen from $50 to $110 per acre. Several reported potato crops to net them $250 per acre. Reports of oats yielded 110 bushel per acre, barley of 60 bushel per acre and wheat of from 40 to 65 bushel per acre, are common in the county. All of this shows that outside of the great fruit proposition, this locality is a gold mine to the men who desire to follow agricultural pursuits or to those wishing to plant between the trees while waiting for the orchards to mature. The dairy and poultry business are both profitable here. The man who enjoys a days' sport with guns and rod can find no better place than Malheur County and the country tributary thereto. While swan, brant and duck are very plentiful here, also we find sagehen and quail all over the country. The streams are filled with trout and other fish. Plenty of bear, deer and larger game are found in the mountains nearby. The Willow River land is on the Eastern edge of Oregon. To get to it, get off at Ontario and the main line of the Oregon Short Line and take the branch road that runs from there to Vale, a distance of 20 miles. The Willow River Railroad extension will begin at Vale and run straight up the valley. Ontario a prosperous town of 1,800, has the finest depot on the Short Line in the center of a district where large quantities of fruit are raised as well as all the varieties of farm produce. The land from Ontario to Vale is under irrigation as far as it has been possible to cover it with water taken from the Malheur River. There are beautiful farms which show prosperity on both sides of the railroad track. Dry farming is pursued at the head of the Willow River Valley. Vale is a town of about 1,500 inhabitants and has a first-class modern hotel, two banks with nearly a mil- lion deposits, and fine substantial brick buildings. As it is the nearest railroad point to a great district to the West, it is of much importance. GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS. The Secretary of the Interior has awarded the follow- ing contracts in connection with the Government irri- gation projects: To the Atlas Portland Cement Company for the de- livery of 14,000 barrels of cement f.o.b. cars at Hannibal, Missouri, for the Belle Fourche project, South Dakota, and the Strawberry Valley project, Utah, at 80 cents per barrel. To the Colorado Portland Cement Company, Portland, Colorado, for 15,000 barrels for the Uncompahgre Valley project. Colorado, at $1.15 per barrel. To the Marquette Cement Manufacturing Company of LaSalle, Illinois, for 6,000 barrels for the northern dis- trict, exclusive of the Blackfeet project, at 85 cents per barrel. S. Morgan Smith Company of York, Pennsylvania, for the installation of an exciter water wheel in the power house of the Salt River irrigation project, Arizona. The contract price is $1,740. Grade Roads Make Ditches Cut Laterals Save Money IT WONT Break Get Out of Order Tire the Horses Prove Expensive -THE BEST= " GENERAL PURPOSE " Grader and Ditcher Built OR 4 HORSES TRY ONE AT OUR EXPENSE Also Excavators, Heavy Graders, Wheelers, Drags, Plows, Etc. THE AUSTIN-WESTERN CO., Ltd., Dept. I, CHICAGO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 183 (Continued from page 164.) usually follows some other crop. If preceded by grain the stubble is first pastured, preferably by sheep, plowed in the fall to a depth of 7 to 10 inches, and then allowed to lie until the following spring, when it is disked, harrowed, and seeded. Experience has shown that it is difficult in the course of six months or a year to secure a good stand of alfalfa on raw land that has been covered by a desert growth. This is true particularly of rough, uneven land on which crop rotation is not to be practiced. It is likewise true of land thickly coverel with brush. It has been found im- practicable in most localities to secure a smooth, well- graded surface where fresh roots interfere with the proper use of all grading and leveling implements. The same is true of hog-wallow land, where considerable soil has to be removed from the high places and deposited in the low places. It takes time and a second preparation of the surface before fields of this character can be put in good condition for the growth and irrigation of alfalfa. If crop rotation is to be followed the necessity for a prepar- atory crop is not so urgent, since the alfalfa will soon be plowed under to give place to another crop. In northern Colorado, where alfalfa usually follows either potatoes or sugar beets, the surface is not plowed, but merely har- rowed or disked in the spring just before seeding. If the surface is uneven, it is smoothed and leveled by means of a float or drag before the seed is put in. In southwestern Kansas it is likewise considered best to plant alfalfa after some cultivated crop which has held the weeds in check. The land is plowed in the fall to a depth of 6 inches, dou- ble-disked in the spring after the weeds have started, and is subsequently harrowed. In the vicinity of Los Banos, Cal., new land is almost invariably sown to barley or corn for two seasons before seeding to alfalfa. In Utah wheat or oats is preferred as a preparatory crop. The chief purpose of all such preparatory grain crops is to allow fresh roots of the original plant covering to decay, filled-in spots to settle, high places denuded of the upper layer of soil to weather, and in general to prepare a well-pulver- ized seed bed in a smooth, well-graded field. W lister, official (Continued from page 158.) CORRECTIONS OF STATEMENTS IN SECOND PAPER (JANUARY ISSUE). Utah State Board Land Commissioners. H. Farnsworth, secretary; vice, Thos. C. Cal- South Dakota. — Carey Land Act Board, principal Samuel H. Lea, state engineer. Rights of Married Women to File. Idaho. — Not permitted to file. Wyoming. — Permitted to file. Colorado. — Question not decided. Utah. — Permitted to file. Montana. — (Correction of typographical error.) — Per- mitted to file if the head of the family, through physical incapacity, or incarceration for crime of the husband. Oregon. — Permitted to file. New Mexico and South Dakota. — No data. It is well to remember that married women, to file, must be citizens of the United States and that entries must be made (as to time and place) in a manner permitting acceptable final proof in case husband and wife both make entry, as husband and wife must reside together, to per- form legal residence. SEEDS. Every farmer will be interested in the new seed catalogue just issued by R. H. Shumway, Rockford, Illinois. It contains hundreds of beautiful illustrations and is a perfect mine of information on all kinds of garden and flower seeds. Mr. Shumway has built up an immense business by giving every customer a fair deal and selling good seeds cheap. Send for his catalogue today. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 year, and cloth bound copy] of the Primer of Irrigation I.T.IM, HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR with a -AND SAVE MEN—SAVE HORSES— SAVE MONEY— SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing farming methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, threshing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farm work. Hundreds in Successful Operation — Built in sizes of 30, 45 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED FROST PROOF FIRE PROOF USE GASOLINE, KEROSENE, DISTILLATE, or JALCOHOL Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalog Tells You All About Them. HART- PARR CO., Charles City, Iowa When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 184 THE IRRIGATION AGE NEW INCORPORATIONS. Oregon. Warner Lake Irrigation Company; capital stock, $250,000; W. H. Brad- ford, E. C. Belknap and Charles H. Gleim; Portland. Utah. Pneumatic Water Lift Company; capital stock, $60,000; E. D. McGriff, W. M. Bostaph, C. D. Ives, V. Gideon and Eunis Coombs; Ogden. Snowville Land & Water Company; $10,000; John S. Bingham, William Hurd and Jas. Cottam; Salt Lake City. Colorado. Bear River Irrigation & Construc- tion Company; capital stock, $500,000; F. E. Garrett, W. L. Jameson, R. J. Bardwell; Denver. Garfield Land & Irrigation Com- pany; capital stock, $100.000; L. S. Pratt, Olive Buren, G. W. Pittman; Rifle. Texas. Spindletop Canal & Irrigation Com- pany; capital stock, $5,000; L. W. Houk, P. B. Weiss and W. P. McFad- din; Beaumont. Washington. Ideal Irrigation Rotary Pump Com- pany; capital stock, $100,000; M. W. Peterson, Jas. Langley, E. E. Peter- son; Seattle. Orondo Irrigation Company; capi- tal stock, $10,000; J. B. Smith, S. A. Perkins, H. E. Farwell, Rufus Woods and H. N. Swartwood; Orondo. Umatilla Irrigation Company; capi- tal stock, $5,000: R L. Moore, E. S. Nixon, and V. Graham: Walla Walla. Illinois. Irrigation Securities Company: capital stock, $2,400: A. E. Goodnow, Frederick Ullmann: Chicago. CAMPBELL SUB -SURFACE PACKERS We are the sole manufacturers of this famous Sub-Surface Packer, the only one made. This is the one that you have heard everyone talk- ing about. Send for our Special Pamphlet on Sub- Surface Packing, the best known system for "dry farming," a method of absolutely insuring bumper crops with a minimum rainfall — the salvation of semi-arid regions. Made in Three Sizes, with 10, 16 and 24 wheels, is heavy and strong, and the frame is made to carrv all the extra weight required. Write for Catalog No. V 151 Parlin & Orendorff Co., CANTON, ILL. YOU EVER USE PRESS CLIPPINGS Do you want everything printed in the newspaper, magazine and trade press of the United States and Canada on any particular subject? Send us your order describing what you want us to clip, enclose $3.00, and we will send you our service for one month, mailing you daily or weekly all clippings found on your topic. . We read and clip about 25,000 publica- tions each month. ..... MANUFACTURERS can learn where there is a market for their goods, and how best to reach it BUSINESS MEN can obtain reliable tips which lead to business brought in on the follow-up plan ANYONE can gather all that is printed about matters of immediate interest, the latest and best thought from many sources. UNITED STATES PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU Chicago, U. S. A. Send for our booklet. 1309-1312, 153 LaSalle St. AUCTIONEERS ^^1'°^ Make BIG MONEY &SSS5JK Address Carpenter's College, (Largest in the World) Trenton, Missouri. FARMERS WASTE WATER Using Wooden Headgates They always swell and warp, cannot be made water tight and are hard to operate. When you waste your water, your crops suffer. That means an actual money loss greater than the cost of iron gates. Investigate the merits of the NORTHWESTERN IRON HEADGATES They Never Leak Last a Lifetime Easy to operate and will save you more than their cost in time and trouble. Used by large private irrigation projects all over the country. Send for New Catalog showing gates for any purpose, any pressure, any size and any price. Every irrigator and irrigation engineer should have one. Write today. C. D. BUTCHART 5O1 Mercantile Bldg., DENVER, COL. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 185 THE HUMAN SIDE OF TWINE kr When we drive home from the im- piement dealer with our little load of Sisal twine for the coming harvest, we do not often realize that we are giving that twine its final lift on the journey of many thousands miles which it has taken months to make. Seldom do we appreciate when we give it its final resting: place in the binder box that the first hands which touched it were those of a Maya boy or girl in far off tropical Yucatan whose ancestors were a great civilized people, with temples and literature, centuries before Columbus came ashore in his red velvet suit. Or, if it is Manila twine, the first step in its long pilgrimage was under the guidance of a bare-footed, brown- skinned little Filippino savage, who perhaps never heard of a binder, and whose views of agricultural imple- ments are a pointed stone or a crook- ed stick. Yet, if it were not for the industry of these two widely separated nations, the farmers of this rich state would still be obliged to bind their grain with old-fashioned wire, which never worked or with untrustworthy cotton strand. In fact, the problem of twine was the problem of successful bind- ing for years after the self-binder was an established fact. It took many years and thousands of dollars to eliminate this primary drawback to the early grain growers of the country. One manufacturer alone spent $15,000 trying to make twine out of grass, $35,000 using paper as a substitute, and $43,000 on straw — all in the end to be discarded as un- satisfactory. Then, after searching the world with a close tooth rake, as it were, it was found that two fibres could be made to do the work — Manila and Sisal. The Manila — long, soft and even — had generally been used in multiple strands for making cable and cordage; while the Sisal — strong, pliable and smooth — was found to lend itself perfectly for the manufacture of a single-strand cord, such as the self-binder necessitated. Then commenced a merry struggle between the distant races for the honor of supplying the twine which was to make His Majesty, the Ameri- can farmer, the greatest food pro- ducer in the world. At first, owing to the established position of the Manila hemp trade caused by the cordage industry, the little brown brother in the Philippines forged ahead, but he made no progress in his methods of production, using the knife and block and other simple methods followed by his primitive forefathers in extracting the fibre. It was soon seen that Sisal would either be the ultimate material to supply this demand or the demand would not be filled. At this point of the race a number of clever, aggres- sive Yucatecans, educated in the sciences in this country and abroad sprang into the game. They saw the future commercial possibilities of the neglected Sisal plant. At their own expense they built railroads into the ASK FOR CATALOGUE FREE, FASTEST-SAFEST GUN EVER MADE 'SIX SHOTS Uf KOI It SI-:< OM>S. Perfect hammerless iion-eloK- • Bine action. C4 to 38 tn. GENUINE IMPORTED DAMASC1S BARREL. Full length top rib makes quick sighting automatic. 1 1 hu'-'i breech block—solid steel wall always between shell and shooter. Easy take-down without I tools. Bore, gauge and drop of stock optional. NO EXTRA CHARGE FOR ANY FEATURE NAMED. Don't buy until you have read our FREE BOOK describing this puuip gun and our superb One of singles rur nuinu cior IDUP nn oo* i..k....rf.in TAI rnn n Snd doiibit-M. ASK FOR IT TO-DAY. THE UNIOH FIRE ARMS CO. 324 iuburndale, TOLEDO, 0. Send postal now. Learn about most economical, durab'e, simple Gasoline En- gines made. Don't buy till you getour book and low prices. Address R.CKFORO ENGINE WORKS < « W»YNE »T., ROCKFOHO. III. $60 GOES LIKE SIXTY . SELLS LIKE »IXTTj I SELLS FOR SIXTY GILS ON IOASOLCNE 'ENGINE For Pumping, Cream •alors, Churm, Wash Ma- lines, etc. TBEE TBIAL 1 Aikfor catalog-all size* «ILSON MFG. CO. /« FU* St. Post WuhlBgtCO, Wit RRIGATION by pumping is making hundreds of farmers prosperous. It is the modern way. It makes you master of the water situation. You can use water when and where and as long as you like. You do not have to wait on the neighbors, or agree with them as to when the water shall be turned into your lateral. In many cases, pumping is the only means of irrigating— you cannot get water upon your land any other way. The simple, strong, efficient I H C gasoline engines are Turning Waste Lands Into High-Priced Farms There are hundreds of places where land can be had for a few dollars an acre. The moment you put this land under irrigation it jumps in value to one, two or three hundred dollars an acre. There is no mystery and no impossibility about it. It is simply applying water to the land by means of an economical power that old-time irrigators did not have the advantage of. You can always find water in lakes, sloughs, springs, streams — in the underflow, in seepage, etc. Your I H C engine will pump it just where you want it. The engines require but little attention. They pump water in large quantities and they do it economically. They are not adapted to pumping water only. You will have a score or more uses for them on your farm — operating your grinder, fanning mill, cream separator, churn, pump, thresher; your bean huller, cider press, alfalfa cutter, and any other machines requiring power. The I H C line includes an engine for every section and every problem — a! sizes for all farm uses; vertical, horizontal — both stationary and portable, engines on skids; sawing, pumping and spraying outfits. Also I H C gasoline tractors — first-prize-gold-medal winners — the best all-'round farm tractors. Look into this matter of pump irrigation. It may mean the reclamation of your land and a fortune for you. An International agent in your town will supply catalogues and particulars, or address any of the following houses for further information: WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Colo.; Helena. Mont.; Portland, Ore.; Spokane, Waih.: Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco. Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, U. S. A. (incorporated) • I-H-C LINE. LOOK FOR THE I. H. C. HIDE HUM. il '.; I Sill OF EICEUEHCE 110 I EUIHUTEE OF JUIUTt 186 THE IRRIGATION AGE. arid, dry territories where henequen grew. They invented new machines, capable of cleaning 100,000 leaves a day, and soon began to compete on an equal basis with the Manila fibre. The Spanish-American war tem- porarily advanced the price of Manila fibre to such an extent that good grades of Manila fibre commanded a price which was practically prohibi- tive for binder twine. Therefore, manufacturers of binder twine con- centrated their energy and genius in the production of a perfect binder twine from Sisal. This required some adjustment of machinery and some change in methods, but manufacturers of twine succeeded so that the twine made from Sisal has for some years been as perfect and satisfactory as any binder twine ever made from any material. This has resulted in the in- creased use of Sisal, until during the past season not less than 85 per cent, and possibly 90 per cent, of the ma- terial which went into the manufac- ture of binder twine in the United States was Sisal fibre. First-class binder twine can be made from high-grade Manila fibre, but it is very difficult to make even a reasonably good article of binder twine from low-grade Manila. Before the American occupation of the Phil- ippine Islands, the Spanish officials at times exerted their arbitrary pow- er for the purpose of maintaining the quality of the fibre which was pro- duced by the natives. It was not an uncommon thing for the governor of a district to seize a quantity of inferior fibre and tmblicly burn it in the mid- dle of the plaza. This was an object lesson to the natives to produce bet- ter grades of fibre. However, since the Americans have taken possession of the Philippine Islands, no authority has been exercised and no influence exerted by the officials in connection with the quality of fibre. The result is a very much greater proportion of low-grade fibres than has ever been produced in previous years. Un- "uestionably, large quantities of this low-grade fibre will be used in the manufacture of binder twine for the harvest of 1910, and it is unnecessary to state that those who attempt to use twine made from this low-grade Manila fibre will have troubles of their own. There may never be a famine in twine, but it is rather to the farmer's interest always to keep a weather eye on the future, and in this particular instance to secure his twine supply, whether it be Sisal or Manila, at as early a date as possible. 32 YEARS OF SUCCESS BALL BEARING A UTOMATIC -~^ OATE -^^: SBNDFOR, 'KCULARSOF "tAT? i MONEYRSFUT1DED IF NOT 5A TI3FA CTORY IN i-KOay -WAY- ADAMS & A DAMS ROLLER-BEARING LIGHT DRAFT SUCCESS SPREADER The only spreader with a 32-year record of good work. Simplicity, Durability and Light Draft always foremost. Direct Chain Drive. No Cog Gears. The choice of men who investigate thoroughly. Wood or metal wheels. A generation of experience back of every Success. The leader from the first. Exclusive features all patented. Catalog of facts Free. Write us promptly. Kemp & Burpee Mfg. Co. USE I HC BINDER TWINE FOR SURE-STEADY-ECONOMICAL RESULTS DON'T experiment with binder twine of low grade or unknown quality. Sisal or high-grade Manila, bearing the I H C trade-mark, should be your choice. You can be sure that they will stand the necessary strain. They have the quality and quantity of fiber in them that insures strength to spare. Even-spun, smooth-running, no knots, thereby avoiding tangles in the twine box and consequent waste. These qualities give even tension — • which means perfect binding and perfect tying. Inferior binder twine is dear at any price. It means not only waste of time and poor work, but a waste of the twine itself, possible loss of crop at harvest time; and it is not always full length to the pound. Every ball of I H C twine is Guaranteed to be Full Length And every ball runs smooth and steady so you can use all of it. Remember, we sell grain binders. Naturally, therefore, we are more interested in the quality of twine you use than the twine manufacturer who does not sell binders. i Stick to Sisal or Standard Sisal 500-ft. twine. If you prefer Manila, you will economize bygetting high-grade Manila 600-ft. or Pure Manila 650-ft. Don't befooled by alow price. Low-grade Manila costs as much as high- grade Sisal, but isn't worth as much. 85 to 90 per cent of the farmers know. 85 to 90 percent use Sisal and Standard. In any case, look for the I H C trade-mark to be sure of quality. Choose from any of the following brands: Champion, Deering, McCormick, Milwaukee, Oaborne, Piano, International. Better let your local dealer know well ahead of time how much you will need. Mean- while, if you want more interesting facts on binder twine, write nearest branch house for particulars. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col; Helena, Mont.; Portland, Ore.; Spokane, Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA Chicago (Incorporated) U. S. A. I-H-C LINE i« FOR m i. H. c. TRIOS M»«<. IT is 4 SEH ot sicsmics i«o i auuiu ot omun THE IRRIGATION AGE. 187 BUILT BIG BUSINESS. Where Staid Qualities, German Thrift and Industry Made Possible the Great Shoe Business of the F. Mayer Boot & Shoe Company Milwaukee, Manufacturers of Mayer Quality Shoes. Most of us see only the present. We see success only as we are brought face to face with it today. How many of us ever look back for the cause, the vital things that make success pos- sible? That the key to real business suc- cess is often based on a sound princi- ple, rather than money, is best illus- trated by the following biographical sketch of Frederick Mayer, founder of the F. Mayer Boot & Shoe Com- pany, reproduced from an issue of the German American National Alliance: Frederick Mayer, founder of the factories at Milwaukee and Seattle now bearing his name, came to this country from Niernstein, Hessen Darmstadt, in May, 1851, and im- mediately proceeded to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he entered the em- ploy of R. Suhm as a journeyman shoemaker. The spirit that prompted him to seek his fortune in the new world was soon responsible for another change, and in 1852, a year later, he embark- ed in business on his own accord mak- ing boots and shoes to order as only a German apprenticed artisan knows how. Subsequently a stock of goods was carried and a retail business con- ducted until 1880, when the manu- facturer of shoes was engaged in at wholesale to the trade. The business succeeded from the beginning and it was here that the staid qualities of German honesty and persistency, together with the know- ledge of shoe making gained by a 10 DAYS FREE TRIAL We ship on approval without a reo* dopoiit, freight prepaid. DON'T FAY A CENT It jou are not uliiled aft«r uiin? the bicycle 10 day§. MUm BUY • M"** or apatr Nil I Dill of tires from anyone •t any price until you receive our Inteit art catalogs illuitratinc every kiud of bicycle, and have learned oar unheard of prices and marvelous new offers. C OCyT '« •" it "ill coil you to t Ukn I write a postal and every- thing will be »ent you free postpaid by return mail. You will get much valuable in- formation. Do not wait, write it now TIRES, Coaster - Brake rear wheels, lamps, sundries at half usual prices. MEAD CYCLE CO. 0«pt.8233CHICA60 TTOUBLE JWER $1,000 Reward j for its equal. Wind power \ I doubled. Two 14 ft. wheels : work on same pinion; sec- ond wheel gives more pow- er than first. A Governor That Governs I In all winds. Develops 10 full h. p. in 20 mile wind. All power needed for farm, shop, irrigating, etc. Ask about our self oiling, self governed, single wheel pumper — also Armsaver Husker. Ask for book $0 DOUBLE POWER MILL CO. Appleton, Wl » ., U. S. A Elkhar t Buggies are the best made, best grade and easiest riding buggies on uarih for the money. FOR THIRTY-SEVEN YEARS we have been selling direct and are The Largest Manufacturers in the World selling to the consumer exclusively. We ship for examination and approval, guar- anteeing safe delivery, and also to save you money. If you are not satisfied as to style, qualityandpriceyouarenothingout. ~ May We Send You Our Large Catalogue? Elkhart Carriage & Harness Mfg. ( Elkhart, - - - - India BE A FACTORY OWNER-WE TELL YOU HOW MAKE BIG MONEY EASY ^ WORK Jr START AT HOME Makes it easy for any man or woman to start in business for themselves. All you need is a sew- ing machine. We furnish canvas gloves and mittens all ready to sew. We give you sample gloves, informa Equipment FREE McCree What progress have you made in providing for the future of yourself and family? Are you satisfied with the results? If not, now is the time to turn over a new leaf and get a new start. We are offering you a chance to better your conditions and provide for future emergencies. are made in this fasci- nating business. The ry Brothers started only a few years ago without a cent. Today they have thou- sands of dollars, own their own large factory, have interests in others, and do an enormous business. They have started a few other men and women in the glove business and they will help you to start too. furnishing you with the necessary equipment for start- ing free, and teaching you the secrets of the business. \V-» Qfafff Ymi '? a Dusiness of your own r* c «Ji«i L M. isu right in your own town. Every man or woman, no matter how humble, is en- titled to at least the profits of their own labor. If you have the ambition to better your condition— to be somebody— to provide for yourself and family — to enjoy success, happiness and prosperity —we can help you. Sign and send the coupon now. Ri.cir.Acc is the manufac- DUSineSS turing of canvas gloves and mittens. The demand for these goods has increased by jumpsand bounds, way beyond our ability to manufacture them. For that reason we are compelled to look for outside assistance and are willing to help others, who are willing to helpthemselyes.togetastartinthisbusi- | Our interestin(, Book| ness. There is room today for ten canvas i ^i0 up. | Special demonstrator agency price on first outfit sold in each community. 2000 satisfied users. We have a stack of testimonial H. Write quick. (20) The Amazing "DETROIT" Detroit Euiiu Work.. 311 BeUerae An.. Detroit, Mick. POTATOES PAY Make them pay by using the machines that really do the work — CUT, PLANT, SPRAY, DIG and SORT There's nothing In potato machinery up to ASPIN WALL EQUIPMENT Write for copy of our free book telling how to make money, growing potatoes. ASPINWALL MFG. CO. 110 Sabin St., Jackson, Mich. .U.S.A. Canadian Factory: GuelpH, Ontario CORPORATION CHARTERS For Irrigation, Mining, Manu- facturing or any Business. Procured in Leading Charter States. Agencies Maintained. Bluebook FREE. NATIONAL INCORPORATING CO. PIERRE, S. DAK. Beet Implements We are Pioneers in tbe Manufacture of Beet Plows, Seeders, Pullers and Cultivators, and have given special attention to the n chanical requirements of sugar beet cultu Our experts in all the bcot growing sectic have studied the subject thoroughly, and offer the finest line of beet implements on I market. P. & 0. Beet Tools are the simplest,! strongest, and the easiest running made, a they meet the exacting demands of all sectio Those implements have every adjustment and co ;emence, and the Cultivators can be furnished \v various attachments for every kind of work. "Send for our Special Catalog on P. & O. Beet Implements. • Insist on petting P. & O. implements from your dealer, or write to us. A Beautifully Illustrated Pamphlet, and a P. & O. Catalog, will be mailed free. Write for Catalog No. G 151 Parlin ft Orendorff Co., Canton, Illinois. FOR THE LAND'S SAKE! WHEN Are You Going to IRRIGATE, DRAIN, DITCI TERRACE That Farm of Yours? or f~\ self, and entitled " Soil Salvation." It's "a book of farm facts and land facts, learned during his twenty-five years practical experience with irrigation, draining and terracing. You need {his book, and we want you to have it; it's yours ERE'S A GREAT BOOK FOB YOU, written by Bostrom him- self, and entitled "Soil Salvation." It's a book of farm facts and land facts, learned during his twenty-five years You , _ .„ __ fre«. With its help and a Bostrom Improved Farm Level you'll save all the expense of a surveyor. >You can do the work yourself. BOSTROM'8 FARM LEVEL is nsed and endorsed in every State in the Union. Withtlie magnifying lenses in the Telescoiie you can read the Target a quarter of aniiie away, simplicity. Accuracy, IMirublllt.v, Guaranteed. We include 'Itipod, Rod and Target, and full instructions. P: Sllippea C.O.I), xubject to examination If desired. Write for the Book— BOSTRO1TS BOOK— SOIL SALVATION— Write Todag, BOSTROM -BRADY MANUFACTURING CO., 1119 Pine St., St. Louis, Mo. 'nee $15 and express charges.' . Order direct from this oiler. A SATISFACTORY WATER SUPPLY ALWAYS PAYS DIVIDENDS A Humphryes' Hydraulic Ram will furnish you, when in- stalled, with a permanent and automatic water supply Why spend money on costly pumping plants and time, strength and expense in operating same, when a Hydraulic Ram will lift your water and de- liver it with absolutely no expense. The Humphryes' Pneumatic System will supply your residence with water under pressure for all domestic purposes and give service heretofore obtainable only with an elevated tank or direct con- nection with municipal water works. Our New Catalog "Domestic Water Supplies" tells you all about the HYDRAULIC RAM and PNEUMATIC SYSTEM and will be mailed you upon request JHE HUMPHRYES MFG. CO., MANSFIELD. OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. Clay Working ••BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay Mch. Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Soft Mud Machines, Horae and Steim Power Product* of oar Auger Machine When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 190 THE IBRIGATION AGE. Do Farmers Really! "We don't advertise in farm papers," said a big automobile maker the other day, "because the farmer wants too much for his money. Let him keep on buying cheap cars and in a year or two, finding that cheap cars are eventually the most expensive and un- satisfactory, he will come to us of his own accord. Then, when we know he is ready for good cars, we'll advertise in farm papers." More freedom from breaks and frjj bills and from expense. That man is making a serious mistake. Farmers are buying, proportionately, no more cheap cars than are city people. Nor do farmers want "too much for their money." What they do want is their money's worth, and that's why they are not buying $5000 and $6000 cars. The worth isn't in them. Because fanners do want their money's worth is pre- cisely why the Winton Co. advertises in farm papers We have been able to show hundreds of them that they get more for their money in the Winton Six than in any other car on the market — More car More service More comfort More satisfaction More enjoyment It is undeniably true that cheap cars U expensive. They fall short in their carrying capacity! power, hill climbing ability, and durability.! They are in service only a little while until 1 finds his car isn't nearly as good as it look! advertising. And that fact is emphasized again and an the car is laid up, day after day, for repairs! owner finds it necessary to wire or write j! or send through the agent for one repair ;• another. It is the old story of the cheap horse over! You can buy a horse for $10, but the fl gets done proving to you that he is only a Buying an automobile is like buying at — a piano, for instance. You can buy $100, and it's just a piano. Or you can buy one for $300, that couldi proved upon at any higher price. Or you can buy one at $600 and, like i Franklin, "pay too much for your whistle." j THIS IS THE FOUR-PASSENGER WINTON SIX TOY TOURING CAR When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IERIGATION AGE. 191 t Cheap Motor Cars? n the extremely cheap the extremely expensive e is always a standard, jdium, a price represent- 1 value and a product price. mobiles this standard is e48 H. P., six-cylinder, nger Winton Six. This anufactured entirely in ificent big plant of the [otor Carriage Company and, under the personal )n of Alexander Winton. on produced the first illy successful gasoline car placed on the in 1897. hen he has made more good cars than any ;le designer in America. Highly practical man, Mr. Winton's constant een to make the best car on the market and or the lowest possible price. the people a car of better quality than they Isewhere at anything like the price is the r Winton success. .1 our facilities we simply could not make a • than the 1910 Winton Six — at any price. nton Six has a six-cylinder motor, because s six cylinders to produce continuous power. and four-cylinder motors produce jerky d that is a chief reason why they run up air bills and wear out quicker than the ix. inton Six made the world's record of 184,190 ({142.43 upkeep expense, which averages 77c per 1000 miles. Let us send you the sworn state- ments and detail figures of this marvelous performance. The Winton Six, because' of its six cylinders and continuous power, is the smoothest running, most comfortable, best hill-climbing car in America — in ad- dition to being the least expensive to maintain. We especially urge our readers not to buy any car until they learn the reasons why no automobile ought to be sold that has less than six cylinders. The Six is the only car that represents mechanical honesty. All other types are mere makeshifts. Furthermore, the Winton Six motor cranks itself. Air pressure does it. We avoid the physical labor of hand-cranking and the mechanically violent method of starting on the spark. Ours is the only motor that actually cranks itself. Our 64 page catalog gives [the simplest possible ex- planation of four-cylinder and six-cylinder cars, and is worth reading — no matter what car you are think- ing of buying. Write us today. Winton Motor Carriage Company Licensed Under Selden Patent CLEVELAND, U. S. A. BRANCH HOUSES id 70th St., New York; Berkeley and Stanhope Sts., Boston: Broad and Race Streets, Phila- 9 N. Liberty St., Baltimore; Baum and Beatty Sts., Pittsburg; 738740 Woodward Ave., chigan Ave. and 13th St., Chicago; 16-22 8th St. If., Minneapolis; 716 East Pine St., D Van Ness Ave., San Francisco. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 192 THE IRRIGATION AGE. UNION MACHINES WITH PUG MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO. QALION, OHIO ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••I When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Deep Well Working Heads These Working Heads Can be Operated by Electric Motor, Gas or Gasoline Engine, Steam Engine or Belt Driven — the Motors and Engines being Direct Connected if 'Desired. The chief advantage to the possessor of a Deming Deep Well Working Head is in the immense saving of power money in direct proportion to the great depths from which the water can be pumped. Then, too, our working heads have differential or double acting cylinders — discharging water at each stroke. Anyone desirous of securing water from deep wells for private estates, farms, etc., could purchase one of the smaller sizes and use it to excellent advantage. Of course we make other larger sizes for irrigating — those in the illustrations having 24 inch stroke. If you expect to install a private irrigating plant, or need a pump of any kind, we should be glad to have you write us, giving conditions under which the pump would have to work. Our engineering department would then give you full information. THE DEMING COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO HAND AND POWER PUMPS FOR ALL USES Including Spray Pumps, Nozzles and Accessories HENION AND HUBBELL, Chicago, 111., General Western Agents Other Agencies in All Principal Cities The Low One -Way Colonist Rate from Chicago to Portland, Tacoma, Seattle and Other Pacific Northwest Points Effective Daily MARCH 1— APRIL 15, INCLUSIVE, 1910 Via Union Pacific "The Safe Road To Travel' Take The New Through Train— The Oregon- Washington Limited Tickets good on Tourist Sleeping Car on payment of berth rate. Leaves Chicago via C.6?N. \V. 10:00 p. m. daily Electric Block Signals Dining Car Meals and Service "Best in the World. For tickets and information call on or address W. G. NEIMYER, G. A. 130 Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, 111. THB VOL. xxv REGISTERED U.S.PATENT OFFICE CHICAGO, MARCH, 1910 N95 THE AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR The Austin Levee Bailder The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Tile Ditcher OUR FULL LINE COMPRISES: The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher Carves a ditch with sloping banks from the natural soil. It works to templet, and the banks and bottom are cut as smooth as can be done by the most careful hand labor. The result is that no extra exca- vation is required to provide for washing and filling. Earth is dug for every cent the own- er pays, and the contractor gets pay for every ounce of earth dug. It does this dig- ging at a unit cost cheaper than a similar ditch can be dug by any other means. The Austin Drag Line Excavator The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber WE SELL OUTRIGHT OR LEASE. Send for Catalogue "S" F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO., N. B.— AGENTS WANTED IN UNOCCUPIED TERRITORY Morris Michini Works Baldwinsville, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating propo- sition. Send details or specifica- tions of •what is •wanted and we will recommend a pumping outfit to supply the need. New York Office 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office Cor. Wood & Willow Sts .Texas Hcnion & Hubbell. Agenta. 223-231 N. Jefferson St.. Chicago. Harron. Rickard & McCorab. Agents 21 Fremont St. i S. Francisco, Cal, THE IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, Publishers, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most Economicaland Certain Means of Lifting Water 55 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices — State Requirements CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND GASOLINE ENGINE IRRIGATION OUTFIT. The Temple Water Elevators —The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Manufacturers of alt kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Four Cylinder Gaso- line or Kerosene Engines Briefly stated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as follows: First — They are more economical in the use of fuel On light loads one cylinder can be used, reserving both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the doable cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more convenient it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine. The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. Factory, 15th St. and 15th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III,. U. S. A. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 193 Get First Crop Started Quickly Make Your Money ^ Come Back Quick COMPEL your land to return your investment with big inter- est. You must take advantage now — this spring — of every passing hour. Every minute means money, means profit if you move quickly with the right machinery. By the newest method you can get onto your land, this spring clear it of sage brush, level off the hummocks, and fill in the hog-wallows, cut your lat- erals, connect with the supply canal, get crops this same season. One man — you — with four horses can do "won- ders" with the 20th Century Grader and Ditcher, you can grub, level, cat and clean laterals, throw borders, make roads, move dirt as you choose. Level i n g Grubbing ;No. 1 — 20tli Century with Grubber lifted Here's your quick grubber. The moldboard has been removed, the grubber fixed in its place. To the steel upright, at its bottom are bolted two keen-edged, cruci- ble steel knives. The driver with a convenient lever drops or raises the grubber as he pleases. These two knives pass along beneath the surface and slash off the small roots at the weakest place. Read the rest of the story in the catalog. Cut off the "Free Ticket" below and send it in. It explains why — Plowing Isn't Necessary No. 2 — 20th Century with Grubber In ground 5 Inches If you don't have to plow you get your planting done quickly, and get all the benefit of the first water turned on. Grubbing with a 20th Century costs $1.25 to $1.75 per acre. You — one man — can grub 4 to 5 acres a day. "Convenient" — that's the term — that applies to the 20th Century. Its reversible moldboard can be swung to any angle for leveling and grading. You must slope your land at a gradual angle from your main ditch. The 20th Century will do it for . J^ to J^ the usual cost. You — one man — can do it- The new catalog tells how. Cut off the Ticket below and get catalog free. No. 3 — 20th Century, blade reversed to left. You can set It at any angle, or straight across for leveling Cut t i n g L a t e r a Is "V Shaped" laterals carry water with least waste. 20th Century cuts them 12, 15, 18, 24, 36 inches deep. Cost $1.25 to $1.50 a mile. One man — you — can cut No. 4 — 20th Century tilted at ditch- Ing angle for lateral making four to five miles a day. Once up, once back in moder- ately soft ground is sufficient for an 18-inch lateral. Send the "Free Ticket" below for a "fistful" of particu- lars in our catalog. THE BAKER MANUFACTURING CO. 726 FISHER BUILDING. CHICAGO To the Baker Mfg. Co.. 726 Fisher Building, Chicago I own ___acres of (how many) (raw or improved) land (location) ..Please send me that new catalog. Name_ Address Town State. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 194 THE IBBIGATION AGE. Myers Power Pumps Working Heads, Pumping Jacks, Cylinders, Etc. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Length of Stroke 5 to 24 inches Size of Discharge Up to 6 inches PATENTED APRIL30T.M90I, No. 673,282. JULY 13™, 1909. No. 928,234 AUGUST IOTS 1909, No. 930,405. AUGUST low 1909, No. 930,981. Fig. 813 I » BRASS BOO PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps For Shallow Wells Double Acting Length of Stroke 5 to 20 inches Size of Cylinders 2Y> to 6 inches Size of Discharge Up to 4 inches The construction of these pumps permits a double gearing which transmits the power in two lines— one from each end of the same shaft, thus insuring perfect align- ment and reducing all friction and side strain to a minimum. Capacities 600 to 7200 Gallons per Hour F. E. MYERS BRO ASHLAND, OHIO ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 195 9UPEIIOI DRILLS an Used and Appreciated by Oud Firmer! the World Over .^58 SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: Dean & Co., • Minneapolis, Minn. Kingman & Co., - Peorta, 111. Ktngman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo, Kinsman-Moore Imp. Co., • Kansas City, Mo. Kinsman-Moore Imp. Co., - Oklahoma, Okla. Kingman Implement Co., - - Omaha, Neb. Parlin & Orendorff Imp. Co.. Portland, Ore. Colorado Moline Plow Co., • Denver, Colo. The T. C. Powers Co., - - Helena, Mont. Consolidated Wag. & Mach. Co., Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw Co.. - Stockton. Cal. Eastern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturers AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.) Springfield, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS All the Grand Prizes and All the Gold Medals given to pumps by the Alaska - Yvkon- Pacific Exposition at Seattle last summer were awarded to AMERICAN PUMPING MACHINERY Few users of pumps realize that the efficiency of the centrifugal pump has been doubled during the last ten years and it is now the simplest, most dependable and most economcal pump made. The reason why "American" Centrifugals attain higher efficiencies than any other is, they have more refined flow-lines and there is the least possible resistance, caused by sudden change of direction and eddies of fluid when passing through the pump. This feature enables the single staga "American" Centrifugal to attain mechanical efficiencies of 60 to 80 per cent, on total headu up to 125 feet and make them the most economical pumps for irrigation purposes. "American" Centrifugals are made in both horizontal and vertical styles, in any number of stages, in any size and equipped with any power. Write for efficiency tests of "American ' Centrifugals by one of the most minent hydraulic engineers of the Pacific coast. Complete catalog free. THE AMERICAN WELL WORKS General Office and Works AURORA, 1LL..U.S.A Chicago Office First National Bank Building Western Sales Agencies DENVER, 18th and Lawrence Streets SAN FRANCISCO, 523 Market Street LOS ANGELES, 160 N.Los Angeles St. PORTLAND, ORE., 2d and Ash Streets IT WILL Grade Roads Make Ditches Cut Laterals Save Money IT WONT Break Get Out of Order Tire the Horses Prove Expensive BEST= GENERAL PURPOSE" Grader and Ditcher Built 2 OR 4 HORSES TRY ONE AT OUR EXPENSE Also Excavators, Heavy Graders, Wheelers, Drags, Plows, Etc. THE AUSTIN-WESTERN CO., Ltd., Dept. I, CHICAGO i OR 2 MEN When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 196 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Trovighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. OR — T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bid*., Denver. Colo. WHY NOT BE COMFORTABLE? Use an Enterprise Tent Cot. There is nothing made so adaptable for out-door sleeping. It is practical, light, portable, bug proof, fly proof, sun and shower proof. Just the thing ! Write to ENTERPRISE: BED co. HAMMOND. IND. They will Send You Their Illustrated Catalogue. Ditching Dredges, Placer Mining and Traction Dredges SUITABLE FOR ALL CLASSES OF WORK Steam Shovels— AII sizes Ballast Unloaders Write us for information, giving particulars of requirements The Marion Steam Shovel Co., MARION, OHIO G. W. BARNHART, Western Manager 718 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, Cal. F. H. HOPKINS & CO., Montreal, Quebec HOE DRILLS Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 50 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND, IND.. V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grata Seed Attachment* May Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXV CHICAGO, MARCH, 1910. No. 5 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postofflce at Chicago. 111., under Act of March 3, 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is S J .50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . " . $1.00 To Canada and Mexico 1.60 All Other Foreign Countries, 1.60 In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postofflce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parti of the world. The Irrigation Age is 25 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. Age Enjoys Steady Growth. Our readers have, no doubt, observed during the past year, the rapid growth of the AGE in a business way. They are, perhaps, not so familiar with its growth in the direction of circulation. The year 1909 was the best in the history of this publication in point of circulation growth and earn- ings from advertising. We are now issuing a fifty-two page paper regu- larly, where last year at this time we were printing only thirty-two pages. This, to the publisher, and the man acquainted with newspaper work, indicates a large increase in income, but not necessarily a propor- tionate increase in earnings. The AGE is in a position today occupied by very few publications in the United States, viz: that of having enough signed business on its books prior to March 1st, to pay the running expenses for the year 1910. It is reasonable, therefore, to suppose that the year 1910 will double the volume of business of 1909, and the net results from this year should prove two or three times greater than those of last year. Prom this statement there can be gathered an idea of the immense interest now being taken by the eastern public in irrigation. Success for the IRRIGATION- AGE is but a proof that western energy and enterprise has won. If the bald statements of their promoters "Why Not are to be believed, the launching of an Start an irrigation journal and its rapid flight into Irrigation extreme influence and mammoth circu- Journal?" lation is a much less arduous work than the traditional ease of "falling off a log." And if the "wind" is right and the "air" is heated to the right temperature, the flight to success becomes the more marvelous and astounding. Several irrigation journals have sprung into exist- ence almost within a fortnight and have rapidly passed through the swaddling-cloth, knickerbocker and college-cap periods until they appear upon the stage of life's action with the full powers and influ- ences of mature existence. Tomorrow— yes, even before tomorrow, they may rival in circulation any magazine, periodical, publication or paper that ever presented itself before the American people. But what hard-heads are these advertisers 1 How foolish in them to demand proof of circulation 1 When a feather flies up the chimney can they not see that it is flying — the hot air has nothing to do with its prog- ress? What sordid commercialism pervades the ad- vertising field, insisting upon prospective delivery of results before investing in display space? Why not spend money and ' ' take a chance 1 ' ' To the legitimate journal that shall enter the irri- 198 THE IRKIGATION AGE. gation field and assist in the great work of directing eastern people to prosperous, happy homes in the west, the IRRIGATION AGE offers its co-operation and the ex- change of fraternal courtesies. The field is growing with each succeeding year. The west needs every assistance that it can rally to its standard. There should be no friction between workers in a common cause. But any journal that inflates its circulation, exag- gerates its influence, or deceives its advertisers into expectation of results that can not be returned, is as great a menace to irrigation and colonization work as the wild-cat bond scheme or the dollar-a-week land seller. Eastern advertisers demand proof of circula- tion before investing in space and, likewise, western land sellers should be equally cautious in spending money for publicity unless it can be demonstrated that the number of readers is sufficient to warrant ex- pectation of results. In this respect, the AGE speaks only from desire to protect the public against unnecessary loss through investment in spurious forms of advertising. In another column will be found the publisher's state- ment of growth of this journal and its assured suc- cess. As might be expected under the circum- So-Called stances, the Renaissance of interest in "Carey Act ^e 'an(^s °^ tne "West" has brought Guides" w^^ ^ a harvest' of publications pur- porting to guide the footsteps of the un- initiated in his quest for public lands. Some of them contain information of real value, while others bear the unmistakable evidences of having been hastily thrown together by novices or shirkers whose only purpose appears to be the garnering of the dollars of the unwary. It is an unfortunate condition that prevents the Federal Government from issuing a comprehensive and popular review of all the statutes and regulations of interest to the landseeker, or indeed, a codification of the land laws to date ; although, as is well known, pamphlets treating of the various land laws, sepa- rately, are distributed gratis, by the Land Office to all applicants. As a case in point, the AGE has recently come into possession of a work entitled the "Carey Land Act," priced at one dollar, which contains a brief summary of the regulations adopted by the State of Idaho, presented "as applying to the States of Idaho, Washington, Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, California, North Dakota and South Dakota." It appears incomprehensible that any one preparing a treatise, for profit, upon so important a topic should permit so palpable an error to appear upon the very title page. It is a fact of which one may convince himself by inquiry of the proper authorities, that the states of Washington, California and North Dakota have never adopted the provisions of the Carey Act, and for natural reasons, never will. On the other hand, all references to Oregon and New Mexico — states holding great potential possibilities, as well as of South Dakota, have been omitted. Our readers may judge for themselves how mis- leading such a classification may prove. Those who have followed the scholarly recital of the provisions of the individual states now appearing in the Acffi prepared by Mr. Bohm need no specific mention of the many important details of Carey Act administration, with reference to which the states are at great variance. The AGE welcomes anything designed to promote the general diffusion of knowledge, but it would be false to its principles were it to omit a note of timely warning, against such rubbish. In a recent contribution to the Chicago "Back Examiner, headed "Back to the Land," To the Milo Hastings tells the interesting story Land." °f reclamation work that has brought un- der cultivation more than three millions of acres of arid land and has provided homes for nearly a quarter of a million of people. In explaining the terms of the old Homestead law he notes the diffi- culties encountered by the Reclamation service in re- lation to the division of land and the solution of the problems presented by the private ownership of large tracts desired for irrigation purposes. This leads to explanation of means taken by the Reclamation ser- vice to force heavy land owners to sell their holdings. He asserts, in fact, that the methods employed by the government through its reclamation service, e. g. the stirring up of sentiment against the land owner and his forced acquiesence even at great financial lose to himself, was justified by the results — the creation of thousands of homes for the people. But in his study of previous conditions Mr. Hast- ings fails to recognize the injustice to those ranch owners who had completed fairly comprehensive irri- gation systems at considerable expense and had them- selves been the pioneers in reclaiming arid lands. The IRRIGATION AGE has, in years past, taken the at- titude that the land owner who, by his industry and perseverance had bnilded himself a home at the ex- pense of his own happiness, should not be disturbed in the enjoyment of the fruits of his labors. In forcing him to abandon his holdings, by raising public senti- ment against his attitude and thus causing his ostra- cism from social affairs, government agents were guilty THE IREIGATION AGE. 199 of gross violation of the veiy Declaration of Inde- pendence. Other and less autocratic means ought to have been adopted by the Reclamation Service and its agents. In his article, admirable for its scope in many directions, Mr. Hastings fails to enter discussion of the problem that caused much comment a few years ago — the lack of proper colonization work for government projects. It is a notorious fact that while the ma- chinery of the government is vainly endeavoring to lead prospective settlers to homes on the irrigation projects, private companies are meeting with excellent success in their colonization work. Nor can there be hope for change in the existing conditions until the government shall so change its operations, — perhaps the laws that regulate its work, — to afford settlers the same rights and privileges allowed under, for instance, the Carey Act. To the Carey Act settler who has proved up his land, broken the soil, constructed laterals and is dis- tributing water over his crops, there is an avenue through which he may gain of the comforts of life, even though he has found it necessary to invest his entire savings to become thus established. Through his title to the land he may seek the bank or other money lending institutions and secure sufficient funds to build a respectable home for his family or buy such machin- ery as is necessary for the proper working of the land or the harvesting of crops. His ownership of the land and his proven intention to make it his home are enough to satisfy the money loaner. Contrast with these conditions the situation as re- lates to settlers on government tracts and the reason for the prompt sale and settlement of district, pri- vate or Carey Act projects is readily understood. But there are other- esssential differences between the conditions that obtain among settlers on private projects and those under Federal control. Having completed the work as outlined by its engineers and supplied water to the land, the government assumes no further responsibility for the welfare of settlers. There is no paternal interest on the part of the government. It has supplied the water ; settlers must care for them- selves. Reclamation service officials have no interest in the individual settler. There is a lack of coordi- nated effort, for the various departments exist sepa- rately and official precedent prevents cooperation. Reclamation work is too often viewed from an engi- neering standpoint and the great object of all — the creation of a prosperous community — is subordinated to the technicalities of the work. Here again the private enterprise gains an advan- tage. From inception of construction work until the last acre is sold, each division of the private project works together for the common end — the creation of real value that shall be saleable upon the open market. An aggressive campaign of exploitation is opened. Peculiar values of land are proven by attractive pub- licity matter ; provision is made, by employment of ex- pert agriculturists, to insure heavy crops and prevent failure ; the growing colony of settlers is watched with an interest that not only brings aid to the un- fortunate but results in each settler becoming an en- thusiast and a booster for his own community. The old saying that "each friend that has a friend, has a friend that has a friend" is fully recognized in the settlement of these private projects. It is to the com- pany's interest that only optimistic reports shall be sent to the "friends" in the east. The head of a pri- vate company not only supplies the water, as does the government, but he takes another long step to success- ful colonization by insuring, so far as is within his power, the prosperity and happiness of the individual settler. Forced into competition with these private pro- jects, the government is at a long disadvantage. Or- ganized effort is woefully lacking; cumbersome prac- tices destroy attempt at modern methods. The chief agency of the government at present is to stir up in- terest in irrigation — only to have private companies catch the intending settler and close the deal by superior salesmanship. For many years the IRRIGATION AGE has consist- ently urged the necessity of a government colonization system similar to that adopted by Carey Act and pri- vate project managers. This problem has confronted the Reclamation Service for many months yet no so- lution has been presented. It is to be believed that the all powerful rules of precedent have prevented any employe in this department from taking the initi- ative. No manager of a private project would permit of inaction in this direction were his organization suf- fering from similar trouble. Unless Reclamation officials realize the impor- tance of colonization work and open their eyes to the prospective loss to the government, great areas with the federal irrigation projects, now nearing comple- tion, must remain unsettled and the burden of carry- ing high maintenance charges will fall heavily upon the few hundreds of settlers. In the course of his article, Mr. Hastings discusses the subject of forcing a land owner to relinquish all but 160 acres of his holdings. He says : "How would it seem to the owner of 160 city houses should he be told that one home is enough for on man and that he could not have the benefits of a new water works or sewerage system if he did not sell off his surplus possessions. Yet this is exactly 200 THE IRRIGATION AGE. what a conservative republican administration at Washington is saying to the land owner in the Salt River Valley." This brings to the writer's mind very clearly, the fact that a large land owner in the Salt River valley was very much opposed to the government's attitude along this line at the time work was begun on the Roosevelt dam. He and his relatives were so much op- posed that they wrote letters and fought the proposi- tion up to a certain point, and then like the boy on the river bank, dived into the stream, swam under the lily pads and came up on the other shore. This gentle- man has passed over to the government side, fought for them at congresses and other public meetings and the general supposition by those who have followed the case closely is that some arrangement has been made between his interests and the Reclamation Serv- ice, whereby the law would not be enforced in this case. The AGE has no definite knowledge of this but is forming judgment merely upon the attitude of this individual. No man could be so forcibly against a proposition one day and so thoroughly in favor of it the next day unless some sort of a fair arrangement had been entered into with the powers that be and we trust to be able to give facts concerning this particular case which has, no doubt, been duplicated in numerous instances in various parts of the country. If conces- sions were given to millionaires why should they not be given in equal ratio to the man who holds 640 acres under the government ditch in Idaho, or the fellow who has 320 acres under the Klamath project in Ore- gon or the Yuma project in Arizona and California. Numerous letters of inquiry as to the Advance time at which the series of articles on the Orders for Carey Act, prepared by Mr. E. F. Bohm Carey Act an<* now appearing in this journal, shall Pamphlet. De ready for distribution in pamphlet form, is conclusive evidence that the work is meeting with popular approval and will be in great demand. Because of the fact that Mr. Bohm assumed this work at the earnest solicitation of the publisher of the IRRIGATION AGE, only under condition that it be al- lowed no general distribution until the series of arti- cles had been concluded, it will be impossible to fill at present the many advance orders now being re- ceived. Persons desiring to secure a copy of the forth- coming pamphlet should notify the publisher in ad- vance to permit of proper registration in this office. Notification of the cost per copy and the date of distri- bution will be mailed to prospective purchasers in ample time to insure delivery of a copy of the first edition to all who desire. What is the cause that induces the Employes brightest employes in the Reclamation Quitting Service to withdraw their names from Federal the government pay roll and become Service. identified with private projects, or enter private business life? The question is urgent for within the past two months three of the brainiest men in the service have terminated their federal employment. First to announce his withdrawal was Mr. Ira W. McConnell who has connected himself witli the well known firm of J. G. White & Co. J. C. Waite, who was with the service at the Chicago office, next announced a change to the Kuhn-Hollister interests. Consulting Engineer D. C. Henny was the most recent in his announcement that he would enter private practice, although continuing to give his advice to the Reclamation service. Following the natural course of reasoning it is to be supposed that each of these experts found a field for greater remuneration and that they were impelled to the change by this consideration. It cannot be in- timated that the head of the Reclamation service is other than most considerate to his subordinates. In these resignations of three capable employes there is a note of warning to fixers of the government salary list. It is indeed a fallacious policy that will allow private concerns to secure the services of em- ployes whose experience and abilities are of inestim- able value to the government in the many huge irri- gation works now in progress. As we go to press, we are advised by Mr. National Don Farnsworth, President of the Nation- Farm al Farm Land Congress, that within the Land next few days a Call is to be issued, sum- Congress, moning the members of the Executive Committee and of the Advisory Commit- tee of the Congress (appointed at the First National Convention), to a meeting to be held early in April, at Chicago, for the purpose of perfecting a permanent organization. In the AGE of last December appeared a full report of the Proceedings of the First Meeting of the Congress. Among the important Resolutions adopted at that time was one authorizing the action now contemplated by- Mr. Farnsworth. The success attending the first gathering augurs] well for the outcome of this event. A permanent organ- '. ization, constructed upon the model of other Congresses, • devoted to kindred subjects, appears to be all that is needed to carry the work inaugurated by Mr. Farns- worth, and Mr. Walsh of the Chicago Examiner, to a permanent and triumphant issue. The date of this meeting will be fixed with a view THE IRRIGATION AGE. 201 to affording delegates to the first convention of the "Reclamation States" to be held at Salt Lake City,— also in April, — an opportunity to attend both gather- ings. IRA W. McCONNELL. In discussing Mr. Ira W. McConnell, who has recently become identified with J. G. White & Company, one who is familiar with his history has the fol- lowing to say concerning him and his connection with public work: "Mr. McConnell was born in 1871 and graduated from Cornell university in 1897. In 1897 and 1898 he was em- ployed on the United States Deep Waterways Surveys and in the United States Navy Yard, Brooklyn. During a part of 1898 he was engaged as con- tractor for the North Tarrytown sewer- age system, and in the fall of that year returned to Cornell university as instructor in civil engineering, re- maining there until 1900 when he became superintendent of construction for the Indianapolis water works. In 1901 Mr. McConnell entered the employ of Nash & Dowdle, general contractors, Chicago and New Orleans, as super- intendent of the construction of the Chicago clearing yard, which involved a large amount of railroad work, and on the New Orleans drainage works. From January to June, 1903, he was professor of civil engineering at the Missouri School of Mines, going from there into the United States Reclamation Service as project engineer on the Uncompahgre, Colorado, project, the principal items of which -were the Gunnison tunnel canal construction, unification of old canals and water rights and general administration of the entire project, involving the ex- penditure of over $6,000,000, and on which work he was engaged from 1903 to 1907. During the past two years he has been supervising engineer of the central district, United States Reclamation Service, having general super- vision of all government irrigation work in South Dakota, southern Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Okla- homa and northeast New Mexico, the principal projects being the Pathfinder reservoir, Interstate canal on North Platte river, Belle Fourche project, South Dakota, in- volving a large earth dam and canals, Garden City project, Kansas, a steam-electric plant for recovery of underflow, Uncompahgre project, Colorado, tunnels and canals, and the Grand Valley project, comprising large canal works. The annual expenditure of the 'district was about $1,500,- 000, and the ultimate cost of the work under construction will involve an outlay of over $25,000,000. Mr. McConnell, as chief irrigation engineer, will have general supervision of all matters relating to irrigation undertakings. His headquarters will be at the main offices of J. G. White & Company, incorporated. 43 Exchange place. New York." IRRIGATION AGE RANCH. Readers of the IRRIGATION AGE will, no doubt, be in- terested in learning that the ranch owned by the editor of this journal, near Fountain, Colorado, is being placed in condition to produce good results during the summer of 1910. This land lies on the border of the town of Fountain, in a delightful section of Colorado, directly under Cheyenne mountain and Pikes Peak and within view of the Sangre de Christo mountains to the southwest and of the Spanish Peaks in the same direction, ns well as Long's Peak and other prominent points of the Rocky Mountain range to the north and west. This is recognized as one of the most delightful locations, from a scenic standpoint, in the United States. But since scenery has never been known to produce a bank account, the owner ftas carefully considered, quality of the soil, climatic conditions and adaptation of soil. It is obvious that this soil, supplied with water, is suitable for alfalfa raising and it has also been proven that fruit of all kinds thrives well. On adjoining ranches, apple, pear, plum and cherry orchards are to be found which have produced abundantly since they came into bearing. Mr. Riddoch of Fountain has plum, pear and apple orchards which would do credit, in point of pro- ductiveness, to any fruit section in the United States. In laying out this land five acres were set aside to be planted this spring to four standard varieties of cherries; two acres will be planted to apples, plums, pears and peaches. The orchard will be so laid out that a glance at the diagram will determine the kind of tree to be found at any given spot. In addition to the name of the tree, in- formation will be given as to whether it is an early or late producer. This plan has already been adopted by the most successful orchardists. Adjoining the two acre tract containing apples, plums, etc., a tract of about one acre will be set to dewberry plants. Ten acres of Mexican beans will also be planted. These have proven a profitable crop on adjoining lands. In fact, five acres nearby produced nearly $1,200 net last year. In addition, there will be planted from two to three acres of potatoes, about three acres of onions, and such other garden truck as may be decided upon later. With the assistance of Mr. F. P. Austin, who is one of the best agriculturists in that section, and acts as our superintendent, we hope to produce results which will be not only profitable but of interest to our many readers. All mishaps or errors in judgment will be as fully re- corded in reports as are the successes, and it is hoped thereby to teach new irrigation farmers, who are readers of this journal, to avoid such mistakes as may be en- countered in this work. This is considered to be the only fair way, even though it may at times be somewhat humiliating. Within the past two weeks orders have been placed for one "Little Yankee" grader, one "Little Roadster" grader and ditch builder, one Milwaukee mower, one Mil- waukee harvesting machine, one six horsepower Interna- tional gasoline engine, one hay loader, suitable for swath or wind-row, one Bettendorff steel wagon, one hay rake, one two-way plow, a five row grain and seed drill and cultivator. In addition to this there is on the ground a large Hoosier seed drill. Arrangements have been made to ship two spraying outfits; one of the large Binks power spraying machines on iron trucks for treating trees. This is a combined engine and pump, and is said to be one of the best machines manufactured, and while this cannot be used on the work at present, it is believed that the superintendent, who has a large orchard of his own, may find it of value, as well as for use on neighboring orchards, whose owners have not yet attempted exten- sive spraying work. The farm is also provided with a smaller machine of this same make, which is pro- pelled by hand, and is suitable for spraying trees and field crops. This machine can be used for applying sul- phate of iron to kill thistles and other obnoxious weeds. In addition to the area above mentioned there is a field of thirty acres with a fair stand of alfalfa. Owing to an accident to the ditch last year this field was not served with water, and the stand is not satisfactory. It is hoped, however, to reseed the sparse areas and produce several good cuttings of alfalfa this season. Mr. Austin will write us regularly from month to month, giving his experience on ours as well as his own ranch, which is one of the best developed in the Fountain Valley. As work develops he will furnish photographs of farm machinery in operation and of the different fields and orchards. These articles must prove interesting to our readers and we will appreciate comment from them and sugges- tions that will enable him to perform better work. The first article will probably appear in our April is- sue, although at this busy season of the year it may be difficult for Mr. Austin to find time to write matter of this character. After these articles are once started, however, they will be continued regularly. At present work on leveling and laying out the land for the orchard and field crops is progressing. In this work there is being used in addition to the "Little Yan- kee" grader, a homemade level prepared by Mir. O'Reilly of Fountain, who has had experience in the Yakima Valley with this class of tool. A Brothen auto- matic level, a new device, manufactured by a gentleman of that name, of Idaho Falls, Idaho, is also in use and it is intended to give a statement as to the value of this level in a future issue of the IRRIGATION AGE. 202 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Why Deserts Bloom BY DON FARNSWORTH If public attention is being focused upon any one branch of scientific investigation more than any other in the United States, it is the problem of reclamation of the arid West by irrigation. This unusual interest is full of meaning. It is not the creation of speculators or land dealers but is the result of the natural growth and develop- ment of the genius of our country. Homes must be pro- vided for the increasing millions of population; their diversified needs and wants must be supplied in fields of natural production: and hence more land must be brought under cultivation. True to the old proverb. "Necessity is the Mother of American Invention," which is solving by irrigation this great problem inherited from nature. Irrigation is not a new proposition under experimenta- tion in this country. It is merely the application to our needs, of scientific principles that have been in practical utility from time immemorial. Several nations have used this method of cultivation so long that they consider irrigation as essential a step as seed planting, in the rout- ine of agriculture. Remarkable examples of its operation and evidences of its value are found among the ancient customs of Egypt, India, China and Japan. The success of the primitive methods of cultivation adopted in these countries in the early ages magnifies the importance of pursuing modern, systematic and scientific methods in our country. History of irrigation is traced back 3,000 years B. C. when Menes, the first historical King of Egypt, (the cradle of modern civilization), built the city of Memphis on the banks of the Nile. Legend says the people of this time were created by Gods from the dust of the earth — but history tells us they were a branch of the Cushites from Asia or belonged to the Semitic race, descended from the Canaanites. However, they were wise enough to irrigate their lands from the annual overflow of the Nile river, so as to produce two crops a year. The inundation took place about the 28th of July each year — lasting from three to five months. Large ditches were dug into which the water flowed, where it was retained until required to moisten the soil, which became so fertile from a black deposit swept down from the interior, that seed is said to have grown on the surface of the ground. Though nature was a kind nurse in that region and the soil needed little plowing or attention, it is evident that her maternal genius has been somewhat exaggerated by tradition. The annual rise of the Nile is caused by the early rain-falls in the equatorial regions and the elevated regions drained by the Kir, Solbut and other streams that discharge their waters into the upper Nile. They had an instrument called an Nileometer to record the floods. so as to determine each year how high the river rose and what proportion of the valley was inundated, for there was no rain-fall in the section of Egypt bordering on the lower Nile. Famine was sure to invade such localities as the water failed to reach, and as the farmer planted to raise only enough for his own personal needs, it was essential that his irrigating ditches and ponds should be well supplied with water when the overflow came. Kinds of Irrigation. — There are as many different systems of irrigation as there are circumstances surround- ing its introduction in different localities, each system being designed to supply nature's needs and to over- come her faults. There is the contest against alkali in the soil, involving all methods but removing that element so deadly to all vegetation, a warfare which is a study in itself. There are millions of dollars being expended annually in the irrigation of lands in the humid regions, to improve the already productive soil, for though cultivation without irrigation in these sections is abundantly profitable, the excessive yield due to irrigation pays many times over the expense incurred in the outlay for irrigation. Reclamation of Waste Land. — By far the most im- portant branch of irrigation, however, is the reclamation EDITOR'S NOTE. — Mr. Farnsworth's comprehensive review of the irri- gation field will he continued in several future issues of the AGE. of the arid lands — the conversion of desert wastes into fertile valleys and productive farms. There is rain-fall enough on the earth to make every square foot of land productive. The fact that there are, deserts in some sec- tions and fertile valleys in others is due to the unequal distribution of rain-fall, which is essential to all vegetable and animal life. By irrigation, man has outwitted the weather elements, and has made gardens of Eden from land that Nature designed for deserts. He has changed the courses of streams so as to water his farms, and he has built reservoirs to retain water in the seasons of plentiful rain to be used to moisten his parched and thirsty acres during the months of drought. In no land has this artificial agent been so -reductive of beneficial results as in our own Great West. To a study of irrigation in this area will this article be confined. History of Irrigation in the United States. — The his- tory of irrigation in the L'nited States is the history of the growth of population. Our forefathers had, east of the Appalachian Mountains, an abundance of natural re- sources. When the population tilled that section of the Mr. Farnsworth is one of Chicago's successful young business men. He is president of the National Farm Land Congress, president of Farnsworth, Bills & Co., timber lands, vice-president Hough Shade Corporation, Janesville. Wis. ; director Osage Oil Company, New York, one of the large independent producing oil companies of Oklahoma. He is manager of Don Farnsworth and associates, which syndicate is one of the most extensive handlers of high grade agricultural lands in the United States, and no doubt the largest advertiser, and is an authority on irrigation and drainage, Mr. Farnsworth's recreation is civic and commercial work and he was last year general secretary of the Chicago Association of Commerce, of which body he is now chairman of the ways and means committee. country, pioneers started westward and gradually settled the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. The westward move- ment of population is a well-known story in which the settler was the evangel of commerce and industry. The country continued to increase in population, and. as a natural sequence, more territory had to be provided for the growing immigration. A large portion of the great west lay "rainless," and devoid of that element so vital to productivity, until some of the early settlers, driven by necessity, started irrigation in a crude way, found their experiments crowned with success and opened the way for the transformation of almost one-half of the area of the United States, from a desert, to a land of fruitful farms. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 20:? THE CAREY ACT How to Acquire Title to Public Lands Under the Act. A Comprehensive Survey of the Regulations in Force in the Various States. I'oiiyrighted, 1910. by E. F. Bohm. IV. The Water. As previously stated, the proposal of the "Company" asking for the withdrawal of Lands desired for reclam- ation, must describe, among other things, "the cost of such works and the price at which they will be sold to those who desire to settle upon the land" and the Statutes further provide that "the works will be sold to the set- tlers who enter the land, at a price agreed upon with the State. Before the settler may enter the land, he must contract to purchase a share in such works for each acre of land which he desires to enter (In some States one share is apportioned to each 40 acres — Ed.) — each of the shares representing a certain carrying capacity in the canal system, which, in every case, must be sufficient to deliver the water required for the irrigation of his land. The Board shall provide suitable rules for tiling proposals," etc. "The plan adopted for the administration of the works while in the possession of the company, the annual main- tenance fee, the system of distribution of water, and all contracts between the company and the settler must be approved by the State Land Board." "To enable it to carry on its work, the company will be permitted to mortgage its equity in the project but its contract with the State must provide that the settler will be given a proper release from the terms of the mort- gage when he has made full payment for his shares." "There shall "be kept at the office for public inspec- tion, copies of all maps, plats and contracts for con- struction and settlers' entries." The above is an almost verbatim excerpt from the "Regulations" of the State of Idaho. While the phraseol- ogy in the case of the other States varies somewhat, and may differ from this recital, it contains the essence of their regulations upon the subject. The Federal Statutes, of course, are the fundamental Law to which all state legislation and regulation must conform, and space per- mitting, the regulations of the Department of the In- terior, together with the forms prescribed for this pro- cedure, as well as the various forms prescribed by the States, will be presented jn a later issue. So far as the purposes of this article are concerned, an orderlv presentation of the various phases of "Water Rights" will, of necessity, begin with the "Contract be- tween the State and the Company," and "Contract be- tween Company and Settler." Contracts Between States and Companies. The contracts between the States and the Companies, are not, as a matter of course, in all States, or in all individual cases, so far as the limitations of statutes or regulations permit elasticity, similar. The varying re- quirements of local conditions do not lend themselves to inflexibility in this regard. It would be clearly impossible in an article of this character, to even attempt to set forth, in detail, the principal recitals of ALL the contracts of this nature, in force and operation at this date. Such a proceeding would, of necessity, be too voluminous and too technical for a work designed for popular reading. The writer will, therefore, confine himself to a detailed discussion of typical contracts operative in the State of Wyoming, to be followed by a less extended reference to the salient features of various contracts in other States, which, for the purpose in view, will prove entirely sufficient. Typical Contract Between the State of Wyoming And Company. Preceded by the usual introductory recitals common to all contracts the "Company" being organized under the laws of the State of Wyoming, the State acting through its State Board of Land Commissioners, — there follows the recital of the segregation of the lands "here- inafter described," under the Carey act, recital of water appropriations, of readiness of company to proceed with the construction of the works, and of the delivery of ap- proved bond; it then proceeds to specify as follows, viz: Clause 1 — Agreement of the company to build irri- gating system, according to specifications adopted, with reference to list of lands segregated under the Carey act and of other lands, if any, for which company is permitted to furnish water — estimated cost of construction, descrip- tion of main canal lines and laterals — length of time re- quired for completion of system, carrying capacity of canal, and recital of conditions as to time for completion of stated portions of the work and penalties for un- authorized lapse of work, as prescribed by the regulations. (Recital in all contracts.) Clause 2 — Duty of water (amount to be delivered to settlers — expressed in units) method of delivery of water, and provisions for headgates, etc. (Recital in all contracts.) Clause 3 — Provision for division of irrigation works and water appropriation into shares — 1 to each acre of land. Clause 4 — Company reserves exclusive right to dis- pose of such shares to settlers. Clause 5' — Price of shares. (Water rights.) Clause 6 — Terms of payment for shares. (Clauses 3 to 6 inclusive — evidence of ownership — whether by "shares," or otherwise, in substance, in all contracts). Clause 7 — Right of way for company's ditches grant- ed by State across its lands, and across all Carey act lands segregated. Clause 8 — Company permitted to enlarge and extend its system upon approval of Board, for irrigation of other lands, and for power purposes. Clause 9 — FVovision for transfer of ownership of canal system to settlers through the instrumentality of a subsidiary "operating" company (or an association"). (Whether by this means, or otherwise, essential re- cital in all contracts.) Clause 10 — Provision for operation of irrigation works by such operating company, for apportionment of cost of such operation and maintenance; maintenance fee; de- termination of system for measurement and distribution of water to settlers. (All contracts provide method of operation.) Clause 11 — Definition of the interest represented by shares in the "operating company." The rights of the constructing company which are reserved from disposal, confined to the right to enlarge irrigation works and the right to use water for power purposes. Water rights at- tached to individual tracts of land and made inseparable therefrom. Clause 12 — Company prohibited from selling water- rights, or "shares," to any but qualified entrymen. (All States.) Clause 13 — Company required to issue to settlers shares in "operating company" at time of purchase, pro- vision for securing interests of company and for the vot- ing power of shares. Clause 14 — Company prohibited from selling "shares'" until water ready for delivery to lands to be designated by the land board. Company permitted to sell Contracts for the sale of shares, prior to water being ready, pro- vided all advance payments for water rights be deposited, in escrow, with the State Land Board. Clause 15 — Company permitted to issue bonds, secur- ed by mortgage upon its interest in the system. (All States.) Clause 16 — Company granted the right, when 90 per cent of the shares are sold, at its option, to assign to "operating company," the unsold balance of "shares,"' free of all claim, and thereupon to be released from further obligation to contribute toward the maintenance 204 THE IRRIGATION AGE. of the system. (Provision for transfer— some method — in all contracts.) Clause 17 — Articles of incorporation of "operating company" and of "Settlers' Associations" taking over the "operating company," must be submitted to State Land Board for approval. Clause 18 — Company agrees to sell "shares" for State lands at a price of $10.00 per acre less than for contiguous Carey act, lands. Clause 19 — In case all water authorized to be used cannot be applied to the irrigation of the lands described, company is permitted, by and with consent of the State Engineer, to sell such portion of water for municipal and other beneficial purposes. CONTRACT BETWEEN COMPANY AND SETTLER (IN WYOMING). Contract No. . . Company. AGREEMENT. "Preamble, reciting names of Parties to Contract and dates— reference to company's contract with the State, to its inauguration of work, recital of water permits issued by the State Engineer, recital naming date when water will be delivered to lands mentioned in contract, that Land Board has authorized company to sell, or contract for the sale of water rights, that the purchaser has applied to the company to purchase the rights specified. "In consideration of the sum (named) and of the agree- ments hereinafter contained, it is agreed that the purchaser shall become entitled to shares of stock of the (operat- ing) company, the certificate to be in form as follows, to-wit: " (name of operating company). shares. 19 .. "This is to certify that (settler's name) is the owner of shares of the capital stock of the (operating) company." The certificate recites the fact "that the owner thereof 'has acquired the right to the use of sufficient water for the irrigation of the lands described,' amount of water to be de- livered (expressed in acre units), proximity of point of deliv- ery of water to lands (described), 'to be subject to rules and regulations based upon a system of distribution, subject to the approval of the State Board of Land Commissioners." " The certificate also entitles the owner "to a proportionate interest in all the irrigation works, state permits and all rights and franchises of the company, such interest to be based upon the number of shares finally sold, and each share representing such proportionate interest as an acre of irrigable land bears to the total area of irrigable land reclaimed." "The certificate and the interest it represents cannot be sold separately from the land described. A sale or disposal of the land carries with it this certificate and the interest it represents and the right to the use of water represented can- not be transferred to any other land." "Said aertificate to be delivered as provided in said state contract." Signatures and attests "The water which the purchaser shall have the right to conduct and receive through the said canal system shall be used upon and become dedicated and appurtenant to the fol- lowing described lands, to-wit: (Description of lands accord- ing to government survey), and the parties hereto expressly argee as follows, to-wit:" (1) "Recital of the fact of the agreement having been made in accordance with the provisions of the 'state contract,' which, with the laws of the state, defines the rights of the respective parties." (2) "The company agrees that so long as it retains con- trol of the (operating) company — i. e., as long as it continues to vote the majority of the stock of said (operating) company, it will cause the (operating) company to maintain the irrigation system in good order and repair." "Said operating company is to have power to levy all necessary tolls and assessments upon all purchasers of water rights (whether water is used or not), and the company agrees that no charges shall be made until (a date specified). and that charges shall be limited to (a sum stated — the 'main- tenant fee'), payable at office of the (operating) company upon ("date named) each year, without notice." (3) "The consideration for the water rights agreed to be conveyed is the sum of and the balance remaining due after initial payment is payable as follows, to-wit:" Table of annual payments, extending over period of from ten to twelve years (or the entire amount or any unpaid bal- ance may be paid in full at any time. "Interest from (date named), at 6 per cent per annum, is to be paid annually. 'In- named), at 6 per cent per annum, is to be paid annually. In- terest to be computed at 8 per cent, if not paid within thirty days from date when due. Interest that may have accrued prior to the dat» of notice given entrvman that the company is prepared to furnish water,1 is waived." (4) "The purchaser agrees that upon default in any of the payments above specified, or of any annual assessment for the maintenance of the system, the comapny may declare the entire purchase price due, and may proceed to collect same and to enforce any lien which it may hold upon the wat^r rights or upon the lands, or may, at its option, enforce any remedy given by the laws of Wyoming." "And the purchaser hereby sets over by mortgage to the company, to secure payment of all amounts due. all interest and all rights now in his possession, or which may accrue to him under his contract with the State for the purchase of the land, and that, immediately upon transfer to him of the legf 1 title to such land, he will execute to the company a mortgag", with power of sale, to secure the performance by him of che provisions of the contract, which mortgage the purchasnr agrees shall be a first Hen upon the lands, superior to any and every incumbrance in favor of any persons whomsoever." (6) "The purchaser agrees that the shares of storu pur- chased in the (operating) company shall be, and are hereby, assigned to the company, which is hereby empowered to vote such stock as it may deem proper at all stockholders' meetings of said (operating) company, until 50 per cent of the purchase price of such stock has been paid." (6) "It is agreed that no water shall be dilevered to pur- chaser while any installment of principal or interest or any toll or assessment is due and unpaid. Water shall be deliv- ered only during the irrigation season (dates being specified) ; a domestic supply, when necessary, outside of the irrigation season, shall be delivered under such rules and conditions as shall be determined by the (operating) company." (7) "This contract may be assigned by the Company, and thereupon the payment of principal and interest, if so pro- vided, shall be payable to the assignee; but the payments for tolls and assessments shall, unless otherwise provided, be paid to the (operating) company, and payment may be enforced by it." Signatures of parties and witnesses, attests. Notarial attest. Blank form of (settlers) assignment of water rights (contingent upon approval of Company). It is well, to obviate misunderstanding, to dwell again upon the important distinction that the term "Company" in every case refers to the company con- tracting with the State for the reclamation of the lands, and for the construction of the works neces- sary, while the "operating company" may be described as a "legal" creation, whose ultimate purpose is to become an instrument for the conveyance of title from the "construction company" to the settler. Although this method affords a convenient means of transfer, it is not to be assumed that it is the rule in all cases of outstanding contracts on segregations already thrown open to entry. In one contract (Colorado) now in force, provision is made for the ultimate transfer of shares of stock in the construction company itself; in another, the contract with the State provides for the incorporation of a "settlers' company," upon the sale of a stipulated per- centage of the total of all water rights. In both cases one water right is conveyed with each 40 acres. The principal features of this contract, are as can readily be inferred, essential to all contracts, regardless of the State, — details of method, such as the transfer of "shares," the injection of the "operating" company, and matters of minor importance may vary, but the objects sought are in every case identical, viz: To vest the set- tler with the right to the use of sufficient water for his needs, to secure to him his share in the ultimate owner- ship of the "project," and to assure to the company the payment of the sums due to it. Other Contracts Between State and Company and Com- pany and Settler. IDAHO. — Shares in an operating company pass to purchaser at time of application for water rights, and with first payment to the construction company one share with first payment to the construction company, one share to each acre of land, to be held by construction company, as collateral security' until payments are com- pleted. Interest, at 6 per cent, computed from date men- tioned (April 1st or March 1st), contingent upon water being available for such purposes during the irrigation season of the year named in the contract — if not available at that time, then interest to be computed from the date of actual delivery of water. If water is available at the beginning of the irriga- tion season of the year named, then deferred payments upon the principal sum become due upon the dates speci- fied in the contract — if there be any delay in the delivery of water then all payments on principal and interest are advanced in time according to the period of such delay. The company reserves the right to vote the settler's shares in the operating company until 35 per cent of the purchase price of such shares has been paid. COLORADO. — Use of water restricted to irrigation and domestic purposes. Water may not be allowed to run to waste. The company reserves the right to formulate rules for the delivery of water, and the right to arbitration and final decision in case of disputes between settlers. The company disavows all responsibility for dam- Continued on page 222.) THE IEKIQATION AGE. 205 Underflow Problem Solved in the Arkansas Valley CIMARRON, KANSAS Cimarron, Kansas, thirty miles from Garden City, is about to attract the attention of irrigationists and settlers all over America. Since the government pumping stations were erected at Garden City, that place has been known as practically the only irrigation district in Kansas. Across the Col- orado line in the Arkansas Valley, irrigation towns are the rule rather than the exception. Since the time of the construction of the Fort Lyon Canal, twenty years ago, many other ventures have followed and one by one the attention of the country has been turned to Canon Arkansas and get irrigation. After the completion of the ditch, however, owing to faulty construction of head- gates and other details not well understood at that time, the proposition was dropped and the long ditch has for years been known as "Soule's Folly." Cimarron went ahead, however, making a fortune out of dry farming, and despite the lack of irrigation, has grown in wealth from year to year. The accompanying photograph shows Cimarron on a Saturday afternoon. The easterner will be surprised at the number of automobiles, etc., in a town of this size, but the westerner realizes the immense Cimarron, Kansas, on a Saturday Afternoon. City, Florence, Rocky Ford, La Junta, Las Animas, La- mar, Holly, etc. Then came Garden City and now we have Cimarron, all located in the thriving and well irri- gated Arkansas Valley. But Cimarron was for years a prosperous town with- out irrigation. Nearly a quarter of a century ago, A. T. Soule, a New York millionaire, came into Kansas at the solicitation of the Gilbert brothers and started a ditch ninety-six miles long, proposing to tap the waters of the amount of success that has attended the Kansas farmer in recent years. And now comes the project which is destined to make Cimarron as well known as some of the old irriga- tion districts and the construction is of particular interest to the irrigationist. The question of solving the methods of securing the underflow has been and is now one of the most important questions before western homebuilders. Gilbert brothers, who in the early eighties had inter- THE I |{ R I O A T I 0 N AGE. ested Soule, not being dismayed by the fact that the project was abandoned, and knowing that the soil of Gray county is as fertile as any in the world, bided their time until the country should awake to the great importance of irrigated land. Finally, John A. Traylor of the Traylor Machinery Company of Denver, Colorado, became inter- ested and carefully investigated the conditions that were bringing success at Garden City. Thinking he had dis- covered a way to bring success where Soule had made a failure, he interested with him Honorable John Barnett, Attorney General of Colorado, A. M. Eppstein, the well- known Denver millionaire, and S. F. Dutton of the Albany. They organized a company and, securing additional capital, started to work. The canal had been called the Eureka Canal. More than $1,000,000 had been spent on the ditch, but they acquired the ownership of the property from the London, England, bond holders, through Eugene P. Ware, who represented them, and began to carry out their plans. Under the ditch are the towns of Ingalls, Cimarron, Dodge City and Spearville. As constructed, the old ditch could have reached 200,000 acres and had a carrying capacity of that much. The ditch broadens out at Ingalls, climbs the divide past Cimarron putting all the rich, val- ley land contiguous to Cimarron, under water. Mr. Traylor came to examine the property in January, 1909, and made a report on it as engineer and a few months later bought it, interesting with him the above named gentlemen. Instead of tapping the river, which had been tried before, he proposed to them the question of recover- ing the underflow of the Arkansas River first and after- ward to store the flood water of the Arkansas in reser- voirs. Sites for such reservoirs are available at various points. The result of his study showed that underlying the Arkansas River proper as far as the Kansas-Colorado line is a water bearing zone principally of coarse gravel reaching fifty feet in depth at Coolidge on the Kansas- Colorado line. The service of the river has a fall of six feet to the mile at Garden City, and the water bearing zone has a thickness of 300 feet, while fifty miles further east of Dodge City, the thickness is only ninety feet, creating thus a deep pocket at Garden City. By tests, the water bearing zone was found to extend north and south of the river to a varying distance of from five to fifteen miles. The gravel making up the ancient river bed was also found by actual test to hold forty per cent of water. This water flows in a constant current eastward following the main course of the Arkansas River. From the logs of various wells up the valley, it was found that there were small kidneys or islands of clay interspersing the gravel up and down the valley, but by actual borings at a point just west of Ingalls there was found five miles of nothing but gravel. The new company incorporated as the Arkansas Val- ley Irrigation Company, started at that point to recover the under-flow. The success of the government wells at Garden City has proven that at least one-fourth of a gallon per square foot of percolating area under one foot head of water can be obtained and be depended upon as a constant flow. This and more has proven to be the fact at Cimarron. In fact a sub-current has been proven to flow as freely but not as rapidly as the current in the bottom of the river. As a result of these peculiar conditions ruling at this particular place only, the idea was conceived of construct- ing a sump or gathering channel of such proportions that it might catch all the under-flow flowing down the Ar- kansas Valley which would be sufficient in a normal flow to take care of 30,000 acres of land. At the same time the government records of the water passing Ingalls each year show an average of 1,000,000 acre feet of water going to waste annually. Right here it is well to note the apparently impossible fact that about four times as much water is taken put of the Arkansas River now every year and used for irriga- tion as flows at any place in the Arkansas at any time. This is of course because of the fact that it nearly all seeps back into the channel again. The construction company subsequently filed on the water rights and is now constructing reservoirs of suf- ficient capacity to take care of 50.800 acres extending as fas as Spearville forty miles east of the intake of the canal. The difference between this project and others lies in the method of securing the under-flow. Instead of constructing an expensive pumping system, the engineers after the most complete investigations recommended the construction of a sump that would gather and collect the water and feed it to the canal by gravity. This was quite possible as, commencing at the intake of the canal and for a considerable distance up the valley, the river has a straight fall of eight feet to the mile. The canal was con- structed with only a drop of one foot to the mile and runs parallel to the river on the north side distant from the same only a few hundred feet to a point where it approxi- mated eight feet below the level of the river opposite or the local level of water in the valley. At that point the construction of the gathering channel was begun. The sump has now been constructed several thousand feet and is producing on an average eight times the amount of water the engineers originally planned to re- ceive. Engineers contend that this shows the beginning of the largest proposition of its kind ever known. One needs to imagine a trench or canal which on its bottom grade has a width of sixty feet standing at all times six feet dee^ in water, with an eighty-foot width on the sur- face, the bottom extended on a level, thereby gaining eight feet in depth per mile length to a total length of five miles, to appreciate this. This sump, therefore, has a width of sixty feet on its bottom at the beginning and gradually reaches a total surface width of 110 feet, being the natural slope for excavation. At the upper end or terminus it will have a width of sixty feet on the bottom and a depth of 58 feet from the surface and a width on the surface of 225 feet. This sump has been constructed 3,000 feet so far and is being constructed purely as a water selling corporation with no stock for sale. The country is a natural wheat, corn and alfalfa com- munity with eight months of actual growing season and a warm, temperate summer climate. The soil may be classed as alluvial, being made up wholly by successive deposits from the Arkansas River. A sand and gravel bed extends both north and south holding almost on a level with the channel of the river. Above this lies the rich, loamy soils of Gray and Ford counties on the north side of the river. The soil varies from ten to 100 feet in depth and is almost wholly gypsum in one form or another. No alkali or indications of alkali are found anywhere. At this time the old canal is cleaned and has water flowing in it to within three miles of Dodge City, and the scraper gangs are commencing the work for completion of the canal to a few miles east of Dodge City. No water is offered except as developed. A perpetual water right entitling the holder to sufficient water costs $40 on twenty- year terms. Lands can be bought under this system at a reasonable price, depending upon their location and near- ness at present to Cimarron. Alfalfa has been proven to produce eight tons to the acre, grain sixty to ninety bushels to the acre; wheat from forty to sixty bushels per acre. The future of Cimarron lies not only in these crops but in truck farming. Cimar- ron is on the main line of the ditch. The town is located on the main line of the Santa Fe Railroad with eight trains per day stopping there. The altitude is 2,400 feet. It possesses two grain elevators. The cattle ranches suc- cumbed to farming six or seven years ago. Cimarron itself is now thirty years old and has about 1,000 population, the majority of which have arrived within the last few years. The place is naturally prepared for a rapid growth to meet the influx of settlers, land buyers and business men who will be attracted by the unusual opportunity. It is just 375 miles to the market centers of Kansas City or in the opposite direction. Den- ver. A new commercial club has been organized at Cimar- ron with C. R. Rixon as president, and E. T. Peterson as secretary, and preparations are being made to meet the new and altered conditions which will soon prevail. There is so much interest about this unusual proposi- tion and about Cimarron itself that this article will be continued from time to time covering the whole subject in detail. THE IREIQATION AGE. 207 Notes on Practical Irrigation D. II. Anderson ALKALI SOILS. Their Nature, Treatment, and Reclamation. The "alkalis," as they are called, are common to all soil?i wherever they may be found on the globe; they belong to earth and are part of its essential constituents. Originally, they were brought or carried into the soil along with the other elements which form its in- organic bulk (as has been explained in Chapter II), by the pulverization of rocks and minerals, the deposition of inorganic sediment held in solution by water, by glacial action, by seepage from rivers, and numerous other ways. These elemtns, if unacted upon, would forever re- main in an insoluble, inert condition, incapable of ex- erting any influence upon each other, or of performing any functions whatever; in which case, however, there could not be any plant life of any kind. But nature comes in and begins action upon these elements and changes their form so that they may become capable of aiding in the production of plants by furnishing them with the food to make them grow and ripen their fruit or seed. First, we have the atmosphere, or air, which, how- ever arid the region, contains oxygen in a very large proportion, and this oxygen attacks the inorganic ele- ments, transforming them into various substances, or rather fits them to be acted upon by other substances so that they may become useful or otherwise. Thus, oxy- gen acts upon potash, soda, lime and magnesia to form what are known as "alkaline bases/' that is, the founda- tions for the "salts," which are beneficial in moderate quantities but injurious in excess. The forces of nature are always at work, regardless of the quantity of the product; certain laws are followed, and these laws keep on operating in certain unvarying ways, according to a fixed program, which is never changed unless man comes in and compels a change. The following table will en- able the reader to understand in a general way how nature works upon the elements in the soil through oxy- gen: Oxygen. Unites with Potassium and forms Potash. Unites with Sodium and forms Soda. Unites with Calcium and forms Lime. Unites with Magnesium and forms Magnesia. The oxygen acts upon the above four metals just it does on iron exposed to the air, when it forms the familiarly known "rust," which is technically called "oxide of iron." So the potash, soda, lime and mag- nesia are really the earth oxides, the four of them being "alkaline bases," that is, the foundations upon which to compound all the various kinds of alkalis. These "oxides," or "bases," in themselves, would be of very little use or harm while in that state, but the oxygen in the air and everywhere else attacks the other ssential elements in the soil as well as the potash, soda, lime and magnesia, that is, the silicon, carbon, sulphur and phosphorus, but instead of converting them into oxides, or alkaline bases, turns them into "acids." The following table will explain: Jnites with Silicon and forms Silicic Acid. Jnites with Carbon and forms Carbonic Acid. Jnites with Sulphur and forms Sulnhuric Acid. Unites with Phosphorus and forms Phosphoric Acid. Here is where the whole trouble about alkali soils begins, for these acids mentioned in the last table, which may be called mineral, or metallic, acids, have a great affinity for the alkaline bases mentioned in the first table, and greedily seize upon them, forming "salts," as they are commonly called. When these mineral acids attack the alkaline bases, this is what happens: Silicic Acid forms Silicate of Potash, Soda, Lime and Magnesia. Carbonic Acid forms Carbonate of Potash, Soda, Lime and Magnesia. Sulphuric Acid forms Sulphate of Potash, Soda, Lime and Magnesia. Phosphoric Acid forms Phosphate of Potash, Soda, Lime and Magnesia. It is the carbonate of soda, or what is commonly called "sal soda," which makes "black alkali land," and sulphate of soda, or "Glauber salt," which constitutes "white alkali land." There are numerous other salts formed by combining the alkaline bases and the mineral acids, but sufficient are given here to make the principle clear; to enumerate the others would require a volume, and complicate too much the idea sought to be conveyed in this work. Moreover their action is the same as the. sodas, though in a much less harmful degree. So far, water has been kept in the background, as unnecessary to the formation of these salts, but when water is brought in the distribution of these alkaline salts is largely aided, for the alkalis are extremely soluble in water, the latter taking up nearly its own weight of the salts. When this happens, the alkalis are carried wherever the water penetrates, and when it comes to the surface it evaporates into the atmosphere, but leaves the alkali salts behind to accumulate, until the soil is ruined for purposes of vegetation unless they are re- moved, or got rid of in some way and the soil thus "re- claimed," as it is called. In this inorganic matter, plant life is impossible. As has already been said, organic matter in combination with the inorganic matter, is essential to plants of any kind, and here originates a phenomenon as common as the continual process of the formation of alkalis by combinations with the mineral, or metallic acids, as above specified. Organic matter also combines to form acids which are called "vegetable acids," and they also readily combine with the alkaline bases, the result of which is mutual destruction. This will be understood from a single experiment that any reader can try. Vinegar is the most commonly known vegetable acid, the technical name of which is "acetic acid," it being formed during the germination of seeds in the ground, as will be explained in the chapter on Plant Foods. The plant forms it within its tissues and then rejects it for the purpose of permitting it to continue dissolving the earthly substances with which it is in contact. It is also formed artificially for domestic use. Now this vinegar is the natural enemy of the alkalis. When poured upon any of the alkalis of potash, soda, or magnesia, it causes a hissing or effervescence. When this ceases, there is left neither an alkali nor acid, both have disappeared, and their substances are totally changed into something else a new salt called an "acetate," which is neither one thing or the other; they have mutually destroyed each other. These acetates are not noxious to plants, and appear to be freely created by the plant itself during the process of developing acetic acid, which is essential for the pur- pose of transforming starch into sugar, whether of the cane or grape variety, and for laying the foundation of woody fiber and cellular tissues, all of which, alkali tends to prevent if in excess. It is well known from actual ex- perience that sugar bearing plants, such as sorghum, sugar beets and trees of abundant starch and woody fiber will flourish luxuriantly in alkali soils that will not even permit the germination of cereals, or alfalfa. The reason why this is so is not far to seek, and when well under- stood the partial reclamation of alkali lands, even under adverse conditions, may be attained, and wholly so where the conditions are opposed to the accumulations of alkali from artificial sources. Dangerous Percentage of Alkali. There is much controversy about the dangerous amount of alkalis in arable soils, but the entire ques- tion may be resolved into four divisions: First — Soils naturally so heavily charged with alkali as to be worthless. Second — Soils in which the alkali is increased by fortuitous or artificial means. 208 THE IKRIGATION AGE. Third — Alkali soils suitable for general crops. Fourth — Alkali soils adapted only to certain special classes of plants. The sodas are the most dangerous of the alkalis, both the carbonate, or "sal soda," which is the cause of "black alkali land," and the sulphate, or "Glauber salts," which is the deposit on most of the "white alkali lands," because they are so very easily soluble in water, whereas the sulphate of lime, or "gypsum," and all the other sul- phates, and the phosphates, are very much less soluble in water. The consequence is, the soda alkalis are al- ways shifting their location, always following the water, because the latter takes them up greedily whenever they are brought in contact, whether on the surface or in the subsoil, or under the influence of seepage which carries the alkalis from a higher to a lower level. The tendency of water when in motion, or flowing, is first downward, it leaches, or percolates through the soil, but after it has become stationary, that is, when it does not find an out- let through drainage, either natural or artificial, it begins an upward movement toward the surface through capil- lary action, and carries with it the alkalis it contains in solution, evaporates and leaves the salts on the surface. It is not difficult to understand how the alkalis accumu- late in the soil, the difficulty begins when the attempt is made to remove them and fit the soil for plant life. As the amount of alkali deposited in the soil in- creases, the number of species or varieties of plants de- creases. Where soils are charged with an excess of al- kalis by fortuitous or artificial means, the reader will understand that the excess has been added to the natural supply by the flooding of rains, or by irrigation. The alkali has not been washed out of the soil by the water, it has been carried into it by water charged with the soluble salts, directly, or by seepage from irrigating ditches. In either case, deep cultivation, surface, or sub-drainage, will tend to restore the soil to its normal condition. Moreover, it is not difficult to wash out of the soil the elements necessary to plant life through the application of water, and, inasmuch as the alkalis are more soluble than any of the plant foods, it should be less difficult to eliminate the former by the same process that carried them into the soil, intelligently applied. One per cent of alkali salts in an average soil one foot deep equals 40,946 pounds dry, and 55,146 pounds wet, too great a quantity for the successful growth of cereals, although the soil may be very rich in all the other plant foods, which is generally the case in all alkali soils, and this percentage will prevent the growth of trees, bushes, vines and root crops in general. Some- times the alkali is near the surface, in the first two inches of it! indeed, the tendency of the alkalis is toward the surface, in this case the one per cent of alkali would mean a weight of the salts in a foot deep acre of only about 6,824 pounds dry, or 9,191 pounds wet, a quantity not in excess if distributed uniformly through the soil. But lying at the immediate surface, the cereal grains cannot germinate, or if they do the young and tender plants perish from thirst, literally, the alkalis absorbing all the water around them, although there may be plenty of untainted water in the subsoil, in which case deep plowing and turning the soil over will furnish a top soil in which the seeds may germinate and reach a growth able to resist the alkali turned under. In fact, the roots of the plant will reach beyond the alkali, for the latter will then have again sought the surface, where it can do no harm. Alfalfa, for instance, will grow in a moderately alkaline soil, because the long tap roots penetrate to the subsoil depths, where there is less alkali. Moreover, the thick growth and luxuriant foliage shade the ground and prevent evaporation, which is the handmaid of alkali de- posits. All soils showing less than 'one-fifth of one per cent of alkali salts, that is, less than 9,000 pounds to the foot acre dry, or 12,000 pounds wet, may be considered safe for all kinds of crops, and there will never be any danger from excess of alkalis, so long as good water is used and the land well drained and cultivated. When the alkali goes beyond one-fifth to two-fifths per cent, general crops fail, as a rule, and spots begin to show when culti- vated. And when the alkali reaches four-tenths and six- tenths of one per cent, while general crops will not grow, sweet clover and the common run of fleshy, scented and sugary plants will grow and produce large crops, but must be harvested early in the case of forage plants, as has al- ready been said, else they will become bitter and uneatable. There are, as has been said, about 197 species of plants which possess a great affinity for alkali and will luxuriate in masses of it where all other vegetation fails to gain a foothold. Thus, greasewood, or creosote bush, will flourish in a soil containing 194,760 pounds of alkali salts per acre one foot deep, which is more than four per cent of alkali. Scrub salt bush will grow in soil contain- ing 78,240 pounds per acre, equal to about one and one- half per cent. Samphire luxuriates in soil containing 306,- 000 pounds of alkali per acre, or about six per cent. Wheat, however, will not grow where the soil contains a total of 20,520 pounds of the sulphates, carbonates, chlorides and nitrates of soda and potash per acre one foot deep, which is less than one-half of one per cent of the weight of the soil. Attempts at Reclamation. It is impossible to establish any rule or set of rules for the adaptation of alkali lands to profitable crops. The natural growth of numerous varieties and species of plants on strong alkalis is of very little moment to the farmer, his main inquiry being: "How shall I get rid of the excess of alkali? The whole object of cultivating the soil is to compel it to produce something useful as well as profitable, otherwise it is labor lost to put a plow in the ground. But in the arid and semi-arid lands the soil may be exceedingly fertile for general crops, and after cultiva- tion and irrigation may become so impregnated with alkali as to lose that fertility in spite of the quantities of essen- tial plant food still in the soil. Where this calamity overtakes the farmer he can not very well wander about and take up a new location on fresh land and again go through the same experience. He must remain rooted to the soil, so to speak, and use all the information he can gather to restore his land to its normal condition, or so much of it as has gone wrong. It is a well-known saying: "All signs fail in dry weather," and there are several others equally as apt. Some say: "It is useless to pray for rain with the wind from the wrong quarter," or, "It is a dry moon, and the borns up won't let the water out." In the case of alkali soils there are no apt sayings, but there aught to be one, and a very good one seems to be: "Alkali laughs at the established methods of cultivating the soil." When crops begin to look "sick," and black or white patches appear here and there, the reason is not far to seek: alkali is at work. The subsoil may be alkaline; there may be a stratum of hard pan which prevents the water with its solution of alkalis from leaching down through beyond the reach of the roots; the irrigation water may contain a large percentage of alkali in solution, and, coming to the surface, carry its alkali along with it; there may be an irrigation ditch above and beyond, or a stream, or reservoir, from which the water seeps and comes up wherever it can find an outlet. In all these cases, and there are many others, except where the soil is naturally strong- ly alkaline, he looks for the cause, and he finds it in fortu- itous or accidental additions of alkali. Excess of alkali has been carried into the soil, and he first stops any fur- ther arrivals. The beginning of a remedy is the same in the case of a thousand or more acres as in the case of but one, there is merely a difference in extent of operations. Then the alkali having got into the soil, he quite naturally thinks that it may be got out in the same way it got in. This is true as to methods. It drains or seeps in; let it drain and seep out. It came to the surface with the water through capillary action, therefore let that capillary action be stopped or impeded. The water from the subsoil evapor- ating at the surface left the alkalis behind to interfere with plant life, hence, if that evaporation be prevented or reduced, there will be no more, or, at least, less surface deposits. Without stopping to consider drainage, which requires a chapter of its own, there are two conditions or processes which are keys that nearly fit the situation: cultivation and rotation of crops. Cultivation serves a double purpose; that of breaking (Continuel on page 220.) THE IKRIGATION AGE. 209 Irrigation of Alfalfa By SAMUEL FORTIER, Chief of Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment btatioos. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Methods of Irrigating Alfalfa. The methods of applying water to alfalfa differ widely because of diversity in soils and subsoils, in climate and topography, in the nature of the water supply, the size of the farm, the amount of money available for preparing the land for water, the prevailing crops grown, and the early training and environment of the irrigator. The standard methods have been grouped under the following heads, namely, the border method, the check method, flooding from field laterals, furrow ir- rigation, and other less common meth- ods, with various modifications of each. In passing it may be said that the usual order is to locate and build the farm ditches first and prepare the land afterwards. In this bulletin it has been deemed best to describe the methods in use and them to consider the location and construction of farm ditches. After one has a general knowledge of the various ways of ap- plying water and of the size and char- acter of the ditches required for each method he is in a better posi- tion to understand the proper meth- ods to adopt in building farm ditches. This subject will therefore be treated separately under its own head- ing. The Border Mfethod. Essentially the border method consists of the division of a field or tract into long, narrow strips or lands by low flat levees which usually extend in the direction of the steepest slope and confine the water to a single strip. The bed of each strip is carefully graded to a uniform slope, although the slope may change to conform to the contour of the natural surface. The water to irrigate each strip is taken from the head ditch extending across the upper edge of the field, and is controlled by an outlet box or border gate, although the gates are sometimes omitted to save in first cost of preparing for irrigation. Check ates, canvas dams, or metal tappoons are used to hold up the water in the head ditch to cause it to flow into the borders. This method is confined chiefly to the irrigation of alfalfa and grain, and in its various modifications is used extensively in Arizona, California, and, to a less extent, in Idaho, Montana, and other Rocky Mountain States. It can be used best under canals which deliver water to users in large streams, since the smallest head that can be applied successfully is seldom less than 2 or 3 cubic feet per second, but heads of 5 to 10 cubic feet per second are the rule. It is adapted especially to light, open soils, into vhich water percolates rapidly, as the use of a large stream confined between borders makes it possible to force water over the surface without great loss by percola- tion. On the university farm at Davis, Cal., the borders or lands average about 50 feet wide by 900 feet long. Each levee has a base 7 feet wide and is 12 inches high, when newly made, but settles to about 10 inches before the first crop is harvested. The bed of each strip is leveled cross- wise and slopes regularly from top to bottom. In prepar- ing the surface of this field, the barley stubble was burned, then the soil was disked and roughly graded. The location of each border was marked out either by a drag or by making a farrow. Sufficient earth to form the border was obtained by skimming the surface with scrapers. The scraper teams began next to the head ditch and worked down. They crossed and recrossed the field at right angles to the borders, and as a scraper passed a border marking it was dumped. Each scraper width of the bor- ders was made up of two loads, but the last load over- lapped the first by half the width of the scraper. The sur- face of each border was then leveled to within 0.1 or 0.2 foot of accuracy. The levees when first built were rough, irregular, and steep. They were cut down to a uniform grade by a homemade device called a planer, shown in figure 3. In Imperial Valley, California, a 40-acre tract is divided in 22 lands each 60 feet wide and 0.2S mile long. When the slope is too steep the lands run diagonally across the tract. In order to lessen the first cost the material for the borders, instead of being scraped from the high portions of the lands, is taken from the sides of the borders. This creates hollows in which water may collect, makes the mowing and raking more difficult, and frequently lessens the yield. Such borders may be made Fig. 3. — Levee Smoother Made by H. I. Moore. by the use of the plow and ridger (fig. 4). In this method a narrow strip is first plowed and then the ridger, drawn by a number of horses, forms the loose earth into a ridge. The cost per acre for preparing the land by the border method in this valley varies all the way from $5 to $20, depending on the character of the native vegetation and the size and number of the hummocks. When creosote Fig. 4. — Adjustable Ridger. bushes and mesquite trees are surrounded by wind-driven sands, the cost may run as high as $40 per acre. In Salt River Valley, Arizona, the customary method of preparing the land for alfalfa is to remove the brush, plow the high places, and roughly level the surface with suitable scrapers. Then the borders are marked off from 30 to SO feet apart. The spacing depends on the porosity of the soil, the configuration of the land, and the head 210 THE IRRIGATION AGE. of water available. After forming rough borders by means of four plow furrows thrown together to form a ridge, a disk or spring-tooth harrow is run lengthwise of the lands. The borders are then crowded with a V crowder and usually a. leveler is run transversely to the borders to round them off. The land then receives a heavy ir- rigation and when dry enough to work is again disked or harrowed and seeded. Such borders when first made have a base of about 3 feet and a height of 1 foot, which settles to about 9 inches. The length of the borders or lands varies from one-eight to one-fourth mile. The farmers on the Roswell Bench on the south side of the Boise River in Idaho make the levees 66 feet apart and 300 to 1,300 feet long, depending chiefly on the topography of the land. The land is first leveled with scrapers, then plowed and harrowed, after which the borders are marked off and thrown up by plowing two to four furrows with a heavy plow. Before seeding, a home- made planer is dragged lengthwise and crosswise of the lands in order to fill up the hollows by cutting off the high places. The cost of preparing land in this way and seeding varies from $10 to $30 per acre, depending upon the roughness of the surface. One of the great advantages of this method is that it enables one man to use a large stream of water and ir- rigate a large area with a minimum of labor. The size of streams used in the Rillito Valley in Arizona varies. A head of about 100 miner's inches is turned into a plat of land 30 feet wide, and takes one to three hours to reach the lower end, 660 feet distant. Two men working twelve hours each, with this head of water, will irrigate SO to 600 miner's inches. In using a head of 500 inches it is customary to divide it among five lands. With such a head it is not unusual for two men working twelve- hour shifts to irrigate 80 acres in twenty-four hours. (Continued in April Issue.) Fig. o. — Carpenter's Spirit Level Attached to a Tripod. in twenty-four hours 12 to 15 acres, at a cost of 20 to 25 cents per acre for each watering. In the extensive alfalfa fields belonging to the Butterfield Live Stock Company, of Weiser, Idaho, the head ditch has a capacity of 150 to 500 miner's inches, divided into three or four streams, and permitted to flow down as many lands until the soil is moistened to a depth of several feet. Each field receives three such waterings in a season. On the alfalfa fields in Yolo County, Cal., the natural slope of the land is about 1 foot in 400. On the shorter lands the head used is seldom less than 6 cubic feet per second, but three and four times this quantity is often applied to the longer lands. On fields well laid off, with good border gates and border levees, two men can irrigate 20 to 40 acres in twelve hours, the area within these limits depending chiefly on the size of the irrigating head. In Imperial Valley, California, the size of the head used varies from IDAHO LAWS GIVE SECURITY. Engineer Eagleson Approves State Plan for Handling Its Resources. Idaho is today looked upon as the model state in the matter of handling its natural resources and it has the best irrigation laws yet devised, giving absolute se- curity to both the home-builder and the capitalist, is the belief of E. G. Eagleson of Boise, formerly surveyor general of Idaho, as expressed at a recent meeting of civil engineers of the state when the Idaho Society of Engineers was organized. Mr. Eagleson's remarks at- tracted great attention from engineers interested in irri- gation. After summarizing the history of irrigation throughout the world from ancient to modern times, he said in part: "At the present time there are about 100,000,000 acres of land irrigated in the world, and about 16 per cent of that amount is in the United States. It is estimated that about 60,000,000 acres can be reclaimed in the United States at moderate cost. However, increased population, higher land values, cheaper materials, higher duties of water and more efficient devices will undoubtedly increase this amount in a few years to at least 75,000,000 acres and possibly to 100,000,000 acres. "Of all the arid states and territories, Idaho will probably reclaim more acres by irrigation than any other. It is estimated that about 6,500,000 acres can be reclaimed in the state, which is about 11 per cent of all the irrigable lands in the United States that can be reclaimed at moderate cost. About 5,000,000 acres of Idaho lands lie in the Snake River basin above the Huntington Canyon, and now support nearly 200,000 population. Egypt irri- gates practically the same area and supports upon it 7,000,000 people, an average of nine hundred to the square mile. In irrigated Italy, the population averages 800 to the square mile, while in India as many as 1,200 subsist on the products of 640 acres. All these countries are poorly supplied with timber, fuel, mineral, forage and water power, while Idaho has more than its share of these natural resources in and adjoining its irrigated areas. But counting for Idaho a family of four to each 10-acre tract, her irrigated area will have a population of more than 2,500,000 inside of thirty years. All this seems more than probable if the rapid manner in which Idaho lands are being appropriated under the various United States laws. "Since the granting of the first Carey act segregation about ten years ago, there have been appropriated under this law 2,478,856 acres, the reclamation of which is esti- mated to cost $67,750,000. Private enterprises are re- claiming 139,000 acres at an estimated cost of $2,780,000. Eleven irrigation districts are improving and extending their systems to embrace 346,000 acres, a large part of which was desert, at an estimated cost of $1,730.000, making a grand total of $72,260,000 being expended under authority of the state. "The withdrawals under the United States reclamation act for the Minidoka and Payette-Boise projects amount to 480,000 acres, the reclamation of which is estimated to cost something over $13,000,000. Perhaps 20 per cent of all this work in the state has been completed and the total expenditure on all irrigation projects of the state amounts to about $30,000,000. "Idaho is today looked upon as the model state in the matter of handling its resources. It has the best irri- gation laws yet devised, giving absolute security to both the home-builder and the capitalist. Not a bond or water contract has ever failed to be paid and no home has ever been lost on an Idaho project through any unfair exaction of the capitalist or failure of the law. Capital is invited to come here and its stay is so protected that it deals fairly and satisfactorily with the people." THE IRRIGATION AGE. 211 Success in Underflow Pumping Experiments Near Denver Prove Satisfactory and Open Wide Field for Reclamation Work. A Colorado banker's prophecy is about to come true: Six years or more ago Mr. Gordon Jones, one of the leading bankers of Denver, made the statement in a public address that the time was then not far distant when the lands in Eastern Colorado, at that time devoted principally to stock raising, would be cut up into small tracts, each tract being irrigated and cultivated to the highest state of perfection by the up-to-date scientific farmer. This prophecy, given as a result of keen foresight based on a practical knowledge of existing conditions, is about to be fulfilled. For months experiments have been conducted in Eastern Colorado by a company of Denver business men. These experiments have had to do with the bringing to the surface of the underground waters in order to utilize them for irrigation purposes. True, under- View of engine bouse and flume, showing distance water is lifted above the ground before being deposited in the flume. flow waters found in other parts of the country have been harnessed and put to good use, but in Colorado this work is new. About a year ago the question was first agitated among Denver business men. The responses were few, but finally enough men were interested in order to un- dertake the experimental work. This work was com- menced in M&y of last year in the Bijou Valley in El- bert County, Colorado, the center of the region known as the "dry farming" section. In Eastern Colorado the rainfall averages from 14 to 17 and probably 20 inches per year. This amount of moisture is insufficient, however, for growing crops. It means that each year thousands and even millions of acre feet of water fall on this land and is allowed to go ab- solutely to waste. In fact, a former State engineer says that for the district east of Pueblo in the region of the Arkansas River 27,000,000 acre feet of water go to waste each year. These Eastern Colorado lands are traversed by num- erous creeks, varying in size, but practically all dry streams eleven months out of the year. Investigations have, however, shown that these creeks, although dry on the surface, are veritable living streams underneath the sand beds. This is due to the peculiar formation of the country. The fall along all of these streams is rapid and the water runs quickly off the land, gathering in the creeks and gullies. Here the surface formation is sand, varying in depth from three to ten or fifteen feet. Through this the water sinks rapidly until it strikes a bed of gravel. This gravel rests on top of what is known as the "first hardpan." This may be a bed of shale rock or merely a layer of blue clay, "hydraulic cement" as engi- neers sometimes term it, but at any rate it is impervious to water and here is found the living waters of the dry creeks of Eastern Colorado. How best to reach this water, how to lift it onto the ground, how to construct the wells necessary, are prob- lems now being solved, and in the interesting work now going on these questions are being answered. The first work in the Bijou Valley, where conditions exist similar to those that must be solved in all parts of Eastern Colorado, consisted in the digging of a large well or sump. Work was commenced along east Bijou Creek, the hole being dug about 50 feet from the creek View of ditch about 1,000 feet from pumping plant. bed. Plow and scraper were used as the excavation opened was not less than a large hole, ten feet wide and thirty-feet long. 'Keep at it 'til you reach water," were the orders. This was done. Clay soil was encountered in the first two feet of digging. Then came sand and four feet further, or at a depth of six feet from the surface the first water was encountered. How to hold back the sand was now the question. Tests were made which showed that about six feet of sand must be conquered before the gravel could be reached. It was then decided to sink perforated pipes and pump through these. This was done, two 6-inch pipes being sunk to bed rock, which at this point was found to be about twenty feet from the surface. Connections were then made and water brought to the surface in sufficient quantities to indicate the presence of the underflow waters. In this pumping a 6-inch centrifugal pump and 12 H. P. gasoline engine were used. While the 212 THE IERIGATION AGE. results attained were in a measure satisfactory, still a flow of only 300 gallons a minute could be obtained. To in- crease this meant the sinking of additional pipes. This, it was found, would only add to the friction that would Water flowing from discharge pipe of pump. This flow, through a 10- inch discharge pipe, is 800 gallons per minute. This flow in summer, when cold will not retard it, is about 1,100 gallons per minute. have to be contended with in lifting the water, and so it was decided to sink an open well, cribbing it in order to hold back the sand. Wooden cribbing was first tried, but this was found to be useless- and a concrete was used in- stead. A well 12 feet in diameter, with a concrete crib- bing one foot thick, reinforced, was then sunk into the gravel and through the quick-sand. This work resulted successfully in holding back the sands. The major part of the water, it was found, came up through the bottom of the sump. By means of small pieces of wood, specially grooved and set in the concrete, openings were left in the walls of the cribbing so that water could flow in from the sides, as well as come up through the bottom. When this cribbing had been sunk to a depth of 7 feet below the water level continuous pumping developed a flow of 800 gallons per minute. This flow, obtained in the coldest weather when the temperature averaged zero almost every night, means that when the water is most needed, viz., in the summer months, the average flow will be greatly in excess of 1,000 gallons per minute, since cold weather retards the flow of water from one-third to one- half. This means that from one well 12 feet in diameter and 13 feet deep water enough has been developed for 300 acres of land, pumping only during the irrigating season. What the further development of this same system means to eastern Colorado can only be imagined. At the present time there are twenty millions of acres of land lying east of Denver, the greater portion of it uncultivated because of lack of water. The soil here is equal to that of any in Colorado. Underlying these lands are large bodies of sheet water. The surface and flood waters in the west have already been appropriated. The underflow waters will next be utilized, and when they are brought to the surface lands now desolate will be the homes of in- dustrious thousands, and will be made to bring forth in abundance food for the country's millions. There are many places where land can be watered by means of gasoline engines and centrifugal pumps, just as shown in thi In this case the highest point on the land to be watered is 15 feet above the water in the irrigating canal. The water i ie scene above. the rate of more than 2 cubic feet per second. A Dempster 12 H. P. Four Cycle Gasoline Engine furnishes the power and does the work easily. The land shown was taken as a desert claim, but by pumpina: the water to the highest point it is now as valuable and productive as any land watered directly from the ditch. In many localities the water can be pumped from wells, creeks, lakes, etc., and much worthless land reclaimed. THE IKEIGATION AGE. 213 Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress Pueblo Is Enthusiastic — Governing Board's Early Organization — Publicity Campaign Given Vigorous Impetus — Sketch of New Officials. What is confidently expected to be the greatest ses- sion of the National Irrigation Congress will be held at Pueblo, Colorado, in the very heart of the irrigated West, September 26-30, 1910. Active preparation for the Eighteenth Congress has begun. The Pueblo Board of Control organized and started active work at an earlier date than any of its predecessors. Since opening its offices in the Central block, Pueblo, early in November thousands of letters to all parts of the country have been written; and tens of thousands of pieces of mail in the form of little docu- ments calling attention to the congress, to Pueblo, to the famous Arkansas valley, and to the State of Colorado, have been scattered broadcast over the country. The board is well organized, P. J. Dugan being chair- man; A. G. Watson, vice-chairman; and R. H. Faxon of Garden City, Kansas, secretary. The board took its sec- retary from put of town for the reason that Mr. Faxon had been active in the Pueblo campaigns at Albuquerque in 1908 and at Spokane in 1909; because he was a news- paperman; and because he was a resident of the Arkansas valley, whose capital is Pueblo. The Board' of Governors of the congress met at Pueblo in January and reviewed the preliminary work done up to that date by the Board of Control, approved the dates selected, and outlined a great deal of useful work. The paid secretary of the congress, Arthur Hooker, who had been secretary of the Spokane Board of Control, removed to Pueblo with his files and his large fund of experience in January of this year, and is himself actively at work. The Board of Governors plans to hold several meetings at Pueblo prior to the time the Eighteenth Congress will convene. Pueblo was an admirable selection for the Eighteenth Congress for the reason that it is in a state that has paid attention from the beginning to irrigation and fully ap- preciates the work of reclamation. Colorado has upwards of 20,000 miles of irrigation canals and laterals; more than three and one-half million acres of irrigated lands; 16 beet sugar mills making sufficient sugar to take care of the average daily consumption of the country for thirteen consecutive days; and thousands of acres of alfalfa, fruit, and truck, all grown under irrigation. Pueblo is the capital of the wonderful irrigated Arkansas valley, extending from Canon, in Colorado, to Garden City, in Kansas, having more than one-half mil- lion acres under irrigation; seven beet sugar mills, one at Garden City. Kansas, costing a million dollars and being the finest in the West; and has one county, Fremont. that last year produced an even million dollars worth of apples, and another, Otero, that produced an even million in the famous Rockvford cantaloupes. In the Pueblo district, there were shipped out, last year, in celery, 125 cars, after local consumption was taken care of. All this is under irrigation, and shows the tremendous importance of reclamation in the territory appurtenant to Pueblo. In addition to this, about one-half million acres is ready to be brought under irrigation, at a cost of approxi- mately 15 millions of dollars. Pueblo is a great, growing city of 60,000 inhabitants. It has long been known as "The Pittsburg of the West," because of its importance as a leading industrial center. It has the finest steel works west of Pittsburg, and great smelting plants. It has eight railroads, and is on the great Gould transcontinental system, the Missouri Pacific ending there and the Rio Grande beginning. Pueblo has sometimes been called "The Gateway to the Mountain- West," and very aptly. Coal fields in abundance lie at the very door of Pueblo. But Pueblo has not been content in recent years to be known as an industrial, manufacturing, and railroad center. It early recognized the great agricultural develop- ment of the West, and as a result Pueblo will soon be as famous as an agricultural center as for its industrial importance. Pueblo is geographically situated admirably for holding a great event like the Eighteenth National Irri- gation Congress. On the east side of the Great Divide, it is immediately accessible to the Middle West and to the East, which latter region is more and more attending the annual sessions. On the other hand, it is compar- atively near at hand to the Pacific West, the great South- west, and the Northwest country, all of which sections are always represented fully in the National Irrigation Congress. The international phase of the National Irrigation Congress is receiving much attention at the hands of the Pueblo Board of Control. Dr. E. McQueen Gray of Albuquerque, New Mexico, foreign secretary, early was clothed with proper credentials and full authority from the Board of Control, and has entre to all foreign capitals and the Department of S'tate at Washington. He has already made one trip to Washington and is planning another. He is in direct touch with foreign departments, and thinks he will certainly secure thirty or more foreign representatives for the Pueblo sessions. Among these he hopes to have James Bryce, the British ambassador, and either the head or an important official of the French Department of Public Works. There will also be held in connection with the con- gress a great exposition of pumping machinery, building and structural material, and a display of model irrigation ditches and plants. This will be international, and scores of inquiries are coming in to the Board of Control for information. The engineers' society — the Arkansas Valley Society of Arts and Sciences— ris taking a leading part in planning this feature of the congress. There is every indication that the Eighteenth Na- tional Irrigation Congress at Pueblo in September next will far eclipse all its predecessors. PRESIDENT BENJAMIN A. FOWLER. Benjamin A. Fowler, of Phoenix, Arizona, president of the National Irrigation Congress, was born at Stone- ham, Massachusetts, December 14, 1843, and was educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, class of 1862, and Yale, class of 1868. In 1862-3, Mr. Fowler served in the Fiftieth Massa- chusetts Volunteers, joined General Bank at New York, was there detailed for special service in the United States signal corps, and was sent to the Department of the Gulf. He was before Port Hudson from the beginning until its surrender, in July, 1863, and participated in most of the battles of that campaign. Mr. Fowler taught school one year at Danvers, Massa- chusetts, and studied law one year, following his grad- uation from Yale in 1868. From 1870 until 1898, he was in business, subscription and publishing, in Boston, New York and Chicago. Mr. Fowler came West in March, 1899, locating in the Salt River valley near Phoenix, Arizona. In 1901 he was a member of the Arizona Legislature. In 1904 he was the Republican nominee for delegate in Congress. Mr. Fowler has been president of the Arizona Agri- cultural Association, president of the Phoenix Board of Trade, president of the Associated Charities of Phoenix, 214 THE IRRIGATION AGE. and president of the Salt River VVaterusers' Association. The last named comprises about 1,600 landowners, and includes 210,000 acres of land in the Salt River valley. pledged to reimburse the government for seven million dollars now being expended on the Salt River reclama- tion project. For seven years Mr. Fowler was a member of the executive committee of the National Irrigation Associa- tion, and at the same time member of the executive com- SECRETARY HOOKER IS A VETERAN. Arthur Hooker, secretary of the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress is, by virtue of that position, a member of the Board of Governors, of which board he holds the position of secretary. He is also secretary of the executive committee of the Eighteenth Congress. Mr. Hooker was elected secretary of the congress at the meeting in Spokane last August. Previous to that lime he was secretary of the Spokane Board of Control. (1) Arthur Hooker. Spokane. Secretary Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress. (2) Benjamin A. Fowler, Phoenix, Ariz. President Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress. (3) R. Insinger. Spokane. Chairman of the Board of Governors and Executive Committee of the Eighteenth Irrigation Congress. (4) P. J. Dugan, Pueblo. Chairman of the Board of Control. (5) R. H. Faxon, Garden City, Kansas. Secretary of the Board of Publicity. (6) A. G. Watson. Pueblo. Vice-Chairman, Board of Control, Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress. (7) Mineral Palace. Pueblo, Colo. Where the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress will be held from of Control Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, and its Director of om September 26 to 30, 1910. mittce of the National Irrigation Congress. In September, 1907, he was elected secretary of the Sixteenth National Irrigation Congress, and reelected secretary of the Seven- teenth Congress. At Spokane, in August, 1909, he was elected president of the congress. Mr. Fowler owns a large ranch nine miles from Phoenix, and has other large landed interests in the Salt River valley. His residence, however, is at Phoenix. With Mrs. Hooker, he has now taken up his residence in Pueblo, and will devote his experience and training at previous congresses to the success of the Eighteenth Congress. By education, M.r. Hooker is well fitted for the posi- tion of secretary of the National Irrigation Congress. He received the degree of bachelor of science in engineering at the Washburn State College, class of 1907. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 315 In 1907, M.r. Hooker was city engineer of Pullman, Washington, and in 1908 was assistant city engineer of Spokane, resigning from the latter position to take up his work with the National Irrigation Congress. Mr. Hooker was born in Iowa, November 25, 1880, and has lived the greater portion of his life in the West, having accompanied his parents to Spokane in 1890. CHAIRMAN INSINGER HAS EXPERIENCE. R. Insinger, of Spokane, Washington, chairman of the executive committee and of the Board of Governors of the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, was born in Holland in December, 1862. Mr. Insinger lived in the Northwest Territories of the Dominion of Canada from 1885 until 1896. He was engaged in breeding horses and cattle. He was a member of the legislature of the Northwest Territories from 1892 until 1896. Mr. Insinger removed to Spokane, Washington, in 1897. He is now manager of the Northwest and Pacific Hypotheekbank. He is also a director of the Phoenix Lumber Company, and of the Spokane and Eastern Trust Company, and a trustee of the Spokane Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Insinger was chairman of the Board of Control of the Seventeenth National Irrigation Congress. At Spokane, in August, 1909, he was elected chairman of the executive committee, and at the same time chairman of the Board of Governors of the Eighteenth National Irri- gation Congress. Mr. Insinger is a man of large affairs, with great capacity for executive position, and is an effective head to the active working organization of the congress. SKILLED AS AIT ORGANIZER. P. J. Dugan of Pueblo, Colorado, president of the Board of Control of the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, is peculiarly fitted for his work. Mr. Dugan, a successful lawyer, has made a specialty of land, mining and irrigation law, and stands well at the head of his profession in this respect. His skill as such has brought him into public notice and given him a large acquaintance, not only in his own state but in the entire West. With such knowledge he combines rare executive ability, and is a splendid head to the local or- ganization that will bear the brunt of the work of prep- aration for the next congress. M.r. Dugan is a native of Oswego, New York, and went to work in New York City as a boy of sixteen years, being then thrown on his own resources. In 1881 he came to Pueblo, and had employment in various county and public offices for several years, being deputy county clerk and chief clerk in the United States land office at Pueblo for a considerable period. Meanwhile, he was studying law, and was admitted to the bar in 1888, since which time he has built up a large and extensive practice. Mr. Dugan has never entered the public service, though he has had plenty of opportunity to do so, except that he is a member of the city park commission and of the board of education of the city of Pueblo. Both parks and schools, especially the latter, are hobbies of the chairman of the Board of Control, and he has given his best efforts toward putting the school and the parks systems of his home city on a very high basis. Mr. Dugan is supported in the work of preparation for the Eighteenth Congress by an energetic and capable board that is behind him in his efforts to make the coming congress in September the greatest in the history of the organization. WATSON AS A PUBLIC BOOSTER. A. C. Watson, vice-chairman of the Peublo Board of Control, Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, was born in Mattoon, Coles County, Illinois, March 8, 1863. In 1864 his parents removed to Leavenworth, Kansas, and in 1869 to Osage County, Kansas. Mr. Watson came to Colorado in 1889, and for several years was a citizen of the San Luis valley, engaged in the mercantile business. He removed to Pueblo in 1901 and since then has been in the real estate, loan and insur- ance business. For the past three years he has been a director of the Pueblo Businessmen's Association, and in 1908 he was secretary of the Colorado State Fair. Mr. Watson lias also been a member of the board of directors of the Colorado Commercial Association and of the Colorado State Realty Dealers' Association. Mr. Watson was a delegate to the Seventeenth and Eighteenth National Irrigation Congresses, and headed the Pueblo delegation to Spokane in 1909 that secured the Eighteenth Congress for his town. He was also elected member of the executive committee for Colo- rado at the Spokane congress. In November, 1909, Mr. Watson was elected vice- chairman of the Pueblo Board of Control. PUBLICITY CAMPAIGN IN STRONG HANDS. R. H. Faxon of Garden City, Kansas, secretary of the Board of Control, Eighteenth National Irrigation Con- gress, and its director of publicity, was born near Topeka, Kansas, May 9, 1875. He received an academic educa- tion at Washburn College, Topeka, and followed the occupation of stenographer for a time, after which he went into newspaper work and was a political reporter and writer at Topeka for several years. Mr. Faxon was secretary to Chester I. Long, repre- sentative from the Seventh Kansas district and later United States Senaor from Kansas for eleven years, re- tiring as such March 4, 1909. In April, 1908, Mr. Faxon purchased the controlling interest in the Garden City, Kansas, Evening Telegram, which he has since edited and published. He was a delegate to the Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth National Irrigation Congresses, and at the Sixteenth Congress at Albuquerque in 1908, and the Seventeenth Congress at Spokane in 1909, was a member and secretary of the committee on resolutions. He was appointed a member of the congressional committee by President Barstow in 1908. In November, 1909, he was elected a member of the Board of Control for the Eight- eenth Congress, and at the same time a member of the executive committee, and secretary of the board as well as its director of publicity. Mr. Faxon is a director of the Kansas-Colorado Rail- road, of the Kansas State Historical Society and. of the Industrial Club of Garden City, Kansas; is a member of the park commission of Garden City; president of the Southwest Kansas Editorial Association; president of the New Santa Fe Trail, the leading good roads organization of the West; and vice-president of the Kansas Day Club. J. C. WAITE RESIGNS. Leaves U. S. Reclamation Service to Accept Position with Private Enterprise. Mr. J. C. Waite, who, since assuming charge of the Settlement Branch of the Reclamation Service at Chicago, has won for himself the esteem and good-will of hundreds of homeseekers, has accepted a tempting offer from private interests, and on February 1st resigned from the Service to accept a responsible position with H. L. Hollister — "the man behind the guns" of the great Sacramento Val- ley irrigation project — the most monumental of the many Kuhn enterprises. Mr. Waite is a native of Alabama, and although still a young man, he has behind him a record of nine years of creditable endeavor in the government employ. Since 1904, and until the establishment by the Reclamation Service of its "Settlement Bureau," Mr. Waite was private secretary to Director Newell. His many friends in the service, and outside of, while regretting the loss of an efficient and congenial co-worker and advisor, cannot help but felicitate Mr. Waite upon his entering a field where his abilities may find unlimited scope. 216 THE IRRIGATION AGE. The Handling of a Train on a Modern Railroad BY H. R. Newlean I had by some fortunate change ingratiated myself to such an extent in the esteem of the general superintendent of the Overland Railroad that he extended to me the hos- pitality of the railroad insofar as such hospitality was not restricted by the provisions of the Anti-Pass Law and the stipulations of other railroad bills. His private car was attached to the rear of the train upon which I was soon to journey to California, and we were, at the moment he preferred me this courtesy, standing by the monstrous, throbbing, iron steed, which was to pull our train. I had never ridden in the cab of an engine, and as I stood there gazing at this immaculate powerful locomo- tive, with her seven-foot driving wheels and carefully groomed boiler, glistening in the glare of the electric lights at the Union station; her headlight piercing the darkness a mile ahead, I was impelled by the thought of the novelty and exhilarating experience of a ride alongside the engineer to avail myself of the general superintendent's generous offer by requesting the privilege of riding in the engine cab to the next district terminal — one hundred and fifty miles west. I wai then introduced to the engineer, and an order followed which consigned me to the front end of the fireman's seat. The engineer was manifestly surprised at this, for it is an unwritten rule not to permit persons to disturb the enginemen by imposing their inquisitive selves in the cab. As it was about leaving time I clambered up, and as I sat there watching the engineer giving the engine a final oiling here and a finishing polish there, I was impressed with the thought of how little I (who can well represent the gen- eral public in its knowledge of railroad operation) knew about the running of a train, although I had many times inno- cently and with no misgivings ridden in them. The conductor now came forward and compared time with the engineer; then at the exact schedule departing time, sang out, "All aboard," and gave the "go-ahead" signal. The engineer slowly pulled out the throttle and snorts of seem- ing protest belched forth from the stack, as if the great monster was angered at the thought of being awakened from her con- tented purring and Clumber at the station and mastered by such an insignificant thing as a mere man — for comparatively speaking, in- significant he is, weighing about one-fourteenth hundredth of the locomotive's two hundred and ten thousand pounds. But with each notch the throttle was pulled out she very noticeably leaped for- ward until it was soon apparent she, too, had entered with me into the enthusiasm of "doing" fifty miles an hour on the smooth racing- track of steel before us. We were now threading our way amongst a maze of red, yel- low and green lights of the terminal freight and passenger yard, the meaning of which were foreign to me. I ventured to ask the engineer their significance, but he was too Intent on the lookout to answer — standing with one hand on the throttle, the other on the air-brake lever, prepared to bring the train to a quick stop should the locomotive err in pick- Ing its way through intricate frogs and switches, the proper coourse being marked by the colored lights. We soon rattled over the last switch, and were forging ahead at great speed. After the engineer had settled himself on the seat and seemed less occupied, I thought perhaps he would be open to questions, and I yelled a few at him. He smiled and yelled back, but the roar drowned out the intelli- gence of his answers, for my ears were not accustomed to the noise. That Nature adjusts our various senses to meet the exigencies of our environments was clearly proven to me, when I witnessed the ease with which the fireman and en- gineer could understand each other. They later explained to me that they had become so accustomed to this noise that any other sounds, such as speaking, pounding of defective ma- chinery, etc., which do not properly belong to the ordinary roar of a moving train, were as audible to their ears as they would be in the middle of a calm Sahara. Every mile or so there loomed up before us an automatic electric block signal, displaying green, with two exceptions, when a yellow signal flashed up, causing the engineer to im- mediately shut ofl steam and gradually slow up until about half a mile further on we found a red signal, at which he brought the train to a full stop. The firemen told me to lean out of the cab window and look toward the rear to see what happened. One long and three short blasts on the whistle at once caused the flagman to appear at rear of train with danger signals, who immediately started running back. After having gone about a quarter of a mile he stopped (the fireman told me, to put torpedoes on the track to warn a following train should it come upon us). Continuing back until he reached a position about half a mile to the rear, the flagman remained protecting our train from the possibility of a rear-end collision. The red signal had now turned green, whereupon the engineer whistled five times, which started the flagman on the run toward our train. After boarding the rear car he "high-balled" the engineer, and we were off. Arriving at the next station we learned the cause of this signal being red — our train had gotten too dangerously near the rear end of a freight train which had just pulled in on a sidetrack, and the signal had given its warning of this fact. With the exception of a few other incidents wherein rules for the protection of lives and property were observed with military precision, we reached the next terminal "on the dot." My curiosity to understand everything I had seen was greater than my longing for California, so that I further availed myself of the official's invitation by asking permission to remain at this terminal clothed with authority to acquaint myself with numerous facts relating to the operation of rail- roads. My study was so interesting, and I went into the matter so thoroughly, that I feel somewhat qualified to tell the observations of a layman. The public has been supplied with abundance of exceed- ingly interesting, and apparently accurate, divulgments of the financial and physical development of our great domestic arteries of commerce — the railroads — but unle-s my observa- tions in the literary field have been too limited, very little has been written for the benefit of the public mind concerning the intricacies of railroad management and operation. This is probably due to a belief that the inside working of railroad transportation is something in which the public has no rightful interest. It has been recently demonstrated, however, by the management of at least one of the largest railroad corpora- tions in the United States that this belief belongs entirely to those who feel that there is much to be concealed, and it is not indulged in by the higher officials of properties which employ the most modern, safe and practical methods of run- ning a railroad that are compatible with the earnings which the public may permit. I have in mind a certain system of railroads on which boards of inquiry into the cause of acci- dents, in addition to the railroad officials, are composed of United States army officers, state governors, mayors of cities along the route business men, farmers and other prominent citizens whose integrity is undisputed. The idea that the public might be interested in knowing about the subject treated herein suggested itself on several different occasions while the author was visiting the plants With Her Headlight Piercing the Darkness a Mile Ahead. of some well-known manufacturing concerns who make it a practice to invite those interested to enter their factories and to understand the processes employed. Noticing the eagerness with which the thousands of persons, who annually take advantage of such opportunities, listen to the lectures and closely watch the working of machinery, I was impressed with the thought that these same persons would display a like enthusiasm in an elementary treatment of problems which unceasingly confront the railroad president, general manager, general superintendent and subordinates. We frequently and unhesitatingly entrust our lives and THE IRRIGATION AGE. 217 property to the care of the men who are in immediate charge of the train which we may board, and to the care of the many other railroad employes who are concerned in the safe running of that train, but I venture to assert that there are few who understand how they are brought in safety to the end of their journey. There are interminable things which affect a train in its unharmed and comfortable rapid passage between stations, but I shall only cover in this article the salient or funda- mental principles, which, if not correctly carried out, may result in wrecks. It is a reassuring thought to know that the practice of these principles can be and is successfully sur- rounded with additional precautions which make them as invulnerable to danger as the most cautious individual in his daily life. The fact that insurance companies double the amount which is paid the beneficiaries of accident policies should the insured meet death in a railroad accident, and that only one hundred and nineteen passengers out of the twenty- eight million persons carried one mile on railroad trains last year, were killed in train accidents, conclusively demonstrates this. At this ratio, if it were a physical possibility, a passenger could ride on a passenger train at a speed of forty miles an hour for six hundred and seventy-one years without stopping be- fore he would meet with death caused by an accident to that train. First in importance is known as "Rights of Trains," or "has a certain train the right to be running on the main line at a certain time?" How does the train crew get the right to run on the main line at a certain time, and what would likely happen if they did not have such right? Answering the first part of this question: The "right" is conferred in many ways, but the standard longest lived practice is by what are known as "Working Time Cards" and "Train Orders." If there are only ten trains running- in each direction over a certain piece of track — say, one hundred miles long (called a "district," and each one of these ten trains has printed on the "Working Time Cards," a schedule (time due past each station) governing it, and all of these trains are running on time, no "Train Orders" are necessary, be- cause the crew on each train knows, by glancing at the "Working Time Card" and comparing with their accurate watches that a certain train will reach a certain point at a certain time, and that they will have so many minutes in which they can be on the main line before encountering some other train which they must pass or meet. There is a dis- tinction between meeting a train and passing one — a train is "passed" when one on a faster schedule is permitted to go by another train ahead running in the same direction on a slower schedule or badly delayed; a train is "met" when, on a single track, it goes in on a sidetrack or passing track to let by an- other train running in the opposite direction. done is to station ourselves in the dispatcher's office. The particular dispatcher whom we are privileged to watch (and it would be a violation of rules for us to disturb him in this manner) is located at "A," and has charge of handling of trains on a stretch of single track railroad west to station "M," at which point is located another dispatcher who performs a similar function on a portion of the railroad west of there. Thus we will see that our particular dispatcher is responsible for the trains only between "A" and "M." Be- tween "A" and "M" are stations about seven miles apart, known as "B," "C," "D," "E," "F," "G," "H," "I," "J," "K" and "L." At each of these stations are one or more long sidetracks and a telegraph operator. In addition to a telegraph instrument, and an absolutely accurate clock, the dispatcher has before him a large sheet, down the center of which in a perpendicular column are shown the names of the stations from "A" to "M"; on the right hand of this column are blank columns in which will be shown all trains moving eastbound, and on the left hand are similar blank columns for trains moving westbound. If you The Train Dispatcher's Office. Everything runs smoothly without the intervention of "Train Orders" when all trains are on time and only schedule trains run, but should it become necessary to run one or more trains not shown on the time card, these trains, termed "Extras," must run under "Train Orders" and other trains notified of their presence on the road. "Train Orders" are also necessitated when one or more trains become late on their schedules, when each of the trains affected must be kept posted of their whereabouts by "Train Orders." These "Train Orders" are issued by train dispatchers located every fifty to two hundred miles, depending on how busy the railroad may be. The best place to see how this is Automatic block signals on double track, between Seymour and Sarpy, on the Summit Lane Cut-Off. are intent on understanding this, would suggest you follow on the diagram incorporated in this article. The dispatcher has now been notified that train No. 1 is about to leave "A." At the top of the first blank column to the left he makes the entry "No. 1." A few minutes later, outside of the dispatcher's office, we hear train No. 1 leaving, and he enters the departing time (for example, 12:00 M.) in the blank column opposite station "A." Nothing then occurs for probably ten minutes, when the telegraph instrument begins to tick and the dispatcher puts down under "No. 1" opposite station "B," "12:11." From this we correctly infer that train No. 1 has passed station "B" and the operator there has notified the dispatcher of the time. Another train has arrived upon the scene — this one run- ning east. The dispatcher is told by the telegraph instru- ment that "No. 2" left station "M" at 12:16 p. m. He enters "No. 2" in the first blank column on the right, showing "12:16" opposite station "M." So it continues — each train as it arrives on his district is entered on this train sheet, and each train as it passes the stations is reported to the dispatcher and time is t-ntered accordingly. But all of this time trains are getting nearer and nearer to one another and must soon meet. If they were all regular scheduled trains and on time, the trainmen and enginemen in charge of same would know by referring to their "Working Time Cards" what to do and where to meet, but some of them are "Extras" and some late, so that our dispatcher, who apparently has had nothing to do but enter "O. S.'s," is soon called upon to issue "Train Orders" instructing the trains where they shall meet; he glances frequently and anxiously at the clock, all the while with a look of deep study upon his face, figuring where he shall make the best meeting point so that the least delay may be occasioned to each of the trains affected. Trains Nos. 1 and 2, which are running late and conse- quently cannot follow the time card, are now within such a distance of each other that it is necessary to instruct them where they shall meet. The dispatcher knows this by glanc- far, so that in this instance (for example) station "F" will long hill a heavy train and probably a poor engine (all of which he must be familiar with) train No. 1 can run only twenty miles an hour at the same time train No. 2, which is light and running on level or down-hill track, is running forty or fifty miles an hour; therefore, in a certain time No. 1 can get to a certain station and No. 2 can travel so far so that in this instance (for example) station "F" will make the best meeting point. The dispatcher is observed to run his finger down the column under "No. 1" and up the column under "No. 2," until he reaches stations "D" and "H," which have not as yet shown the leaving time of the respective trains, indicating that they have not as yet reached these points. By means of the telegraph instrument he then calls up the operators at "D," "H" and "F" and telegraphs them in 218 THE IRRIGATION AGE. a prescribed form a "Train Order" to the engineer and con- ductor of each train (Nos. 1 and 2) which conveys to them the information that No. 2 will "go in the hole" (go in on sidetrack) at "F" and let No. 1 meet and go by it. For the purpose of enabling the operator to inform en- gineers when they have "Train Orders" to deliver to them, there are provided what are known as "Train Order Boards." which, on most roads, at night display green when there are no orders and red when trains are to stop. The day indication for "no orders" is a board inclined downward from a hori- zontal position; and at right angles to the post when there are orders. We understand then that the engineer of train No. 1, when he reaches "D," finds this "Train Order Board" dis- Near Kearney, Neb., obeying a "stop" signal. playing red, and he knows there are orders for htm, so he stops; the same with No. 2 at "H." The conductors of these two trains then go into the depots and sign for orders, which the operators have for them. Copies of these are handed to the engineer on each train and they proceed. They are thereby informed as to where they are to meet, and should No. 1 reach "F" first, it will stop and wait on the main line until No. 2 arrives and pulls in on the passing track. Had one or both of these trains been on time it would not have been necessary for the dispatcher to "put out" this order, nor for the trains to have stopped for same, as the time card would have been sufficient, unless for some reason the dispatcher wanted them to run other than as called for by their printed schedules. This sometimes happens when it is desired to give preference to a "president's special," or other important train. You wonder why the operator at "F" also gets a copy of this order? That is required on most railroads to afford additional precaution in the event of the remote possibility of the engine and train crews of either train forgetting that they are to meet at that station. On double track, of course, the problem is less complicated, as trains do not have to meet — only thing the dispatcher has to look out for is to let a fast train get by a slower one. The foregoing explains the gen- eral problem of train dispatching. There are modified forms of substi- tutes for the "Train Order"; but they all center around this scheme of be- ing directed by a dispatcher located at some point, and by keeping him informed by '.'O. S.'s" of the where- abouts of the trains, so that if a per- son understands the above he will have a knowledge sufficient to enable him to know how a train he may be ridins on Is being run over at least eighty or ninety per cent of the rail- road mileage In the United States. The method described has funda- mentally been in use for the past forty years. That there is room for improvement is unquestioned, and that it is not devoid of dangerous possibilities is to be admitted, for it deals entirely with the uncertain "human equation," but innovation Is difficult of accomplish- ment on railroads owing to the necessity In many cases for unity of action of the entire railroad profession. In no other vocation is there such a close harmony of practices; for instance, in the matter of rolling stock, which Is maintained according to the requirements of the safety appliance act and must run over practically every standard gauge railroad in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The officials are banded together into powerful associations, the recommenda- tions of which are common law to the entire profession. Hence it will be seen how a particularly progressive manager will hesitate In inaugurating a practice which is radically different from that in vogue on all of the railroads in the country, for fear he will "lose face" should the new system, through some oversight or unforseen imperfection, res'ult in a disastrous wreck. A railroad official regards "losing face" in his profession, probably as seriously as would a Chinaman to "lose face" in his country. There are also dire possibili- ties for him in the investigation, when one considers the tendency of the public mind now to hold the railroad presi- dent or general manager criminally responsible for the killing of passengers when it can be shown that they were killed through a practice which he may have inaugurated and which is not substantiated by the practice on ninety-nine per cent of the other railroads in the United States. However, I stated that it was possible to surround this method of operating trains with additional precautions which make cpllisions almost a thing of the past, and the officials are not blind to the imperfections of the system. Thorough indeed is the code of discipline and drill for perfecting the individuals who are entrusted with the handling of trains. However, there was but one perfect man, and no one Is immune from an occasional error, momentary oversight, or lapse of memory. In the case of an engineer, a mistake on his part might result in a wreck, but the possibility would be ten thousand times removed, if some one else were warned of his error, so that he could be set right in time, and this is accomplished by automatic block signals. I have an example in mind. Just a few weeks ago a certain railroad had a serious collision in which many persons were killed and a large number injured. This resulted from an engineer incor- rectly reading his watch and in such a way that he went by a station at; which he should have met an opposing train. Had this line been protected with automatic electric block signals his mistake would have been caught either by himself, the fireman, or surely by the crew on the other train, from the warning which the signals would give of another train encroaching on their rights. Until recent years disciplining the individual in an attempt to make him absolutely perfect and reliable has been about the only factor in the obtainment of safety (other than improvement in rolling stock and track), but broad- minded managements have surrendered to the inevitable trait of human nature to err, and are today providing means to check errors before it is too late. The first railroad to be operated was born in Knslund in October, 1829. On account of the very few number of trains which passed over this piece of track, and the slow speed at which they ran they were protected from other trains or objects on the track by a horseman preceding the train wav- ing a flag. Any one understanding the manipulation of the simple engines used at that time could handle a train safely, but as the number and speed of trains increased such simple methods had to be abolished, and today the position of engineer and conductor requires an extensive experience and a keen vigi- lence, which is the product only of constant and stern disci- pline. For instance, in the movement of the trains which I described from observations in the dispatcher's office, had the engineer of either or both of the trains overlooked to stop at the meeting point, a collision more or less serious would have been remotely impending. These failures are possible, but statistics of a well disciplined railroad show that a train could run around the world on the equator one hundred and Fig I Home 5nrul Indicotirjj Stop Home Signal Indenting Procttd Distant Signal Indicating Proceed with Caution twenty times, passing a station every seven miles before a hazard of this kind would occur. This perfection of discipline has been secured by period- ical examinations on the rules and regulations affecting the movement of trains; by frequent tests conducted by the THE IKBIOATION AGE. 219 officials unknown to the men ami by the constant impression-* wniCii are made upon tne employes' minds in the routine Ijertormance of their duties. They all fully appreciate the penalty of a careless error. The most successful and logical mechanical means of assisting the train and enginemen to a proper performance of their duties is the electric automatic block signals, wniCii have been the means of practically eliminating wrecks on railroads where they are employed; that is, wrecks caused by running into other trains, open switches or derailments due to rails in the track ahead being badly broken or miss- ing. We will suppose the contingency has arisen where the dispatcher has put out an improper meeting order between two trains, or the operator has forgotten to stop one of the trains to deliver the order, or the engineer and conductor of the train have both forgotten it after receiving same, and they "tear" by .at full speed the station at which they are to meet the other train. If the road were not equipped with signals and the night a foggy or stormy one, the two trains might pile up around some curve or at the bottom of a slippery hill; but with the automatic signals the engineer's attention will be called to danger ahead at least twice before lie readies the point where such danger exists. Hence a wreck would be averted by these automatic never-sleeping watch dogs which would otherwise have resulted from the susceptibility of the human mind to oversights. The function of the signals is now understood — the next question is — how do they accomplish this? To make it plain, it will first be necessary to review a few of the basic princi- ples of electricity. The most of us are aware that electrical force consists of a current, which, to manifest itself, must be carried in continuous flow from and to its point of origin by means of wire or other conductors. Various useful and wonderful things can be accomplished when this current passes through instruments constructed for the purpose of utilizing same — lights can be made to burn, motors to run, etc. Motors are the outcome of the magnetic force of elec- tricity. This magnetism is secured by winding a quantity of insulated wire around a piece of soft iron and passing a current of electricity through the wire. The most widely used form of electric signal consists of a hollow iron pole about twenty-five feet high, at the base of which is located an iron box containing the mechanism which operates an arm from a position at right angles to the pole to one in which the arm is inclined downward at an angle of aliout sixty degrees, the power being furnished by a motor, the electric current for which is supplied by storage bat- teries. On railroads employing what is called the "Normally Clear Position" for the signal arm (see diagram I) the electric current passes through the motor constantly until such time as the signal is required to perform its function of warning for danger, when the current is shut off automatically, as I shall later explain, and the signal arm falls by gravity, im- pelled by weight of the metal casting shown in the illustra- tion, to a position of "danger" (see diagram I). The current remains shut off as long as conditions on the track, such as a train running over it, a broken rail, etc., require protec- tion, after which the current is again automatically turned on and the motor furnishes the power which is required to pull the signal down to the "clear" position (see diagram I). This is all controlled through what is known as the "track circuit." the simplest form of which, on single track, is described as follows: Every mile or so are located track batteries which supply current to the track circuit. In this distance are located two signals — one "home" or "stop" signal and the other a "dis- tant" or "run with caution" signal (see diagram I). Each of these signals has its own power motor, as I have de- scribed. One of the conductors for the track circuit is furnished by one of the rails; the return conductor by the other rail. When the track is not occupied by a train or is not otherwise unsafe for passage of trains, the electricity is passing in continuous flow through the two rails in the track to a magnet (or relay), which is thus energized in such a way as to draw toward it by magnetism a piece of metal which forms part of the conductor for a separate current which actuates the motor in the signal box. As long as this piece of metal is held in this position the current can pass continuously into the motor, which in turn holds the signal blade in the "clear" position. Electricity always seeks by the path of least resistance and the shortest route to return to the source from which it emanates. The track circuit ar- rangement affords a path which has in it less resistance than for the electricity to pass through the magnet or relay above described, and that is, through a train which short-circuits or returns the current to the battery before it has a chance to get to the relay magnet. The magnet is thus de-energized; it no longer has magnetism; the piece of soft iron drops away from it, and the conductor for the current which runs the motor is broken and the signal arm is pulled by gravity to a horizontal position signifying "stop." or "caution," de- pending on whether a "home" or "caution" signal. The track current passing through the relay magnet Is not short-cir- cuited in the case of a broken rail — instead the continuous conductor has been parted by the crack in the rail, and »s the current is too weak to cross this crack the current does not continue to pass through the relay magnet, consequently no magnetism is caused and the same action takes place as I have described. In the protection of an open main line switch the circuit is so arranged that when the switch is open the circuit is broken, thus causing the signals to assume a protective position. Ordinarily, on double track every "home" signal has a "caution" signal syncronized with it so as to work In con- junction with same: that is. whenever there Is a "home" signal indicating "stop." a half a mile or so ahead of it there Is a "distant" signal indicating "caution." to enable tb,e engineer to shut off on speed and be prepared to stop wher he reaches the "stop" signal. It is for this purpose that the wire line you may see strung along the track is required. A train on single track has at least one "stop" signal, and sometimes two, in front of it and to the rear, which must be passed by another train before the two can get together. A train on double track has at least one "stop" and one "caution" signal to the rear giving "danger" indications. Therefore, it will be seen that a train traveling over an electric block signaled line is always surrounded with these ever-vigilant sentinels which make it virtually impossible for them to come in contact with other trains, open switches, broken rails, etc. A summary of the indications given by automatic elec- tric signals is as follows: Any arm Inclined downward, "proceed." A red arm in horizontal position, "stop." A yellow arm in horizontal position, "proceed with cau- tion." A green light, "proceed." A red light, "stop." A yellow light, "proceed with caution." ' When the protection which is in this manner given the traveler is thought about, an idea suggests itself. In addi- tion to the efforts our law-making bodies are exerting to pro- mote safety on railroads, which, although conscientious, are often badly misdirected and actually have an effect diamet- rically opposite from ttiat intended, each individual traveler, Union Pacific Depot and Park. Columbus, Neb. who values his life or limb, caii constitute himself a legis- lator for safer transportation by patronizing the lines which are protected with automatic signals, gradually forcing the other lines to install them or lose business. It is rather by increasing the earning capacity of a railroad than by cur- tailing it by improper laws that the most good can be wrought for immunity from accidents, because efficient safeguards cost enormous sums of money. Then, too, it is patent that a railroad which is up to date enough to install electric signal- ing also affords the acme of comfort in everything else. ENGINEER HENNY RESIGNS. Mr. D. C. Henny, consulting engineer of the United States Reclamation Service, at Portland, Oregon, and formerly of California, has tendered his resignation in order to accept a more lucrative practice on general con- sulting work. At the director's recommendation he .has, however, consented to continue his formal connection with the service on a per diem basis as consulting engineer, to be available occasionally for consultation by the reclama- tion service on matters with which he is familiar. Mr. Henny joined the United States Reclamation Service and was placed in charge of Northern Oregon and Washington as supervising engineer. The Umatilla, Tieton and Sunnyside projects were designed and largely constructed under his supervision. The supervisory terri- tory was enlarged in 1906 to include all of Oregon and northern California and in 1907 to include Nevada. Besides canal systems, numerous earth, crib and masonry dams were designed and built under his supervision. 220 THE IRRIGATION AGE. (Continued from page 208.) up the uniform capillary spaces in the soil and preventing the rise of the water from the subsoil to the surface, and that of covering the ground with a layer of dry soil, or a mulch, that prevents evaporation. Indeed, there are cases where frequent cultivation, or stirring up of the soil, have reduced the accumulations of agali to one-third the amount on uncultivated land. As to its preventing evaporation, every farmer is too well acquainted with the effect of cultivation as a conservative of the moisture in the soil not to know this thoroughly. The incorporation of organic matter in the soil, such as stable manure, leaves, straw, plowing under a crop of weeds, or green manure, tends to break up the capillary pores in the soil and retard the upward movement of the subsoil water. But this retarding process is much greater if this organic matter is spread over the ground in a uniform layer or mulch. This method alone has saved many an orchard when an adjoining one in the same kind of soil was perish- ing from an excess of alkali. It should not be forgotten that it is water that disolves the alkalis, not moisture. For which reason the water in the subsoid must be kept below the surface at least three, four, five and six feet, according to the soil and the crops. It is the standing water below the surface which soaks up the salts, and they must be drained away until the water table will not send up water, but moisture only, a sort of subsoil evaporation, to coin an expression, the water coming up as wet vapor, or merely wetness, leaving its salts behind, they being unable to follow unless held in solution. As soon as water from rain or irrigation begins to fill the soil, the standing water below with its alkalis in solution commences to rise, but by keeping this subsoil water at a depth of fie or six feet, and thus allowing an easy movement of moisture through the land, the work of reclamation is easily attained. Here is where the rotation of crops may be called upon to aid. The farmer has been growing wheat, barley, small fruits, corn, etc., and the soil has become so impregnated with alkali as to prevent the growth of any more similar crops. Now when he is leaching the alkalis out of the soil he plants gross feeders, plants that have an affinity for alkali. Sorghum and sugar beets are recommenede for correctives of alkali soils, but there are many other plants that may be used for the same purpose, such as asparagus, onions, sweet clover, and among fruits, pears, figs, pomegran- ates and date palms, all of which withstand the atcion of alkalis which would kill cereals and small fruits. The reason is that all sugar-producing plants require large quantities ;of alkali, particularly the carbonates, for starch is produced by the decomposition of carbonic acid, which the plant breathes in through its leaves, and takes up from the soil through its roots. Now, taking the carbon out of the alkalis renders them innocous, just the same as does vinegar or acetic acid, which is also always forming in plants that produce sugar. Not to be misunderstood, it may be well to say here that this starch is transformed into sugar, woody fiber and cellular tissue. When it comes to raising 20 to 40 tons of sugar beets per acre, carrying 17 to 22 per cent of sugar, and reflect that 100 parts of the green syrup of sugar beets carbonated show 9.18 per cent of alkali ashes, and that the leaves and root fibers will show nearly as much more, it is a simple sum in arithmetic to demon- strate that it will not take many such crops to remove the alkalis, and make it necessary to add more voluntarily as a fertilizer. Indeed, in non-alkali soils it is' necessary to add alkalis as fertilizers in cultivating beets. Within two or three years the alkali-devouring plants will have removed so much of the alkali from the soil that barley and wheat can be introduced, and afterward a good stand of alfalfa secured. All of these attempts at reclamation are, in the opinion of the author, equivalent to a rotation of crops, since they benefit and strengthen the soil by taking away elements that certain plants do not require, as well as add those which they need. The following generel rules to follow in reclaiming alkali soil may be considered as a recapitulation of what has been said in this chapter, and in all the authorities on the subject : First — Insure good and rapid drainage to a depth of three or four feet, in which case flooding the land with water is a simple and sure method of washing out the alkali. Second— Plow deep; say twelve inches. Third — Furrow land and plant sorghum in the bottom of the furrows-. Irrigate heavily, and gradually cultivate down the ridges to uniformity. Fourth — After two years in sorghum (or sugar beets, etc.)— deeply plowed each year and cultivated frequently — plant barley. Have the surface of the ground well leveled, and flood heavily before planting. Fifth — Seed to any desired crop, for if the land is at all porous a stand of any ordinary crop can be secured, except in the worst spots. What has been said with reference to the black and white alkalis, is applicable to the other alkali salts, the chlorides (common salt, etc.), nitrates, muriates, etc., most of which are beneficial and necessary to plants in reasonable quantities, but deleterious and destructive in excess, but, we repeat, not so dangerous as the sodas. The processes of chemical transformations are always going on in nature, and every soil, together with the plants or crops growing upon it, constitute a vast laboratory, in which materials of an almost infinite variety are in a constant state of manufacture, and by acquiring even a super- ficial knowledge of what nature is doing and trying to do, man will be better able to divert nature in his direction to his profit. Nature is perfectly willing that this should be done, and if she is diverted from her purposes and does too much or too little, it is because the man behind the plow is looking the other way. Adobe soils and the hardpans have been reserved for another chapter, as having a closer relation to drainage, water, and cultivation, than to arid lands. Adobe is a peculiar kind of clay of several varieties, and the hardpans, though sometimes arable, in general resemble the cement plaster which has been found unimpaired in the pyramids and tem- ples of Egypt after thousands of years' exposure to the elements. It is reasonable to suppose that plants which will grow in heavily charged alkali soils, do so because they have an affinity for the alkaline salts, and take up large quantities of them. Whence it is clear that, by continually growing, cutting and removing this "alkali vegetation," the excess salts in the soil will be gradually eliminated, and thus the soil be fitted for the growth of other desired plants. This is the law and the gospel in the case of the commonly known "salt meadows," of which there are estimated to be in the United States over one hundred thousand square miles. The attempt to reclaim these lands in this manner has proved successful in Germany and Holland, and has passed beyond the mere experimental stage in the United States. Where- fore the query: Is not the same law applicable to the overcharged alkali lands of the arid and semi-arid regions? FARM LEVEL. Among the minor equipment of the up-to-date farm are many comparatively inexpensive tools which are fully as necessary as the larger and more extensive implements. In fact, it often happens that to the intelligent use of the smaller tools in economizing in the way of labor and repairing expense, the farmer is enabled to materially increase his annual income. A very desirable and useful tool which is not found on all farms is a level. Such an instrument often comes in very handy and in many cases is a necessity if the work in hand is to be properly done. In ditching some kind of level must be used. Going "by guess" will never assure the proper working of a land drain. Many a farmer who has tried to get along without a good level because of a trifling expense or trouble in procuring such an instrument has learned this to his sorrow. With a reliable level the matter of proper drain construc- tion becomes a very simple operation. One is assured at the start that the grade desired will be had and there is no chance of future trouble in its working properly. And it has very many practical applications. In fact, its uses are so varied and at the same time so important that even the farmer who has no ditching to do cannot afford to be without one. They are often wanted in extending a water pipe, locating a tank, providing for surface drainage, land grading, laying cement floors, stable gutters, yard paving, and constructing walks and drives. It offers quick and reliable service in laying out lands, dividing and measuring fields, and many other little jobs about the farm. A good farm level costs little compared with its worth and usefulness. Frequently it will pay for itself in one using, as it admits of economy in both labor and time and may save additional expense in providing the assurance that the work will not have to be done over again. THE IREIGATION AGE. 221 Reclamation Notes OAUCFOSBX&. By a signed decision of Judge Buckles of Solano county, the injunction asked by Malvina Gallatin, against the Corning Irrigation Company, was refused. The com- pany is now empowered to use the flood waters of Elder Creek. Farmers of Miarysyille township propose the organiza- tion of an irrigation district, comprising about 4,000 acres. An assessment of $5.00 per acre will be levied to provide an irrigation system. Water will be taken from the Yuba River at Daguerre point. Articles of incorporation have been filed by the Ra- mona Power & Irrigation Company, showing capital stock of $10,000. The following are incorporators: Ehrman Grigsby, A. W. McPherson, A. H. Koebig, R. M. Miller, H. J. Englebrecht, J. H. Grigsby & T. S. Ingham. Articles of incorporation for the Land and Irrigation Company of Northern California have been filed with the county clerk at San Francisco. The company is authorized to own and operate irrigation projects and develop water power. The capital is fixed at $2,000,000. Directors are, Oscar T. Weber, W. P. Read, Burke Corbet and John R. Selby, all of S'an Francisco. Jos. H. Bohon, of Los Angeles, has purchased about 8,000 acres of land near the town of Firebaugh, and pro- poses to irrigate by pumping. It is said that he also has plans for a comprehensive irrigation system to be operated in connection with that owned by Miiller & Lux. For the present water will be supplied by pumping. COLORADO. Among the recent incorporations is that of the Geary Creek Irrigation & Land Company, with capital stock of $50,000. The incorporators are: B. B. Markle, Clarence E. Gosselin, Volney C. Gates; all of Greeley. Fred Lucas, manager of the Denver Reservoir Irriga- tion Company, has recently made an extensive examination of the construction work on his projects, and reports that the company will be able to supply water to all land in this project during the present season. Reports from the Canon City, Florence & Peublo Water Company and the Colorado Southern Irrigation Company, the two corporations having charge of the sale of water-rights for the great De Weese irrigation project indicate that this company is meeting with excellent suc- cess in the sale of land. E. C. Van Diest, engineer for the Palmer estate, has filed plats for a reservoir to irrigate a large tract of land east of Colorado Springs. The cost is estimated at $449,- 000. Other plats filed by Engineer van Diest show an ex- tensive system of canals and ditches. Water will be drawn from Jimmy's Camp creek. Surveys have been nearly completed. The Lone Tree Ditch & Reservoir Company, recently organized to irrigate a large tract northeast of Denver and adjoining the Antero district, has been reorganized by the election of James F. Bradley as president. It is claimed that this reorganization will result in rapid progress of construction work, and the completion of the system be- fore January 1, 1911. The Colorado Southern Irrigation Company has pur- chased 25,000 acres from the Hill Land & Investment Com- pany of Denver. This land lies along the Arkansas River in Pueblo and Fremont counties. This tract is a part of the 300,000 acres that this company proposes to place un- der water. It is estimated that the cost of supplying water will approximate $75.00 per acre. Promotors of the Costilla Estates Development Com- pany announces that work will begin on the construction of a large reservoir for its project April 1st. Three small reservoirs have already been completed, and approximately 20,000 acres owned by this company have been sold. (Continued on page 223.) THE KEWANEE SIPHON PUMP for IRRIGATION and DRAINAGE Power Applied To Siphon Requires ^ to H less power than any other pump. No runners, plungers, valves or pistons. Will pump sand or gravel. Many in operation. An absolute success. Pumping capacity 70 to 35,000 gallons per minute. Lift not over 38 feet. Fully guaranteed. Write for booklet and prices. KEWANEE SIPHON PUMP COMPANY 401 N. Tremont St.. KEWANBB, ILLINOIS The Mas, T, Manning Realty Go,, Ltd, SOLE SALES AGENTS The Gooding Townsite Company, Ltd, RESIDENCE LOTS. BUSINESS LOCATIONS. Improved — Irrigated Lands — Unimproved. GOODING, IDAHO. TRUMP TURBINES When used for driving centrifugal pumps for irrigating purposes, either direct con- nected horizontally or vertically , or for furnishing power through other types of transmission, will be found to be the most economical and highest grade type of water wheel machinery manulactured in this country. These turbines are adaptable. to the severest of condition. We build all water power appur- tenances, such as Head Gaes, Head Gate Hoists, Piping, Etc. Send your inquiries direct to us. Our illustrated catalog for the asking. THE TRUMP MFG. CO. Gteenmounl Si., Springfield, Obi f *^ ENGINES Are doing the work of the world anddoingit well. 100,000 of them are making money for 100, 000 sat- isfied users. You can become a profit sharer by sending for a catalogue and telling us your needs. THE OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS, 222 THE IRRIGATION AGE. (Continued from page ^04.) age caused by leakage, breakage or overflow of canals, or by unavoidable shortage of water supply. The set- tler agrees to a pro rata distribution of the water avail- able in case of such shortage. Company agrees to pay all taxes for which settler may be in default. The amount of such taxes, with in- terest at 8 per cent, to be added to the lien upon the settler's entry. UTAH. — Company reserves power rights in water from final disposal. Notice to the effect that maintenance fee is payable may be served in person or by registered letter. Failure to pay such fee, within :!0 days of date when due. consti- tutes a default, vesting the company with the right to foreclose against the settler, and to discontinue his sup- ply of water. Company will transfer, by warranty deed, water rights and interest in the system upon full payment of pur- chase price, or, at its option, it may issue shares in a corporation to be formed to take over the property. MONTANA. — Company restricted to a definite period of time for reclamation and settlement of land. Provision made for opening of land by drawing. Shares in operating company — one share to each acre — pass with first payment — to be held by construction company as collateral security for payments due. The company votes settlers' shares until such time as 35 per cent of the purchase price has been paid. "Units" of segregation are turned over to operating company for control, upon proper certification that such portions of the system are completed according to con- tract, and "operating company" shall have the right to col- lect the tolls levied. Wlien 90 per cent of the total purchase price of all water rights has been paid in full, (or sooner, at its option) the company shall transfer by deed, to the oper- ating company, all of its interests, excepting only the right to sell, or to contract to sell, water rights at that time unsold. Water is measured where sub-laterals leave main laterals. Company reserves the right to deliver water by an approved system of rotation. Company reserves the right to pro-rate available water in case of shortage of supply. Enlargements of the system may be made with the approval of the^ board (within a stated period). Rights of way for roads provided. Provision made for supplying water to cities and towns. All notices to purchasers from the land board or from the company to be mailed. OREGON.— The contract in force in Oregon pro- vides for many things, which, while not made the subject of specific mention in other States, are nevertheless regu- lated by statutory, or "unwritten" law, or by departmental regulation. They will be referred to in detail on account of their general importance. Irrigation season defined; "sufficient water" to be delivered from April 1st to November 1st, and 1.8 acre feet to be assured between May 23d and August 20th. Water to be measured one-half mile from place of use; to be delivered at company's option, by an approved system of rotation, upon ten days' notice, with consider- ation for the varying needs of different crops. Water to be delivered at the highest practicable point to be reached by gravity flow — such point to be determined by the com- pany. Disputes between company and settler as to point of delivery to be settled by the State engineer. Water shall be delivered under such reasonable rules as may be adopted by the company, and approved by the State Land Board. Settler shall construct the ditches necessary to bring the water to his land and to distribute it. In case of shortage of water it shall be pro-rated. Settlers prohibited from polluting the water in the company's canals, or in the ditches upon their own land, unless such ditches terminate within 200 feet of the boundary of the land. Company obligated to maintain telegraph or tele- phone lines along its main canals. Payments, one-quarter cash or less, at company's option. Balance in three, or seven, annual installments, at Company's option; with interest at 6 per cent. Company may sell water-rights to "outside lands." with the approval of the State Land Board, upon the same terms and conditions as provided for "Carey Act" lands, and upon the cancellation of an equal area of irrigable "Carey Act" lands. Company agrees to transfer 10 years after date of its contract with the State, to a "corporation of water users," all of its interests. Settler's contract with the company provides for a pro-rata inter- est in the "corporation," one share for each acre, when such transfer is effected, the "company" retaining pos- session of shares representing all water rights at that time unsold. No rights of final possession shall pass to any settler prior to such time. After the organization of such Water Users' corpor- ation, and until the settlers shall have come into pos- session of a majority of its shares, the company agrees to elect to the board of directors of such corporation, settlers themselves, in such number as their proportion- ate interest in the ownership of shares shall entitle them to. Company required to deposit, with the Board. $1.00 per acre, in cash, with each application for entry, as a deposit for performance of contract, to be refunded at the time of the transfer of the system to the water users' corporation, and contingent upon approval of its work. Upon default in payment of either principal, or in- terest continuing for the period of one year, company shall be entitled to take immediate possession of the land and all payments made, may. at its option be for- feited (unless title to land shall have vested in the pur- chaser and mortgage for same to company shall have been executed). All necessary gates and devices for taking water at point of delivery to be installed by company at settlers' expense. Upon 30 days' default in payment of maintenance fee, company may foreclose upon settler and refuse further delivery of water while such default continues. Water to be used for stock, domestic and irrigation purposes only — water may not run to waste, and all water after leaving ditches upon settlers' land shall belong to the company. Right of way is reserved to the company over set- tler's land for all necessary canals and for telegraph or other wires, and for cables for conveying electric current, also for roads, which may be opened by the company, or by the county officials within ten years from date of con- tract and to be confined to two acres out of every 40 acre tract, in the aggregate — such roads, wherever possible, to go on section and half-section lines — half, of such road to be taken from each side of the line, — roads not to ex- ceed 40 feet in width, and to be so located as not to inter- fere with any permanent buildings, unless compensation be rendered therefor. Company reserves the right to shut off water for a reasonable period, if necessary, for the purpose of repair- ing canals and ditches and for such interruption shal" not be liable to the purchaser. To be continued in April issue. Engineers in charge of the Interstate Canal of the government's North Platte irrigation project, Nebraska- Wyoming, have been busy since the first of January lin- ing the canal bank with brush and gravel to prevent erosion during the coming season. At the Pathfinder dam the equipment and supplies necessary in building the dike are being assembled, a number of teams being constantly employed hauling from Casper to Pathfinder. A board of consulting engineers which met recently determined upon the location and size of the south side tunnel, which will be used as an additional outlet to the reservoir in times of flood, and arrangements were immediately made to be- gin drilling February 1. The lower portal of the tunnel will be high on the canyon walls. ___ $ Send $2.50 for the Irrigation Age 1 year, and .:* X cloth bound copy of the Primer of Irrigation ":* ':'... . . .'•' THE IRRIGATION AGE. 223 (Continued from page 221.) Former Congressman Franklin E. Brooks, D. H. Moffat, and Senator Hughes, of Denver, are interested. The Elk River Irrigation & Construction Company of Denver has filed articles of incorporation showing capital stock of $500,000. Maps have been filed with the State En- gineer, and it is proposed to divert waters of Elk River at a point near Steamboat Springs, and to carry the supply through a canal to the district north of Maybell. From the main canal a branch will be run along the Mesa on the \vest bank of the Elk River to water 20,000 acres. The branch canal will extend north of Bear River and Hayden to water 30,000 acres. The directors of the company are Senator Bardwell, Frances E. Garrett, Earl Wilkins, G. J. Bancroft and W. L. Jameson. This land is located in Routt county and aggregates 150,000 acres. A number of Colorado papers recently published a state- ment under date line of Montrose. Colo., to the effect that 160,000 acres of land embraced in the Uncompahgre Valley project, in Colorado, would be opened to entry on April 20, 1910. This statement is erroneous as to area and loca- tion; the lands to be opened to entry are on the south side of the Grand River, in T. 1 S., R. 2. E., and include about 16,000 acres. They are not embraced in the Uncom- pahgre Valley project and will not be watered from the canals of this system. No date has yet been fixed for the formal opening to entry of the unoccupied public lands embraced in the Uncompahgre Valley project, Colorado. IDAHO. L. G. Bradley, manager of the King's Hill Extension Irrigation Company, at Hammett, states that engineers have drawn plans, and bids will soon be received for the construction of two large dams for this project. The company proposes to deliver water to 8,000 acres for the coming season, and efforts will be made to water all land in this project before early summer. The Secretary of the Interior has awarded the contract to the Ash Grove Lime & Portland Cement Company of SAMSON TURBINE When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans- mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO. Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. 316 Lagonda Street The Little Roadster Grader andDitcher THE ROADSTER A Hew, Light Ditch Plowing Machine, Especially Designed for Cutting Small Laterals on Irrigated Farms, and Ditching and Grading Roads. This type of machine cuts ditches for less money than any other tool or ma- chinery, because it plows the dirt out of the ditch with one continuous motion, whereas all other ditching machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The Little Roadster is a practical plowing machine, being built with ad- justable leaning wheels or rolling land- sides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold, the same leaning wheel principle which is used in the sulky plow. It is made almost entirely of wrought steel and the few castings that are used are malleable and all parts are put to- gether so far as possible with hot driven rivets, so that while it is a light machine weighing about eleven hundred pounds, it is exceptionally strong and rigid. It is designed primarily for two horses, al- though four may be used. EVERY IRRIGATED RANCH OR FARM NEEDS ONE OR MORE OF THESE MACHINES. IT WILL QUICKLY PAY FOR ITSELF. SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE FOLDER AND LET US TELL YOU MORE ABOUT IT J. D. ADAMS & COMPANY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 224 THE IRKIGATION AGE. Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Aay of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price: Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead tl.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 2.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.M Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French LOO Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 Cement Pipe & Tile, Hanson 1.00 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. Chanute, Kan., for furnishing 17,000 barrels of cement for use in connection with the government irrigation projects in the Idaho district. Under the terms of the contract the cement is to be furnished at 95 cents per barrel f. o. b. cars at Chanute, Kan. Engineers have approved plans for the construction of a dam across the Snake River, near American Falls, for the reclamation of 600,000 acres located in what is known as the Bruneau district. By raising the river thirty-four feet water will be backed up from American Falls to Blackfoot on the Snake, and almost to Pocatello on the Portneuf. It is stated that as soon as plats are properly approved, pro- motors will start active construction work. Idaho capi- talists are largely interested. MONTANA. The Secreary of the Interior has granted an exten- sion of six months' time to Mr. Henry Dore, of Ridgelawn, Mont., in which to complete his contract for the construc- tion of ditches in connection with the Lower Yellowstone project, Montana-North Dakota, until July 1, 1910. The Beaver Head Ranch Company has recently com- pleted a survey for a dam and system of canals to supply water for the bench lands north of Dillon. The dam will be located on the Big Hole River. By conducting water through a comprehensive system of canals it is said that nearly 100,000 acres will brought under water. Preliminary steps have been taken for the organization of an irrigation district in Flathead Valley for the reclama- tion of 100,000 acres of land between Bad Rock canyon and Flathead lake and from the Kootenai mountains to the western foot-hills. J. L. Donahue, agent for the bond com- panies now engaged in the Willow Creek and Three Fork projects, involving 23,000 acres near Bozeman, and the Madison River project covering 38,000 acres near Norris, is active in this organization. It is not known what inter- ests are backing Mr. Donahue. Construction of a branch of the Great Northern Rail- TH::E> Ohio and Franklin Sis.. Chicago, 111. FACTORIES, CHICAGO, ILL. : SENECA FALLS, N. Y. Write for Catalogue and Estimates Manufacturers of Used for Irrigation, Oirotila-tion, When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 225 road, to extend through the Fort Shaw unit of the Sun River project, will commence this spring. In 1909 the en- gineers of the road located a line up Sun River Valley through the Fort Shaw unit of the Sun River project, leav- ing the railroad at Vaughn, Mont., and running to a point where the river leaves the mountains. Their engineers lo- cated passes and the most feasible route to carry this line through to a connection with the present main line in the vicinity of Columbia Falls. The construction of the line through the valley will give transportation facilities to the Fort Shaw unit and other parts of this project, and when- ever the line is carried through the mountains it will un- doubtedly place it on a portion of the trans-continental line between Galveston and Seattle. On January IS, 1910, maps were filed in the United States Land office at Great Falls, for the purpose of securing right of way over the government land effected by this location. The presi- dent of the Great Northern Railroad Company states that construction will begin as soon as the weather permits. NEW MEXICO. W. J. Irwin & Son, of Roswell, have the contract for the construction of a concrete dam across the Rio Felix, for the Acme Irrigation Company of Roswell. Estimated cost $16,400. It is reported that the Western Construction Com- pany Wichita, Kan., has the contract for construction of an irrigation plant at Portales, at a cost of $350,000. The contractors expect to finish this work before June 1st. During the month of January water was furnished un- der the Carlsbad project for irrigating winter oats and orchards. Lake McMillan has been filling up constantly but slowly, but the storage in Lake Avalon increased but little owing to the fact that the irrigating water was taken from it. The work of cleaning and repairing under the Leasburg unit of the Rio Grande project was prac- tically completed during January, so that water could be delivered by the first of this month. The appraisers ap- pointed by the court to examine the land required for REAL MONEY IN IRRIGATION Little Yankee if you go at it right. The first thing is to get your land in proper shape. We have the ideal machines for doing that and want to tell youaboutthem. Ask us today. THE OHIO ROAD MACHINERY COMPANY BOX F, OBERLIN. OHIO IRRIGATION MADE EASY with the BROTHEN AUTOMATIC LEVEL Gives automatically the level or any grade desired, and will verify the correctness of its own work from where it is operated. PRICE, COMPLETE WITH TRIPOD $20.00 For further information address BROTHEN AUTOMATIC LEVEL COMPANY IDAHO FALLS, IDAHO THE RELIABLE LINE "DEMPSTER1 We make 1J£, 2^, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15 and 20 H. P. High Grade Gasoline Engines Built for Exacting and Enduring Service Best for Irrigating Work Cut shows our 16 H. P. and 20 H. P. DEMPSTER MILL MFG. CO., Factory, Beatrice, Nebr. Write for our Booklet "Dempster Irrigation Plants," 1910 Edition It will "Show You" what we can do for you. BRANCH HOUSES OMAHA KANSAS CITY SIOUX FALLS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 226 THE IRRIGATION AGE. ForHouse.Store. Church.°rHall The"SUN" Outshines Them All "SUN" INCANDESCENT GASOLINE Lamps used with Sun Hol- low Wire Pres- sure System make O ^ ^ the finest light in the world. Operated by low pressure; tank can be located in cellar, attic or outside house. Lamps can be operated independently, any- ne can install it. Better than gas, oil. electricity or acetylene. Maximum light at minimum cost. Restful to the eyes. Dirt, grease, smoke, odor unknown. Bracket, pendant, table and chandelier styles . Satisfaction or money back. Agents make fine Commissions Get Catalog. THE SUN VAPOR LIGHT CO. 492 Market Street CANTON, OHIO Head Gate Hoists in all sizes and types for use in connection with timber or cast iron Head Gales and Waste Gates also a complete line of Cast Iron Gates Catalog No. 25 is devoted exclusively to Gate Hoists. We also build the New American Turbine The Dayton Globe Iron Works Co. Dayton, • • • Ohio the Engle reservoir completed their work. It is expected that work can be resumed at once. Surveys have been continued over the El Paso Valley, and that portion known as the Island, containing a number of thousand acres, is now being surveyed. OREGON. The Snyder Irrigation Company with principal offices at Dayville, has incorporated with capital stock of $600,- 000. Incorporators are, Allen P. Snyder, Ada Snyder and May Snyder. The Desert Land Board in session at Salem recently authorized the Eastern Oregon Irrigation Company to proceed with its work for the reclamation of 20,000 acres in the vicinity of Eagle creek, in Eastern Oregon. At the January meeting of the Deschutes Land Com- pany at Salem, J. E. Marlow and A. A. Aya presented a bond for $30,000, as demanded by the state, and a cash payment to the state of $1.00 per acre for lands to be reclaimed. The bondholders committee of the Deschutes Irriga- tion and Power Company has brought action asking fore- closure of the mortgage, and for a receiver to sell the company's property and remunerate bondholders. An- other suit of importance has been filed at Columbus, Ohio, where there are numerous stockholders in this concern. On February 26th, land owners in the Hood River irrigation district near Hood River, held an election to decide on the issuance of bonds for the completion of the project. The land on the west side of this district has not had an adequate water supply and plans were made for extending ditches to Green Point creek. The cost of these improvements is estimated at $45,000, but land own- ers are asked to vote on a $70,000 issue. District Attorney John McCourt has brought suit at Portland to annul the rights of the Umatilla Irrigation Company operating near Pendleton. The company was organized in 1892 with Samuel Sturgis at the head. While A SPORTSMAN'S PARADISE IS MALHEUR COUNTY, OREGON. Not only is Malheur County a sportsman's paradise, but the greatest ground floor propo- sition ever offered to investors is to be found in the Willow River Valley. New Railroad, new town, 1,000 acres planted to orchards in 1909; 10,000 acres of the best fruit land in the west is offered for sale on easy terms and at right prices. Only 20 miles from the famous Payette Valley, Idaho. Volcanic ash soil; abundant water supply; ideal climate; mountain protection. Protected valleys are like gold, valuable on account of their scarcity. No tract over three miles from railroad. The thriving city of Brogan at the head of the valley has every modern advan- tage that makes life pleasant for the settlers. Twenty acres will pay you more than the best 160-acre farm in Illinois or Iowa. Call or Write Us If Interested OREGON FRUIT FARMS SUITE 319-322. 218 La Salle Street. CHICAGO. ILLINOIS Or UNION LAND LOAN AND TRUST COMPANY, Brogan, Malheur County, Oregon When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 227 work was progressing rapidly and more than $20,000 had been expended, Mr. Sturgis died. The district attorney asserts that the company's rights were forfeited by its failure to construct the ditches as mapped out and sub- mitted to federal authorities within a period of five years. WASHINGTON. The Pluvius Development Company has started work on a project to water 1,000 acres of land in Spring Canyon, north of Almira. The gravity system will be used. Promoters of the Klickitat irrigation project in the Horse Heaven country report success in securing con- tracts from ranchers and land owners. Nearly 500,000 acres are included in this project. Land owners near White Bluffs are interesting them- selves in pumping water for irrigation. Government re- ports state that artesian wells are feasible. Several heavy land owners are preparing to instal individual systems. The large irrigation systems near North Yakima, are planning the use of pipe lines to take the place of open ditches. It is claimed that, through the use of pipe, evaporation and seepage will be reduced and that a larger acreage will be placed under water. Philip W. Blake, special representative of Clinton, Hurtt & Company of Boise, Idaho, states that his com- pany is planning the reclamation of 450,000 acres, of which 250,000 acres are in Washington. He refuses to give a detailed statement of the location of this land, but inti- mates that the cost will aggregate $15,000,000. Reports from the Quincy Valley Water User's Asso- ciation state that capital has been interested in the pro- ject to irrigate 200,000 acres in Grant county near Quincy and Euphreta. The association has filed, on 10,000 second feet on the Pend Oreille River near Newport, forty-six miles north of Spokane. The Spokane and Columbia Land & Development Company, with holdings at River Homes and Crystal Cove on the Spokane River, and at Hell Gate on the Colum- bia River, is negotiating with the Washington, Water THE IDEAL HOE FOR IRRIGATED LANDS When you draw furrows for irrigation use the hoe that leaves both ridges the same height, preventing overflow. The Warren Hoe not only does this, but is valuable for drill ing, covering seed, hilling and cultivating It's a True Temper tool with the trade- mark of the manufacturer. Sold by dealers everywhere. Write for our free booklet "Tools and Their Uses." American Fork & Hoe Company Dept. A Cleveland. O. DoT:,r;rnt HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR -AND SAVE MEN— SAVE HORSES— SAVE MONEY— SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing fanning methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, threshing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farm work. Hundreds in Successful Operation — Built in sizes of 30, 45 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED FROST PROOF FIRE PROOF USE GASOLINE, KEROSENE, DISTILLATE, or\ ALCOHOL Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalog Tells You All About Them. HART- PARR CO., i**S.*&~. Charles City, Iowa When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 228 THE IBKIGATION AGE. THE RECLAMATION DITCHER For Cutting Irrigation and Drainage Ditches at the Least Cost Br I U. S. RECLAMATION DITCHER This type of machine Is different from all other ditching machinery, in that it plows the dirt out of the ditch with a continuous sweeping motion, whereas all other machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift It out of the ditch and then dump it. The cost therefore, per cubic yard, of excavating with the U. S. Reclamation Ditcher is necessarily much less than with any other tools or appliances. The Reclamation Ditcher is adapted to cutting ditches as deep as three feet below the original surface and as wide as ten feet at the bottom and with sides sloped as steep as 2 to 1. It has adjustable oblique wheels which perform the same function as the oblique wheels of a sulky plow. They are simply rolling landsides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold and also make it possible for the machine to be operated on the sloping side of the ditch as shown in the cut. It is universal in all of its adjustments and may be either used right or left hand. It is operated with twelve horses. The difference in cost of cutting ditches with the Reclamation Ditcher and any other form of machinery Is sufficient to pay for the machine very quickly. We absolutely guarantee this and will prove it to you by a demonstration of the machine on your own work before you accept It Write for descriptive folder which gives diagra-ns of ditches and cost estimates. J. D. ADAMS & CO., Indianapolis, Indiana When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 229 Power Company for electricity to operate pumping plants on these districts. The government has awarded contracts to E. J. Ward, of Prosser, for the construction of cast lateral and sub- laterals under the Byron Division of the Sunnyside tlnit, Yakima irrigation project, Washington. The contract price is $4,534. S. W. O'Brien, of Spokane, plans the construction of an irrigation system east of Bosburg in Ferry county. About 25,000 acres of land are available for irrigation. Surveyors are now in the field and Mr. O'Brien esti- mates the cost of construction work at about $1,000,000. By beginning operations at once he expects to place water on this land early in 1911. The supply will be taken from the Kettle River. The Secretary of the Interior has awarded the follow- ing contracts for the construction of flumes, bridges, etc., in connection with the distribution system under the Sunnyside irrigation project, Washington. This work is located near the town of Mabton: W. L. Carpenter, of IRRICUTORS', ENGINEERS', PROSPECTORS' and MINERS' HIGH CUT BOOTS Eipressly adapted for irrigation work. Made of the highest quality and stock. Strong, comfortable and dependable. Many styles. Protect the teet and keep them dry. Can be secured through shoe dealers If not obtainable, write to us. For a dress shoe, wear "HONORBTJII/T" P. Mayer Boot & Sloe Company Milwaukee, Wisconsin The World's Greatest Fence sent straight to you on !*•»«•»' FVAA "F *•'.-> I UdVS t TQQ I N3I WE PAY THE FREIGHT An offer for the farmer who wants the best fence produced at the lowest price a life-time fence can be made for. Advance Fence isn t just a boundary line. It stands for system and advanced value in property. Any farmer who subdivides his land into plots for crop rotation is systematizing his farm business. A bum-to-last, sound-value,, substantial-looking fence means to the owner of the land, and every man who works on it, exactly what a modern, substantial factory or office building means to every man doing business in the building. ADVANCE FENCE Is An Investment That Pays Big Dividends What the farmer puts money and protection into, he's going to get money and protection out of. ac at our expense. We sell to you direct — no middleman — therefore the price is right — one profit only after making. Advance Fence is made of Solid Wire, not wire cut and spliced again. A cut wire weakens. Our stay wire is continuous, woven in with the main top and bottom wire running the entire width of the fence from one stay to the next. Made of the best basic, open- hearth steel, galvanized with a heavy coat of 99-per-cent-pure spelter — that means rust proof. Advance Fence always stays taut — straight and handsome. Prove it for yourself. Write to us for all particulars. Remember, we pay freight and guarantee safe delivery. Don't pay two prices — Write us today. ADVANCE FENCE CO., Box 123 Elgin, III. GET A GOVERNMENT FARM Before they are all gone You get from Uncle Sam either a 320- acre farm, FREE, or an irrigated farm for the mere per capita cost of the irrigation system 320-acre Farms Free The U. S. Government is now offering over three million acres of homestead lands in eastern Wyoming, along the Burlington Route, under the new Mondell homestead law permitting settlers to take 320 acres instead of the usual 160-acre homestead. These lands are ideal for dry farm- ing and hundreds of farmers have made a suc- cess of this method of farming in the locality where these lands are located. Irrigated Government Lands in The Big Horn Basin and Yellow- stone Valley where rich productive lands with perpetual water right may be purchased for about one-half the cost of land in the central states and where the water can be turned on and off the land to suit the convenience of the farmer, and where you are not bothered with rain during harvest; where a single crop can be made to pay for the land; where 50 bushels of wheat and 75 bushels of oats commonly grow to the acre. Don't Wait Longer, But Get a Home To-day These lands are being rapidly taken up and ere long all of the Government lands will be gone. Thereafter land will be possible of ac- quirement only at prices phenomenally high com- pared to those of to-day. OUR PERSONALLY CONDUCTED EX- CURSIONS on the first and third Tuesday of each month and cheap homeseekers' tickets on those dates, allowing stop-overs in both direc- tions, will give you an opportunity to examine the irrigated lands and the Mondell lands on one trip. OUR NEW FOLDERS WITH MAPS, show- ing the location of all of the above-mentioned lands and explaining in detail the crops raised, the natural resources of each locality, and the method of procedure to acquire title, will be sent to you, free for the asking. Write for them to- day. Free for the asking. D. CLEM DEAVER, General Agent, Burlington Route Landseekers' Information Bureau 137 Q. Building, OMAHA, NEB. . N. B. The winter weather in the Big Horn Basin Country is fine and lands can usually be seen to advantage all Winter. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 230 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Elkhart Buggies are the best made, best grade and easiest riding buggies on earth (or the money. PRICE FOR THIRTY-SEVEN YEARS $59*° we have been selling direct and are The Largest Manufacturer* in the World selling- to the consumer exclusively. We ship for ^lamination and Approval* K '*'• anteeing safe delivery, and *Uo to save you money. If you are not satisfied as to style, quality and price you are nothing out, May We Send You Our Large Catalogue? Elkhart Carriage & Harness Mfg. Co.] Elkhart, .... 1 Twin Auto- Seat, Auto- Top and Full Brasi Mounted '62 YEARS OF SUCCESS Get Our Book Free ROLLER-BEARING^ LIGHT DRAFT SUCCESS SPREADER The only spreader with a 32-year record of good work. Simplicity, Durability and Light Draft always foremost. Direct Chain Drive. No Cog Gears. The choice of men who investigate thoroughly. Wood or metal wheels. A generation of experience back of every Success. The leader from the first. Exclusive features all patented. Catalog of facts Free. Write us promptly. Kemp & Burpee Mfg. Co. merits We an Pioneers In the Manufacture of Beet Plows, Seeders, Pullers and Cultivators, and have given special attention to the me- chanical requirements of sugar beet culture. Our experts in all the beet growing sections have studied the subject thoroughly, and \vu 'Her the finest line of Deet implements on the market. P. & 0. Beet Tools are the simplest, the , strongest, and the easiest running made, and they meet the exacting demands of all sections, "hese implements have every adjustment and con- venience, and the Cultivators can be furnished with various attachments for every kind of work. "Send for our Special Catalog on P. & O. Beet Implements. Insist on getting P. & O. implements from your dealer, or write to us. A Beautifully Illustrated Pamphlet, and a P. & O. Catalog, will be mailed free. Write for Catalog No. G 151 Parlln & Orendorff Co., Canton, Illinois. CEND $2.50 for THE IRRIGATION AGE, one year, ° and the PRIMER OF IRRIGATION, a 260-page finely illustrated, clothbound work for new beginners in irrigation. Mabton excavation of 3,:!30 cubic yards of material, $429.10; E. J. Ward, of Prosser, timber, structures, bridges, crossings, flumes, measuring boxes. etc., $1.814.27. The Secretary of the Interior has approved the report of the Board of Ivngineers submitting plans for se- curing additional storage capacity to provide 40,000 acre-feet of water for the lands under an extension of the Sunnyside canal. This storage is to be obtained at Lake Kachess, where, in addition to the present available storage, the requisite amount can be obtained by deepening the drainage channel from the natural lake and providing regulating works for the same which will be a part of the permanent construction on the ulti- mate plan for the Kachess Lake stor- age reservoir. This work, which will be partly earth excavation, it is esti- mated will cost between $50,000 and $60,000. UTAH Articles of incorporation have been tiled by the Richlands Irrigation Com- pany of Salt Lake City. Capital stock is fixed at $300,000, divided into shares of $1.00 each. The company takes over the water-rights and reservoir site owned by P. T. Black in Millard county, also 10,840 acres of land be- longing to D. B. Mclntosh in the same county. Water-rights consist of 24 second feet in the Sieber river. Klmer B. Jones is president; Geo. T. Odell, vice-president, and D. B. Mc- lntosh, secretary and treasurer. The officers, with L. H. Farnsworth and S. B. Stephens, compose the directo- rate. By arrangement with the Gunnison Irrigation Company the city of Gun- nison has assumed control of the irri- gation ditch at that place. The Coveville Irrigation Company of Coveville, Cache county, has filed articles of incorporation with the Sec- retary of State. H. H. Allen is presi- dent, Fred Totenson, vice-president, and D. K. Allen, secretary. Under the direction of the Green River Commercial Club at Green River, an irrigation district for that section is irow being formed. It is believed that by this organization nearly double the present acreage can be placed under water. r DOUBLE JWER $1,000 Reward for its equal. Windpower doubled. Two It ft. wheels work on same pinion; sec- ond wheel gives more pow- er than first. A Governor That Governs In all winds. Develops 10 full I h. p. In 20 mile wind. All I power needed for farm, shop, I Irrigating, etc. Ask about our 1 selfoHing.selfgoverned. single I wheel pumper—also Armsaver Busker. Ask for book go 3LE POWER MILL CO. il«lon. Wit., U. S. A. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRK I GAT ION AGE. 231 MISCELLANEOUS. Rice farmers near Orange, Texas, are interesting themselves in irriga- tion, by pumping. Several land own- er- have already placed contracts for pumping machinery. The Alfalfa Ditch & Power Com- pany of Thedford, Neb., has applied to the State Board of Irrigation for privileges on the Loup River, near that city. The company proposes to i-i instruct a ditch twenty-two miles in length to supply water for about 10.- ooo acres. Capitalists of Reno, and other Ne- vada cities, have applied for the right to reclaim 200,000 acres in the Amar- IJO-.H Valley. This land lies in the new county of Clark and extends south from Gold Center to Parhump. It is claimed that the company is ready to -IH-IK! $4,000,000 in reclamation work. Water available is sufficient to irri- gate 10.000 acres, but it is supposed that subterranean streams can be tapped for a much larger supply. Fire destroyed the plant of the Riverside Irrigation Company near Jennings. Louisiana. Loss of business and machinery is estimated at $25,00!). Contracts for new pumping machinery will soon be placed. W. T. Eldridge, president of the Sugarland Railroad, and a prominent cane grower, has acquired large land holdings near Sugarland, Texas. He proposes to construct an irrigation and drainage system. The company having charge of the development of this project is known as the Sugar- land Improvement Company. The Rochester, N. Y., Chamber of Commerce recently received the re- port of K. N. Robins, delegate to the National Irrigation Congress at Spo- kane. It is said that farmers in the FOR SALE CAREY ACT Irrigation Project With 10,000 acres of fine land in a low altitude. Abundance of water with storage reservoir. Easy construction and low cost. =^= Address : = P. O. Box 794 CHEYENNE. WYO. IpODSEEDS M&ESTINTHE WORLD j§ PRICES BELOW ALL OTHERS p I give a lot of new sorts for jktrial with every order I fill. •A Grand Big Catalog rQCC W Illustrated with over fllCC ^ 700 engravings of vegetables i. and flowers. Send yours and ^••Bi^'your neighbors' addresses. R. H. SHUMWAY, Rockford, Illinois POTATOES PAY Make them pay by using tha machines that really do the work — CUT, PLANT, SPRAY, DIG and SORT There's nothing in potato machinery up to ASPINWALL EQUIPMENT Write for copy of our free book telling how to make money, growing potatoes. ASPINWALL MFG. CO. 110 Sabin St., Jackson, Mich.. U.S.A. Canadian Factory: Guelph, Ontario CORPORATION CHARTERS For Irrigation, Mining, Manu- facturing or any Business. Procured in Leading Charter States. Agencies Maintained. Bluebook FREE. NATIONAL INCORPORATING CO. PIERRE, S. DAK. THE ^WONDER WORKER" COST IRRIGATION is the great farm wonder of this age. The idea of irrigation is not new. The ancients used it to advantage. But modern progress has so developed the idea that marvel upon marvel is now being worked in this country. Uncle Sam is spending $50,000,000 in irrigating his vast arid wastes. But the greatest of all irrigation for the farmer today is I H C irrigation. It will transform an unprofitable farm into a paradise of waving grain and juicy, delicious fruit and abundant garden truck — the cattle will become sleek and plump — and all about, in the home and throughout the fields, the atmosphere will be bright and joyous with a new prosperity. I H C irrigation will make a farm that already pays pretty well, pay even better. You can irrigate your own farm at low cost— with an inde- 1 pendent, never-failing system of your own. Apply the newest, most modern method to your farming. Nature has given you the water. It may be ponds or run- ning streams. Pump it into your own reservoir. Let heavy rain- falls fill your reservoir and have a supply for the hard dry spell. A reservoir will cost but little to build. Get an I H C gasoline I engine — it'll cost ^ciy little to own, and then you have your irri- gating system forever — for this powerful little engine doesn't know what it is to wear out, is always ready for work, and will pump unlimited quantities of water for you at amazingly little cost. A type for every problem — all sizes for all farm uses — verti- I cal, horizontal, stationary or portable — engines on skids — sawing, I pumping or spraying outfits. Also gold medal gasoline traction engines. Doubles efficiency of farm machines — operates grinder, alfalfa cutter, mill, separator, churn, pump, thresher, cider press, etc. One day's wages of hired man. will run it many days. Investigate. See local agent now for catalogue and particulars — or I write nearest Branch House today. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Colo.j Helena. Mont.; Portland, Ore.; Spokane, Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA, Chic«go USA C Incorporated) I-H-C LINE When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 232 THE IRRIGATION AGE A SATISFACTORY WATER SUPPLY ALWAYS PAYS DIVIDENDS A Humphryes' Hydraulic Ram will furnish you, when in- stalled, with a permanent and automatic water supply Why spend money on costly pumping plants and time, strength and expense in operating same, when a Hydraulic Ram will lift your water and de- liver it with absolutely no expense. The Humphryes' Pneumatic System will supply your residence with water under pressure for all domestic purposes and give service heretofore obtainable only with an elevated tank or direct con- nection with municipal water works. Our New Catalog "Domestic Water Supplies" tells yon all about the HYDRAULIC RAM and PNEUMATIC SYSTEM and will be mailed you upon request THE HUMPHRYES MFG. CO- MANSFIELD. OHIO IN To be Given Away in a Great Contest for Big Cash Prizes — Free — and open to everybody. Help the "100,000 Club" and you can earn a big reward for a little easy, pleasant, spare- time work. Write today for full particulars. Contest to be conducted by ^Fruit-Grower St. Joseph, Mo.. FIRST PRIZE $500 AUTO Brush Runabout Shown Above SECOND PRIZE-S100.00 CASH 3rd Prize.. ...$75.00 C 8th Prize. ..$25.00 4th Prize.. ...$50.00 9th Prize. ..$25.00 5th Prize.. ...$50.00 10th Prize.. ..$25.00 6th Prize.. ...$50.00 s llth Prize.. ..$25.00 7th Prize.. ...$50.00 H 12th Prize. .$25.00 Box 210 The Fruit-Grower is the world's leading it and farm magazine — brimming over with hints and helps for fruit growers. Jan- uary— Special Spraying Number; February — Annual Gardening Number; either issue worth a dollar to anyone interested in fruit — sample free. The "100,000 Club" is a Great National Organization to benefit fruit growers in a practical way^ Everyone will want to join. Send coupon today for 'the way to earn a prize" and get busy. The Krnit-Growcr, Box 210, St. Joseph, Mo. Tell me How to Earn the Auto or One of the Big Cash Prizes. Name _ Town State vicinity of Rochester are taking great interest in irrigation affairs and that there is prospect of early installation of pumping plants. One hundred and eighty-five thou- sand acre-feet of water are now stored behind the Roosevelt dam, Salt River irrigation project, Ariz., and the amount is increasing steadily, as the Verde River has been supplying more water than was needed for irrigation. During January the contractors placed 6,500 cubic yards of masonry in the dam, which is now 82 per cent com- plete. One hundred and fifty feet of the south end of the dam is at an ele- vation of 228 feet, 200 feet is at an elevation of 203 feet, and the lowest point of the dam is 165 feet in eleva- tion. The installation of the fifty- eight inch valves at the intake of tun- nel No. 2 is complete. Work has been temporarily sus- pended on the Belle Fourche dam. South Dakota, owing to the cold weather. A large force of men is employed by the contractors on the Belle Fourche Valley Railroad, build- ing bridges across Red Water and Belle Fpurche Rivers, Owl Creek and the Indian Creek laterals. This work is so well advanced that there will be no delay in laying the rails through the government townsite as soon as grading is completed early in the sum- mer. A large quantity of material and supplies has been assembled at Belle Fourche and preparations are being made to build a roundhouse there. SUBSCRIBE FOR THE IRRIGATION AGE $60 ^ILSON MFG. CO. fiOES LIKCSIITY 8 ELLS LIKE SIXTY? FOR SIXTY GILSON GASOLENE ENGINE l"'or Pumping, Cream- •ators, Churns. Wash M»- ' i. etc. HIS ISIAL 'or catalog-all dze» The Um Sm Government is Spending Millions of Dollars Annually to RECLAIM the WET Lands by DRAINING CONVERT the DRY Lands by IRRIGATING For the "LAND'S SAKE!" when are you going to Drain or Irrigate that farm of yours? You don't neefea surveyor. Get a BOSTROM IMPROVED FARM LEVEL and do the work yourself. ''Simplicity, Accuracy, Durability, Guarantped. This Level is no makeshift. It has a Telescope with Magnifying Lenses, enabling you to read the Target a quarter of a mile away; and is used and endorsed in every State in the Union. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OR YOUR MONEY BACK. Shipped on receipt of price, $15.00, or, if preferred, will ship C. 0. D. subject to examination. Outfit includes Level, Tripod, Graduated Rod and Target, full instructions and a copy of Bostrom's Book " Soil Salvation " of twenty-five years experience in draining and irrigating. Send your order TODAY to — BOSTROM - BRADY MANUFACTURING COMPANY, - 1119 Pine Street, ST. LOUIS, MO. mmm^mmmmmm^mmm When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 233 SAVING THE PEACH CROP. For years the peach brown rot has been recognized as a most disastrous disease of stone fruits. This is a fungous disease, and it is widespread, and very destructive to the peach crop. The loss which it inflicts on peach growers will easily average $5,000,000 yearly. The loss to the peach crop of Georgia alone is esti- mated at $1,000,000 a year. Much work has been done with a view to discovering a satisfactory remedy for this trouble. Spraying with diluted Bordeaux mixture has been most commonly recommended, but its injury to the foliage has made it unsatisfactory, since the remedy must be applied during the growing season. The peach scab (often called "black spot") is another disease which seriously affects the peach crop in all sections east of the Rocky Mountains, although not causing such serious losses as brown rot. As the result of experimental work by the U. S. Department of Agri- culture, a cheap and simple remedy for this disease has been found in the self-boiled lime-sulphur wash. This can be applied during the grow- ing season with very little danger of injuring the fruit or foliage, and it is very effective. Furthermore, by mix- ing arsenate of lead with the fungi- cide, the curculic can be destroyed at the same time. The department has just issued a bulletin describing the preparation and use of the remedy. This publica- tion will be of great interest to peach growers in all sections. BALL BEARING AUTOMATIC . . ~» NEAT?— : MONEYR£FVND1O)IF NOT SATISFACTORY IN EVERY WMV ADAMS G. ADAMS tOrJ/ N-KAKAVE.rTOPEfirA.KAN. Try Kerosene Engine 3O Days Free Gasoline Prices Rising. You can't run a farm engine profitably on gasoline much longer, price of gasoline going sky high. Oil Companies have sounded the warning. Kerosene is the future fuel and U now «cto 10c a eallon cheaper than gasoline. The Amazing "Detroit" U the only engine that use* common lamp Kerosene (coal oil) • perfectly. Runs on gasoline, too. | better than any other. Basic pat- nt. Only 3 moving parts. Comes ompiete ready to run. We will send a "Detroit" on free trial to I rroveall claims. Runsailkindsof "arm machinery, pumps, saw rijrs. ''paratnri, churns, feed grinders, pushing marhiues. Silo fillers and electric lights. Honey back and . freight paid both ways If U does I not meet every claim that w hare made for ft. Don'tbuytill you get our free catalog. 2 to 24 h. p. in stock. Prices$29.50up. | Special demonstrator agency price on Brat outfit sold In each community. 2000 satisfied users. We have a stack of testimonials. _ i Write quick. (20) The Amazing "DETROIT" Detroit Eniiu Work*. Ill Bdknw An.. Detroit, Hick. Easier to Operate thanAny Other Car YOU will not only find the I H C auto buggy the easiest to drive, but it is so simple and easy to operate that your wife and children can use it with perfect safety. If you need to go to town or visit a neighbor it is always ready. No time is lost in hitching up. The I H C Auto Buggy will travel any road — over hills, through mud, snow, etc., at 1 to 20 miles an hour. The large wheels protect you from jars when going over rocks, clods and bumps. The solid rubber tires make punctures "blow-outs" and the resulting delays impossible. They do not flatten out and loosen the dirt and gravel like the inflated tires do. It's the "suction" tire cars that are doing nine-tenths of the damage to the roads. You can use an I H C buggy when you would not dare to take a horse out. It is never affected by the weather and it never gets tired. For Business or Pleasure It Is the most sensible, serviceable vehicle. If your wife and children want to go to town or on a pleasure trip it doesn't mean taking a team from the work in the field if you own an I H C auto buggy. The International auto wagon has the same engine construction as the auto buggy. It will meet your requirements for a light delivery wagon. The full elliptic springs (36 inches long by 1 3-8 inches wide) and the long wheel base make it easy running and give it a stylish appear- ance. See your local dealer or write the International Harvester Company of America at nearest branch house for further information WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helena, Mont.; Portland, Ore.; Spokane, Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francuco, Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA CHICAGO USA (Incorporated.) THE LAW OF/ ! Financial •SUCCESS TELLS YOU IN PLAIN ENGLISH HOW HOW HOW HOW HOW to make money Intelligently, safely aud judiciously. to judge Investments properly and realize financial eucee&s. to acquire the faith necessary to achieve success. to analyze, develop and utilize your dormant abilities essential to a access. to guide your ambition, concen , o- trate upon your aim and persist READ THESE LETTERS Thos. C. Land, General Manazer Conway Telephone Co.. Pawnee, Okla. : "I have read tbe book and consider it one of the best books published. It 19 worth more than its weight in fold. I would like to see every young man read this book. I certainly can recommend it. James T. Castle Manager Buckeye EnpineCo., Pittsburp, Pa- : "Have read tbe 'Law of Financial Success' and find it of BO much interest I want you to send nie one-half dozen cop- ies, as I would like to distribute same among my friends." Barry A. Trios, Newark, N J. : "Book la O. K.; worth twice the money with $10.00 added to it." W. L Wagner, of the Poos Gas Engine Co.. Webb City, Mo. • " cannot tell ym in words just how well pleased I am with tbe book." John G. Gretziniter. Follerton. Cal : "It is worth Its weight in gold to me. far better than I expected." Many other* on File. None Solicited. Jumt Write Your Name andAddrcma Hem Name- SPECIAL 104 Pages until you achieve it, etc PAPER-BOUND EDITION 16 Chapters Address 1&O.OOO COPIES SOLO MAKING MONEY Is not difficult for the man or woman who fol- lows the instructions contained in the sixteen chapters of this most successful book of the year. The tremendous editions enable the publisher to sell tho book at'lOc, a price at which no man can afford to be without a cop; any more than he can afford to refuse payment for his work or services. Fill out the coupon now. Tear out this advertisement, wrap a dime or stamps in it. enclose in envelope and mail to THE FIDUCIARY CO.. 335Tacoma Bldg., Chicago, 111. I The book will be promptly mailed, postpaid. Whenever yon wish to part with it, return it and the 10 ceota will be I instantly refunded- When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 234 THE IRRIGATION AGE. LEASES WATER POWER. The secretary of the interior exe- cuted a contract on behalf of the government with Wonder Electric and Power Company, of Philadelphia, whereby the latter company leases for a term of ten years, beginning May 11, 1911, the right to develop and utilize the water power located on the main canal of the Truckee-Carson proj- ect, Nevada, at or near a point where the waters delivered by the canal are discharged into Carson river. The maximum rate of discharge at the point for the purpose of this lease is not to exceed 500 acre-feet per day except under exceptional circum- stances. The contract provides that the government is to receive 10J/2 cents per acre-foot for water delivered and utilized. ASK FOR CATALOGUE FREE If FASTEST-SAFEST CUN EVER MADE OTS IN KOI II Sl.t'OM>S. Perfect haimnerleiM llon-rloi;- i 32 In. CiKNl'INK IMPORTED DAMAsf 1 S escjuirk sight Ine automatic. Hinged l>r -h bloek--Kolld steel will! :d\\a> ^ between nhell 11114! shooter. lOiiHy take-down wltliout |tool». Il.ire, Baiige and drop of stock optional. NO KXTHA CHARCJK FOK AN Y KK ATI "III-: N AMI II. Don't buy until you have read OUT I Kl i: BOOK describing this pump icun and our superb line of nlneles ami doubles. ASK loll II II>-1"\\. THE UNION FIRE ARMS CO., 324 luburndale, TOLEDO, 0. QUINCY VALLEY PROJECT Engineer Joseph Jacobs, recently consulting engineer of the Reclama- tion Service, is to make his report on the Quincy Valley project' in Wash- ington. Mr. Jacobs signed a contract with the Quincy Valley Water Users' As- sociation last October to make the preliminary survey for watering from 300,000 to 500,000 acres in Grant County, Washington. Two sources were considered feasible, the larger being from the Peud d'Oreille river in Idaho, the other being Wenatchee lake. Mr. Jacob's report will settle the question. Land lies in the same belt as Wen- YOU EVER USE PRESS CLIPPINGS Do you want everything printed in the newspaper, magazine and trade press of the United States and Canada on any particular subject? Send us your order describing what you want us to clip, enclose $3.00, and we will send you our service for one month, mailing you daily or weekly all clippings found on your topic. We read and clip about 25,000 publica- tions each month MANUFACTURERS can learn where there is a market for their goods, and how best to reach it. ..... BUSINESS MEN can obtain reliable tips which lead to business brought in on the follow-up plan. ANYONE can gather all that is printed about matters of immediate interest, the latest and best thought from many sources. UNITED STATES PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU Chicago, U. S. A. Send for our booklet. 1309-1312, 153 LaSalle St. CAMPBELL SUB -SURFACE PACKERS We are the sole manufacturers uf this famous Sub-Surface Packe: the only one made. This is the one that you have heard everyone talk- ing about. Send for our Special Pamphlet on Sub- Surface Packing, the best known system for "dry farming," a method of absolutely insuring bumper crops with a minimum rainfall— the salvation of semi-arid regions. Made in Three Sizes, with 10, i6and 24 wheels, is heavy and strong, and the frame is made to carrv all the extra weight required* Write for Catalog No. V 151 Parlin & Orendorff Co., CANTON, ILL. GET A FREE FARM FROM UNCLE SAM The Two Great Land TH[ WESTERN WORLD QJ Jt tTl 6 T I C d IRRIGATION AGE Twenty.fmH Year THE WESTERN WORLD tells you where and how to secure land. THE IRRIGATION AGE tells you how to cultivate it. Can You Beat This Combination? IRRIGATION AGE is the only journal of its class in the world, and has been established for 25 years. It teaches beginners how to farm under irrigation, and offers in each issue valuable suggestions to those who are acquainted with and practice the art. THE WESTERN WORLD, the only journal published which reproduces the records of the Government Land Office, show- ing by maps and plats exactly what land is open for homestead or desert entry; makes it so plain that you can go out and select your own Iree fum from among Uncle Sam's remaining unentered lands. It shows from 500,000 to 1,000,000 acres in each issue, giving accurate soil description. It tells you how and where to get a 320 acre homestead, which is yours for the asking. It tells you all about Indian Reservation openings. Most Attractive Offer Ever Made In order to make this offer especially attractive, the publishers of these two great journals offer: IRRIGATION AGE, per year ............ M.OO THE WESTERN WORLD, per year .......... l.OO THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION, (paper cover special) ..... .50 OUR OFFER— SPECIAL: Send in $1.25 and take them all. S2.5O THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION contains 257 pages, is finely illustrated and is especially valuable for beginners. The price for this book, cloth bound, is S2.OO. Send all remittances to TUT IDDI/"" A THIM A /T IKKllaA 1 1UIN AL»h-, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 235 atchee, twenty miles distant, and the famous Yakima valley. According to statistics this land is at a better eleva- tion and a more favorable climate for winter apples. Land prices are ad- vancing in anticipation of a favorable report from the engineer. NEW INCORPORATIONS. COLORADO. — Elk River Irriga- tion & Construction Company; $500,- 000; F. E. Garrett, Wm. L. Jameson, Rodney Bard well; Denver. The Geary Creek Irrigation & Land Company; $30,000; W. J. McDonald, J. L. Brown, M. M. McDonald; Den- ver. CALIFORNIA. — Land & Irriga- tion Company of Northern California; $2.000,000; C. G. Clarke, Oscar T. Weber, W. P. Read, Burke Corbet, and John Selby; San Francisco. Ramona Power & Irrigation Com- pany; $10,000; Ehrman Grigsby, A. W. McPherson, A. H. Koebig, R. M. Miller, H. J. Englebrecht, J. H. Grigs- by, T. S. Ingham; Los Angeles. UTAH.— The Richlands Irrigation Company; $300,000; Elmer B. Jones. Geo. T. Odell, D. B. Mclntosh; Salt Lake City. Coveville Irrigation Company; $500; H. H. Allen, Fred Totenson, D. K. Allen; Coveville. OREGON.— The Snyder Irrigation Company; $50,000; A. P. Snyder, Ada fnyder and May Snyder; Dayville. • Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation WE want every farmer in this country who uses our twines to go through the entire harvest season without one break in the field. We have set out to make that the standard test of all twines, and we believe that I H C twine comes nearer being such a grade than any other twine. We have taken this matter the more seriously because we have stood back of the Sisal and Standard, Sisal twines and the better grades of Manila ever since twine was made. 85 to 90 per cent of all the twine used is Sisal. It comes in a larger strand than the Manila twine; and, as all binders are adjusted to use this twine, the result has been that the bigger, stronger twine has proved more satisfactory in actual me- chanical binding. Its only equal is the higher grade, higher priced Manila, which also bears the I H C trade-mark. These two twines represent the highest point of excellence thus far attained in binder twine. You get the best when you ask your dealer for an I H C Brand of Sisal—Standard Sisal- Manila or Pure Manila You get a twine that has made its record in millions of wheat fields. One that is guaranteed of standard length and standard strength. One that is smooth-running; that works at a steady tension, without kinking or tangling in the twine box, and consequently without any loss. One that has the smallest percentage of breaks and that works well in the binder knotter. Good binder twine is as important to you during harvest as good weather. You cannot regulate the weather, but you can pick your twine. If you want to be positive that you will have no twine delays, choose your twine — Sisal 500-ft.; Standard (which is made from pure Sisal) 500-ft.; Manilsu'jSOO-ft., or Pure Manila 650-ft. — from any of the following I H C brands: Champion Deering McCormick Milwaukee Osborne • Piano International These brands mean time-insurance for you during harvest. Let your local dealer know well In advance what your needs will be. The mills are workine now. And it you want more interesting facts on binder twine, write nearest branch house for particulars. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helena. Mont.; Portland, Ore. Spokane, Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, CaL INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, U. S. A. (Incorporated) From 600 trees Miss Cowperthwaite harvested 450 boxes summer and fall ap- ples; 3,000 boxes of winter varieties, which sold for $1.35 per box, making a grand total of $4,657.50. Photo taken October 9, 1909, Santa Fe District. Land Opportunity in the Santa Fe District Get your share of the profits on the present day high- cost^ of living. Prices on food stuff are governed by the law of supply and demand. Secure a 20-acre tract in the Santa Fe District and be a producer, and at the tame time reduce your own expenses. This land all within a short drive of New Mexico's beautifully situated capital city. Proven by government statistics to be the finest climate in the world. Two town sites on the land and two railroads crossing it. Every tract within three miles of a town site. A former governor of New Mexico says: "THE SANTA FE DISTRICT HAS MORE ADVANTAGES AND FEWER DRAWBACKS THAN, ANY IRRIGATED SECTION IN AMERICA." Send'or call for full particulars. National Mortgage and Bond Company 134 Monroe St.. Chicago, 111. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 236 THE IKRIGATION AGE-. Pick-ups by a Staff Representative As an evidence of the boosting tendencies of the irri- gation towns, the following is reported from Lamar, Colorado: The Denver & Gulf railroad, a new line from Denver to Dallas, Texas, approached the Commercial Club of Lamar on the subject of going through that town, and making it a division point. As a result. Lamar raised $100,000 in cash in two weeks' time, and the money is now on deposit in the bank as a bonus. In return therefore, the town will be a division point. The city also agreed to furnish the right-of-way and a building site, on con- dition that the shops should be built and operated on that for twenty-five years. Lamar also has the privilege of locating town sites, not to exceed four, for a distance of fifty-five miles. In the old days, when western Kansas was poor, long before the automobile became a common joy, eastern trust companies held mortgages on nearly every farm. It is related that a company, forced to unwillingly accrue a large amount of this land, sent an expert out to look it over. Driving all day under the blistering sun, over a desolate waste, he came to one tract, on which still existed a broken down ramshackle hut. There was a hole in the place of a window. "Well," said the agent, "I pity the poor native who has to live in a hole like that." Just then a head stuck itself out of the window and shouted, "I ain't so poor as you think I am, stranger. I don't own this land." The Lock and Key To Your Water Supply WATER is the life of the irrigation system and the irrigated farm. If the headgate breaks or washes out, the water is lost and your crops are ruined. Water lost means money lost. The headgates in your reservoirs and irrigation canals are the locks and the headgate lifts are the keys to your water supply. The security of your water supply depends upon the strength of your headgates. NORTHWESTERN IRON HEADGATES Never Leak. Last a Lifetime NORTHWESTERN WORM-GEARED STAND •••ii NORTHWESTERN BALL-BEARING BASE LIFTS They are easy to operate, save more than their cost in time and trouble; can always be depended upon to hold your water supply until you need it. They are used on large irrigation projects all over the country. Send for New Catalog SHOWING GATES for any purpose, any pressure — any size — any price. Every irrigator and irrigation engineer should have one. Write today. C. D. BUTCHART 501 Mercantile Bldg. DENVER,! COLO. NORTHWESTERN No. IS HEADGATE When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 237 UNION MACHINES WITH PUG MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO, QALION, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 238 THE IKRIGATION AGE Two Opposites and a Happy Medium in Automobile Buying FIRST — Automobile buyers who demand the highest quality car and have means to purchase whatever they want, used to buy foreign cars. Later, they found that high- priced American cars equalled for- eign cars, and so they bought ex- pensive American cars. Later still, having learned more and more about actual values, the wisest of these buyers determined that high-priced makers were stand- ing still — that is, either were not improving their cars in ratio to general automobile progress, or else were maintaining their high prices even when the cost of production had been greatly reduced. So these buyers sought relief. SECOND— Buyers of limited means and those who believe in "playing a safe game" used to start motoring in the lowest priced car they could buy. Unfortunately, these cheap cars had a way of proving expensive to keep running, and in order to es- cape continued expense, these buy- ers soon graduated to somewhat better cars. Still, however, there was a ten- dency to keep down the purchase cost. And even these somewhat better cars fell short of perfection. Perhaps they were noisy, or lacked something in power, seating capac- ity or style. They couldn't quite keep up with the procession. And so, the next step was to find a car presenting two elements: 1 — All the quality a motor car ought to have. 2 — A purchase price repre- senting a dollar's value for every dollar of price. This is the self-cranking, 48 horse-power Winton Six Touring Car— $3000. Thus we note two opposite tendencies on the part of present- day automobile buyers — tendencies brought about by expensive ex- perience. Both classes of buyers are com- ing to the same car — a happy medium. These facts account for re- markable sale of 1910 Winton Six cars. Because: 1 — The Winton Six contains all the quality a motor car ought to have; and 2 — the price represents a dollar's car-value for every dollar of price. The Winton Six has six cyl- inders, because less than six cyl- inders mean less than excellence. It has an ample motor of 48 H. P., an oil-bathed multiple disc clutch of large diameter running on ball bearings, a four-speed selective transmission running on ball bearings, a carburetor that is in- stantaneously sensitive, Bosch magneto, with special battery for starting (at no extra charge), 124-inch wheel base, frame nar- rowed in front to permit short turns, easy-riding, semi-elliptical springs all around, -four shock ab- sorbers, a snappy-looking, roomy, five-passenger body, and a self- starter that cranks (he motor with- out physical labor. The only self- starting motor in existence. Air pressure does it ; open a valve and the motor starts. And the price of $3000 repre- sents all the actual value it is pos- sible to put into a car — a price that dismays competition. This car hasn't a superior. Equal horse-power in other reput- able makes will cost you $4000 and more. Thus the price of the Win- ton Six saves you the cost of gaso- line, oil and tires for two years' running, and when you get a Win- ton Six you get a self-starting, sweet-running, flexible, hill-climb- ing, pride-producing car, and the one that holds the world's upkeep record of 184,190 miles on $142.43 upkeep expense — 77 cents per 1000 miles. Let us send you our explanatory liter- ature and the name of our dealer nearest you. Clip the coupon and mail it today . THE WINTON MOTOR CARRIAGE CO. Licensed Under Selden Patent. CLEVELAND, U. S. A. Branch Houses-.Broadway and 70th St., New York; Berkeley and Stanhope Sts., Boston; Broad and Race Sts., Philadelphia; 209 N. Liberty St., Balti- more; Baum and Beatty Sts.. Pittsburg; 738-740 Woodward Ave., Detroit; Michigan Ave. and 13th St., Chicago; 16-22 Eighth St., N. Minneapolis; 715 East Pine St., Seattle; 300 Van Ness Ave., San Francisco. THE WINTON MOTOR CARRIAGE CO. 86 Berea Road, Cleveland, Ohio. Please send Winton Six literature to We can quote some especially low prices on high-grade used cars. If interested, ask for figures. When writing to advertisers please 'mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE, 239 Clay Working •BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay Mch. Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Soft Mud Machines, Hor»« •nd Steam Power DUInta«r«iori Haad Power Screw Pre» Hone Power Pioneer JVUcblM Product* of oar Auger Machine! When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 240- THB IRRIGATION AGE. WE MANUFACTURE PUMPS FOR EVERY SERVICE, BUT MAKE A SPECIALTY OF IRRIGATING PUMPS WHERE THE SOURCE OF SUPPLY |IS EITHER DEEP OR SHALLOW, BORED OR DUG WELLS Plant of A. T. AMES MFG. CO. From a Photograph By our system water can be pumped at a fuel cost of from 2c to 3c per thousand gallon s per hundred feet lift WRITE A. T. Ames Mfg. Co., Niles, Cal, FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOG No. 24 Watch This Space for Cuts of Plants in Operation When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Deep Well Working Heads These Working Heads Can be Operated by Electric Motor, Gas or Gasoline Engine, Steam Engine or Belt Driven — the Motors and Engines being Direct Connected if Desired. The chief advantage to the possessor of a Deming Deep Well Working Head is in the immense saving of power money in direct proportion to the great depths from which the water can be pumped. Then, too, our working heads have differential or double acting cylinders — discharging water at each stroke. Anyone desirous of securing water from deep wells for private estates, farms, etc. , could purchase one of the smaller sizes and use it to excellent advantage. Of course we make other larger sizes for irrigating — those in the illustrations having 24 inch stroke. If you expect to install a private irrigating plant, or need a pump of any kind, we should be glad to have you write us, giving conditions under which the pump would have to work. Our engineering department would then give you full information. THE DEMING COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO HAND AND POWER PUMPS FOR ALL USES Including Spray Pumps, Nozzles and Accessories HENION AND HUBBELL, Chicago, 111., General Western Agents Other Agencies in All Principal Cities TheJLow One -Way Colonist Rate from Chicago to Portland, Tacoma, Seattle and Other Pacific Northwest Points Effective Daily MARCH 1— APRIL 15, INCLUSIVE, 1910 Via Union Pacific "The Safe Road To Travel' Take The New Through The Oregon- Washington Limited Tickets' good on Tourist Sleeping Car on payment of berth rate Leaves Chicago via C.& N.^iV. 10:00 p. m. daily Electric Block Signals Dining Car Meals and Service "Best in the World. For tickets and information call on or address W. G. NEIMYER, G. A. 120 Jackson Boulevard. Chicago. 111. THE VOL. xxv REGI! ERED U.S.PATENT OFFICE NQ6 CHICAGO, APRIL, 1910 To Reduce Seepage in Irrigation Ditches The Austin Levee Bailder The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Tile Ditcher OUR FULL LINE COMPRISES: The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher two precautions must * e taken. The first is not to disturb the original soil beyond the ditch sides and bottom. The second is to line the ditch with imper- vious material. An AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCA- VATOR carves a ditch from tbe oriutiial soil to exact shape and dimensions — clean and smooth — so that It can be lined without triiiiminii or shaping and without templets. Because of these things, and be- cause it takes out material at a lower unit cost than can any other machine, the Austin Drainage Excavator is the most perfect irrigating ditch machine known. It digs in one operation, to exact templet, a ditch with sloping sides, wide berms, even spoil banks, and true to grade, at a unit cost cheaper than a similar ditch can be dug by any other means. The Austin Drag Line Excavator The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber WE SELL OUTRIGHT OR LEASE. Send for Catalogue "S" F.C.AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO., Railway Exchange Cblcpdo. III. N. B.— AGENTS WANTED IN UNOCCUPIED TERRITORY Morris Machine Works Baldwinsville, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery. designed {or any irrigating propo- sition. Send details or specifica- tions of •what is wanted, and we will recommend a pumping outfit to supply the need. New York Office 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office Cor. Wood & Willow Str.Tcxu Henton & Hubbcll, AgentB. 223-231 N. Jefferson St.. Chicago. Harron, Rickard & McComb, Agents 21 Fremont St., S. Francisco. Cal. <-. 9. \ THE IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, Publishers, S£^.%| CHICAGO, ILLINOIS XS$&® @W/W2^Z The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most Economical and Certain Means of Lifting Water 55 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices — State Requirements CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND GASOLINE ENGINE IRRIGATION OUTFIT. The Temple Water Elevators --The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Manufacturers of all kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Fou. Cylinder Gaso- line or Kerosene Engines Briefly stated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as foil JWB,: First — They are more economical in the use of fuel On light load* one cylinder can be used, referring both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the double cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more convenient it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. Factory, 15th St. and 15th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III.. U. S. A. i THE IRRIGATION AGE. 241 Oregon Fruit Farms IN Willow River Valley Malheur County, Oregon 21 (/ Map showing land, reservoirs, water shed and town site Now is the time to set your orchard and get started in the best paying investment of the day. Every year the growth of the orchard is worth $100.00 per acre. Start now. Don't delay. Get in on the ground floor and in five years be in- dependent. Stop your working on salary for someone else. Work for yourself. Ten acres "a sufficiency." Twenty acres "a fortime." Best insurance in the world. Town lots and acre tracts in City of Brogan now for sale. CALL OR WRITE US Western Sales Agents Union Land, Loan £ Trust Co. Rrogan, Malheur County, Oregon OREGON FRUIT FARMS 218 La Salle Street, Suite 319-322 CHICAGO, ILL. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 242 THE IRRIGATION AGE. 'ERIOR SUPERIOR DRILLS ire Used and Appreciated by flood farmers the World OT«T SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: Dean & Co., - • • Minneapolis, Minn. Kingman & Co., - Peoria, 111. Ki ngman St. Louis Implement Co.. St. Louis, Mo. Klnirman-Moorelmp. Co., • Kansas Cily, Mo. Kingman-Moore Imp. Co.. - Oklahoma, Okla. Kingman Implement Co.. - • Omaha, Neb. Parlin & Orendorfi Imp. Co., Portland, Ore. Colorado Moline Plow Co., - Denver, Colo. The T. C. Powers Co., - - Helena. Mont. Consolidated Wa«r. & Mach. Co , Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw Co.. - - Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmers please write direct to (he Manufacturers AMEIICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.) Springfield, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS DEEP WELL IRRIGATION Is most economically and successfully accomplished with "AMERICAN" DEEP WELL PUMPS For over 40 years they have been the world's standard In this type of a pump. The deepest wells in America are now pumped by these pumps. The American ti tide mark on a pump Is a mark of known quality. There's no experimenting, the pump can be relied on to do all that Is claimed for It. The "American" double acting water cylinders deliver full cylinder dis- placement capacity both on the up-strone and the down-stroke. Let us save you money on your deep well pump- Ing. Xew complete cata- logue No. 110 free. The American Well Works General Ollices and Works Auror.. 111.. U. S. A. Chicago Office' First Nat' f Bank Bldg. IT WILL Grade Roads Make Ditches Cut Laterals Save Money =THE BEST= IT WONT Break Get Out of Order Tire the Horses Prove Expensive GENERAL PURPOSE" Grader and Ditcher Built 2 OR 4 HORSES TRY ONE AT OUR EXPENSE Also Excavators, Heavy Graders, Wheelers, Drags, Plows, Etc. THE AUSTIN-WESTERN CO., Ltd., Dept. I, CHICAGO i OR 2 MEN When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 243 Every Minute Means Money Hurry and get your 20th Century Grader and Ditcher. Water will soon be turned on. Telegraph us. We'll ship from our transfer point nearest you. Move quickly. Be prepared to make the most out of your land this season. Use the handy "many-in-one" machine. One man — you alone — can do a big amount of work in a day with a — The Great, Many-Purpose IRRIGATION Machine It will soon earn its keep many times over, because you can use it all the season round; grub — level — ditch — cut laterals — clean 'em — make roads — etc. Grub 4 acres daily — $1.50 per acre. Laterals $1.50 a mile — 4 miles daily. Level land at l/y, usual cost. It's the one "slick" machine sold at such a reasonable price. All steel. Weighs but 600 Ibs. Four horses easily handle it. Exceptionally strong and well braced. Cut off the ticket now, and get our new free catalog brimful of real photos of machine — 34 of 'em. THE BAKER MFG. CO., 726 Fisher Bldg., CHICAGO No. 1— 20th Century with Grubber lifted- No. 3— 20th Century tilted at ditching angle for lateral making No. 2— 20th Century, blade reversed to left. You can set it at any angle, right or left, or straight across for leveling. FREE TICKET FOR CATALOG To THE BAKER MFG. CO., 726 Fisher Building, Chicago. I own acres of land in (how many) (raw or improved) (location) Please send me that new catalog. Name. . . Address . Town State. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 244 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Troughs For catalog and prices Address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. OR T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bldf., Denver. Colo. WHY NOT BE COMFORTABLE? Use an Enterprise Tent Cot. There is nothing made so adaptable for out-door sleeping. It is practical, light, portable, bug proof, fly proof, sun and shower proof. Just the thing ! Write to ENTERPRISE BED CO. HAMMOND. IND. They will Send You Their Illustrated Catalogue. Ditching Dredges, Placer Mining and Traction Dredges SUITABLE FOR ALL CLASSES OF WORK Steam Shovels — AII sizes Ballast Unloaders Write us for information, giving particulars of requirements The Marion Steam Shovel Co., MARION, OHIO G. W. BARNHART, Western Manager 718 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, Cal. F. H. HOPKINS & CO., Montreal, Quebec HOE DRILLS Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 50 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND, IND.. V. S. A. Supplied in (II Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments May Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Year- THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXV CHICAGO, APRIL, 1910. No. 6 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE IRRIGATION ERA ARID AMERICA THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL MID-WEST THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postofflce at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 3, 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, 1.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $ J .50. THE IRRIGATION- AGE has established an Irrigation South- °ffice ™ L°s Angeles, California, from Western which it will hereafter receive a regular Office. news letter relating to the entire south- rest, including Texas. This southwestern office is estab- lished because of numerous suggestions within the past ear or two from prominent irrigators in Texas, con- erning the matter of devoting more space to the south- western section of the United States. At a later date the AGE will have direct representation in Houston or . Antonio. Railroad With the great railway development which Penetrates 'ias 'Deen inaugurated in Oregon, an im- ^entral mense territory, embracing thousands of regon. acres of valuable agricultural land, will be brought into the market. It is reported that the Hill interests have engaged to build a line from the Columbia liver, .along the Deschutes, as far as Bend, Oregon, and is supposed that, if the line is built to this point, it be extended at a later date to some port on the i'acific coast. It has always been well known that central Oregon one of the most delightful sections in the United States. Excellent soil, ample supplies of water, favor- able climate mark this area as one of the best in the entire country. A representative of this company expects to make SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . Jl.OO To Canada and Mexico. 1.60 All Other Foreign Countries 1.50 In forwarding: remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postofflce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and ha* readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 25 yean old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. a trip overland, through Oregon, within the next sixty days, starting in at the Columbia Eiver, and arriving at some point near the Klamath lakes. A story of this trip, with illustrations, will be published in future issues of THE IRRIGATION AGE. Professor Ernest D. Bishop, a prominent Besides educator in the city of Chicago, has re- Industry signed his position and will move his Is Needed. family to a western irrigated ranch, where, he tells one of the leading daily papers of this city, he can do much better than on his former salary. He states that he will go west and take up a farm where members of his family may become healthy in body. Tourteen years as instructor in the public schools have exhausted his health and strength. Professor Bishop wants his boys to go to college, and if he succeeds as a western farmer or ranchman, he may realize his wish. While the professor, in his interview, is highly optimistic, he must not overlook the fact that sufficient funds are needed to insure a comfortable support for his family until his first money crop matures. Many people who are desirous of going west do not consider that it requires more than air and water for existence. That is why a small per cent of those who go into the west fail to succeed. If the professor has $1,000 or $1,500 — enough to equip a moderate sized ranch and support his family for 246 THE IRRIGATION AGE. one year, or until the second year's crops are ready for market — he may go west with safety. Perhaps he may be resourceful enough to start with less money, but it is a dangerous venture for a man who has a family of five dependent upon him. His story illustrates clearly the ambition of thou- sands of others, who feel that they are being held down by conditions beyond their control. His salary, while ample to insure a respectable living for the family, is not great enough to allow him to lay up a sufficient sum to make him independent in later years. It is also true that some of the most successful men in the west today went into that county in a "dead broke" condition, and have done better than would have been possible had they been well supplied with money. Necessity makes a man inventive. It teaches him to study further into' the future, and in wider scope, than if he has sufficient means to live comfortably for a given time; but necessity also frequently works a hardship on other members of the family. This is not a condition to be desired by the average parent. A man may go hungry himself, but he dislikes to see his chil- dren or relatives suffer. We would say to the professor, in all liking, to wait until he has sufficient funds to insure a reasonably comfortable living for at least one year. The call of the west is strong, but it lures to pitfalls unless reason- able precautions are observed. p . . With the various committees working in Solves harmony and along practical and well Congress organized lines, it can be predicted at this Problem. time that the Eighteenth National Irriga- tion Congress will excell all others in both point of attendance and importance to the irrigation world. Under the able direction of Director of Publicity R. H. Faxon, the next congress is already being widely adver- tised. It can be foretold that Mr. Faxon's campaign will gather in strength with each succeeding month, and that the remote corners of the country will be awakened to the recognition of the Eighteenth Congress as a movement of national scope and importance. Refusing to travel in the beaten ways of former congresses, the Board of Control has planned a some- what unique but nevertheless successful method of soliciting funds to defray running expenses. Each county in Colorado is solicited for a contribution to the fund with the understanding that such donation will insure space near the convention hall for a display of the county's products. An auditorium will be set aside where counties may exploit their products through lec- tures or demonstrations. Mr. Watson, vice chairman of the board, is now making a trip through the state in the interest of this plan, and his reports indicate ex- cellent success. He is of the opinion that the major portion of the $50,000 needed for expenses may easily he raised in this manner. There will be a great opportunity, during the time of the show, to bring visitors from remote sections in contact with some of the large irrigation projects along the Arkansas River, and at other points adjacent to Pueblo. Excursion trains will be run for the benefit of the delegates to the more important points, as well as to some of the scenic resorts nearby, including Pike's Peak, Manitou, the Garden of the Gods and the Royal Gorge. In a recent article in the Denver Times Beaman Scores Judge Beaman, of Denver, declares thai, Conservation until the present time nothing has been Congresses, done at any conservation meeting any- where that a meeting of coyotes could not do — that is, howl. The judge says that neither he nor others are looking for advice as to how to run their business, and that if they were they would not apply to members of the conservation committees, as it is obvious that the information there gained would be im- practicable. In explanation of his attack upon the present status of the conservation movement, the judge says, among other things, that nothing has been done at any conservation meeting held in Colorado, or else- where, that is of sufficient importance to attract the at- tention of thinking people, nor does he believe effective work will ever come from those now engaged in the movement, or by the methods pursued. He states that not long ago Professor Eliot, Presi- dent of the National Conservation Commission, declared that the Alaska coal, which he estimated at 15,000,000,- 000 tons, was the future coal supply of the nation. The judge shows that the Government Geological Survey ports, for 1907-1908, prove that in the Grand Mesa, Colorado, alone there are 20,000,000,000 tons of coal, and that in the whole state of Colorado 600,000,000,000, or forty times what Professor Eliot credits to Ala and that in the United States, exclusive of Alaska, 1 are 2,200,000,000,000 tons. The same report gives the annual coal consumption of the United States at 500,- 000,000 tons. Judge Beaman concludes that, discount- ing our supply 50 per cent, we have enough, outside of Alaska, to last 1,100 years, and it is reasonably certain that long before that we will be getting our heat and power from other and cheaper sources. The fact of the matter is that the conservation movement as engineered was intended simply to strengthen the position of the former dictator of forest and land conditions throughout the west. He hoped to so strengthen himself that his advancement to the Sec- retaryship of Agriculture would be an easy matter. As is well known, however, he has stubbed his toe. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 247 Since the supreme law-making body of Lurid this country, through a tribunal the fair- Press ness and integrity of which no man has Attacks had the hardihood to impugn, haa insti- Ballinger. tuted an investigation into the so-called "Ballinger-Pinchot controversy," the AGE has deemed it unwise -to comment at length upon the subject, preferring to await the conclusion of testimony. It is, therefore, with reluctance that this journal feels an imperative call at this time to make an authori- tative statement upon a matter which, while foreign to the affairs under investigation, must nevertheless exert a direct and powerful influence upon the public mind. It is only after rigid investigation and careful analysis of facts as presented that the AGE enters its protest aijiiiiist distortion of facts by the daily press. In the columns controlled by a certain news syn- dicate there recently appeared an article purporting to set forth the facts relating to an opening of Indian lands under the Yuma project in California. This article contained a venomous attack upon the actions and motives of Secretary of the Interior Ballinger in this connection. It is useless to discuss at this juncture questions of journalistic ethics; a certain amount of pandering to popular prejudice and of a desire to truckle to the mis- informed may, perhaps, always be expected, and in the busy course of human events must pass unnoticed. It is not to be assumed that a statement of the exact facts as gathered from official records can have any possible influence upon the current of events at Washington, nor would this article be permitted to make its appear- ance at this time were such an outcome to be appre- hended. The broad dissemination, however, within a recent period of the scurrilous story referred to can hardly, in the light of its author's preliminary utterances and of the affiliations of its sponsors, be regarded as mere coincidence. The people who have had the manhood to attack the present administration — rightly or wrongly — in the open and with evident sincerity, and whose knowledge of western conditions is not gleaned entirely from the pages of romance, might well pray "to be delivered from their friends." The "Leitmotif" of the story is Secretary Ballin- ger's order "to disregard the line" — in flaming head- lines— the "line" being that, to Western people, well — or. rather, evilly — known "line" of strong-arm "push- ers" and freaks of endurance which in the past has managed to monopolize every good opportunity of this kind, to the total exclusion of those physically weaker or unprepared from business or financial reasons to "camp out'3 in the streets for a month's time and to hire substitutes to "hold a place for them." The editor of this journal may be pardoned if he pronounces himself sufficiently in touch with western land laws and condi- tions to pass judgment upon the relative merits of the "line15 and of the method inaugurated by Secretary Bal- linger for throwing open the "Yuma" lands. No fairer method could have been devised for giving all qualified applicants an absolutely equal opportunity than that used. It is but justice to state that Mr. Ballinger is entitled to commendation for having banished the old "line," with its attendant evils, and for having substi- tuted a method in consonance with modern ideas of fair play and justice. The AGE during the past month, with full realiza- tion of the importance of the episode, has instituted a searching investigation of its own, and in another col- umn is enabled to present to its readers FACTS, authen- ticated by a reproduction of official orders and records. Private enterprise is in the ascendancy. Private Five years ago the Government's Reclama- Projects tion Service strode in such giant steps that Absorb the individual was but a pygmy in corn- Millions, parison, and, as he plucked off his small million-dollar project, he gazed in sheer and unconcealed admiration at federal engineers who dared engage in mighty works where hundreds of thous- ands of acres were the stakes and numerous millions in dollars must be the cost. But what a change has developed in the last decade ! How has this underling waxed strong and stronger until, from the high eminence of success, he looks down upon his fellow toiler— yet craves no $30,000,000 in added funds to retain his seat or maintain his personal integrity. Within the past thirty days news reports have con- firmed the successful organization of two private enter- prises which, if combined in financial proportion, will alone equal nearly one-half the entire expenditure of the Reclamation Service from the day it was created until the year 1910. The American Falls project of the Buhl syndicate, and the Southern Colorado Irriga- tion Company, backed by Dal Deweese, Samuel Brown, Jr., and others, are but forerunners of the several giant companies that are now in process of formation and that may announce a formal existence within a few months. Yet with all this procession of huge concerns, there is a retinue of smaller and less conspicuous enterprises that are contributing in even greater proportion to the development of the irrigated west. A glance at the columns of Reclamation Notes and Xew Incorporations, as presented monthly in the AGE, is sufficient proof of the remarkable activity in irrigation affairs. Each new project seems to act as a spur to others, and were it not for the almost boundless areas of arid land it might 248 THE IREIQATION AGE. well be predicted that a score of years hence every acre will be reclaimed to cultivation. Experiments in underflow pumping are now being pursued along such consistent and successful lines that it may be prophesied that the pump will one day play a most important part in the irrigation field. Govern- ment Surveys are besieged with requests for investi- gation to determine source and reliability of underflows in various parts of Texas, New Mexico, Colorado and Kansas. Community interest has been awakened, and from Dakota to California — in every state of the west — pumping plants for individual or co-operative use are being installed. There is no clearer indication of the favor that attaches to irrigation bonds than is found in the fact, that issues are readily handled by the bond selling houses of Chicago, New York and other commercial centers. It is only through the popular demand for these securities that mammoth irrigation companies may be formed. Eeports from bond sellers show that there is no abatement in the sale and that the tone of the market is strong and well based. Co-ordinate in importance to the steady demand for irrigation paper is the gradually increasing inquiry for information relating to the conditions under which land may be acquired, the cost of building, tools, pro- duction of crops and markets for products. Wage-earn- ing members of the community are watching with in- terest the reports of a friend who has gone west to take land in an irrigation project. Each is, perhaps, con- vinced of the need for change from his present mode of living, but, with a family dependent upon his efforts, fears to face a change in life until he has learned the truth through a personal acquaintance. It is well that the west is alive to the time-signs and is preparing for the vast exodus of people from the east to happy homes amid the flowers and sunshine. In this prospective change lies the solution of the much- mooted question as to the cause of the high cost of living, and the American people are not slow to reach the obvious conclusion. YUMA OPENING By the terms of its charter, the Minnesota River Improve- ment and Power Company, with headquarters at St. Paul, Minn., has authority to drain and irrigate lands on the Min- nesota river or its tributaries. Among the directors are Wm. H. Gold of Redwood Falls, H. Soreline of Granite Falls, Dr. L. A. Fritchie of New Ulm and Geo Atchison of Man- kato. Farmers near Douglas, Ariz., are instituting tests for pumping water for irrigation purposes. In Sulphur Springs Valley, near that city, experiments will be conducted with a view to determining what supply is available. In the event these are successful, many pumping plants will be installed. Geo. Turvey, four miles west of Douglas, has already demon- strated the practicability of the plan, and experiments will determine whether or not the underflow is adequate at other points. Facts Relating to Secretary Ballinger's Ruling on Entries — Stops Strong Arm Method and Insures Fair Play. [In our editorial columns appears an article bearing upon the recent opening of the "Yuma" Indian lands and the method inaugurated by the Secretary of the Interior to ensure a fair disposal of these valuable lands, and which were made the basis of a recent newspaper attack upon Secretary Bal- linger. The "Age" has made the "opening" the subject of a searching investigation and it feels that it is doing a real service in presenting an impartial statement of the actual facts.] The Yuma project is situated in townships fifteen and sixteen south, range 23 east, of the San Bernardino base and meridian in the extreme southeastern corner of the State of California. The lands being a portion of the Yuma Indian Reservation, authority to dispose of them under the reclamation act of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat, 388), was granted by the twenty-fifth section of the act of Congress of April 21, 1904 (33 Stat., 224). It having been ascertained that water could be furnished for this project during the irrigation season of 1910, notice of the opening was issued by the Interior Department Janu- ary 12, 1910, which notice provided that homestead entries could be made at the local land office at Los Angeles, on and after March 1, 1910, beginning at 9 o'clock a. m. This notice did not specify in what manner or order applications would be received and disposed of otherwise than as regularly prescribed by the Federal Statute and Regulations, as it was not supposed there would be any unusual demand for the • lands. On February 18th, ten days before the opening, the register and receiver of the land office, at Las Angeles wired * the General Land Office that a line was then formed for the Yuma opening, of which the police had assumed charge and issued numbers to parties holding places in the line, and requested authority to recognize the persons holding such numbers as entitling them to make entry, provided they re- • tained places in line until the day of the opening. It thus became apparent that there would be much greater demand for the lands than had been originally anticipated. The land office at Los Angeles is in a large commercial building situated in an active business center of the city; the line of two or three hundred people, which was regular and orderly on February ISth, would undoubtedly become disorganized and uncontrollable when it reached as many thousand on the day of the opening, and, as ten days would elapse before such opening, the confusion which would na- turally arise if the order of application were permitted to depend upon numbers given out by the local police, ovet\^ whom the Federal officers could exercise no control, can be readily understood. Serious difficulty and personal contro- versy, in some cases even extending to bloodshed, has here- tofore been experienced in making the order in which per- sons might present applications to enter public lands depend upon the physical strength and endurance of individuals seeking opportunity to make entry. Furthermore, the prospect of the purposes of standing in line at the Los Angeles land office being entirely defeated by parties going directly on the lands and between 12 o'clock midnight on Feb. 28th and 9 o'clock a. m. on March 1st making actual settlement with a view to acquiring prefer- ential right to the respective tracts of which physical posses- sion was acquired was suggested; such procedure would have given rise to inevitable conflict between the party filing application for a given tract and the person in possession thereof and establish a fruitful source of personal conflict involving probable breaches of the peace and legal controversy which would have indefinitely delayed development. It was to avoid these difficulties and obtain an orderly disposition of the matter that on February 19th the register and receiver were instructed to disregard the line and num- bers assigned by the police and secure the Shrine Auditorium, or some other suitable building, for March 1st, the doors of which should be opened for the admission of applicants between the hours of 8 and 9 o'clock a. m., when the doors were to be closed and locked, all applicants then present identified, and authorized to file applications on or before a given date (later fixed as March 19th), the applications so filed to be treated as simultaneous. It was further directed that where two or more applied for the same tract, direc- THE IRRIGATION AGE. 249 tions would be given as to how the priority of right between such conflicting claimants should be established. Said telegraphic instructions were supplemented on Feb- ruary 24, 1910, by detailed directions as to the means whereby parties filing conflicting applications might, if possible, agree among themselves as to which one of them should make entry, and, in case of failure to agree, the choice would be determined by lot. The Yuma project embraces only 174 farm units; 2,800 applicants, or about 17 for each unit, received identification cards at the Shrine Auditorium on March first, and, before the close of business on March 19th, 1,727 applications, or about 10 for each tract, were formally tendered. Under the plan adopted by the Interior Department on February 19th, all rush and scrambling, and the public confusion and disorder necessarily incident thereto, were avoided ; the weak were placed on an eqaul footing with the strong, tedious and unnecessary waiting was eliminated, and each of the applicants afforded an equal chance of securing a tract. The course pursued in this instance is in conformity with that adopted on previous occasions when large numbers of people congregated with a view to making entry of public lands, and, as heretofore indicated, is the result of experience involving grave disorders, contentions and con- troversies naturally incident to strife for precedence in oppor- tunity to acquire what is considered valuable property. For further information, we reproduce copies of the public notice of January 12, 1910 (which relates to matter in hand), of the Secretary's telegram of February 19th and of his in- DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. WASHINGTON, D. C., January 12, 1910. Public Notice. Pursuant to the provisions of Section 4 of the Reclama- tion Act of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat., 388), notice is hereby given as follows: 1. Water will be furnished from the Yuma project, Cali- fornia, under the provisions of the Reclamation Act in the irrigation season of 1910, for the irrigible lands shown on farm unit plats of Ts. 15 and 16 S., R 23 E S B M approved December 13, 1909, by the Secretary of the Interior' and on file in the local land office at Los Angeles, California] and the lands will be opened to entry and settlement in accordance herewith. 2. Warning is hereby given that no person will be per- mitted to gain or exercise any rights whatever under any settlement or occupation begun prior to March 1 1910 on any land covered by this notice, and all such settlement or occu- pation is hereby forbidden. 3. Homestead entries accompanied by applications for water rights and the first instalment of the charges may be made at the local land office in Los Angeles. California on and after March 1. 1910, beginning at 9 o'lock a. m., under the provisions of said act, and the act of April 21. 1904 (33 Stat . for the farm units shown on said plats. Water-right applications may also be made for lands in private owner- ship and the time when payments will be due therefore is hereinafter stated. 4. The limit of area per entry, representing the acreage vhich in the opinion of the Secretary of the Interior may be reasonably required for the support of a family on the lands entered subject to the provisions of the Reclamation Act is fixed at the amounts shown on the plats for the several farm units. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, WASHINGTON. February 19, 1910. TELEGRAM. Register and Receiver, Los Angeles, California. Disregard line and numbers assigned by police. Secure Shrine auditorium, or some other suitable building, for March one and open its doors at eight A. M., for admission of Yuma applicants. Close and lock doors promptly at nine A M and take name, address, aee, height, weight,' and signature of all applicants then in auditorium, and later and before close business on March tenth, nineteen ten, receive and sus- pend their applications. Where two or more apply for same tract, such applications are to be considered and disposed df s simultaneous and directions will be given by mail for de- ermlning priority of right between conflicting applicants. 31ve all possible publicity to this order. Ballinger. Secretary. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, WASHINGTON. February 24, 1910. Register and Receiver, Los Angeles, California. Sirs: Paragraph 2 of the public notice dated Ja'nuary 12, 1910, heretofore given, of the opening of the lands within the Yuma Irrigation project, which become subject to entry at your office on March 1, 1910. is hereby amended to read as fol- lows:— "No person will be permitted to gain or exercise any rights whatever under any settlement or occu- pation begun prior to April 1. 1910, and all such set- tlement or occupation is hereby forbidden." For the purpose of assuring the orderly opening and equit- able distribution of said lands, you are here directed and authorized to secure for use on that day an auditorium, or other suitable building or a suitable and adequate enclosure within which prospective applicants for these lands will be permitted to assemble prior to nine o'clock, A. M., on March 1, 1910, but no applicant will be permitted to enter the audi- torium, building, or enclosure secured for that purpose, after that hour. When the assemblage of applicants has been thus formed and segregated, you will place guards to prevent other persons from joining the assemblage after nine o'clock, and at once distribute to each of the assembled applicants a card printed with blank spaces suitable for the signature, postofflce ad- dress, age, height, and weight of the applicants: and, when these cards have been filled out by or for the applicants, and signed by them, they will thereafter be returned to you by the applicants before the assemblage disperses, and be later used by you as a basis and means of identification when appli- cations to enter are presented. All qualified persons who thus present cards will be per- mitted to file their applications to enter at your office at any time between nine o'clock, A. M., and four thirty o'clock, F. M., of each day, Sundavs excepted, up to and including March 9. 1910; and all applications thus filed will be con- sidered and treated as filed on March 1, 1910, at nine o'clock, A. M., and will be suspended by you until March 10, 1910, when you will proceed to take early and appropriate action thereon in the following manner: You will first carefully examine all applications so filed and suspended, and assemble the applications of all persons who have applied to enter the same farm unit, into one group, and consider them as having been simultaneously pre- sented. Notices will then be at once given to all qualified applicants in each of the groups thus formed, by mailing such notice to each applicant directed to the address given in his application, notifying them of a named hour on a speci- fied date when they will be permitted to appear at your office for the purpose of mutually determining among themselves the method by which one of them will be awarded the right to enter the tract which they have all applied for, and if they fail to mutually agree on such a method you will award the right of entry to one of them In the following manner: The name of each qualified applicant for the same tract who appears at your office at the hour named, either in person or by s duly appointed agent, will be written on a separate small card, and each of these cards will be then placed in a separ- ate sealed envelope which bears no distinctive marks and which is the same size and color of the envelopes in which the other cards are similarly placed. The envelopes thus con- taining the names of all qualified applicants for the same tract, who appear under the notice, will then be placed in a receptacle, and, after they have been thoroughly mixed, some person selected by the applicants for that purpose, or by you, if the applicants fail to make a selection, will then draw one of the envelopes from the receptacle in such a manner as t prevent him from seeing any of the envelopes at the time he makes the drawintr, and the qualified person whose name is contained in the envelope thus drawn will be awarded the right to make entry of the tract for which all the applicants t'ave applied, and the applications of the remaining applicants for the same tract will stand finally rejected. The applicants who fail to appear either in person or by agent at the hour named in the notice will thereby forfeit all rights under their applications. Persons who present cards as above specified will not be required to present applications for water rights, or to make the necessary payments at the time they file their applications to enter: but in all cases where you find that any qualified per- son is the only applicant for the farm unit covered by his application, and in all cases where a qualified applicant has been awarded the right to enter a farm unit for which there were other applicants, you will notify such applicants entitled to make entry that the right of entry will be denied them and t^eir applications rejected if they fail to file the necessary water right applications and make the necessary pay- ments within ten days after the date of such notice, and in all cases where such applications are not so presented and the required payments are not made within that time you will reject the applications to enter and permit the lands covered thereby to be entered by the first qualified person who applies therefor. All applications to enter said lands presented otherwise than as hereinabove specified shall be by you supended find be proceeded with in regular oredr after the applications 1 creinberfore orovided for are disposed of. Up to and including March 9, 1910. you will keep plats of all farm units subject to entry, publicly exhibited in your office: and. as soon as any application to enter has been filed, you will place a check mark or other distinguishing mark on the plat of the unit embraced in such application, for the mirpose of enabling subseauent applicants to readily ascer- tain what units have been already applied for and the number of applicants for any specified unit. Former soldiers and sailors may file declaratory state- ments for these lands as in the case of other public lands siibiect to homestead entry, provided, however, that In no pro- ceeding provided for herein shall any person act as agent fo'r more than one soldier or sailor seeking right of entry to any of sa'd lands; but. when declaratory statements are filed by persons who present cards on March 1, 1910, as herein pre- scribed, such declaratory statements will be suspended and thereafter treated in the manner herein provided for the treat- ment of applications to enter, but no declaratory statement ni"-*t be finally accepted until the necessary water right appli- cation has been presented and the required payments have been made. Very respectfully, R. A. Ballinger, Secretary. 250 THE IRRIGATION AGE. ARID AGRICULTURE BY B. C. BUFFUM, M. S. Manager of the Wyoming Plant and Seed Breeding Company, Wor- land. Former Professor of Agriculture in the University of Wyoming and the Colorado Agricultural College, and Director of the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. \Vo are publishing in this issue the first install- ment of a series of articles by Prof. B. C. Buffum, Man- ager of the Wyoming Plant & Seed Breeding Company, of Worland, Wyoming. The author was formerly Professor of Agriculture in the University of Wyoming, and the Colorado Agri- cultural College, and was also Director of the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. Prof. Buffum is one of the best known authors on arid agriculture in the world, and has handled this subject in a masterly way in manuscript, from which these articles are reproduced. DRY FARMING. The term "Dry farming" is often objected to because it states an untruth. No crop can be produced without moisture. Dry farming means farming where the annual precipitation has not been considered sufficient for the production of profitable crops. Indeed, dry farming is usually carried on where the rainfall of one season is not sufficient and the moisture must be saved up for a longer period. Perhaps dry farming is as good a combination as can be invented to specify this kind of agriculture. At any rate, no other term has been suggested which covers the practice and is not more objectionable. To designate it as Scientific farming is not good, for farming is an art. Science is as useful, if not as indispensable, to other forms of agri- culture. Scientific farming has been used also to designate the semi-arid cropping along the border of the region of sufficient rainfall. Arid farming is a most excellent term, but it has a broader meaning. As here used arid agriculture covers the whole subject of production from the soil in the slates where aridity prevails. The raising of crops without irrigation in a dry country is not new. In some parts of our own country, farmers have been self-supporting on farms which receive less than fifteen' inches of rainfall per year, for almost a half century. The general introduction of dry farming to all sections of the west is a new movement. Men of little faith, with much prejudice and less information, have raised their voices in most vigor: ous protest wherever the new system has been introduced. Some of this opposition is righteous indignation over the exaggerations of dry farm enthusiasts and land agents. Re- gardless of such opposition, dry farming has met with such degree of success everywhere that it not only holds its own but is spreading rapidly. Many are quick to claim that the successes are due to excessive moisture, but with the use of the two year conservation method the normal rainfall is repeatedly proven sufficient. It is now safe to predict that the system has come to stay and that a considerable portion of our range land will be made to produce more profitable crops than it does in native grass. Many stockmen are wisely trying cropping on a small scale. It is undoubtedly true that many new settlers who think they already "know all about farming" are destined to fail, but the few will learn how and practice well what they learn. Unless in unsuitable loca- tions, these men will stick. There are enough favorable loca- tions and it is safe to say that the art of dry farming is per- manently established. The key to dry farming is the conservation of moisture and making it available to the growing crop. All the opera- tions of soil culture and plant cultivation are carried out with the object of storing moisture in the soil and making use, through the crop, of all that can be saved. The tillage which is carried out to perfect the use of the water supply does other things which increase fertility and favor the growth and maturing of plants. The principle then, upon which dry farming depends for its success is the catching, storing and saving of enough mois- ture in the soil, to secure a crop. The method by which this is done includes some special attention to all the factors of till- age, as plowing, planting, harrowing and cultivating. So the dry farmer must possess and use advanced information of principles and practice. The system which is generally car- ried out is to conserve two years moisture for one crop. By this system one-half of the land is cropped each year, while the other half is summer tilled. In favorable seasons, or by the use of certain combinations, it is often possible to obtain two crops in three seasons, No doubt there are drouth re- sistant crops which can be made to produce, every year, in favorable locations. After a crop is removed from the soil and the land is again put in condition to absorb all the mois- ture that comes, should there be heavy rains, it may be put into winter grain or again planted to spring crops the follow- ing season. The soil culture and crop treatment followed must be carried out at the right time and in the right way to insure the greatest success. One man with a small amount of extra help should be able to farm at least 160 acres by the summer tillage system. How much land can be used to advantage depends on the kind of farming, knowing how to take advantage of conditions, having the proper equipment and other things. We have two opposite conditions in the arid region. The small farm unit is most profitable for pure farming under irrigation. The large farm unit is important to the dry farmer. Every man should have double the land he has in crop and at least as much more for stock pasture. A section of land would se- cure a more certain livelihood than smaller holdings, and half section farms where no water is available for irrigation are as small as should be acquired by the average farmer, over a large section of the dry farm country. It does not require any new, complicated or expensive machinery with which to follow out the most successful methods of dry farming. Ordinary tools may be used, but having them is absolute necessary. The bricklayer would make a sorry job of laying up a wall without a trowel. No man should attempt to do any kind of fanning without proper equipment. The dry farmer ought to have the following list of tools : Four or six horses. Three section drag harrow. A two gang plow, twelve or fourteen inch. A single walking plow. A good disc harrow (14 inch disc best). One or two good cultivators. An Acme harrow. Wagon and hayrack. Mowing machine. Two sets of harness. A Press drill. Potato planter and digger. Harvesting machine. An alfalfa harrow. A weeder. A float or drag. The necessary small tools. The best paying dry farms will he those in which a system of cropping and feeding stock is combined. Where the crops are fed to stock cm the farm and the manure and waste re- turned to the land, the loss of soil fertility is so small that we need take no account of it. In fact, while there is an actual loss of plant food from the soil, so much of the natural stored plant food is made available tharthe producing power of the soil continually increases. The plant food elements used up when a crop is fed to hogs is only 15 per cent, and when fed to horses, cattle or sheep it is only four or five per cent of the total. The balance is left in the manure and may be returned to the soil. The manure is a very important item also, to be added to arid soils, as it increases their vegetable mold, making them very retentive of moisture and helping the work of soil bacteria and chemical agents. We would suggest also that many of the grains raised for stock food may be cut and fed without threshing, which avoids the extra work of threshing and hauling to market. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 251 There are great opportunities in the arid region on account of our market facilities, our favorable climate and the natural richness of our stock foods in protein, for the building up of profitable stock feeding industries. The feeding of lambs is already of much importance, and there is hardly a location in which the raising and feeding of hogs, principally of the bacon type, cannot be made highly profitable. Poultry properly managed always give good returns. Many dry farmers also will have the use of more or less adjoining range for the pasturage and partial support of their stock. Not all soils are suitable for dry farming. Unless a soil is sufficiently deep and sufficiently retentive of moisture, or can be made so, to store the water that falls on it from one season to the next, it will not be a good soil for this system of farming. The soil must be looked upon as a reservoir for ivater. If the reservoir is too shallow or too hard the storm vater will not soak into it. If it leaks at the bottom or can- ot be so protected that too much of the moisture will not be lost by evaporation from the 'top, attempts to reclaim it will meet with failure. Many of our soils are hard or com- pact at the surface in their natural state, but may be made to absorb all the moisture that comes by a single plowing. Heavy, compact clay absorbs water slowly, and loses it rap- idly by evaporation. Such a soil, especially if underlaid with a shallow hardpan, should be avoided. Sandy loams are the best soils, and the more sandy they are, as a rule, the more retentive they are. They will hold water better if they con- tain a supply of well decomposed vegetable mold. Such soils two or more feet deep can usually be successfully worked, other conditions being favorable. We believe it no detriment if the soil is underlaid with pure sand or small gravel, unless such sand or gravel contains cement which makes it hardpan. Sandy soils are kindly soils. They are easy and pleasant to work. They give the farmer time to get around to his necessary tillage operations. There is little danger of work- ing such soils too wet and practically none of injuring them by puddling when too dry. Heavier soils may do if they contain enough lime so the soil particles are well "floccu- lated." Lime is usually abundant in western soils. Heavy soils may be all right if they contain a sufficient amount of vegetable matter. Dry soils are usually deficient in humus and decomposed vegetable substances. Flocculation is the collecting together of the very fine particles of soils into bunches or little flocks. An ounce of fine soil may contain over 500 billion particles and if each particle remained by itself, plant roots could not feed in the soil. Lime seems to bring the fine particles together and makes the soil sufficiently granular to be worked. Vegetable mold serves the same purpose, by keeping the soil particles farther apart. A new farmer who is in doubt about selecting his soil, or what to do for it, should get the advice of some reliable man who has had experience. There are three great personal elements of character not possessed by the unsuccessful farmer. They are, first, the know-how. Second, the do-it-now. Third, the do-things-well. So many let their work crowd them. They do not do so well as they know. There is often unavoidable neglect to do im- portant things at the right time. More is generally attempted than can be done. The results arising from lack of these traits in the man, are often laid at the door of natural con- ditions that are in no wise responsible. There are exceptions to all rules. Our story of the meth- ods for dry farming practice will need to be modified in detail to meet the particular conditions of each farm. The farmer's ultimate success depends on knowing the principles and then intelligently applying them to his individual problems. (To be continued in May number.) It is reported that W. C. Green and associates have ap- propriated the waters of the Gila river at Florence, Ariz., and will construct a canal for irrigating lands in the Casa Grande Valley. The ditch, proposed for construction by Mr. Green, will parallel that of the Casa Grande Canal Company. A dam will be constructed at point of division. Why Deserts Bloom BY DON FARNSWORTH ~:-:~:~^^ t Send $2.50 for the Irrigation Age 1 year, and X cloth bound copy of the Primer of Irrigation II. LOCATION AND EXTENT OF ARID AREA. Between the 100th and 122d meridians lie 1,250,000 square miles of territory, embracing fourteen states and two territories, nearly one-half of the entire area of the United States. Within this expanse is the arid region. Here and there are oases, but the major part of this whole region of 800,000,000 acres depends upon irrigation for its products of agriculture. About one-half of this land still belongs to the Federal Government. Climate. — Climatic conditions in such a vast expanse of territory are essentially varied. The characteristic common to all localities within the arid limits, necessi- tating a radical departure from the methods employed in agriculture in the humid states is the aridity of the cli- mate, the lack of rain-fall. Precipitation varies in the arid region from two inches to twenty-four inches per year, and in most of the states the rain comes in winter, a time of year when it is least needed. In sections of Arizona the average rain-fall is not more than two inches annually. In the farming sec- tions of Idaho, it is from twelve inches to fifteen inches; Southern Utah has an average of six inches; Central Cal- ifornia, the section included within the arid region, the rain-fall varies from ten inches to fifteen inches; Colorado has from ten inches to fourteen inches. The Soil. — Chemical analyses show that the soil throughout the arid region is of exceptional productivity. Many tests show it to be superior to that of our eastern valleys. With rich soil and swollen mountain streams and rivers within reach, all that remains to be done to con- vert the arid lands into "green pastures" is to bring the soil and water together. Methods of Reclamation. — Three principal methods of reclamation now in use in the west are irrigation by: (1) artesian wells, (2) power pumps, and (3) canal system. Artesian Wells. — Artesian wells are utilized wherever found. Their discovery greatly enhances the value of the property, for the cost of irrigation is reduced to a mini- mum when nature pumps the water onto the land. California, Colorado, and Utah are the great artesian well states of the arid region. The first two named have 6,000 wells each, while the Mormon state possesses nearly 5,000. Texas and Nebraska have between 4,000 and 6,000. In the whole arid region there are about 40,000 wells. Some of the artesian wells are of enormous capacity, yielding from five to six million gallons of water a day, capable of irrigating over a section of land. The outflow from the greater number, however, is limited and prob- ably not capable of irrigating more than five or ten acres. Two million acres is approximately the limit of irrigating capacity of the present wells, though no one can foretell the extent of nature's treasured blessings which may be poured out in the future. Recently several wells have been discovered in Montana, and experts predict that full development will prove it to be one of the greatest artesian well states in the ar^d region. Pump Irrigation. — About one-half of the arid area is level prairie or table-land, and the other half is mountain- ous. For such irrigable land near the mountains, where access may be had to the mountain streams, canals can be operated to the best advantage. On the prairie where the mountain reservoirs are beyond practical reach, the water must be obtained from below the surface. Underlying the arid areas at various depths are bodies and streams of water and seepage threading their way slowly through the porous sandstone and gravel to the sea. Where the impervious strata from synclinal basins near enough the surface, drillings will liberate the im- prisoned waters through artesian wells, but where the geological formations do not so favor the agriculturist, other facilities must be devised to bring the precious water to the land. /To meet this demand every conceivable type of pump- 252 THE IRRIGATION AGE. ing device, from the crude horse pump to the efficient steam and gasoline engines has been pressed into service. Some measure of success has attended the operation of many different mechanisms, in a number of small locali- ties, yet multifold failures have resulted from the effort to secure an appliance for general utility on a large scale. The whole problem is to attain the greatest efficiency with a minimum expenditure. Most of the failures have come from gross miscalculations, and not from any in- herent fault of the propositions. In spite of the pit-falls, success is going hand in hand with the genius of intelli- gent industry producing fair financial returns which fore- shadows a still better day when methods of securing ade- quate water supply are more nearly perfected. The Canal System. — As valuable as are the artesian wells and pumps, the one system that stands pre-eminent as a permanent and lasting means of reclamation is that of canals and reservoirs, for fewer of the uncertainties of hidden nature enter into their control. The great ini- tial expense of their construction has been the chief ob- stacle in the progress of irrigation, but it is vastly superi- or to any other system because when once completed for a given area of land, it is permanently reclaimed. Water supply from the mountain creeks is constant, as the snows of the mountains are much more regular than rain-fall in any part of the country. The cost of the maintenance of canal systems is nominal, if the ditches are carefully supervised and kept in repair. A' Canal 'system consists of a main canal, adjusted in dimensions to the area to be cultivated and the distance the water is to be conveyed by the lateral ditches running to the different parts of the irrigated area; and, of reser- voirs in which the water is stored during the seasons of high water and from which it is distributed to the grow- ing crops. The engineering problem involved in building canals and reservoirs cannot be taken up in detail in this article. The cost is usually enormous and the investment of capi- tal has been extremely hazardous. Losses have not been uncommon, and those incurred in this branch of irriga- tion have been more disastrous than in other branches, because of the large amount of capital necessarily in- volved. It is a significant fact, however, that wherever a loss has occurred it has been the builder of the canal and not the operator who has suffered. Lack of funds to complete the projects, or, if they have been completed, the pressing demands of creditors, have forced many a canal company into liquidation. However, once a system is completed, the rest is "velvet"; for records of failure where there is a good canal system under competent man- agement do not appear in the arid region of the United States. Applying Water to the Soil. — After the water has been brought to the land in some practical way, the chief methods of distribution are: (1) the check method, (2) furrow irrigation, (3) the basin method, and (4) flooding the field ditches. The Check Method. — In the check system the land is divided into small subdivisions; (often five to ten to the acre), separated by ridges, and the water is let into dif- ferent compartments, or checks at different times. This system gives best results on gentle flat slopes of sandy soil. Forage crops are best suited to it. Furrow Irrigation. — Nearly all farms use this method to some extent, but its use is largely confined to the irri- gation of fruit orchards and, in colder climates, to root crops. The plan is variously worked out in detail, but in general it consists of rows of furrows, three to twelve inches deep and three to six feet apart, running across the land at right angles to the feeding ditch. Water is dis- tributed through these furrows from the main ditch. The chief objection to this method is that the furrows interfere with free farming operations. The Basin Method. — This method is also used exten- sively in fruit culture. The trees are planted in rows, and earthen dykes, or ridges, are thrown up in cross rows between the rows of trees, enclosing each tree in a square basin. This arrangement enables the cultivator to water at one time as many trees as he likes. Flooding From Field Ditches. — Of the 9,000,000 acres of land cultivated west of the Mississippi River, upwards of one-half are tilled by this method, which consists of distributing the water over the fields through small field ditches, sixty to ninety feet apart, and spreading it over the land from openings made in the main ditch banks. In this way the farmer can take care of a large area. This method is the best and cheapest for large farms, such as those in the Gallatin Valley, Montana, and throughout the Arkansas Valley of Colorado fifty per cent of the water used in the arid region each season is distributed by flooding from field ditches. Development of Irrigation. — We are accustomed to thinking of irrigation in the United States as of recent development, yet nothing could be further from the truth. In Arizona and New Mexico there are well-defined re- mains of irrigation works that have outlived their type of civilization by many a century. Near Las Cruces, New Mexico, is a ditch that has been in constant use for over 300 years. It is true, however, that irrigation, by English speak- ing people in this country, dates back only about fifty years. For its initiative, we must go to Utah where the little band of Mormon immigrants were compelled to adopt it to save themselves from starvation. And even at that time Brigham Young looked upon it not as a handi- cap but as a blessing. Twenty-four years after the Utah work began, irriga- tion came into prominence in Colorado and California. The discovery of gold opened the valleys to settlers and the possibilities of irrigation were revealed to the un- thinking miners, .who turned water onto the parched soil around their camps. In nearly every instance the work was begun without apparent consideration of future neces- sities. As the miners and ranchers saw what water thus ap- plied to the soil would do, they drifted into irrigation farming on a small scale. Irrigation wprks became en- larged and improved. Easterners saw the possibilities and began to take up the government land of the arid region; and so more and more of the arid land became cultivated in the more or less patchwork and haphazard ways of the settlers, until now we can see our present civilization standing on the threshold of the reclamation of a vast territorry which ten years ago comprised what was known as the "Great American Desert." Progress of the Canal System. — Small ditch of the pioneer. We have seen how the pioneer farmer con- structed crude ditches leading to his land from near-by streams. That is the crudest example of irrigation in this country, and it required for its exploitation little or no engineering experience. A great deal of water was wasted, and while it sufficed for his small farm, it would not meet the requirements of a community in which there were several farms, for the water would not serve them all. The Community Ditch. — With the advent of more settlers came the evolution of the community ditch, whereby several neighboring farmers united forces to build a common water course, with a mutual understand-, ing that the expense of building and maintaining should be shared equally by all. Generally the only expense contributed to its construction was the farmer's labor. This system worked well under the then existing circum- stances, but more than a mutual understanding became necessary when the proposition became so attractive that speculators and investors were brought into or sought the field. Corporation Canals. — Again the eastern capitalist saw the possibilities in irrigation of the arid lands and mil- lions of dollars have been invested in irrigation projects. For various reasons (all due to mismanagement and to no fault of the country or the proposition) several of the projects failed utterly and reduced many a wealthy man to bankruptcy. But on the other hand, many a man, for- merly in mediocre circumstances, was made wealthy by these enterprises. Under the plan adopted, corporations were formed to build canal systems; waste lands were purchased; the works were constructed so that large tracts of government land, besides their own holdings, could be made fertile by the turn of a spade; settlers were induced to come and "take up" the public lands under the Desert Land Act, whereby any citizen may secure title to 320 acres by a specific amount of improvement and payment of $1.25 per acre. The canal companies secured their profits in (Continued on page 276.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. 253 Spraying as a Business Science Back in 1878, someone reasoned that if poison would kill people it would surely kill bugs, and if bugs were the cause of non-thriving trees and vegetables, why not place the necessary poison where the bugs could eat it — and die. Thus was evolved the great science of spraying, upon which the Government is now spending huge sums of money annually to help raise larger and more perfect crops of grain, fruit and vegetables. So came the first sprayer and its many suc- essors. But the science of spraying depends upon many other sciences for its evolution. Without the knowledge of insect and plant life gained from the study of the science of en- tomology, our efforts would be scattered and useless. Did we not first have a knowledge of -the science of chemistry, it would be utterly impossible for us to have the proper so- lutions calculated to a nicety, and without the proper solutions thorough spraying is impossible. Necessarily, therefore, in culture. Possibly its direct benefits have been surpassed by far reaching. A further impetus has been given to scientific research and the science set upon a most secure foundation. Interest and confidence have been instilled into those en- gaged in agricultural pursuits — interest in further develop- ments— confidence in the scientific men who are working out agricultural problems. The wise farmers of today make it a point to see that their spraying is done just as regularly and thoroughly as their plowing and planting ana unless some unforeseen cli- matic conditions arise, their efforts are always rewarded with a perfect, heavy and money-bringing crop. Mr-v a farmer is now making more money from a careful1, ^.aned, culti- vated and sprayed ten acre orchard than he formerly cleared from his entire 200 acre farm. With apples of first grade selling at $3 to $6 per barrel, how can he help it? A spraying outfit like the one in the illustration can be purchased for approximately $275, and an immense amount of ground can be covered with it in one day. Perhaps the cost looks big to the beginner but when it is considered that trees can be sprayed at a cost of IJ^c to 2c per tree and ten to some other discovery or development of a science, but its •BV Sprayer in Operation. order to uplift the science of spraying, the Government must give corresponding attention to sciences upon which it depends and from which it emanates. All of the vast amount of money involved is merely an investment for future genera- tions. To any one who is at all interested in fruit, land or for- estry, the value of all this research is at once apparent. Imagine for instance what would have become of California's citrus crop had not Prof. Woodworth after painstaking re- search discovered that he could control the white fly by an application of certain oily chemicals. And the white fly was ruining the citrus crop of California. It saved millions of dollars for California and directly affected the citrus trade of the entire world. Or, for instance, the discovery that cer- tain proportions of lime and sulphur would make a mixture offering the only method of salvation to trees affected with the San Jose scale, the most pernicious and destructive little pest yet known to growers of fruit. But what does all this mean to the American farmer? The universal recognition of spraying as a sure preventative marks one of the greatest steps in the advancement of agri- effect upon the receptive natures of the American farmer is fifteen dollars received from one tree; as the Britisher said— "it doesn't look half bad." BLAZER SPECIAL PUMP. Something entirely new in form, but old in principle, is offered by the Humphryes Manufacturing Company in the Blazer Patent Spiral Pump. Two interlocking spirals working in synchronism con- nected by cut gears and driven by a shaft in a suspension tube constitute the working mechanism. Perfect lubrication is secured by a column of oil maintained within the tube. All weight of the spiral impellers and water load is borne by ball bearings, thus reducing frictional losses and increasing the efficiency. Slippage is practically eliminated, and the pump, being in the positive pressure class, any speed in accordance with the requirements and within the pump s limits, can be maintained. It is the only pump possessing these features of the deep well class. There is no suction or discharge pipe, the well casing performing these functions; all valves are eliminated. The pump is now being manufactured in 8" and 12" sizes, with capacities of 500 and 1,000 gallons per minute respec- tively Full information will be furnished by the Humphryes Manufacturing Company, of Mansfield, Ohio. THE IEEIGATION AGE. THE CAREY ACT How to Acquire Title to Public Lands Under the Act. A Comprehensive Survey of the Regulations in Force in the Various States. Copyrighted 1910 By E. F. Bohm, Cleveland and Chicago (Member Executive Committee, Eighteenth Nat'l Irrigation Cong.) V. THE WATER— CONTINUED. GENERAL SUMMARY OF REGULATIONS. Initiation and Completion of Work by Company. IDAHO— Sections 1615-1623 (Typical of all States). "In the case of incorporated companies, the proposal shall state the name of the company, the purpose of its incorporation, the names and places of residence of its officers, and the amount of its authorized, and paid-up, capital stock." "If the applicant is not an incorporated company, the pro- posal shall set forth the name of the parties, and such other facts as will enable the board to determine their financial ability to carry out the proposed undertaking." IDAHO— Sections 1621-1623— NEW MEXICO, Sections 13 and 14. "No contract shall be made which requires a greater time than five years for the construction of the work, — work shall be begun within six months from date of contract, — at least one-tenth to be completed within two years, — con- struction to be diligently pursued to completion (as per terms of contract) — cessation of work for a period of six months, after the second year, will forfeit to the State all rights under the contract. Upon failure to begin, or to complete, the work, within the period specified, or to conform to specifica- tions, it shall be the duty of the State to give such parties written notice of such failure, and if, after a further period of sixty days from date of such notice (unless good reason be shown for such failure), the bond, and all work performed, shall, at once, be forfeited to the State, and the State shall, once each week, for four weeks, by publication, give notice of the forfeiture of the contract, and that, upon a day fixed, proposals will be received for the purchase of the uncom- pleted works, and for the completion of the contract. The money received from such sale shall first be applied against expense incurred by the State, and towards satisfying the bond, and the surplus, if any, shall be paid to the original contractor." Contractor's bond is fixed at five per cent of the estimated cost of the works. WYOMING— Sections 947 (amended) and 948, provide substantially the same as the Idaho statutes, except that one- tenth of the work must be completed within one year — one- third within two years, and that a cessation of work for a period of ninety days, from May 1st to December 1st, inclu- sive, after the second year, will operate toward forfeiture, also, that the Board may, at its discretion, accept from the contractor, a full release of all his rights under the contract, and may, thereupon, abrogate the agreement and enter into a new contract with other parties for the completion of the work. Bond — (Section 946). Fixed at five per cent of the esti- mated cost of works. COLORADO — No statutory provision ; limitations of time fixed at the discretion of the Land Board and incorporated in the contract with the State. Surety bond in the amount of at least 25 per cent of the cost of construction required. UTAH— Sections 2379-2380 (amended) and 2381. "Work to be begun within six months from date of contract — con- struction shall be diligently prosecuted to completion. Cessa- tion of work for six months shall work a forfeiture of all rights and of bond (saving the rights and property which may have vested in the contractor at time of application), after sixty days' notice by the State. The Land Board shall bring legal action toward these ends, and, thereafter, shall advertise for proposals to complete the work, and, at its dis- cretion, shall contract with a bidder, who will pay the original contractor the highest sum for the works and who will com- plete them at the original price. If no bid be received upon the terms specified, in the original contract, the Board shall bring action for recovery of the bond." Bond fixed at five per cent of estimated cost of works, but in no case to exceed $50,000. MONTANA— Section 2263. South Dakota— Section 9. "No contract to be entered into which requires more than five years to complete — all such work to be begun within one year. Upon failure to begin or to complete work within the contract period, or upon cessation of work for six months, after the second year, and after sixty days' written notice, by the State Land Board, the bond and the contract (in so far as it relates to any land not settled upon or reclaimed), shall be declared forfeited." — "The Attorney General may institute or defend any suits necessary in this procedure." — "Bonds fixed for faithful performance in such amount and with such sureties as the Board may require." OREGON— Sections 4 and r, Act of 1901, provide sub- stantially the same as the Statutes of Idaho, excepting that one-tenth of the work is to be completed within the first year, and that forfeiture is provided for "failure to begin or com- plete same within the contract period," while the right of appeal from the decision of the Board is guaranteed the con- tractor." Bond is fixed by the Statute of 1909 (Sec. 7, chap- ter 226), at "not less than two per cent of the lien allowed." "The State may also require a cash deposit at the time of settler's application for entry, for further protection of the settler." NEVADA — "No contract shall be entered into requiring more than three years to complete. Work to be begun within three months, and one-tenth to be completed within one year." Cessation of work for three months (except during the period from December 1st to March 1st, inclusive), shall work a forfeiture. The periods of time herein specified represent the maxi- mum and minimum limits prescribed by the statutes, within which contract obligations are confined, but they do not in- dicate that the contracting parties may not agree upon longer or shorter periods, respectively, within such limits. In many contracts the companies are bound to institute and complete work within periods of time shorter than those prescribed by statute. Right of Way for Company's Canals and Laterals FEDERAL STATUTE— Under the Federal Act of March 3, 1891 — Sections 18 to 21 — it is provided that the right of way through the public lands and reservations be granted to any canal or ditch company, individual or associations of indi- viduals, formed for the purpose of irrigation "to the extent of the grounds occupied by the water of the reservoir aqd of the canal and its laterals and 50 feet on each side thereof." "Thereafter all such lands over which rights of way shall pass shall be disposed of subject to such rights of way." The limitation of time for completion of these works is fixed at five years. The Act of February 15, 1901, extends this right to in- clude electrical and telephone and telegraph plants and wires. STATE STATUTES AND REGULATIONS. IDAHO— Section 1630; WYOMING— Section 963 ; COLO- RADO—Section 20; UTAH— Section 2387; MONTANA— Section 2274; SOUTH DAKOTA— Section 20; OREGON— Contract with company; NEW MEXICO— Section 22. "The maps of the lands selected in the office of the Board shall show the location of the canals or other irrigation works, and all lands filed upon shall be subject to the right-of-way of such canals or irrigation works, to embrace the entire width of the canals and such additional width as may be required for its proper operation and maintenance — as may be specified in the contract." Right of Eminent Domain . for Canals (and Public Enterprises). (Provided in "Irrigation Statutes" of all States.) The Statutes of Montana (2275) and South Dakota (21) prescribe that this right may be exercised by any person, asso- ciation or corporation entering into contract with the State to condemn any property subject to condemnation as provided by the Code of Civil Procedure for Right-of-Way. The amount of land that can be appropriated is, in some cases, limited by statute. THE IRKIGATION AGE. 255 Company Permitted to Enlarge and Extend Its System, or to Deliver Water for Irrigation, Power or Municipal Purposes. MONTANA— (Section 3264.) SOUTH DAKOTA (Sec- tion 10). "The builder of any such canal, or other irrigation works, shall have the right to construct, or subsequently to enlarge, or to make such changes in the same, as will permit the water to be used for power purposes, and to use any surplus water carried therein for such purpose (without inter- ference with the rights of any purchaser of a water-right) — all income from such power use shall belong to the builder. but "such use shall be subordinate to irrigation and domestic use of water," etc. The contract between the State and the company, previously referred to, permits additional appropri- ations of water, and increase of capacity of system or any part thereof, for the irrigation of further lands, upon approval by the State Engineer, and provides that "so much water as may be necessary for the use of cities and towns which are necessarily dependent upon the system, shall be furnished upon such terms as may be agreed upon between the com- pany and the municipality — upon contributing to the support of the system in proportion to the amount of water used, and shares of stock in the (operating) company may be issued for the amount of water represented by such use, to the trustees of any village or the mayor, in trust, for the benefit of the inhabitants," etc. The contract between the "State of WYOMING and company," cited, provides that the com- pany "may reserve from final disposal the right to the use of the water for power purpose, if such right be utilized within ten years from date of contract," and provides that, "in case all the water appropriated cannot be used for irrigation of all the land described, then the surplus may, with the consent of the State Engineer, be sold for municipal and other bene- ficial purposes — this right to be evidenced by shares in the (operating) company." One contract between a UTAH company and the settler provides for a "reservation to the company of power rights." OREGON — Contract between State and Company — "Com- pany may sell water rights to lands outside of Carey Act Segregation upon approval of the State Land Board, upon same terms and conditions as provided for 'Carey Act' lands, and upon the cancellation of an equal area of such lands." When Company May Sell Water Rights or May Contract for the Sale of Such. See "Lands Thrown Open to Public Entry" and "Protec- tion of Settler's First Payment." Water Rights — Shares — Control and Operation of Works — Final Transfer of Ownership. IDAHO — Stock in "operating company" (named), — one share to each acre "entered," — evidenced by "Certificate of Ownership" — is issued at time of purchase, to be held by constructing company as collateral security for completion of payments ; company votes settler's shares until 35 per cent of purchase price has been paid. WYOMING — When "operating company" is organized at the time the "construction company" enters into contract with the State, the property is immediately turned over to it by deed which is held in escrow by the Commissioner of Public Lands until the settlers have paid the main proportion of the purchase price. As rapidly as the fixed per cent (50%) has been paid, the shares of stock in the operating company are issued to settlers, and they immediately assume the powers granted them and vote upon all questions, — until this time the "company" holds the stock and votes it, or, the company, at its option, may turn over the irrigation works when 90 per cent of the contracts arer sold. The settlers must organize an "operating company" to which the physicial works can be deeded. New certificates are issued to settlers upon surrender of their original certificates from "the constructing company." Other procedure same as in the case of Idaho. COLORADO — In one contract shares in the con- structing company, itself, are issued when 75 per cent of the water rights are sold, and upon full payment, upon the part of the settler, of the purchase price. In another contract, the company agrees that, upon pay- ment of the entire purchase price, it will cause an ""irrigation company which may be organized" to issue a deed to the water rights, and that, when 90 per cent of the contracts are sold, it will issue stock in the "irrigation company," — the "con- struction company" retaining control of the system until all the stock shall have been issued. In both cases one share of stock is issued against each 40 acres, the settler's inter- est, prior to the issuing of shares, being confined to the right to the use of the water, as stipulated. The "company," further, provides that in case the water be not ready for delivery within three years from date named in the contract, the trust company holding the advance payments in escrow," may be required to refund all such payments, together with interest. UTAH — Right to the use of the amount of water con- tracted for passes with the first payment. Upon full payment by settler, and at the discretion of the Board, shares in an "operating company," to which all the "company's" interests are to be transferred by warranty deed, will issue to settlers — one share to the acre, — or, at its option, the company will issue a warranty deed to the settler, directly. MONTANA — Contract with Company. Shares in "oper- ating company" — one share to each acre — pass with first pay- ment— to be held as collateral security, and the voting power of which is reserved by the "company" "until 35 per cent of purchase price is paid." The Statutes (Section 2265), (also SOUTH DAKOTA, Section 11), provide that "the company may maintain and oper- ate the irrigation works until water rights appurtenant to 90 per cent of the lands have been paid for, when such works shall be turned over to the settlers, who shall, thereafter, have the right to maintain and operate it," and the "contract" provides for such transfer of ill its interests excepting only the right to sell water rights at that time unsold, and "units" of the segregation are turned over to the "operating" com- pany for control upon proper certification of completion, upon the part of the Land Board. OREGON — One "water right" (right to the use of water) to each irrigable acre, passes at time of purchase. Company is. to organize a "water users' corporation" at time specified in contract with State (in one case 10 years from date of entering into contract with State), at which time shares in such corporation will be issued to all settlers who may have completed the payments due, — the company retaining the right to sell all shares or "rights" then unsold. The contract specifies, further, that until settlers shall vote the majority of the stock, the company shall elect to the Board of Directors, such proportionate number of settlers as their paid-up shares shall entitle them to, and that the books of the "operating company" shall then be open to the inspec- tion of the settlers themselves. (See also "Lands Thrown Open to Public Entry.") NEW MEXICO— Settler at time of contract subscribes for shares of stock — one to each acre — in an "irrigation company," certificates of which will be delivered to him when all payments are completed, and which are to be held by the company, with all voting power, until the date of such issue. "Company" conveys its interests to "irrigation company" by deed when the last-named company is organized. IN GENERAL — It is to be understood that where the entire interest is at once transferred to an "operating com- pany" or an "irrigation company," this organization assumes, at once, complete control and administration of the works, with the obligation to keep it in repair and with the right to levy such toll or maintenance fee as in the contract with the "constructing company" provided. As long as the "construc- tion company" retains control of the "operating company," through its majority voting power, it is under contract obli- gation to cause the subsidiary company to maintain the works. Where contracts provide for the transfer of the interests, at a later date, then the "constructing company," itself, admin- isters the works, directly. [Mr. Bohm's next article will continue the discussion of Water Rights, Cost, Maintenance, . Fees, etc.] Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age 1 year, and cloth bound copy of the Primer of Irrigation 256 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Recent Legal Decisions on Irri- gation and Related Rights PROVISION FOR APPEAL IN CALIFORNIA IRRIGATION LAW IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL. In the case of Chlnn and others vs. the Superior Court of San Joaquin County, 105 Pacific Reporter, 580, growing out of the board of supervisors of the county granting the appli- cation made for the formation of an irrigation district in said county to be known as "the South San Joaquin Irrigation District," in which certain parties objected to having their lands included, appealing from the action of the board to the superior court, the supreme court of California holds that the superior court was correct in its view that the portion of the irrigation act attempting to authorize an appeal to the super- ior court from the order of the board of supervisors was unconstitutional and void. The explanation of this is that under the state constitution the legislature can provide for an appeal to the superior court from a court only, such as a justice or other inferior court, and not from any other tri- bunal. POWER Of COURT TO COMPEL BOARD TO ACT EN RE CLAMATION MATTER. The supreme court of California says, in Inglin and others vs. Hoppin and others, 105 Pacific Reporter, 582, that this was an application for a writ of mandate or mandamus direct- ing the board of supervisors of Yolo county to set aside a specific order theretofore given by them in the matter of the petition of the plaintiffs to have certain lands situated in reclamation district No. 730 of said Yolo county set off and erected into an Independent district, by which order the peti- tion was denied, and to enter- an order granting the petition. A demurrer to this application was flled, presenting the ques- tion whether, accepting as true the facts stated in the appli- cation, any ground was shown for the issuance of the writ asked. While, of course, it is the general rule that mandamus will not lie to control the discretion of a court or officer, meaning by that that it will not lie to force the exercise of discretion in a particular manner, still cases cited here In the court's opinion abundantlv show, it says, that mandamus will lie to correct abuses of discretion, and will lie to force a par- ticular action by the inferior tribunal or officer, when the law clearly establishes the petitioner's right to such action. Such was the case presented here by the pleadings. Where a question of fact Is doubtful or disputed, the court will not interfere with the determination of the supervisors; but if it be established before the superior court, as alleged in the petition, that the evidence before the supervisors was uncontradicted, competent, and sufficient to prove satisfac- torily all matters required by the political code, it will become the clear duty of the superior court to issue its mandate to the board of supervisors to accord to the petitioners the right which the statute clearly gives. The hearing will be had upon the same evidence presented to the board of supervisors. RIGHTS OF APPROPRIATOR FOR IRRIGATING PURPOSES AS AGAINST KIIIiI. OWNER POLLUTING STREAM — RIGHTS OF JUNIOR APPROPRIATOR OF OVER- APPROPRIATED STREAM. The supreme court of Colorado says that the case of Hum- phreys Tunnel & Mining Co. vs. Frank, 105 Pacific Reporter, 1093, which was really begun by the said Prank, was shown to be like this: A mill owner who had acquired the right to the use of waters artificially developed in the working of mines used it for milling purposes in concentrating ores, and after it had become impregnated with poisonous and noxious substances discharged it. in the form of tailings and slimes, Into the channel of a natural stream, to the injury of a land- owner who had made an appropriation of the waters of the stream for irrigating purposes long before the rights, if any, of the millowner attached. The millowner (company) set up a number of defenses, but. In brushing these all aside, and affirmine a judgment in favor of the landowner (Frank), the supreme court declares, upon general principles of law, it was entirely clear that the millowner was liable in damages for this pollution of the stream which injured the landowner. It having been found on uncontradicted evidence, even from the admission of the millowner's president, that it was entirely practical and feasible for it. with a comparatively small expenditure and within a few weeks' time, to take care of the tailings and waste material upon its own premises, it should do so, and not cause needless injury to another im- portant industry. The fact that the millowner In operating its mill used waters which were not .a part of the natural flow of the streim did not give it the absolute right to discharge into that stream the waste water mixed with hurtful slimes, or absolve it from liability for resulting injuries to third persons who had lawfully acquired prior rights to use the waters thereof for any beneficial purpose. It was contended that the millowner, In operating its mill, was hut the agent of the mineowners whose ores its treated under contract, wherefore they, and not it, should have been sued, but it could not escape liability, if Its own act contributed to the landowner's injury, even if others had participated In the wrong. Another objection to the landowner's recovery of a judg- ment was that the natural waters of the stream were appro- priated up to its full capacity, during the ordinary flow, by other appropriators whose rights attached before his ap- propriation was made, and as the prior appropriations ex- hausted the entire ordinary flow, there was no water left in the stream with which he could irrigate his lands; therefore he could not have sustained any damage as the result of the millowner's acts, because he had no right that was thereby infringed. This was a fallacious contention. The landowner acquired valid rights as the result of his direct appropriation from the stream, and to the overflow of the stream for his meadow lands, and these rights were vested before the mill- owner began the construction or operation of its mill. His rights were, of course, paramount to any rights the mill- owner had in the waters of the stream. His rights were subject only to the rights acquired by prior appropriators of the water for some useful purpose, and his right, as well as theirs, as against the millowner, was to have the natural waters and all accretions come down the natural channel undiminished in quality as well as in quantity. Though other appropriations, to the full capacity of the stream during its ordinary flow, were made before this land- owner's rights accrued, this did not prevent him from build- ing a ditch and diverting and using its waters whenever his seniors did not need it. Floods often occur, and the natural flow of the stream is thus augmented. No appropriator uses water all the time. It is well known that many streams of this state are overappropriated; yet appropriators whose rights accrue after the ordinary flow is fully appropriated have, nevertheless, acquired valuable rights, and often enjoy the use of water for their lands, which rights the law protects against trespasses of others. When the demands of the senior upon the stream cease the right of the junior attach, and, as against a wrongdoer like the millowner, the junior is entitled to protect the stream from pollution, the same as if he were the senior appropriator. If the acts of the millowner inter- fered with such rights of this junior landowner, as they did, it must be held responsible for the resulting injury. LAND NOT NECESSARILY NONIRRIGABLE — CONCLU- SIVENESS OF DETERMINATION OF COUNTY BOARD — PROCEDURE FOR DETACHING LAND FROM DIS- TRICT. The supreme court of Nebraska says that the case of Sowerwine and others vs. Central Irrigation District, 124 Northwestern Reporter, 118. was brought for the purpose of having certain lands detached from the irrigation district. It was alleged that the lands in question were low, wet, swamp, and totally unfit for irrigation. But the court does not think that a finding that during three months of the year a slough running through the land was practically full of water, and a part of the land involved was more or less wet and spongy, and at different places had standing water holes of greater or less dimensions, while during the low-water period extending through the other nine months of the year the slough was practically dry and the land involved was dry, could be held to be equivalent to a finding that the lands were "totally unfit for irrigation." Such a finding as first stated clearly showed that the case came within that class which is for the determination of the county board. The court could not say, as a matter of law, that the land was nonirrigable. In order to defeat the jurisdiction of the county board. It must be clearly shown, and in like manner found by the court, that the lands embraced within the district are in fact non- irrigable. If, under the facts as found b-" the court, there is any doubt on that subject, such doubt must be resolved in favor of the jurisdiction of the board, and the parties left to the remedy provided by statute. This being, therefore, a case for the consideration of the board, then its order pst" lishing and defining the boundaries of the district was conclu- sive, at least in this collateral proceeding, on the question whether the lands included would be benefited by irrigation. After an irrigation district has been duly organized, the statutory procedure prescribed for detaching lands, other than those which cannot from some natural cause be irrigated, Is exclusive. Where the owner of land proceeds in a suit in equity to have the same detached from an irrigation district. In order to defeat the jurisdiction of the county board it must be clearly shown, and in like manner found by the court, as before stated, that the land embraced within the district Is in fact such that, from some natural cause. It is nonirrigable, or is expressly exempted by statute from the operation of the law providing for the organization of irrigation districts, and the taxing of lands within the boundary of such district for irrigation purposes. PLIGHT or PURCHASER UNDER WARRANTY DEED OF "BOUGHT WATER" WHICH COMPANY REFUSES TO FURNISH. A man named Starbird gave a deed with full covenants of warranty to a Mrs. Jacobs for 20 acres of land, with one share of stock in an extension ditch and reservoir company, and also TA inches of "bought water" from said ditch. The term "bought water," Is was agreed, was a right in Starbird to have, during each irrigating season, from the ditch com- pany, upon the payment of a fixed annual stipend therefor, the use of 7% inches of water for the partial irrigation of the land sold. Subsequently, when demand was made on the company for delivery of the "bought water" for the season, and a tender of the agreed annual rental therefor, the company declined to deliver the same on the ground that Starbird had no such right as he claimed, or any right to have and receive this water. Thereupon Mrs. Jacobs brought an action against (Continued on page 275.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. 257 Notes on Practical Irrigation D. H. Anderson RELATIONS OF WATER TO THE SOIL. When a small portion of soil is thoroughly dried and then spread out on a sheet of paper in the open air it will gradually drink in watery vapor from the atmosphere and thus increase its weight to a perceptible degree. In hot climates and during dry seasons this property of absorption in the soil is of great importance restoring, as it does, to the thirsty ground, and bringing within reach of plants, a part of the moisture they have so copiously exhaled during the day. Different soils pos- sess this property in unequal degrees. During a night of twelve hours, for it is at night that watery vapor is deposited on the ground (evaporation from the soil occurring during the day), 1,000 pounds of perfectly dry soil will absorb the follow- ing quantities of moisture in pounds. Quartz sand 0 Calcareous sand 2 Loamy soil , 21 Clay loams 25 Pure clay 27 Peaty soils and those rich in vegetable matters will ab- sorb a much larger quantity from the atmosphere, sometimes becoming "wet"' two inches deep, a surprising quantity of water when the weight of it on an acre of ground is calculated. The weight of dry and wet soils has already been given, and the difference between the two will, of course, show the quantity in weight of the moisture or water absorbed. The average weight of dry soils is about 94 pounds, the average ordinary v/et weight is 126 pounds, the difference, being 32 pounds, rep- resents the average weight of water per cubic foot. Now, mul- tiplying 43,560 square feet in the acre by 32, gives 1,393,920 pounds to the acre one foot deep, and dividing by 12 to ascer- tain the weight of one inch, we have 116,100 pounds, or about 58 tons of water falling on an acre of ground in the shape of dew in a single night. Of course that quantity represents the highest possible absorptive quality in a heavily charged vege- table soil. Other soils would receive a less quantity as will be readily understood, but there is enough to be equivalent to quite a smart shower and worth encouraging. In what are known as "dry" climates there is always some moisture in the atmosphere which is deposited upon the soil, for wherever there are oxygen and hydrogen there must be moisture. But the quantities vary in climates as much as they do in soils. Where there is evaporation from the soil moisture during the day there is also a re-absorption of moist- ure the soil at night and, with this fact in mind, it may be laid down as an axiom : The tendency of water is to evap- orate from the soil into the atmosphere during the day and to fall back upon the soil during the night. To reduce the idea to an axiom : A dry soil has an affinity for a moist at- mosphere, and a dry atmosphere loves a moist soil. Saturation and Power to Retain Moisture. The rain falls and is drunk in by the thirsty soil ; the dew descends and is absorbed, and the waters of irrigation poured upon the ground quickly disappear. But after much water falls upon the earth the latter becomes saturated, can hold no more, and the surplus runs off the surface or sinks down through until it reaches the water table. This happens more speedily in some soils than in others. Thus, 100 pounds of dry soils, as here specified, will hold the quantity of water set op- posite their respective names without dripping or pruning off. Quartz sand 25 pounds Calcareous sand 29 pounds Loamy soil 40 pounds Clay loam 50 pounds Pure clay 70 pounds But dry, peaty soils and adobe will absorb a much larger proportion before becoming saturated to the dripping point; sometimes such soils will absorb their own weight of water. Arable soils generally will hold from forty to seventy per cent of their weight of water. This power of retaining water renders such a soil valu- able in dry climates. But the more water the soil contains in its pores the greater the evaporation and the colder it is likely to be. Indeed, evaporation is a source of cold, sometimes to so great a degree that ice will be formed. In very hot regions in India where ice is inacessible it is customary to place small, shallow saucers filled with water on the ground after night- fall, and they are gathered in the morning before sunrise, the water being converted into ice by the rapid evaporation from the soil during the night. Our modern ice machines owe their efficacy for making ice to the rapid evaporation of ammonia under pressure. Ether, chloroform, alcohol, and numerous other substances, produce a sensation of cold when rubbed on the skin, which is not due to anything in those substances, but wholly to their rapid evaporation or volatility. The pres- ence of a saturation of water in the soil, however, excludes the air in a great degree and thus is injurious to plants, whose roots must have air as well as moisture, hence the necessity for drainage where there is a liability to saturation. Earth Vapor Constantly Rising. Unless rain or dew is falling or the air is saturated with moisture, watery vapor is constantly arising from the surface of the earth. The fields, after the heaviest rains and floods, gradually become dry, and this takes place more rapidly in some fields or parts of fields than in others, in fact, wet and dry patches of ground may be seen on the same field, indicat- ing a heavy or light soil. Generally speaking, those soils capable of containing the largest portion of the rain that falls also retain it with greater obstinacy and require a longer time to dry. The same thing happens when the land is irrigated. Thus, sand will become as dry in one hour as pure clay in three, or peat in four hours. There is one fact every irrigator should constantly bear in mind and that is : Water saturation of the soil is never necessary to plant life ; it is, in fact, positively injurious except in the case of aquatic plants. A long time ago men, seeing rice growing luxuriantly in swamps, imagined that plant would not grow anywhere else, and, accordingly, rice culture meant a swamp. But it was discovered that rice would grow better and produce a larger and richer crop in arable soil generally, and now it is cultivated with astonishing success the same as wheat, barley, or any other cereal, except for a short period of flooding. Nature, through heavy rains and other water sources, con- verts the soil into a storage reservoir by establishing a water table beneath the surface from which the water vaporizing up constantly moistens- the growing stratum of the soil, decom- poses and dissolves the salts which are necessary to plant life, and is itself decomposed by the principle of life in the plant and its elements, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, utilized in the interior of the plant itself. Where there is no natural supply of water for this storage purpose irrigation must copy nature and provide one, or at least furnish an adequate supply of moisture for solvent purposes. When that has been done everything has been done that should be done. A familiar illustration of the action of moisture may be witnessed in the slaking of lime in the open air without the direct application of water. The same transformation takes place in the case of all the other soluble mineral salts when in the presence of moisture. This transformation effected, the plant thrives, and, to give it an excess of dissolving liquid is to float off the material needed by the plant and thus de- prive it of its nourishment. It is like feeding an infant on thin, weak soup instead of nourishing bouillon and expecting it to thrive. Evaporation From Plants. The tendency of plants is to exhale or perspire moisture as well as the soil. The flow of the sap is constant from the roots to the leaves to receive oxygen and carbonic acid and back again to the roots ; like the circulation of the blood in animals it travels in a circuit. When the sap reaches the leaves it parts with a portion of its water, and in some plants the quantity is very considerable. An experiment with a sun- flower, three and one-half feet high, disclosed the fact that its leaves lost during twelve hours of one day, 30, and of an- other, 20 ounces of water, while during a warm night, without dew, it lost only three ounces, and, on a dewy night, lost none. All this evaporation or exhalation of water from the leaves of plants is supplied by the moisture in the soil, for plants generally do not drink in water through their leaves but through their roots, and when the escape of water from the leaves is more rapid than the supply from the roots 258 THE IRRIGATION AGE. the leaves droop, dry and wither, because then they are draw- ing from their sap, living, so to speak, upon their own blood. This evaporation in the plant is similar to the perspiration constantly exuding from the skins of healthy animals and it has added to it the mechanical evaporation which takes place on the surface of all moist bodies when exposced to hot or dry air. There can be no growth or health without it, hence, it is often beneficial to wash or spray the leaves of plants and trees to remove the dust or other clogging material that has accumulated upon the leaves and "stopped perspiration." To stop this leaf evaporation is to kill the plant as surely as was killed the boy in the Roman pageant. His entire body was covered with a thick coating of gum arabic, on which was laid a layer of gold leaf, the intention being to have, him pose as a golden statue. He died in a few hours and it was not until the cause of his sudden death was investigated by scien- tific men that it was discovered that the closing of the pores of the skin, thereby preventing evaporation from its surface, was the cause. On dry, dusty soils, where there is none, or very little .rainfall, the accumulation of dew during the night is generally sufficient to "trickle" along the leaves and carry down the dust and other accumulations on the leaves which interfere with evaporation. Sometimes the plant, as if aware that there is a stoppage in its circulation, will throw out fresh, new leaves to cure the defect, but this is done at the expense of the root, tuber, or fruit. The amount of loss due to natural and mechanical evap- oration from plants, of course, differs very greatly in the vari- ous species of plants depending, in a great measure, on the special Structure of the leaf, whether fine or coarse meshed, large or small, lean or fleshy, the natural perspiration, how- ever, always exceeding the mechanical. Both processes, more- over, are more rapid under the influence of a warm, dry at- mosphere aided by the direct rays of the sun. As showing the quantity of evaporation an experiment was tried with an acre of maple trees containing 640 trees. The calculation is not positively exact, but it is worth accept- ing as a basis for other experiments on crops of all kinds and may come somewhere near enabling the irrigator to determine the quantity of water to be applied to the soil, whether there is a water table within the reach of the surface or none at all. The evaporation was assumed to take place only during a day of twelve hours and each of the 640 trees was esti- mated as carrying 21,192 leaves. From an estimate based on the quantity of evaporation from one tree containing the number of leaves above specified, which were carefully counted, the 640 trees evaporated from their leaves in twelve hours 3,875 gallons of water, or 31,000 pounds. During ninety- two twelve-hour days, the life of the maple leaf, the evap- oration would amount to 2,852,000 pounds. During that period the rainfall was 8,333 inches or 43.8 pounds to every square foot of surface, equal, per acre of 43,560 square feet, to 1,890,504 pounds. The evaporation from the leaves of the trees, therefore, exceeded that of the actual fall of rain by nearly one million pounds. Whence did the surplus come? Evidently from the water stored in the water table and drawn up by the action of the roots of the trees. Where there is no water table or ground water and the soil is dry "all the way down," it is necessary to create one by irrigation and this is ' not so difficult as might be imagined, for we must consider that in the case of maple trees the roots may reach down into the subsoil for fifty feet, and in the case of ordinary fruits, vegetables, and cereals, a water table at that depth would be wholly unnecessary even if generally impracticable. Soil sat- uration at any depth beyond four feet with unlimited surface cultivation is sufficient, although in the case of vines and trees it should be much deeper. The above experiment with the maple trees although, perhaps, of no practical value on account of its uncertainty, being more or less guess, demonstrates two things, when there is also taken into consideration the quantity of sap in plants and the amount of salts held in solution in it. First — How easily a soil may be exhausted by cutting and removing plants and crops therefrom. Second — As a direct corollary, through its diametric op- posite, it shows how easily alkaline salts may be removed from the soil by cutting and removing the plants and crops. These alkali-consuming plants hold large quantities of the earth salts in their sap in solution, the carbonates, sulphates, the sodas, and potash, literally taken up out of the soil. Of course, when removed a certain amount of alkali is removed with them. This has been the experience with the "salt meadows" in Germany and Holland, and in the United States, as has been already noted, and, in a small wav with the alkali lands of the West where the experiment has been made. When water is poured into the saucer or sole of a flower- pot filled with earth the soil gradually sucks it up and be- comes moist even to -the surface. . This is what is known as ''capillary action," and exists in all porous bodies to a greater or less extent. A sponge is a well known instance of this power, and if the small end of a piece of hard chalk is held in water the entire mass soon becomes saturated. The experi- ment with the flower-pot, however, represents the action in the soil, the water from beneath — that contained in the sub- soil—is gradually sucked up to the surface. It is one of the operations of the laws of nature which maintains all things in constant motion to preserve their life and vitality, for, if permitted to remain at rest without motion, they sicken and die, afterward putrefying as happens even with water which becomes stagnant, that is, ceases to be in motion. In climates where there is winter, or even a moderate de- gree of cold weather, this capillary action ceases and the tendency of the water is to "soak" downward, and it is not until warm weather that capillary action begins and the water commences "soaking" upward toward the surface. In a warm, or hot climate, this action is constant and it also takes place whenever the soil is parched or dry. This suspension of capillary action in winter, or cold weather, furnishes a strong point in favor of winter irriga- tion, which really takes the place of the autumn and spring rains, and of the snow that slowly melts and its waters car- ried down into the soil to the water table ready to begin an upward movement when the weather becomes warm and the surface soil dry. The dryer the soil and the hotter the atmosphere, the more rapid is the rising of the water to the surface by capil- lary attraction, and, as the water ascends, it carries along with it the saline matters dissolved by it and, reaching the sur- face, evaporates, leaving the salts it carried behind. It is this capillary action which has incrusted our own lands with alka- lis of all kinds ; it is the same in India, Egypt, South Africa, and elsewhere. On the arid plains of Peru, and on extensive tracts in South Africa, alkali deposits, several feet in thick- ness, are sometimes met with, all of which are caused by the capillary action of water bringing up to the surface the salts in the subsoil. So it is that the enormous beds of nitrate of soda in Peru and those of the carbonate of soda in Colombia were created; and in our own black and white alkali and sodium bad lands capillary action may be blamed for their condition. It must not be forgotten that wherever there is seepage there is also capillary action, for that power is ex- ercised in every direction. It does not matter which end of the sponge or piece of chalk is held to the water, both be- come saturated. It may be said that capillary action is a violation of the law of gravity, or, rather, is a law of itself acting independently. This tendency of water to ascend to the surface of the earth is not the same in all soils. It is less rapid in stiff clays and more rapid in sandy and open, porous soils generally, and it is of especial importance in relation to the position of the water table in the soil when considered as a source of water supply or shallow rooting plants. Gravity draws the water downward toward a water table, and in a dry subsoil it is capillary attraction that impels it down. But when the water in the surface soil is less than that below an upward movement begins as though nature were desirous of main- taining an equilibrium which, scientifically speaking, it always does, or attempts to do. However, there is a zone of capillary action, a space between the water table and the surface, in which moisture rises and with it carries food substances to the roots of plants. Where the water itself rises it means more than capillary attraction, it means a rise of the water table through additions from some new water supply or sat- uration of the soil, in which case plants are injured vitally and drainage must come to the rescue. It is the rise of the water table that is to be feared in irrigation. The reason is because the rise of alkaline solutions is greater than in the case of pure water. Thus, a 50 per cent solution of sodium chloride (common salt) and sodium sulphate will rise faster than pure water, and a much stronger concentration of soda carbonate will rise still faster. Hence the necessity of pre- venting soil saturation and the maintaining of a zone of cap- illary action, in which the roots of plants may be fed by ma- terial furnished through that action when they would be killed if saturation were permitted to overcome it. THE IREIGATION AGE. 259 A few practical ideas may be gathered from the foregoing which are worth considering : First — It is evident that deep plowing will enable the rainfall or the irrigation water to penetrate deeper into the soil, in which case it will remain longer and the effects of a small quantity of rain may extend over a period long enough to mature a crop where half as much again would show nothing. Second — To be effective and beneficial to vegetation the water in the subsoil must be in constant motion. When water eases to flow in the subsoil streams, or when capillary action > entirely suspended, the water becomes stagnant, ceases to imbibe oxygen, nitrogen and carbonic acid, and practically rots, causing vegetation within its influence also to decay. Run- ning water coming from the clouds or irrigating ditch enters the soil charged with gaseous matters above specified, mixed in their proper proportions, and carries along with it various dissolved inorganic substances which are not permitted to be deposited out of it while it is in motion. Hence, to derive the full benefit of the water, the land must be drained even where irrigation is practiced, so that the surplus water, after irri- gation is stopped, may find a ready outlet. If 'there should be no surplus, no harm is done by drainage facilities ; on the con- trary, the tendency of all drainage is to open the soil below and "draw" the moisture from above as well as to carry off the surplus water in a soaked subsoil if there be one. Drain- age does not carry off moisture, but only the surplus water ; capillary attraction will always hold the moisture. Third — Whenever sufficient water is added to the soil to ompensate for loss by evaporation from soil and plant, the business of the irrigator is accomplished. To keep on add- to soak the soil continually, would be to injure vegeta- tion as much as by furnishing too little water, as it is only by keeping the surface soil loose and finely pulverized — the deeper the better — that evaporation from the soil may be retarded. As to the quality of the water the more impure it is, par- ticularly in organic matter, the better it is for vegetation. There is no more impure water in the world than that of the river Nile, yet it gives fertility and produces luxuriant vege- tation where there would be barrenness and sterility were it pure. The exception in the case of irrigating alkali lands would be water heavily charged with alkali salts, this kind of water being one of the causes of deleterious alkali deposits. The oxygen of the atmosphere is essential to the germi- nation of the seed and to the growth of the plant. The whole plant must have air, the roots as well as the leaves, therefore it is of consequence that this oxygen should have access to every part of the soil and thus to all the roots. This can only be effected by working the land and rendering it suffi- ciently porous. Some soils absorb oxygen faster and in greater quanti- ties than others. Clays absorb more than sandy soils, and vegetable molds or peats more than clay. It depends, how- ever, upon their condition as to porosity, and also upon their chemical constitution. If the clay contains iron or manganese in the state of oxides these latter will naturally absorb oxygen in large qualities for the purpose of combining with it, having . great affinity therefor, while a soil containing much decay- ng vegetable matter will also drink in large quantities of oxygen to aid the natural decomposition constantly going on. In addition to absorbing oxygen and nitrogen, of which the air principally consists, the soil also absorbs carbonic acid and portions of other vapors floating in it whether ammonia or nitric acid. This absorption of atmospheric elements and gases of every kind occurs most easily and in greater abun- dance when the soil is in a moist state. Hence it is that the fall of rains and the descent of dew, or the application of ir- rigation water, favors this absorption in dry seasons and in dry climates ; it will also be greatest in those soils which have the power of most readily extracting watery vapor from the air during the absence of the sun. It must be clear from this that the influence of dews and gentle showers reaches much "arther than the surface of the soil, watery vapor following lie atmosphere down deep into the soil, penetrating as deep the porous nature of the soil will permit it. Some say bat, under proper conditions as to cultivation, the soil will ain in dew at night nearly as much as it loses by evaporation uring the day. It appears reasonable enough to suppose that the atmosphere, under a pressure of fifteen pounds to the iqaare inch, will penetrate to any depth and carry with it vhatever of moisture and gases it contains. Irrigation of Alfalfa By SAMUEL FORTIER, Chief of Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations. U. S. Department of Agriculture, The Check Method The -essential features of the check method of irriga- tion consist in surrounding nearly level plats of ground with low levees, ui and in making provision to flood each by means of a ditch and check box or gate. T h e in- closed spaces may be laid out in straight lines in both directions, thus forming with their levee bor- ders a series of rectangles, or the levees may follow more or less closely the con- tour lines of the natural surface of the ground, thus forming contour checks. The most favorable condi- tions are a light, sandy soil on a c omparatively even slope of 3 to IS feet to the mile, abundantly supplied with water. This meth- od is also used on heavy soils, where it is neces- sary to hold the water on the soil to secure its per- colation to the desired depth. I n California not only does the form of the checks vary, but their size as well, some of the smaller being less than one-half acres in area, while some of the larger contain more than 10 acres. Fig. 6. — Laying Out Rectangular Checks on Farm of T. K. Beard, Modesto, Cal. Fig. 7. — Grader. In the Modesto and Turlock irrigation districts the surface of the land under ditch slopes about 5 feet to the mile, and is too uneven to be irrigated without being leveled first. The unevenness consists in swales, hog wallows, and mounds. The land is surveyed first either by an engineer or by the owner. In the latter case use is made of a carpenter's level, with peep sights, mounted on a tripod (fig. 5). The long side of each check should 260 THE IRRIGATION AGE. be on the flat slope and the short side on the steep slope. A fall of 3 to 5 inches between adjacent checks is pref- erable to either more or less. Usually the width of checks can be so adjusted as to permit of this difference in elevation. The length of each rectangle will depend on the slope in that direction as well as the location of the supply ditches. The field should be laid out in such a way that the levees may be built with the least handling of dirt. Rectangular checks possess many advantages over irregular contour checks, but if much of the better quality of surface soil has to be removed in order to build the former, the advantages may be more than outweighed by the damage caused by grading and the extra cost. Figure 6 shows in outline the rect- angular checks, supply ditches, and check boxes on the farm of T. K. Beard, east of Modesto, Cal. Mr. Beard plows the land in the early spring to a depth of 6 inches with a 4-gang plow. Dur- ing the summer the checks and ditches are built in a sort of rough way, no ef- fort being made to level the floor of the checks or to smooth the levees and ditch banks. It is then heavily irrigated, and after the soil is sufficiently dry the floor of each check is carefully leveled and the levees trimmed and smoothed. For the latter purpose the grader shown in figure 7 is preferred. One passage of this grader across the top of each levee and once along each side reduces the levee to a base of 14 feet, and a height of 8 inches on the high side. On the west side of the San Joa- quin Valley the land to be seeded to alfalfa is almost invariably formed into contour checks. A common arrangement is that shown in figure 8 Here the supply ditches are intended to be about 600 feet apart, and levees are built midway between. The sides of the checks conform in a measure, but not exactly, to the natural contours, having a difference in elevation of 0.3 to 0.4 foot. The average area of a check is half an acre. In 1908 prices were obtained on the cost of preparing land in contour checks and seeding to alfalfa. The average cost on 2,067 acres of comparatively smooth grain land was $11.46 per acre. Across the river in Modesto and Turlock districts, where rectangular check- ing is more common and where the natural surface is more uneven, the cost was estimated at $17.50 for contour checks and $19 for rectangular checks. These latter figures included ditching, but excluded the cost of seed and seeding. feet per second are available four checks may be irrigated simultaneously. This head flowing on a check containing 1 acre would cover it to a depth of about 5 inches in one hour. A part of the water so applied is always lost by evaporation, but the balance percolates into the soil to furnish moisture to the plants. The skillful irrigator be- gins with the highest checks and works down for the reason that all waters which escape through the gopher holes or broken levees may be then applied to dry checks. To reverse this rule might result in overirrigating the lower checks. The average cost of irrigating for the season where proper check boxes are inserted is about Fig. 9. — Scraper. In the Modesto and Turlock irrigation districts the feed ditches -are designed to carry large heads of 10 to 20 cubic feet per second. These large heads are used by the farmers in turn for short periods of time, depending upon the acreage served. In the smaller checks a head of 5 cubic feet per second will suffice, and if 20 cubic Fig. &. — Laying Out Contour Checks. 60 cents an acre. On the west side of the San Joaquin River each of the irregular compartments contains 1 to 3 acres, averaging about 2 acres. Few permanent wooden check boxes are used. The water is checked up by dams of coarse manure, and an opening is made in the levee bank with a shovel to admit the water. The lack of suitable boxes to control the water passing from the feed ditch into each check and the use of smaller heads greatly increase the cost of ir- rigating over that of the Modesto and Turlock districts. In the latter the cost for the season was estimated at 60 cents per acre, while in the former the estimate is 90 cents for each watering. The chief advantage of the check method is that one man can attend to a large volume of water and can irrigate 7 to 15 acres in ten hours, making the cost of applying water less than by any other method except- the border method. To counterbalance this important gain, there are several disadvantages which western farmers ought to consider. These are the removal of a considerable quantity of surface soil to form the levees, which frequently decreases the yield on the graded spots; the extra cost of prepar- ing the land; the damage done to farm implements in crossing levees; and the fact that this method is not well adapted to a rotation of crops. The Flooding Method. Flooding from field ditches or laterals is still the most common meth- od of applying water to the arid lands of western America. In the States of Colo- rado, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and to a large extent in Idaho, alfalfa, clover, native meadows, and grain are irrigated in this way. This manner of wetting dry soil originated, it is believed, in the mountain States, and the past half century has witnessed a gradual evolution of this plan, so that now it has not only become firmly established, but is regarded as the best suited to the conditions under which it is practiced. It can be profitably used on slopes THE IRRIGATION AGE. 261 that are too steep for other methods. Fields having a firm soil and a fall of 25 feet to 100 feet have been flooded successfully. From this extreme the slope may diminish to less than 0.1 foot in 100 feet. Its cheapness is another Fig. 10. — Leveler Used in Gallatin Valley, Montana feature which recommends, it to the farmer of limited means. Ordinary raw land can be prepared for flooding at an expense of $2 to $5 per acre. Again, it is adapted to the use of small water supplies. In the mountain States the irrigation systems have been planned and built to deliver water in comparatively small streams for use in flooding or in furrows, and water users should be certain that the larger volumes required for checks and borders can be secured before going to the expense of preparing their fields for either of those systems. In grading the land for this par- ticular method it is not customary to make many changes in the natural sur- face. Only the smaller knolls are re- moved and deposited in the low places. An effort is made always, however, to make the farm laterals fit into the natural slope and configuration of the tract to be watered so as to bring the water to the high places. On steep slopes the laterals may be less than SO feet apart; on flatter slopes they may be 200 feet or more apart. Whatever the spacing it is always desirable to have the slope be- tween them as nearly uniform as possi- ble. When the land in its natural state is uneven, the grading can be done best by a grader of the kind shown in attached figure 7, or a scraper of the kind shown in figure 9. When these are used, it is often advantageous to make use of some such implement as the grader shown in figure 10 for the final smoothing and grading. If the field in its natural state is comparatively smooth and level a homemade drag or leveler, as shown in figure 11, serves the purpose fairly well. The distribution of the ditches on the field varies too widely to admit of presenting a standard plan, but fig- ure 12 shows an arrangement of field laterals common to the mountain States. A supply ditch, AB, is built on one side and laterals, CB and FF, branch out from it on a grade of 0.5 to 0.75 inch to the rod. These laterals are spaced 75 to 100 feet apart and are made with double moldboard plows, either walking or sulky. Figures 13 and 14 illustrate other common arrange- ments in use in northern Colorado. In the vicinity of Fort Collins, Colo., the main lateral is built to the highest corner of the field to be ir- rigated and the smaller laterals extend out from it, spaced 75 to 225 feet apart, the spacing depending on the slope of the ground and the coarseness of the soil. The size of the laterals is gov- erned by the head which may be had, but on steep slopes and on soil that erodes readily, small heads are best. Around Berthoud, Colo., the land is naturally of uniform, even slope, and little grading has been necessary. Heavy timber or iron drags are used to smooth the surface after plowing so that the water will spread evenly. These are built in various ways and out of whatever material happens to be available on the farm. Worn-out steel rails, such as have been removed from a railway, are often used, two rails being fastened together about 30 inches apart. A team is hitched to each end and the driver rides on the drag. Once over a field with a drag of this kind is usually sufficient to make the surface quite uniform and smooth. The proper location for field laterals is usually evi- dent to the irrigator without the use of surveying instruments, though in fields where the fall is slight it is often necessary to have a topographical sur- vey made and the laterals located by an engineer. Field laterals are always so located that they cover the highest parts of the field and their distance apart in alfalfa varies from 10 to 20 rods. The head required for flooding from field laterals in northern Colorado varies from 2 to 3 cubic feet per second and is divided between two or three laterals. Canvas or coarse manure dams are used to check the water in the laterals and to force it out over the banks and down Fig. 11. — Homemade Drag or Leveler. the slopes of the fields. In less than three hours the upper foot of soil is usually thoroughly moistened. To apply one watering in this way costs from 15 to 30 cents an acre. 262 T HE-IRRIGATION AGE. -_ jCo'STOU'*. -,„. In flooding clover and alfalfa fields in Montana the field ditches usually run across the field on a grade of 0.5 to 0.75 inch to the rod. (See fig. 12.) The spacing between ditches varies with the slopes, the smoothness of the surface, and the volume of water, but 80 feet is about an average. The head used is seldom less than 1.5 or more than 4 cubic feet per '^_u_] second, the larger heads being divided '^JMe H*~f, between two or three ditches. In ir- rigating, a canvas dam is first inserted in each ditch or set of ditches, 75 to 100 feet below the head. The water is then turned into each channel and flows as far as the canvas dam, by which it is checked and as a conse- quence rises and flows over the low places of the lower bank or through opening made with the shovel. When these small tracts have been watered, the canvas dam is raised, dragged down the lateral 75 to 100 feet, and again inserted in the channel to serve the next tract. Manure dams sometimes take the place of the movable canvas dams. Some time before a field is to be irrigated and after the ditching is done coarse manure is placed in small heaps within each ditch channel at suitable intervals and each heap is covered with earth on its upper face to a depth of 1 to 2 inches. When this check has served its purpose it is broken and the water flows down until stopped by the next check. In some instances permanent wooden check boxes are inserted in each lateral, while in others the canvas dam is used. The thorough irrigation of 4 acres is con- sidered a good twelve hours' work for one man. By the use of 100 miner's inches two men can irrigate 7 to 10 acres in twen- ty-four hours at a cost of 45 to 65 cents per acre. In the Salt Lake Basin the heads of water used by the irrigators of alfalfa vary considerably with the flow of the streams. In spring heads of 4 to 6 cubic feet per second are common, while later in the season, when the streams are low they are reduced to 1 to 3 cubic feet per second. A field is usually divided into strips, 200 to 500 feet wide by laterals extending across it (fig. 12). A permanent wooden check box or a canvas dam is inserted in the main supply ditch below each cross ditch, causing the water to flow into the cross ditch. From there it is spread over the surface through small openings in the ditch bank and any ex- cess water is caught up by the next lower ditch. In this way each ditch serves a double purpose, acting as a drainage channel for the land above it and as a supply channel for the land below it. In summarizing the advantages of the flooding method, it may be said that in first cost it is one of the cheapest, it is adapted to the delivery of small volumes of water (50 to 100 miner's inches) in continuous streams, it is particularly well adapted to forage and cereal crops of V If 11 n Fig. 12. — Preparing Land for Flooding in Montana. all kinds, the top soil is not removed from the high places to fill up the low places, and firm soil, although it be on steep and irregular hillsides, can be successfully watered. The chief disadvantages consist in the fatiguing labor required to handle the water, the small area which one FIR. 13. — Flooding from Head Ditches in Northern Colorado. man can irrigate in a day, the difficulty in applying water after dark, and the unequal distribution of water on the field unless more than the average care is exercised. OREGON FRUIT FARMS PROJECT. Great Activity in Willow River Valley — Notes on Progress. Although the snow has been deep and an unprecedential winter has been passed all through the West, still the progress and development in the Willow River Valley has not ceased. Hundreds of men and horses have worked during the whole winter season ; have graded twenty-five miles of railroad, built reservoirs; put in miles of irrigation ditches; erected hotels, stores and office buildings at Brogan. The Spring is now here and the settlers are busy getting ready for tree planting and putting in their crops of potatoes, beets, etc. The hills are green and the whole valley is a beauty spot. While the snow has been deep, there was little or no frost in the ground, and the moisture, instead of running down the streams, has gone into the earth, leaving it in a better condition for planting than has ever been known in this lo- cality. In four weeks of travel, the writer saw no place in the great progressive west that showed the advancement that was being made here. In no place did he see as good an oppor- tunity for investment that meant sure returns to the man of push and thrift. Surely the day of the reckless stockman and the "Buckaro" is a thing of the past and gardens will bloom where waste has been heretofore on this, "The Last Frontier." Ezra Lamb, a young surveyor in the employ of the Col- orado Southern Irrigation Company, recently sustained seri- ous injuries by tumbling 100 feet down the mountain side, in the Grape Creek Canyon, ten miles west of Canon City. It is reported that his injuries are not fatal. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 263 New Santa Fe Trail Under Construction Completion of this Undertaking Means Growth for Cimarron, Kansas- Notes of the Work. Cimarron, an important point on the Old Santa Fe Trail, is decidedly an important point on the New Santa Fe Trail. The name "Cimarron" is completely woven into the des- tiny and history of that great highway of commerce that led from Westport, now Kansas City, to Santa Fe, New Mexico. The town in Kansas bearing the name was not then in exist- ence ; but the river was. The name is suggestive to the old pioneers who trod the trail. Near where the town of Cimarron, Gray county, Kansas, now stands, the Old Santa Fe Trail separated, the main line continuing west, through Garden City, Syracuse, and on up the Arkansas valley to Lajunta, Colorado ; while the Cimar- ron trail, the south trail, proceeded through Gray, Haskell, Stevens, and Morton counties, and on into Colorado and New Mexico. But these are the days of the New Santa Fe Trail. What is the New Santa Fe Trail? It is the greatest attempt at roadmaking in the entire West ; and it revives all the tradition and sentiment and folk- lore of the Old Trail. The New Trail is a turnpike, a modern highway. It commences at Wichita, with a spur from Newton, the two meeting at Hutchinson in the wonderful Arkansas val- ley, and proceeds almost identically along the same line as the Old Trail, running past the markers that the patriotic orders, societies, women's organizations, and school children have planted in commemoration of the Old Trail, to Lajunta, where it turns northwesterly, still in the Arkansas valley, and terminates at Pueblo, capital of the valley. The New Santa Fe Trail is a 450-mile modern Appian Way. The New Santa Fe Trail is making the Arkansas valley famous ; and it runs through Cimarron. Cimarron men are actively identified in its making. The New Santa Fe Trail is actually building in each of the twelve counties in Kansas and the six in Colorado through which it passes. Men are at work in every county, using King "split-log" drags, big graders, making sand-clay stretches, putting a "crown" on the road to surface it and shed the rain, putting in new cement culverts and bridges, straighten- ing crooked places, and working through their townships, through their counties, until the succeeding townships and counties take the work off their hands. When Kansas stops at the state line, Colorado begins ; and it is easier to build good roads in Colorado, because the constitution of the state permits it, while that of Kansas does not yet, though there is a popular agitation favoring such legislation. Thus a straight, continuous east-and-west highway through the fa- mous Arkansas valley is formed, from Wichita and Newton to Pueblo. The New Santa Fe Trail had its inception in the minds of two Kansas newspapermen of the valley : C. H. Scott, good roads editor of the Hutchinson News, and R. H. Faxon, editor of the Garden City, Kansas, Telegram. Both had been road enthusiasts, and both had worked in their locali- ties. They conceived the idea of this highway more than a year ago, then began to manufacture public sentiment. For six months they made little headway, though continually at work. Then, one by one, two by two, and finally, by scores papers, commercial organizations, motor clubs, farmers' insti- tutes, county commissioners, city councils, and other forces came into the movement. The culmination was in January of this year, when more than 300 regularly-accredited delegates met in a conference at Hutchinson, with Mr. Faxon as president and Mr. Scott as secretary. They laid the plan for the highway, clear, terse, effective, and with precise vision. It has not been changed since. The state engineer of Kansas, a representative of the government good roads office at Washington, and D. W. King of Maitland, Missouri, of King-drag fame, addressed the conference and resolutions were adopted that became the Magna Charta in roadbuilding in the West. Colorado took hold at once, through its state highway commission and its county commissioners. Frequent conferences and meetings of the permanent or- ganization, which was the outgrowth of the Hutchinson conference, have been held. Mr. Faxon is president and Mr. Scott secretary of the permanent organization; and there is an executive committeeman and publicity commit- teeman from each county. The great, culminating event will be April 22-23, when, from Hutchinson, Kansas, six or more motor cars will start for Pueblo, the terminus of the Trail, on an endurance run. Besides President Faxon and Secretary Scott, there will be the Kansas editor of the Kansas City Star, one of the great newspapers of the West that is giving columns of its news and editorial space to this unique and typical Western move- ment; Walter A. Johnson, managing editor of the Hutchin- son News and representative of the Associated Press; and a group of Topeka newspapermen, with a sprinkling of motor enthusiasts and representatives of leading cars. The running time will be twenty-five miles per hour, and the engines are not to stop enroute. Most of the cars will go through direct ; some will be relayed. Arriving in Pueblo, the capital of the Arkansas valley and terminus of the Trail, messages will be deliverd from the mayor of Hutchinson and the Commercial Club of that town to the mayor of Pueblo and the Pueblo Business Men's Association. A meeting will be held, the visitors will be given a hearty welcome, a good roads conference will convene, Pueblo will be shown to the visitors, and the greatest gathering in the West, in Colorado, and in the Arkansas valley this year — the Eighteenth Na- tional Irrigation Congress — will be put forth for the enlighten- ment of the visitors. At the time this is being written, an inspection trip is being made over the Trail, by the state engineer of Kansas, W. S. Gearhart, and the officers and committeemen of the Trail organization. The Trail will be complete by September, when the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress meets, at Pueblo, the Trail terminus, and scores of irrigationists and other visi- tors will go to the great gathering over this great highway, by motor car. Cimarron, therefore, as in the history of the Old Trail, is important in the days of the New Trail. County Commis- sioner J. S. Herron is the member of the Trail's executive committee from here, and Editor Elmer T. Peterson of the Cimarron Jacksonian is member of the publicity committee. WILLISTON IRRIGATION PROJECT. Reports from the government Williston Irrigation Project, North Dakota, indicate that the prospects there are brighter than they have been since the work was initiated. The farmers are organizing and outside influences are becoming interested in the section. The Amalgamated Sugar Com- pany of Ogden, Utah, have paid several visits to the project and are very anxious to have the farmers consider the sugar proposition. The company has forwarded about 600 pounds of seed from Germany to be distributed free of charge to the farmers so that they may give the crop a thorough trial. It is proposed to build a plant as soon as the farmers agree to plant 5,000 acres to sugar beets. H. W. Puckbee & Co., of Rockford, 111., have sent representatives to acquire property under this project and stated to the water users that they are ready to furnish 100 bushels of stock peas to be planted by thrifty farmers, thev in turn to return the seed furnished, and the balance of the crop will be purchased by the com- pany at from $1 to $1.25 per bushel. An alfalfa campaign is also in progress, and it is believed that approximately 1,000 acres will be seeded to this crop this coming season. Business men and banks in the city of Williston have agreed to furnish the necessary capital on personal notes of the farmers. 264 THE IKEIGATION AGE. Artesian Well Irrigation San Antonio, Texas Could the ancient and the modern irrigator of Texas land gaze upon the other's achievement each must bow in admiration and respect at the forces with which each contended and the supreme knowledge each has displayed in reaching the common end — water for the parched land. Coronado, with his intrepid band of explorers, found as early as the sixteenth century, that vast systems for the carrying and distribution of water had been con- structed in southwestern Texas and had already reached a state of deterioration from long disuse. Everywhere there were traces of a civilization of which he could find no existing type of people. Remnants of artificial waterways showed proof of rare engineering skill. Yet in their con- struction work builders were confined to the use of the most crude and bunglesome of implements. The methods by which the ancients ran their levels and measured their distances to secure adequate water supplies, must be as To Mr. F. F. Collins, a pioneer in the affairs of San Antonio, and with whose name the irrigation development of this section is closely interwoven, the Age is indebted for a photograph of the "Collins Gardens," occupying the center of these pages. Because of Mr. Collins' well known ability as a successful irrigator a description of conditions is of general interest. The Collins tract, comprising 172 acres located two and one-half miles southwest of San Antonio, is irrigated from a 12-inch artesian well, 700 feet deep, the natural flow of the well being relied upon entirely for the supply, which Mr. Collins states would furnish water enough for 400 acres if the flow were conserved in a reservoir of suf- ficient size. The land has a fall of 10 feet to the mile east and 8 feet to the mile south. The laterals run north and south from the main canal every 300 feet. Each lateral is 1,550 feet long (the width of the tract, which is about a mile long) and about twelve rows, running east and west, are watered at a time. The well cost $4,500, but the canal and laterals were constructed very cheaply. The flow of the well is applied to each acre about one day in every seven, and the rental is $15 per acre for water, house, and barn, and $10 per acre for the land. The estimated amount applied per acre per annum is two acre-feet. The tract owned by Mr. Collins cost $50 per acre in interesting to moderns as the present day usages would prove to the ancients. From the traditions of the Pueblo Indians comes the information that irrigation systems of great extent were built by the Yuma Indians centuries ago. Constant raids of the Apaches and Comanches drove this race westward again and again until at last they rested on the Colorado. At Pecos, Grand Falls and various other points in south- western Texas the remains of these prehistoric canals are to be found. Early in the eighteenth century, under direction of the Franciscan fathers in the vicinty of San Antonio, began the history of a later day irrigation that has de- veloped with wonderful strides and that promises eventu- ally to reclaim to agriculture the almost countless millions of arid acres in that state. After founding their mission at San Antonio, the Fathers directed the work of construct- ing ditches for irrigation purposes as early as 1716. Be- fore 1774 considerable progress had been made in the work and fairly comprehensive systems were finished. During the ensuing century this work was delayed and often abandoned for considerable periods. Mot until 1884. when the first artesian wells were utilized, did irrigation become an important factor in the development of the arid country near San Antonio. Between the years 1890 and 1900 many artesian wells were sunk and this method of supplying water became dominant. It is found that at an average depth of 1.500 feet a copious supply of water suitable for agricultural purposes may be found. Famou's Collins Gardens, Near San Aii| 1000 and the price was then considered high. Recently $500 per acre has been paid for land near by. The land is divided into 12-acre tracts and the cost of a house and barn and hydrant water for each tract was about $1,000. Mr. Collins has refused $1,000 per acre for his farm. It is stated that some renters clear as much as $200 per acre. One man with help can care for 12 acres and each beginner should have $1,000. The entire tract of 172 acres was irrigated in 1908 and 1909. In the vicinity it is estimated that 2,000 acres will be under irrigation in 1910 and 20,000 acres or more are available for irrigation in that section. Mr. Collins states that the artesian belt is limited, but that by conserving the flow in reservoirs a large scope of country can be irrigated. He believes that the slope of the land is so uniform that there will be no difficulty in preparing it for irrigation. In a recent booklet on "Irrigation in Texas," J. C. Nagle. Professor of Civil Engineering. Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, makes the following ob- servation as to the future of the San Antonio district, as well as other parts of Texas: "Between San Antonio and the Rio Grande lie 25.- 000,000 acres of land, at least three-fourths of which will produce good crops. Through the Trinity, Brazos, Col- orado, Guadalupe, and Rio Grande. 20,000,000 acre-feet of water annually flows to the Gulf, which is lost so far as Texas land is concerned. Besides this there are several small streams, as the San Antonio and Nueces rivers, which carry quite a volume during the early portion of THE IKRIGATION AGE. 265 the season. To this is to be added the artesian and shal- low-well supply. In large sections of the northern and western parts of the state the same nuused supply is available in a somewhat smaller amount. "It is impossible to even approximately forecast the future of irigated farming in Texas, because of the great area of the state and the local variations in climatic and other natural conditions. Already there are upward of 400,000 acres and possibly as much as 500,000 acres under irrigation, and other systems of vast proportions are now in process of construction, besides numbers of small projects. On the lower Rio Grande development on a large scale is now most active, and it is estimated that when the systems now in process of construction are completed it will be possible to serve 180,000 to 200,000 acres or more in that vicinity alone. On the Southern Pacific Railway Company's 'Rice Belt' map, David M. Duller estimates that 100 canal systems in Texas listed on that map are capable of covering ultimately nearly 1,200,000 acres, but this includes the Brownsville region and others not now devoted to rice culture. It does not. however, cover the irrigation from wells in the coastal region, nor the central or western districts. "If one may judge by present development, it is pos- sible that the area now irrigated may be more than doubled within the next ten years. Many times this area in Fremont, Pueblo and El Paso counties. Scores of engineers have been at work for weeks making surveys and preparing plans for the mammoth system that shall supply water to nearly 300,000 acres. This work is rapidly nearing conclusion and it is predicted that equipment will be on the ground and active work will be commenced within the next thirty days. President Samuel Brown, Jr., of the well known firm of Samuel Brown, Jr., & Co., Chicago, advises a representative of the AGE that the company will have no land for sale. He states further that since December 1, 1909, his company has sold water rights at a rate of $75 per acre to the aggregate amount of $7,500,000. Payments for these rights extend over a period of twenty years. By acquiring rights to nearly 500 second feet of water from the Arkansas river the company can assure the settlers an adequate and permanent water supply. It is proposed to construct a series of twelve reservoirs to store the flood waters of this stream. Contracts for construction work involve the building of nearly 150 miles of ditches. A recent announcement by the company states that Kenefick, Quigley & Russell, of Kansas City, were the successful bidders. While Mr. Brown, the president of the company, is well known in financial circles and in the east, Dal Deweese, of Canon City, has been the chief promoter and the active agent in arranging the details of the plan. Mr. Deweese has made Results of Irrigation by . Artesian Wells. will doubtless be developed in the state eventually, pro- vided the required amount of water can be conserved in the arid and semi-arid portions, and even in the humid and semi-humid districts the use of water will gradually be extended, not only for rice cultivation, but for the assistance it will render in fruit and truck growing, and even in the cultivation of staple crops. In such cases irrigation will serve as a species of insurance against periods of drought, even though the normal rainfall be sufficient ordinarily for the production of excellent crops." GIANT COLORADO PROJECT. At Cost of Millions, Private Company Projects the Reclamation of 300,000 Acres. Announcement that the issue of bonds has been placed with a prominent Chicago bonding house, and that contracts for work aggregating more than $12,000,000 have been let during the past month, brings to the attention one of the greatest of Colorado irrigation projects. In cost of con- struction the private project will double that of the govern- ment in connection with the famous Gunnison tunnel. In recent issues of the IRRIGATION AGE notes of the form- ation of this company were given to readers. The Colorado Southern Irrigation company has acquired large land holdings his home in Colorado for many years and has acquired con- siderable fame as a hunter and some renown, during late years, as a horticulturist. He is a personal friend of Col. Roosevelt and is the originator of the Colorado Orange apple. The head offices of the Colorado Southern Irrigation Company will be at Canon City. ENGINEER STEPHENSON RESIGNS. From Boise, Idaho, comes the semi-official announcement that State Engineer James Stephenson, Jr., has tendered his resignation to become effective within the next thirty days. It is reported that he has decided to interest himself in a pri- vate company and that he will shortly remove his residence from Boise to Chicago. Mr. Stephenson was appointed engineer in 1907 for a period of four years. During his tenure of office the work of reviewing plans and superintending matters related to Carey Act projects has largely increased. Newspapers in Idaho express regret at the probability of his early resignation. It is a recognized fact that Mr. Stephen- son has so organized the engineer's office that it is of great value to the state and has a most important bearing upon Idaho's future development. Reports indicate that Daniel T. Martin, of Idaho Falls, is a candidate for the prospective vacancy. Mr. Martin has had experience in the work by reason of his connection with the State Land board. 266 THE IKRIGATION AGE. Reclamation Notes COI.ORA.DG. Lee and Robert Pricer have planned the construction of a reservoir near Rogan, to irrigate 2,500 acres, at a cost of about $5,000. They will also construct ditches at a cost of $3,000. Articles of incorporation have been filed by the Carr Reservoir and Irrigation Company of Dover. Capital stock is fixed at $100,000. Archie F. Finley. C. C. Rogers, Chas. F. Finley arc incorporators. The Huerfano Reservoir and Irrigation Company recently filed articles of incorporation, showing capital stock of $250,- 000, with principal offices at Denver. Lemuel J. Husted, Frank M. Keeger and Otis Beverstock are incorporators. The Fox-Smith Construction Company has agreed to complete the 'Shaffer dam for the Beaver Land and Irriga- tion Company, at Florence, before August 1. The original contract called for completion on June 1, but owing to the weather conditions it was found necessary to postpone this date. The Jumbo dam of the Jumbo irrigation district, six miles east of Sedgwick, was washed out on March 17, caus- ing damage estimated at $40,000. About five miles of the Union Pacific track were destroyed. It is proposed to re- build the dam at once in order to insure a water supply for the present season. Plans and specifications for the Surface Creek and High Line canal have recently been filed at Montrose. It is pro- posed to increase the water supply for the use of the Surface creek district in Delta county. Surplus water from the Grand Mesa will be conveyed to the creek. Robt. W. Curtis, B. S. Blanchard, Clarence Dillon and Philip Stephens are interested. Final filings have been made by Steven C. Scott, in be- half of the Bent and Powers Irrigation district, of which he is president. Plans involve the construction of three dams across the Purgatoire river at an estimated cost of about $800,000. It is proposed to construct ditches at a cost of $1,600,000. Grandby Hillyer of Lamar is secretary, and F. H. Whiting of Denver is engineer in charge. County Judge Jos. Newitt, of Chaffee county, recom- mends that the state construct reservoirs about 150 miles up the Cotton Wood Creek from Buena Vista, for the pur- pose of supplying water to about 2,000 acres near that city, and to supply light and power for the State Penitentiary. The recommendation has been referred to the State Peni- tentiary Board. He also suggests the construction of a dam. Work has started on the Toll gate reservoir, located east of the city limits of Denver. About 11,000 acres, part of which is within the city limits, will be supplied from this source. The estimated cost for construction is $300,000. Res- ervoir, ditches and water rights are the property of A. D. Annis and J. 'A. Simonson. Lands were formerly watered by the old English high line canal, but the new reservoir will insure a better supply. Land owners have agreed to estimates. The Costilla Estates Development Company, with hold- ings in the San Luis valley, has let the contract for con- struction work, to the Wilcoxen-\^ogan Company, of Kansas City. The cost of the reservoir on the Culebra river is esti- mated at $500,000. Officers of the company are : Frank E. Brooks, President; Gerald Hughes of Denver and Judge Horace G. Grant of Colorado Springs, Vice Presidents ; and H. Alexander Smith of Colorado Springs, Secretary ; and Fred G. 'Moffitt of Denver, Treasurer. Eastern capitalists are interested. It is announced that the Colorado Southern Irrigation Company has let the contract for the construction of an irri- gation system for that company, and the Canon City, Florence and Pueblo Water Company, to Kennefick, Quiglay & Russell of Kansas City, for $12.987,000. According to the terms of the contract, the work must be completed by April 1, 1911. The system involves twelve reservoirs and a 60-mile main canal, with 30 miles of diversion canals. The reservoirs will have a storage capacity of 750,000 acre feet, and will be sufficient to irrigate 300,000 acres in the Arkansas valley. Recent reports in the Denver papers state that the Southern Colorado Irrigation Company, which has been organized for the construction of irrigation projects in Chaffee and other southern Colorado counties, has interested itself in the Montrose & Paradox railroad. This report is denied by Sam Brown, Jr., secretary of the irrigation com- pany, who states that his firm is not financially interested. Reports in the Denver papers also indicate that the Southern Irrigation Company plans several small projects in the south- ern part of the state. Plans have been formed for a 40-mile canal to convey water from the San Miguel river to a large reservoir and for the construction of radiating ditches at a cost of $500,000. CALIFORNIA. The Natomas Consolidated Company is reported to have floated bonds in London for reclaiming 80,000 acres of land in the American basin above Sacramento. This tract lies east of the Sacramento river, and comprises some of the finest lands in the state. Plans include great dikes to protect lands from overflow. T. W. Patterson of Fresno has recently completed a pumping plant in Stanislaus county, at a cost of $250,000, capable of watering 18,000 acres. The method employed by Mr. Patterson and the construction company are being in- spected by land owners in other arid sections with a view to taking similar steps to obtain water. By the completion of a line to Meridian, in Sutler county, the Pacific Gas & Electric Company expects to interest the farmers of that section in the use of power for irrigation. The company has made arrangements to water thirty acres near the town of Meridian by means of motor and pump in- stalled on the bank of the Sacramento river. A canal to irrigate 6,000 acres north and east of the city of Marysville has been projected by farmers. Seven thou- sand miners' inches will be diverted from the Yuba near Daguerre Point. It is said this will be one of the cheapest irrigation systems in the entire valley, the engineer estimat- ing that it can be built for a sum ranging between $10,000 to $12,000. All the rights of way have been secured, and active surveying and construction work will begin without delay. IDAHO. Land owners north of Pocatello, under the Ft. Hall Irrigation Project, believe that through the efforts of Senator DuBois, water will be supplied at a rate of $6.00 per acre. It was originally intended to charge $18.00 per acre. Settlers on the Idaho Irrigation Company's project will receive a rebate for all lands that are not placed under water. Representatives of J. G. White & Co. have recently made an investigation and arranged for surveying lands to determine what rebates are necessary. It is announced that the final surveys on the mammoth American Falls Project have been approve! -by the Secretary of the Interior, and that work will be started on the project at once. The cost of this project is estimated at $20,000,000, with 600,000 acres of land to be reclaimed. . In a recent court action at Mallard, wherein the Onida Irrigation District sued Geo. C. Parkinson and Arthur W. Hart for accounting, a verdict was returned in favor of the defendants. It is claimed that these officers used the Irriga- tion District's funds for the purchase of property at $29,500, which was later sold at $40,000. Members of the State Land Board recently made an in- spection trip over the lands under the Oasis Land and Irri- gation Company's project in Millard county, to determine whether or not sufficient progress had been made for land opening. Latest reports indicate that the board was satisfied, and will arrange for an opening in the near future. Chas. H. Paul, project engineer on the Minidoka Project, has executed a contract, on behalf of the United States, to furnish a water supply to the town of Heyburn from the government irrigation system. The length of season during which water is to be furnished is from April 15 to October 15. THE IERIGATION AGE. 267 Under the terms of the contract the town agrees to pay to the Reclamation Service $1.50 per acre foot. MONTANA. After two months' cessation of work because of cold weather, the Bitter Root Valley Irrigation Company has re- sumed operations in the Burnt Fork district near Stevens- ville. It is predicted that the ditch will be completed this summer. The Secretary of the Interior has awarded contract to the Des Moines Bridge & Iron Company of Des Moines, Iowa, for furnishing material for the construction of three highway bridges in connection with the Milk River irrigation project, at a contract price of $1,003. Stockholders in the Ashley Lake Irrigating Company have perfected a reorganization into the Ashley Irrigation Dis- trict. It is proposed to issue $50,000 in bonds. The entire holdings of the old company, consisting of dam and canal, is now under control of the legally organized district. Lands in Smith valley, an arm of the western side of the Flathead valley, are affected. Farmers in the Glen Lake Irrigation District have per- fected an organization with a view to issuing bonds to the amount of $100,000 to reclaim 4,300 acres. It is claimed that L. W. Hill, of the Great Northern, will take the bond issue at 96 per cent of its par value. Directors elected by the district are: F. P. Garey, Chairman, N. P. Shenefelt, A. T. Purdy, L. B. J. Chapman, all of Lincoln county. The government's Sun River Project is brought into prominence by reason of the projected construction of a rail- road line to be extended from Great Falls up the Sun River Valley to Augusta. This line will traverse the Fort Shaw unit already open to entry. The railway company announces that work will be started on the grading of the roadbed in the immediate future. The Reclamation Service is assem- bling equipment with which to build the Willow Creek dam, steam shovel, locomotive and an outfit of cars. When com- plete the structure will have a height of 110 feet, length of crest of 1,045 feet, and will contain 437,000 cubic yards of earth. The storage capacity of the reservoir will be 84.000 acre feet. The unregulated water supply of Sun River is abundant for immediate requirements, but the rapid settle- ment of the project predicts the need for additional water in the near future which is being attempted by the government merit and the work will be constructed in advance of any re- quirements. The number of homestead entries made on adjacent dry farming lands were: 1,375 in October, 1,411 in November, 1,028 in December, 1,012 in January and about 2,000 in February. The construotion of the Billings & North- ern Railway to Great Falls, which is one of the links of the transcontinental Gulf of Mexico to Puget Sound line of the Hill system, is giving a great impetus to settlement. NEW MEXICO. The Willard Irrigation Company, a concern formed for the purpose of constructing a pumping plant for irrigation purposes, has recently filed articles of incorporation. The capital stock is placed at $1,170,000, divided into 26.000 shares. The incorporators are as follows : B. F. Heilin, W. E. Beel, W. A. Dunlavy, Frank C. Kettles, Alfred L. Means, J. J. Watkins, Sam Hunter and Joe Sains. Success of the experiments in pumping for irrigation at Portales has resulted in the investigation of conditions by land owners in Curry county. C. R. Worrall, president of the Commercial Bank and Trust Company at Clovis, is au- thority for the statement that experiments will be conducted in Curry county during the present year, with a view to the installation of numerous pumping plants. Under the auspices of the Albuquerque Commercial Club there has been framed a protest against the appropriation by the government of funds for work on the Elephant Butte dam. This protest will be sent to Washington. New Mexi- cans declare that if this project is carried forward only 110,000 acres will be irrigated, wherein, if filings are allowed in New Mexico, nearly 400,000 acres may be placed under water. H. C. Kinsell and J. W. Reeves of Stanley, in the south- ern part of Santa Fe county, have made application to Terri- torial Engineer Sullivan, for water rights on the Arrni jo Arroyo, east of Stanley. It is proposed to store the flood waters on the co-operative basis, at a cost of about $110,000. The area to be reclaimed includes 13,000 •• acres; The height of the dam will be 85 feet, length on top 1/8S5 feet, and at base 143 feet. Applicants ask 42.92 second feet of water. Corbett & Smythe of Santa Fe have made surveys. Waterpower and irrigation properties in Texas for sale. $7,000 to $30,000 Real worth $25,000 to $100,000 WADE B. LEONARD, DALLAS, TEXAS Farmers in the vicinity of Estancia have signed for 3,000 acres to be irrigated by pumping. Representatives of con- tracting company at Wichita, Kan., have made a definite propo- sition, and it is understood that owners of about 20,000 acres have signified their intention to join the organization if initial experiments are successful. Promoters claim that 10,000 acres will be necessary before the plant can be constructed. In- corporators of the Estancia Valley Irrigation Company are : Lucius Knight, Fred H. Ayers, H. G. Souders, A. J. Green, Thos. Law, J. M. Shaw, R. O. Soper, Wm. Mclntosh, W. W. Wayne. Capitalization is $1,170,000. OBEOON. The Oregon Irrigated Land Company, with principal offices at Echo, has recently filed articles of incorporation. Capital stock is fixed at $5,000. Incorporators are J. W. Mesner, W. J. Stapish, Claude A. White. The Commercial Club at Eugene has passed resolutions favoring irrigation in the Willamette valley. Definite plans for the construction of a comprehensive system have not yet been formulated. It is proposed to incite interest in a local irrigation project. Spokane men are interested in a new irrigation project in the Rogue river valley. It is claimed that the supply is normally adequate, yet a system of canals will insure larger crops. Land owners are agreeable to the formation of a company to prosecute this work. Incorporation papers have been filed by the Orchards Water Company at Vale, showing capital stock $50,000. It is proposed to acquire water rights for irrigation and power purposes. The main office will be at Brogan, Malheur county. Incorporators are R. B. Hoyt, F. L. Grimes and E. R. Hamil- ton, all of Vale. On charges that the company has violated its agreement regarding water supply, settlers are suing the Columbia Southern Irrigation Company for violation of contract, and to secure the appointment of a receiver. Interest centers in TRUMP TURBINES When used for driving centrifugal pumps for irrigating purposes, either direct con- nected horizontally or verticall- , or for furnishing power through other types of transmission, will be found to be the most economical and highest grade type of water wheel machinery manutactured in this country. These turbines are adaptable to the severest of condition. We build all water power appur- tenances, such as Head Gaes, Head Gate Hoists, Piping, Etc. Send your inquiries direct to us. Our illustrated catalog for the asking. THE TRUMP NFG.CO. GteenmotiDl Si., Spn'mlield, OH 268 THE IRRIGATION AGE. THE RECLAMATION DITCHER For Cutting Irrigation and Drainage Ditches at the Least Cost U. S. RECLAMATION DITCHER This type of machine Is different from all other ditching machinery, in that it plows the dirt out of the ditch with a continuous sweeping motion, whereas all other machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The cost therefore, per cubic yard, of excavating with the U. S. Reclamation Ditcher is necessarily much less than with any other tools or appliances. The Reclamation Ditcher Is adapted to cutting ditches as deep as three feet below the original surface and as wide as ten feet at the bottom and with sides sloped as steep as 2 to 1. It has adjustable oblique wheels which perform the same function as the oblique wheels of a sulky plow. They are simply rolling landsldes which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold and also make it possible for the machine to be operated on the sloping side of the ditch as shown in the cut. It is universal in all of its adjustments and may be either used right or left hand. It is operated with twelve horses. The difference in cost of cutting ditches with the Reclamation Ditcher and any other form of machinery Is sufficient to pay for the machine very quickly. We absolutely guarantee this and will prove it to you uy a demonstration of the machine on your own work before you accept it. Write for descriptive folder which gives diagra-ns of ditches and cost estimates. J. D. ADAMS & CO., Indianapolis, Indiana When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 269 the action brought by F. R. Hanke for the recovery of pay- ment amounting to $937.00. Other settlers are watching the progress of this case with great interest and are assist- ing in the prosecution. Reports from Hood River state that the Dee Irriga- tion and Power Company has won in its controversy with Mr. W. R. Winans over the water-rights on the west fork of the Hood river. The Dee company had already completed about two-thirds of its main ditch. Mr. Winan had filed on the waters for power purposes, and it is claimed had planned the organization of a $1,000,000 company. The land to be watered by the Dee company consists of about 25,000 acres, formerly covered with forests, and owned at that time by the Oregon Lumber Company. At a hearing before the Oregon State Land Board re- cently, the East Oregon Irrigation Company, with head- quarters at Boise, was authorized to proceed with its project for the reclamation of a large tract in Eagle Valley, Baker county, Oregon. This company, headed by McCready Sikes of Boise, made investigations and survey some time ago. Upon presentation of their request for segregation, another company appeared and asserted that by di- verting waters of Pine creek, they, could reclaim a portion of the land at less cost. This latter plan was rejected by the State Land Board, and the Boise Company is now in a position to begin construction work. It is claimed that about 30,000 acres will be brought under water. Officers of the East Oregon Irrigation Company are as follows: McCready Sikes. president, of Boise, Idaho; Edward M. Blake, man- ager, Boise. A. H. Brickentien, of Boise, is general counsel for the company. UTAH. About 24,000 acres in Emery county, on what is known as the Buckhorn Irrigation Project, will soon be open to entry. This land is situated about twenty-three miles south of Price Station, in Carbon county. Work has been resumed on the Weber-Davis county canal, THE YANKEE WAY Little Yankee This is the name of an interesting little book. It tells about one of the finest, light reversible graders and ditchers ever made. Write for the book — ;/ costs you nothing. THE OHIO HOAO MACHINERY COMPANY OBERLIN. OHIO IRRIOATORS', ENGINEERS'. PROSPECTORS' and MINERS' HIGH CUT BOOTS Expressly adapted for irrigation work. Made of the highest quality and stock. Strong, comfortable and dependable. Many styles. Protect the feet and keep them dry. Can be secured through shoe dealers If not obtainable, write to us. For a dress shoe, wear "HONORBUILT" F.Mayer Boot & Shoe Company Milwaukee, Wisconsin GET A GOVERNMENT FARM Before they are all gone You get from Uncle Sam either a 320- acre farm, FREE, ' or an irrigated farm for the mere per capita cost of the irrigation system 320-acre Farms Free The U. S. Government is now offering over three million acres of homestead lands in eastern Wyoming, along the Burlington Route, under the new Mondell homestead law permitting settlers to take 320 acres instead of the usual 160-acre homestead. These lands are ideal for dry farm- ing and hundreds of farmers have made a suc- cess of this method of farming in the locality where these lands are located. Irrigated Government Lands in The Big Horn Basin and Yellow- stone Valley where rich productive lands with perpetual water right may be purchased for about one-half the cost of land in the central states and where the water can be turned on and off the land to suit the convenience of the farmer, and where you are not bothered with rain during harvest; where a single crop can be made to pay for the land; where 50 bushels of wheat and 75 bushels of oats commonly grow to the acre. Don't Wait Longer, But Get a Home To-day These lands are being rapidly taken up and ere long all of the Government lands will be gone. Thereafter land will be possible of ac- quirement only at prices phenomenally high com- pared to those of to-day. OUR PERSONALLY CONDUCTED EX- CURSIONS on the first and third Tuesday of each month and cheap homeseekers' tickets on those dates, allowing stop-overs in both direc- tions, will give you an opportunity to examine the irrigated lands and the Mondell lands on one trip. OUR NEW FOLDERS WITH MAPS, show- ing the location of all of the above-mentioned lands and explaining in detail the crops raised, the natural resources of each locality, and the method of procedure to acquire title, will be sent to you, free for the asking. Write for them to- day. Free for the asking. D. CLEM DEAVER, General Agent, Burlington Route Landseekers' Information Bureau 137 Q. Building, OMAHA, NEB. N. B. The winter weather in the Big Horn Basin Country is fine and lands can usually be seen to advantage all Winter. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 270 THE IRRIGATION AGE. THE KEWANEE SIPHON PUMP for IRRIGATION and DRAINAGE Power Applied To Siphon Requires M to '^ less power than any other pump. No runners, plungers, valves or pistons. Will pump sand or gravel. Many In operation. An absolute success. Pumping capacity 70 to 35,000 gallons per minute. Lift not over 85 feet. Fully guaranteed. Write for booklet and prices. KEWANEE SIPHON PUMP COMPANY 401 N. Tremont St.. KBWANEE, ILLINOIS The Chas, T, Manning Realty Go,, Ltd, SOLE SALES AGENTS The Gooding Townsite Company, Ltd, RESIDENCE LOTS. BUSINESS LOCATIONS Improved — Irrigated Lands — Unimproved . GOODING, IDAHO. and it is predicted that the work will be completed by May 1. W. M. Bostaph, civil engineer, is in charge of the construc- tion work, with headquarters at Ogden. The Sunnyside Reservoir Irrigated Land and Live Stock Company has tiled application for 16 acre feet of water from the Cottonwood wash in Carbon county. The company is planning the construction of a reservoir near Sunnyside. Fruit growers near Green River have formed an irriga- tion district, known as the Green River Mutual Irrigation Company. The county commissioners set the date for elec- tion on April 19. E. D. Reverts, E. H. Lyons and J. H. Briscoe presented the petition. The city of Salt Lake was successful in its suit against the East Jordan Irrigation Company in securing denial of the court for a dismissal of the case. The city seeks to con- demn the canal for city uses, and an expenditure of $200,000 for enlarging the canal, is involved in the action. By decision of the district court at Ogden in the action brought by the Wilson Irrigation Company against Joseph and Wm. Jenkins, to prevent the using of 67 second feet of water from the company's canal, it was held that the Jenkins have no legal rights, and judgment in favor of the com- pany was entered. The Ogden City Council has been petitioned by the Plain City Irrigation Company for an exchange of sewer water for water owned by the company in Weber river. It is claimed that this sewer water will be used for irrigation pur- poses, as it is more valuable than that from the river. The petition was not granted. Land commissioners have recently leased the Hatchtown reservoir in Mallard county, to land owners in Richfield, who are interested in the Piute Land and Irrigation project. This reservoir is now under option to Richfield parties, but it is provided that the board has a right to make a lease for the period of one year. About 2,000 acres may be watered. Under the provisions of the Carey Act, the Sevier River — FOR PUMPING PURPOSES the OTTO Engine easily stands pre-eminent, because there is no other prime-mover that requires so little attention, can be operated so econom- ically— or is so dependable. The best mechanical skill obtainable on two continents has been working on the details of the OTTO construction since 1876 — testing, remodelling and improving, until today it is as perfect as human skill and ingenuity can make it. It is this perfection of detail that makes the OTTO more economical to operate than others. The little savings that occur in a hundred different ways — not a great deal in any one of them at first — but when put together and reckoned up at the end of the year — quite an appreciable sum that helps swell the profits and at the same time reducing the original cost of the engine. And it isn't a first year saving alone, it is every year — and it grows larger every year in comparison with the operation of a cheap first cost outfit, because the "OTTO" is built to last, its wearing surfaces are larger and consist of the longest lasting metals, perfected to the finest degree. It rarely needs repairs, and when they are required can be accomplished at very little expense as compared with other outfits, and finally, when the cheaper outfit is ready for the scrap heap, the "OTTO" will just have reached its prime. Now if you're interested drop us a Jinc^and we'lj^give youja few more facts that will convince you that the OTTO has every reason to be classed OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS, 3217 Walnut Street, PHILADELPHIA. PA. H ranches : Chicago, Boston, New York, Pittsburg, Omaha, Kansas City, Minneapolis, San Francisco. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 271 Land and Water Company will open about 50,000 acres to entry on April 11. Much of this land lies at Lyndall, formerly known as Lynn Junction, 118 miles from Salt Lake on the Santa Fe road. The company has water rights sufficient for the irrigation of 75,000 acres. A comprehensive system of dams and reservoirs is under construction. J. C. Stewart, of Kleybolt & Co., bankers, is authority for the statement that work will be started within sixty days in Beaver county, on what is known as the Beaver River Irriga- tion, Land & Power Company's project. About $1,250,000 will be spent in the reclamation of 20,000 acres. One reservoir will be located at Minersville, and another several miles up the valley. Construction work will be completed within one year. Reports from Provo state that the Sego Irrigation Com- pany has filed articles of incorporation showing Provo as the principal place of business. Capital stock is fixed at $48,000. Directors are Jas. Clove, president ; C. E. Loose, vice-presi- dent; Preston Peterson, secretary; W. L. Biersach, treas- urer; and A. L. Woodhouse. The company has purchased the rights of the Timpanogas Irrigation Company, and has also arranged with the Telluride Power Company for the sup- ply of water. The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the approval of a contract entered into by J. L. Lytel on behalf of the United States with James W. Clyde et al, providing for the lease of certain lands in the Strawberry Valley, for grazing purposes. The lands are to be used for grazing purposes only, and during the term of the lease not more than 25,000 head of sheep shall be pastured on the premises at any one time. Horses and cattle grazed on the land shall each be considered equivalent to six sheep. The sum of $10,600 is to be paid for the use of these lands. Stockholders of the Irrigated Lands Company and the Price River Irrigation Company have filed suit against John Y. Smith, Chas. Tyng, George A. Smith and Thos. Austin, charging that these officials have been neglectful of the trust and have conspired to defraud investors. Jas. H. Burtner Alfalfa Forks TTHESE Forks are made expressly x for the purpose, in different sizes and with handles from 4 ft. in length upwards. They all have the four oval tines and convenient bent handles; are of large capacity and just the right "hang" to swing the load easily. No other fork can serve the purpose as well. Sold by dealers everywhere Write for our free booklet "Tools and Their Uses." It tells how True Temper Tools are made and how there is a True Temper Fork, Hoe or Rake for every use on farm or ranch. American Fork & Hoe Company Largest Manufacturers of Farm and Garden Hand-Tools in the World Dept. "A" Cleveland, O. THE RELIABLE LINE "DEMPSTER We make 1^, 2}^, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15 and 20 H. P. High Grade Gasoline] Engines Built for Exacting and Enduring Service Best for Irrigating Work Cut shows our 15 H. P. and 20 H. P. DEMPSTER MILL MFG. CO., Factory, Beatrice, Nebr. Write for our Booklet "Dempster Irrigation Plants," 1910 Edition It will "Show You" what we can do for you. BRANCH HOUSES OMAHA KANSAS CITY SIOUX FALLS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 272 THE IRRIGATION AGE. you on 30 Days' Free Trial WE PAY THE FREIGHT An offer for the farmer who wants the best fence produced at the lowest price a life-time fence can be made for. Advance Fence isn t just a boundary line. It stands for system and advanced value in property. Any farmer who subdivides his land into plots for crop rotation is systematizing his farm business. A built-to-last sound-value, substantial-looking fence means to the owner of the land, and every man who works on it, exactly what a modern substantial factory or office building means to every man doing business in the building. ADVANCE FENCE Is An Investment That Pays Big Dividends What the farmer puts money and protection into, he's going to get money and protection out of. Advance Woven-Wire Fence is the best looking, strongest con- structed, longest lasting fence on the market. To prove it, we make our great offer. If the fence isn't O. K. to you, and more, send it back at our expense. We sell to you direct — no middleman — therefore the price is right — one profit only after making. Advance Fence is made of Solid Wire, not wire cut and spliced again. A cut wire weakens. Our stay wire is continuous, woven in with the main top and bottom wire running the entire width of the fence from one stay to the next. Made of the best basic, open- hearth steel, galvanized with a heavy coat of 99-per-cent-pure spelter — that means rust proof. Advance Fence always stays taut — straight and handsome. Prove it for yourself. Write to us for all particulars. Remember, we pay freight and guarantee safe delivery. Don't pay two prices — Write us tod&y- ADVANCE FENCE CO., Box 123 Elgin, III. represents the stockholders in the court action. It is alleged that the defendants, who are stockholders in both concerns, have transferred property from the Irrigated Lands Com- pany to the Price River company to the financial loss of stockholders in the former concern. Mr. Burtner asserts that the Irrigated Land Company is insolvent. He asks the appointment of a receiver, and that directors be enjoined from collecting further assessments. WASHINGTON. E. D. Mineah, president of the Land Owners' Associa- tion, at Hussum, states that 170,000 acres have now been signed, but that the full 250,000 acres must be secured before work on the Klickitat canal can be commenced. In a recent statement he predicted that operations would be begun early this spring. J. T. Buffington of Mabton has arranged to drill a test artesian well two miles east of Attalia, to learn whether a supply of water for irrigation can be secured. It is claimed that other land owners in this district are watching the ex- periment with a view to installing similar systems if it is successful. Land and water rights in Stevens county, formerly owned by the Upper Columbia Irrigation Company, have been pur- chased by S. W. O'Brien of Spokane for about $400,000. Members of the company, represented by Mr. O'Brien, are unknown, but it is claimed that large tracts of land in this district will be placed under water. The Reclamation Service will rent water for the coming season under the Sunnyside Irrigation Project for use on lands outside the unit to be opened to irrigation in 1910. It is estimated that there will be sufficient surplus water. TUERK WATER MOTOR CO., H. E. WATER POWER DEVELOPMENT A SPECIALTY Manufacturers of Motors and Mining Wheels. Correspondence solicited. TT Oltarlt >*t i-« •«.-«. CHICAGO HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR -AND- SAVE MEN— SAVE HORSES— SAVE MONEY— SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor f machinery is the HART- PARR GAS \ TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing i farming methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, threshing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farm work. Hundreds in Successful Operation — Built in sizes of 30, 46 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED FROST PROOF FIRE PROOF USE GASOLINE, KEROSENE, DISTILLATE, or ALCOHOL Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalog Tells You All About Them. HART- PARR CO., Charles City, Iowa THE IRRIGATION AGE. 273 after complying with the contract requirements, for the irriga- tion of nearly 1,000 acres. Many applications have been received from persons who have made improvements in good faith on the assumption that they would be able to obtain water upon application. A charge of $2.50 per acre per annum will be made for water supplied on the rental basis. The Secretary of the Interior has fixed the maximum unit for the subdivision of excess private lands under the Tieton irrigation project, at forty acres of irrigable land, and has directed that the public lands be divided, as far as practicable, into farm units containing not more than forty nor less than twenty acres of irrigable land. Land owners under the Tieton project will be permitted to retain eighty acres of irrigable land. It is expected that early this summer it will be possible to prepare for promulgation before the irrigation of season of 1911, township plats showing the irrigable lands, public and private, which can be placed under irrigation under the provisions of the Reclamation Act during the irrigation season of 1911. The soil of this section is volcanic ash, underlaid with hard pan, and is considered ex- ceedingly fertile. The climate is mild, with only occasional extremes of heat and cold. The growing season is long and practically rainless, and the principal products are hay, hops and fruit. The general belief is that the Tieton lands will be used largely for fruit raising, and old farmers in that vicinity consider that ten acres of fruit lands are sufficient for a family. The chief markets are the Puget Sound cities, Spokane and the East. Hay is usually shipped to the Sound, and the bulk of fruit and hops goes to the East. CORPORATION CHARTERS For Irrigation, Mining, Manufacturing or any Business. Procured in Leading Charter States. Agencies Main- tained. Bluebook FREE. NATIONAL INCORPORATING CO. PIERRE, s. DAK. SAMSON TURBINE When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans- mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO. Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. 316 I. agenda Street TheLittle Roadster Grader andDitcher A New, Light Ditch Plowing Machine, Especially Designed for Cutting Small Laterals on Irrigated Farms, and Ditching and Grading Roads. This type of machine cuts ditches for less money than any other tool or ma- chinery, because it plows the dirt out of the ditch with one continuous motion, whereas all other ditching machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The Little Roadster is a practical plowing machine, being built with ad- justable leaning wheels or rolling land- sides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold, the same leaning wheel principle which is used in the sulky plow. It is made almost entirely of wrought steel and the few castings that are used are malleable and all parts are put to- gether so far as possible with hot driven rivets, so that while it is a light machine weighing about eleven hundred pounds, it is exceptionally strong and rigid. It is designed primarily for two horses, al- though four may be used. EVERY IRRIGATED RANCH OR FARM NEEDS ONE OR MORE OF THESE MACHINES. IT WILL QUICKLY PAY FOR ITSELF. SEND FOR DESCRDPTIVE FOLDER AND LET US TELL YOU MORE ABOUT IT J. D. ADAMS & COMPANY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 374 THE IRKIGATION AGE. Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price: Irrigation Institutions, El wood Mead 91.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson Z.OO Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 8.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.80 Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 Cement Pipe & Tile, Hanson 1.00 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. WYOMING. A committee, representing the Albany County Water Users' Association, have begun preliminary steps for filing suit in the United States District Court, to contest the right of Colorado irrigators to divert head waters of the Big Laramie in that state. The base of this suit is the fact that all available waters of the Big Laramie have been appro- priated in Wyoming. Construction work on the main canal of the Wyoming Central Irrigation Company, it is predicted, will be started in the near future. This canal will be 50 miles in length, and will water approximately 240,000 acres in the vicinity of Riverton. It is said that 40 per cent of land owners have signed for water. t The North Platte Valley Irrigation Company has let the contract for construction of a siphon to carry water from the La Prele ditch in the Platte river, to water about 5,000 acres On the Douglas side of the river. Allen & Co., of Denver, were the successful bidders. This siphon will be of California redwood, 2,200 feet in length and four feet in diameter, and will be located about six miles south of Douglas. The Reclamation Service will build structures of various types at numerous places along laterals under the North Platte 'Irrigation Project. The structures consist of concrete drops, turnout gates, bridge piers, culverts, flumes, etc. It is estimated that the total cost will be about $40,000. Bids will be received, closing about April 15, for the con- struction of the Covey canal, near Cokeville. Approximate quantities — of excavation, earth 75,000 cubic yards ; loose and solid rock 2,000 cubic yards. Information can be obtained from W. Newbrough. M. Am. Soc. C. E., chief engineer, or from S. M. Covey, 933 East First South street, Salt Lake City. FOR SALE CAREY ACT 1 Wfl WflkEi Irrigation Project With 10,000 acres of fine land in a low altitude. Abundance of water with storage reservoir. Easy construction and low cost. Address: P. O. Box 794 CHEYENNE, WYO. Ohio and Franklin Sts., Chicago, 111. FACTORIES, CHICAGO, ILL. : SENECA FALLS, N. Y. Write for Catalogue and Estimates Manufacturers of Used for -Irrigation, Oirou-latioia, J5to. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 275 (Continued from page 256.) the ditch company to determine the question of her right to have from it the "bought water" which had been conveyed by the deed from Starbird. This action was abandoned/ be- cause, as it was claimed, Starbird refused the necessary funds for its prosecution. The action, the supreme court of Colo- rado says, In Starbird vs. Jacobs, 105 Pacific Reporter, 872, should have been continued by Mrs. Jacobs to a final deter- mination, for, upon its result, whatever way the suit might go, her subsequent action must largely depend. After the abandonment of her suit against the ditch com- pany. Mrs. Jacobs sued Starbird, in the case which was by his appeal here before the court, to compel a specific per- formance on his part of his contract as exemplified in his deed. The trial court favored her suit, but the supreme court does not think that she was entitled to a decree of specific performance, or in lieu thereof, a Judgment for damages. If Starbird had title to the "bought water," as the trial court found, then specific perfomance could not be decreed, the supreme court says, for he had fully perfomed by con- veying it. The wrong for failure to deliver the "bought water," under such circumstances, was the wrong of the ditch company. On the other hand, if, as a fact, Starbird attempted to convey what he did not have, then, before he could be mulct in damage, such failure of title should be satisfactorily established, and this was not done. Beside, to reach the result shown by the alternative money judgment obviously the cor- rect measure of damage was no applied. IRRIGATION MADE EASY with the BROTHEN AUTOMATIC LEVEL Gives automatically the level or any grade desired, and will verify the correctness of its own work from where it is operated. PRICE, COMPLETE WITH TRIPOD $2 ',00 For further information address BROTHEN AUTOMATIC LEVEL COMPANY IDAHO FALLS, IDAHO New American Turbines will improve your water power because they are EFFICIENT, POWERFUL and DURABLE. Our line of HEAD GATES and HOISTS is the most complete on the market, and we have patterns for all sizes and types. Don't forget that a reliable Head Gate is one of the important parts of any power plant. Send for Catalogue 25. The Dayton Globe Iron Works Go, Dayton Ohio GET A FREE FARM FROM UNCLE SAM IRRIGATION AGE The Two Great Land V- Of A WC TtC d WESTERN WORLD THE WESTERN WORLD tells you where and how to secure land. THE IRRIGATION AGE tells you how to cultivate it. Can You Beat This Combination? IRRIGATION AGE is the only journal of its class in the world, and has been established for 25 years. It teaches beginners how to farm under irrigation, and offers in each issue valuable suggestions to those who are acquainted with and practice the art. THE WESTERN WORLD, the only journal published which reproduces the records of the Government Land Office, show- ing by maps and plats exactly what land is open for homestead or desert entry; makes it so plain that you can go out and select your own tree In m from among Uncle Sam's remaining unentered lands. It shows from 500,000 to 1 ,000,000 acres in each issue, giving accurate soil description. H tells you how and where to get a 320 acre homestead, which is yours for the asking. It tells you all about Indian Reservation openings. Most Attractive Offer Ever Made In order to make this offer especially attractive, the publishers of these two great journals offer : IRRIGATION AGE, per year, . ..... SI.OO THE WESTERN WORLD, per year .......... I.OO THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION, (paper cover special) ..... .50 OL'R OFFER— SPECIAL: Send in $1.25 and take them all. $2.5O THE PRIMER OF IRRIGATION contains 257 pages, is finely illustrated and is especially valuable for beginners. The price for this book, cloth bound, is $2.OO. Send all remittances to -rue1 IDOI/"" ATirMvi A /T 1 He. 1KK1L» A 1 1U1N A Lit,, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, m. S76 THE IRRIGATION AGE. ON CREDIT AT SPECIAL PRICES I WHte for Our New Catalog OTnto'»'»*°'«rlMO beautiful photographic iUu.trationi I .,«,,. .„.. _....,.. „.. .. A0'?"""""?.''. Wl»«hM and ArtiiUe Jewelry. Select .„, SYSTEM ..... , I article you would like to own or pro.cnt ai a jift to I your home, place of buuneu. or eipres. office, without any oblii.tion whatever on your ,»l 1 ' M' """""*>",'.•' ««T »J. P'J one-flfth down and keep i«. balance in eight I equal monthly amount.. If not entirely satisfactory, return It. We pay all charge, and t«ke all ,,.ki We have ab.olut. faith in our food, becauw we know the/are th» verj belt | quality and the hirtert jrr.de of workman.hip. Oup price, are lowe.t; ou? term, are ea.io.t An ACCOUnt With U$ "* confidential matter. Our cuitomer. use their charire accounto ,. with u. year after year, finding them a great convenience at BUch ie« as Lastor, anniyenarie.. wedding., etc. Any honeit person m«y open a confidential ( charge account with us. Diamond* •• mn Investment are better than a savin?, bankbecauie they pay four time, the rate of I THE OLD RELIABLE ORIGINAL DIAMOND Th" "°- AND WATCH CREDIT HOUSE times as Easter, anniven IOFTIS _ •...•BROS A CO IIIUOi 9 ItV, valne 15% to 20% year. Write to us today 43 SPECIAL BARGAINS Ladles' and Gentleman's Solltelre Diamond Rings Term*: S3.76 per month • °«P'- 0134 .«2t«8B Sl.l. SI. .Chicago, lll.-Br.jc'h»i"Mttibarg. P»..« St. Lotiin. M« (Continued from page 252.) two ways: (1) by selling their lands at a greatly enhanced price, and (2) by disposing of water rights to the settlers upon government land within reach of their canals. Many of the canal corporations have been far- sighted enough to so construct their canals with branches and laterals, that, by owning a few thousand acres they could control hundreds of thousands of acres of undeveloped and govern- ment soil. While this is an important factor in the profit of the investments, the ultimate object of the present day corporations is the enhancement of the value of their own lands. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age one year, and The Primer of Irrigation J T 1BE EXPERIENCE OF THE MAJORITY OF FARMERS BE YOUR GUIDE IN BUYING TWINE 'HE time has come to order your binder twine for the 1910 harvest. Twine dealers are placing orders for their season's stock. The mills are running. Now is the time for you to decide the twine question. It is something that requires careful consideration. The success of your har- vest will depend on the uninterrupted work of your binder, for no binder can work well if you use a cheap grade of binder twine. It is our aim to have every farmer who uses I H C twine go through the 1910 harvest season without a break in the field. We have much more at stake than merely selling twine. Your interests and ours are the same. We know that the raw materials from which I H C twines are spun have the quantity and quality of fibre that insure greater strength than is found in any other twine. Tney are evenly spun — smooth running — do not tangle in the twine box — work well in the knotter, insuring perfect binding and perfect tying. They insure your being able to work-your binder through the entire harvest season .with greatest speed and economy and are therefore practical profit insurance. Those who buy cheap twine will certainly have trouble — delays due to tangles, knots and breaks ''will mean the loss of valuable time — and every delay at harvest time will cut down your profits. There is a sure way to avoid this. Let the experience of the past be your guide in purchasing your twine. The verdict of the majority of the farmers of this country is a safe guide. Their decision should have more weight with you than the statement of any twine manufacturer. These farmers know. They have the same problems confronting them that you have. They have no axe to grind. They do not sell twine. They are only interested in results. I H C Brand of Sisal— Standard Sisal Manila or Pure Manila Are the twines used by the majority of the farmers of this country. They have been proved to give the best results. Eighty-five to 90 per cent of the farmers use Sisal. It is smooth running and works at steady tension without kinking or tangling in the twine box— insuring perfect binding and perfect tying. Its only equal is the really high grade Manila twines such as bear the I H C trade-mark. Your interests and ours are identical on this twine proposition. We have more at stake than selling twine. We are vitally interested in the successful operation of hundreds of thousands of binders. On their successful operation depends our success — and we know they cannot operate successfully with poor twine. No binder made can. For this reason we have given the twine problem careful study. When we say "Stick to Sisal or high grade Manila bearing the I H C trade-mark"— we do so because we know them to be the highest stand- ard of excellence in binder twine. Bat we don't ask you to do as we say. We want you to be the judge. But your judgment to be right should be based on facts— not on the statement of any twine man. And the fact is— that the majority of the farmers of this country use I H C twine. Sisal or Standard (which Is made from pure Sisal) comes 500 feet to the pound; high grade Manila, 600 feet to th« pound: Pure Manila, 650 feet. See your local I H C dealer at once and let him know how much you will need. If you want more facts on binder twine, write the International Harvester Company of America at nearest branch house for information. Western Branch Houses: Denver, Colo. ; Helena, Mont. ; Portland, Ore. ; Spokane, Wash. ; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, Cal. International Harvester Company of America Chicago USA (Incorporated) » 1-H-C LINE 1301 FOR IKE I. I C. mot MM. II IS 1 Sill IF UttMKl 110 1 GUUIIIEE OF OUlllIr When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 277 The Henry A. Allen Company have recently completed survey under charge of Robt. H. Baldwin, as chief engineer of the project, a complete topographic of the irrigible lands of the Lorato Grant, situated in the northern part of New Mexico, lying all in Rio Arriba county, in addition to the complete contour survey on 5 -foot contour intervals of about 15,- 000 acres. A complete timber cruise was also made of the timber lands on the grant. Three reservoir sites were located and a location survey made from a junction with the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad at Chamita for a standard gauge railroad to El Rito. I Elkhart Buggies are the best made, best grade and easiest riding buggies on earth for the money. FOR THIRTY-SEVEN YEARS $59!°. we have been selling direct and are The Largest Manufacturers in the World selling to the consumer exclusively. We ship for examination and approval, guar- anteeing safe delivery, and also to save you money. If you are not satisfied as to style. quality and price you are nothing out. ~ May We Send You Our Large Catalogue? Elkhart Carriage & Harness Mfg. Co. Elkhart, .... Indiana Twin Auto- Seat, Auto- Top and Full Brass Mounted BALL, D EARING AUTOMATIC ,_ IN EVERJf WAY ADAMS 6. ADAMS awl E ENGINES^ USE GAS, GASOLINE OR. KEROSENE Are known by a superior standard of construction 25 years of ser- vice has demonstrated their worth Does work at lowest cost and ia always ready ^r ^T YEAR to saw. grind, pump. / / »/«« •hellordoanyfarm / / BCND or shop work. / / GUARANTEE We build all sizes in stationary or portable type. Hopper jacket or water tank cool- ing. Inducements to introduce in new lo- _calities. Write stat- ing size wanted. w/rre IRON WORKS CO. 305 East 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. CAMPBELL SUB -SURFACE PACKERS We are the sole manufacturers of this famous Sub-Surface Packer, the only one made. This is the one that you have heard everyone talk- ing about. Send for our Special Pamphlet on Sub- Surface Packing, the best known system for "dry farming,'* a method of absolutely insuring bumper crops with a minimum rainfall — the salvation of semi-arid regions. Made in Three Sizes, with 10, 16 and 24 wheel.8, is heavy and strong, and the frame is made to carrv all the extra weight required. Write for Catalog No. V 151 Parlln & Orendorff Co., CANTON, ILL. LSplendidTrees| and Shrubs We have made some remarkable offers in connection with our magazine in the past, but never one that com- pared with this. You will want to snap this one up quick. The collection we are going to give you, if bought at retail from a Nursery would cost you several dollars. We have con- tracted for a large number of these collections and propose to give the entire seven trees and shrubs away, absolutely KKEE to new subscribers to The Fruit-Grower, for the purpose of creat- ing a greater Interest in horticulture. Here Is the collection we offer you FREE: No. 1 — One Winter Banana Apple Tree — Fine, vigorous grower, fruit medium to large; smooth; color a bright golden yellow. No. 2 — One Liveland Raspberry Apple Tree — Best summer ap- ple; orange-yellow; striped, splashed with rich red; flesh fine. No. 3 — One Lutie Grape Vine — Succeeds both north and south; vigorous; deep red; heavy bearer; berries large and tender. No. 4 — One Tulip Tree — A magnificent native tree of tall, pyramidal shape; tulip-like flowers; allied to the Magnolia. No. 6 — One Splrea Van Houttei — Finest of all Spireas. In May and June plant is covered with beautiful white flowers. No. 6 — One Hydranffea — Comes into bloom Just when there is a scarcity of white flowers; blooms very freely. No. 7 — One Rose, General Jacqueminot — One of the very hardiest and most popular; velvety crimson; very vigorous. They are exceptionally fine one-year plants — will be care- fully bundled and sent FREE, all charges prepaid, to any- one who accepts this offer and sends us $1 for 1 year's sub- scription to The Fruit-Grower, $2 for 3 years, $3 for 5 years, or $5 for 10 years. You will be delighted with the collec- tion, while each issue of The Fruit-Grower will be worth several times the year's subscription price to you if you are the least bit interested in farm, fruit or flowers. The Jan- uary issue was our Annual Spraying Number; February issue our Annual Gardening Number — either Issue worth $1.00 to anyone who plants a tree or a bed of vegetables — we will send sample copies FREE as long as they last. The Fruit- Grower is acknowledged to be the world's greatest fruit and farm magazine, beautifully printed and illustrated, monthly, and consists of from 60 to 100 pages each issue. This free tree offer is open to everyone — it In our greatest offer and effort to create more interest in horticulture and to make new friends for The Fruit-Grower. All we ask in addition to the subscription price is that you send uy the names of five friends or neighbors who are also interested in horticulture, so that we may send them FREK sample copies of The Fruit-Grower to let them see what a helpful magazine we are publishing. Our magazine alone is worth more than the money you send, and we give the plants mainly to secure your good will and names of fruit-growers. Bead the description of the trees and shrubs and remem- ber that you get all Seven of them Free with a year's sub- scription to The Fruit-Grower. Send your order in today, or if you are not acquainted with The Fruit-Grower, we will send sample copy Free and beautiful illus- trated circular showing trees and flowers in natural colors. In writing use coupon below; put names and addresses of five friends on separate sheet of paper. If you want specimen before ordering, elm- ply sign your name and address and write the word "Sam- pie" on Coupon. THE FRUIT-GROWER, ST. JOSEPH, MO. of names is Name Town COUPON The Fruit-Grower. 'oseph, Mo., Boxfti. Enclosed find $ for year's subscription also enclosed. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 278 THE IRRIGATION AGE, C.D.Bwtcliart Mjiker of Northwestern Headgates] For Irrigation Systems and Waterworks Offlce 5O1 Mercantile Bldg. Denver, Colo. insurance £ftfc%*l You can avoid the doubts and uncertainty of water supply and insure your growing crops with a Famous I H C GASOLINE ENGINE Be an independent farmer on the water supply question. Put yourself in that position, with an I H C Gasoline Engine, where you can pump your avail- able water to wherever it will do the most good — whenever your crop needs it. With very little attention — be- tween times and at small expense — these powerful and reliable en- gines will relieve you of the great- est trouble and worry of irrigated farming. With an I H C Gasoline Engine you can be independent of the supply in the company ditch. You have a permanent or quickly available water supply force of your own. You can irrigate wherever and whenever you please and just when it is most needed. Otherwise you are at the mercy of conditions that you cannot pos- sibly change in any other way. And of course an I H C Engine will do all kinds of other work for you- — powerful and handy for every purpose — saves extra horses, extra hired help and your own extra labors, paying for itself very quickly in sawing wood, grinding, separating cream, running fan- ning mill, washing machine, churn, grindstone and other ma- chines. The I H C Line includes besides Famous pumping engines and jacks the following: Stationary engines from 1 to 25- horsepower; Portable engines from 2 to 25-horsepower; Skidded engines from 1 to 8-horsepower, Tractors 12, IS and 20-horse- power and Sawing and Spraying outfits. Call on the I H C local agent forcatalogues and all particulars in regard to these engines, or write the International Harvester Com- pany of America at nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES:-Denver, Colo., Portland, Ore., Salt Lake City, Utah, Helena, Montana; Spokane, Washington; San Francisco, California. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA (Incorporated) Chicago USA BIG BEND PROJECT. Mr. Joseph Jacobs, consulting en- gineer of Seattle, Wash., has com- pleted the preliminary survey for an irrigation project on the Quincy flats, Grant county, Washington, on what the Reclamation survey has called the Big Bend project. His report covers a project of 290,000 acres, lying in one contiguous body without hills, ravines or any other defects, to prevent cul- tivation. The project calls for an outlay of $100 per acre for water, but this is satisfactory to the settlers, for within fifty miles is the famous Wenatchee Valley, where land has sold for $3,000 per acre and the land embraced in the Quincy project is said to be bet- ter, with a longer season, and an alti- tude of 1,000 to 1,300 feet. Experts claim that this will be an ideal winter apple country. Water POTATOES PAY Make them pay by using the machines that really do the work — CUT, PLANT, SPRAY, DIG and SORT There's nothing in potato machinery up to ASPIN WALL EQUIPMENT Write for copy of our free book telling how to make money, growing potatoes. ASPINWALL MFG. GO. Sabln St., Jackson, Mich., U.S.A. Canadian Factory: Guelph. Ontario 5Ef Orchard f <® \\ fl Here's a chance for the small investor, as well as the capitalist, to invest his capital or savings where it will earn biff profits. Pay as little as $5.00 down and an equal amount monthly and you become part owner in a I1 ig and Orange Growing Company owning 7.1KK) acres of the best land in the world for these fruits land that will earn, when in full bearing orchards, from $500 to jl.UOU an acre per year. Company will plant trees, cul- tivate the land and gather and mar- ket the fruit. You participate in these immense profits without leav- ing your present occupation or lo- catu n. This is the opportunity pre- sented to you in the purchase of the Acre-Bonds we are offerii g invest- ors. No such opportunity ever of- .g™ fered before. If you come in now "••" your investment should double, treble and quadruple in value from the advance of the laud al me, besides you can share in profits almost be- yond belief. The Acre-Bond absolutely guarantees y >u against loss. Land is located midway between G.ilveston and Houston in the heart of the fruit belt of the balmy South, where rainfall is abundant and irriga- tr n unnecessary -that's why you can buy at one-tenth what such land is worth in irrigated districts. But you will have to pay more n-xt year twice as much more the year following. Now is the time cgd You Will to buy. Company composed of the ~ leading business men and bankers of j the South— conservative men who I never back a failure or a fake. T his I . is a business proposition that will ap- peal to every person seeking profit- able investments. Handsome illus- trated booklet explains entire plan. with facts and figures. We will send it f r -e if you will write today. THE AMERICAN LOAN & MORTGAGE CO. 836 American Nal'1 Bank Bld£. HOUSTON, TEXAS FREE Tip ani Oranges " "JnEhe TPislncl When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRKIGATION AGE. 279 will be taken from the Wenatchee Lake, which will be made an im- mense storage reservoir through an immense siphon under the Columbia river to the lands. The settlers and land owners are organized, having a water-users' association incorporated under the state laws, and are a unit in working for irrigation, and it is be- lieved that active work will soon be under way. MILK RIVER PROJECT. In the Dodson South Canal Unit of the government's Milk River irriga- tion project, there are about 11,000 acres of land involved in the farm units to be subdivided and classified. Of these lands about 6,500 acres are in the hands of actual settlers, about 1,900 acres are covered by entries which are held for cancellation, about l.tno acres are covered by abandoned Rider Agents Wanted s^fsg!^* in each town to ride and exhibit sample IQIO bicycle. Write for Special Offer, Finest Guaranteed ^ f/J »„ «fr O V 1910 Models 9IU*0 3>*Z / with Coaster-Brakes and Puncture-Proof tires. 1908 & 19O9 Models «Jf 7, 4tf9 ail of best makes 9 • * ° V *" 1OO Second -Hand Whee/s AU makes and models, (ft 4 - V<* Great FACTORY CLEARING SALE we Ship on Approval ».•»*.•«« « cent deposit* pay the freight and allow TEH DAY'S FREE TRIAL. TIRES, coaster brake rear wheels, lamps, sundries, half usual prires. Do not buy till you get our catalogs and offer. Write new. MEAD CYCLE CO., Dept. Chicago ^DOUBLE JWER $1,000 Reward t for iis equal. Windpower doubled. Two 14 ft. wheels work on same pinion; sec* ond wheel gives more pow- er than first. A Governor That Governs. In all winds. Develops 10 full h. p. In 20 mile wind. AU power needed for farm, shop, irrigating:, etc. Ask about our self oiling, self governed, single wheel pumper — also Armsaver Husker. Ask for book flO DOUBLE POWER MILL CO. Appleton. WU., U. S. A Beet Implements We are Pioneers In the Manufacture of Beet Plows, Seeders, Pullers and Cultivators, and have given special attention to the me- chanical requirements of sugar beet culture. Our experts in all the beet growing sections r have studied the subject thoroughly, and we ofter the finest line of beet implements on the market. P. & 0. Beet Tools are the simplest, the strongest, and the easiest running made, antl , they meet the exacting demands of all sections. These implements have every adjustment and con- venience, and the Cultivators can be furnished with various attachments for every kind of work. " Send for our Special Catalog on P. & O. Beet Implements. Insist on getting P. & O. implements from your dealer, or write to us, A Beautifully Illustrated Pamphlet, and a P. & O. Catalog, will be mailed free. Write for Catalog No. Gl5l Parlin & Orendorff Co., Canton, Illinois. A SATISFACTORY WATER SUPPLY ALWAYS PAYS DIVIDENDS A Humphryes* Hydraulic Ram will furnish you, when in- stalled, with a permanent and automatic water supply Why spend money on costly pumping plants and time, strength and expense in operating same, when a Hydraulic Ram will lift your water and de- liver it with absolutely no expense. The Humphryes' Pneumatic System will supply your residence with water under pressure for all domestic purposes and give service heretofore obtainable only with an elevated tank or direct con- nection with municipal water works. Our New Catalog "Domestic Water Supplies" tells you all about the HYDRAULIC RAM and PNEUMATIC SYSTEM and will be mailed you upon request THE HUMPHRYES MFG. CO.. " MANSFIELD, OHIO Well Drilling Machinery You can make big money making wells. This is one of the few lines of work that are not over crowded. The. demand for wells if* far greater than can be supplied by the m&chiues now at work. Well Drillers command their own prices, We build the cele- brated HOWELL line of Well" Machinery, for making deep or shallow wells of all sizes, for all purposes and in allkinds of ground. Our machines are the most up-to-date on the market, contain all the latest improvements, are extremely strong and simple, do perfect work, are easily operated and are very FAST WOKKEBS. Write to-day for our free Catalog A. ^ R.R.HOWELL&CO., Minneapolis, Minn. The !/• S. Government Is Spending Millions of Dollars Annually to RECLAIM the WET Lands by DRAINING CONVERT the DRY Lands by IRRIGATING For the "LAND'S SAKE!" when are you going to Drain or Irrigate that farm of yours ¥ You don't need a surveyor. Get a BOSTROM IMPROVED FARM LEVEL and do the work yourself. Simplicity, Accuracy, Durability, Guaranteed. This Level is no makeshift. It has a Telescope with Magnifying Lenses, enabling you to read the Target a quarter of a mile away; and is used and endorsed in every State in the Union. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OR YOUR MONEY BACK. Shipped on receipt of price, $15.00, or, if preferred, will ship C. 0. D. subject to examination. Outfit includes Level, Tripod, Graduated Eod and Target, full instructions and a copy of Bostrom's Book " Soil Salvation " of twenty-five years experience in draining and irrigating. Send your order TODAY to — BOSTROM - BRADY MANUFACTURING COMPANY, "19 Pine Street, ST. LOUIS, MO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. «80 THE IRRIGATION AGE. I H C AUTO BUGGIES For Business and Pleasure YOU will find the I H C Auto Buggy the ideal vehicle for your use. It is the most simple car to operate, can be used by your wife or children with perfect safety — and when you want to make a hurried trip to town or to your neighbors— it is always ready. The cost of oil and gasoline to operate an I H C Buggy is less than the cost of keeping one horse. It can be used when you would not dare to takea horse out and it never gets tired. With an I H C Auto Buggy you can travel from one to twenty miles an hour over hills, through mud, snow — over any roads. When you buy, get the car that has proved to be most — Practical — Economical — Serviceable— The one with the High Wheels and Solid Tires. You will find it the easiest riding and you will never have "tire troubles." A large wheel rolls over a bump or rut. A small wheel jumps over it. With solid tires you will never be delayed by punctures or blow-outs and you will save many dollars through not having to repair and replace worn-out tires. Solid tires are easiest on the roads. They do not flatten out and loosen dirt and gravel like inflated tires do. There are many other advantages of the I H C Buggies that you ought to know about. They have full elliptic springs (36 in. long by 1% in. wide) and a long base, insuring easy-riding qualities. The International Attto-W agon has the same features of construction as the Auto Buggy and is a thoroughly reliable car for light delivery wagon purposes. Ask your dealer to tell you all the facts, or, if your prefer write the International Harvester Company of America at nearest branch house for further information. Do it now — it's the first step toward obtaining the most satisfactory, money- saving conveyance for business or pleasure. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helena, Mont.; Portland, Ore.; Spokane, Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA CHICAGO USA (Incorporated) claims, and 1,200 acres are vacant pub- lic lands. The Secretary of the In- terior has approved the recommenda- tion of the Reclamation Service, that the lands in the hands of ac- tual settlers be held in farms of 160 acres each; this class includes deeded lands, lands entered prior to second form withdrawal, and lands en- tered subject to the provisions of the Reclamation, act. The balance of the lands, includinsr those held for can- cellation, abandoned claims, and pub- lic lands, it is proposed to subdivide in farm units having an irrigable area of about 80 acres, and, wherever prac- ticable, to include sufficient grazing !and to make the total area of the unit ICO acres, but most of the public land farm units will be 80 acres each. YOU EVER USE PRESS CLIPPINGS Do you want everything printed in the newspaper, magazine and trade press of the United States and Canada on any particular subject? Send us your order describing what you want us to clip, enclose $3.00, and we will send you our service for one month, mailing you daily or weekly all clippings found on your topic. We read and clip about 25,000 publica- tions each month MANUFACTURERS can learn where there is a market for their goods, and how best to reach it. ... . BUSINESS MEN can obtain reliable tips which lead to business brought in on the follow-up plan. ANYONE can gather all that is printed about matters of immediate interest, the latest and bestthought from many sources. UNITED STATES PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU Chicago, U. S. A. Send for our booklet. 1309-1312, 153 LaSalle St. From 600 trees Miss Cowperthwaite harvested i50 boxes summer and fall ap- ples; 3,000 boxes of winter varieties, which sold for $1.35 per box, making a grand total of M, 657. SO. Photo taken October 9, 1909, Santa Fe District. Land Opportunity in the Santa Fe District Get your share of the profits on the present day high- cost of living. Prices on food stuff are governed by the law of supply and demand. Secure a 20 -acre tract In the Santa Fe District and be a producer, and at the rame time reduce your own expenses. This land all within a short drive of New Mexico's beautifully situated capital city. Proven by government statistics to be the finest climate In the world. Two town sites on the land and two railroads crossing it Every tract within three miles of a town site. A former governor of New Mexico says: "THE SANTA FE DISTRICT HAS MORE ADVANTAGES AND FEWER DRAWBACKS THAN ANY IRRIGATED SECTION IN AMERICA." Send or call for full particulars. National Mortgage and Bond Company 134 Monroe Si., Chicago, III. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 281 HERE IS A DEEP WELL INSTALLATION |r ' FOR IRRIGATION AMES PEEP WELL PUMP TWENTY HORSE POWER ENGINE 12 INCH WFLL 200 FB»T DEEP PVM*» 'SO FEET LONG DELIVERS AT SURFACE 400 GALLONS PER MINUTE WE MANUFACTURE PUMPS FOR EVERY SERVICE CUP LEATHERS in all sizes and shapes from one- half inch to thirty-six inches, made of the best Oak Tanned California Leather A. T. AMES MANUFACTURING CO. Niles, Cal. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 282 THE IRRIGATION AGE. YOUR time and careful judgment cannot be used.to better advantage than in preparing well in advance for the proper harvesting of your grain crops. Take no chances of delays, with experimental harvesting machines. Don't risk the choice of one or two neighbors, because you must buy for many years' service as well as this year's harvesting. It is necessary that you be prepared with effi- cient harvesting machines if you are to- reap all the profit that your harvest should yield. Right now is the time to ascertain whether or not you need a new harvesting machine — binder, mower, reaper, hay rake, tedder — it does not mat- ter so much which machine you need, the prin- ciple is the same. You should start today to look over your equip- ment— ascertain what you will need. There are many points to be considered in select- ing a harvesting machine. If it is a binder you need, you should have a machine that is efficient, dependable and durable, and then the machine should meet your particular requirements — and to do all this it is necessary that you take sufficient time to properly consider the selection of the new machines. Buy wisely — safely — on the verdict of thousands of farmers of America and all over the world who have cut out the failures and choose from standard makes of the famous I H C Line of Machines. Champion McCormick Osborne Deering Milwaukee Piano Why waste your valuable time — patience — labor, and sacrifice part of your crop this year and every year in experimenting with unsatisfactory ma- chines? Others have taken all the experimental risk for you — if you act wisely now. Don't wait until you must "buy in a hurry." That is not necessary, because an I H C Dealer is right near you and will, any day, show you just the | WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Colo. ; Helena, Mont. ; Portland, INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER I H C machine adapted to your particular needs. He will also take your reservation order for re- liable binder twine on which you should take no risk this year. The late market may be flooded with inferior grades of experimental twine. It's important that you investigate these facts and your I H C Dealer has the details to show you — and the proof of quality on all machines and I H C brands of binder twine. Then, too, rememberthat with the strongest and most reliable guarantee given on any machines in the world, you also have the satisfaction of know- ing that I H C interchangeable parts are quickly at hand — through your I H C Dealer. No waits. No delays. No annoyance. Perfect workmanship and materials of highest quality are guaranteed by the experience of over half a century in I H C machines. Make your harvest certain. We urge upon you the importance of deciding this matter now; because, if you put it off until a more convenient time, the chances are that you will never give the subject proper attention . You , no doubt, think there is plenty of time — but the harvest season will be upon you the first thing you know. Therefore, consider this harvesting ma- chine question, now, while you have the time to give it proper study. Write for any information you may need to help you make a wise decision. Take your choice of machines. The quality is the same in all — the best possible. Don't experiment with binder twine, either. Get one of the seven perfectly dependable brands of twine and be sure. Choose Champion, Mc- Cormick, Osborne, Deering, Milwaukee, Piano or International — in Sisal, Standard, Manila and Pure Manila brands. If it it not convenient to see an International dealer, write to International Harvester Company of America at nearest branch house for full infor- mation and the catalogue you want. Ore. ; Spokane, Wash. ; Salt Lake City, Utah ; San Francisco, Cal. COMPANY OF AMERICA CHICAGO USA When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION- AGE. 283 Drilled Wells for Irrigation MAKE EVERY WELL A FLOWING WELL Flowing wells are not found in every locality, but they can be made to flow to their full capacity. Every farm and every ranch should and can have their own water supply; a good well adds thousands of dollars to the value of a property. The first item of expense is the only expense ; a good well is inexhaustible and lasts for all time. Big Profits m the Well Business We want to send you our FREE book, " How to Make Money in the Well Business." It contains twenty pages from Sanderson's book, " Well Drilling, Methods and Cost," which is the only book published on the subiect. It also describes our Advertising Plan which we are furnishing to our customers FREE. Just drop us a postal today and we will show you how to handle a business in which there are REAL PROFITS. ADDRESS (WELL DEPT.) The Cyclone Drill Co. CHICAGO OFFICE: 419 Fisher Building ORRVILLE, OHIO NEW YORK OFFICE: 1456 Hudson Terminal Building When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 284 THE IRKIGATION AGE. Why Is It That No Man Ever Buys One THE cheap little car, fresh from the factory, looks spick and span, Sworn testimony of 20 Winton owners (we send you their and seems to promise its buyer a great quantity of enjoyment, but — • and addresses upon application) show that 20 Winton cars tr When that buyer gets his next car, he does not get one of those 184,190 miles on $142.43 repair expense. cheap little cars. That distance is more than seven times the distance a rout Why? earth at the equator. Not because he likes to spend more money. And each car's average repair expense for 1000 milei But because he wants to save money. 77 cent*. That's a world's record that touches the pocket book of Think that over. automobile owner. It mean* snm*»fhino'. Compare that record with the expenses of the owners of oth< • * * — right in your own neighborhood. If a new car costs $1500, and one year's repairs cost $500, the * * * price of that car is really $2000. If this $2000 car is in the repair shop, getting fixed up, three This wonderfully low expense record of Winton cars show they are right in the first place — right in material, workmanship, days a month, its owner is losing one-tenth of its service, or $200. This car, therefore, stands its owner $2,200 the first year, although quality, performance, right in everything that makes an auto worth while. it cost only $1,500 to begin with. » * * * * » And because they are right in the first place, Winton can And in using this cheap little car its owner never knows when up longer than any other car on the market. something is going to break and leave him stranded miles from home. There are any number of Winton cars made as far back a Being a cheap car, it can't climb hills like a stood car. it lacks the still doing daily service in this country. speed of a good car, it hasn't the size, style and beauty of a good car, No other maker has a record to compare with the Winton i and wherever the owner goes with it, it advertises him as a cheap buyer. * * * That's why no man ever buys one of these cheap little cars second time. a And because Winton cars stand up indefinitely, and run at » » * expense than other cars, it follows that a Winton car is always If a car isn't worth buying a second time, it isn't worth buying at first. purchase, no matter how old it may be. For the quality is in the car itself, and it stays there. And the buyer who recognizes that fact before he buys any car at all, saves himself much expense, much disappointment, and much If the quality isn't in the car in the first place, you1 can't pu And that's why the buyer of a cheap little car never buy» anno; ance. the same make a second time. * * * Because it depreciates so quickly that what little merit it ori If you are planning1 to buy a motor car, read every word possessed is soon gone, and the car is worthless. of this advertisement. * •» * * * * We have made motor cars continuously since 1896. Mr. Winton made and sold the* first gasoline car produced in America. He has made and sold more first class cars than any other single manufacturer. And we have on our books the names of men who have bought as We realize that there are many buyers who hesitate to put int first car as much money as we get for our 1910 model — $3000. But we want the trade of these buyers just the same, becai know that once they become acquainted with Winton merit tfct be the best salesmen for Winton cars we could get. many as six or eight of our cars. One buyer, Mr. L. R. Speare, presi- dent of the American Automobile Association, has owned and used 16 different cars of our manufacture. It is because Winton cars are right in the first place — right in So we have devised a plan where the man who doesn't w spend $3000 can still get a Winton car, and be in the class o: grade buyers and satisfied owners. material, workmanship, power, style, beauty and cost — that once a man * * * buys a Winton he will never be satisfied with any other make. This is the plan. Some of our buyers want a new car every year — in order t * * * the very latest style of body, the latest thing in fancy trimmin One reason why this is true is that the Winton car stands up under the like. hard use with a smaller repair expense than any other car on the market. These buyers turn over their used cars in part payment for ne< ggg* IttB WINTON MODEL K. WINTON TYPE X-I-V. Four-cylinder, 30 H. P. motor. 4-inch bore. 5-inch stroke. Four-cylinder, 30 H. P. motor. 4 "^ -inch bore, 5-inch strok Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by Winton Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by Winton a air control. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition with stor- control. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with stora age battery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oiler. Indi- battery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oiler. Individi 1 idual-clutch transmission. Shaft drive. Floating type rear axle. clutch transmission. Shaft drive. Semi-floating type rear ax One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and nut steering Forged steel front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Fo I rear. Three brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin sorines. brakes. Pressed steel frame, Winton Twin springs. Best hicko Best hickory wheels running on roller bearings. 34x4-inch tires. Wheel base 102 inches. Gasoline tank 15 gallons. Five- passenger wheels, running on ball bearings. 34x4-inch tires. Wheel b 104 inches. Gasoline tank 22 gallons. Five-passenger bod body. Original price $2500. Bargain price, $500 to $800. Original price $2500. Bargain price $700 to $950. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IERIGATION AGE. 285 ose Cheap Little Cars a Second Time ? the past it has been our custom to sell these used cars to city "just as they stand." it we have changed our policy — in order to get your trade. » » » e take these cars into our factory, replace worn parts, tune up r to top-notch running condition, revarnish the body (sometimes it an entirely new coat of paint), and offer this car to you at what it costs us. lis policy puts you in possession of a high-grade car at an excep- r low price and makes you an enthusiastic advertiser of Winton id remember this: If you ever buy a Winton car from the i Motor Carriage Company, and it is not exactly as represented, e you your money back without bickering or delay. HJK MONEY BACK is something no other automobile maker We make the proposition because we know we have the best at skill and experience and facilities can produce. » » » ok over the bargains offered on this page. Pick out one that icst to you, and write us about it. is involves no obligation on your part whatever. We will write you, describing the car in detail, tell you what it has in the way of top, glass front, speedometer, if any (some cars are sold without these equipments), and will make you a rock bottom price that will interest you. * * « And note this: You are not obligated in any way. We never ship a car to a prospect and try to force him to take it, when he has only asked for information. The Winton Motor Carriage Company doesn't do business that way. If after we have told you exactly what we have, you decide to look the car over, we will arrange for a demonstration before you put down a cent. Even then there is no obligation on your part. You needn't buy at all unless you are ready to buy and unless you are satisfied. And even if you do buy, remember we say: "Your money back if the Winton car is not as we have represented it." * » « Look over these bargains and write us today. We urge prompt action because our stock is limited and spring orders are generally more numerous than we can fill. THE WINTON MOTOR CARRIAGE CO. Licensed under Selden Patent. 86 Berea Road, Cleveland, Ohio. WINTON MODEL M. ?our-cylinder, 40 H. P. motor, 5-inch bore. 6-inch stroke. iter cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by carburetor ottle. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with storage tery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oileij. Multiple c clutch and four-speed selective-type transmission. Clutch and nsmission run on ball bearings. Shaft drive. Floating type .r axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and : steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton •in springs. Best hickory wheels, running on roller bearings. ;4S4-inch tires. Wheel base 112 inches. Gasoline tank 22 Ions. Seven-passenger body, Original price $3500. Bargain ce $1100 to $1400. WINTON SEVENTEEN. lelf-cranking, six-cylinder, 48 H. P. motor. 4J4-inch bore, ich stroke. Motor governed by carburetor throttle. Winton ble-jet carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with Eisemann mag- D _ and storage battery. Mechanical force-fed lubrication. Itiple-disc clutch and three-speed selective type transmission. '-*• and transmission run on ball bearings. Shaft drive. tch ating type rear axle. Channel steel fronf axle with man- I ese bronze heads. Screw and nut steering gear. Four kes. Pressed steel frame. ' Winton Twin springs. Best cory wheels, running on roller bearings. 34x4-inch tires in tit, 84x4 y2 tires in rear. Wheel base 120 inches. Gasoline 12 gallons. Five-passenger body. Original price $3000. gain price $2000 to $2500. WINTON SIXTEEN-SIX. Self-cranking, six-cylinder, 48 H. P. motor. 4;4-inch bore. 5-inch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by carburetor throttle. Winton double-jet carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with Eisemann magneto and storage battery. Han- cock mechanical oiler. Multiple-disc • clutch and three-speed selective-type transmission. Clutch and transmission run on ball bearings. Floating-type rear axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, run- ning on roller bearings. 36x4 y, -inch tires. Wheel base 120 inches. Gasoline tank 22 gallons. Seven-passenger body. Orig- inal price $4500. Bargain price $1600 to $2000. The Winton Motor Carriage Co. 86 Berea Road, Cleveland, Ohio. Send me information about one of your Model nspH pars, selling at about, ft . This request involves no obligation whatever on my part. tiftB When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 286 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Myers Power Pumps Working Heads, Pumping Jacks, Cylinders, Etc. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Length of Stroke 5 to 24 inches Size of Discharge Up to 6 inches PATENTED APRIL30TM90I, No. 673,282. JULY 13"^, 1909, No. 928,234 AUGUST 1015 1909, No. 930,4-05. AUGUST 10™ IB09. No. 930,981. Fig. 813 U BRASS ROD PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps For Shallow Wells Double Acting Length of Stroke 5 to 20 inches Size of Cylinders 2J-2 to 6 inches Size of Discharge Up to 4 inches PISTON / COUPLING NUT The construction of these pumps permits a double gearing which transmits the power in two lines — one from each end of the same shaft, thus insuring perfect align- ment and reducing all friction and side strain to a minimum. Capacities 600 to 7200 Gallons per Hour ,14X2*1 F. E. MYERS ^ BRO., ASHLAND, OHIO ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 287 UNION MACHINES WITH PUG MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO, GALION, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 288 THE IRRIGATION AGE. - , Centennial Auger Machine Mascot Auger Machine Dry Pre«, 5 styles Dry Can, all kind. Wheelbarrow* and Truck. Clay Working Machinery "BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay Mch. COee.Bucyrus, Ohio Eagle Repreaj Hand and Power Cutter* Soft Mud Machinei, Horn and Steam Power DUInfeeeraten I Hand Power Screw Pr ill iaffi florae Power Plunger Machine Product* of our Auger Machine* When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Deep Well Working Heads These Working Heads Can be Operated by Electric Motor, Gas or Gasoline Engine, Steam Engine or Belt Driven — the Motors and Engines Direct Connected if Desired. The chief advantage to the possessor of a Deming Deep Well Working Head is in the immense saving of power money in direct proportion to the great depths from which the water can be pumped.- Then, too, our working heads have differential or double acting cylinders — discharging water at each stroke. Anyone desirous of securing water from deep wells for private estates, farms, etc. , could purchase one of the smaller sizes and use it to excellent advantage. Of course we make other larger sizes for irrigating — those in the illustrations having 24 inch stroke. If you expect to install a private irrigating plant, or need a pump of any kind, we should be glad to have you write us, giving conditions under which the pump would have to work. Our engineering department would then give you full information. THE DEMING COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO HAND AND POWER PUMPS FOR ALL USES Including Spray Pumps, Nozzles and Accessories HENION AND HUBBELL, Chicago, 111., General Western Agents Other Agencies in All Principal Cities Union Pacific "The Safe Road to Travel' Traverses a Wonderful Country With Limitless Opportunities for Homeseekers, Farmers, Business men and Professional Men. Growing Towns and Cities. Large sections of country are being brought under irrigation, furnishing Land and Homes for thousands. Come out and look it over. Low Homeseekers' Fares FIRST AND THIRD TUESDAY OF EACH MONTH DURING 1910 Liberal Stopover and Side Trip Arrangements Allowed Via Union Pacific "The Safe Road to Travel" To Points in Nebraska, Kansas. Colorado, Wyoming. Utah, Idaho, Oregon and Washington — Electric Block Signals DINING CAR. MEALS AND SERVICE "BEST IN THE WORLD" For information relative to rates, route*, etc., call on or address E. L. LOMAX, C. P. A.. Omaha. Neb. VOL. xxv TITLE REGISTERED U.S.PATENT OFFICE CHICAGO, MAY, 1910 Nfi7 THE ECONOMY to CONTRACTORS The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Levee Builder The Austin Drag Line Excavator — OUR FULL LINE COMPRISES - The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher SEND FOR CATALOGUE "S" in using Austin D :ainage and Ir- rigation Earthwork Machines comes from the fact that each one is a special machine for doing one thing cheaper and better than any other machine can do it. An Austin Drainage Excavator digs ditches cheaply because it constructs them to templet to the engineer's plans in one operation, finishing them as it goes along ready for water and ready for lining. Every Austin Machine for Drain- age and Irrigation Earthwork performs one kind of work better than any other machine. This is the principle on which they were designed and are constructed. We Sell Outright or Lease The Austin Rolling Traction Platform The Austin Tile Ditcher The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber F. C. AUSTIN DfeAINAGE EXCAVATOR COMPANY Railway Exchange, Chicago, 111. Morris Machine Works Baldwinsville, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating propo- sition. Send details or specifica- tions of what is wanted and we will recommend a pumping outfit to supply tne need. New York Office 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office Cor. Wood &f Willow Sts.. Texas Henion 87 Hubbcll. Agents. 223-231 N. Jefferson St.. Chicago. Harron. Rickard & McCorob, Agents 21 Fremont St.. S. Francisco. Cal, H. A. Paine. Agent. Houston. Texas. THE IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, Publishers, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most EconomicaUnd Certain Means of Lifting Water 55 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices— State Requirements CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND GASOLINE ENGINE IRRIGATION OUTFIT. The Temple Water Elevators —The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Manufacturers of all kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Fou. Cylinder Gaso- line or Kerosene Engines Briefly stated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as follows: First — They are more economical in the use of fuel. On light loads one cylinder can be used, reserving both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the double cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more convenient it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine. The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. Factory, 15th St. and 15th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III., U S. A. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 289 Oregon Fruit Farms IN Willow River Valley Malheur County, Oregon Map showing land, reservoirs, water shed and town site Now is the time to set your orchard and get started in the best paying investment of the day. Every year the growth of the orchard is worth $100.00 per acre. Start now. Regular excursions on the 1st and 3rd Tuesdays of each month. Big opening and sale of land, town lots and acre tracts on June 17th, 18th, 20th, in Brogan and Jamieson. Start in on the ground floor and grow up with the new towns and the surrounding country. Go back to the land. You need land, we need settlers. Irrigated land is the most valuable in the world. = CALL OR WRITE US ..- OREGON FRUIT FARMS 218 La Salic Street, Suite 319-322 Western Sales Agents Union Land, Loan & Trust Co. BrogaB. Malhenr County, Oregoi CHICAGO, ILL. 290 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Electric Driven Pumps IRRIGATION This pump delivers a constant stream from lower end of cylinder in well to point of discharge. Our pumps when properly installed will run day and night without care or attention except to oil. They pump from DEEP BORED WELLS of small diameter, beyond the reach of Centrifugal Pumps, and at half the cost of operation and maintenance. Write for particulars A. T. Ames Manufacturing Co. Niles, Alameda Co., California When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 291 'KRIOR SUPEI10I DULLS ire Used and Appreciated by Good farmers the World OTCT SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITpRY: Dean & Co., ... Minneapolis. Minn. Kingman & Co., .... Peoria, 111. Kiagman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Klngtnan-Moorelmp. Co., • Kansas City, Mo. Kingman-Moore Imp. Co.. - Oklahoma, Okla. Kingman Implement Co., - - Omaha, Neb. Parfln & Orendorff Imp. Co.. Portland, Ore. Colorado Moline Plow Co., • Denver, Colo. The T. C. Powers Co., - - Helena, Mont. Consolidated Wag. & Mach. Co , Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw Co.. - - Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturers AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.) Springfield, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS DEEP WELL IRRIGATION Is most economically and successfully accomplished with "AMERICAN" DEEP WELL PUMPS For over 40 years they have been the world's standard In this type of a pump. The deepest wells in America are now pumped by these pumps. The American tiade mark on a pump is a mark or known quality. There's no experimenting, the pump can be relied on to do all that Is claimed for The "American" double acting water cylinders deliver full cylinder dis- placement capacity both on the up-strone and the down- stroke. Let us save you money on your deep well pump- ing. New complete cata- logue No. 110 free. The American Well Works General Ollices and Works Aurora. 111.. U.S.A. Chicago Office' First Naff Bank Bldg. IT WILL Grade Roads Make Ditches Cut Laterals Save Money IT WONT Break Get Out of Order Tire the Horses Prove Expensive =THE BEST= "GENERAL PURPOSE1' Grader and Ditcher Built 2 OR 4 HORSES TRY ONE AT OUR EXPENSE Also Excavators, Heavy Graders, Wheelers, Drags, Plows, Etc. THE AUSTIN-WESTERN CO., Ltd., Dept. I, CHICAGO i OR 2 MEN When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 292 THE IBBIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Trovighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. — OR — T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bldf.. Denver, Colo. WHY NOT BE COMFORTABLE? t Use an Enterprise Tent Cot. There is nothing made so adaptable for out-door sleeping. It is practical, light, portable, bug proof, fly proof, sun and shower proof. Just the thing ! Write to ENTERPRISE BED CO. HAMMOND. IND. They will Send You Their Illustrated Catalogue. Ditching Dredges, Placer Mining and Traction Dredges SUITABLE FOR ALL CLASSES OF WORK Steam Shovels— AII sizes Ballast Unloaders Write us for information, giving particulars of requirements The Marion Steam Shovel Co., MARION, OHIO G. W. BARNHART, Western Manager 718 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, Cal. F. H. HOPKINS & CO., Montreal, Quebec HOE DRILLS Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 50 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND. IND., V. S. A. Supplied in ill Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments May Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Year THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXV CHICAGO, MAY, 1910. No. 7 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE IRRIGATION ERA ARID AMERICA THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL MID-WEST THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postofflce at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 3, 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $1.50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . $1.00 To Canada and Mexico, ....... 1.60 All Other Foreign Countries 1.60 In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postofflce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 25 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. The attention of our readers is called to the Notice. advertisement of a Wyoming ranch, appear- ing in another column and which, on account of the poor health of the owner, who is an elderly man, is offered at a price, considering the intrinsic value and excellent transportation facilities of the Laramie Valley, is remarkably cheap. As will be seen by letter of announcement on Irrigation another page of this issue, THE IRRIGATION Age Official AGE has been made the official organ of the Organ. National Irrigation Congress. Several elab- orate editions of the AGE will be gotten out between now and the date of the Congress, fully explaining the commercial interests of Pueblo and the entire Arkansas Valley, of which Pueblo is the business center. Following the announcement in these col- Series of umns last month, the IRRIGATION AGE has Special sent a representative to the Lower Rio Articles Grande Valley in Texas, to collect data con- on Texas. cerning irrigation in that state. Owing to the fact that there has been much rapid development in the central and western states, the AGE has neglected the great and growing irrigation section in the lower Rio Grande valley. To correct this condition the well known author and writer, Dr. Brophy of Chicago, will write a series of articles to appear in future issues of the AGE Dr. Brophy may be depended upon to furnish matter that will inform readers of the wonderful resources of this section and will prove of interest to the eastern subscribers to this journal. An item of more than ordinary impor- T?iris1 T3'"-r>f tance has lately appeared in the country Rendered press concerning the old ruling of the De- Easier. partment of the Interior to the effect that every irrigable acre of desert entry must be watered before patent is issued. This ruling has been overthrown by a decision in the case of the United States vs. Alonzo B. Cole, arising in the Durango, Colorado, dis- trict. The decision is of unusual importance, because of its bearing upon lands throughout that section. Assistant Secretary Pierce holds that where the settler shows cultivation and irrigation of one-eighth of the land, ownership of water right and delivery of water in canals to the land, final proof will be accepted. The ruling is, in effect, that where final proof submitted upon a desert entry shows that the entryman has cultivated and irrigated at least one-eighth of the land, and has constructed ditches, owns a sufficient water right, has brought water to the land and is prepared to turn water upon the entire tract when it shall have been cleared and prepared for culti- vation, he would not then be required to show further that water has actually been distributed over all the irri- gable land under his entry. Heretofore it has been the practice of the department and all of the land offices in the various states to require entrymen, in offering final proof, to show that every irrigable acre within the tract has been watered. This decision of Assistant Secretary Pierce is in line with many other good moves inaugurated under the Bal- linger administration of the Interior Department, and the IRRIGATION AGE takes pleasure in calling the attention of its many readers to the fact that Mr. Ballinger is study- ing carefully to make the burden of the colonist as light as possible and yet keep within safe legal limits. 294 THE IRRIGATION AGE. The story of the New Santa Fe Trail Run R. H. Faxon, and the article in the April issue of this journal on Cimarron and the Santa Fe Trail were written by Mr. R. H. Faxon, Secretary of the Board of Control of the Eighteenth National Irrigation Con- gress. Mr. Faxon is also President of the New Santa Fe Trail Association, and was the active force in the organi- zation of the Arkansas Valley Commercial Association, which has recently been accomplished, and is becoming known as the live wire of the Arkansas Vallev. Word reaches the AGE from its Pueblo office Irrigation that splendid work is being performed at Congress. the headquarters in that city, in the way of exploiting the meeting to be held in Sep- tember. The local board of control has the details well in hand, and judging from present indications the Eigh- teenth Congress will be the best attended meeting in the history of the organization. The board of control is com- posed of men of high standing in the community, who fully comprehend the task before them and are capable, in their organization and as individuals, to perform it. Many of our readers will, no doubt, be Carey Act pleased at the opportunity offered in this Projects issue to see, in connection with Mr. Bohm's Listed. serial article on the "Carey Act," a list of all projects having lands open to entry or purchase at this date, or under which lands can now be filed upon under an escrow agreement. This is the first complete list of this kind ever published. Although the publication of the list this month is not in strict accord with the text of the work, the AGE, at Mr. Bohm's request, is anticipating its appearance by fully a month to give those who may contemplate filing, or who are desirous of making a personal inspection of the projects, reliable data at the time when it will be of most value to them. The greatest movement toward western lands in the states in which most of the projects are located, usually begins soon after June 1st, the date when the low trans- continental summer tourist rates go into effect on all western railroads, and when climatic conditions permit in- spection of lands to the best advantage. A copy of this list with the valuable information con- tained as to acreage, location and cost of water rights should be included with every tourist's "travel literature." Much valuable information can be secured by correspond- ence with the various state officials, and with the com- panies listed. After all of the fuss and trouble stirred up Ballinger by the former forester and his lieutenants. on Stand through serious charges against Secretary Refutes Ballinger, it was reasonable to expect that Charges. they would be able to submit proof to sub- stantiate at least some of their statements. It has been very gratifying to the friends of Secretary Ballinger to note that in no single instance have his accus- ers submitted conclusive evidence either of wrong-doing or improper motives in his official acts. While the deci- sion of the Committee appointed to investigate the charges has not been rendered, it is fair to presume from the evi- dence submitted that the finding will be in favor of the Secretary. Because of the campaign of abuse and villifica- tion directed against the secretary, this fact cannot be too strongly exploited by his friends. It is well known to those who have studied the situa- tion, and followed the movements of Pinchot' and his friends for the past eight or ten years, that he has used his position and contact with the daily press of the coun- try, to besmirch the reputation of those who were not in sympathy with his views. All of the time that money was being paid to the press bureaus for the exploitation of Pinchotism and the so-called Conservation movement he was continuously criticising individuals who opposed him, particularly the Secretary of the Interior. When the history of this case has been written in full, the public, generally, will then learn that jealousy on the part Ex-Secretary Garfield and Pinchot led them beyond the bounds of reason and fairness in an effort to defame a reputable cabinet officer. Handsomely bound, and containing infor- Record. of mation most comprehensive in scope, the Seventeenth report of the proceedings of the Seven- National teenth National Irrigation Congress, com- Congress. prising 545 pages, is now being distributed ' to delegates and officials of this gathering. The reproduction of papers upon numerous phases of irrigation, render it extremely valuable from a technical standpoint, and the verbatim reports of the business trans- acted at the general sessions and at the Committee meet- ings make it a valuable contribution to the history of Irrigation congresses. It contains a list of officers and committees of the Sev- enteenth and Eighteenth Congresses, a copy of the "Offi- cial Call" and a complete stenographic report of the pro ceedings at all sessions of the Congress, and is embellishe with numerous cuts. A valuable feature of the report is the "Appendix," containing an account of special meetings of Lumbermen and Forestry officials, including all papers read at these gatherings, President Tail's address upon "Conservation of National Resources," delivered at Spokane, Septem- ber 28, 1909, the report on Irrigation Demonstrations held at the Model Irrigation Exposition Farm a few miles fron Spokane, and a minutely classified index. Under Forester Graves, the U. S. Forestry More Bureau is being conducted along more con Conservative servative lines than ever before. He appears Lines. to crave no personal adulations either from co-laborers or from the public and it is evident he will not curry popular favor to the detriment of his work as the head of a federal bureau. Mr. Graves gives promise of capability as a public servant, and it may be predicted that he will not be influ- enced too greatly by the wishes and suggestions of his predecessor. Attention of our readers is directed to three Three New classified divisions of news features to be Features found in this issue. The publications of the for Age Department of Agriculture are many of Readers them classics in the literature of their va- rious fields of investigation and research, covering a variety of subjects in almost every phase of human endeavor. Their value is so generally recognized that in presenting excerpts, adapted to the wants of our readers, of the publications listed by the department, from THE IRRIGATION AGE. 295 month to month, with information as to the means of procuring them, we feel that we are publishing data of real value. The "United States Reclamation Service Record" will contain all items of interest relating to the United States Reclamation Service, appearing in the Official Monthly Record of that department. These items will appear un- der this classification from month to month, or as its interest to the public may require. Much of this infor- mation has heretofore been presented under the caption "Reclamation Notes," but hereafter the field will be more thoroughly covered and the interest of. a large part of the public more efficiently served if segregated in this manner. The "Decisions of the Public Land Office and the Department of the Interior," being issued at irregular in- tervals, their appearance in each succeeding issue cannot be guaranteed. No attempt will be made to reproduce all decisions; the publication will be confined to those of inter- est to the land-seeking public generally, and except in cases of more than usual interest, the syllabus only will be presented, together with date of the decision and title of the case upon which resting. Many of the decisions bear upon lands under government reclamation projects, and for that reason may be reproduced under the caption "U. S. Reclamation Service Record." In the present issue, we have carried our records in the three divisions back to the beginning of the present fiscal year, or to the date of publication of the last pre- vious volume dealing with the subjects. This presentation will prove, we trust, of especial value to Engineers, Attor- neys and Land Agencies. Farm Land The overture to a drama of national impor- tance was rendered at Chicago on April 18th, when the "Conference Committee" of the Farm Land Congress of last November —still fresh in the public mind— by unani- mous resolve decreed that the movement inaugurated at that time should become a dynamic factor in the un- folding of national activities, and created a permanent organization, to be known as the "National Farm Land Congress." By the reappointment of the officers whose energy and acumen were responsible for the phenomenal success of the last gathering, a glorious future for this movement is assured. Under their regime the varying and divergent forces evolved from the present movement toward the country's farm lands will be marshaled under one controlling and directing influence. For years the greatest obstacle in the path of the aspiring "homeseeker" — the man intelligent enough to "sense" the importance of impending events and forceful enough to desire to grasp the opportunities afforded — has been the lack of an agency for concentering information bearing upon the country's varied agricultural resources — their disadvantages as well as their merits — whether in- trinsic or relative. That this statement is founded upon truth will be conceded by all who are familiar with pres- ent-day conditions, and this utterance will pass muster without, in any sense, reflecting upon any of the forms of government, state and railroad activities which must in the future remain as a mainspring in knowledge of this character. Under the ultimate plan of the Conference Committee it is proposed to make all the data, heretofore supplied piecemeal, available as a whole, to institute a "clearing house" of authentic information, to act when called upon as a "consulting bureau," where all who desire to find the conditions best suited to their peculiar bias or individual circumstances may gain the service and counsel of ex- perts. The keynote of the movement and its "declaration of independence" of selfish influences is contained in the resolution unanimously adopted by the committee, assert- ing, in effect, that "no congress" managed by private in- terests, as a money-making enterprise, and to advance per- sonal or business ends, can be of permanent usefulness in the great work of inculcating the "back to the land" spirit, or accelerating the movement, and that, in fact, it is absolutely dangerous in that the interests of honest home- seekers cannot be guarded under such management from the gross misrepresentations of interested persons and unreliable land men." The support of the Exposition, as advocated by the Farm Land Congress, is practically assured from the out- set, by the support of the newly organized "Exposition Association of Seventeen Irrigated States," which was represented at the conference meeting by Mr. C. J. Sinsel, the president of the organization. A complete report of this gathering appears in an- other column and the announcement of the personnel of the Executive Committee will be made by President Farnsworth. Western States Form Upon the stage of western development "One event doth tread upon another's heels . . so fast they follow," and historians of the xposi ion future may marvei at tne process whereby a land of infinitely varying natural condi- tions, approximating in area the whole of civilized Europe, was, in the span of an average lifetime, redeemed from savagery to the highest type of civilization. A bit of moralizing may be pardoned in one who has observed, for a quarter of a century, the changes wrought west of the 97th meridian, and who can say, like the historian of old, "All of this I saw and much of it I was." The stu- dent of economy and sociology, familiar with the climatic conditions of the west, must see in the evidences of super- abundant energy a striking parallel to the creative energy displayed by the peoples of the pre-Christian era, inhabit- ing the arid regions of Eastern Asia and Northern Africa. The interesting feature of this modern world-move- ment is to be found in the evidences of access of vitality and energy, which even a few years of residence in the rarefied atmosphere of the western plateau region, with its accompaniment of life-awakening sunshine, will impart with the certainty of fate to the most debilitated off- spring of the humid east. Physiologically these changes are well understood and easily explained, but this is not a medical brochure. These reflections are forced upon one in reminiscent mood as the result of the announcement of the latest step taken by the people of the arid west to attract to their bountifully dowered land the one element lacking to round out the scheme of things into a perfect whole — the virile manhood whose presence in greater numbers is essential to the moral and physical well being of many a sparsely settled community. The lusty infant of the west has never been chary of advertising its resources; indi- viduals, communities, even states have spent of their ac- cumulated hoard toward this end, but heretofore almost entirely in an effort to bring the dissatisfied easterner to the west, to see the evidences where they grow, and in this endeavor they have been assisted by the railroads in a manner most laudable. This process, for varying rea 296 THE IRRIGATION AGE. sons — principally the apathy of the older districts — did not always bring the desired results, and many of the sections interested sought to "carry the war into Africa" by plac- ing exhibits at various expositions held in the east. Difficulties of management and the injustice of con- tributing to the profits of privately managed exhibitions caused much dissatisfaction here also, and gave rise to organized protest on one occasion. The movement which had its origin at Chicago last December crystallized into definite proportions at Salt Lake City on April 4th, and a permanent organization was effected whose object is to carry on the propaganda in the east vigorously, and free form entangling alliances with private interests, and to this end has wisely declared its intention of co-operating in the matter of education and exhibition with the "National Farm Land Congress." Delegates to the Exposition Association, as well as Messrs. Farnsworth and Walsh, of the Farm Land Con- gress, are to be congratulated upon this happy union of effort. The AGE has consistently advocated this course and has reason to feel well pleased with the issue. EIGHTEENTH IRRIGATION CONGRESS. PENROSE, COLORADO. (Correspondence.) A year ago the writer came to Penrose, Colo., which was mostly mesa then. A leading irrigationist had called attention to the fact that the Beaver Land and Irrigation Company's project located around Penrose was con- structed on ideal lines for the conservation of water. That project is now about completed and the town of Penrose is growing literally by leaps and bounds. Three brick business blocks are now completed, large general store, two lumber yards, and every line of business that goes to make a good live town is now represented. This community is located thirteen miles from Canon City, the great fruit district of the Arkansas Valley. Fruit lands that are worth $1,000 an acre can still be bought at Penrose at $125 to $200 an acre. The most distinctive feature of the Beaver Land and Irrigation Company's property is the fact that all the waters are conserved. From the immense dam and reser- voir nine miles away, draining 130 square miles of area on the southwest slope of Pike's Peak, the water is con- ducted, not through open ditches, but through concrete pipes to every ten-acre tract. There is, therefore, no loss by seepage or evaporation. This will be one of the novel and unusual sights that will be seen by the visitors to the Irrigation Congress in Pueblo, Sept. 26-30. Pueblo is located twenty miles east. Fruit trees are now about two years old at Penrose. Cherry trees will bear this year. The Santa Fe Trail runners made a special stop on their Kansas-Colorado run, April 21, to hj»8k at one of the newest of the bright, promising irrigation towns of the Valley of Content. FOUNTAIN COLORADO PROJECT. Word has reached us that the work of enlarging the Fountain canal, which supplies a large area of land in the Fountain Valley, Colorado, has been completed and all land owners will secure sufficient water this season. New laterals have been constructed and water is now being delivered to tracts where trees are being planted. The superintendent of the IRRIGATION AGE ranch informs us that he has prepared the ground and planted 500 cherry, 30 apple, 10 peach and 10 plum trees. He is preparing to set out 1,000 dewberry plants. Mr. W. C. Johnston, president of the Fountain Land Irrigation Company, who visited Chicago recently, stated that the reservoirs are all full and that much work has been done in the way of improving the entire project. By R. H. Faxon, Director of Publicity. It is a peculiarly appropriate and equally significant fact that the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, Pueblo, September 26-30, 1910, will be held in the city named for the tribe of Indians that first practiced the ancient art of irrigation in this country — the Pueblo tribe. These Indians inhabited portions of what are now the territories of New Mexico and Arizona, as well as South- ern Colorado. Their descendants were still cultivating the land and practicing irrigation when the Spanish came to these parts centuries ago, with the sword in the one hand and the cross in the other. Traces of the work of this tribe are still to be found in the great southwest, and the marvel of modern engineering is the precision with which they constructed their ditches and their works. The Mormons, in Utah, were the first English-speak- ing people to entertain the practice of irrigation in any- thing like a systematic manner in the West, and their successes are a matter of history. Southern California was the next English-speaking section of the West to put water on the land, and it partly grew from the labors of the placer miners, who utilized the water with which they washed their ore to grow crops upon the lands. Colorado, in its northern section, was one of the first portions of the west to lend its attention to this ancient art, and its success has been marked. Every problem in irrigation — and there are many — has been solved in the Fort Morgan, Fort Collins, Boulder and Greeley districts and on the North Platte and Cache la Poudre. It has been estimated that there are 40,000,000 acres in the west susceptible of irrigation, of which the twenty- five government projects now complete or in process oi construction will comprise more than 3,000,000 acres. Private projects have already taken care of more than 10,000,000 acres, and other private projects, now in con templation or under way, will have an additional acreage of 5,000,000. Added to this must be enumerated pro- posed government projects, thirteen in all, ready for funds to construct them, having an acreage of 3,250,000, There are many private projects in the country of enormous proportions, but the largest actually under way is the DeWeese project at Pueblo, which will take care of 300,000 acres, and on which work is now begin- ning. There is a chain of related projects on the Snake River in Idaho of larger acreage, but not a single project like the DeWeese at Pueblo; and another of large acre- age, the Horseheaven in Washington, which is now being organized, will plan to put 600,000 acres under water. Projects promoted by private capital and having 100,000 acres are by no means unusual, and two of these are in the Pueblo country. One of the most gratifying things of the year, and a result that may be directly traced to the influence of the National Irrigation Congress, is the act of Congress ap- proved February 25, 1910, amending the census act in several particulars, but more especially providing for a complete census of private irrigation projects. This con- templates the acreage, the crops, the capital invested, and will furnish accurate 'and official figures for the benefit of not only irrigationists and agriculturists, but engineers, capitalists and publicity experts. This inquiry will be made a portion of the regular census taken, to begin April 15. The unusual effort put forth by the friends of the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress and its offi- cials is directly responsible for this marked progress and result. An irrigation publicist has recently figured, in a care- ful and conservative way, that a census today would show fully 250,000 farms in the United States under ditches, watering more than 15.000,000 acres of lands. The state of Colorado, within which the Eighteenth Congress will be held September 26-30 next, leads all other states, hav- ing 3,500,000 acres under water and 20,000 miles of canals and laterals. California has the largest number of irri- gators, while the state of Washington has the greatest percentage in the number of irrigators. * Send $2.50 for the Irrigation Age 1 year, and .;. cloth bound copy of the Primer of Irrigation A. THE IRRIGATION AG 297 IRRIGATION AGE Official Publication of Board of Control Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress A perusal of the following letter will explain how and why this journal has been made the Official Organ. 'SAVE THE FORESTS. STORE THE FLOODS. RECLAIM THE DESERTS. MAKE HOMES ON THE LAND" B. A. FOWLER. PRESIDENT PHOENIX. ARIZONA ARTHUR HOOKER. SECRETARY DR E. McQU EEN^GRAY. FORE.GN SECRETARY R. INSINGER, CKfmi^BoAM, OF GOVERNORS VICE-PRESIDENTS F|RST' SECOND. THIRD. FOURTH FIFTH r.sE ™"TCHELL R. W. YOUNG L.NEWMAN F. W. FLEMING E.J.WATSON -AS. N.I SALT LAKE CITY. UTAH HAVRE, MONT. KANSAS CITY. Mo. COLUMBIA. S. C. BOARD OF GOVERNORS R. INSINGER, CHAIRMAN ARTHUR HOOKER SECRETARY B. A. FOWLER P. J DUGAN OR. W J McGEE R. W. YOUNG BOARD OF CONTROL P. J. DUGAN CHAIRMAN A. G. WATSON VICE-CHAIRMAN R. H. FAXON SECRETARY H.S CUNNIGHAM ALVA ADAMS TREASURER EIGHTEENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS SEPTEMBER 26 TO 3O, 191O PUEBLO. COLORADO March 31st, 1910. My Dear Mr. Anders on: - The Board of Control of the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, Pueblo, Colorado, September 26th-30th, 1910, realizes the fact that IRRIGATION AGE is the foremost publication in irrigation and development work in the country, and one of the leading journals in the West in every particular. The Board of Control appreciates the work of IRRIGATTON AGE in the past twenty-five years, and the great service it lias rendered in the cause of irrigation. The publication itself, and you as an in- di^idual, who helped organize the National Irrigation Congress, and served it so ably as secretary, certainly have a fixed status with re- spect, to the Congress, which has now entered such a large 'and important field in this country. The Board of Control realizes that in years past a great attention has been attracted to the congress for that year by means of unusual efforts made by your publication, and particularly by some special editions of IRRIGATION AGE. These have forced attention upon the Congress, its purpose and what it expected to do by reason of the high character of these editions, and the splendid enthusiasm with which- you entered into the work. It is, therefore, with pleasure, that the Board of Control recog- nizes IRRIGATION AGE as the official publication, and expresses the hope that it will see fit this year, as in former years, to put out one or more special editions, inviting attention to the work of the National Irrigation Congress, and to the Eighteenth sessions to be held in the city of Pueblo, September 26-30, 1910. Very respectfully yours, (SIGNED) P. J. DUGAN, CHAIRMAN. Mr. D. H. Anderson, (SIGNED) R. Ti. FAXON, SECRETARY. Publisher, IRRIGATION AGE, BOARD OF CONTROL Chicago, Illinois. EIGHTEENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS 898 THE IRRIGATION AGE. SANTA FE OFFICIALS BECOMING REAL FARMERS. A number of officers, heads of -departments and sub- ordinate employes of the Santa Fe Railway, during the past year, have acquired a tract of land in the foothill district of Fresno County, California, all to be planted to oranges. The location is ideal, with the Sierra Nevada range as a background, facing a beautiful valley covered with vineyards and orchards. About three thousand trees were set out last spring, and the coming season from seven to eight thousand more will be planted. Orange trees come into bearing in four and five years, and with reasonable care are prolific bear- ers and yield big returns. The foothill districts of Tulare and Fresno counties are becoming famous for their choice oranges, due to favorable soil and climatic conditions. The fruit comes to the market very early and commands good prices. Fair average returns are more than $300 per acre. In many in- GEO. T. NICHOLSON, Vice-President the Santa Fe Railway. stances profits are greater. In the immediate vicinity of the Santa Fe colony returns the past season have been as much as $560 per acre net, and $2,000 per acre refused for the fee simple title to groves seven and eight years old. The purpose of the colony is not speculative, but to establish homes. In a few years each place will be far enough advanced to yield a good income and prove very desirable insurance. The colony consists of 530 acres, divided into twenty-acre tracts; the owners installing their own pumping plant, using electric power, and have put in eight miles of concrete pipe to distribute the water for irrigation. Electric power is very cheap and will be avail- able for other purposes. Among the members of the colony are Mr. George T. Nicholson, Vice-President; Mr. C. L. Seagraves, General Colonization Agent; Mr. George T. Gunnip, General Agent — all of the Santa Fe, Chicago, and a number of their friends. The plan was conceived and worked out by Mr. Seagraves, and the successful launching of this colon}' will induce others who are occupying salaried positions to do likewise. The slogan of "back to the soil" is attracting people in all walks of life, and when far-sighted, hustling western railroad officials see the wisdom of making land invest- ments, it is a good lead to follow. For men officially con- nected with large transportation lines probably see farther into the future than the average layman. They are in close touch with development all over the west, study the economic situation and investigate the supply and demand, and through such analysis determine the exact situation. There is a very manifest interest among salaried men in the higher occupations to acquire small holdings in sections which have natural advantages of climate, the variety of crops which may be grown, social, religious and educational advantages, and what competence may be reasonably expected, and whether it will provide enough to maintain the same standard of living they have been accustomed to. After a few years a better standard may be maintained and in more delightful surroundings. The attendant advantages of these movements mean the extension of trolley and steam lines, with all the com- forts and conveniences of urban life. The average twenty- acre man, with only half of his land in oranges, enjoy more comforts and advantages than the average salaried man of four thousand dollars or more. The mountains with their thousands of acres of beau- tiful timber, lakes, streams and rugged scenery, make ar ideal country for a summer outing, while they who prefer the seashore may reach it conveniently in five or six hours. UNIQUE IRRIGATION EXPERIMENT. George P. Brill, who has a ranch near Deer Park. Wash., is experimenting with a new system of irrigation. His plan is to run lines of porous tiling between the rows of trees in his orchard, and thus to irrigate from beneath the surface. The idea of the new system came to him some years ago when in the east he had occasion to drain oft a swamp. He put in tiling to make it more effective. Mr. Brill is endeavoring to reverse this plan in his system here, his object being to lead the water into the land. The trees in his orchard are 28 feet apart, so that two lines of tiling are necessary between the rows. This system, if successful, will facilitate the cultivation of the soil and will do away with a great deal of labor and waste of water. The tiling is being manufactured on the ground by a C. L. SEAGRAVES, General Colonization Agent the Santa Fe Railway. special process. It is figured that it will cost between $100 and $150 per acre to install the system. The plant furnishing the water is being constructed with double 6-inch walls filled with sawdust, covered on the out- side with siding and painted, sealed on the inside with ship- lap, making it frostprsof. The building rests on a concrete foundation. Below is the gasoline engine which pumps the water into the two galvanized tanks. The plant when com- plete will cost between $1,100 and $1,500. If the plan is successful the owner will construct a con- crete tank of sufficient capacity to irrigate the entire ranch of 160 acres. There is a deposit of fine gravel on the place suited to the purpose of making the porous tiling used in the underground system of irrigation. —FOR SALE- WYOMING RANCH. 327 acres in Albany County, 16 miles from Laramie, in the beautiful Laramie Valley; 2% miles from railroad station. Every acre of land irrigable by gravity. Never-failing spring for domestic and stock water on the premises. House and barn now erected. A-l potato land. Will sell as a whole or in two parcels. Reason for selling, poor health of owner. For prices and terms address "O LANDER," Care IRRIGATION AGE, CHICAGO, ILL. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 299 TO PERPETUATE FARM LAND CONGRESS Conference Committee Holds Enthusiastic Meeting — Permanent Organization Effected— Exposition Planned. April ISth preliminary steps were taken at a largely attended meeting of the Conference Committee, of the National Farm Land Congress at the Hotel La Salle for the second annual meeting of the congress. The Conference Committee was provided for before the adjournment of the first annual meeting last Novem- ber, and it was composed of the representatives of the governors of many states, the heads of transportation companies, various newspapers, the advisory committees and others. For the purpose of carrying out its objects, the Con- ference Committee provided for an executive committee of thirty-five members, to be appointed by the president, Mr. Farnsworth, and to be put back of the movement, to-wit: Representative state officials, publishers of im- portant newspapers, managers of news associations, heads of important railroad companies and others. This execu- tive committee is given entire charge of the business of the congress and will arrange all things relating to its scope and the plans for carrying out the same. The authority for all action taken was given by a resolution adopted at the first annual National Farm Land Congress, wherein the chairman was instructed to appoint a conference committee to meet in Chicago upon call of the chairman to consult together and to formulate plans to continue the work. The conference committee of seventy-five members to be composed of the old advisory committee, and of the Commissioner of Public Lands of the United States, the governor of each state or his per- sonal representative, the commissioner of lands of each state or other state officer concerned with the lands, im- migration or agriculture of the state, the presidents of the important railroad companies, the presidents of the national farmers' organizations, the presidents of all news associations in the United States, the officials of the Chi- cago Association of Commerce and such others as the chairman of the advisory committee might deem it ad- visable to appoint. The general objects of the congress being, by the widest possible publicity, through the press, to promote American farm home building, to bring into permanent productive use all lands available for profitable farming purposes, and to increase, among the people, the spirit tending to remove the crowded populations from the cities to settlement upon the land, two plans were suggested to the executive committee which will take charge of the second congress: First: An educational congress, without exposition features, to be participated in by delegates appointed by the states and territories, business men's organizations and other organizations- not financially interested in the sale of lands; the only expense of the congress to be that of providing the necessary hall for its assembly, entertain- ment features and the incidental expense of an organi- zation, and publicity office to be open throughout the year. Second: The same as the first, and added, a special exposition feature, composed wholly of small, compact, illustrative exhibits, put in by states, territories or counties alone; the exhibits to be of products of the lands of the respective states, and of soil and other maps showing in detail, by localities, the lands of the state, prices of same, cost of production, average net profits to the farmer and anything which would enlighten the homeseeker as to his profits and environment. Each state to be limited to the same maximum amount of space for its display. The "speaking congress" might be limited to a week, or such time as deemed advisable, while the exposition might con- sume three or four weeks, or as long as might be useful, each state maintaining its own lecturer at its own exhibit at all times. The central idea being to encourage the homeseeker ; every article in a state's exhibit to be accom- panied by placards and maps which definitely and specifi- cally answer all the queries naturally in the homeseeker's mind as to cpst of land, production cost, profits, how to acquire the lands, etc. Rules — A committee should formulate for the congress a set of rules to be followed; and if the exposition feature is adopted, rules should be devised for both congress and exposition governing all participants and preventing, so far as may be possible, the perversion of the congress and exposition from its fundamental purpose and insuring the presentation of reliable data to homeseekers. Press Committee — The presidents of all the news asso- ciations and press bureaus or their representatives should constitute a press committee to serve from year to year, to secure the utmost publicity, both during the sessions of the congress and throughout the year, all those things tending to promote farm home building. Finance Committee — A finance committee should be appointed to arrange for all moneys necessary for the use of the congress and its permanent office. The Conference Committee unanimously adopted the report of the subcommittee on officers and organization, as follows: Your Committee on Officers and Organization reports the following to this Conference Committee for adoption, to-wit : 1. We recommend the adoption of the name "The National Farm Land Congress" as the permanent name of this body. 2. We recommend the election of the following offi- cers, to hold office until their successors are elected: Don Farnsworth, President; Governor R. S. Vessey of South Dakota, Vice-President; C. A. Walsh, Secretary; George E. 'Roberts, President of the Bank of Commerce, Treas- urer. 3. We recommend that the general business of the congress, when not in session, shall be in the hands of an executive committee, composed of thirty-five members, ten of whom shall constitute a quorum, this committee to be appointed by President Farnsworth at as. early a date as possible, and the officers of the congress shall be ex-officio members of the committee. At least ten mem- bers of the committee shall be selected from as many dif- ferent states with due reference to their geographical posi- tion. Any member of the Executive Committee who shall be unable to attend any meeting of the committe shall have power to appoint a substitute to act for him at such meeting. (Signed) SAMUEL DUNLAP, Chairman. Attest: C. A. WALSH, Secretary. There was much discussion by the members of the Conference Committee during both forenoon and after- noon meetings, Governing not only the matter of organi- zation immediately in hand, but a wide range of subjects which it is important for the newly selected officers and Executive Committee to consider. The general senti- ment seemed to be that no congress managed by private interests as a money-making enterprise and to advance personal or business ends can be of permanent usefulness in the great work of inculcating the "back to the land" spirit of accelerating the movement; and, further, that it in fact is absolutely dangerous in that the interests of honest homeseekers cannot be absolutely guarded under such management from the gross mispresentations of pri- vate and interested persons and unreliable land men. In this connection, C. J. Sinsel of Boise, Idaho, who is president of the United Exposition Association of Irri- gated States representing seventeen irrigated states, read the resolutions adopted at Chicago last fall, and reaffirmed at a late meeting of the association at Salt Lake City, ex- pressing the intent of the association to make no further exhibits or participate in any privately managed exposi- tion, which, they were convinced, could in no way give 300 THE IRRIGATION AGE. general publicity to home building opportunities nor com- mand the support of all the newspapers — at least of the city where the exposition was held. Besides the members of the Advisory Committee (a complete roster of which was published in the AGE of December, 1909), there were present at the meeting the following: Edward F. Bohm, irrigation expert and personal rep- resentative of Governor Judspn A. Harmon of Ohio. Judge A. E. Chamberlain, Superintendent of South Dakota Farmers' Institute and personally representing Governor Vessey of that state. State Engineer Samuel H. Lea of South Dakota. Samuel C. Dunlap, Chairman of the Georgia Board of Immigration and personal proxy of Governor Brown of that state. Hugh B. Farrell of Tennessee, holding proxy of Com- missioner of Africulture Thompson of that state. Ex-Governor W. S. Jennings of Florida, proxy for Governor Gilchrist. R. P. Teele, Special Agent of the United States Gov- ernment. Captain John F. Merry, General Immigration Agent Illinois Central Railway. C. M. Fleischer, United States Industrial ajid Agricul- tural Exposition Company. L. J. Brinker, General Immigration Agent of the Northern Pacific Railroad. L. L. Lawrence, General Immigration Agent New Orleans, Mobile & Chicago Railroad. Nat Martin of Arkansas, representing State Land Com- missioner Coffman. R. E. Grace of Kentucky, representing Governor Willson. G. T. Werdine of Nadeau, Mich. James M. Hurst, cashier of the National Bank of the Republic of Chicago. D. H. Anderson, Editor, IRRIGATION AGE. Huntley Russell, State Land Commissioner of Michi- gan and representing Governor Warner. A. D. Campbell, State Commissioner of Immigration of Wisconsin. C. J. Sinsel, President of the United Exposition Asso- ciation of Irrigated States, representing seventeen recla- mation states. Hon. Cyrus Bradley, representing the Commercial Club of Spokane, Wash. Walter D. Moody, General Manager of the Chicago Association of Commerce. Mr. Abbott, representing the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway. Senator R. E. Dowdell of South Dakota. G. B. Chapman of Chicago. H. W. Moury of Rhode Island. A. M. Axelson, of Colorado. Van B. Burton, of Indiana. G. S. Brainard, of Minnesota. Mrs. Janet M. Cole, of South Dakota. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 301 ARID AGRICULTURE BY B. C. BUFFUM, M. S. Manager of the Wyoming Plant and Seed Breeding Company, Wor- land. Former Professor of Agriculture in the University of Wyoming and the Colorado Agricultural College, and Director of the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. PLOWING. The plow has eyoluted from a crude war-club, which was put to use for tilling the soil and afterward became the first letter of the alphabet. "Stirring and mixing the soil is the fundamental labor of agriculture." (Roberts.) Plowing is the foundation upon which the structure of farming is built. It is the matter of first concern to the farmer. Plowing seems to be a simple and easy process, but both the science of the why and the art of the how, are deep subjects. The character of his plowing displays the knowledge of the dry farmer and underlies his success. With hardly an exception the recommendation to the dry farmer is to plow deep. Ordinarily this means to plow as deep as possible which will generally be from seven to ten inches. This first commandment for dry farming is prob- ably the one most often broken. It is not always possible to plow deep. The soil may be hard. The farmer more often does not have sufficient power to pull his plow. A common condition on western farms is small horses, few of them — and lack of that care which gets the most out of a horse. Sometimes the right kind of plows are not at hand or are not kept in best condition. The first reason we plow deep is to make a large enough reservoir to absorb and hold the moisture. Our soils have been pounded down for centuries by the patter of rains and the feet of animals. They are too compact and have perhaps never been wet to a depth of more than a few inches. When in tilth some of these soils will absorb over 40 per cent of their weight of water. If they contain from 8 per cent to 20 per cent of moisture they are in condition to support grow- ing crops. A crop of oats at Laramie did not wilt for some days when the soil contained as little as 3 per cent of moisture. How the storage capacity of a soil may be increased by deep plowing may be illustrated by a few figures. A soil weighing one ton per cubic yard, weighs approximately 1,613 tons per acre taken one foot deep. If such a soil will absorb and hold 20 per cent moisture and is plowed six inches deep, it will take up 161.3 tons of moisture per acre. A rainfall of 1.4 inches will supply this amount of moisture and fill up our six-inch reservoir. If the ground is plowed only three inches deep, and the sub-soil is hard, it would not be able to store a rainfall of more than seven-tenths of an inch and should more water fall at one time it will be lost and may wash the soil away with it. If plowed nine inches deep and put in good condition, such a soil reservoir would absorb and hold over two inches- of rainfall at one time. A soil already containing a considerable water would be filled up with less rain, and deep plowing would be still more important. Deep plowing is usually good plowing in that it grinds up and pulverizes the soil. Soils that are plowed deep come more rapidly into good tilth. Fining the soil particles re- leases and makes available plant food. It lets in warmth and air and gives better chance for the activity of chemical agents and bacteria. The larger part of soluble plant food becomes available in the surface soil. Plant roots pass through it easily and here they send out their feeders to make use of the foods ready for them. If four- inches of trie surface soil is kept stirred for mulch the difference between plowing seven inches deep and eight inches deep equals twenty-five per cent in the area of the surface soil upon which the roots feed. Where the soils are light and winds drift them, shallow plowing may result in all the top soil, down to the sole of the furrow being blown away. Deep plowing, on the con- trary, throws up heavier and rougher furrows, and tends to anchor the soil in place. Plowing deep, therefore, both pre- vents washing and drifting. Where soils are heavy, it often happens that only an inch or two of the surface is in condition for the growth of plants. Turning this surface soil under and covering it deeply with cold, untamed and unproductive clay, may prevent raising a good crop for longer time than it is desirable to wait. This seldom occurs in dry farming, for the summer fallow will tend to put the soil into tilth before the first crop is planted. Some soils may be so shallow that it is not well to plow them deep. Where irrigation is practiced in some of our drier regions where the soil is very poor in vegetable matter, merely discing two or three inches of the surface often gives a better first crop of grain than plowing. Such soils must be irrigated often and carefully because the soil may wash and the area for storage of moisture is so small that it dries out quickly. Generally a soil that is suitable for dry farming •is one which may be plowed deeply. Subsoiling is done by using a 3igger which follows the plow and tears up a few inches of the furrow sole or by means of a mole plow which is run underneath the furrow and lifts and breaks up the subsoil to the depth of fifteen inches or eighteen inches. It is expensive to prepare ground by subsoiling and is not recommended for general practice. Our rainfall is so small that so large a reservoir is not needed for storage of moisture and where irrigation is practiced there seems no advantage from filling so much loose soil with water at one time. There are places where subsoiling is ad- visable, and it often proves profitable for root crops or prep- aration of land for tree planting. The second time the soil is turned, plow about two inches shallower than the first plowing. This is to avoid turning up the undecomposed sod. In our dry climate it ordinarily takes more than one year to incorporate any vegetable mat- ter plowed under, with the soil. Crops plowed under when green, or well rotted manure, will become humus much more rapidly than will dried-out materials. Sometimes it is best to back-set the land by turning the furrows the same direc- tion as the first plowing. If the land is in good condition, cross-plowing will do more to pulverize and make a good seed bed. It is economy to make the lands as long as possi- ble to avoid much turning at the corners _and tramping. If a soil is plowed year after year at the same depth the sole of the furrow becomes packed and hardened by the smooth- ing action of the plow bottom, and by the tramping of the horses. This may bring good results sometimes when irriga4- tion is practiced, but in dry farming, doing alternate plow- ings at dofferent depths, tends to break up the furrow sole and allow movement of moisture to and from the subsoil. Good plowing is the kind that gives the best results in the crop. What good plowing is, depends on conditions, but the work should be well done. Poor work always leaves its mark and the mark is always a minus sign when its result reaches the pocketbook. Good plowing may be defined as the smooth, even furrow so turned that the soil moved, sets more or less on edge with few and small air spaces under- neath, and with the furrow slice crushed and pulverized as much as possible. There should be no skips and the cut and cover method is absent. To do good plowing the furrow should be cut no wider than the plow-share, and to be on the safe side good farmers cut an inch or two narrower than the lays properly shaped. A factor in good plowing is to do the work when the soil is in the right condition. This will differ on every farm. Heavy clay soils must not be plowed too wet. There is little danger of working our more sandy soils when wet. Western soils may be plowed when quite dry and left in condition to absorb the first rains or melt- ing snow. The lime in them insures flocculation and there is little danger of dry puddling. Late fall or early spring plowing is practiced to absorb moisture. In some parts of the West, where the rainfall comes mainly in the winter season, the soils may get so hard and dry that until the rains come it is not possible to plow them in the fall. Where the rainfall comes in the spring and summer the soils are usually in such condition that they may be plowed in the fall, though they are sometimes very dry. _ A comparatively new practice is to disc the sod or stubble im- mediately after a crop is harvested to save the moisture and keep the soils in condition to be fall plowed. The spring season is usually the most busy one and especially is this so at high altitudes where the spring work must be done in a very short time. Having the plowing out of the way by doing it in the fall, enables the farmer to get his crop in (Continued on page 333.) 302 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Irrigation of Alfalfa By SAMUEL FORTIER, Chief of Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment btations. U. S. Department of Agriculture. THE FURROW METHOD. Alfalfa, native meadows, and grain are most com- monly irrigated by one of the methods previously described T Fig. 14. Plat Showing laterals and headgates. rather than by the furrow method, which is the usual method of irrigating orchards, gardens, root crops and vegetables. The irrigating of alfalfa from furrows is at present confined to the Yakima Valley, Washington, to portions of the Snake River Valley in Southern Idaho, and to comparatively small areas in other states. In the localities named the soil is .a fine clay loam which runs together, puddles when wet, and bakes and cracks when dry. Flooding the surfaces by any of the customary methods tends to puddle the top layer of soil, which be- comes quite hard when the moisture is evaporated. The puddling and baking processes injure alfalfa, and it was with the object of keeping as much as pos- sible of the surface dry that furrows were introduced. When a small stream is permitted to run in the bottom of a furrow for several hours the soil beneath and for some distance on each side in one of the orange orchards of Southern California. The alfalfa grown in the Yakima Valley in Washing- ton is practically all irrigated by means of furrows. The grading is usually done by buck scrapers, while a long, rectangular drag similar to the one shown in a previous issue removes most of the surface inequalities that remain after the surface has been leveled roughly by the scraper. The float is made of two 2 by 6-inch timbers about 20 feet long, held in position by crosspieces of the same size, 6 feet long. The common practice is to run the furrows across the entire width or length of a field, and in consequence their length varies from 20 rods or less in small fields to 80 rods in large fields. As a rule, the furrows are too long. Farmers object to cutting up a field by head ditches, but in a climate like that of the Yakima Valley in midsummer, by far the most essential element in plant production is water, and all other considerations should give place to it. It has been shown* that water is rarely distributed evenly in furrow irrigation and that much is lost by deep percolation. To increase the length of a furrow beyond 660 feet, or one-eighth mile, not only increases the loss, but renders a uni- form distribution more difficult to secure. Except in rare cases, this dis- tance should be regarded as to the limit for the length of furrows. In light, sandy soils, having a porous gravel stratum beneath, the length may well be reduced to 250 feet. Figure 17 shows the manner of divid- ing an alfalfa field for furrow irrigation at Kennewick, Wash. Lumber head flumes, either 8 by 8 inches or 6 by 6 inches, are placed along the upper boundary of each strip and the direction of the flow in both flumes and furrows is indicated by arrows. Auger holes are bored through one side of the flume flush with Fig. 15. — Outlines of percolation from furrow 5 inches deep, in seven hours. becomes wet. while the surface may remain nearly dry. This is shown in Fig. 15, which gives the area wetted from a furrow 5 inches deep in seven hours as determined Fig. 16. — Buck scraper. the bottom at points where water is to be delivered to the heads of furrows. A short piece of lath revolving on a nail controls the flow from each opening. On steep grades a cleat on the bottom of the inside of the flume nailed on crosswise just below each opening will dam back the water and increase the discharge. When flumes are considered too costly the water is distributed among the furrows through wooden spouts set in the bank of an ordinary earthen dtich (Fig. 18). These head ditches when in operation are divided into a series of level spaces by means of drop boxes which hold the surface of the water at the desired elevation. The spac- ing of these drop boxes depends on the grade of the head ditch and their cost averages about $2.50 each. Spouts are made usually by nailing together four lath. There is a special lath on the market somewhat heavier than the ordinary one used for plastering buildings, being 0.5 inch thick, 2 inches wide, and 3 feet long. Four of these when nailed together cost about 3.5 cents and each spout in place costs about 6.5 cents. Assuming that they are spaced 4 feet apart, the spouts for a square tract of 10 acres would cost $10.73, or slightly more than $1 per acre. *U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 203. THE IKEIGAT10N AGE. 303 The cost of an ordinary head ditch, with four drops or check boxes, would be about $15 for the same tract, or $2.50 per acre for both, exclusive of grading, smoothing and leveling. Tin tubes, 0.5 inch in diameter, one to each furrow, have sometimes been used instead of the wooden tubes. When set 0.5 inch below the water surface each tube dis- charges about 0.1 miner's inch which is about right for a slope of 3 per cent. The length of the tin tubes is governed by the size of the ditch bank. The tubes are set while the water is in the ditch and are kept at the same level between check boxes. The cost of tin tubes 2 feet long is about $3 per hun- dred. In manv places neither flumes nor tubes are used. Water is taken through cuts in the ditch bank and di- vided among the furrows as evenly as possible by directing it with the shovel. This practice reduces the cost of pre- paring the land for irrigation, but it increases the cost of applying water, and does not secure an even distribu- tion among the furrows. Furrows in alfalfa fields are most commonly made by the use of a marker, or furrowing sled. Sleds with more than two runners are sometimes used, too A Wier Box 'xIZ' Flume B"x O" Flume 350' N LEGEND F/ume Slope of Land Direction of Flow in Flume B"x 6" Flume 330' Fig. 18. — Manner of placing tubes in ditch bank for furrow irrigation. reducing the time required for furrowing, but not pro- ducing quite so satisfactory furrows, since an obstruc- tion under one of the outside runners will lift all but the other outside runner out of the ground and leave obstruc- tions in the furrows, which, if not removed, will cause the flooding of the surface. Sometimes a marker is put on the sled to indicate the place for the next furrow. Fig. 17. — Showing tract prepared for furrow irrigation. inserted in the ditch at the end of each fall of 12 inches. Thus, if the ditch has a fall of 4 inches to 100 feet the checks are placed 300 feet apart. Each check box is provided with a removable flash- board, which, when in place, backs the water to the next check above and at the same time permits the surplus water to flow over its top to supply the checks below (Fig. 20). Lath tubes 16 to 24 inches long are inserted in the lower ditch bank about 3 inches below the water level formed by the flash- boards when in place. These tubes are put in while the check is full of water in order that all of each set may be on the same level and that water may be had for puddling. The flow from each tube may be divided among several furrows. Ordinarily a 40-acre farm will require about 30 check boxes and 1,800 tubes. Nearly one-half the tubes ought to be 24 inches long to insert near the check boxes where the bank is heaviest, while the remainder may be 16 inches long. The check box shown in the sketch (Fig. 20) calls for 17 b. m. feet Fig. 19. — Furrower used on experiment farm, Riverton, Wyo. For the irrigation of most of the crops grown in the vicinity of Twin Falls, Idaho, the feed ditches are laid out across the field as nearly parallel as possible on a grade of 2 to 6 inches to 100 feet and 300 to 500 feet apart. Furrows are made in the direction of the greatest slope and approximately at right angles to the feed ditches. Starting at the upper end, a wooden check is Fig. 20. — Check box for furrow irrigation. 304 THE IRKIGATION AGE. of lumber, but a serviceable box can be made out of old packing boxes. Some of the advantages of this method over ordinary furrow irrigation are: A constant head over the inlets of each set of tubes while the surplus passes down the field ditch; the opportunity to use one or all or any combination of checks at the same time, as it is pos- sible to regulate the head and conse- quently the discharge by raising or low- ering the flashboard; and the automatic character of the water distribution while irrigating. No fixed rule can be given as to the proper spacing of the furrows or the time water should run in each. In heavy retentive soils the furrows may be 2 to 2.5 inches deep and only 16 inches apart, while in more open soils the furrows may be 48 inches apart. The amount of water which should flow in each furrow depends on the character of the soil and the slope. It is a common practice in the Yakima Valley to space the furrows 18 to 24 inches apart when the seeding is done, but as the plants grow their roots soon penetrate several feet into the soil and alternate furrows are then abandoned. If the tract contains 10, 20 or 30 acres the furrows run all the way across, if the slope will allow it. Water is frequently run a quarter of a mile in the small furrows. In furrows 660 to 1,320 feet long in sandy loam, the water has to be kept running continuously for about two days, and consequently there is usually much waste due to deep percolation. In distrib- Fig. 21. — Building a supply ditch. uting water in furrows it is a good plan to follow the prac- tice of the irrigators of the orange belt in Southern California, who turn into each furrow, until the furrows are wet, three or four times as much water as will be per- mitted to remain, and then reduce the flow. MAKING MORE POTATOES. For a good many years the general farmer has con- tented himself with occasionally going over his potato plants with a bucket and a stick in an attempt to eradicate • entirely the destructive potato beetle or "bug." In a way, this has answered the purpose, since the plants were saved from being entirely consumed by the hordes of insect pests that continually swarmed up from nowhere, but of course it was impossible to rid each plant of all the bugs that infested it. Some of the eggs were sure to remain and hatch. Then there were the many varied plant diseases to which the tubers were subjected and a few years ago no methods were available to effectually control them, since no systematic study had been given to this branch of agri- culture. Realizing that more scientific methods should be adopted to successfully combat these different pests, the New York Experiment Station at Geneva made some very interesting and careful experiments in recent years, the results of which have lately been published in bulletin form. Their research revealed that frequent sprayings during the dry seasons of the year effected much better plant conditions and a proportionately 'increased potato crop. Volunteer experiments carried out by interested farmers under the written directions of the Station gave very inter- esting results. Out of eleven volunteer experiments, there was shown an average gain per acre, due to spraying, of 66J4 bushels. The average net cost of spraying per acre was 84 cents and the average price of potatoes at digging time was 60 cents per bushel. A little mental arithmetic makes it self-evident that it pays to spray. The observations made in these experiments have con- vinced all the researchers that it is unwise to neglect spraying in dry seasons. Even when there is no blight, five or six sprayings should be made during the season. In dry weather the wounding of the leaves by bugs, flea beetles and other insects is more injurious than in wet weather. Unless regular spraying is practiced, the appli- cation of poison for bugs is likely to be neglected. Flea beetles flourish best in dry weather, and it is an estab- Mrchine Used- to Spray Potatoes. lished fact that thorough spraying at the proper time will materially lessen the damage done by flea beetles. If flea beetles are not, at least partially, checked by spraying it is positive proof that the work has not been done properly. There seems to be very little danger that the work of potato spraying will be overdone, and the maximum profit cannot be realized unless the work is done most thor- oughly. (Continued on page 319.) THE IREIGATION AGE. 305 A Country Without an ' 4If ' ' By Mark Bennitt. Southern Idaho has been in the limelight for half a dozen years as the seat of the greatest irrigation work of modern times, or of any other times, however remote. The T-win Falls region has blazed out in the sky of western progress like a comet, brilliant, scintillating and interesting because of its novelty and the bumptious spirit which it manifests. The Twin Falls country is a country without an "if." There is no negative quality. Nobody is hanging back. Everybody is in harness and pulling some of the load, if load it may be called when a whole population is fired by enthusiasm and stirred with a purpose to build a great new social structure with irrigation as its foundation. "What are the adverse conditions?" is a frequent question. There aren't any to the man who knows Idaho. The sun shines, the waters flow, the seeds germinate, the . trees put forth their blossoms, leaves and fruit. "Ifs" and a broad and liberal policy on the part of organized capital. The means to construct the costly and extensive irrigating systems there to be found have been forth- coming without delay, without hesitation. Never has there been a hitch since these great systems were begun. The money has been ready for every feature of the work. Nothing but adverse weather or physical conditions tem- porarily insurmountable have delayed the progress of con- struction since the day it was started. The crowning work on the Twin Falls North Side canal system has been done during one of the severest winters ever encountered in the Northwest. Water was delivered for irrigation for the first time last season. Every canal was newly made and the seasoning and set- tling process had to be gone through with. The earth was almost as dry as if it had been run through a calcin- ing oven. It drank up the waters as though its capacity were beyond its bulk. The season's trial determined the irrigating company to spend another half million, if neces- sary, to make the Twin Falls North Side canal system one of the most perfect in the world. This is the task that has been done during the last winter. The accompanying illustrations show a part of the winter's work, namely, the cemented portion of the main North Side canal. From the great dam at Milner, which raises the water of the Snake river nearly 50 feet above Main irrigation canal, Twin Falls North Side tract, showing treatment of canal banks through earth cut. were not made for the Twin Falls country. It is a region of positives. It is a country bouyant with a hope that is justified and expectations that are certain of realization. A new school of engineers has come into existence with irrigation development. The one has developed the other, and they are a happy combination — the man who knows how to do things and the material with which to do them. We must not forget the promoter and the capi- talist. It is one of the facts of finance that capital waits for the promoter, the man with far-reaching and prophetic vision, the man of imagination who sees clearly the fin- ished accomplishment. As the architect discerns in his imagination the beauty and enduring form of a great build- ing before he has ever put it on paper, so the promoter sees the finished railroad with new and prosperous towns along its right-of-way, or he sees a desert transformed into a country dotted with homes and towns and produc- ing food for a million people, all the result of the con- struction of an extensive irrigating system. The promoter thinks in large figures, harmonizes capital and working organization, points the way to successful investment and the doing of great deeds. The unparalleled development of irrigations in the Twin Falls country of Southern Idaho is a monument alike to the unfaltering determination of the promoter the low water level, this canal is lined with a smooth surface of concrete for nearly two miles. To do this work, extensive preparations were necessary. The assem- bling of men and material was alone a large task. To shut off the water from the canals in summer would have brought great loss to settlers and a liability which the irrigating company would not willingly incur, although the work would have cost far less during the summer season. Persons unfamiliar with Southern Idaho do not realize the extreme aridity of that part of the country. In the government reports it is classed as a region where the total annual rainfall is less than 10 inches, and where the sun shines more than 300 days in the year. Water is an absolute necessity for agriculture, although the region has been a favorite grazing country for many years. But thanks to the Snake river, one of the great streams of America, millions of acres are being made more valuable than Mississippi bottom lands for agriculture and horti- culture. A single season without water for irrigation would have meant serious loss to those already settled upon the new farms. Hence the decision to do this giant's task during the winter months. Adverse and unusually severe weather brought one problem after another, but the most serious was the freezing of the new concrete lining almost 306 THE IRRIGATION AGE. before it could set. There was but one way to overcome this trouble, and that was to keep the temperature in the canal above the freezing point. This would have been easy if it were only the matter of a cellar wall for a cot- tage, but here was a work equivalent to the foundations of a thousand dwellings, all to be done in the space of a few months. There was but one thing to be done, and in doing this the problem was solved. A huge shed was built over the canal, and a large number of stoves were put in, requiring special detail of men to keep up the fuel supply and to watch the stoves and the temperature. This shed was 3,000 feet long, and as the wrfrk progressed the rear sections were taken down and put up at the forward end. The work was unique in the history of canal con- struction. The canal is 65 feet wide on the bottom, and the concrete sides are 9 feet high. This great conduit will carry water for more than 200.000 acres of land. The lining of the great ditch was only a part of the winter's work. Throughout the great irrigating system, embracing a total of nearly 1,000 miles of canals and lat- erals, forces of men and teams were engaged in repairing and perfecting the work. The first season's use had been in the nature of a test of efficiency, and every weak point had been exposed. At every vital point throughout this irrigating system the most enduring type of construction is to be found. The weirs and settings for head-gates are refreshing sleep on a May morning. There is no air more invigorating than that of Southern Idaho. The annual migration from the eastern states is well under way, with every prospect of its unabating contin- uance. People who already have bought farms are taking possession of them with plans for their development and every train brings new arrivals bent upon becoming own- ers of irrigated farms while prices are still within their means. Many people whose acquaintance with irrigation is limited are often curious to know what it is that makes an irrigated country so attractive. Perhaps crop insur- ance is the most attractive advantage. Not that there is an organization of capital to make up the losses due to unfavorable weather. It is, rather, an organization of favorable conditions — sunshine in great abundance every day during the growing season; water in equal abundance for keeping the crops moist, so that they may respond to the quickening power of the sun's rays; lastly, a soil that is easily tilled and rich with the elements that make big crops. What better assurances of success may any man have? The soil of the Twin Falls country contains no prob- lems for the agriculturist or fruit grower. The following letter from Prof. Joseph E. Wing is a forceful and convincing statement. Prof. Wing is a mem- Main irrigation canal. Twin Falls North Side tract, showing portion of heavy rock cut and concrete lining. everywhere made of stone masonry and concrete, insuring a low maintenance cost for all time. The people of the Twin Falls North Side tract are to be congratulated upon the superior character of their irri- gating works. A much less thoroughly built system would ordinarily have passed inspection, as irrigating systems go, but in this we have an example of what irrigation works should be, considering that they are to serve the purpose of one generation after another for all future time. It is not an American custom to build at first in such a permanent way. Only in the older parts of the country do we ordinarily see construction work that is intended to serve more than a temporary purpose, so that this departure is especially worthy of note. It says in effect to the observer: "This population has come to stay. This is to be the permanent home of a progressive people." The first season upon a newly irrigated tract is cer- tain to be attended with many hardships, plan carefully as one may. More unforeseen, things can happen than Horatio could dream of in his philosophy, and he proba- bly was a pretty good dreamer. But the clear blue of the Idaho sky and the sunshine of hope in the settler's heart make him forget his troubles and see the early prosperity that is sure to come to the industrious irrigator. Spring has opened on the North Side tract with every heart bounding with the energy that a young man feels after a her of the faculty of the Ohio State University and a specialist in soils. He is a frequent lecturer in various agricultural colleges, one of the editors of the Breeder's Gazette and also of Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agri- culture. His opinion of the Twin Falls country may be taken without question by anyone. This letter is positive in its statements. It contains no negatives and serves as further proof that the Twin Falls country is a country without an "if": "WOODLAND FARM," Mechanicsburg. Ohio, Feb. 9, 1910. Mr. H. L. Hollister, Chicago, 111. Dear Mr. Hollister: I have, as you know, traveled through every western state repeatedly and am familiar with nearly all the movements for settlement in the West. Furthermore, I once myself lived for many years on the frontier and watched the settlement making. I have just returned from Southern Idaho, where I saw your colonies along the Snake River. I am very happy in remembering what I saw there. Nowhere in the history of the world has there been brought together a finer lot of people than you have settled on those Idaho lands. Further, they have such splendid soil that they are sure to prosper. I have never seen a more fortunate combination — the wonderful soil, the abundance of water, the fine climate, (Continued on page 334.) THE IEEIGATION AGE. 307 JOIN TO PROMOTE IRRIGATED LANDS Seventeen States Represented at Important Meeting Held at Salt Lake City. Showing unbounded enthusiasm and sturdiness of pur- pose, delegates from seventeen irrigated states met at Salt Lake City, April 4, and permanently organized the United Exposition Association of Irrigated States, and adopted resolutions affiliating the body with the National Farm Land Congress of Chicago. The united association proposes to use its power in every way possible to bring about all kinds of legitimate publicity to the advancement of farming in the United States, and particularly throughout the irrigated states. Upon the permanent organization of the association, which was temporarily established during the United States Land and Irrigation Exposition held at Chicago last November, permanent officers were elected for the forthcoming year. They are all men thoroughly familiar with irrigation as well as the best means of securing pub- licity, which means advancement for the farmer. united association had not been accorded right treatment by the Chicago newspapers during the United states Land and Irrigation Exposition. This was accounted for by the fact that one daily paper in Chicago was backing the expo- sition, and this caused the other newspapers to keep silent. A comprehensive speech was made by C. A. Walsh of Chicago. He reviewed the history of the United States Land and Irrigation Exposition, which had caused the western farmers to think they were not getting what they started for in exhibiting at the exposition — namely, pub- licity. He stated that he had started West in 1908 to get in touch with western commercial organizations for the pur- pose of organizing a body such as the present National Farm and Irrigation Congress, and that it was not known at that time that the Chicago publication contemplated such a move. Main irrigation canal, Twin Falls North Side tract, showing new concrete lining. Width of canal at bottom, 65 feet. Perpendicular height of concrete walls, 9 feet. Milner dam in distance. The newly elected officers of the United Exposition Association of Irrigated States are: President, C. J. Sinsell, Boise, Idaho. Secretary-treasurer, Reilly Atkinson, Boise, Idaho. First vice-president, H. M. Gilbert, North Yakima. Wash. Vice-presidents, Prof. L. A. Merrill, Salt Lake; J. H. Wilson, Hood River, Ore.; C. E. Edwards, San Francisco; Dwight Woodruff, Hamilton, Mont.; B. C. Buffum, wor- land, Wyo.; Lee Haney, Denver, Colo.; W. B. Henning, Albuquerque, N. M.; R. L. McMillan, Dalhart. Tex.; R. C. True, Reno, Nev., and John McMullin, Idaho Falls, Idaho. The convention was opened with the appointment of committees necessary to permanent organization. Those present were: C. M. Hill, president of the Southern Idaho Commercial Clubs, headquarters in Twin Falls; C. J. Sin- sell, temporarv president, Boise; Reilly Atkinson, tem- porary secretary, Boise; J. H. Burns, Downey, Idaho; G. H. Shellenberger, Boise; J. E. Taylor, Salt Lake; Prof. E. D. Ball, State Experiment Station, Logan, Utah; Prof. L. A. Merrill, Salt Lake, director State Farmers' Institute; C. A. Walsh, Chicago; L. W. Johnson, Pocatello, Idaho; W. H. Coffin, Downey, Idaho; W. E. Wheeler, Idaho Falls, Idaho. During different speeches it was brought out that the Mr. Walsh presented two plans, which had been adopted by the congress to secure the maximum of pub- licity from the minimum of effort and expense; first, an educational congress, without exposition features, which could be conducted with no expense save the rent of an auditorium, the entertainment features and the incidental expenses of the organization; second, the same as the first, with an added feature in the form of a special ex- hibition feature, stocked by states and territories — the ac- tual produce to be exhibited, with data covering cost of production, cost of land, freight rates, possible selling prices, etc. This second plan was incorporated in the resolution adopted by the United Exposition Association of Irrigated States at a later meeting. The plan of Mr. Walsh, who is secretary of the National Farm Land Congress, is to use every news service, as well as various other syndicates furnishing material for weekly, monthly and special Sun- day edition papers. Reilly Atkinson spoke at some length, stating that he thought it was the opinion of those present not to hold an exposition themselves. He said that the United Asso- ciation did not want to institute an exposition themselves, but would welcome gladly an opportunity to compete with other sections of the country m an exhibition of products. 308 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Among other things embodied in the resolutions was that the United Association should assure itself that the sympathy and support of newspapers and press associa- tions would be forthcoming before exhibiting in any city. The resolutions state further: "Believing that the conference to be held in Chicago April 18, 1910, will result in the organization of an asso- ciation in line with these resolutions, we recommend that the different states and territories send delegates to that conference with the object of aiding to effect and partici- pating in such an organization of national scope, and instructed to vote as follows: "For plan number two, as adopted by the National Farm Land Congress, November 20, 1909, at Chicago. To demand that the association shall secure then and there a pledge of support from the Chicago Association of Commerce, the newspapers and press associations. That the first exposition of the association be held -at Chicago some time during the late months of 1910. We request the governor of each state to appoint a delegate to attend the conference above mentioned. That we appreciate the courtesy of Governor Spry of Utah in receiving the delegates to this convention, and his expression of sympathy with the purposes of the organ- ization. That the thanks of this convention be extended to Cimarron -In the Valley of Content "Westward the course of empire wends its way," is being reversed at Cimarron. The Arkansas Valley was first settled at the western end and Cimarron is the ex- treme eastern point. It is the newest of the new. Its opportunities are still embryonic. Its future, however, is assured. This year in the Arkansas Valley promises to be a season of marvels. Even nature is behaving better than usual in a country where she always behaves well. The soil is exceptionally moist, the rainfall satisfactory, the reservoirs already partly fillea in all parts of the valley. The many orchards of the Valley of Content never gave better promise. The possible frost period is nearly past, but this doesn't worry the Arkansas Valley farmer, for he has, like his brother on the western slope, learned to smudge. • Seldom is he forced to use the smudge pot, but he is ever ready to conquer Jack Frost when occasion demands. Type of small Diversion Dam and Waste Gate u'sed in improving coulees in the Twin Falls North Side Irrigation System and concrete work used throughout this extensive system. the Commercial Club of Salt Lake City and its officers for the use of the club's rooms during our meetings, and the many courtesies extended." Send $2*50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation The Eighteenth Irrigation Congress at Pueblo means much to the entire valley and Cimarron will get its share of the great publicity that will attend this gathering, and Cimarron is ready to grasp that opportunity. The com- mercial organization has joined the Arkansas Valley Com- mercial Association, an organization created to boost the entire valley, and incidentally its individual communities. Cimarron is giving its undivided support to this move- ment. Cimarron is also active in the Santa Fe Trail move- ment— the greatest good roads undertaking in the west. The article by R. H. Faxon, Secretary of the Board of Control of the Eighteenth Congress, published in the April issue of the AGE, has defined the importance of this great boulevard from Hutchinson, Kansas, to Pueblo, Colorado. Cimarron will also receive its shape of the benefits to be derived in the future from the Trail. When one sees the magnificent progress Cimarron has already made without irrigation, and recognizes the won- ders irrigation has performed farther west in this valley and nearby country, Cimarron truly becomes a land of promise. A previous article has dwelt on the great ditch system building at present. Its unusual features have at- tracted attention throughout the irrigation world. THE IREIGATION AGE. 309 Sugar Beets. Seven sugar mills are now in operation, providing sufficient sugar to furnish the entire population of the United States, men, women and children, with their total demand for sugar for thirteen days out of every year. Cantaloupes. The Rocky Ford brand of cantaloupes is so well known that it needs no comment as to quality. It is highest in demand in the market and is grown in all parts of the valley. One hundred dollars an acre is not an exceptional re- turn from cantaloupe land per season, and where a high degree of intensive farming has been attained this figure has been doubled and trebled. These are sure irrigation crops, but let us not forget the great increase in product and quality irrigation pro- duces in alfalfa and small crops. Finally, the six thousand acres of apple blossoms now waving at the head of the valley, and the thousands of acres being developed in fruit at every point in the valley must not be overlooked. As surely as the west grows and waxes great, so surely will a few years see Cimarron the center of a garden spot, carpeted with the pleasing green of the alfalfa and perfumed by the sweetness of the apple blossom. can be made by showing the productiveness of this sec- tion. "One grower in Otero County was paid $1,822 for his crop of sugar beets from twelve acres, an average of $151.67 per acre. Another, in an entirely different section of the county, received $1,451.41 from ten acres, an aver- age of $145.14 per acre. "While the sugar beet industry, for instance, has be- come established, yearly the growers are becoming more and more interested in the culture of their crops; not only from a tonnage standpoint, from which they have received their pay, but also from a 'sugar content point, on which the manufacturers depend for their returns. For the past years the beets have been paid for at so much per ton, $5 being the usual price. The method of payment for the beets has changed in the last year to a minimum of $5 per ton for beets carrying the minimum amount of sugar content, and 25 cents per ton for each one per cent of sugar in the beets over the minimum. A grower, there- fore, producing 18 per cent sugar content beets receives 25 cents per ton over the minimum of 14.9 per cent, or $6 per ton, for his crop. Beets of that quality are only produced by extra effort, for which the grower is well paid." REVIVE A PROJECT. Assistant Secretary of the Interior Pierce issued an order which will serve to revive a large irrigation project Main irrigation canal. Twin Falls North Side tract, showing heavy rock cut and concrete lining. This canal will supply water for more than 200,000 acres of land. Elmer T. Peterson is secretary of the Commercial Club. This club will furnish all information gladly to all inquirers, as to soil and water conditions, water rights, land opportunities and business chances. The following relates to the Valley of Content. Cim- arron will soon be the center of intensive farming: "It is estimated that one man and team can handle forty acres of melons in the cultivation up to harvesting. The average is about 150 crates per acre, which, at 70 cents per crate, represents a value of $105 per acre, or over $4.000 for the forty acres. This on land which is valued at from $75 to $500 per acre, dependent entirely upon water rights and distance from the market points. Hauling is a factor to be considered in handling the crops from irrigated and intensive farm lands, and it bears a decided effect upon the prices of lands. It is estimated that it costs 15 cents per ton per mile to haul crops to the shipping points, a factor which amounts to a considerable item in the course of a year's hauling, if the farm is sit- uated some miles out. "The growers of one county last year received, ap- proximately, $1,750,000 for sugar beets, an enormous amount to be distributed in the section, considering the acreage. An explanation of the amount paid to growers at Phoenix, Ariz., in which a syndicate of Cincinnati and southern Ohio capitalists is interested. There are two tracts of land affected, one of 30,000 acres and the other of 72,000 acres, which were purchased about twenty years ago by a party consisting of Dr. C. D. Walton of Cincin- nati, M. C. Kinney, J. K. Cullan, William H. Beardsley of Hamilton, the late H. R. Morey, C. D. Oglesbee and Captain Robert Wilson of Middletown. This syndicate had expended about a quarter of a million dollars in con- structing a dam and digging ditches. Water was about to be turned on, when, in 1902, a blanket order was issued withdrawing this land from settlement. Since that time the syndicate has been trying to induce the officials of the Interior Department to reverse the order. Efforts in this direction were unsuccessful until Representative James M. Cox of Dayton made a proposition to the In- terior Department by which the government is to ex- change the Arizona land for another tract which is located in the Moqui Indian Reservation, which the syndicate has purchased. After working on the exchange for a couple of months the agents of the land office have completed the transfer of the 39,000 acres of land, and it is expected that the other tract of 72,000 acres will be turned over to the syndicate in the near future. 310 THE IKEIGATION AGE. Antelope Valley New Mexico The Properties of the French Land & Irrigation Company Are Located in This Famous Valley It is said by the inhabitants of Colfax County, New Mexico, that there is no other single county in the United States which combines within itself so many of the essen- tials which go to make up the requirements of a home. Within this county are located 35,000 acres of the finest coal in the United States. On the slopes of the Raton and Taos mountains are 500,000 acres of mer- chantable timber, principally yellow pine and cedar. In the mountains on the western boundary are rich and pro- ductive mines of gold and copper. These extensive resources, which are being rapidly developed, require a vast army of men. and are furnishing a steady and growing market for the products of the irrigation farmers in that vicinity. This makes land which is being irrigated on the eastern slopes of the mountains and on the mesas out from the slopes especially valuable. charge of this immense tract, comprising 125,000 acres, which has been developed under the able generalship of Sophus Richard, who fills the position of general man- ager and treasurer of the company. The first purchase of 50,000 acres of land, which was developed by the company, was made from the U. Land & Cattle Company, and contemplated the construe tion of two irrigation systems with seven large reser- voirs, for the storage of 2,819,720,000 cubic feet, or ap- proximately 75,000-acre feet of water. These reservoir may be filled twice annually, thus doubling the capacity These two systems divide the tract into two parts, which are locally known as the North and South Side tracts, eac" containing about 25,000 acres. The South tract is at present under irrigation and during the season of 1909, something like six or seven thousand acres were cultivated advantageously and profit- ably. During the season of 1910, just opening, it is esti- mated that the amount of land which will be sown to crop, will aggregate 12,000 acres, the greater part of this will be worked by the owners, who are actually residing upon the land. The second purchase made by this company, of about 75,000 acres, consists of 35,000 acres of irrigable land, for Preparing land for irrigation, near French, New Mexico. These facts were brought to our attention by conver- sation with one of the officials of the French Land & Irri- gation Company, whose lands are located adjacent to the town of French, fifty-four miles south of Trinidad, Colo- rado, and eighty miles north of Las Vegas, New Mexico, in what is generally known throughout the section as the Antelope Valley, which is destined to become one of the beauty spots of western America. The water to irrigate these lands is secured from the Cimarron and Mermejo rivers and the Ponil, Cerrososo and Van Bremmer creeks, all of which rise in the Taos and Raton mountains, lying to the west and northwest, with a drainage of about 1,500,000 acres, or 2,300 square miles. The water rights on these rivers have been ap- proved, and are the first rights, with the exception of a few ranches which have been under cultivation for a num- ber of years. The annual precipitation of moisture in these mountains is much greater than in -the lower valley land, and average for a series of years from 20 to 25 inches annually. The French Land & Irrigation Company, which has which sufficient water is available, and 20,000 acres of good merchantable pine timber, while the balance is con- sidered excellent grazing land, which will prove a val- uable feature to contemplating settlers, who are incline to go into the stock raising business. This second pur- chase necessitates a third irrigation system, to be con- structed in the near future, which will not be a part of or in any way connected with the two systems formerly mentioned. The early purchasers on what is designated as the South tract have noted the rapid advance in the price of their lands until the majority of them can readily sell for twice the price paid, and all this has transpired within the short period of two years. Persons who secure land in any one of the tracts mentioned have all the advantages of the improvements which are made on the South tract, including those of good neighbors, suggestions as to the best method for irrigation which may be obtained by con- tact with these neighbors, as well as the town advantages to be had by reasonable proximity to the growing tov ~ ( Continued on page 332.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. 311 THE CAREY ACT HOW TO ACQUIRE TITLE TO PUBLIC LANDS UNDER THE ACT. A Comprehensive Survey of the Regulations in Force in the Various States. Copyrighted 1910 by E. F. Bohm, Cleveland and Chicago. (Member Executive Comm., 18th Nat'l Irrigation Cong.) VI. THE WATER— Continued. General Summary of Regulations. Cost of Water Rights. The cost of water rights reflects in an unmistakable man- ner the increasing use and needs of land in the arid and semi- arid districts. The earlier projects, as a matter of course, were under- taken in localities where the difficulties of bringing water to the land were at their lowest. As the more easily available land and water resources were appropriated, it became neces- sary to go further for the water — more expensive engineering problems were encountered and greater expense of adminis- tration entailed. On the earlier projects, in many cases, the cost of water rights was fixed with insufficient knowledge of the difficulties to be overcome and the cost of "rights" at times was fixed too low. In some instances the Boards, subse- quently, allowed an increase of lien. In Idaho, the earlier projects were opened to entry at as little as $20.00 per acre a price, today, absurdly low. Upon present day projects, in Idaho and Wyoming, the cost of water rights ranges from $40.00 to $65.00 per acre ; in Colorado, from $35.00 to $45.00 ; in Utah, from $45.00 to $70.00 ; -in Montana, from $40.00 to $50.00; in Oregon, $40.00 upon the only project having lands open to entry. Terms of Payment for Shares. In all States the entire purchase price for shares may be paid at time of entering into contract, or any unpaid bal- ance may be paid at any time prior to date of last payment. As a rule the annual payments are fixed at a low figure dur- ing the first years of the contract, increasing in amgunt to- wards the end of the periods. IDAHO— Determined by State Land Board in contract with constructing company — from 1-10 to 1-12 down, balance in from ten to twelve annual installments, with interest at 6 per cent. In case of delay in delivery of water, payments are advanced in time according to such delay. WYOMING — The statutes prescribe that, not to exceed one-fourth of the contract price, may be demanded as first payment — company may accept less — balance in from ten to twelve years, with interest at 6 per cent. Same provision for delay in delivery of water as in the case of Idaho. COLORADO— -"Usually 10 to 12 years| time, with in- terest at 6 per cent. Payments advanced in time according to delay in delivery of water, if any." UTAH — Ten to twelve annual payments. Interest at 6 percent. In case of delay in delivery of water, settler is obli- gated to make payments as in contract provided,— such pay- ments to be held in escrow by the State Land Board. MONTANA — From twelve to fifteen annual payments, with interest at 6 per cent. Settler's first payment protected by company's bond. (See "Protection of Settler's First Pay- ment") OREGON— One-fourth cash (or less at option of com- pany)— the balance in from three to seven annual install- ments, with interest at 6 per cent. NEW MEXICO— Payments to be made in not more than ten annual installments— with interest at 6 per cent. Settler is obligated to make yearly payments, as in the contract pro- vided, even though there be delay in delivery of water,— being protected by company's bond, which is increased each year according to receipts from such yearly payments. In all cases where payments are not made when due. the company, among other remedies, has the right to refuse the further delivery of water. (See "Forfeiture of Entry- man s Rights and Redemption.") Maintenance Fee— (Toll). The "maintenance fee," as its name indicates is the charge necessitated for the upkeep, or maintenance, of the ir- ation works. It is in every case, payable whether water is d or^ not. It is levied by the company operating the works,' whether the "constructing" company or the "operat- ing company, and the payments are made to one or the other as in the contract provided. The amount to be assessed against each acre is stipulated in the contract, and cannot be increased until control of the works passes into the hands of the settlers, themselves. The company is obligated to pay its pro rata share according to the amount of lands unsold and if the amount specified be insufficient, the company must make up the difference. This matter has been made the sub- ject of special legislation, in some instances,— vide Wyoming Statutes 1909, Chapter 160, Section 5 "Companies (et al) shall be authorized to levy such reasonable assessments for the cost of operation— as may be authorized by a majority of the members of such companies or associations. Payments f such assessments shall be the necessary requisite for the use of such (works) and in the event they remain unpaid more than ten days after the date fixed— such company (or sthers) are authorized to close down any diverting device used by such delinquent person until such assessments are paid. etc. All contracts provide, also, that unpaid tolls shall be a hen against the land and any interest in the system. Maintenance fees vary as between different States, and ac- cording to the nature of the works, and the ground passed over. At the present time they are as follows, viz. : Idaho 35c to 80c per acre; Wyoming, 40c (maximum); Colorado 50c to $1.00; Utah, "not to exceed $1.00"; Montana, 40c to $1.00; Oregon, 80c to $1.25, "based upon actual number of acres irrigated." Notice to Settlers That Water Is Ready for Delivery- How Served. IDAHO — Notice published in one newspaper in county in which land is situated. Companies, at their option, may serve notice by mail. "Regulations" provide, also, that com- pany must furnish a list of lands for which water is actually available to the Land Board for approval, before giving notice to the entryman that water is ready for delivery. WYOMING— Notice by newspaper publication and by mail. COLORADO— Notice by registered mail. UTAH— By publication and by mail. MONTANA— By publication and bv mail OREGON— By mail. NEW MEXICO— By newspaper publication during four weeks in the county in which land is located. Rebate of Water Charge Where Part of Entry Is Non- Irrigable, or Is Appropriated for Non- Agricultural Purposes. When parts of entry cannot be reached by gravity flow of water, or are absorbed by company's ditches (See "Right of Way")— in some cases, also, where railroad or wagon road, right of way, or right of way for other public enter- prises, is appropriated, the State Land Boards have, so far as the question has assumed tangible proportions, either estab- lished definite rules governing the payment of water charges for such non-irrigable portions, or are disposed to judge each case upon its merits. So far as statements made by the Land Board officials justify expression and in the absence of Statutory "Carey Act" provision (disregarding other State Statutes) the practice in the various States may be described as follows, always bearing in mind the important fact that lands appropriated for canals or roads may not call for a re- bate— this question being determined in every instance by the contract with the State. Lands too high to be reached by gravity flow are usually regarded, without question, as calling for rebate of water charges, as below specified. IDAHO — Company permitted to charge for exact acreage irrigable only. The custom is to make contracts for the en- tire legal subdivision entered, and then to allow the rebate. WYOMING — Five acres out of each entry is the maxi- mum amount of non-irrigable land allowed without rebate. If the tract comprises only 40 acres, the settler is assumed 312 THE IKRIGATION AGE. to make an agreement with the company for the acreage actually irrigable. COLORADO — Some contracts provide that the charge for five acres (minimum), or any amount in excess of five acres, may be rebated — the practice in the future will be to demand rebate for the actual amount involved. UTAH — "The company may sell water for irrigable area only." MONTANA — "Two or three acres would not warrant a rebate — beyond that the company may charge only for exact area irrigable." OREGON — "The land is contoured and the lien fixed on the basis of $40.00 (this refers to the only project at this date open to entry), for each irrigable acre, and $2.50 per waste acre — deduction being made for road and canal right-of-way." NEW MEXICO — Company's contract with the State (Section 10) provides: "If it shall be found that there is land in excess of five acres on any legal subdivision of 40 acres, which is not susceptible of irrigation by gravity canals, at reasonable expense, a proportionate reduction shall be made for such excess of five acres, — to be deducted from the final payment, unless in excess of such final payment — in which case it shall be made from the next preceding pay- ment." Under the "regulations," the same rule holds good in cases where land is condemned for canals or roads or pub- lic works. Water — How Close to Individual Entry. IDAHO, UTAH, NEW MEXICO— Company is to de- liver water within ?/2 mile of each entry, regardless of acreage of entry. WYOMING — Practice under contracts now in force • varies — from 5/2 mile to 3 miles from each 160 acre subdivi- sion. On future segregations, the company will be required to bring water to boundary line of each tract entered. COLORADO — Some contracts require water to be brought within 3 miles of entry. In future contracts, com- panies will be required to deliver water within y2 mile of each 160 acre subdivision. MONTANA — Water to be brought within one-half mile of each 160 acre subdivision. OREGON — "Water shall be measured at or within one- half mile of the place of intended use, and delivered to lands of each settler at the highest practicable point." Measurement — Delivery — And Distribution of Water. These matters are governed largely by local statutes and practices in each State. The only States in which specific mention of the subject is made in Carey Act Statutes or Con- tracts are as follows, viz. : MONTANA — "Water to be delivered where sub-laterals leave main laterals. Company may serve water by rotation." OREGON — "Water to be measured one-half mile from place of use. Company may serve water by a system of rota- tion upon ten days' notice, under such reasonable rules as may be approved by the Board. All necessary gates, etc., for taking water at point of delivery to be installed by company at settler's expense." In all cases where water is not to be delivered at the boundary line of the settler's land, the settler himself must bring it to his land, and, as a matter of course, must con- struct all necessary ditches upon his land. Duty of Water (i. e., Amount to be Delivered to Settlers). The "duty" of water depends upon many factors — soil, climatic conditions, natural precipitation, length of irrigation season, and the character of crops to be grown. IDAHO— Usually fixed at 1-80 of a cubic foot per acre — per second — equivalent, in practice, to 3 acre feet during the irrigation season (enough to cover each acre to a depth of 3 feet.) WYOMING— 1/80 cubic foot per acre, per second — in technical language "1/80 second foot." COLORADO— Varying from 1/100 to 1/80 cubic feet per acre. UTAH — Varying from \l/> to 2 "acre feet," during irri- gation season. MONTANA — At present, 1/100 cubic feet to acre when served from direct flow of stream, — when from reservoirs, varying from \l/> to 154 acre feet. OREGON — Varying from 2 to 2^ acre feet. Only con- tract now in force prgvides for "enough water from April 1st to November 1st," and, specifically, for "1 8/10 acre feet be- tween May 23d and August 20th." NEW MEXICO— Varying from 1^ to 3 acre feet per season — according to location and amount of rainfall — maxi- mum in any case 1/70 cubic feet per acre. Waste of Water — Pollution of Irrigation Water. Prohibited by "Irrigation Statutes" of all States. Right-of-Way for Settler's Laterals. In all States a right-of-way is granted the settler to bring his laterals over an intervening entry, should it be the only practical way to reach his land. It is expected that this privilege will be guarded somewhat. Should any controversy arise in this connection, an investigation will be made by the State Engineer, who will designate the most feasible route for the ditch. As a matter of course, where company's con- tract calls for delivery of water at settler's land, this ques- tion would not arise — the company in any case, having right- of-way over entire segregation. Irrigation Seasons. In all States prescribed in "Irrigation Statutes," by local customs, or denned in contract between State and company. IDAHO and WYOMING— Varying between May 1st and October 15, depending upon climatic conditions. OREGON — One contract now in force specifically calls for delivery of water between April 1st and November 1st. NEW MEXICO — Contracts between company and settler define, specifically, the dates between which water is to be delivered. Rights of Way for Roads. Usually supposed to be granted along section and half- section lines, without recourse. The information herein con- tained should not be accepted as governing in all cases. The settler on each project must determine the exact status him- self. This subject is specifically mentioned in contracts in force in two states, viz : MONTANA — Contract between State and company pro- vides that all entries and patents for Carey Act Lands, shall be made subject to rights-of-way, without compensation, for roads upon all exterior section lines, and for other roads, not exceeding 60 feet in width, as the company may request; the location, and necessity therefor to be subject to approval of the Board before the lands are patented by the State. OREGON — Reservations in settler's contract, for roads — (See "Contract between Company and Settler — Oregon.") In other States : IDAHO — -Roads built upon petition by settlers to County Commissioners. WYOMING — Roads are established by the County Com- missioners, when deemed necessary, upon petition of parties interested. Rights-of-way may be condemned, if needed. COLORADO — Settlers apply to County Commissioners for roads. UTAH — County Commissioners have full power in the matter of roads. NEW MEXICO — All section lines are road lines by order of government special agents, no Territorial Act covering this point. (a) Domestic and Stock Water to be Supplied by Com- pany. Delivery of Water by Rotation. (b) Installment of Headgates and Measuring Devices — By Whom Effected, and at Whose Expense. (c) Ownership of Water After Leaving Settler's Ditches. (d) Responsibility of Company for Possible Damage Due to Deakage, or Breakage, of Company's Canals. Pro- ration of Water in Case of Shortage. It is impossible to make any definite statement touching upon these features that would fit every case. Should the necessity for an inquiry arise, it would be a matter to be determined by, or for, the settler himself. In many cases, any, or all, of these situations would 'never arise, and a dis- cussion of them would be purely academic. In other cases the questions are answered by law or custom, or by the spe- cific features of the contract governing. (Continued on page 338.) THE IREIGATION AGE. 313 CAREY ACT PROJECTS HAVING LAND OPEN TO ENTRY, OR AUTHOR- IZED TO SELL WATER CONTRACTS (MAY 1, 1910). The figures given indicate, in every instance, the total acreage of "Carey Act" lands under the various projects, as segregated, or open to entry, at this date, and disre- garding state or private lands, or lands entered under United States Public Land Laws, prior to the segregation of the "Carey Act" lands. They are not conclusive as to the amount of land remaining unentered, which may be great or small. In many cases "relinquishments" of en- tered lands, or lands which have been "proven up," or patented, may be purchased from original entrymen. The prices named represent the original prices estab- lished by the state for water-rights and apply to the "Carey Act" lands under the various projects, only. The price exacted by the state for the land must, in all cases, be considered in connection with the cost of water-rights. To avoid correspondence, which, at some future time, might be unnecessary and troublesome, the suggestion is offered, in the case of states having many projects open to entry, that the homeseeker write to the state depart- ment or official, indicated in connection with the list of projects, before corresponding with the companies directly. For information regarding specific projects inquiries should be directed to the companies, themselves. Residents of the eastern states will find it convenient and expeditious to correspond with the eastern- offices of companies pos- sessing such facilities. Where such offices are maintained, they are referred to in connection with the companies' home offices. For information regarding the resources of the state at large, inquiries should be addressed to the department or officials indicated in the list appended. IDAHO. (The total amount of land granted by Congress to the State, under the provisions of the original act and of amendments, up to May I, 1910, is 3,000,000 acres. The information herewith presented represents conditions in Idaho existing on January 1, 1910, as later data has not been procurable.) Canyon Canal Company, Boise. Idaho; 5,829 acres in Canyon County; price of water rights, $30 per acre. Huston Ditch Co., Darlington, Idaho; 1,884 acres in Blaine and Custer counties; price of water rights, $35* per re. Portneuf-Marsh Valley Irrigation Co., Downey, Idaho; 12,222 acres in Bannock County; price of water rights, $35 per acre. Twin Falls-Oakley Land & Water Co., Milner, Idaho; 43.694 acres in Cassia County; price of water rights, $65 per acre. Kings Hill Extension Irrigation Co., Boise, Idaho; 9,455 acres in Elmore County; price of water rights, $65 per acre. Twin Falls Salmon River Land & Water Co., Milner, Idaho; 80,000 acres in Twin Falls County; price of water rights, $40 per acre. The Marysville Canal & Improvement Co., Boise, Idaho; 6,782 acres in Fremont County; cost of water rights, $20 per acre. American Falls Canal & Power Co., Blackfoot, Idaho; 57,242 acres in Bingham and Blaine counties; cost of waster rights, $40 per acre. West End Twin Falls Irrigation Co., Des Moines, Iowa; 46,016 acres in Twin Falls and Owyhee counties; price of water rights, $40 per acre. Pratt Irrigation Co., Stone, Idaho; 4,516 acres in Oneida County; price of water rights, $40 per acre. This segregation to be opened May 12, 1910. Big Lost River Irrigation Co., Boise, Idaho; 80,000 acres (approximately) in Blaine, Bingham and Fremont counties; price of water rights, $40 per acre. Kings Hill Irrigation & Power Co., Boise, Idaho; 12,000 acres (approximately) in Twin Falls and Owyhee counties; price of water rights, $65 per acre. Twin Falls North Side Land & Water Co., Milner Idaho; total of three segregations, 235,000 acres; in Lin coin and Elmore counties; price of water rights, $30, $35 and $45 per acre. (There is also a considerable amount of deeded land under this project.) Twin Falls Canal Co., Office Twin Falls; 244,000 acres in Twin Falls County; cost of water rights, $25 per acre. (This is the segregation of the original "Twin Falls Land & Water Company," which has been deeded and trans- ferred to the "Twin Falls Canal Company" — the Settlers' organization. It is the project commonly known as the "Twin Falls South Side project.") Idaho Irrigation Co., Richfield, Idaho; 157,721 acres in four segregations, as follows, viz.: Richfield tract, 40,- 821 acres; in Lincoln and Blain counties; price of water rights, $35 per acre; North Shoshone and North Gooding tracts, 55,019 acres in Lincoln County; price of water rights, $35 per acre; South Gooding tract, 14,957 acres in Lincoln County; price of water rights, $35 per acre; Diet- rich tract, 46,924 acres in Lincoln County; price of water rights, $50 per acre. WYOMING. (The total amount of land allowed this State by the Federal Government up to May 1, 1910, is 2,000,000 acres.) It is not customary to have land drawings, as in the case of many of the other Western States, as the bulk of the settlement is accomplished through private contract with the individual. After the land is open for settle- ment, it is the case of "first come, first served." The companies are, however, authorized to conduct land draw- ings, under jurisdiction of the State Land Board, if re- quested, if they so desire. It is suggested that inquiries, of a general nature, about Carey Act projects, be directed to "R. L. Fuller, Commissioner of Public Lands, Cheyenne, Wyoming." North Laramie Land Co., Uva, Laramie County; 4,133 acres in Laramie County; $37.50 per acre. Sahara Ditch Company, Buffalo, Johnson County; 8,- 000 acres in Johnson County; $40 per acre. James Lake Irrigation Co., Laramie, Albany County; 14,563 acres in Albanv County; $50 per acre. East Fork Irrigation Co., Boulder, Fremont County; 4.901 acres in Fremont County; $30 per acre. Cody Canal Association, Cody, Big Horn County; 11,111 acres in Big Horn County; $40 per acre. Boulder Lake Canal & Reservoir Co., Boulder, Fremont County; 6,221 acres in Fremont County; $20 per acre. Hanover Canal Co., "Hanover Canal," Worland, Big Horn County; 10,682 acres in Big Horn County; $30 per acre. Big Horn Basin Colonization Co., "The Sidon Canal," Lovell, Big Horn County; lands in Big Horn County; $30 per acre. Lakeview Irrigation Co., "The Hammitt Ditch," Cody, Big Horn County; 7,000 acres in Big Horn County; $50 per acre. North Platte Canal & Colonization Company, Wyn- cote, Laramie County; 14,424 acres in Laramie County; $30 per acre. French Creek Irrigation & Development Co., Encamp- ment, Carbon County; 18,869 acres in Carbon County; $35 to $50 per acre. Big Horn County Irrigation Co., "Big Horn County Canal," Basin, Big Horn County; 20,000 acres in Big Horn County; $40 to $50 per acre. 314 THE IRRIGATION AGE. North Platte Valley Irrigation Co., "LaPrele Ditch," Douglas, Converse County; 60,000 acres in Converse County; $30 to $50 per acre. Wheatland Industrial Co., Offices Cheyenne and Wheatland, Laramie County, Wyoming; 33,154 acres in Laramie County; $45 per acre. The Big Horn Basin Development Co., "The Bench Canal," Office Burlington, Big Horn County; 11,251 acres in Big Horn County; price of water rights, $40 per acre. Lovell Irrigation Co., Lovell, Big Horn County; 11,320 acres in Big Horn County; $30 per acre. This company furnishes water also to 5,724 acres under the "Elk Canal." Wyoming Land & Irrigation Co., "Shell Creek Canal," Basin, Big Horn County; Eastern Office, 1422 Marquette Building, Chicago; 52,000 acres in Big Horn County; $50 per acre. Eden Irrigation & Land Co., Rock Springs, Sweet- water County; Eastern Office, 421 First National Bank Building. Chicago, III.; 100,000 acres in Sweetwater County; $30 per acre. Routt County Development Co., Office care W. R. Given, 1742 Welton Street, Denver; 38,000 acres in Routt County; cost of water rights, $35 per acre. The Toltec Canal Co., Office care Henry M. Clark, 322 Cooper Building, Denver; 12,000 acres in Conejos County; cost of water rights, $40 per acre. The Colorado Land & Water Company, care I. B. Melville, 205 Symes Building, Denver; 16,000 acres in Laplata County. Cost of water rights, $45 per acre, in addition to which there is an extra charge of $1.25 per acre for the land in payment to the Ute Indians. A number of other projects in the State are in vary- ing stages of development. UTAH. Inquiries with reference to Carey Act projects should be addressed to "The State Board of Land Commissioners, Salt Lake City, Utah." Oasis Land & Irrigation Co., Salt Lake City; 43.120 This scene shows F. F. Burton, Petersburg, Colo., irrigating a crop of tomatoes. He has a Dempster 6 H. P. Horz. gasoline engine and a No. 2 centrifugal pump lifting the water 30 ft. vertical height through 100 ft. of pipe. No matter where you live a pumping plant to supplement the natural rainfall for watering crops is an excellent investment. A number of other projects are in various stages of development at this time. COLORADO. The method of opening lands to entry depends upon the wishes of the company. Lands may be opened by public drawing or by private entry, being subject to entry after a specified date, set forth in a notice of thirty days' publication. Inquiries regarding Carey Act lands generally should be directed to "The State Board of Land Commissioners, Denver, Colorado." The Two Buttes Irrigation & Reservoir Co., Lamar, •Colorado; 22,000 acres in Prowers and Baca counties; cost of water rights, $35 per acre. acres in Millard County; cost of water rights, $45 per acre. There are several other large projects in this state in various stages of development, not open to entry. Beaver Land, Irrigation & Power Co., Office Salt Lake City; 48,227 acres in Beaver County; cost of water rights (not announced at this time). "Opening of 12,000 acres contemplated before spring of 1910." There is a large quantity of deeded and state land in this project, in addi- tion to the Carey Act lands listed above. MONTANA. Inquiries regarding Carey Act projects should be ad- dressed "The Carey Land Act Board, Helena, Montana." Conrad Land & Water Co., Valier; 103,000 acres in Teton County; $40 per acre. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 315 Glass-Lindsay Land Company, Big Timber; 63,750 acres in Sweetgrass County; $40 to $50 per acre. Billings Land & Irrigation Co., Office Billings; 15,378 acres in Yellowstone County; cost of water rights, $50 per acre. OMHKK inquiries regarding Carey Act lands should be ad- dressed to "The Desert Land Board, Salem, Oregon." Deschutes Irrigation & Power Co., Bend; 100,000 acres in Crook County; cost of water rights, $40 per acre. "Waste land" is charged for at the rate of $2.50 per acre. A number of other la'rge projects are in various stages of development, but not yet open for entry. NEW MEXICO. There are several projects in New Mexico in varying stages of completion, but none of them, as yet, is open to entry. Information in regard to these may be obtained by inquiry of H. B. Hening, Secretary, the New Mexico Bureau of Information, Albuquerque, New Mexico. SOUTH DAKOTA. No segregations under the Carey Act had been ap- plied for up to May 1, 1910. NEVADA Several applications have been made for Carey Act segregations, none of which has been approved by the Department of the Interior. Information with regard to these may be procured by addressing C. E. Deady, State Land Register, Carson City, Nevada. Bureaus of Immigration or Other Official Bodies for the Dissemination of Authentic Information Regarding the Resources of the State Generally. IDAHO. Bureau of Immigration, Labor and Statistics. Address — Boise. Jos. P. Fallen, Commissioner. WYOMING. Department of Immigration. Address — Cheyenne. UTAH. Bureau of Statistics. Address — Salt Lake City. H. T. Haines, Commissioner. MONTANA. State Bureau of Agriculture, Labor and Industry. Address — Helena. J. H. B^ll, Commissioner. NEW MEXICO. Bureau of Immigration. Address — Albuquerque. , H. B. Hening — Secretary. HOLLY, COLORADO. The Sugar Beet, Cantaloupe, Fruit and Alfalfa Country of the Lower Arkansas Valley. Send $2,50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation Holly, Colo., is located in the eastern part of the state, at the lowest elevation in the state (3,400 feet). The Arkansas Valley Sugar Beet and Land Company has its headquarters there, and also the headquarters of the Holly Sugar Co., a corporation capitalized at $5,500,000. This is the first of a series of articles telling of what is being done and what has been done in this live town just over the Colorado side, in the Valley of Content. All the irrigation world is having its attention directed more and more to this valley. The Irrigation Congress to be held at Pueblo, September 26-30, is responsible for the most of this. The new Santa Fe Trail good roads move- ment is responsible for some of it. Nine motor cars made the remarkable endurance run April 24 from Hutchinson, Kan., to Pueblo, Colo., 461 miles, in 23 hours, accompanied by guide and relay cars. The East and West were -sur- prised at such evidence of good roads. These cars passed through Holly on the Trail and through the thousands of acres of irrigated land compris- ing the country surrounding this garden spot. The fertility of the soil, the marvelous growth of the little towns under the system, the climate, the good roads, the opportunities, all attract attention, but in this article let us consider the greatest body of water between the Great Lakes and Salt Lake, with the single exception of the Government Pathfinder dam. The main canal is eighty miles long, coming out of the Arkansas River at Prowers, Colo. The following data must be stated first, to appreciate the magnitude of this system: Reservoirs. Area Name. in acres. Nee Noshe 4,236 Nee Gronda 3,285 Nee Sopah 3,425 Queen 1,990 Available capacity in acre ft. 67,180 53,950 20,496 26,128 167,754 Total 12,936 Canals. Length Cap'ity in Name. in miles. second ft. Fort Lyon »113.00 2,096.00 Kicking Bird 36.50 1,000.00 Satanta 12.50 300.00 Comanche 16.78 400.00 Pawnee 6.34 200.00 Amity 80.00 870.00 Buffalo 16.10 192.00 The reservoirs are filled by running water through the Fort Lyon and Kicking Bird Canals, which in turn take water from the Arkansas River. From the reservoirs the water is turned into the Amity Canal, through the Co- manche and Pawnee Canals. This water supply rests for its foundation upon ear- liest priorites in the Arkansas River, and such enormous reservoir capacity that a supply sufficient for two years' irrigation is always on hand. Think of a reservoir so long you cannot see across it — a body of water in a reser- voir space made by man, comparing favorably with great 316 THE IRRIGATION AGE. natural lakes, and then you have only grasped one of four of these great artificial ponds. The total shore line is sixty-four miles, and if all the water were put in a canal a foot deep and a mile wide the canal would be over four hundred miles long. One of the most important things to be considered by the settler on western irrigated land, where the water is taken from a river, especially, is the question of perma- nency of water supply. The Amity and Buffalo canals are among the earliest priorities on the Arkansas River. The Arkansas Valley Sugar Beet and Irrigated Land Company has spent millions of dollars in building and strengthening these canals, and placing at all points of danger indestruc- VIEW ON AMITY CANAL NEAR HOLLY, COLORADO. tible concrete structures, reinforced by steel, and finally in creating and maintaining the great system of reservoirs outlined above. Twenty-four inches of water are guaranteed to every land purchaser. As a result of this reclamation of the desert, there are now about fifty thousand acres under cultivation this year and prosperous farms with regulated running water greet the eye on every side. Alfalfa, the famous netted Rocky Ford cantaloupes, and fruits are making millions for the small land owners, where nothing but waste and sagebrush ruled a few years back. The writer has again and again passed from these luxuriant gardens over a simple ditch into the old dry hardness of the plains and always stood aghast at the transformation brought by that magic little stream. Naturally, money-making farmers need markets, and several towns have sprung up, the most important of which is Holly, although Hartman, Bristol and Wiley are growing as rapidly as towns in any irrigation district in the West. Holly is located on the Santa Fe Railroad and is a considerable town, with live banks, business houses of all sorts, good hotels, etc. A magnificent new hotel is now being constructed and one will note evidences of prosper ity, new building, and preparation for a greater little city on every hand. It is at Holly that the sugar company has located one of its factories, the other at Swink, eighty-five miles up the valley. The Holly and Swink, or better known as the Arkansas Valley Railroad, connects the two towns and reaches the other main market places under the irri- gation system. The beet factory at Holly sliced an average of 618 tons of beets each day during the entire season or "cam- paign" last year. Thus the farmer has a ready market for all the beets he may choose to raise. He can get five dollars a ton, and frequently raises twenty tons to the acre, or receives gross $100 per acre per year. The sugar factory, the great opportunity to raise big crops, the business chances in such a rapidly growing town, have attracted not only the speculator, but the solid, substantial business man, the farmer who has come to stay, and finally a group of live young men, some from the great eastern cities, many from the leading colleges of the country, and these young men have their shoulder to the wheel, are investing their money right where they NEE NOSHE RESERVOIR. The four reservoirs — Nee Noshe, Nee Gronda, Nee Sopah and Queen — cover 12,936 acres, and have a capacity of 183,360 acre feet of water. One cannot see across Nee Sopah. These, in the aggregate, are the largest body of water, in surface area, between the Great Lakes and Great Salt Lake, and greatest in available capacity, except the Government Pathfinder Dam. Over 100,000 acre feet of water is now on hand — before the spring rains. • are making it, have confidence in the future of their home and are building to last and remain. There are so many points of interest about this great' system that other phases of interest will be considered in subsequent articles. WE would like to hear from a young practical irrigation engineer who understands the use, measurement, de- veloping and storage of water for irriga- tion purposes. Communicate at once giving age, experience, references and salary wanted. Work will be in the saddle part of the time and prefer an unmarried man. Address, Alamogordo Improvement Co., Alamogordo, N. M. THE IKRIGATIO-N AGE. 317 Decisions of the Department of the In- terior and of the Public Land Office Fiscal Year Beginning July 1, 1909, to Present Date HOMESTEAD ENTRY — CULTIVATION — RAISING OF HOGS — JUNE 8, 1909. The use of land for the raising of hogs is an agricultural use and where the land is better adapted to that use than for tillage of the soil, meets the requirements of the homestead law with respect to cultivation. RECLAMATION — IMPROVEMENTS — CONDEMNATION — SEC. 7, ACT OP JUNE 17, 1908. — June 30, 1909. Where the owners of the improvements mentioned in the preceding section shall fail to agree with the representative of the Government as to the amount to be paid therefor, the same shall be acquired by condemnation proceedings under judicial process as provided by Section 7 of the Reclamation Act. ADDITIONAL HOMESTEAD ENTRIES WITHIN RECLAM- ATION PROJECTS. In a letter of May 3, 1909, the Director of the Reclama- tion Service put the following questions, all of which were decided in the negative. 1 Whether a person who has made entry upon the pub- lic domain for less than 160 acres may make an additional homestead entry within a reclamation project. 2. Whether a person who has entered and proven up on a farm unit within a project may make an additional entry of public lands outside of the project, and 3. Whether a person who makes entry for a unit of less than 160 acres within a project may, after proving up upon same, make an additional entry within the same project. 4. Whether under the conditions of proposition 3 the entryman could make an additional entry on another project. HOMESTEAD ENTRY — QUALIFICATIONS — OWNERSHIP OF LAND. GALLANT V. COLS, AUGUST 17, 1909. One who holds land under an unperfected desert-land entry is not the proprietor thereof within the meaning of the statute holding disqualified to make homestead entry one who is the proprietor of more than 160 acres of land. A transfer of land by one owning more than 160 acres, for the purpose of qualifying himself to make a homestead entry, is not a violation of law, provided the transfer is final and made in good faith. DESERT LAND ENTRY — EXPENDITURES STOCK IN MI- GRATING- COMPANIES.. WASHINGTON, D. C., AUG. 21, 1909. That portion of Section 18 of the regulations governing entries and proofs under the desert-land laws, approved November 30, 1908 (37 L. D., 312), which relates to expendi- tures for stock or interest in irrigating companies, is here- by amended to read as follows: Expenditures for stock or interest in an irrigating com- pany through which water is to be secured for irrigating the land and which owns the right to the use of sufficient water to satisfy all valid claims therefor acquired by ownership of its stock or otherwise, will be accepted as satisfactory expen- ditures when claimant shall file and make a part of the annual proof. (a) A receipt or other writing, signed by the proper officer or agent of the company, showing payment in cash for stock of interest in the company, and the affidavit of the claimant showing that the payment was made in cash and when made. (b) An affidavit of the claimant showing the nature of the contract or agreement he had with the company entitling him to the use of water, and the quantity of water to which he is entitled under such contract or agreement, or proper showing that the ownership of the stock or interest entitles him to the use of water and the quantity of water to which he is entitled by virtue of such ownership. (c) A statement, under oath, of the proper officer of the company, showing the right of the company to the use of water; whether such right is based upon a decree, or decrees of court, or upon appropriations or filings made in conformity to state or territorial laws; the source or sources of its water supply: the quantity of water owned or appropriated by it; the total quantity of water which it is under contract of agreement to deliver to its patrons and stock holders, and the date when, no unforeseen obstacle preventing, it will be able to deliver water on the land of the entry, which land must be described in the sworn statement. RESERVOIR SITE — EXTENSION OF TIME FOR COMPLE- TION OF RESERVOIR. PULTON V. BUCHHOLZ, AUG- UST 27, 1909. The act of January 13. 1897, requires that a reservoir constructed under its provisions shall be completed within two years from the date of the filing of the declaratory state- ment, and the land department is without authority to extend that period so as to defeat an intervening adverse claim. COAL LANDS — SURFACE RIGHTS OF ENTRYMEN. ACT OP MARCH 3, 1909. A circular under date of September 7, 1909, explains the purpose of the Act which is to protect persons who, in good faith, entered under nonmineral laws, public lands which are after such entry classified as being valuable for coal, by providing a means whereby such persons may retain the lands entered, subject to the right of the Government to the coal therein. DESERT LAND ENTRY WITHIN RECLAMATION PROJECT — WATER RIGHT — PATENT. SEPTEMBER 13, 1909. Final certificate and patent will not issue upon a desert land entry within a reclamation project until all payments for a water right under such project have been made and the water right permanently attaches to the land. HOMESTEAD ENTRY — QUALIFICATIONS OF ENTRYMAN — OWNERSHIP OP LAND. REISER V. STAUFPACHER, SEPTEMBER 75, 1909. One holding the naked legal title to a tract of land to which he has no beneficial interest but holds as mere dry trustee for another who paid the consideration therefor is not the proprietor thereof within the meaning of section 2289 of the Revised Statutes, declaring disqualified to make home- stead entry one who is the proprietor of more than 160 acres of land in any State or Territory. RIGHT OP WAY — RESERVOIR SITE — JURISDICTION OF LAND DEPARTMENT. SEPTEMBER 20, 1909. ALLEN ET AL vs. DENVER POWER AND IRRIGATION CO. Upon approval of an application for right of way for a reservoir site under the act of March 3, 1891, the jurisdiction of the Interior Department is lost, and any subsequent action looking to cancellation or annulment of the right of way for any reason whatever must be by direct action for that pur- pose in the courts. The land department is without authority to approve an application for right of way under said act which conflicts to a material extent with a prior approved application under which vested rights have been acquired. The five-year period fixed by the act of March 3, 1891, within which a reservoir under its provisions is required to be constructed to prevent forfeiture of the right of way can not be extended by means of an amended application for the reservoir site. Upon failure to construct within the five-year period, the land department may not, in the face of evidence showing that another is seeking to acquire the land for a legal purpose, waive the requirement of the statute with respect to for- feiture, but should recommend the institution of proceedings to have the right declared forfeited. DESERT LAND ENTRY — EXTENSION OF TIME FOR PROOF — ANNUAL EXPENDITURE — SEC. 3, ACT OF MARCH 28, 1908. Section 3 of the Act of March 28, 1908, authorizing an extension of time for the submission of final proof upon desert land entries, where by reason of unavoidable delay in the construction of the irrigating works, the entryman is unable to make proof of reclamation and cultivation within the time fixed by statute, furnishes no authority for an exten- sion of time to enable the entryman to submit proof of annual expenditure. Sept. 23, 1909. HOMESTEADS WITHIN RECLAMATION PROJECTS — RE- CLAMATION PROOF — CONSTRUCTION CHARGES. SEPTEMBER 17, 1909. 1. Notice of acceptance to issue on proof of residence, cultivation, improvement, and reclamation. Homesteaders who have resided on, and improved their lands for the time required by the homestead laws and have reclaimed at least one-half of the irrigable area of their farm units as required by the reclamation act, and have submitted proof which has been found satisfactory thereunder by this office, will be excused from further residence on their lands and notice will be issued to them reciting that the conditions of residence, cultivation, improvement, and reclamation have been complied with, and that final certificate and patent will issue upon payment of the charges imposed by the public notice issued in pursuance of section 4 of the reclamation act. In such cases, upon payment of the charges by the entryman, or in his behalf, final certificate, and patent, will issue in due course. • 2. Homesteads where residence and improvement have been completed but reclamation not affected. Homesteaders who have resided on, cultivated, and im- proved their lands for the time required by the homestead laws and have submitted proof which has been found satis- factory thereunder by this office, but who are unable to fur- nish proof of reclamation because water has not been fur- nished to the lands or farm units not established will be excused from further residence on their lands and will be given a notice reciting that further residence is not required, but that final certificate and patent will not issue until proof of reclamation of one-half of the irrigable area of the entry and payment of all charges imposed by the public notice issued in pursuance to section 4 of the reclamation act. 3 Pull payment at option of entryman when residence. 318 THE IRRIGATION AGE. cultivation, improvement and reclamation have been com- pleted. Upon proof of the residence, cultivation, improvement, and reclamation required by the homestead and reclamation laws, the parties in interest may, if so desired, exercise the option of immediately paying all installments of the building charges and the charges for operation and maintenance, where- upon final certificate and patent will be issued. ADDITIONAL HOMESTEAD ENTRY WITHIN RECLAMA- TION WITHDRAWAL. SEPTEMBER 27, 1908. The fact that lands are within a reclamation withdrawal does not prevent additional entry thereof under section 2 of the act of April 28, 1904, where farm units have not been established and where the first original entry, to which the additional entry must be contiguous was made subject to the restrictions and conditions of the reclamation act, the com- bined original and additional entry, however, being subject to adjustment to a farm unit when established. DESERT LAND ENTRY — EFFECT OF ASSIGNMENT — QUALIFICATIONS OF ASSIGNEE. BONE V. ROCK- WOOD, OCTOBER 2, 1909. Where assignment is made of a desert land entry and the assignee recognized by the General Land Office, the entry- man or person making the assignment thereby parts with his title to the land, even though it be subsequently shown upon contest or investigation that the assignee is not qualified to hold by assignment. The charge that the assignee of a desert land entry is disqualified to take by assignment is sufficient basis for a contest. HOMESTEAD CONTEST — CHARGE OF INADAPTABILITY OF LAND FOR AGRICULTURAL USE. DAVIS V. GIB- SON, OCTOBER 14, 19O9. Land unadapted to any agricultural use is not subject to entry under the homestead law; and an affidavit of contest in effect charging such inadaptability is sufficient basis for a hearing. RIGHT OF WAV — POWER PURPOSES — ACTS OF MARCH 3, 1891, MAY 11, 1898, AND FEBRUARY 15, 19O8. KERN RIVER COMPANY, NOVEMBER 12, 1909. A right of way under the act of March 3, 1891, may be acquired only by a company formed for the purpose of irriga- tion; but a right of way secured under that act may, under the act of May 11, 1908, be used for purposes of a public nature as subsidiary to the main purpose of irrigation. A company organized chiefly for the purpose of generating and distributing power is not within the purview of the act of March 3, 1891, and where an application by such a company for right of way under that act has been approved, for lands now within a National Forest, the company may be per- mitted to relinquish all right under such approval and amend its application to bring it within the act of February 15, 1901, failing to do which, action should be taken by the land de- partment with a view to revocation of the approval. PUBLIC LANDS — AGGREGATE AREA UNDER PUBLIC LAND LAWS — ACT OF AUGUST 30, 1890. TRENTHAM V. COPENHAVER, NOVEMBER 13, 1909. The area embraced within a homestead entry relinquished prior to the acquisition of title does not come within the provision of the act of August 30, 1890, limiting the amount of land that may be acquired by any one person under the public land laws to 320 acres. RECLAMATION WITHDRAWAL — PROTEST — PAR. 6, REGULATIONS JANUARY 19, 1909. NEW CASTLE COMPANY v. ZANGANELLA, NOVEMBER 26, 1909. Paragraph 6 of the regulations of January 19, 1909, to the effect that the prosecution of contests affecting lands Included within a first-form withdrawal under the reclamation act, out of which preferred rights of entry might arise, should not be allowed, has no application to a protest by one claiming under a placer location against a conflicting desert-land entry, no question of preference right of entry being involved in such proceeding. ENLARGED HOMESTEAD ACT — FEBRUARY 19, 1909. IN- STRUCTIONS OF DECEMBER 14, 1909. To Registers and Receivers — United States Land Offices. Colorado, Montana. Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wy- oming, Arizona and New Mexico. Copies of Circular of Instructions as to Entry of Lands under this act may be secured free of charge, by application to the "Commissioner of the General Land Office, Washington, D. C." RECLAMATION WATER RIGHT CHARGES — TRUCKEE- CARSON PROJECT — FIRST INSTALMENT JANUARY 10, 1910. Where an entry within the Truckee-Carson reclamation project was made too late in the year 1907 to obtain any benefit by the use of water for the crop season of that year, the first instalment for water-right charges did not under the instructions of May 6, 1907, considered in connection with the instructions of August 5, 1904, become due until December 1, 1908. NOTICE OF PREFERENCE RIGHT — LAND SUBJECT TO HOMESTEAD ENTRY — RELINQUISHMENT FOR CON- SIDERATION— SECOND HOMESTEAD. FINLEY V. NESS, JANUARY 18, 1910. Where a successful contestant is notified of his preference right of entry by registered mail, and the notice is received by him, the preference-right period begins to run from that date, excluding the day notice was received. The fact that land is covered with valuable timber does not exclude it from entry under the homestead law, where of such character that it would be suitable for agricultural use if the timber were removed, but land of a character not adaptable to any agricultural use is not subject to homestead entry. A homestead entryman who executes a relinquishment and places it in the hands of another, who disposes of it for a valuable consideration, is disqualified to make second entry under either the act of April 28, 1904, or the act of February 8, 1908, regardless of whether he actually received any part of the consideration for which it was sold. Head Gate Hoists in all sizes and types for use in connection with timber or cast iron Head Gates and Waste Gates also a complete line '"of Cast Iron Gates Catalog No. 25 is devoted exclusively to Gate Hoists. We also build the New American Turbine The Dayton Globe Iron Works Co. Dayton, • • • Ohio Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price: Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead $1.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson a.OO Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 8.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.W Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 Cement Pipe & Tile, Hanson i.oo Arid Agriculture, B. C. Buffum 1.50 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 319 DESERT-LAND ENTRY— FINAL PROOF — RECLAMATION DISTRIBUTION OF WATER. FEBRUARY 4, 1910. Where the final proof submitted upon a desert-land entry shows that the entryman has cultivated and irrigated at least one-eighth of the land, and has constructed ditches, owns a sufficient water right, has brought water to the land, and is prepared to turn water upon the entire tract when it shall have been cleared and prepared for cultivation, he is not required to show further that water has actually been dis- tributed over all the irrigable land in the entry. Directions given for amendment of the circular of Novem- ber 30, 1908, 37 L. D. 312, to accord with the views herein expressed. DESERT LAND ENTRY — CONTEST — CHARGE OF FRAUD — ANNUAL EXPENDITURES. WILLIAMS V. KIRK, FEBRUARY 7, 1910. The fact that the annual expenditures for the benefit of a desert-land entry are made by another, for the entrymen, is not sufficient ground for contest, if made in good faith to effect reclamation, and not with a view to indirectly obtaining 6It is not of itself evidence of fraud, or ground for contest, that a group of desert-land entrymen agree voluntarily to subject their lands to the support of an irrigation system from which water may be taken for their reclamation. DESERT LAND ENTRY— ASSIGNMENT— CONTEST— ACT OF MARCH 26, 1908. HARRINGTON V. PATTERSON, FEBRUARY 8, 1910. The desert-land right under the acts of March 3, 18(7, and March 3 1891, is exhausted by either making or taking by -""^e^ oaneewhr? fa'&SSSS* his right by taking an entry by assignment was nevertheless permitted to make Another entry in his own name, it may be Permitted to stand if within the provisions of the act of March 26, 1908, aui zing second desert entries, notwithstanding a pending contest charging disqualification at the time the entry was made. (Continued from page 304.) The New York Experiment Station recommends that spaying be commenced when the plants ae six to eight inches high and repeat the treatment at intervals of 10 to 14 days in order to keep the plants well covered with Bor- deaux throughout the season. During epidemics of blight, it may be necessary to spray as often as once a week. Usually six applications will be required. The Bordeaux mixture should contain four pounds of copper sulphate to each 50 gallons in the first two sprayings and six pounds to 50 gallons in subsequent sprayings. Whenever -bugs or flea beetles are plentiful, add one -to two pounds of Paris green or two quarts of arsenite of soda stock solution to the quantity of Bordeaux required to spray an acre. Thoroughness of application is to be desired at all times, but is especially important when flea beetles arc numerous or the weather favorable to blight. Using the same quantity of Bordeaux, frequent light applications are likely to be more effective than heavier applications made at long intervals, e. g.. when a horse sprayer carrying but one nozzle per row is used, it is better to go over the plants once a week than to make a double spraying once in two weeks. A good plan is to use one nozzle per row in the early sprayings and two nozzles per row in the later ones. To get along with three sprayings only, the first one should be postponed until there is danger of injury from bugs or flea beetles and then spray thoroughly with the Bordeaux and poison. The other two sprayings should likewise be thorough and applied at such times as to keep the foliage protected as much as possible during the re- mainder of the season. Very satisfactory results may be obtained from three thorough sprayings. (Coutinued on page 329.) U. S. Reclamation Record. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. (Under this caption we will present to our readers, from month to month, or as its importance may warrant it, a digest of the latest developments in connection with the United States Reclamation Service, including "Public Notices" and "Service Orders" of public interest.) "SERVICE ORDERS." Water-Right Applications for Lands in Private Ownership. Under date of November 20, 1909, the Department ruled that an applicant for water-rights for land in private ownership, having the necessary qualifications, may, after having disposed of a previously acquired water-right, make another application, and as to that, may be considered in the position of an original applicant; and that a land- owner may be the purchaser of the use of water for sep- arate tracts at the same time, providing he can properly qualify, and that the tracts involved do not exceed 160 acres of irrigable land in the aggregate. Functions of the Chicago Office. Under date of January 14, the Department ordered that the functions of the Chicago office be confined: (a) To transportation matters in general, as they now constitute the work of the office. (b) To the purchasing of such supplies and materials as in the opinion of the supervising and project engineers could be secured through the said office at a saving to the government. In this connection, the facilities of the Chicago office should be utilized whenever possible. (c) To the expediting of shipments of supplies and materials and related matters. (d) That the settlement work of the Service, in so far as the same is handled at Chicago, should be under the entire supervision of the Washington office. Water-Rights for Lands in Joint Ownership. On January 12, 1910, the Department ruled that where a tract of land under a reclamation project is owned by two or more persons jointly, unless each is a "resident" or an occupant on the land, as provided in Section 5 of the reclamation act, no right to use water to irrigate the same can be acquired thereunder. . Engineering Contracts and Inspection. The work heretofore carried on by the Chicago office in connection with issuing specifications and opening pro- posals for contracts and the inspection of material, machin- ery, etc., on engineering contracts will hereafter be per- formed in the office of the Director. When specifications for work of this character are forwarded from the field they should be submitted suffi- ciently in advance to permit of review before being issued. When mimeograph copies of such specifications are pre- pared in the field, a sufficient number should be forwarded to provide for sending to bidders and also for use in mak- ing extra copies of contracts for the Director's and field offices where needed. This order does not apply to the purchase and inspection of materials for immediate deliv- ery, which will still be handled by the Chicago office. PUBLIC NOTICES. Idaho, Minidoka Project. On February 7, 1910, public notice was issued in con- nection with the Minidoka Project, Idaho, in regard to lands above the grade of gravity distribution, for which, under existing notice and orders, the first installment of the charges will become due December 1, 1910. Water will not be available in 1910 for the high areas of many of the farm units, and in order to provide for a more equitable apportionment of the charges, it is an- nounced that township plats will be filed in the local land office as soon as practicable, showing separately for each farm unit the acreage irrigable by gravity and the high- land acreage irrigable by pumping or otherwise. (Continued on page 330.) 320 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Department of Agriculture Latest Publications. [To obtain those publications to which a price is affixed, application must be made to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing- Office, Washington, D. C., to whom all remittances must be directed. Stamps and personal checks will not be accepted. The Superintendent of Documents is not an official of the Department of Agriculture. Publications for free distributions i. e., those to which no price is attached, may be obtained upon application to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Pree publications are not distributed by the Superintendent of Documents. In all cases where officials desire to exchange publications applications should be made to the Department of Agriculture. The Department of Agriculture does not distribute nor control the distribution of publications of the State Agricul- tural Experiment Stations. Application for them should be made to the several stations in the different States. A List of Publications for free distribution revised to October IB, 1909, and a separate list of publications for sale (by the Superintendent of Documents) revised to October 1, 1909, may be procured free of charge upon application to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. The list appended includes all publications of general interest and value issued since the revision of these lists.] SOIL, SURVEY OP THE PORTBRSVILLE AREA, CALI- FORNIA. By A. T. Strahorn, L. C. Holmes and C. W. Mann. Pp. 40, fig. 1, map. BULLETINS. DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES By H. F. Wilson, Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investi- gations. Pp. 117, pis. 11, figs. 20 (Bulletin 68, Bureau of Entomology'. Price 25 cents. WOOD PRESERVATION IN THE UNITED STATES. By W. F. Sherfesee, in Charge of Wood Preservation. Pp. 31, pis. 4, figs. 3. (Bulletin 78, Forest Service.) Price 10 cents. CIRCULARS. DIPPING TWICE OF SHEEP IMPORTED FROM MEX- ICO FOR BREEDING, GRAZING OR FEEDING. Amend- ment to regulation 49. P. 1. (Amendment 8 to B. A. I. Order 142.) REPRINTS. EDUCATION FOR COUNTRY LIFE, of Experiment Stations. Price, 5 cents. Circular 84, Office PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT OF FENCE POSTS. Cir- cular 117, Forest Service. THE FUTURE USE OF LAND IN THE UNITED STATES. Circular 159, Forest Service. DRY-LAND GRAINS. Circular 12, Bureau of Plant In- dustry. DUST PREVENTION, ROAD PRESERVATION AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION. Circular 90, Office of Public Roads. Progress Reports of Experiments. HOG CHOLERA. By M. Dorset, Chief Biochemic Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 25. Figs. 3. (Farmers' Bulletin 379.) This Bulletin is intended to supersede Farmers' Bulletin 24 on the same subject, and contains information as to the cause and symptoms of hog tholera, describes diseases which may be mistaken for hog cholera and gives directions for the prevention and treatment of the disease by the use of serum. LOCO-WEED DISEASE. By C. Dwight Marsh, Expert, Poisonous Plant of Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. Pp. 16, figs. 4 (Farmers Bulletin 380). This Bulletin describes the plants known as loco weeds, the manner and symptoms of poisoning of horses, cattle and sheep, and the post-mortem appearances of poisoned animals. It contains directions for the treatment of affected animals, destruction of the weeds, etc. REPRINTS. RELATION OF SUGAR BEETS TO GENERAL FARM- ING. 320, Yearbook, 1903. OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURE. 340, Yearbook, 1904. ANNUAL LOSS OCCASIONED BY DESTRUCTIVE IN- SECTS IN THE UNITED STATES. 360, Yearbook, 1904. NATIONAL FORESTS AND THE LUMBER SUPPLY. 434, Yearbook, 1906. CODLING MOTH OR APPLE WORM. 460, Yearbook, 1907. WASTES OF THE FARM. 475, Yearbook, 1908. SPRAYING FOR ORCHARD INSECTS. 480, Yearbook. 1908. SO-CALLED CHANGE OF CLIMATE IN THE SEMIARID WEST. 481, Yearbook, 1908. INSTRUMENTS FOR MAKING WEATHER OBSERVA- TIONS ON THE FARM. 492, Yearbook, 1908. SOIL MULCHES FOR CHECKING EVAPORATIONS. 495, Yearbook, 1908. ADVANCE SHEETS SOIL SURVEY. SOIL SURVEY OF THE MODESTO-TURLOCK AREA. CALIFORNIA, with a Brief Report on a Reconnaissance Soil Survey of the Region East of the Area. By A. T. Sweet, J F. Warner and L. C. Holmes. Pp. 70, pi. 1, figs. 2, map. SOIL SURVEY OF HIGHLAND COUNTY, NORTH DA- KOTA. By Frank Bennett, E. L. Worthen, Rec. E. Willard, and E. B. Watson. Pp. 38, fig. 1, map. DRILLED WELLS FOR IRRIGATION Make Every Well a Flowing Well Flowing wells are not found in every locality, but they can be made to flow to their full capacity. Every farm and every ranch should and can'- have their own water supply; a good well adds thousands [of dollars to the value of a property. The first item of expense is the only expense; a good well is inexhaustible and lasts for all time. Big Profits in the Well Business We want to send you our FREE book, 'How to Make Money in the Well Business." It contains twenty pages from Sanderson's hoDk, "Well Drilling, Methods and Cost." which is the only book published on the subject. It also describes our Advertising Plan which we are furnishing' to our customers FREE. Just drop us a postal today and we will show you how to handle, a business in which there are REAL PROFITS. ADDRESS (WELL DEPT.) THE CYCLONE DRILL CO., Orrville, Ohio Chicago Office: 419 Fisher Bldg. New York Office : 1456 Hudson Terminal Bldg. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IERIGATION AGE. 321 REPORTS. ANIMAL, INDUSTRY. Report of the Chief of the Bureau for 1909. By A. D. Melvin. Pp 69. BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. Report of the Chief of the Bu- reau for 1909. By C. Hart Merriam. Pp. 23. EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Report of the Director of the Office for 1909. By A. C. True. Pp. 31. PLANT INDUSTRY. Report of the Chief of the Bureau for 1909. By B. T. Galloway. Pp. 118. BULLETINS. APPLICATION OF SOME OP THE PRINCIPLES OF HEREDITY TO PLANT BREEDING. By W. J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge of the Office of Farm Management. Pp. 74, figs. 6. (Bulletin 165, Bureau of Plant Industry.) Price, 10 cents. FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES IN FOR- EST PRODUCTS. 1851-1908. Pp. 32. (Bulletin 51, Bureau of Statistics.) Price, 5 cents. REPRINTS. UNFERMENTED APPLE JUICE. Bulletin 118, Bureau of Chemistry. Price, 5 cents. CIBCULABS. TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF SPLENETIC FEVER IN CATTLE. Rule 1, Revision 5, to B. A. I. Order 166. Pp. 10. (Bureau of Animal Industry.) FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES: THEIR USE. By Overton W. Price, Associate Forester, and R. S. Kelloft and \V. T. Cox, Assistant Foresters. Pp. 25. (Circular 171, Forest Service.) METHODS OF INCREASING FOREST PRODUCTIVITY. By E. E. Carter, Assistant Forester. Pp. 16. (Circular 172, Forest Service.) LIMITATION OF THE SATSUMA ORANGE TO TRI- FOLIATE ORANGE STOCK. By Walter T. Swingle, Physiol- ogist in Charge of Crop Physiology and Breeding Investiga- tions. (Circular 46, Bureau of Plant Industry.) REPRINTS. BLACKLEG: ITS NATURE, CAUSE AND PREVENTION. Circular 31, revised. Bureau of Animal Industry. PREPARATION OF EMULSIONS OF CRUDE PETRO- LEUM. Circular 89, Bureau of Animal Industry. RECORDS OF DAIRY COWS: THEIR VALUE AND IM- PORTANCE IN ECONOMIC MILK PRODUCTION. Circular 103, Bureau of Animal Industry. FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION SERVICE. Circular 125, Bureau of Animal Industry. THE PEACH TREE BORER. Circular 54, Division of Entomology. REQUIREMENTS TO BE COMPLIED WITH BY NURS- ERYMEN OR OTHERS WHO MAKE INTERSTATE SHIPMENTS OF NURSERY STOCK. Circular 75, Bureau of Entomology. HARLEQUIN CABBAGE BUG. Circular 103, Bureau of Entomology. NATURAL REVEGETATION OF DEPLETED MOUN- TAIN GRAZING LANDS. Circular 169, Forest Service. FARMERS' BULLETIN. ADULTERATION OF FORAGE-PLANT SEEDS. By F. H. Hillman, ssistant Botanist, Seed Laboratory, Bureau of Plant Industry. Pp. 23, figs. 19 (Farmers' Bulletin 382). This bulle- tin explains the nature and forms of adulteration of seeds, the results of such adulteration, and describes the kinds of forage-plant seeds commonly adulterated and the seeds used as adulteration. HOW BIRDS AFFECT THE ORCHARD. Separate 197, Yearbook, 1900. CULTIVATION AND FERTILIZATION OF PEACH OR- CHARDS. Separate 293, Yearbook, 1902. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE, 1909. Pp. 100. Price, 10 cents. REPORT OF THE FORESTER FOR 1909. By Gifford Pinchot. Pp. 45. MANUFACTURE OF DENATURED ALCOHOL. Pp. 166, figs. 15. Price, 20 cents. NORTH AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGY. A List of Works. By Nathan Banks, Assistant Bureau of Entomology. Price, 15 cents. GIPSY MOTH PARASITE. Technical Results from the Laboratory. By L. O. Howard. Pp. 12, figs. 7. Price, 5 cents. IRRIGATION IN TEXAS. By J. C. Nagle, Professor 04. Civil Engineering. Texas. Prepared under the ^direction bf Samuel Fortier. Pp. 92, pi. 1, Bulletin 222, Offlffk of Experi- ment Station. Price. 15 cents. EXPERIMEKT STATION RECORD, published monthly. The Record contains numerous abstracts of the publications of the agricultural experiment stations and^ kindred institu- tions in this and other ^countries, articles and editorials on topics of special interest in agricultural science by American and foreign experts, and notes on the experiment stations. Note. — For the convenience of those who desire to receive this publication regularly, the Superintendent of Documents has fixed the price of this .Ferial, which is now issued in two volumes a year, eight numbers each, at $1.00 per volume, pay- able in advance. Current numbers are not sold separately. REFERENCE LIST OF THE ELECTRIC FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERE NITROGEN AND THE USE OF CALCIUM CYAXAMID AND CALCIUM NITRITE ON SOILS. Compiled by Stephen Conrad Stuntz. Pp. 89. (Bulletin 63, Bureau of Soils.) Price, 10 cents. DRINAGE OF IRRIGATED LANDS IN THE SAN JOA- QUIN VALLEY. CALIFORNIA. Bulletin 217. Office of Experi- ment Station. Price, 15 cents. CIRCULARS. TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF SCABIES IN CATTLE. Rule 2, Revision 3. Pp. 3. (Order 167, Bureau of Animal Industry.) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS .ORGANIZATION WORK AND PUBLICATIONS. Pp. 6. (Circular 88, revised, Office ol Experiment Stations.) SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION WITH SMALL WATER SUPPLIES AT CHEYENNE AND NEWCASTLE, WYOMING, 1905-1908. Progress Report on Experiments. By O. W. Bry- ant, Irrigation Manager in Charge of Work in Colorado and Wyoming. Prepared under the direction of Samuel Fortier. Pp. 51, figs. 8. (Circular 93, Office of Experiment Stations.) FARM EQUIPMENT — MINOR ARTICLES. By L. W. Ellis, Assistant Office of Farm Management. Pp. 15. (Cir- cular 44, Bureau of Plant Industry.) CROP REPORTER, published monthly. (Bureau of Sta- tistics.) The Crop Reporter is a two-column quarto publica- tion devoted to agricultural statistics. DISEASES OF THE STOMACH AND BOWELS OF CAT- TLE. Circular 68, revised, Bureau of Animal Industry. THE WHITE ANT. Circular 50, Second Series, Bureau of Entomology. MITES AND LICE ON POULTRY. Circular 92, Bureau of Entomology. THE TEACHING OF AGRICULTURE IN THE RURAL COMMON SCHOOLS. Circular 60, Office of Experiment Sta- tions. IMPROVEMENT OF THE OAT CROP. Circular 30, Bu- reau of Plant Industry. DECAY OF CABBAGE IN STORAGE — ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION. Circular 39. Bureau of Plant Industry. FARMERS' BULLETINS. HOW TO DESTROY ENGLISH SPARROWS. By Ned Dearborn, Assistant Biological Survey. Pp. 11, figs 4. (Farm- ers' Bulletin 383.) POTATO CULTURE ON IRRIGATED FARMS OF THE WEST. By E. H. Grubb, of Colorado. Pp. 15, figs. 3. (Farm- ers' Bulletin 386.) This bulletin gives directions for the preparation of the soil for the potato crop, the planting, culti- vation, irrigation, etc., and contains suggestions for storing, marketing, and seed selection, with remarks on varieties and yields. FROM YEARBOOKS OF DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. TOP WORKING ORCHARD TREES. Separate 266, Year- book, 1902. USE OF ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL, IN TEACHING AGRICULTURE IN RURAL SCHOOLS. Separate 382, Year- book, 1905. WASTES OF THE FARM. Separate 475, Yearbook, 1908. RELATIONS BETWEEN BIRDS AND INSECTS. Sepa- rate 486, Yearbook, 1908. BY-PRODUCTS OF THE SUGAR BEET AND THEIR USES. Separate 493, Yearbook. 1908. DEVELOPMENT OF FARM CROPS RESISTANT TO DISEASE. Separate 494, Yearbook, 1908. SOIL SURVEY OF THE PAJARO VALLEY, CALIFOR- NIA. By W. W. Mackie. Pp. 46, fig. 1, map. SOIL, SURVEY OF THE KLAMATH RECLAMATION PROJECT, OREGON. By A. T. Sweet and I. G. McBeth. Pp. 45, pi. 1, fig. 1, map. BULLETINS. ORGANIZATION LISTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL COL- LEGES AND EXPERIMENT .STATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. Pp. 93. (Bulletin 224, Office of Experiment Sta- tions.) Price, 10 cents. VARIETIES OF AMERICAN UPLAND COTTON. By Frederick J. Tyler. Pp. 127, pis. 8, figs. 67. (Bulletin 163, Bureau of Plant Industry.) Price, 25 cents. MISTLETOE PEST IN THE SOUTHWEST. By William L. Bray. Pp. 39, pis., 2, figs. 7. (Bulletin 166, Bureau of Plant Industry.) Price. 10 cents. NEW METHODS OF PLANT BREEDING. By George W. Oliver. Pp. 39, pis. 15, figs. 2. (Bulletin 167, Bureau of Plant Industry.) Price. 20 cents. VARIEGATED ALFALFA. By J. M. Westgate. Pp. 63, pis. 9, figs. 5. (Bulletin 169, Bureau of Plant Industry. Price, 10 cents. IMPORTS OF FARM PRODUCTS INTO THE UNITED STATES, 1851-1909. Pp. 62. (Bulletin 74, Bureau of Statis- tics.) Price. 10 cents. EXPORTS OF FARM PRODUCTS FROM THE UNITED STATES. 1851-1908. Pp. 66. (Bulletin 75, Bureau of Statis- tics.' Price, 10 cents. . CIRCULARS. ADULTERATION AND MISBRANDING OF THE SEEDS OF ALFALFA, RED CLOVER, ORCHARD GRASS AND KEN- TUCKY BLUEGRASS. Pp. 4. (Circular 31, Office of the Secretary.) VALUE OF PEACHES AS VINEGAR STOCK. By H. C. Gore, Assistant Chemist Division of Foods. Pp. 7. (Circular 51 Bureau of Chemistry.) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF ENTO- MOLOGY. Compiled by Mabel Colcord, Librarian. Pp. 32. (Circular 51. Bureau of Chemistry.) THE WESTERN GRASS-STEM SAWFLY (Cephus Occl- dentalis Riley and Mariatt). By F. M. Webster, in charge of Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations; and George I. Reeves. Special Field Agent. Pp. 6, fig. 1. (Circular 117, Bureau of Entomology.) ORGANIZATION WORK AND PUBLICATIONS OF IRRI- GATION INVESTIGATIONS. Pp. 12. (Circular 87, Office of Experiment Stations.) (Continued on page 337.) THE IEEIQATION AGE. Recent Legal Decisions on Irri- gation and Related Rights CONSTITUTIONALLY LIMITED AND ASSURED WATER RIGHTS — POSITION OP AFPROPRIATOR — MEASURE OP BIGHTS — VALIDITY OP CONTRACT, PREFER- ENTIAL AND PERMANENT BIGHTS. The supreme court of California says, in Leavitt vs Lassen Irrigation Co., 106 Pacific Reporter, 404, that, for the plaintiff, the most favorable view which could be taken of the evidence was that he made an appropriation of waters for the public use of sale, rental, and distribution under the constitu- tion of 1879; that by means of the same canal and ditches he made a private appropriation of waters for use upon his indi- vidual land; and that when he came to sell his irrigating system he withheld from the sale the waters so privately appropriated. It could not be said that there was anything illegal in these acts. But, treating Leavitt's appropriation as being wholly and entirely for public use, he, the owner of the system, was but an instrumentality for the distribution of the waters which he gathered to such members of the public as might apply for them and pay to him the legal charge for the service that he rendered. As the agent of such a public use, he had no power whatsoever to reserve to himself for his private pur- poses any part of this water. If he could reserve a part, he could reserve all, and thus, by his ipse dixit (he himself has said), convert a public use into private ownership, or, if he could reserve a part for himself, he could with equal author- ity give away parts of the supply to others, and by this method destroy what the constitution itself has declared shall remain forever a public use. Therefore the only tenable ground upon which he could stand would be that, with his appropriation for public use, he became a private appropriator of water upon his ranch. If this was so, then his rights to water would be measured as are the rights of every other private appropriator — not by the amount which he took, not by the amount which he claimed, not by an amount sufficient thoroughly and properly to irrigate a thousand acres of land; but it would be measured by the amount which he had been actually taking and apply- ing to a beneficial use upon that land. His right to priority in the use of water would also be measured by and limited to this quantity. Another question was: Can a corporation, which has appropriated water which the constitution has declared shall forever be devoted to a public use, contract with A., B., and C. to supply them in perpetuity with a given quantity of water, and then, by assigning in turn to A., B., and C. its rights under these contracts, confer upon A., B., and C. a private right superior to and destructive of the public use? If this may be done with one, it may be done with many, and water which has thus been appropriated for public rental, distribution, and sale may, by this legerdemain of the law, be transferred into private ownership and use. This may not be done. The fundamental and all-important proposition then is this: That a public service water company which is appropri- ating water under the constitution of 1879, for purposes of rental, distribution, and sale, cannot confer upon a consumer any preferential right to the use of any part of its water. All are equally entitled to share in the use of the water who pay, or offer to pay, the legal rate and to abide by the reason- able rules and regulations of the company. It does not follow that a water company may not make specific contracts with individual consumers which are within the purview of the constitution and within valid legislative enactments regulating the public use. This is precisely as decided by Fresno Canal Co. vs. Park, 129 Gal. 437. But, as decided in Crow vs. San Joaquin Irrigation Co., 130 Cal. 309. immediately following the Park Case, such a contract, even if violated by the consumer, could not operate to deprive him of his constitutional right to the water furnished by the public service corporation upon tender to it of the legal rate. For the breach of the consumer's contract, the water company must seek other redress than that of depriving the consumer of his share of the supply. The foregoing statement that a water company, or person in charge of water devoted to public use, cannot confer a preferential right upon one consumer over another, is not to be understood as denying the right of such company or per- son in possession of a limited amount of water to devote that amount to the irrigation of a given area of land. The court is not to be understood as saying that the company may not fix the limits of this territory, and lawfully agree to supply Its waters, first, to the lands within that territory, and to supply to outsiders only such surplus as there may be after the needs of the original territory for which the water was procured are satisfied. This would, not be in derogation of the public trust, but would be a mere regulation of use in the performance of the trust. Permanent rights, in a limited sense, consumers may acquire. That is to say, having once been supplied by the company, they are entitled to a continuation of such supply, unless their amount shall be diminished by a shortage for which the water company is not responsible, or a shortage by reason of the increased demand of added consumers. In such cases the duty of the water company is to supply such water as it has, fairly apportioned between its consumers. If it be conceived that section 552 of the civil code is designed to confer upon any particular consumer any special, per- manent, and preferential rteht above what is here stated, that effort, being plainly vlolative of the constitution, would be held void. The same declaration applies to the provision of the act entitled "An act to regulate and control the sale, rental and distribution of appropriated waters in this state other than in any city," etc., approved March 12, 1889, and the amendment to that act approved March 2, 1897. In this case there was no refusal on the part of the com- pany to furnish water. The plaintiff was tendered the water — first, at the rate fixed by law, and, second, at the rate fixed by a contract assigned to h'im. But he refused to pay any- thing for the water, and insisted upon his right to take it and use it without charge. This right he did not have. The utmost for which he could contend was the right to the use of water (in consonance with the foregoing principles) upon the tender of payment of the contract rate. His conduct was an intentional breach and repudiation by which, whatever it may have been conceived they were, his rights under the contract came to an end. VALIDITY AND CONSTRUCTIOS OP GRANT OP "FREE AND PERPETUAL USE OF WATER." Where a landowner conveys a tract of land lying under his canal and susceptible of irrigation therefrom, and includes in the conveyance a grant of the "free and perpetual use of water" from the grantor's canal sufficient to irrigate the land conveyed, the supreme court of Idaho holds, Nampa & Merid- ian Irrigation District vs. Gess, 106 Pacific Reporter, 993, that the grant of such free and perpetual water right does not obligate the grantor or his successors or assigns to per- petually bear and pay the expense and cost of maintaining and protecting the canal and the water right and delivering the water to the consumer. In such a case the contract con- veys a free and unincumbered right and title in and to the waters of the canal, and carries with it an unqualified right to the extent of the quantity of water conveyed in the appropriation itself and the right to have the water flow through the canal, and the grantor perpetually abandons and foregoes the right to ever thereafter charge, collect or realize any profit or rental for the use of the water con- veyed. The court has no doubt but that the grantee acquired his right and interest in the appropriation of the volume of water which was carried through the canal, and that he might, at any time the majority owners of the canal failed or neglected to protect the appropriation and keep the canal in repair, go himself upon the property, protect the appropria- tion, maintain the diversion, and carry the water through the canal to the extent of the quantity necessary for the irriga- tion of his tract of land. In such a case, the actual expense of maintenance and delivery to the extent of his use would fall upon him, but he would be liable to no one for water rentals. If a contract of this kind is to be held valid, it must rest upon the assumption that the ditch company originally received a sufficient consideration for the contract to Justify it perpetually thereafter abandoning and foregoing the right to realize a profit or rental for the delivery of the quantity of water sold under the contract. Such an assumption is by no means unreasonable or illogical. A canal company at a time of financial need might receive a sufficient consideration for a perpetual water right that the annual income from such consideration would equal the annual water rates that might thereafter be established in conformity with law. The com- pany cannot, however, sell and dispose of free water rights, and thereafter claim a sufficient water rate from other con- sumers to pay it a profit on the free water rights thus dis- posed of. That is the question specifically determined and passed upon by the federal court in the case of Boise City Irrigation & Land Co. vs. Clark. 131 Fed. 415. TIME POR COMPLETION OF DITCH AND ATTACHMENT OP RIGHTS — MEASURE AND LIMIT OP WATER RIGHTS — QUANTFTY AND MEASUREMENT OF WATER REQUIRED FOR PROPER IRRIGATION. The supreme court of Oregon says, in the case of Whited and others vs. Gavin and others, 105 Pacific Reporter, 396, brought to determine the right, as between the plaintiffs and the defendants, to the use of the waters of the south fork of Burnt river in Baker county, that arrangements were made in 1883 whereby the plaintiffs joined in the enlargement of the ditch begun by Whited in 1881. and the work of enlarging and extending it, to cover their lands, was diligently prose- cuted until its completion, which was accomplished within four years from the commencement thereof. This, the court believes, in view of the difficulties encountered in its con- struction and other circumstances disclosed by the record, was within a reasonable time. Under such circumstances, by the well-settled rule in Oregon, the plaintiffs' rights re- lated back to the commencement of their work in 1883 and Whited's rights attached at an earlier period. The next point was that, taking all of the testimony into consideration, it was reasonably safe to infer that the carry- ing capacity of the Wham-Whited Upper ditch had, since 1887, been increased about 30 per cent, and that, at the time of the location of the appealing defendants' water rights, it was about 10 second feet, or 400 inches, which, the supreme court finds, was the quantity to which the plaintiffs, as against all the defendants, are entitled, west of the channel of the creek and below the Wham-Whited Upper ditch for a sufficient time during each irrigation season to properly irrigate their lands. Other points, of general interest, decided are: That a change in the point of diversion and place of use may be made when it can be done without prejudice to the rights of others. Any person or number of persons may have an interest in or become the exclusive owner or owners of, different water rights, each of which may have had their inception at dif- ferent times, and in such cases the order of their respective THE IKRIGATION AGE. 323 priorities must necessarily depend upon the dates of the initi- ation of each particular right. The right to water, claimed by prior appropriaiors for irrigation purposes, is always limited In quantity by the use for which the appropriation is made, and to which it may, In a reasonable time, be applied, and it is so well settled as almost to become axiomatic that beneficial use and the needs of the appripriators, and not the capacity of the ditches, or quantity first run through them, is the measure and limit of the appropriators. While the quantity to which the appro- priators may be entitled does not necessarily equal the carry- ing capacity of the ditch, the capacity thereof is essentially the utmost limit of such right. Measured by this rule, the plaintiffs, as first appropriators, were limited to the capacity of the ditch, which at the inception of the defendants' rights did not exceed 400 Inches, and to the use of water sufficient only for the proper irrigation of a quantity of lands not ex- ceeding the acreage between the ditch and the stream from which diverted. Nearly all the witnesses placed the quantity required for the proper irrigation of lands in that vicinity at one inch per acre, though one witness gave it as his opinion that it re- quires as high as 17 inches per acre for the proper Irrigation of some lands. It is obvious, that a flow of 17 inches of water per acre is never required for the irrigation of any lands, even though it should be but one acre, unless in some ex- ceptional localities, where the soil may contain so much gravel or be so porous as to make its use unprofitable for cultivation. The sincerity of the witness serves only to illustrate the gen- eral lack of knowledge, even among water users, concern- ing the quantity of water furnished by a constant flow of one inch, miner's measurement, and the corresponding unreli- ability of testimony of the character adduced on the subject, amounting merely to an opinion or guess without any actual test as to the quantity actually used and required. One inch of water, under six-inch preasure, miner's measurement, isl-40 of a second foot, and furnishes a flow of 675 gallons per hour, which in 30 days would furnish 1% acre feet, or 6 acre feet of water for a 4 months' irriga- tion period. A flow of 17 inches therefore would cover an area, equal to one acre, to a depth of 25% feet each month or 102 feet in depth (102 acre feet), during and Irrigation season of four months. The absurdity of such a quantity being essential to the proper Irrigation of lands Is manifest. Four hundred inches of constant flow would cover an area equal to 440 acres, during a like period, 5% feet In depth. The quantity allowed by the government for an irrigation season in similar localities and altitudes, with like soil, is usually about 1% acre feet. It is clear therefore that 10 second feet, or 400 Inches, are ample for the irrigation of the plaintiffs' lands under the ditch, and it Is probable that even this quantity is not required at all times during the Irlgation seasons. When not so required, it becomes subject to use by others .on the stream, in the order of their rights. As the plaintiffs rely for their water rights on the diver- sion made through the Wham-Whlted Upper ditch, they are limited in their use. under this appropriation, to the lands under that ditch, which may be irrigated by water diverted either through that canal or other ditches under it; and, while not necessarily confined to the same specific tracts upon which the appropriation was perfected at the time of the Inception of the water rights of the answering defendants, which did not exceed 440 acres. It may be regarded as well in Oregon that it is only necessary to the maintenance of suits of this character, either that it appear that the defendants claim adversely to the moving party, or, if not asserting a hostile claim, that those made defendants are -necessary to a complete determination of the controversy. Supreme Court Decisions Irrigation Cases RIGHT TO RECOVER DAMAGES FOR DELAY IN FURNISHING PLANT. — • Where a buyer of an irrigation plant accepted the plant when completed, and stated in writing that it was erected according to the contract, and he procured an extension of the note for the price, based on his waiver of all damages, he could not recover damages for the seller's failure to deliver tlr: plant in time. — Fairbanks Co. v. Stites. Court of Civil Appeals of Texas. 125 Southwestern 636. REPUDIATION OF CONTRACT, — Where a water company tenders water to a consumer, first at the rate fixed by law, and next at the rate fixed by a contract, and the consumer refuses to pay anything, and claims the right to use it without charge, this amounts to a repudiation, by which any rights of his under the contract are ended. — Leavitt v. Lassen Irrigation Co. Supreme Court of California. 106 Pacific 404. POLLUTION OF STREAM. — Where defendant, in the operation of its concentrating mill, with a comparatively small expenditure could take care of the tailings on its own premises instead of discharging them into a stream from which plaintiff had appropriated waters for irrigation, defendant was not entitled to continue such discharge on the ground that its mill was absolutely de- pendent on the right to discharge its waste material into the stream. — Humphreys Tunnel & Mining Co. v. Frank. Su- preme Court of Colorado. 105 Pacific 1093. RIGHTS OF RIPARIAN OWNER. — Each riparian owner is entitled to a reasonable use of the waters as an incident to his ownership ; his right to be consistent with the rights of the others. — McEvoy v. Taylor. Supreme Court of Washington. 105 Pacific 851. CHANGE IN POINT OF DIVERSION. — An appropriator of water for irrigation may not change the point of diversion, the character or place of use, or en- large the same to the injury of other appropriators, but, with this qualification, the right to do so is a vestetl property right, which attaches to the appropriation, and may be made at the will of the appropriator. — Dies v. Hartbauer. Supreme Court of Colorado. 105 Pacific 868. CHANGE IN POINT OF DIVERSION. — A change in the point of diversion of water for irrigation and place of use may be made when it can be done without prejudice to the rights of others. — Whited v. Cavin. Supreme Court of Oregon. 105 Pacific 396. CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST IN IRRIGATION PROJECT. — Decedent posted notices of appropriation of water intend- ing to acquire the C. canal, a partly completed irrigation canal, for use of distributing the water appropriated. Being with- out sufficient means, he interested defendants; it being agreed that a corporation should be formed to carry on the enter- prise. Decedent conveyed all his rights to defendants in trust, to be conveyed by them to the corporation on its formation. The contemplated corporation was not organized, and de- fendants, to defraud decedent, organized another corporation and acquired independent rights, including a lease of the canal. One of defendants and the corporation posted notices of appropriation at substantially the same place where de- cedent posted his. Decedent's administrator sues to establish a trust in the property, for an accounting, etc. Held, that he could show that the corporation excavated a canal extending from where its notice was posted to the upper end of the C. canal and completed the C. canal ; that the C. canal dis- trict owned a strip of land extending from the upper end of the canal to the river, and covering decedent's water loca- tion, as well as the later locations by defendants and the corporation, and that the land was included in the lease ; that one of defendants, when negotiating for the lease, said that he could and would acquire decedent's right for use in con- nection with the canal, and that those rights were necessary to the scheme he proposed to carry out because they were superior to the right of the irrigation district, and that he intended to post new notices of appropriation to protect those rights, and the administrator could also show the extent and value of the C. canal, notice to the corporation of decedent's rights and of his interest in common with the defendants, and the time elapsed since the district had done any work under its irrigation scheme or toward the completion of the canal ; that the corporation paid the rent reserved in the lease ; and that the line of the proposed canal described in decedent's appropriation notices was identical with the line of the C. canal. — Beckivith v. Sheldon. Supreme Court of Cali- fornia. 97 Pacific 867. Water flowing in a well-defined water course, whether swale or creek in its primitive condition, may not, except in the exercise of the power of eminent domain, lawfully be diverted and cast upon lands of an adjoining proprietor, where it was not wont to run according to natural drainage. — Kane v. Bozt'den. Supreme Court of Nebraska. 123 North- western 94. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, 1*1 and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely •{ y illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. g 324 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Reclamation Notes CALIFORNIA. Work on the new reservoir in Orchard Dale, which, when completed, will hold enough water to irrigate 400 acres of land at one time, is rapidly being pushed to com- pletion. An extension of sixty days has been granted to Mr. Anson B. Munson, of Orland, Cal., within which to com- plete his contract on the Orland irrigation project. The date of completion was set forward to June 29, 1910. The Sacramento Valley Irrigation Company has pur- chased the holdings of the H. A. Logan Land and Stock Company, consisting of 1,120 acres west of Norman. Canals of the company will be extended to the lands pur- chased. Plans are on foot among the trustees of Reclamation District No. 531, lying along King's River, north of Han- ford, for an extension of the district from its present eastern boundary to the country road, six miles north of Hanford. If the plans are successful, about 200 acres will be added. At a recent meeting of irrigators at Stockton, on April 18, resolutions were passed providing for a commit- tee to promote favorable legislation at the next session to make irrigation bonds a safe investment for state, county and municipal funds. The question of state organization of irrigators was also discussed and met with unanimous approval. It is announced that W. P. Sproesser, president of the Merchants' National Bank of Watertown, Wis., visited Willows recently and looked over the section owned by the Sacramento Valley Irrigation Company, with a view to purchasing bonds in the Glenn and Colusa County Irri- gation project, which is being promoted by the Kuhns of Pittsburgh. J. L. Slater, who recently purchased 16,250 acres, known as the Finnell lands, near Corning, for $500,000, has filed on 20,000 inches of the water of Elder creek, Tehama county. A dam 15 feet high will be built in Elder creek. New York capitalists are said to be backing Mr. Slater, who is fronr Berkeley. It is said that litigation over water rights may develop before Mr. Slater can put his irrigation plan into execution. A. Y. Davies and F. F. Moxley have ordered a gaso- line engine and pump with which they will irrigate their land northwest of Laws. It is stated that water can be reached at a depth of twelve feet. There is a large tract of land near Laws which with irrigation will be produc- tive and valuable. Messrs. Davies and F. F. Moxley are the first in the valley to undertake irrigation by pumping. The question of whether the Turlock irrigation dis- trict shall issue bonds for the construction of a high line canal was discussed at a meeting of land owners at Cereo on April 10. An election" for this bond issue was held in 1908, with the result that the bond issue of $100,000 was authorized and the bonds issued. Later it was decided that all of the proceedings were not in accordance with the law, and another petition was prepared and presented to the board, with the result that this last election was called. The proposed high line canal is intended to irri- gate 20,000 acres. At a meeting of the board of directors of the Hal- wood Irrigation district, held at Marysville recently, the engineer, having completed all preliminary surveys, was instructed to finish up the plans and specifications so that contract for digging the canal could be let. Water is to be diverted from the Yuba river at a point above Daguerro Point. The area to be brought under water is 10,000 acres, 4,000 of which is owned by the promoters of the enter- prise. The canal will be twelve miles in length, eight feet on top, six feet on the bottom and three feet in depth. Among those interested in this project are Messrs. Dins- more, M. Diggs, Thomas Matthews, F. D. Kroh and Byron Jakes. OREGON. The large Brogan reservoir for the Willow Creek project is now under construction by the Willow River Land & Irrigation Company. Steps are now being taken to organize irrigation dis- tricts on the north side of the Malheur River, embracing about 60,000 acres of land tributary to Ontario, Vale and Weiser. A meeting of the land owners on the Dead Ox Flat was held recently, and committees were appointed to formulate plans. Although Gilliam county has been considered a dry farming country, steps are now being taken to put about 3,000 acres of land under irrigation. Land in the Rock Creek valley has proved extremely valuable for raising alfalfa and fruit, but owing to the fact that Rock Creek goes dry each year, farmers feel that a more reliable and extensive system is necessary. A dam will be constructed at Devil's Gate, between perpendicular rock walls 150 feet high. The area of the basin is sufficient to irrigate many thousands of acres. The project will cost about $60,000, which will be raised by issuing ten-year bonds, and assess- ing the land improved. The Eschbach-Bruce Company of Seattle has beer awarded the contract for the completion of the Furnish- Coe dam across the Umatilla, at a cost of $65,000. The dam will be 50 feet high, 1,170 feet long, 270 feet wide at the base, and 20 feet wide at the top. It will form a reservoir covering 240 acres, and containing 8,000 acre feet of water. Upon completion of this dam the lands under the Furnish-Coe project will be supplied with water sufficient to irrigate them for 60 days, in addition to the usual amount obtained through original filings. The total cost of this work is $110,000, as a sum nearly equal to the present contract has already been expended. Federal Judge R. S. Bean has announced the appoint- ment of C. R. Redfield as receiver for the Deschutes Irri- gation & Power Company, which is constructing one of the most extensive projects in Crook county. The re- ceiver was instructed to deposit a bond for $100,000 and to make full accounting each month to the court. Mr. Redfield,- as_ a reclamation engineer, has been connected with the company since its organization, and has been in full charge of all construction work. His appointment is satisfactory to both sides of the controversy. Operations of the company will be carried on as before and contracts which involve irrigation of about 14,000 acres will not be affected. County commissioners held a meeting at Vale recent- ly and established the boundaries of the Owyhee Irriga- tion district and set the date for the election of directors and ratification of the boundary lines. This district in- cludes all the land from the Malheur river, which is the north line, south to the Owyhee river and west fron Snake river to the High Line canal, 30 miles in length north and south, and from four to six miles in width from Snake river to the canal line, comprising with the King- man Colony district, formed recently, 87,000 acres. This, with the Gem Irrigation District in Idaho, already organ- ized, comprising 50.000 acres, will make nearly 137,000 acres to be irrigated by the High Line Canal from Owyhee river. A report from the supervising engineer in charge of the government's Umatilla irrigation project states that the Cold Springs reservoir now contains about 40,000 acre feet of water. The maximum quantity carried last year was 27,000 acre feet. It is proposed to fill the reser- voir to a capacity of 43,000 or 44,000 acre feet. The entire system is in a satisfactory working condition and settle- ment is proceeding rapidly. These lands are being sold in tracts of 20 to 40 acres at $200 per acre and upwards. The government has expended to date about $1,250,000 on this project. The aggregate value of the land under the project is estimated at $5,000,000. The gross value of the project, including lands, rights, irrigation works, buildings and other improvements, is probably about $7,000,000. WASHINGTON. Forty miles of sub-laterals to water 9,200 acres of land on the second unit of the Tieton project in the Yakima valley, west of Spokane, will be built by the government this season, to be completed in time for use early next spring. I I THE IKRIGATION AGE. 325 The Northern Pacific Irrigation Company has com- pleted the second unit of its project near Kennewick, and has 5,000 acres of land under the ditch. It is understood that the Lower Yakima Irrigation Company will install pumping plants this year to water 10,000 acres above the canal at Richmond, where 14,000 acres are already under ditch. The Board of County Commissioners has granted a franchise to the Kettle Falls Power and Irrigation Com- pany, of Kettle Falls, to construct and operate telephone lines along the public highways. The Secretary of the Interior has issued a public notice announcing that water will be furnished for the irrigation season of 1910 to about 1,626 acres of land in addition to the areas previously served under the Sunnyside irriga- tion project. The first irrigation project in the Columbia River valley to receive water this year was the Burbank dis- trict, where water was turned in the main canal on April 8. The water was somewhat delayed by the concreting of a mile of the main canal. The Upper Columbia River Irrigation Company has been organized to irrigate 300,000 acres of land between Bossburg and Northport. The capital stock is placed at $1,000,000. Nearly $300,000 has been expended on land, water-rights and a town site, the latter being twelve miles south of the international boundary. Success of the Klickitat Irrigation and Power Com- pany now seems assured, as the land owners of Horse Heaven have complied with the requirements of the pro- motors and capitalists, and the minimum of 250,000 acres has been reached. Owners of 260,000 acres have already signed applications for water-rights. The Hanford Irrigation & Power Company of White Bluffs is installing a new irrigation system, to water the land around that city. This land was under a gas pro- ducer system for the past two years, but the system proved a failure and was discontinued. An underground wooden pipe system is now being installed. Secretary of the Interior Ballinger has awarded the contract for construction of main laterals of the distribu- tion system, under the Cowiche and Yakima branch of the Tieton irrigation project, to George Cooke & Sons of Spokane, Wash. This contract involves the construction of 36 miles of ditch near Naches and the excavation of about 385,000 cubic yards of material. The contract price is $138,000. An extension of sixty days has been granted to Mr. H. W. Hawley of Seattle, within which to complete his contract for the construction of the lower portion of Sul- phur Creek Waste-way, Sunnyside irrigation project, Washington. The contractor was delayed in the execu- tion of his work by the impossibility of securing trans- portation of materials owing to strikes on railroads and on account of floods and cold weather. The date of com- pletion has been set forward to May 31, 1910. The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the re- lease, by notice to the Commissioner of Public Lands, of the flood waters flowing in Wenas Creek during the months of November to March, inclusive, each year. Such waters were set apart for the use of the government for the Yakima project in pursuance of the state law. In con- nection with the development of the Yakima irrigation project, Washington, there was a general adjustment of all water right claims during the irrigation season, extending from April 1 to November 1 of each year. It was there- fore practicable to release the waters of this creek for storage during the period from November 1 to April 1 of each year, as the government could not readily arrange for the use thereof. The Yakima Highlands Irrigation and Land Company contemplates the storage of these waters in a reservoir sufficient in capacity to irrigate 5,000 acres, the water to be stored during the winter month's when not needed by the government. UTAH. The Prove Reservoir Company's project was formally opened April 18. Water is diverted from Provo river and carried to the bench lands. The survey for the Spanish Valley Land Company has been made and work is to start within a few weeks. This company expects to irrigate 10,000 acres of land about six miles from Moab. The Oasis Land and Irrigation Company's project, composed of 43,000 acres, has been approved by the state land board under the Carey Act. The contract has been ratified and the work of reclaiming will be made at once. A franchise has been granted to the Sego Irrigation Company of Provo to construct a twenty-inch pipe line from the mouth of Provo Canyon along the country road to convey water to the new town of Ionia on Prov bench west of Olmstead. Ephraim Dastrup of Sigurd has been experimenting with irrigation by pumping. During the past year he has sunk six wells, all of which are giving good flows. His neighbors are watching the experiment with interest and it is said that a number of wells will be sunk this year. The case between the Moab Irrigation Company and the Wilson Mesa Irrigation Company, in which the water rights for approximately 20,000 acres are involved, has been continued until August. The defendants represent that they wish to secure expert agromists to test the Moab soil and testify as to the supply of water there. Citizens of Moroni and Fountain Green are planing to bring under cultivation the large tract of land between the two towns. The proposition is to drill for water along the bench land above the tract, and if it is found, to install a system of pumps by which it can be raised to the surface. The power by which these pumps would be made to operate can be secured from the Big Springs Electric Company at Fountain Green. The Provo Reservoir Company's irrigation system was opened April 18. Work on the divertig dam, or intake, was commenced in September, 1909. The intake is op- posite Carter's station near the mouth of Provo canyon, where a cement dam is constructed across the river. The cost so far has been about $75,000, and it is probable the system will cost $500,000 when completed. Land em- braced in this project is about 10,000 acres. It is reported that one of the largest irrigation projects in the history of reclamation in Utah will soon be launched by capitalists. It is said to involve an ultimate expendi- ture of from $5,000,000 to $10,000,000, the land to be re- claimed being in Uintah county. William H. King of Salt Lake and John T. Pope of Oregon are reported to be interested in this project. It is predicted that within the next two years the project will be completed. Articles of incorporation have recently been filed by the San Juan Land Company, with headquarters at Spokane, Wash. The capital stock is placed at $100,000, fully paid. R. G. Belden, vice-president, states that four wells have already been drilled to supply water to 1,500 acres of the land located at Bluff. The company proposes to sink additional wells to irrigate about 8,000 acres near Monticello. Officers of the company are R. G. Belden, vice-president; A. E. Wayland, secretary, and B. D. Harsh- berger. A stock company was organized at Moab recently to construct a reservoir on La Sal Creek at Rattlesnake Flat, about thirty miles above Moab, to store water dur- ing the winter months and irrigate 20,000 acres. W. E. Sheldon, chief engineer, has reported the project to be feasible. Among those interested are Engineers W. E. Sheldon and Harry H. Preston, J. M. Cunningham and T. B. Carpenter of La Sal, D. M. Cooper, V. P. Martin, Dr. J. W. Williams, G. P. Bryan, R. C. Clark and J. H. Clarke of Moab. On May 25, 25,000 acres of inherited Indian lands on the Uinta reserve will be sold. Sixty-three separate allot- ments are advertised for sale, including tracts in nearly every part of the Uinta and Ouray agencies. All of the land has water rights and is covered by a complete irriga- tion system. Bidders must forward sealed bids to Acting Indian Agent C. G. Hall, at White Rocks, Utah, and must enclose a certified check to the amount of 25 per cent of the offer made. If the bid is accepted the balance must be paid within 60 days. The Middle Canyon Irrigation Company and John Berclay of Clear Lake, Utah, have applied to the state engineer for permission to use certain waters in the state 326 THE IRRIGATION AGE. for irrigation purposes. The first named company desires to use all the spring, snow waters and all other waters flowing through the canyon, for the irrigation of about 800 acres. The second application relates to the irrigation of 3,520 acres in Beaver and Millard counties, the water supply to be drawn from the Beaver River. It is esti- mated that 50 cubic feet per second will be required. The Provo Reservoir Company has stated that it will be ready to deliver water to farmers on the highlands of Provo bench within the next few weeks. This project includes about 9,000 acres. Water is taken through Provo river from lakes at the head of Provo canyon and other sources. A number of contracts between the company and water users have been filed with the county clerk. The cost with water is $75 per acre. Ten annual pay- ments are provided for and at the end of twelve years the system will belong to the users. Jesse Knight, Joseph R. Murdock and Joseph B. Keeler are interested. TEXAS. Construction work has commenced on the canal and reservoir near Chopin. Water will be taken from the Rio Grande river above La Lomita. Wm. Donnell and Messrs. Robertson and Dooley of Graham, Texas, will irrigate 700 acres of land on the Clear Fork river, in Young county. Several pumps have been installed. The National Land & Sub-Irrigation Company of In- dependence, Kas., with a capital stock of $3,000,000. has recently filed articles of incorporation and has established a southwestern office at San Antonio. Thos. Wagstaff is president of the new company, and Logan H. Bagby is vice-president. NEW MEXICO. E. M. Teel of Hope has filed an application for waters of the Penasco, which has been approved. Mr. Burke Machey of Dayton has filed an application with Engineer Sullivan to pump waters from springs along the Penasco. This application has also been granted. Irrigation by pumping is being carried on extensively around Deming. J. M. Williams has just installed a 25- horsepower vertical motor for use on.his ranch near Dem- ing. Final surveys of the Urton Lake Irrigation project have been completed and it is likely that work on the ditch will be begun immediately. This survey includes about 100,000 acres of the best land in the territory. The channel of the main canal will be 100 feet wide. A dam will be built about 30 miles north of Albuquerque. Territorial Engineer Sullivan has approved the appli- cation of the Cat Claw Canal Company for an additional 56 second feet out of the Pecos river for a new canal, to cost $10,000. This will reclaim 5,600 acres. The applica- tion of Sammons & Pitrat of Farmington for 180 second feet out of the Las Animas river to generate 500-horse- power was also approved. The Taos Valley Irrigation Orchards Company filed articles of incorporation with Territorial Secretary Nathan Jaffa. This company has a capital stock of $500,000, di- vided into 5,000 shares. The headquarters of the company are at Taos, and Alexander Gusdorf is the territorial agent. The incorporators and directors are: Alexander Gusdorf, Bertha Gusdorf, Gerson Gusdorf, all of Taos; J. Ralph Young, Callidore D. Weiner, both of Colorado Springs. The company proposes to build four irrigation projects. Water will be taken from the Ranches del Rio Grande, Canada de los Alamos, Miranda Arroyo and Rio Chequito. Territorial Engineer Sullivan has approved the appli- cation of W. P. Turner, W. R. Kinney and W. R. Allison, of Roswell, for 100 second feet of water to produce 1,000- horsepower at a cost of $25,000. He has also approved the application made by William Benson of Artesia, for 90 second feet of water to produce 10,980-horsepower at a cost of $150,000. The last named project is to have five power stations. A hearing was given the Sandia Land and Improvement Company and D. R. Benston to con- flicting applications for the waters of Tijeras canon. This hearing resulted in Mr. Benson withdrawing his ap- plication in favor of the land company. Territorial En- gineer Sullivan has now approved the application of the land company whereby they may irrigate 640 acres of land from Tijeras canon, subject to prior rights. After the testimony and the arguments in the con- demnation proceedings instituted by the government of the United States against the Victorio Land and Cattle Company, involving the land to be covered by the Ele- phant Butte dam, the defendants have filed their final re- port. The government offered the Victorio Land and Cattle Company $65,000 for the 30,000 acres of land which the waters of this dam will cover. The land was assessed at 30 cents an acre for taxes, but the company demanded $600,000. After the condemnation proceedings were in- stituted the company demanded $1,000,000 additional for a strip of land 1,200 by 100 feet in size, which would form the site of the dam. The appraisers assessed the value of the land at $199,097.25, from which they deducted $1,380 for the land in litigation, to be held in trust and paid to the rightful owner as the court should decide. The ap- praisers also awarded the company the right to water its cattle from the reservoir. It is now announced by the engineer in charge that work will be resumed and pushed to completion at an early date. WYOMING. The Secretary of the Interior has approved the award of the following contracts for excavation of portions of the lateral system under the North Platte Irrigation pro- ject, Nebraska-Wyoming: To Eddie E. Madson, of Mina- ture, Neb., for the excavation of approximately 9,600 cubic yards of material, contract price $1,104; N. A. Nelson, 7,900 cubic yards of excavation, contract price $932; J. F. McAllister, 31,900 cubic yards of excavation, $3,514.75; George W. Horn, 8,300 cubic yards of excavation, con- tract price $993. The North Platte Irrigation Company has let the con- tract for the installation of the initial units of a power plant which is to supply electricity to this district of the Wagner Electric Company of St. Louis. The power house will be located a mile below the North Platte Company's reservoir on the La Prele, and the fall from the reservoir will be used to generate electrical power. The plans for the completed system call for an expenditure of $400,000. Electricity will be supplied to irrigators along the Routt river for use in pumping water from the river to their lands. MONTANA. At a recent meeting of the Tongue River Irrigation Ditch Company held at Miles City a committee was ap- pointed to endeavor to secure the consent of the water users under the ditch, to a proposal to organize an irriga- tion district under the statutes governing such matters. W. I. Moody, who has been connected for the past five years with the Bitter Root Irrigation Company, has announced his resignation, to take effect at once. It is announced that Frederick H. Nichols has also resigned general sales manager of the company. The , Secretary of the Interior has awarded contract to the Atlantic Equipment Company of New York ^ for furnishing two 30-ton steam shovels for use in the work of the Reclamation Service on the Sun River and Flathead irrigation projects, Montana. The contract price is $6,900 each. The Secretary of the Interior has awarded contract to Mr. C. H. Hall, of Sears, Mont., for excavating and grad- ing work necessary to raise dam and dike above the main canal of the Lower Yellowstone irrigation project at Burns Creek, Mont. The work involves about 7,000 cubic yards of excavation and the contract price is $2,130. The Red Rock Reservoir and Irrigation Company project has been approved by the Carey Land Act Board and filings have been made in the local land office. The company proposes to reclaim 12,000 acres of land in Madi- son county. A reservoir has been constructed and the land will be thrown open to settlement as soon as the Washing- ton officers approve it. A contract involving $1,000,000, which will result in the complete irrigation of 130,000 acres of land on the Conrad-Valier project, was signed in Great Falls recently by the Conrad Land and Water Company and Kennefick & Russell of Kansas City. The contract calls for the com- pletion of certain work by the first of July and the entire project to be finished during the present season. Work will be started immediately. The Arnold Company have charge of the engineering of the project, and the general management and colonization end of it will be taken care of by Clinton, Hurtt & Co., of Boise and Chicago. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 327 IDAHO. A contract to construct nine miles of the Portneuf March Valley Irrigation Company's canal near Downey has been let to E. W. Cayman of Ogden. The work will begin at once. The American Falls Canal and Power Company is seeking to induce the settlers on the tract to operate the canal system here. It is stated that it will require $12,000 to operate the system this year. The Secretary of the Interior has awarded contract to the General Electric Company of Los Angeles, Cal., for furnishing electrical equipment for substations under the Minidoka irrigation project, Idaho. The contract price is $9,684. The Secretary of the Interior has issued a public notice announcing that the charge for operation and main- tenance of the Minidoka irrigation project, for the season of 1910 and annually thereafter until further notice, shall be 75 cents per acre of irrigable land. The Secretary of the Interior has awarded contract to the Standard Underground Cable Company of Pitts- burg, Pa., for furnishing copper wire to be used in ex- tending the electric transmission line to the towns of Rupert, Heyburn and Burley, on the Minidoka irrigation project. The contract price is $3,263.37. Land owners in the vicinity of Emmett held a meet- ing recently for the purpose of sending a petition to the government to restore the north side unit of the Payette-Boise reclamation project to the public domain. A petition was also signed to the county commissioners to form an organization known as the Black Canyon irrigation project. About 110,000 acres of land is embraced in this project. E. F. Eagleson, L. L. Folsom and asso- ciates have filed an application for the seg- regation under the provisions of the Carey Act for 300,000 acres. The cost of this project is $20,000,000. A dam 250 feet in height will be constructed on the Boise river about twenty-five miles above the city. The approximate cost of the dam is $3,000,000. The water right price is $100 per acre. The Kuhn-Buhl interests are backing the deal financially. Engineers are at work making the final survey for the great dam which is to be erected at American Falls for the purpose of storing waters to irrigate the Bruneau tract of 600,000 acres. The project known as the Twin Falls-Bruneau project will cost $500,000. The project includes a system of reservoirs extending from the headwaters of the Snake river to the point above the Milner dam which is to be reinforced and utilized for the diversion of water for the new project. The high line .canals will be enlarged and extended to Salmon river, over which the flow of water will be con- ducted by means of inverted siphons. Water has been taken from the South Platte river to irrigate 62,500 acres of land northeast of Denver. This system is known as the Barr lake reservoir system. The Barr lake reservoir will supply the Denver-Greeley Val- ley municipal irrigation district, known as the Hudson district. It is reported that the Northwestern Irrigation Com- pany, near Steamboat Springs, is asking for bids to con- struct a tunnel 4,000 feet long under Yellow Jacket Pass. Water will be taken from the north fork of White river in Rio Blanca county to irrigate lands in the southwest part of Routt county. All reservoirs in the Denver-Greeley valley irrigation district are completed with the exception of Milton res- ervoir, which will be finished by June 1. Over 60,000 acres of land are embraced in this project. Suit has been filed in the district court by R. W. Sawyer against the Riverside Irrigation Company. Mr. Sawyer alleges "misrepresentation, fraud and deceit," and demands payment of $1,543 commission and moneys which he claims he advanced as a result of what he avers to be false statements on the part of the officers of the board. The Boyd Lake Reservoir and Irrigation Company has purchased Boyd lake from B. D. Sanborn of Greeley. This is said to be the largest body of water in northern Colorado. Articles of incorporation have been filed by the Boyd Lake Reservoir and Irrigation Company, with a capital stock of $400,000. Incorporators are B. D. San- COLORADO. An irrigation district in the neighbor- hool of Lay and Maybelle is in process of formation. Water will be secured from the Elk river. A petition was also filed with the county commissioners by the Elk river irrigation district, which intends to irrigate lands on the mesas north of Hayden. A petition was presented to the county commissioners at a recent meeting by the Routt County irrigation district providing for irrigating lands on the south side of Hayden valley. An irrigation project embracing 150,000 acres 'has been started by J. Albert Wright of Denver. A ditch 105 miles in length will be constructed at an estimated cost of $3,000,000. The ditch will start northwest of Delta and end near Grand Junction. Irrigated Farm and Fruit Lands The small irrigated farm or orchard means greater production with less labor. It takes away the element of chance and makes a good crop a reasonable certainty. The land The land in the Northwest such as is being irrigated by government and private projects in Montana, Idaho, Washington and Oregon, on or reached by the Northern Pacific Railway, is exceedingly rich and requires only moisture to yield bountifully. This moisture is provided by irrigation, which makes irrigated farming, fruit and vegetable raising a scientific pro- fession, not a drudgery. The ideal climate is a strong argument in favor o£ the Northwest. If you want to know more about the pos- sibilities of making your efforts bring you greater returns, write for information about these irrigated lands. Maybe the "dry-farming" territory will interest you. Write tonight and state what section you are' most interested in. Don't delay. The information will cost you nothing and will pay you well. The Scenic Highway Through the Land of Fortune Northern Pacific Railway L. J. Bricker, General Immigration Agent 220 Broadway, St. Paul, Minn. A. M. CLELAND, General Passenger Agent. ST. PAUL The Northern Pacific extends into or through Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Ore- gon. New, rich territory being opened up by exten- sions nova building. The Homeseeker' s Chance! 328 THE IRKIGATION AGE. born, Halstead L. Ritter and Joseph C. Helm. D. A. Camfield is also interested in the company. The lake covers 2,022 acres. A ditch plat was filed with the county clerk recently by J. Albert Wright of Denver, the president of a new irrigation company. It is proposed to spend $3,500,000 in the construction of a ditch 105 miles long, to irrigate 150,000 acres, arid with a capacity of 2,350 cubic feet per second. It is 69 feet across, top measure; 45 feet, bottom measure, and 12 feet deep. It is to be called the Excelsior High Line Ditch. The land to be irrigated lies north of the Gunnison river. The water will be taken from eighteen creeks. Water has been turned into Standley lake, an im- mense reservoir to irrigate 100,000 acres of land north- west of Denver. Water for this system is taken from Clear creek and South Boulder creek. A tunnel has been built through the mountains and water diverted through it from the western slope to add to the supply. Joseph Standley, president of the Denver National Company, is at the head of the enterprise. Denver and Chicago cap- italists are interested. The enterprise is known as the Denver Reservoir Irrigation Company. Residents of the Golden-Littleton irrigation district, embracing about 15,000 acres of land near Denver, have refused to approve the contract entered into with the directors of the Camfield Development Company whereby the latter company was to furnish water to the district from Williams fork of the Grand river by tunneling through the divide at Jones' pass. The reason advanced by the residents of this district for opposing the contract is that the government figures regarding the supply of water to be taken from Williams fork did not agree with those of the construction company's engineers. The Riverside Land and Irrigation Company, whose announced purpose is the reclaiming of immense tracts of desert fruit land between Delta and Palisade, is being investigated by agents of the federal government. It is not, its officers say, being investigated against its will. The officers and directors of the company yesterday is- sued a public statement outlining the purposes of the company and declaring that the most rigid investigation is invited. J. A. Wright, president of the company, re- peats an offer made before to place all the facts before a committee named by the chamber of commerce of Grand Junction for complete investigation. Active work has begun on the De Weese irrigation project, near Canon City. The first dam and reservoir will be constructed about four miles from Salida on the Arkansas river and will have a capacity of 100,000 acre feet. From this reservoir the water will be conveyed down the channel of the Arkansas to a point near Texas creek, where a diversion dam will be built in the river. From this point a canal twelve miles in length will carry water through the canon of the Arkansas, leaving the river bank near Barkdale. hence diverging across Web- ster park for a distance of six miles to Grape creek. Here the main canal is joined by the waters conveyed down the Grape creek channel from the reservoir on upper Grape creek in the Wet Mountain valley. The second reservoir is situated near Westcliffe, in Custer County, and has a capacity of 125,000 acre feet. The dam retain- ing this reservoir will be 187 feet high. A 1,600-foot tun- nel will be bored through a mountain ridge. Contracts have all been let. MISCELLANEOUS. Work on the Casa Grande Valley Canal Company's project is rapidly progressing and the main canal will be completed within eight months. A temporary irrigation plant has been installed on the farm of John Uglow, two miles north of Starke, Fla. The plant is being installed by Livingston & Co. Alex Mead of Greeley, Colo., A. A. Edwards of Fort Collins, and D. A. Canfield of Denver, together with ten other irrigationists, will promote a big irrigation enter prise near Yuma, Arizona. Farmers in the vicinity of Flprence are experimenting in well pumping for irrigation. Charles Stewart of that city has installed a ten-inch centrifugal pump and forty- horsepower gasoline engine, with which he will be able to irrigate his eight hundred acres of land. (Continued on page 331.) GET A GOVERNMENT FARM Before they are all gone You get from Uncle Sam either a 320- acre farm, FREE, or an irrigated farm for the mere per capita cost of the irrigation system 320-acre Farms Free The U. S. Government is now offering over three million acres of homestead lands in eastern Wyoming, along the Burlington Route, under the new Mondell homestead law permitting settlers to take 320 acres instead of the usual 160-acre homestead. These lands are ideal for dry farm- ing and hundreds of farmers have made a suc- cess of this method of farming in the locality where these lands are located. Irrigated Government Lands in The Big Horn Basin and Yellow- stone Valley where rich productive lands with perpetual water right may be purchased for about one-half the cost of land in the central states and where the water can be turned on and off the land to suit the convenience of the farmer, and where you are not bothered with rain during harvest; where a single crop can be made to pay for the land; where 50 bushels of wheat and 75 bushels of oats commonly grow to the acre. Don't Wait Longer, But Get a Home To-day These lands are being rapidly taken up and ere long all of the Government lands will be gone. Thereafter land will be possible of ac- quirement only at prices phenomenally high com- pared to those of to-day. OUR PERSONALLY CONDUCTED EX- CURSIONS on the first and third Tuesday of each month and cheap homeseekers' tickets on those dates, allowing stop-overs in both direc- tions, will give you an opportunity to examine the irrigated lands and the Mondell lands on one trip. OUR NEW FOLDERS WITH MAPS, show- ing the location of all of the above-mentioned lands and explaining in detail the crops raised, the natural resources of each locality, and the method of procedure to acquire title, will be sent to you, free for the asking. Write for them to- day. Free for the asking. D. CLEM DEAVER, Cene>al Agent, Burlington Route Landseekers' Information Bureau 137 Q. BuUding, OMAHA, NEB. N. B. The winter weather in the Big Horn Basin Country is fine and lands can usually be seen to advantage all Winter. THE IKKIGATION AGE. 329 (Continued from page 319.) A single spraying is better than none and will usually be profitable, but more are better. Spraying may prove to be highly prof- itable, even though the blight is only partially prevent- ed. It is unsafe to postpone spray- ing until the blight appears. Except perhaps on small areas, it does not pay to apply poison alone for bugs. When it is necessary to fight insects, use Bordeau mixture and poison together. With these instructions, if carefully followed out, it should not be a difficult matter for the grower to secure a crop that will warrant all expenditures made for its im- provement and leave a very nice profit besides. A barrel sprayer placed on a wagon with a four-row attachment connected to the barrel pump by means of a hose, makes an inexpensive and yet a very effective outfit for this work. Waterpower and irrigation properties in Texas for sale. $7,000 to $30,000 Real worth $25,000 to $100,000 WADE B. LEONARD, DALLAS, - TEXAS The Ghas, T, Manning Realty Go,, Ltd, SOLE SALES AGENTS The Gooding Townsite Company, Ltd, RESIDENCE LOTS. BUSINESS LOCATIONS Improved — Irrigated Lands — Unimproved . GOODING, IDAHO. SAMSON TURBINE When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans- mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO. Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. 316 Lagonda Street MOTION DITCHES a Rod Can you cut a "V-Shaped" Ditch for 2c a rod — 15 inches to 18 inches deep— 4 to 5 miles a day? It isn't likely. Suppose you could. Your apparatus wouldn't perform a half- dozen more dirt-moving tricks. But — Mr. Irrigation Farmer — when you own a 20th Century you're all fixed for grubbing,- leveling, ditching, side hill grading, terracing, dike throwing, road building, etc.,— all combined in a small, compact, strong, all-steel machine, ready for instant use the year round. The is the one great, useful money-saver and time-maker for the irrigator. You must have seen or heard about the 20th Century. It's sur- prising how rapidly it is selling — independent buyers, agents, dis- tributing centers springing up like jack rabbits in all sorts of places. The reason? It's light, easy to handle, quickly understood, requires but one man— never more than four horses. Write for our catalog that shows how to grub brush $1.50 per acre, 4 acres a day; how to build a mile of dirt road for 85 to 88 a day. THE BAKER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 726 Fisher Building, CHICAGO CUT THRO' HERE FR EE TICKET FOR CATALOG To XI I own [E BAKER MFG. CO., 726 Fisher Building, Chicago. acres of land in (how many) (raw or improved) (location) Please send me that new catalog. 330 THE IRRIGATION AGE. The IRRIGATION CONGRESS Will Be Held At PUEBLO Why not write us for special irrigated land bargains on property which is bound to advance in the wonderful Arkansas Valley, before everybody comes out in September? We can tell you all about all of them. Just your name on a card, and we will send you information FREE. HOPKINS & MEANS 122 W. 2nd St.. Pueblo, Col. The Hotel the nearest to all places of interest in Denver THE ALBANY HOTEL 17th and Stout Streets Denver Rates $1.00 per day and upward (Continued from page 319.) After the amended plats have been filed, the entrymen affected will be allowed to amend their applications to conform to the irrigable areas shown on the plats, and all payments made will be credited to the gravity areas. Payment of the charges for the high-land areas shall not begin until means shall have been provided for the reclamation thereof, whereupon public notice will be given announcing the charges, number of installments, and the time when payments shall commence. The charges to be announced for such lands shall include an equitable ap- portionment of the costs on account of the construction, maintenance and operation of any pumping system or other expenditures incurred by the United States for the reclamation of such high lands. On February 15 the resignation of Mr. A. E. Chandler as engineer in the Reclamation Service took effect, and he thus severed his connection with the work upon which he has been engaged for seven years. In this time Mr. Chandler has performed valuable services and has contrib- uted a great deal to the formation of the legal policy of the operations of the Service. His valuable co-operation will be greatly missed in the future. Mr. Chandler has accepted a position as instructor on the subject of irrigation institutions in the University of California. The Engineering News in a recent issue reprinted an article on "Depreciation," published in the "Reclamation Record" for May, 1909, together with comments on ac- counting methods in use by various branches of the gov- ernment service in the matter of depreciation. The state- ment is made by the News that: "The Reclamation Serv- ice has elaborated a system of cost-keeping rarely, if ever, equalled on public works, and as a part of that system careful account of depreciation is being taken." THE RELIABLE LINE "DEMPSTER1 We make 1J4 2^, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15 and 20 H. P, High Grade Gasoline Engines Built for Exacting and Enduring Service Best for Irrigating Work , Cut shows our 15 H. P. and 20 H. P. DEMPSTER MILL MFG. CO., Factory, Beatrice, Nebr. Write for our Booklet "Dempster Irrigation Plants," 1910 Edition It will "Show You" what we can do for you. BRANCH HOUSES OMAHA KANSAS CITY SIOUX FALLS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 331 (Continued from page 328.) The irrigation project known as the Schell project in St. Landry Parish, Louisiana, which has been in course of construction for some time, is nearing completion. Five thousajid acres of land will be irrigated this season. The main canal to the project is 350 feet wide and 30 miles long. The water is taken from the Bayou Courtoblau, an arm of the Mississippi. Milo B. Williams, an expert irrigation engineer has investigated the lands along the Congaree river in the lower section of Richland county, South Carolina, to de- termine whether or not it would be feasible to try the ex- periment of irrigation in this county. If it is successful, it is probable that the plan will be tried in several other sections of the state. An irrigation project comprising 50,000 acres of valley land has been started in Mexico. It is the intention of the present owner, L. Villareal Madero, to cut up the land into small ranches to be used by truck farmers. The Mexican government has taken a great interest in irriga tion of its land and will help finance the project. It will take five years to complete the work. The interior department has refused to extend the government Okahogan irrigation project into the Col- yille reservation. The plan has been to get Indians hold- ing allotments on the river lands within the reservation to give up their allotment and take seventy acres of the hill lands in exchange. The Indians sent a strong pro- test to the office of Indian Affairs in Washington, with the result that the Interior Department acted as above stated. The State Charter Board of Kansas has granted a charter to a new irrigation company to be known as the Irrigation & Land Improvement Company of Dodge City, Kas. It is capitalized at $50,000 and the purpose of this company is to irrigate a section of the Arkansas val- ley in the vicinity of Dodge City. It is authorized to con- struct dams, canals and dig ditches. The incorporators of the company are A. B. Reeves, P. I. Tribelock, H. O. McCarter, E. T. Dancy and John Madden, all of Dodge City. THE KEWANEE SIPHON PUMP for IRRIGATION and DRAINAGE Power Applied To Siphon Requires H to H less power than any other pump. No runners, plungers, valves or pistons. absolute success. Lilt not over 38 feet. An Will pump sand or gravel. Pumping capacity 70 to 35,000 gallons per minute. Fully guaranteed. Many tn operation. ,000 gallons per mi Write for booklet and prices. KEWANEE SIPHON PUMP COMPANY 401 N. Tremont St., KEWANBB, ILLINOIS TRUMP TURBINES When used for driving centrifugal pumps for irrigating purposes, either direct con- nected horizontally or vertically, or for furnishing power through other types of transmission, will be found to be the most economical and highest grade type of water wheel machinery manulactured in this country. These turbines are adaptable to the severest of condition. We build all water power appur- tenances,such asHeadGaes, Head Gate Hoists, Piping, Etc. Send your inquiries direct to us, pur illustrated catalog for the asking. THE TRUMP MFG.CO. Gieenmount Si., Springfield, Obi Dor!?,rhFr< HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR -AND SAVE MEN— SAVE HORSES— SAVE MONEY— SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing farming methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, threshing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farm work. Hundreds in Successful Operation — Built in sizes of 30, 46 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED FROST PROOF FIRE PROOF USE GASOLINE, KEROSENE, DISTILLATE, or ALCOHOL Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalog Tells You All About Them. HART- PARR CO., Law.er4sueet, Charles City, Iowa When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 332 THE IKRIGATION AGE. you on Days' Free Trial WE PAY THE FREIGHT An offer for the farmer who wants the best fence produced at the lowest price a life-time fence can be made for. Advance Fence isn t just a boundary line. It stands for system and advanced value in property. Any farmer who subdivides his land into plots for crop rotation is systematizing his farm business. A buflt-to-last sound-value, substantial-looking fence means to the owner of the land, and every man who works on it, exactly what a modern, substantial factory or office building means to every man doing business in the building. ADVANCE FENCE Is An Investment That Pays Big Dividends What the farmer puts money and protection into, he's going to get money and protection out of. Advance Woven-Wire Fence is the best looking strongest con- structed, longest lasting fence on the market. To prove it, we make our great offer. If the fence isn't O. K. to you, and more, send it back at our expense. We sell to you direct — no middleman — therefore the price is right — one profit only after making. Advance Fence is made of Solid Wire, not wire cut and spliced again. A cut wire weakens. Our stay wire is continuous, woven in with the main top and bottom wire running the entire width of the fence from one stay to the next. Made of the best basic, open- hearth steel, galvanized with a heavy coat of 99-per-cent-pure spelter — that means rust proof. Advance Fence always stays taut — straight and handsome. Prove it for yourself. Write to us for all particulars. Remember, we pay freight and guarantee safe delivery. Don't pay two prices— Write us today- ADVANCE FENCE CO., Box 123 Elgin, III. (Continued from page 310.) of French, at present an important station on the main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway and the El Paso & Southwestern branch of the Rock Island system. This land is also traversed on the west by the St. Louis, Rocky Mountain & Pacific Railway, which con- nects at Des Moines, Xew Mexico, with the Colorado & Southern Railway, extending from Denver to Galveston, Texas. These three lines of railway, with their connec- tions, give access to all the principal points and the best markets in the United States. A particularly attractive feature about these lands is that the high mountain ranges effectively protect the valley from severe winter storms, such as are encountered in other sections. The average altitude is about 5,500 feet, which insures a delightful summer climate with a winter climate similar to that of Denver, with which we are all no doubt familiar. We are showing, in this connection, an illustration of equipment used in preparing this land for irrigation. It is said by the members of this company that it is not necessary to level this land, as is done in other districts. They do, however, go over it with home-made equipment, such as is shown in the illustration, to bring it to the proper condition for putting in crops. The soil is a dark chocolate color, and varies in depth from three to ten feet. The subsoil is a clay loam, which is very valuable, as it gives the soil a good capacity for storing moisture. The fertility of this soil has been dem- onstrated by the older ranchers in the Antelope Valley, and by the farmers on the French tract, and is no longer an experiment. The editor of this journal paid a hurried visit to the French Land & Irrigation Company's project not long since, and it is his intention to go over the tract thor- oughly some time within the next sixty days, and secure data and photographs to enable him to clearly illustrate and describe the great possibilities for home building and money making in this vicinity. Additional information concerning this project, with illustrated literature, may be secured by addressing the French I, and & Irrigation Company, 604 Atwood Building, Ohio and Franklin Si*., Chicago, 111. FACTORIES, CHICAGO, ILL. : SENECA FALLS, N. Y. Write for Catalogue and Estimates Manufacturers of Used fox* Irrigation, Circulation, THE IERIGATION AGE. 333 Chicago, Phone Main 5348, or by addressing the company at its headquarters, at the town of French, New Mexico. As above stated, we intend to publish additional ar- ticles concerning this tract, giving more definite data. Those of our readers who are desirous of securing special information are requested to address the company, as above. (Continued from page 301.) early in the spring, and it leaves the soil in the best condi- tion for his seed bed. Small seeds as alfalfa and grains do much better if they are planted on plowed ground that has become fairly compact. Plowing for potatoes or root crops where the soil is compact should be done immediately .before the time of planting. Plowing for fall-sown grains, under the two-year fallow system, is better in fall if possible or it may be done in spring or early summer. The moldboard plow will do better work than the disc On this account we strongly recommend the use of mold- board plows for first breaking the sod. Disc plows have come to stay, and while they do not do good enough work on sod, they give excellent results for stubble or other old ground, and the draft is easier than with the moldboard plow. The disc is also important to the dry farmer because with it he may plow soils so dry that the old form of plows could not be made to stay in the ground. The main difficulty with the disc plow is not so much in its use as in its misuse. Nearly every one tries to cut too wide a furrow with their discs, which results in a sort of cut and cover plowing which will not give the best crops. No one form of moldboard plow can be recommended for all soils. Where the soil contains much clay or gypsum and lime, we have found the steel moldboard will scour bet- ter than a chilled plow. We believe in using a plow with a steel moldboard and with interchangeable lays. The use of cast shares have some advantages. On hard soils they are cheaper. The old share when worn out is thrown away and THE IDEAL HOE FOR IRRIGATED LANDS When you draw furrows for irrigation use the hoe that leaves both ridges the same height, preventing overflow. The Warren Hoe not only does this, but is valuable for drill ing, covering seed, hilling and cultivating It's a True Temper tool with the trade- mark of the manufacturer. Sold by dealers everywhere. Write for our free booklet "Tools and Their Uses." American Fork & Hoe Company Dept. A Cleveland. O. TheLittle Roadster Grader andDitcher A New, Light Ditch Plowing Machine, Especially Designed for Cutting Small Laterals on Irrigated Farms, and Ditching and Grading Roads. This type of machine cuts ditches for less money than any other tool or ma- chinery, because it plows the dirt out of the ditch with one continuous motion, whereas all other ditching machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The Little Roadster is a practical plowing machine, being built with ad- justable leaning wheels or rolling land- sides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold, the same leaning wheel principle which'is used in the sulky plow. It is made almost entirely of wrought steel and the few castings that are used are malleable and all parts are put to- gether so far as possible with hot driven rivets, so that while it is a light machine weighing about eleven hundred pounds, it is exceptionally strong and rigid. It is designed primarily for two horses, al- though four may be used. ^on-CU EVERY IRRIGATED RANCH OR FARM NEEDS ONE OR MORE OF THESE MACHINES. IT WILL QUICKLY PAY FOR ITSELF. SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE FOLDER AND LET US TELL YOU MORE ABOUT IT J. D. ADAMS & COMPANY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA THE ROADSTER When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 334 THE IKRIGATION AGE. IRRIGATION MADE EASY with the BROTHEN AUTOMATIC LEVEL Gives automatically the level or any grade desired, and will verify the correctness of its own work from where it is operated. . PRICE, COMPLETE WITH TRIPOD $20.00 For further information address BROTHEN AUTOMATIC LEVEL COMPANY IDAHO FALLS, IDAHO JUST RIGHT That is what purchasers of the SHUART GRADER say about it. A card from you will bring all the information you want about Irrigation Graders or Ditchers The Ohio Road Machinery Co. BoxF Oberlin.O. the new one put on always leaves the plow full width. Every time a steel lay is sharpened it gets smaller, so a fourteen- inch plow does not remain fourteen inches. The steel lays are useful, however, in many soils, and if a farmer has a soil upon which he can use both kinds he can take advantage of all these conditions. A modification of the old sidehill plow is the new two-way plow with which the field may be turned from one side and avoid extra tramping as well as dead furrows and back furrows. Where fields are large enough and long lands can be laid out, plowing by steam or gasoline is being adopted in many parts of the West. On our dry prairies at considerable dis- tances from water and coal supply, steam plowing proves ex- pensive. There are new gasoline or kerosene power engine which are coming into favor for both plowing and othe forms of power needed on the farm. A steam engine requires for its running an extra man and team with water tank, and where distances from water and coal are great, this item of expense is a large one. The main difficulty with any kind of power plowing seems to be lack of knowledge and skill on the part of operators. This kind of work has been eminently successful where men who understand their business can be obtained to do the work. (Continued from page 306.) and the class of big-brained, big-hearted, strong-muscled people there brought together. I think it is quite safe to predict that Southern Idahc will always be in the forefront of all the irrigated sectior of the West, and I expect to see the land sell within short time for $200 per acre. I heartily congratulate yc and your associates for having achieved a notable thing in the way of a great world movement. Yours sincerely, JOSEPH E. WING. * Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and £ the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated •j* work for new beginners in irrigation. •"• READ THIS LETTER. A. Nacke & Son Manufacturers of Special Machinery and Metal Novel- ties, Philadelphia, Pa. The Otto Gas Engine Works, Philadelphia, Pa. Gentlemen : — After using electric power for over eight years, it is with pleasure we can state your salesman eventually induced us to invest in a gas engine. Your engine has been running daily in our shop for the past year, and in comparing the cost of power of former years with this year we find there is a saving of over 50% , or in other words the engine has paid for itself the first year. Yours very truly, A. Nacke & Son. IF MOST GAS ENGINES WERE GIVEN TO YOU FREE THEY WOULD STILL PROVE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN THE OTTO IN THE LONG RUN! This is one of the reasons why These photographs show you how the Otto is cast in four distinct parts, viz., — the frame, cylinder, water jacket and cylinder head. This costs a little more than casting several parts in a unit as is usually practiced. But the economy is obvious — Suppose you damage one of these parts by accident: for instance your water jacket should get broken. With the Otto all you have to do is remove the damaged jacket alone and it can be replaced or repaired immediately. But suppose your engine isn't an Otto; then your water jacket, cylinder and frame are probably all cast together. You would have to either ship the entire business off for repairs or replace practically a whole new engine. Then where would your small saving of first cost be? See the logic of it? tl'sul-s t'i ... nl t-ylindrr! n"it refo'tiif sn-neror Int r With the Otto instead of shipping a whole engine to us or we shipping a whole reboring plant to VOH, all you have to do is to remove and send us the cylinder itself. And this construction is only one of the details which make the Otto cheapest. We want to give you more evidence if you will drop us a line. There's an Otto user in your neighborhood. Let us tell you who he is. Let us help you out of any special difficulty you are up against. Fill in the coupon — no-w- OTTO CAS ENGINE WORK*, 3231 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Branches: Chicago, Boston, New York, Pittsburgh, Omaha, Kansas City, Minneapolis, San Francisco. COUPON Gentlemen: — Send me catalogs, etc., together with approximate estimate of installation of an "Otto" Engine of.,..H.P. Name Address Firm name Capacity of plant THE IKRIGATION AGE. 335 THE RECLAMATION DITCHER For Cutting Irrigation and Drainage Ditches at the Least Cost U. S. RECLAMATION DITCHER This type of machine is different from all other ditching machinery, in that it plows the dirt out of the ditch with a continuous sweeping motion, whereas all other machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The cost therefore, per cubic yard, of excavating with the U. S. Reclamation Ditcher is necessarily much less than with any other tools or appliances. The Reclamation Ditcher is adapted to cutting ditches as deep as three feet below the original surface and as wide as ten feet at the bottom and with sides sloped as steep as 2 to 1. It has adjustable oblique wheels which perform the same function as the oblique wheels of a sulky plow. They are simply rolling landsides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold and also make it possible for the machine to be operated on the sloping side of the ditch as shown in the cut. It is universal in all of its adjustments and may be either used right or left hand. It is operated with twelve horses. The difference In cost of cutting ditches with the Reclamation Ditcher and any other form of machinery Is sufficient to pay for the machine very quickly. We absolutely guarantee this and will prove it to you by a demonstration of the machine on your own work before you accept it. Write for descriptive folder which gives diagra-ns of ditches and cost estimates. J. D. ADAMS & CO., Indianapolis, Indiana When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 336 THE IRRIGATION AGE. VALUE OF THE MUSKRAT. On account of the increasing scarci- ty of fur-bearing animals considerable interest is being manifested in the muskrat. Both the fur and the meat are staple articles in some of the markets of the east and middle west during the winter months. The furs are used largely by fur dressers and dyers and are made to closely imitate the more costly furs, thus creating a continuous demand for the pelts. Owners of marsh lands have al- ready made the trapping of muskrats profitable, converting otherwise use- less lands into income producing in- vestments. Many lease the trapping privilege to those who make a busi- ness of trapping. BRISBANE ON MISSOURI'S AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. DOUBLE JOWER ,000 Reward j for its equal. Windp doubled. Two 14 ft. ' heels work on same pinion; sec- ond wheel gives more pow- | er than first. A Governor That Governs In all winds. Develops 10 full h. p. in SO mile wind. All I power needed for farm, shop. irrigating.etc. Ask about our self oiling', selfgoverned, single I wheel pumper — also Armsaver ! Husker. Ask for book QQ DOUBLE POWER MILL CO. Appleton. Wl*., U. S. A Corporation Charters For Irrigation, Mining, Manufac- turing or any Business. Procured in Leading Charter States. Agencies Maintained. Bluebook FREE. NATIONAL INCORPORATING CO. PIERRE, S. DAK. A SATISFACTORY WATER SUPPLY ALWAYS PAYS DIVIDENDS A Humphryes' Hydraulic Ram will furnish you, when in- Stalled, with a permanent and automatic water supply Why spend money on costly pumping plants and time, strength and expense in operating same, when a Hydraulic Ram will lift your water and de- liver it with absolutely no expense. The Humphryes' Pneumatic System will supply your residence with water under pressure for all domestic purposes and give service heretofore obtainable only with an elevated tank or direct con- nection with municipal water works. Our New Catalog "Domestic Water Supplies" tells you all about the HYDRAULIC RAM and PNEUMATIC SYSTEM and will be mailed you upon request THE HUMPHRYES MFG. CO.. MANSFIELD. OHIO C.D.Buicliart Maker of Nortltwestern Headgales For Irrigation Systems ana Water Works Ofllce 5O1 Mercantile Bldg. Denver, Colo. DIAMONDS AT SPECIAL PRICES Write for Our New Catalog ontaining over ir>00 beautiful photographic illustrations •:' Diamonds, Watches and Artistic Jewelry. Select any article you would like to own or present as a gift to a loved one; it will be sent on approval to your home, place of business, or express office, without any obligation whatever on your part. If it ia satisfactory in every way, pay one-fifth down and keep it, balance in eight equal monthly amounts. If not entirely satisfactory, return it. We pay all charges and take all risks. We have absolute faith in our goods because we know they are the very besfc quality and the highest grade of workmanship. Our prices are lowest; our terms are easiest. An Armiint With 111 is a confidential matter. Our customers use their charge accounts Hn account wun us with us year after year_ finding them a gmit convenience at 8uch times as Easter, anniversaries, weddings, etc. Any honest person may open a confidential charge account with us. Diamonds •• an Investment are better than a savings bank because they pay four times the rate of interest. THE OLD RELIABLE ORIGINAL DIAMOND AND WATCH CREDIT HOUSE year. Write to u« today. _ 43 SPECIAL BARGAINS -IIP- in Ladies' •nd Gentlemen's ! each Solitaire Diamond Rings ' Torms: $3.75 par month . . ,921088 State St.. Chicago, III.— Branches: Pittibarg, Fa.. ft St. Louie, Mo. "A magnificent American institu- tion is the State Agricultural College of Missouri in the town of Columbia." That is the first sentence of an edi- torial recentlv written by Arthur Brisbane, the highest salaried news- paper man in the world. The Edi- torial filled a page in each of the Hearst newspapers, published in New York, Chicago, Boston, Los Angeles and San Francisco, having an aggre- gate circulation of about 2,000,000 daily. That means, at a conservative estimate that it was seen by 6,000,- 000 persons. The editorial was writ- ten bv Mr. Brisbane in New York from personal observation of the work of the College of Agriculture, made during his visit to the University Missouri this year. Here are some of the striking things said by the $70,000-a-year editor about the college: "It would be well if every farmer, every farmer's boy, every intelligent citizen in the United States, could visit that splendid practical labora- tory, study it and understand it. "Some of the country's bis men ar telling us that we shall soon exhaust our resources; that if the land isn't better developed, and the earth made more fruitful, the human race will starve. "There at Columbia they are not talking, but they are solving the very problem of the so-called big men. "It is well worth traveling half way across the continent to see that Agri- cultural College of Missouri, to learn what splendid work is done there, to study the orchard with a hundred dif- ferent kinds of apples in one, the fine horticultural department, the earnest professors and students working at the great modern problem, increase of the food supply. "That college is doing another work of the greatest value to the race; it is doing the work that will put men back on the land, where they be- long. The student there is filled with enthusiasm. He looks upon farming not as drudgery, but a scientific prob- lem, a work of benefit to all humanity. "There are many thousands of men with a little money saved up that would instantly become farmers if they could take the course at such a college and learn what it means. "Fortunately, similar colleges are to be found all over the United States some perhaps as creed, none bette than the one mentioned." ON PRUNING SHRUBBERY. Sometimes the most simple matter urge one into unnecessary work Pruning shrubbery is one of these This last winter was unusually severe and half-hardy plants like the pivet and weigela were killed back or killed to the ground, the roots remaining alive. The only thing to do is to cut back each branch to live wood, leav- ing no dead wood at all. The nev growth will come out in surprising fashion this summer. The vital part of the plant is the When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IEEIGATION AGE. 337 root rather than the stems, and if the root is sound, the stem may go. A large, ungainly shrub may often be made handsome by cutting it to the ground and allowing it to grow up again. Most shrubs not planted in hedge form are better in appearance if not pruned at all. With ordinary shrubs pruning should be the exception rather than the rule. If in planting, there has been a loss of roots, the top should be cut back enough to balance them, but usually shrubs are hardy enough so that they are as well let alone. At other times, there must be very good excuse for pruning. Cutting back spiraeas or lilacs in winter or spring is only cutting off their flowers, without helping the plants much. Most of all, no shrub other than a hedge plant should be sheared round or flat. Nothing can equal in beauty the natural form. FEEDING WORK HORSES. The Iowa Experiment Station has been conducting a series of experi- ments in feeding work horses. It has been found that oats are too expen- sive to feed in large quantities, and that the ration may be greatly cheap- ened by substituting oil meal, cotton seed meal, or gluten feed. The health, spirit, and endurance of the horses was the same when fed corn in com- bination with one of these feeds as when oats were fed. These experi- ments show that oil meal may be worth as much as $60 a ton for horse feeding, and cottonseed meal a little more. The horses did a hard sum- mer's work on these feeds without any considerable loss in flesh. These experiments are of great value to farmers everywhere, as the question of feeding the work horses cheaply, and at the same time in such a way as to keep them in good flesh, is an important one. CAMPBELL SUB-SURFACE PACKERS We are the sole manufacturers of this famous Sub-Surface Packer, the only one made. ' This is the one that you have heard everyone talk- ing about. Send for our Special Pamphlet on Sub- Surface Packing, the best known system for "dry farming," a method of absolutely insuring bumper crops with a minimum rainfall — the salvation of semi-arid regions. Made in Three Sizes, with 10, 16 and 24 wheels, is heavy and strong, and the frame is made to carrv all the extra weight required. Write for Catalog No. V 151 Parlin & Orendorff Co., CANTON, ILL. (Continued from page 321.) LIST OF STATION PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED BY THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS DURING JANUARY, 1910. Pp. 5. (Docu- ment 1,251, Office of Experiment Stations.) THE UTILIZATION OF PEA-CANNERY REFUSE FOR FORAGE. By M. A. Crosby, Assistant Agriculturist, Office of Farm Management. Pp. 12. (Circular 45, Bureau of Plant Industry.) PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Pp. 12. (Document 548, Bureau of Plant Industry.) COYOTE-PROOF PASTURE EXPERIMENT. Circular 160. Forest Service. PRACTICAL ASSISTANCE TO OWNERS OF FOREST LAND AND TREE PLANTERS. Circular 165, Forest Service. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS— THEIR USES AND VALUE. Docu- ment 441, Bureau of Plant Industry. WHEAT, FLOUR AND BREAD. Separate 324, Yearbook, 1903. OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURE. Separate 340, Yearbook, 1904. SPRAYING FOR ORCHARD PESTS— INFORMATION ABOUT. Sep- arate 480, Yearbook, 1908. POTATOES PAY Make them pay by using the machines that really do the work — CUT, PLANT, SPRAY, DIG and SORT There's nothing in potato machinery up to ASPIN WALL EQUIPMENT Write for copy of our free book telling how to make money, growing potatoes. ASPINWALL MFC. GO. Sabin St., Jackson, Mich. .U.S.A. Canadian Factory: Guelph, Ontario ©WITT E ENGINES® USE CAS, GASOLINE OR. KEROSENE Areknown i>y a superior standard of construction 25 years of ser- vice has demonstrated the: worth Doea work at lowest cost and ia always ready to SAW. grind, pump, •hell or do any farm or shop work. FIVE YEAR BONO GUARANTEE We build all sizes in tationary or portable type. Hopper jacket or water tank cool- ing. Inducements to introduce in new lo- _calities. Write stat- ing: size wanted. WITTE IRON WORKS CO. 205 East 15th St., Kaunas City, Mo. Well Drilling Machinery You can make big money making wells. This is one of the few lines of work that are not over crowded. The demand for wells i^far greater than can be supplied by the machi nes now at work. Well Drillers command their own prices, We build the cele- brated HOWELL line of Well Machinery, for making deep or shallow wells of all sizes, for all purposes and inallkinds of ground. Our machines are the most up-to-date on the market, contain all the latest improvements, are extremely strong and simple, do perfect work, are easily operated and are very FAST WORKERS. Write to-day for our free Catalog A. 3 R.R.HOWELL&CO., Minneapolis. Minn. Elkhart Buggies are the best made, best grade and easiest ridine buggies ou «ai ill lor the money. FOR THIRTY-SEVEN YEARS we have been selling direct and are The Largest Manufacturers in the World selling to the consumer exclusively. We ship for examination and approval, guar- anteeing safe delivery, and also to save you money. If you are not satisfied as to style, quality and price you are nothing out. "~- May We Send You Our Large Catalogue? Elkhart Carriage & Harness Mfg. ( Elkhart, - - - • Indiana The Um S. Government Im Spending MHHanm of Doilar* Annually to RECLAIM the WET Lands by DRAINING CONVERT the DRY Lands by IRRIGATING For the "LAND'S SAKE!" S?a?n aorre Mr?^ farm of yours? You don't need a surveyor. Get a BOSTBOM IMPROVED FARM LEVEL and do the work yourself. Simplicity, Accuracy, Durability, Guaranteed. Tills Level la no makeshift. It has Telescope with Magnifying Lenses, enabling you to read the Target a quarter of a mile away; and is used and endorsed in every State in the Union. Satisfaction guaranteed or >'<>nr money back. Shipped on receipt of price, $15.00, or, if preferred, will ship C. O. D. subject to examination. Outfit includes Level, Tripod, Graduated Bod and Target, fall instructions and a copy of Bostrom's Book "Soil Salvation" of 25 years experience in draining and Irrigating. Scud your order TODAY to — 80STROM-BRAOY MANUFACTURING CO., 1119 Pine St., St. Louis, Mo. 338 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Beet Implements LET WESTERN STATES SPEAK. We are Pioneers in the Manufacture of Beet Plows, Seeders, Pullers and Cultivators, and have given special attention to the me- chanical requirements of sugar beet culture. Our experts in all the beet growing sections have studied the subject thoroughly, and we , otter the finest line of beet implements on the . market. P. &0. Beet Tools are the simplest, the strongest, and the easiest running made, and T they meet the exacting demands of all sections. These implements have every adjustment and con- venience, and the Cultivators can be furnished with arious attachments for every kind of work. 'Send for our Special Catalog on P. & O. Beet Implements. Insist on getting P. & O. implements from your dealer, or write to us. A Beautifully Illustrated Pamphlet, and a P. & O. Catalog, will be mailed free. Write for Catalog No. G 151 Parlin & Orendorff Co., Canton, Illinois. I H C Aufo Buggies RldeEasiest T i easiest riding vehicles on country roads are I H C Auto Buggies for these reasons: High wheels protect occupants from jars when going over rocks, clods or bumps. The same size clod or obstruction of any kind naturally offers more resistance to the low than to the high wheel. In plain language, the low wheels must jump over — the high wheels roll over. That's one big advantage of high wheels. It means not only greater comfort but less jar and jolt to the working parts of car. For Business and Pleasure this is the ideal vehicle. Simplest to operate, costs less to keep than one horse, travels from 1 to 20 miles an hour over hills, through mud, snow, over any roads. Front wheels are 40 inches high, rear wheels 44 inches. Equipped with roller bearings and solid rubber tires, \% inches wide. I H C Auto Buggy wheels do not damage roads any more than the ordinary spring wagon wheels. Solid tires mean no punctures, no "blow out," no delays, no heavy repairing and replacing expense. Full elliptic springs; ,36 inches long and 1% inches wide, also long wheel base, add to easy riding qualities. Send for proofs. Learn what other farmers think of this car. See your local dealer, or write the International Harvester Company of America at nearest branch house for further information concerning this car, and if you are interested in a light delivery wagon ask for information on the International Auto Wagon. This vehicle has the same features of construction as the Auto Buggy and is equally efficient in its service. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helena, Mont.; Portland, Ore.; Spokane, Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA Chicago USA (Incorporated) Now that Mr. Garfield has commit- ted himself and the anti-Ballinger fol- lowing of Pinchot's to opposition to Taft's proposed $30,000,000 irrigation bond issue, the Great West feels anew the heavy hand of Pinchotism that has locked up vast areas of tillable land from settlement and that now would allow great tracts of arid land to remain desert for want of a rela- tively small bond issue. This business is opening the eyes of the West to the knowledge that the whole Pinchot-Garfield-Glavis scheme is directed by Eastern influences that care nothing for Western aspirations for progress and would keep the tim- ber regions of the West a wilderness and the arid regions a desert. President Taft and Secretary Bal- Hnger have urged the bonds as a means of providing funds for comple- tion of irrigation projects, for which sale of public lands does not supply sufficient money, under the national reclamation act. Oregon and Wash- ington know something about the . scarcity of reclamation money. Ore- gon, for example, though one of the largest contributors to the reclamation fund through sale of public lands, gets but small share of the funds for projects in its border. When it asks for its just share, so that reclamation of its arid lands may proceed, it gets the answer: "Wait till adequate funds are available." The public lands of the West, under the Pinchot anti-settlement policy, no longer are an asset of Western pro- duction of wealth. Settlers are barred from agricultural lands both inside and outside reserves, and there is lit- tle encouragement of arid land recla- mation. It is time that Western states were making themselves heard through their senators and representa- tives in Congress/ — Portland Ore- gonian. (Continued from page 312.) AMENDMENTS to Former Articles.. Add to States that have adopted the "Carey Act." NEVADA— Address C. E. Deady, State Land Register, Carson City. In the June issue, Mr. Bohm will pre- sent much valuable data with reference to Taxation, School Systems, Right of Suffrage, etc. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irriga- tion, a 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 339 YOUR time and careful judgment cannot be used to better advantage than in preparing well in advance for the proper harvesting of your grain crops. Take no chances of delays, with experimental harvesting machines. Don't risk the choice of one or two neighbors, because you must buy for many years' service as well as this year's harvesting. It is necessary that you be prepared with effi- cient harvesting machines if you are to* reap all the profit that your harvest should yield. Right now is the time to ascertain whether or not you need a new harvesting machine — binder, mower, reaper, hay rake, tedder — it does not mat- ter so much which machine you need, the prin- ciple is the same. You should start today to look over your equip- ment— ascertain what you will need. There are many points to be considered in select- ing a harvesting machine. If it is a binder you need, you should have a machine that is efficient, dependable and durable, and then the machine should meet your particular requirements — and to do all this it is necessary that you take sufficient time to properly consider the selection of the new machines. Buy wisely — safely — on the verdict of thousands of farmers of America and all over the world who have cut out the failures and choose from standard makes of the famous I H C Line of Machines. Champion McCormick Osborne Deering Milwaukee Piano Why waste your valuable time— patience— labor, and sacrifice part of your crop this year and every year in experimenting with unsatisfactory ma- chines? Others have taken all the experimental risk for you — if you act wisely now. Don't wait until you must "buy in a hurry." That is not necessary, because an I H C Dealer is right near you and will, any day, show you just the WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Colo. ; Helena, Mont. ; Portland, INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER I H C machine adapted to your particular needs. He will also take your reservation order for re- liable binder twine on which you should take no risk this year. The late market may be flooded with inferior grades of experimental twine. It's important that you investigate these facts and your I H C Dealer has the details to show you — and the proof of quality on all machines and I H C brands of binder twine. Then, too, rememberthat with the strongest and most reliable guarantee given on any machines in the world, you also have the satisfaction of know- ing that I H C interchangeable parts are quickly at hand — through your I H C Dealer. No waits. No delays. No annoyance. Perfect workmanship and materials of highest quality are guaranteed by the experience of over half a century in I H C machines. Make your harvest certain. We urge upon you the importance of deciding this matter now; because, if you put it off until a more convenient time, the chances are that you will never give the subject proper attention . You , no doubt, think there is plenty of time — but the harvest season will be upon you the first thing you know. Therefore, consider this harvesting ma- chine question, now, while you have the time to give it proper study. Write for any information you may need to help you make a wise decision. Take your choice of machines. The quality is the same in all — the best possible. Don't experiment with binder twine, either. Get one of the seven perfectly dependable brands of twine and be sure. Choose Champion, Mc- Cormick, Osborne, Deering, Milwaukee, Piano or International— in Sisal, Standard, Manila and Pure Manila brands. If it is not convenient to see an International dealer, write to International Harvester Company of America at nearest branch house for full infor- mation and the catalogue you want. Ore. ; Spokane, Wash. ; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, Cal. COMPANY OF AMERICA D) S A LOOK FOR THE I. H. C. TRUE mi. IT IS • SEil OF EICEUEKCE »KD I GIURMIEE OF OUUITT When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 340 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Why Is It That No Man Ever Buys One THE cheap little car, fresh from the factory, looks spick and span, and seems to promise its buyer a great quantity of enjoyment, but — • When that buyer gets his next car, he does not get one of those cheap little cars. Why? Not because he likes to spend more money. But because he wants to save money, * * * Think that over. It means something. « * « * If a new car costs $1500, and one year's repairs cost $500, the price of that car is really $2000. If this $2000 car is in the repair shop, getting fixed up, three days a month, its owner is losing one-tenth of its service, or $200. This car, therefore, stands its owner $2200 the first year, although it cost only $1500 to begin with. And in using this cheap little car its owner never knows when something is going to break and leave him stranded miles from home. Being a cheap car, it can't climb hills like a good car, it lacks the speed of a good car, it hasn't the size, style and beauty of a good car, and wherever the owner goes with it, it advertises him as a cheap buyer. That's why no man ever buys one of these cheap little cars a second time. » » » If a car isn't worth buying a second time, it isn't worth buying at first. And the buyer who recognizes that fact before he buys any car at all, saves himself much expense, much disappointment, and much annoyance. If you are planning* to buy a motor car, read every word of this advertisement, * * * We have made motor cars continuously since 1896. Mr. Winton made and sold the first gasoline car produced in America. He has made and sold more first-class cars than any other single manufacturer. And we have on our books the names of men who have bought as many as six or eight of our cars. One buyer, Mr. L. R. Speare, presi- dent of the American Automobile Association, has owned and used 16 different cars of our manufacture. It is because Winton cars are right in the first place — right in material, workmanship, power, style, beauty and cost — that once a man buys a Winton he will never be satisfied with any other make. * * * One reason why this is true is that the Winton car stands up under hard use with a smaller repair expense than any other car on the market. Sworn testimony of 20 Winton owners (we send you thei-jj and addresses u'pon application) show . that 20 Winton cars 'to 184,190 miles on $142.43 repair expense. That distance is more than seven times the distance aroli earth at the equator. And each car's average repair expense for 1000 mil- 1 77 cents. That's a world's record that touches the pocket book OB automobile owner. Compare that record with the expenses of the owners of otfl — right in your own neighborhood. This wonderfully low expense record of Winton cars sho| they are right in the first place — right in material, workmanship^' quality, performance, right in everything that makes an aunt worth while. And because they are right in the first place, Winton can up longer than any other car on the market. There are any number of Winton cars made as far back f: still doing daily service in this country. No other maker has a record to compare with the Winton H And because Winton cars stand up indefinitely, and run expense than other cars, it follows that a Winton car is always* purchase, no matter how old it may be. For the quality is in the car itself, and it stays there. If the quality isn't in the car in the first place, you1 can't p And that's why the buyer of a cheap little car never buysm the same make a second time. Because it depreciates so quickly that what little merit it oir possessed is soon gone, and the car is worthless. We realize that there are many buyers who hesitate to put in I first car as much money as we get for our 1910 model — $3000. . But we want the trade of these buyers just the same, becfce know that once they become acquainted with Winton merit tr be the best salesmen for Winton cars we could get. So we have devised a plan where the man who doesn't tn spend $3000 can still get a Winton car, and be in the class h grade buyers and satisfied owners. * , » This is the plan. Some of our buyers want a new car every year — in order 1 1 the very latest style of body, the latest thing in fancy trimmiiL the like. These buyers turn over their used cars in part payment for i WINTON MODEL K. Four-cylinder, 30 H. P. motor, Water cooled, pump circulation. inch bore. 5-inch strode. Motor governed by Winton air control. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition with stor- age battery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oiler. Indi- vidual-clutch transmission. Shaft drive. Floating type rear axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Three brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory wheels running on roller bearings. 34x4-inch tires. Wheel base 102 inches. Gasoline tank 15 gallons. Five-passenger body. Original price $2500. Bargain price, $500 to $800. WINTON TYPE X-I-V. Four-cylinder, 30 H. P. motor. 4l/3 inch bore. 5-inch strfc. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by Wintonir control. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with sto:jc battery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oiler. Indivi'S* clutch transmission. Shaft drive. Floating type rear a Forged steel front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. f ] brakes. Pressed steel frame, Winton Twin springs. Best hid.7 wheels, running on ball bearings. 34x4-inch tires. Wheel * 104 inches. Gasoline tank 22 gallons. Five-passenger b-jr. Original price $2500. Bargain price $700 to $950. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 341 Cheap Little Cars a Second Time ? the past it has been our custom to sell these used cars to city "just as they stand." t we have changed our policy — in order to get your trade. ... I: take these cars into our factory, replace worn parts, tune up to top-notch running condition, revarnish the body (sometimes it an entirely new coat of paint), and offer this car to you at what it costs us. ,is policy puts you in possession of a high-grade car at an excep- • low price and makes you an enthusiastic advertiser of Winton id remember this: If you ever buy a Winton car from the 1 Motor Carriage Company, and it is not exactly as represented, 2 you your money back without bickering or delay. )UR MONEY BACK is something no other automobile maker We make the proposition because we know we have the best at skill and experience and facilities can produce. ... ok over the bargains offered on this page. Pick out one that itst to you, and write us about it. is involves no obligation on your part whatever. We will write you, describing the car in detail, tell you what it has in the way of top, glass front, speedometer, if any (some cars are sold without these equipments), and will make you a rock bottom price that will interest you. ... And note this: You are not obligated in any way. We never ship a car to a prospect and try to force him to take it, when he has only asked for information. The Winton Motor Carriage Company doesn't do business that way. If after we have told you exactly what we have, you decide to look the car over, we will arrange for a demonstration before you put down a cent. Even then there is no obligation on your part. You needn't buy at all unless you are ready to buy and unless you are satisfied. And even if you do buy, remember we say: "Your money back if the Winton car is not as we have represented it.*' ... Look over these bargains and write us today. We urge prompt action because our stock is limited and spring orders are generally more numerous than we can fill. THE WINTON MOTOR CARRIAGE CO. Licensed under Selden Patent. 86 Berea Road, Cleveland, Ohio. WINTON MODEL M. Four-cylinder, 40 H. P. motor. 5 inch bore. 5-inch stroke, ater cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by carburetor rottle. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with storage ttery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oiler. Multiple >c clutch anti four-speed selective-type transmission. Clutch and msmission run on ball bearings. Shaft drive. Floating type ar axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and it steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton vin springs. Best hickory wheels, running on roller bearings. x4)4-inch tires. Wheel base 112 inches. Gasoline tank 22 lions. Seven-passenger body. Original price $3500. Bargain ice $1100 to $1400. WINTON SEVENTEEN. Self-cranking, six-cylinder, 48 H. P. motor. 4J/£ inch bore, inch stroke. Motor governed by carburetor throttle. Winton luble-jet carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with Eisemann mag- ?to and storage battery. Mechanical force-fed lubrication, ultiple-disc clutch and three-speed selective type transmission. iutch and transmission run on ball bearings. Shaft drive, oating type rear axle. One-piece manganese bronze front :le. Screw and nut steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel ame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, running on •Her bearings. 34x4-inch tires in front, 34x4 J^ tires in rear, 'heel base 120 inches. Gasoline tank 22 gallons. Five-pas- nger body. Original price $3000. Bargain price $2000 to WINTON SIX-TEEN-SIX Self-cranking, six-cylinder, 48 H. P. motor. 4'/2 inch bore. 5-inch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by carburetor throttle. Winton double-jet carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with Eisemann magneto and storage battery. Han- cock mechanical oiler. Multiple-disc clutch and three-speed selective-type transmission. Clutch and transmission run on ball bearings. Floating-type rear axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, run- ning on roller bearings. 86x4J4-inch tires. Wheel base 120 inches. Gasoline tank 22 gallons. Seven-passenger body. Orig- inal price $4500. Bargain price $1600 to $2000. The Winton Motor Carriage Co. 86 Berea Road, Cleveland, Ohio. Send me information about one of your Model nQ^rl pars, sellinp at about $ . . . . This request involves no obligation whatever on my part. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 342 THE IKRIGATION AGE. Myers Power Pumps Working Heads, Pumping Jacks, Cylinders, Etc. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Length of Stroke 5 to 24 inches Size of Discharge Up to 6 inches PATENTED APRIL30T-M90I, No. 673,282. JULY 13™, 1909, No, 926,234 AUGUST ID™ 1909, NO. 930,405. AUGUST IOTJ 1909. No. 930,981. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps For Shallow Wells Double Acting Length of Stroke 5 to 20 inches Size of Cylinders to 6 inches Fig. 813 Size of Discharge Up to 4 inches Th construction of these pumps permits a double gearing which transmits the power in two lines — one from each end of the same shaft, thus insuring perfect align- ment and reducing all friction and side strain to a minimum. Capacities 600 to 7200 Gallons per Hour U'BRASSROI F. E. MYERS 4 BRO., ASHLAND, OHIO ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 343 UNION MACHINES WITH PUG MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO, GALION, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 344 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Clay Working "BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay . Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Soft Mud Machine*. Hone •nd Steam Power Hone Power Plunger Machine Products of our Auger Machine* When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Deep Well Working Heads These Working Heads Can be Operated by Electric Motor, Gas or Gasoline Engine, Steam Engine or Belt Driven — the Motors and Engines being Direct Connected if Desired. The chief advantage to the possessor of a Deming Deep Well Working Head is in the immense saving of power money in direct proportion to the great depths from which the water can be pumped. Then, too, our working heads have differential or double acting cylinders — discharging water at each stroke. Anyone desirous of securing water from deep wells for private estates, farms, etc., could purchase one of the smaller sizes and use it to excellent advantage. Of course we make other larger sizes for irrigating — those in the illustrations having 24 inch stroke. If you expect to install a private irrigating plant, or need a pump of any kind, we should be glad to have you write us, giving conditions under which the pump would have to work. Our engineering department would then give you full information. THE DEMING COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO HAND AND POWER PUMPS FOR ALL USES Including Spray Pumps, Nozzles and Accessories HENION AND HUBBELL, Chicago, 111., General Western Agents Other Agencies in All Principal Cities UNION PACIFIC Union Pacific "The Safe Road'9 Traverses a Wonderful Country With Limitless Opportunities for Homeseekers, Farmers, Business men and Professional Men. Growing Towns and Cities. Large sections of country are being brought under irrigation, furnishing Land and Homes for thousands. Come out and look it over. Low Homeseekers' Fares FIRST AND THIRD TUESDAY OF EACH MONTH DURING 1910 Liberal Stopover and Side Trip Arrangements Allowed Via Union Pacific "The Safe Road to Travel" To Points in Nebraska, Kansas. Colorado, Wyoming. Utah, Idaho. Oregon and Washington — Electric Block Signals DINING CAR. MEALS AND SERVICE "BEST IN THC WORLD" For information relative to rates, routes, etc., call on or address E. L. LOM AX, G. P. A.. Omaha. Neb. THE VOL. xxv TITLE REGISTERED U.S.PATENT OFFICE CHICAGO, JUNE, 1910 Make Your Ditches Permanent Structures Ditch Heinn Dug with Sloping Banks—An Austin Drainage Excavator Ditch. is the cry of every drainage and irriga- tion expert. You are not putting in a system for this year only, but all the scores of years that will come to you. There h but one way to make a per- manent ditch, and that is to carve it with sloping banks from the natural soil. A ditch dug in any other way will cave and fill up. There is only one machine — the AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR that will dig a ditch with sloping sides in one operation. There is no other machine that will produce a finished ditch so cheaply. SEND FOR CATALOGUE "S" The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Levee riuilder The Austin Drag Line Excavator OUR FULL LINE COMPRISES The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Tile Ditcher The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber. We Sell Outright or Lease Drainage Machinery F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO., Railway Exchange CHICAGO, ILLINOIS N. B.-AQENTS WANTED IN UNOCCUPIED TERRITORV Morris Machine Works I Baldwinsville, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating propo- sition. Send details or specifica- tions of what is -wanted and we •will recocrmend a pumping outfit to supply the need. New York Office 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office Cor. Wood & W illow Sts , Texas Henion & Hubbell. Agent.-. 223-231 N. Jefferson St., Chicago. Harron. Rickard & McCorob. Agents 21 Fremont St. S. Franci«co. Cal, H. A. Paine. Agent. Housjon, Texas. THE IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, Publishers, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS The Temple Irrigation Equipments the most Economicaland Certain Means of Lifting Water 55 YEARS' EXPERIENCE Write us for Information and Prices — State Requirements CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND GASOLINE ENGINE IRRIGATION OUTFIT. The Temple Water Elevators —The Temple Centrifugal Pumps Manufacturers of all kinds of Hand and Windmill Pumps Also Manufacturers Single Cylinder, Double Cylinder and Four Cylinder Gaso- line or Kerosene Engines Briefly stated the advantages of our Double Cylinder Engines are as follows,: First — They are more economical in the use of fuel On light loads one cylinder can be used, reserving both cylinders for heavy loads. Second — Although weighing about one-half the weight of a single cylinder engine of same rated capacity, vibrations are practically overcome, demonstrating conclusively that in proportion to strain the double cylinder "Master Workman" is the stronger engine. Third — The heavier weight of a single cylinder engine is due to the fact that it must have heavier fly- wheels in the horizontal type, and a longer, higher and consequently much heavier base than is required for the "Master Workman." The heavier the fly-wheels the greater the strain on the crankshaft, so you will realize that neither heavier fly-wheels or a heavier base contribute one iota to the strength of a single cylinder engine. Fourth — When vibrations are overcome, as in the "Master Workman," the lighter the engine and the less cumbersome it is, the greater its sphere of usefulness and the cheaper and more convenient it can be handled. Fifth — Lubrication in our engine is absolutely perfect. There is no forced lubrication, lubrication being by gravity. Certainty of lubrication is of vital importance in the steady running and operation of a gasoline engine. Sixth — All mechanism is in full view, which will enable you to thoroughly understand the operation of a gasoline engine. The worst kind of complexity is concealed mechanism. THE TEMPLE PUMP CO. Factory, 15th St. and 15th Place, near Canal St. Chicago, III., U.S. A. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 345 Cut of fruit from the Willow River Valley in Malheur County, Oregon, showing that we are free from frosts. THE above photo was taken from specimens cut from an orchard May 14th, 1910, and to the experienced Fruit Grower speaks louder than any wt>rds. The first and only great town lot sale will be held at Brogan, Oregon, June 17th, 18th and 20th, at which tirhe one thousand acres of this choice fruit land will be offered for sale in tracts to suit all purchasers and at prices and terms the most liberal. Don't fail to take advantage of this opportunity to secure a town lot or acre tract in this thriving young city, and a ranch in this fertile, beautiful fruit valley. Address OREGON FRUIT FARMS CO. BROGAN, OREGON or BOISE, IDAHO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 346 THE IRRIGATION AGE. HERE IS A DEEP WELL INSTALLATION FOR IRRIGATION AMES DEEP WELL PUMP TWENTY HORSE POWER ENOINE 12 INCH WELL 200 FKCT DEEP PVMI» 15* FEET LONG DELIVERS AT SURFACE 400 GALLONS PER MINUTE WE MANUFACTURE PUMPS FOR EVERY SERVICE CUP LEATHERS in all sizes and shapes from one- half inch to thirty-six inches, made of the best Oak Tanned California Leather A. T. AMES MANUFACTURING CO. Niles, Cal. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 317 9UPE1IOI DRILLS are Used and Appreciated by Out Farmers Ihe World Dyer SBND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: Dean & Co., ... Minneapolis, Minn. Kingman & Co., .... Peoria, III. Kingman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Klngman-Moore Imp. Co., • Kansas City, Mo. Kingman-Moore Imp. Co.. - Oklahoma, Okla. Kingman Implement Co., - • Omaha, Neb. Parfin & Orendorff Imp. Co., Portland, Ore. Colorado Moline Plow Co., • Denver, Colo. The T. C. Powers Co., - - Helena, Mont. Consolidated Wag. & Mach. Co., Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw Co.. - - Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturers AMERICAN SEEDING MACHIRE CO., (Inc.) Springfield, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS True Temper Alfalfa Forks 'T'HESE Forks are made expressly * for the purpose, in different sizes and with handles from 4 ft. in length upwards. They all have the four oval tines and convenient bent handles; are of large capacity and just the right "hang" to swing the load easily. No other fork can serve the purpose as well. Sold by dealers everywhere Write for our free booklet "Tools and Their Uses." It tells how True Temper Tools are made and how there is a True Temper Fork, Hoe or Rake for every use on farm or ranch. American Fork & Hoe Company Largest Manufacturers of Farm and Garden Hand-Tools in the World Dept. "A" Cleveland, I Grade Roads Make Ditches Cut Laterals Save Money IT WONT Break Get Out of Order Tire the Horses Prove Expensive =THE BEST= ' * GENERAL PURPOSE" Grader and Ditcher Built 2 OR 4 HORSES TRY ONE AT OUR EXPENSE Also Excavators, Heavy Graders, Wheelers, Drags, Plows, Etc. THE AUSTIN-WESTERN CO., Ltd., Dept. I, CHICAGO i OR 2 MEN When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 348 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Troxighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bid*.. Denver, Colo. WHY NOT BE COMFORTABLE? Use an Enterprise Tent Cot. There is nothing made so adaptable for out -door sleeping. It is practical, light, portable, bug proof, fly proof, sun and shower proof. Just the thing ! Write to ENTERPRISE BED CO. HAMMOND. IND. They will Send You Their Illustrated Catalogue. Ditching Dredges, Placer Mining and Traction Dredges SUITABLE FOR ALL CLASSES OF WORK Steam Shovels— AH sizes Ballast Unloaders Write us for information, giving particulars of requirements The Marion Steam Shovel Co., MARION. OHIO G. W. BARNHART, Western Manager 718 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, Cal. F. H. HOPKINS & CO., Montreal, Quebec HOE DRILLS Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 50 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc) RICHMOND, IND.. V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments May Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXV CHICAGO, JUNE, 1910. No. 8 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE IRRIGATION ERA ARID AMERICA THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL MID-WEST THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, ' PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postofflce at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 3, 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $1.50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . $1.00 To Canada and Mexico 1.50 All Other Foreign Countries 1.60 In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postofflce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 25 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. Irrigation Age Has Prosperous Year. The IRRIGATION ACE is desirous of calling the attention of its readers to the fact that its advertising patronage has nearly doubled within the past twelve months. The advertis- ing record to date of the IRRIGATION AGE, the Official Organ of the National Irrigation Congress, is as follows: April, 1909, there were carried in its columns 5,880 lines ; in April, 1910, this had been increased to 10,766 lines, showing an increase of nearly 5,000 lines in one year. Of this increase, 1,248 lines represent the expansion of old advertisers. This is a significant fact, and should be given careful consideration by wise investors in advertising space. The IRRIGATION AGE grows because it reaches the best buying public in the world today — the irrigation farmer. Sure of water, sure of crops, sure of revenue from his land, he spends his money for what he needs, and if you have anything to sell him, whether it be agricultural implements, accessory lines or general household necessities, the AGE will reach an army of buyers. Laterals Filled; Burley Rejoices. W.iter having finally been turned into the lat- erals at Burley, Idaho, by the Reclamation Service, the whole territory is rejoicing. People of Burley are to be congratulated that they have at last secured water for their land, but the name of Burley will always recall to mind a distinct case of mistreatment by some of the govern- ment officials of people who entered on the land near that townsite in tne early days of governmental activity in that vicinity. A million of dollars was spent in building a dam across Snake River, which promised the distribution of thou- sands of acre feet of water for land below it. Many of the active men who went into the Burley coun- try in the early days were forced to retire after it was learned that there was no provision made for the distribution of water upon this tract. The editor of this journal visited Burley at one time when a meeting was held to discuss the subject with a gov- ernment official, who has since retired, and the treatment given settlers at that time was instrumental in turning them against the government and governmental methods in handling large projects. Settlers who have remained on the Burley tract are to be congratulated, not only for their pa- tience, but good judgment, as they will no doubt all do well under the new system and distribution of water. Enemies Continue Abusive Campaign. Interests which have been opposing Secretary Ballinger are still at work through the va- rious press bureaus in Washington, circulat- ing the statement that the Secretary will re- sign, as soon as the investigating committee reports. This is the usual Pinchot-Gar- field policy, and while these two publicists are not as bold as they were under the Roosevelt regime, they are still active, and trying in devious ways to undermine and discredit the present administration. It is an open secret that both Gar- field and Pinchot, and even some of the reclamation offi- cials, are working to injure the president, in the "third term" interests of Colonel Roosevelt. If these men were wise they would keep their fingers out of this pie.^ They will do Colonel Roosevelt more harm than good before they are through with it, and they will do little injury to President Taft. The history of his administration has yet to be written, and the AGE predicts some wonderful things for President 350 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Taft before the end of his term. The fact of the matter is that he is so strong a man, and so kindly disposed to his fellow-men, that he is slow to detect their weaknesses or their intrigues, as was shown in the case of Pinchot and some others. It is safe to say that he has backbone enough to act decisively at the right time. Some of the men who are criticising and fighting the president now may have oc- casion to regret it before trie end of his present term. Suggest Water Payments in Autumn. The attention of the IRRIGATION AGE has been called to the fact that the payment, which falls due annually, for water-rights under the Reclamation Law, is collected in April of each year, and this, it appears, is a most inop- portune time at which to burden colonists and beginners in irrigation farming. Would it not be well for the Interior Department to con- sider some means of making the time of payment October, November or December, after the settlers have disposed of their money crops? Many of the farmers throughout the irrigated west wish to make improvements as rapidly as possible, and in many instances they no doubt spend the money which they had hoarded for payment on the water-right. Without close scrutiny of the irrigation law and its num- erous restrictions, it is the impression of the IRRIGATION AGE that some provision may be made whereby the farmers under the federal projects may be permitted to make their payments in October or November. This is worthy of careful investigation on the part of the proper officials, but if there is a change it should be inaugurated by the Interior Department rather than through that branch of it known as the Reclamation Service. Secretary Wilson's Forestry Policies. Secretary of Agriculture Wilson has taken a firm stand on the matter of adding to our na- tional forests, this stand being in favor of the settler, and the Secretary will hereafter investigate, personally, all grievances brought to his attention and concerning the curtail- ment or restriction of individual rights along the borders or inside of forest reserves. The Pinchot policy, it is said, has been abrogated and a more progressive method has been instituted for the benefit of the West. Judge D. C. Beaman, of Denver, who recently returned from Washington, states that the Washington Post of April 21st contained a column interview with Secretary Wilson, in which it was stated that the Pinchot policy as to homesteaders and miners is not only to be discontinued, but a policy, the very re- verse of it, is to be immediately put in operation. Judge Beaman called upon the Secretary and directed his attention to the article. He inquired if it were true, and if the present forestry officials could be expected to change their former attitude inasmuch as the Pinchot policy of hold- ing every acre within forest reserves had so permeated the service, even to rangers, that he feared it would be to some of them like turning a somersault backward. Secretary Wilson replied that the matter contained in the article was true; indeed, that more was true; that he was hereafter going to give his personal and almost exclusive attention to forestry conditions, and that any homesteader with a grievance could write and be assured of prompt and care- ful investigation of his complaint. This clearly indicates that every homesteader now has a real friend in authority. Heretofore, Pinchot's "pull" with the Roosevelt administration made it difficult for Secretary Wilson to carry out views without direct conflict with the president. All this has been changed, and it is clear that henceforth the Secretary of Agriculture, under whose de- partment forestry operations are conducted, will dominate the situation, rather than be dominated by the forestry head. This is as it should be. No self-respecting cabinet officer or head of a department could tolerate the Pinchotian con- dition of interference. Warren Bill Passes Senate The bill presented to Congress last April by Senator Warren authorizing the disposal of surplus waters upon Government Recla- mation projects, has been approved by the Senate and now stands favorably reported in the House of Representatives. It is hoped by the sponsors of the measure in the House to secure its consideration and adoption before the adjourn- ment of Congress. On another page we reproduce the bill, together with the reasons advanced by the Secretary of the Interior for its recommendation and some trenchant arguments in its behalf, advanced by Senator Borah of Idaho in the course of a masterly argument in the Senate. The bill has been most carefully drawn and a critical study of it refutes every objection that could be urged against it as a possible attempt to curtail or to interfere with the administrative power of the states with reference to the waters within their borders. In the present un- happy state of many of the Government projects due to the lack of funds, and with the "Reclamation Bond Issue" still knocking at the door of Congress, the measure, if enacted into law would prove a godsend to many a settler now steeped in pessimism. It would enable the Government to deal with settlers who may have organ- ized themselves into a corporation or district or who may conclude to go under the Carey Act. In such a case, the Government might release a portion of the project and dispose of the necessary water already impounded or ap- propriated. The so-called "North Side" section of the Boise- Payette project in Idaho, is an instance in point. The settlers there, tired of the interminable delays, could or- ganize an irrigation district and take the water claimed by the Government for the part of the project. The Reclamation Act has always worked a hardship in that it compels the Government to deal with individuals alone and not in a corporate capacity. It remains with the settler in every case to decide which course to adopt. Pressure should be brought to bear to urge the passage of this measure upon the members of the House of Representatives. Summer Tourist Rates to Pueblo. In discharging his duties as Secretary of the Board of Control of the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, Mr. Ralph Faxon has nowhere exhibited more clearly his ability to get gratifying results, than in his success in consummating an agreement with the West- ern Passenger Association, whereby tickets to the Irrigation Congress will be sold at summer tour rates from eastern points. Eastern people will thereby avoid the necessity of purchasing new tickets in Chicago ; i. e., buying a ticket in the East to Chicago, and another at Chicago for Pueblo and west- ern points. Unquestionably, this agreement will be an active agent in promoting the interests of the congress in eastern and central states. New York had a substantial delegation at Spokane last year, and this has encouraged the Board of Con- THE IRRIGATION AGE. 351 trol to believe that this year, with only half the distance to travel, there will be a much larger attendance from that state. Larger delegations from the South are also anticipated. Exhibiting a keenness and alertness, second only to that found in the West, the southern people are willing to travel long distances to gain information that may be of value in their home industrial development. Last year a special train- load from Florida, headed by Governor Gilchrist, attended the Congress at Spokane. Citizens of Pueblo, as well as the officers of the Congress, are deserving of a generous measure of credit for the work which has already been accomplished toward exciting wide interest in the Pueblo gathering. The IRRIGATION AGE is preparing to issue three mammoth special editions in the months of July, August and September, to boom the Congress. At its command, at the present time, are many excellent photographs and illustrations, as well as a great mass of interesting information about irrigation and the West — all of which will be used in making these editions at- tractive. It is proposed to issue editions that will rival, if not surpass, the elaborately illustrated Irrigation Congress num- ber of May, 1909. A decision of more than ordinary interest is Land Entry that handed down by the Register and Re- Contest ceiver of the Boise (Idaho) Land Office re- Reaches cently, in the case of a contest of a Desert Dec's'on Land Entry, for insufficiency of proof, and which, if sustained upon appeal, will result in the cancellation of a large number of desert land entries in the vicinity of Mountain Home. The crux of the decision is that water rights sold by the "Great Western Beet Sugar Company" (now defunct), are insufficient to offer as proof unless it can be shown that the company was actually estab- lished in its right to waters deeded. The decision states: "It is an established principle, that persons making a purchase of this kind are charged with knowledge of condi- tions affecting the validity of that which they thus seek to secure. If this water-right is not such a valid right as is required by law in desert land entries, then this expenditure was not valid, even though the contestee may have made the payment in good faith — the abstract of title does not show that the company had any water to deed — it issued a deed to Altschul and Altschul issued a deed to Dearinger. "The supposition, of course, is that the company had some water, but it appears from testimony that it never had enough to irrigate even the limited acreage upon which crops had been planted. Therefore, it does not seem possible that it could have had enough water, when issuing this deed, to supply land that was outside the small cultivated section and far beyond the reach of any constructed canal system. The company issued a warranty deed, $800.00, for a 40-acre right, to Altschul and Altschul issued a quit-claim deed to the contestee for half the right, securing from her $600 in cash. "It will be observed, further, that Altschul has refused to state whether he paid the company in cash (as required by law), nor would he make any statement as to the man- ner of payment. It is significant that he quit-claimed a por- tion of the alleged right secured under warranty from the company. Under the regulations desert entrymen — if they rely upon the purchase of water-rights—must, also, produce a sworn showing from the company of the amount of water controlled by it, and the amount it has disposed of. It is not proposed that paper rights shall be used in making proof unless those rights have absolutely valid foundation. "In this case there is nothing to show that the company had anything to sell to Altschul. "Upon the evidence we are obliged to conclude that this so-called water-right was not valid — that it did not have such a foundation as is contemplated by law. "When an entryman makes payment on a water-right, whether that right be purchased direct from the company proposing to furnish the water, or from someone to whom it has already made a transfer, the supposition is that the money, directly or indirectly, goes toward the construction of a system for supplying water. We are justified in as- suming that Altschul did not pay this company in cash. At the time he gave his testimony he knew what the depart- ment requires, and his refusal to answer justifies the infer- ence, that cash payment was not made, and, in such case, the cash payment made to him, by this entrywoman, was not a payment toward the reclamation of this land, that is, the money did not, directly or otherwise, go toward the con- struction of an irrigation system. "We hold the allegations of the affidavit of contest have been sustained and the entry should be cancelled." One of the most important measures adopted Amendment by Congress at its present session is the Prohibits amendment to Carey Act Statutes introduced Speculative by the Honorable Frank M. Mondell, Chair- p.,. man of the House Public Lands Committee and known, officially, as "House Resolution 21428." The purpose of the act is well expressed in the re- port of the Committee of Public Lands recommending the passage of the bill in which it is stated, verbatim: "The advisability of legislation providing for tem- porary withdrawals of lands, the irrigation of which is contemplated under the Carey Act, has been referred to at various times by officials of the Interior Department. "The necessity for the legislation arises from the fact that when the state, or its agents, proceed to the survey, platting, and mapping of a given area with a view of apply- ing for the segregation of the same under the Carey Act, there is very likely to be filings made on the land, more or less speculative in character, the effect of which has been, in some instances, to entirely defeat the successful carrying out of an irrigation project. "Various Secretaries of the Interior and Commissioners of the General Land Office have had their attention called to this condition and have from time to time suggested legis- lation which would remedy it by authorizing the secretary to make temporary withdrawals of areas within the limits of which it was proposed to segregate lands with a view of re- claiming them under the Carey Act. The bill now reported is intended to meet this condition." The act, as approved, reads as follows: "An act authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to make temporary withdrawals of public lands for certain pur- poses. "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that to aid in carrying out the purposes of Section 4 of the act of August 18, 1894, entitled, 'An act making appropria- tions for sundry civil expenses of the government for the fiscal year ending 1895, and for other purposes,' it shall be lawful for the Secretary of the Interior, upon application by the proper officer of any state or territory to which said section applies, to withdraw, temporarily, from settlement or entry, areas embracing lands for which the state or terri- tory proposes to make application under said section, pend- ing the investigation and survey preliminary to the filing of 352 THE IRRIGATION AGE. the maps and plats and application for segregation by the state or territory: Provided, that if the state or territory shall not present its application for segregation and maps and plats within one year after such temporary withdrawal the lands so withdrawn shall be restored to entry as though such withdrawal had not been made." Approved March 15, 1910. This amendment will correct an evil with which the execution of Carey Act plans has been hampered from their inception. Persons who may have come into possession of the plans of the projectors have, heretofore, made inroads upon the tracts to be reclaimed, and filed upon the choicest sites under Homestead and Desert Land Laws. The effect, has been not only to hamper the companies, as stated, in their legitimate operations, but to prevent Carey Act Entry- men from enjoying the right of free selection. This measure has been strongly urged upon Congress by Secretary Ballinger at various times and since its enactment, the General Land Office has issued regulations for carrying it into effect. During the past four or five years there has Movement been a heavy movement of colonists toward Toward Canada. This was brought about by the saga- Canadian cious advertising of some of the railway corn- Northwest panics operating in that country, and, while the effort on the part of the railway officials is commendable, in a way, as an attempt to develop their territory, much criticism has been expressed concerning the matter of misrepresentation of the possibilities for home- building in the Canadian Northwest. Frequently word reached the AGE from people who have been led to invest their limited savings in that country, and who have found upon settling there, that conditions have been misrepresented, and that they were wholly at the mercy of the Canadian Trans-continental lines, traversing the provinces in which they located. This would not be so serious a matter, and would no doubt, be corrected later by proper legislation, were it not for the fact that great claims have been made as to quick money crops, and these state- ments have not materialized. The result is that there are hundreds of settlers, in the Canadian northwest today, who have spent their available funds, and are now "on their up- pers" without any possible way of reaching a safe position in the work of home-building. Is it not time that the United States government or some of the private land companies, investigate the situation. An attempt should be made to supply facts. The agricultural, as well as daily press, of the United States has carried large and flaring advertisements, setting forth the claims of Alberta and Saskatchewan, and have pub- lished editorial reports of the immense crops. Obviously many of these reports have been misleading. The press bureaus of the various Canadian railways are well conducted institutions. The heads of the bureaus are located in Canada, while they have bright advertising and editorial writers in "the States," who are continually working the papers for reading matter space, in connection with dis- play advertising. This campaign has been so well conducted that, it is safe to say, 100,000 people will have gone into Canada during the year ending July 1, 1910, and it is claimed by Canadian publications that this number of people have taken in, to aid in the development of that country, from seven to ten million dollars. There can be no serious objection offered to a man going into a country where he may do well, whether it be Australia, Ceylon or Russia, provided he is certain about the result, and that the people who induce him to migrate are honest in their statements. It is, however, an entirely dif- ferent matter, to entice a man twelve or eighten hundred miles, permit him to expend all his available money, and then not "make good." The writer has met several people throughout the West, particularly in Colorado, Wyoming and Idaho, who have re- turned from Canada during the past year or two, so thor- oughly disgusted with it, that they could not be induced to go there again on a guarantee. It is time for some of the states of the West, and the large land holders, to take this matter up, and give the actual facts to prospective Canadian colonists, who could do so much better on this side of the line. The Canadian policy of colonization is good, and the Canadian government is a clean, paternal institution, but it is a government for the classes, rather than for the masses. It has continued along this line for so long a time that t''e masses are satisfied with the situation and are willing to accept small returns for their labor, while the governing class, composed of bond- holders, and the heavy land owners are sapping the life-blood from settlers. The writer was told, on a recent western trip, that the railways of western Canada, absolutely dominate the crop situation; in fact, handle il as some of the eastern roads do the fruit crcp, charging a very high rate when the crop is light, and an exceedingly low rate when a heav / crop is harvested. This may be satisfactory from the standpoint of the railroad, but it is hardly fair to the settler. There should be a uniform rate, year in and out, for the transportation of crops, and the only possible salvation for the settler of that country is combination, and the election of members to Par- liament who will dominate, the railway and class interests. This will eventually come about, but it is a pity that it should be accomplished through the struggles and hardships of sturdy citizens of "the States," who are induced to go there through misrepresentation. It is axiom that a pendulum, once started, Railroad w;n make several swings — its arc depend- Regulation ing upon its momentum — before finding vs repose. In a consideration of railroad af- . . „ fairs — especially of the transcontinentals — it may be true that the pendulum at one time touched a point which for the sake of argument and to sustain the premise of the present day anti-railroad agitators, may be labeled "Pro-Railroad, or anti-Public." It is not to be assumed that this view of the question is altogether tenable, it would apear as though an unpreju- diced study of the history of our railroads, in its larger aspects, would discover much justification for even those things, which today are the favorite field of exploitation of the "Man with the Muckrake." However, whatever one's private views may be, it will be found unprofitable to attempt an argument upon subjects which, like religion, are founded upon faith, or upon one's mental attitude toward the question. Whatever the alleged crimes of the railways in the past, it is difficult to find, for the present hostile attitude of a large part of the public, any adequate motive. One cannot, if he views the subject in a dispassionate manner, and though the binoculars of intelligent understanding, rid themselves of the conviction that "Railway Regulation" — the favorite war cry of both political parties — has de- generated into "Railroad Baiting" of the most aggravated type. THE IRRIGATION AGE. This journal holds no brief for the railroads, its trans- portation bills are paid in cash — but the mission of the AGE is to further the development of the West and it would be puerile to attempt to deny to itself or to its readers that the West, as it exists today, the hope of "millions yet unborn" — would be an untamed wilderness but for the efforts of the railroads. It is beside the pur- pose to plead that what the railroads have done in this field was done in the hope of ultimate profit — the main- spring of all human endeavor, is and will be forever, for all we know, the desire to accumulate, in its last analy- sis the instinct ot self-preservation. Granted that the policy of the railways has been dictated by selfishness it is an enlightened selfishness, which, infinitely superior to any debasing philanthropy, has opened avenues of comfort and content to millions and has made opportunities which, open to all comers, have made thousands rich, who, today, are clamoring for a government policy that, followed to its logical conclusion, can lead only to a paralysis of the rail- roads at a time when western communities are clamoring for better transportation facilities and cursing the very forces that brought them into existence, for not granting them rates that would mean the wiping out of hundreds of millions of investment values. Is the attitude of the west fighting for seaboard rates which have been demonstrated to be unprofitable to the railroads and forced upon them by the exigencies of com- petitive business conditions a fair one? James J. Hill, two years ago, with his prophet's vision, sa\v the handwriting upon the wall and declared that not less than five billion dollars would be required within the next decade to provide railroad facilities equal to the needs of that period. Whence are these enormous capital requirements to come? Standard investment railroad stocks are "going begging" upon the New York exchange and the railways have been forced to find a market for their first mortgage bond issues in Europe, paying from 5% or more for their loans. Does this reflect a healthy condition? The solution is clear enough — investors are loath to put their money into properties that are a standing target for legislative attack. Within the last year, the operating expense of the rail- ways has increased enormously — the cost of materials has steadily mounted and labor, forced by the increased cost of living, has demanded and, in every case has secured without any demur upon the part of the railways, substan- tial increases in wages. The sum total of all these extra charges has been sufficient to wipe out the margin of in- crease in gross revenue and the railways, confronted with the need for fresh capital emissions upon which interest and dividend charges must be earned — fresh capital issued to supply the increased facilities for which the country- is clamoring, have gone before the country with the en- tirely defensible proposition to increase freight rates suf- ficiently to care for these additional charges. To the writer it looks like a very plain problem in commercial ethics — when a merchant forces an advance in costs he must add the extra outlay to his selling price or go out of business. The railroads cannot go out of business nor can they — unlike the merchant — curtail their expenditures — a certain standard of equipment and of serv- ice is demanded of them, by law. Their attitude in this matter rests upon the most elemental principle of justice and fair business tactics. It, has been demonstrated, ad infinitum, that railway freight rates per ton mile, are lower in this country (and the service better) than in any other first class civilized nation and that the advance asked would be so widely distributed that the "ultimate con- sumer'' would not even be aware of it. It is a platitude to say that the railroads are the greatest industrial factors in the country and that the cessation of improvements and extensions with its accompanying release of hundreds of millions of dollars in active trade spells the difference between prosperous times and "hard times." To call attention to the fact that billions represented by railroad capitalization are today distributed three times as widely as before the panic of 1907 may serve to show the extent of the hardship imposed upon the investing pub- lic when "standard rails" must decrease dividends. The actions of the Illinois Manufacturers' Association in the East and of the various inter-mountain cities in the West, appear to us unjust, illogical and inconsistent. The attention of our readers is directed to an excerpt from a recent issue of the "Commercial and Financial Chronicle" showing just how serious the situation is, from the standpoint of the railways. State Advisory Committee. Governor Edwin L. Norris of Montana has adopted a plan, at the suggestion of Secretary Arthur Hooker of the National Irrigation Congress, that will be highly beneficial to the Eighteenth sessions, and to the state as well and one that Secretary Hooker believes might well be' em- ployed by other state executives. Governor Norris has appointed a special committee of five members to be known as "the advisory committee of the state of Montana." This committtee will co-operate with the officers of the National Irrigation Congress in making that great event a complete success, and will at the same time, be of material assistance to the state of Mon- tana. This special advisory committee of Montana consists of R. A. Carnochan, Butte; C. B. Whitter, Helena; W. W. Withee, Conrad; James Glass, Big Timber; W. A. Clark, Virginia City. This committee, it is predicted, will promote the great- est activity in the state relative to the irrigation congress, attendance at it, participation in the irrigation exposition, and the utmost extracton of benefit from such partici- pation. Secretary Hooker, referring to Governor Norris' ac- tion, said: "This idea might very well be utilized by other states. It helps the congress ard it helps the state. The mutual contact, the exchange of ideas, the strenghening of program, and the advertisement the state secures are the things to be considered. I hope other governors will follow the lead of Governor Norris." The board of control of the Eighteenth National Irri- gation Congress — the local body that is making the plans for the congress and for the state entertainment of the visitors — has applied this same idea to localities and sec- tions throughout the state of Colorado, with great suc- cess. The five principal sections of Colorado are well organized, and in nearly every town of consequence, there is a special committee of the commercial body working actively in behalf of the congress and itself at the same time. It is doubtful if the organization for any irrigation congress has been quite so thorough and systematic as in the case of the Eighteenth congress, Pueblo, Septem- ber 26-30. East las Vegas, New Mexico, May 29th, 1910. IRRIGATION AGE. 112 Dearborn Street, Chicago, HI. Gentlemen:— I do not know when my year's subscription to the Irriga- tion Age expires, but when it does I wish you would please renew It and send me bill for same. I consider your Magazine of the highest value to an Irrigation Lawyer for many rea- sons. It gives him a great deal of information in a practical way that is of great service in irrigation litigation, and in addition, enables him to keep abreast with current decisions affectintr irrigation matters which might escape his attention except for your journal. Very truly yours, Box 188. A. T. Rogers, Jr. 354 THE IRRIGATION AGE. The most of the failures in life can be traced to the foundation on which the superstructure was built. Great nations, states, communities, or great lives are not built on a foundation of ignorance and superstition. A suc- cessful, business, whether it be merchandising, mining, reclaiming arid land or farming must also be built on a foundation that is broad, deep and solid, else disaster will follow. For the last generation there has been a mad rush from the country to the city until a large portion of the population of our large cities are not far removed from pauperism. The foundation of a city, or its wealth, is not in the city, but in the country surrounding. Multitudes of peo- ple have overlooked this and have forsaken the foun- dation of our country's wealth and prosperity, seeking in the densely populated centers to build up from what? Their condition today tells the story. My brother, my sister, let us look life's problem squarely in the face. Are not the necessities of life constantly rising in price and is your earning power keeping pace, why is this? Some say the tariff, others say trusts, combines and what not. They can only be partially responsible for it. It is the man on the foundation of prosperity, the farmer who is boosting prices. No longer does he have to sell his products at harvest time, but holds them until the prices get high enough to suit him. There are so many non- producers, who must be fed, and so few, proportionately, who are producing the necessities of life "the law of sup- ply and demand will prevail." What then shall we do? There can be but one answer, "back to the farm," back to the foundation where health and prosperity await you. By so doing you will not only benefit yourself but will benefit those who are left behind in the factory, the store, or the mine by relieving competition, which will help to allow the law of supply and demand to regulate the prices of labor. The Farm Foundation. In selecting the farm we should select wisely. All farms are not equal in productiveness, neither are markets or social and educational advantages equal in all localities. However, productiveness is the first consideration and this is found in the arid districts. The first poor essential factors in crop production are soil, sunlight, air, and water, in fact they are the foundation. Soil. Soil is the first consideration. All soils will produce crops, but some soils produce more bountifully than others. The most fertile and productive soils in the world are of volcanic origin. Soil is first pulverized rock, as there are different kinds of rock there must necessarily be different kinds of soil, but in countries where soil is of volcanic origin this does not exist or is not so marked. Let us illustrate: If we were to take all the different kinds of rock and melt them together in a great caldron they would all be mixed together, then pour the contents out let it cool, this, when pulverized into soil, would contain all the different kinds of soil in one; then instead of hav- ing limestone soil with limestone rock underneath the soil the limestone would be thoroughly mixed with it, and instead of having granite and sandstone soil we would have a conglomerate soil thoroughly mixed, uniformly composed of all the mineral elements of the different kinds of soil in one, making it the richest and most en- during because it contains all the good qualities of all, then too, it is a virgin soil in the strictest sense of the word, as it has never been submitted to the leaching process, which has taken place in the humid countries. Sunlight. Sunlight is one of the most important factors in crop production, without it crops cannot grow. It necessarily follows then the more sunshine (other things being equal) the greater the growth. In the arid districts we have the greates amount of sunshine possible, which brings wealth, health and happiness to all. Air. Man cannot live without air, neither can crops. Air and plenty of it is absolutely necessary to maintain life in both animated and inanimated objects. Air is necessary in the soil in order that plant food may be liberated for the plants. Air is necessary around the stem and leaves of plants in order that the plant may elaborate and as- similate its food. In fact from 92 to 97% of the solids in the crop is supplied from the air and sunshine. How important then are these factors in crop production as well as health and happiness in our people. Water. "Water is a poor master, but is a good servant when you have control over it." Water desolves the plant food in the soil. Water is the medium through which all plant building material is distributed to the different parts of the plant and in addition to this water is by far the largest single consituent in all plant life. Irrigation. Farming in irrigated countries is not a haphazard business. The farmer is not subject to conditions over which he has no control. He becomes a manufacturer, a master who directs and controls crop production, water may be likened to the lever of an engine and the irriga- tor to the engineer having control of the forces he is dealing with. By supplying the right amount of water at the right time to his crop it may always be a maximum one. Markets. Markets for farm products and facilities for marketing is essential to success and must be taken into considera- tion, as a rule a railroad follows quickly in the wake of settlement of irrigated lands. In the arid section only a relatively small portion of the area will ever be brought under cultivation, the larger portion being devoted to stock raising and mining which provide splendid and never failing markets for farm products. The demand for hay by the stockmen has never been supplied and the mines and cities are compelled to ship in their supplies from distant states, as not enough produce is grown to supply the home demand. As an example of this we can take the state of Utah where only about 12% of the total area will ever be brought under irrigation. Utah produces annually from her mines $32,131,000 of precious metal, over three million sheep are pastured on the grazing lands bringing to the state fifteen million dollars annually, horses, cattle and swine over $10,000,000, poultry and eggs, (Continued on page 399.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. 355 EIGHTEENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS OFFICIAL CALL To the People of the United States, Greeting: The National Irrigation Congress will hold its eight- eenth session in Pueblo, Colorado, U. S. A., Sept. 26-30, 1910. The Congress Work. The greatest economic, industrial development agency in our nation, the Congress has for its four subjects, "save the forests, store the floods, reclaim the deserts and make homes on the land." We point with pride to the empire we are building in the "Great American Desert." Our hearts are gladdened at the high type of citizen- ship which is developing, together with the more rational and scientific utilization of our resources. Increased cost of living is not a bugbear when com- pared with the increased production fostered by the Irri- gation Congress. The great work so far accomplished is but the begin- ning. Irrigation, drainage, forestry, deep-waterways — all present big questions. Great minds agree as to their im- portance, even when differing as to their solution. They are being solved in the Congress forum where there are "Equal rights to all and special privileges to none." You are needed to aid in the work. Personnel. ' The personnel of the National Irrigation Congress will be as follows: The permanent officers of the Congress. The President of the United States. The Vice-President of the United States. The members of the cabinet. Members of the United States senate and house of representatives. Governors of states, territories and insular possessions of the United States. Members of federal, state, territorial and insular irri- gation, water and conservation commissions. State commissioners of agriculture and horticulture. The mayor of each city or town having a population of over one thousand. Officers, chairmen of committees, and permanent dele- gates of the congress. Delegates. Fifteen delegates appointed by the governor of each state or territory. Ten delegates appointed by the mayor of each city of the United States of more than twenty-five thousand population. Five delegates appointed by the mayor of each city in the United States of less than twenty-five thousand popu- lation and over one thousand. Five delegates appointed by the chairman of each board of county commissioners or county supervisors in the United States. Two delegates appointed by the mayor from each in- corporated town having a population of less than one thousand. Two delegates duly accredited by each regularly or- ganized society devoted to irrigation, agriculture, horticul- ture and engineering. Two delegates regularly accredited from each college and university. Two delegates duly accredited by each chamber of commerce, board of trade or commercial club. Visitors. The presence of visitors is specially appreciated and their attendance is encouraged. Early Appointments Desired. Appointment of delegates should be made as early as possible to facilitate the organization of delegations, and notices of appointment with full name, occupation and postoffice address of each delegate should be forwarded to the secretary of the National Irrigation Congress at Pueblo. Foreign Representatives. All foreign governments have been invited to send rep- resentatives to the congress. The hearty responses from foreign governments at previous congresses have made the foreign representation an important feature of the organization. The increasing interest promises large representation this year. Addresses. The program will include addresses and papers by: Experts in irrigation and forestry, including public officials and eminent citizens. Foreign delegates. Governors of states and territories. Senators and representatives in the federal congress. Statesmen and scientists. Industrial and financial leaders. Promoters of Carey Act reclamation projects. Officials of private irrigation enterprises. Discussion. It is planned to make this a practical, live congress, and to secure the desired results from the consideration and discussion of the questions in which the delegates are interested, it is necessary that the delegates come prepared to discuss briefly and to the point the questions which come before the congress. Discussion is an important factor of the program, and will be encouraged. Governors' Session. The governor of each state and territory in the union, together with his staff, has been invited to be present on Governors' day, for which a session of the congress will be set apart. Practical Irrigation. Colorado presents all phases of practical irrigation practice. From the early ditch and simple headgate to the Gunnison Tunnel and underflow development is a long stride. All may be readily investigated in connection with the congress meeting. Mountains and lakes, canons and brooks, hunting and fishing, camping and boating, desert and vineyard, all com- bine in making Colorado the travelers' paradise. Plan your outing so you can attend the congress and make your pleasure increase your profit. National Irrigation Exposition. In connection with the congress there will be an ex- position featuring irrigation methods, machinery and products. Railway Rates. Delegates should notice particularly the opportunity this trip will give to visit numerous places of national in- terest. Full information can be secured from the railroads, or from the secretary of the National Irrigation Congres's at Pueblo. Information. During the time of the congress an information bureau will be conveniently located for the benefit and accommo- dation of delegates and visitors, and every endeavor will be made to give them the best attention and accommodation. Information relative to the Eighteenth National Irri- gation Congress, program, rates, hotels and other data will be furnished upon request from the office of the secretary of the National Irrigation Congress, 339 Central Block, Pueblo, Colorado. Pueblo, Colorado, June 15, 1910. THE EIGHTEENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS, By B. A. FOWLER, President. THE BOARD OF CONTROL, ARTHUR HOOKER, Secretary. By P. J. DUGAN, Chairman. R. INSINGER, Chairman. R .H. FAXON, Secretary. BOARD OF GOVERNORS. 356 THE IRRIGATION AGE. WARREN BILL. A Bill Authorizing Contracts for Disposition of Waters of Projects Under the Reclamation Act, and for Other Purposes. The following, known as the Warren bill, as now pre- sented for action by the House of Representatives at Washington, is of vital interest to many sections of the West: "That whenever in his judgment any part of the water supply of any reclamation project can be disposed of so. as to promote the rapid and desired development of such project, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized, upon such terms, including rates and charges, as he may determine just and reasonable, to contract for the delivery or any such water to irrigation systems operating under the act of August Is, 1894, known as the Carey Act, and to corporations, associa- tions, and irrigation districts organized for or engaged in furnishing and distributing water for irrigation. Delivery of water under any such contracts shall be for the purpose of distribution to individual water users by the party with whom the contract is made: Provided, however, That no such water shall be distributed otherwise than as prescribed by law as to lands held in private ownership within govern- ment reclamation projects. In fixing rates and charges to be fixed in such contracts for delivery of water to any irrigation system, corporation, association, or district, as herein provided, said Secretary shall take into consideration the cost of construction and maintenance of the reclamation project from which such water is to be furnished. No irrigation system, district, association, or corporation so contracting shall make any charge for the storage, carriage, or delivery of such water in excess of the charge paid by it to the United States except to such extent as may be reasonably necessary to cover cost of carriage and delivery of such water through its works. Sec. 2. That in carrying out the provisions of said re- clamation act and acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized, upon such terms as may be agreed upon, to co-operate with irrigation districts, associations, or corporations for the construction of Section 8 of the Reclamation Act provides, in effect, that the use and distribution of water appropriated and impounded by the Secretary of the Interior shall conform with the state laws, and Congress could not otherwise provide for the reason, as stated by Justice Brewer in Kansas vs. Colorado, "We do not mean that its legisla- tion can override state laws in respect to the general subject of reclamation." Under state laws a corporation or an association owning an irrigation project could be compelled, if it had water to spare, to deliver the same to anyone willing to pay for the same. It would appear, therefore, that Congress intended that the government should do, willingly, that which a private corporation could be compelled to do under state laws. But in carrying out this intention, Congress failed to expressly provide that the secretary might contract with Hotel Wolf, Saratoga, Wyo. corporations or associations for the use and distribu- tion of water which it might have under its control, and which was not necessary for the government's project. The purpose of the second section is obvious to any- A Street Scene in Saratoga, Wyoming. sucli reservoirs, canals, or ditches as may be advantageously used by the Government and irrigation districts, associations, or corporations for impounding, delivering, and carrying water for irrigation purposes: Provided, That the title to and man- agement of the works so constructed shall be subject to the provisions of section six of said act: Provided further, That water shall not be furnished from any such reservoir or de- livered through any such canal or ditch to any one land- owner in excess of an amount su Relent to irrigate one hun- dred and sixty acres. Sec. 3. That the moneys received in pursuance of such contracts shall be covered into the reclamation fund, and be available for use under the terms of the reclamation act and the acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto." In approving this measure, Secretary Ballinger re- ported as follows: "The object of the first section is to remove whatever doubt there may be in respect to the question whether the Secretary of the Interior under the Reclamation Act has authority to contract for the delivery of water from the government projects to cor- porations, companies, or irrigation districts in order that they, in turn, may deliver the same to tracts of land not in excess of 160 acres each, and not included within the government project. one who has knowledge of conditions in the arid region. It is well known that there are not many available reser- voir sites in comparison to the amount of water available for irrigation, and with the amount of land capable of iirigation. In some cases the government has secured available sites whereon reservoirs may be erected of such dimensions as will irrigate a much larger area of land than it is deemed wise to include within a government project. In the construction of a government reservoir the recla- mation fund should be used only to construct it of such dimensions as will impound a quantity of water sufficient to supply the land within the project itself. Hence, un- less the Secretary can co-operate and contract with com- panies, associations or districts to the end that reservoirs may be erected of such dimensions as to irrigate larger areas than the government has included within its own project, great areas of arid land, capable of irrigation will always remain barren. Again, the government may have the only available location where it is practical to construct a gravity canal (Continued on page 389.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. 33? SARATOGA, WYOMING Notes and Comment on One of Wyoming's Thriving Cities About Which There is a Peculiar Interest Throughout the entire West there are few points that can boast of more wondrous scenery, interlaced with the wierd and superstitious Indian legend and tradition, than can the district surrounding Saratoga, Wyo., and the north end of the Medicine Bow range of mountains. Nor is it strange, even to visitors of the white race, that this sec- tion inspired the red men with awe. Elk mountain, known to the Indians as "Mystery" mountain, and the hot springs bubbling from the ground at Saratoga, coupled with, the marvelous scenery of the entire district, were sufficient to awaken the religious sentiment of the savage and convince his spirit that the Gods were in both earth and air. The North Platte River, which has its rise in Colorado, some place in the vicinity of Steamboat Springs, flows through as beautiful a country as, perhaps, any stream in the world. Taking a slightly northwesterly course over the line be- tween Wyoming and Colorado, it flows on in that direction for many miles, through Wyoming, then makes a broad sweep up around Casper, then down through other delightful scenery to Alliance, from whence it turns in a southerly direction to its junction with the South Platte, at the town of North Platte, on the Union Pacific Railway. Along the greater part of this distance may be found rugged mountain scenery, great sweeps of land suitable for learned that remarkable cures, indeed, were performed by these waters. A number of mountain streams empty into the North Platte near the site of the town of Saratoga. These streams were famed as giving the best trout fishing in the west. In- deed, fishing at that time, was as rmich of a necessity as a pastime, and before restrictive laws were put in force, was highly profitable to those engaging in it. These streams still abound in trout, both "rainbow" and the "speckled beauty," and the writer, who has tried many of the streams through- out the west, found the North Platte river, near Saratoga, to be one of the best and cleanest streams for fly or bait cast- ing he has ever visited. During the early days of Saratoga, great bath houses were erected, and were used by invalids, who came from various points of the country to test the waters. Finally families located in the town because of the natural attractiveness and healthfulness of the place. The beginning of mining for cop- per in the mountains surrounding the town did much to help Saratoga in its early days. The hotels and homes of Saratoga were filled, in those days, with investors, prospectors, mining operators, stock- men and sportsmen, as well as invalids seeking health. Those who have visited Wyoming, and traversed its length from east to west, have, no doubt, had their atten- tion attracted to the famous Elk mountain, which may be seen for a distance of sixty miles, as one travels in either direction along the Union Pacific Railway. This is a moun- tain of marvelous beauty, backed by fine sky effects, and its nearness to the town of Saratoga adds to its picturesqueness. In the early days "Elk Mountain" was known to the Indians as a mountain of mystery. It is the last high point on the northerly end of the Medicine Bow range, and stands out A Typical Ranch in the Saratoga Valley, Wyoming. agriculture and grazing, banked on either side by mountains, in which valuable minerals are to be found. While in search of health, recently, the editor of this journal, who has traversed the low reaches of this wonderful stream, from North Platte tQ. its southerly sweep, near Cas- per, decided to view it from its southern Wyoming reaches, and a visit was made to Saratoga, a city about thirty miles south of the main line of the Union Pacific Railroad, in Carbon county. In the early days, this twenty-five or thirty miles was traversed by stage, but recently a line of railroad, known as the Saratoga-Encampment line, was constructed, offering a much easier and quicker means of travel to Sara- toga, and to the upper reaches of the stream. About twenty-five or thirty years ago the town of Sara- toga was started in one of the most delightful spots along this entire stream. Numerous springs of hot water bubble from the ground at this point and these were formerly used by the Indians, and known as "Big Medicine Waters," long before the white men invaded this section. It was the favorite camping place for many of the tribes, both from the mountains and the plains, and stories of wonderful cures were brought to the settlements bv the Indians, who annually visited this sec- tion. After the whites had reached the country it was distinctly from Saratoga, which is within a little over half a day's drive from its base. Legend tells us that the Indians considered Elk Mountain "Bad Medicine," or a haunted mountain, and it is said, by some of the old settlers, that they were not inclined to live upon, or too close to the base of the mountain. Of this, we have no verification, but narrations now being prepared by Mr. Crawford, editor of the Saratoga Sun, for the use of THE AGE, will throw addi- tional light upon this interesting subject. In connection herewith is shown numerous views in and near Saratoga, including this famous mountain. It is a peculiar fact that mountains, such as this, do not show stroncr in photographs, when they are taken on the mesas near the foot-hills. In fact, the writer has never seen a good photo- graph of Elk Mountain. Of a necessity the extreme beauty of the view cannot be fully portrayed in the pictures here- with presented. It is our intention to prepare, through the assistance of some of the citizens of the North Platte Valley, a series of articles covering all of the principal features of that section. We will attempt, also, to describe from time to time, stock and agricultural ranches, which have been or are at present being developed along the North Platte River. (Continued on page 371.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. Irrigation of Alfalfa By SAMUEL FORTIER, Chief of Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations. U. S. Department of Agriculture. FARM DITCHES. The capacity and, to some extent, the location of farm ditches depend chiefly on the method of applying SECTION A8 ., HI 1 .... 1 \ ,-,i <34" GATE in ?' (- '• - SECTION CD * «= M ^ Jfi" - >< 14" > «W7-L ! POST I 9ATC WING \ , D ~^osr ^^^ B PLAN Fig. 22 — A Border Gate Used in Imperial Valley. water. In the border method the supply ditch is usually large and so located as to convey a sufficient volume of water to the head of each land. In Imperial Valley in Fig. 24 — Concrete Gate Used in Yolo County, Cal. California these head ditches, as they are called, have a bottom width of 6 feet and a surface width of 12 to 14 feet. In building a ditch of this size a strip 6 feet wide on the center line of the ditch is plowed 6 inches deep. Then parallel strips, also 6 feet wide, are plowed 8 feet distant from it. Scraper teams then cross and recross these, taking dirt from the plowed strips and dumping it on the unplowed spaces to form the banks. The banks when completed are about 2 feet above the natural surface of the ground, and the bot- tom of the ditch is 6 to 10 inches below it. When it is deemed best not to create a depression at the outer toe of each embankment, the borrowed dirt is taken from the high parts of the adjacent land. The water required for each land is withdrawn from the head ditch through a border gate. These are usually made of wood. Figure 22 shows the type of border gate used by F. N. Chaplin, of Holtville, in Imperial Valley. It requires 49 feet b. m. of redwood, which, at $42 per thousand, makes the lumber cost $2.06. The hardware, carpentry and setting increase the cost to about $3.25. If it is assumed that 22 gates are needed for a 40-acre tract the cost per acre for the border gates is $1.79. A cheaper border gate is shown in figure 23, which repre- sents the kind used on an alfalfa tract at Sunset City, Cal. In some locali- ties concrete is being substituted for wood, and figure 24 shows a border gate of this material, quite generally used for the irrigation of alfalfa in Yolo county, Cal. In the check method of irrigation the volumes used do not differ ma- terially from those required to flood the lands in the border method, and the feed ditch for the checks cor- responds in size and capacity to that of the head ditch for borders. Cross sections of common forms of supply ditches are shown in figures 25 and 26. The carrying capacities of these ditches under different grades are given in the accompanying table. In flooding land from field laterals two kinds of channels are needed. The larger ones convey the water to the highest corners of the fields and along one or two borders of each field; the smaller distribute the water over the field. In this method of applying water smaller streams are used than in either the check or the border method. Except on large farms the stream seldom exceeds 3 cubic feet per second, and is usually between 2 and 3 cubic feet. On ordinary grades only a small channel is needed for this volume. Such channels are made by plowing first a strip as -wide as the surface of the ditch is to be when full and removing the loose dirt by one of several designs of A crowders, two of which are shown in figures 27 and 28. One of the best implements for making field laterals is a 14 or 16-inch lister plow on a sulky frame. Figures 29 and 30 show cross sections of lateral ditches made in this way, while figure 31 represents a common type of supply ditch. The effect which grade has upon such channels is shown in the accompanying table, giving discharges of these ditches, with various grades. Subirrigation of Alfalfa Fields. As a general thing, alfalfa is irrigated from the sur- face downward by one of the methods previously de- scribed. There, is, however, a small percentage of alfalfa lands, probably not more than 5 per cent of the total, which is irrigated from below. Frequently the seepage water from porous, earthen ditches and the waste water from irrigated areas pass through the subsoil of lower fields sufficiently near the surface to subirrigate them. In other places these seepage waters collect at the lower levels and raise the ground water near enough the surface to supply the plants with the needed moisture. It is questionable if alfalfa growers should place much de- pendence on this mode of supplying moisture to the plant. Fig. 23 — Border Gate Used Near Sunset City, Cal. What is gained in not having to irrigate is usually more than lost in damage done to both soil and crop by the rise THE IRRIGATION AGE. 359 and two crops of hay are raised. Throughout the arid region there are a few localities where subirrigation is quite generally practiced. Perhaps of the ground water. Wherever alkali is prevalent the rise of the ground water near the surface is almost cer- tain to be followed by an accumulation of alkali on the surface. Again, the fact that alfalfa fields subirrigate is usually nature's way of giving warning that the ground water is rising dangerously near the surface, and observations should be made to de- termine if the level is above the danger limit One of the best ways of making Fig 25_Supply Ditch with Bottom width of Four Feet such determinations is by means of bored test wells. These are made by boring holes from 2 to 4 inches in diameter in different parts of the most notable of these is to be found in the vicinity the field and noting at regular intervals the elevation of of the towns of St. Anthony and Sugar City, in the upper the ground water in each. Where the subsoil is a clay Snake River Valley in Idaho. This subirrigation district or a clay loam no lining will be necessary other than a joint of drain tile or a short wooden tube. Where the subsoil is loose it may be necessary to line the wells with thin galvanized iron or with a wooden box. The wells P~ "ft J Fig. 26 — Supply Ditch with Bottom Width of Six Feet. may be connected by a line of levels, the elevations being taken on the tops of stakes driven beside the wells. These well records, if. taken at weekly or even monthly inter- vals, for several years, will show at a glance not only the comprises an area of about 60,000 acres. A characteristic of the subsoil of this large area is that it is composed of sand and gravel, sometimes mixed with cobble rock to the lava bed rock, which is found at depths varying from a few feet to 90 feet. The surface soil around St. Anthony is a dark-colored gravelly loam 2 to 4 feet deep. On the Elgin Bench it is a dark sandy loam 1.5 to 5 feet deep, while around Sugar City it is a clay loam 4 to 6 feet deep. The land slopes to the south and west at the rate of about 10 feet to the mile. At first ordinary ditches were built and for years attempts were made to irrigate the land by the usual methods. These failed, however, since all the Fig. 29 — Lateral Ditch with Bottom Width of Fourteen Inches. water turned into the ditches soon sank into the porous subsoil beneath. In time much of this subsoil filled up 01.0 **/ • Fig. 87 — "A" Crowder. position of the ground water, but also its rise and fall throughout the seasons. Whenever it is found that the water table stands for any considerable time at less than 4 feet from the surface there is cause for alarm, and meas- ures should be taken to prevent such an accumulation of seepage waters or to remove the surplus by drainage. Alfalfa is subirrigated also from the beds of streams. On bottoms the danger is not so great, because there is less alkali present and the height of the ground water is governed by the condition of the stream. It happens often that when the water table is at its highest point the alfalfa plants are dormant, or nearly so, and as a result are not so readily injured. Two cases of successful subirrigation from stream channels are here cited by way of illustration. On the farm of J. A. King, located on the second bottoms about 5 miles northeast of Boulder, Colo., the water table is 10 to 12 feet below the sur- face. An average yield of alfalfa of 4 tons per acre has been obtained for the past nine consecutive seasons from this farm without any perceptible de- terioration. The crop was irrigated the first year, but after that the roots had evidently reached water and con- tinued to draw their supply from that source. On the Arkansas river south of Cimarron, Kans., John Bull has an alfalfa field of over 50 acres which is subirrigated. The water table is found at a depth of 6 to 8 feet, and the yield is usually 1 ton at each cutting. It is cut three to five times each season, and in some years one crop of seed Fig. 30 — Lateral Ditch with Bottom Width of Sixteen Inches. with water, due to an impervious lava bed rock, and the top layers of soil became moistened from below. This Fig. 31 — Lateral Ditch with Bottom Width of Two Feet. condition led the farmers to adopt a new method of ir- rigation, a type of which is shown in figure 32. On a Fig. 28 — Adjustable "A" Scraper or Crowder. farm of 120 acres, the property of C. H. DeCamp, located 12 miles south of St. Anthony, Idaho, the main canal passes along the north and west boundaries. From this a supply ditch is run which feeds the smaller laterals. THE IRRIGATION AGE. These laterals are shallow ditches about 3 feet wide and 6 inches deep and divide the farm into strips. On the majority of farms the laterals do not exceed 1,320 feet in length and are spaced 100 to 300 feet apart. On this par- ticular farm their length is increased beyond the average F>ASrUf*E \ .0 a N^F ALFALFA FIELD * 1 k 36 X IZO Ftoos 1* ^i^O °> V X > i ) \ !§^ K i-O "* * WHEAT £ |§0 »? AND rf l!° ; i > OATS t i i 67 * IZOFIODS i ... — , f; - ,l _i K /6O * Fig. 32 — One Hundred and Twenty-Acre Subirrigated Farm of C. H and their width decreased. In this mode of irrigation no water is spread over the surface; the laterals merely dis- tribute 15 to 20 miner's inches each to different parts of Table giving the mean velocity and discharge of ditches with different grades: LATERAL DITCH, FIGURE 29. near the surface to supply the needed moisture to the roots of plants. Thereafter the height of the ground water is regulated by the amount of water turned into- the supply ditch. The rise and fall of the ground water is determined by means of small boxes set in the ground 3 to 5 feet deep, as indicated by the circles in figure 32. Twenty to 30 boxes are usually required for each 80- acre farm. All water is turned out of the main canal prior to September 15 to permit the land to dry out for the harvesting of such crops as sugar beets, potatoes, etc. When the crops are removed, a small stream is left running in the main canal all winter; but notwithstanding this supply, the ground water usually falls from 6 to 20 feet below the surface during the fall and winter months. This some- what novel method of applying water has led to the adoption of a rotation of crops which seems to suit both water and soil conditions. Alfalfa does not do well after the third year. This is chiefly due to the height at which the ground water is kept dur- ing the spring and summer months. Then, too, the soil is lacking in humus. These conditions have led the farmers to grow alfalfa on a tract for two or three years and then to turn the alfalfa under and raise grain, sugar beets and potatoes for the next three years. Under this rotation the yields per acre on well-managed farms are 40 to 60 bushels of wheat, 75 to 110 bushels of oats, 50 to 90 bushels of barley, 300 to 500 bushels of potatoes, 15 to 20 tons of beets, and 4 to 6 tons of alfalfa. The land sells for $100 to $150 an acre. NOTES ON THE EIGHTEENTH CONGRESS. IRRIGATION By R. H. Faxon. vji auc- Mean velocity Miner's inches un- der 6-inch Inches per rod. Feet per 100 feet. Feet per in feet Cubic feet mile per second per second pressure head. l/2 0.25 13.33 1.01 0.67 27 H .38 20.00 1.23 .81 32 .51 26.67 1.42 .93 37 i ^ .63 33.33 1.59 1.05 42 iK .76 40.00 1.75 1.16 46 2 1.01 53.33 2.04 1.35 54 2/3 1.26 66.67 2.28 1.50 60 3 1.51 80.00 2.50 1.64 61 3K 1.77 93.33 2.70 1.78 71 LATERAL DITCH, FIGURE 30. 54 0.13 6.67 0.82 0.80 30 .25 13.33 1.16 1.00 42 4 .38 20.00 1.42 1.30 52 1 .51 26.67 1.64 1.50 60 IK .63 33.33 1.84 1.70 67 IK .76 40.00 2.02 1.80 74 .88 46.67 2.18 2.00 80 2 1.01 53.33 2.34 2.10 88 2K 1.26 66.67 2.61 2.40 96 LATERAL DITCH, FIGURE 31. H 0.06 3.33 0.79 2.08 83 54 .13 6.67 1.13 3.00 119 K .25 13.33 1.60 4.20 168 .38 20.00 1.97 5.20 207 l" .61 26.67 2.28 6.00 239 1x4 .63 33.33 2.57 6.80 270 Interest in the irrigation exposition, to be held in con- nection with the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, is growing constantly. All the sections of Colorado are making organized effort to be represented at the exposition and the interest outside the state is also very large. There are calls for reservations of space and daily inquiries in the offices of the board of control, Pueblo, Colo. The interest among manufacturers of irrigation devices, pumps, machinery, etc., is increasing rapidly and there is every prospect that the exposition will be a success in that respect. Information may be had concerning this exposition by writing the secretary of the board of control at Pueblo. the field, where it soon joins the ground water by sink- ing through the bottoms of the shallow ditches. The land is planted in the early spring when the ground water is low, and then water is turned into the ditches and kept in day and night until the ground water rises sufficiently DEL NORTE, COLORADO. Del Norte is located in the San Luis Valley, Colo. — in that vast irrigated plateau where the sun shines nearly every day in the year. Once but a mining supply point, the irrigated district has increased so greatly that the business of the town is now almost wholly devoted to supplying the wants of the irrigationist. Water is taken from the Rio Grande by direct flow and has been applied to the soil for a number of years, resulting in enormous crops — crops that have taken prizes at the state fairs and at even larger exhibits. There are about 600,000 acres of government land left in the San Luis, some of which is within four miles of Del Norte. Within a few years all of it will be under ir- rigation. The town is growing rapidly, had an exhibit at the Chicago land show, and offers excellent opportuni- ties. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and cloth- bound copy of the Primer of Irrigation. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 36] ARID AGRICULTURE BY B. C. BUFFUM, M. S. Manager of the Wyoming Plant and Seed Breeding Company, Wor- land. Former Professor of Agriculture in the University of Wyoming and the Colorado Agricultural College, and Director of the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. PROF. B. C. BUFFUM. THE CONSERVATION OF MOISTURE. There has been much specula- tion in regard to the possible pro- duction of a crop with a certain amount of moisture. This interest has arisen from experiments car- ried out in France and parts of this country, which show the amount of water taken up by plants and .ranspired from their leaves to pro- .uce their growth. In one of these xperiments, it was shown that it ook an average of three hundred pounds of water taken from the soil to produce one pound of dry matter. On this basis, Headden made a calculation of the approxi- mate amount of water required for the production of a twenty-five-ton crop of sugar beets. Where sugar beets produce a large amount of tops, these tops have been known to equal at least ninety per cent of the weight of the roots. To grow twenty-five tons of beets, then, there would be twenty-two and one-half tons of tops. In the beets there would be five tons of dry matter requiring fif- teen hundred tons of water, and the tops and beets to- gether would require 2,175 tons. This amount of water would cover the land to a depth of over nineteen inches, and on this basis, twelve and one-half tons per acre could be produced with ten inches of moisture, provided it is all saved and made available to the plants. Several years ago, the author made the following statement: The amount of .water found to be necessary to produce one pound of dry crop of grains in the humid region is approximately five hundred pounds, which is used by the plant and evaporated from the soil during growth. An annual rainfall of twelve inches would bring to each acre of land 2,722,500 pounds of water. If all this water could be made available for the crop during the growing season, and assuming that 500 pounds of water is sufficient to produce one pound of dry crop, twelve inches of rain would produce 5,445 pounds, or approximately 2^4 tons of vegetable matter. If one-half the rainfall of a single year could be saved to the growing plant, it would support more crop than the average native hay production of our irrigated meadows. Such speculations are useful as indicating certain pos- sibilities, but it is unquestionably true that some plants require more moisture than others, and there are many things to consider outside of the actual amount of moisture used. There are drouth-resistant crops which will ap- proximately stand still in ding of drouth until more moist- ure renews their growth. Other drouth-resistant crops have so adapted themselves to arid conditions that they produce less top and leaf surface to evaporate the water and put their energies chiefly into the production of seed or fruit rather than into the making of much growth. We find nothing in these scientific speculations which is dis- couraging to the dry fanner or which would indicate that it is impossible to produce profitable crops of suitable plants once in two years where the annual rainfall is as little as eight or ten inches. "The proof of the pudding is in the eating," and such crops having actually been produced under such conditions, is sufficient demonstration of the fact. Having the principal rainfall come during the growing season is a great advantage in some ways. Often a crop will have used up the stored soil moisture and be ready to give up the struggle when a rain will revive the plants and make them mature successfully. This enables the farmer to take advantage of that useful semi-dormnnt or waiting- character of certain drouth-resistant plants. Soil Mulch. Maintaining the soil mulch is one of the most import- ant factors in the success of dry farming. It is by the soil mulch that we are able to make our soils absorb all the moisture that comes to them by precipitation or from dews or other moisture. By it we conserve this moisture and prevent its loss back into the air by evaporation. Summer-tilled land should at all times be covered with this mulch, which should be in granular form of small lumps. Care should be taken not to get it too fine. Dust does not absorb moisture so well and is apt to drift or blow away. Working the ground when dry will tend to make the surface soil too fine. The object of cultivating the summer fallowed soil is to prevent the formation of a crust after heavy rains; to allow proper action of sun and air; to prevent the moisture from rising to the surface where it will evaporate and to destroy the growth of weeds. The film moisture in the soil travels up and down by what is called capillary action. This is merely the flowing of the moisture which surrounds one particle of the soil to, and around, the next soil particle, which is close enough to touch the_ film and so on as long as the Some Arid Land Recently Opened for Settlement — Shoshone Reservation. soil particles are close enough together, until it reaches the surface where it is evaporated. By stirring the soil, we let in air and separate the grains of soil so the capillary movement is stopped, and loss by evaporation is prevented. The soil mulch must be maintained over the whole field, and the drag harrow is the principal tool used for this purpose. Writers have recommended that those who practiced summer-fallowing should get on to the land with the harrow immediately after every rain or snow. This is not always necessary or advisable, for working too soon may cause rapid loss of the moisture which is still in the surface layer. The ground should be worked as soon after every heavy rain or snow as it is dry enough. Do 'not wait too long, for when too dry the soil will dust and drift. Light rains may cause actual loss of soil moisture by forming a connection which lifts the water to the surface, where it is lost into the air. Judgment should be used and the ground cultivated as early and often as the conditions indicate. Humus and Vegetable Mold. There is much misconception about what humus is. Often when we speak of humus, we do not mean true humus, but refer to the partially decayed plant substances, which were better called vegetable mold. True humus is the final product of the decay of organic matter in the soil. It is a very complex chemical compound, which contains nitrogen, and may act in an important way toward the change and use of soil plant foods. On the other hand, it is the partially decayed vegetable matter which has so much to do with tilth. This substance ab- sorbs water, holds the soil particles apart, aerates the soil, and fosters bacterial and chemical changes which should pay for a do-nothing proposition, with reference to legislation. Since the Reclamation Act was passed eight years ago it has not been remedied in any respect what- ever, and it has been defective from the hour it was passed. The time has come to get relief along as many lines as possible." 362 THE IKRIGATION AGE. are of most value to living plants. This decaying condi- tion must be kept up by continual renewal of organic mat- ter. Packing the Soil. There are three or more conditions of soil which call for the use of some form of packer. Soils that are cov- ered with so much grass that they do not naturally fall close enough to shut out large air spaces at bottom of the furrows may be packed to advantage. Loose loam soils that overlie a sub-soil which contains considerable moisture may be packed to bring the particles close enough together to lift the moisture from below by in- creased capillary action. The surface soil may sometimes be packed to either warm it or get rid of surplus mois- ture. Where good results follow packing, it should not be neglected for it may mean success. Many western soils, especially those containing much granite, sand or gypsum and lime naturally become compacted very soon after plowing. Such soils may be so hard that the at- tempt to keep them properly loosened up is more im- portant than trying to make them more compact. Use of the Roller. Rolling soil warms it. There are cold, damp soils which may be rolled at times with advantage. It is usually better to use a corrugated roller in the West, be- cause it leaves the surface rough and there is less drying out or drifting by winds. The smooth roller on young grain will sometimes bring up the moisture and cause the •^^•^^^^•••••^^^^•^••^^^••••••••^^•^•••^^^^^•^^^•^^^^^^^^^i Wyoming State Dry Farm Demonstration, East of Cheyenne. — Winter Rye, 44 Bushels per Acre; Winter Wheat, 35 Bushels per Acre. soil to absorb enough warmth to prevent injury by cold. The roller is not an essential farm implement on western farms. Subsurface Packer. The subsurface packer, recommended for arid soils, consists of a series of wedge-shaped wheels, about eighteen inches in diameter, and set six inches apart. The object is to pack the lower half of the plowed area and leave the surface loose. This implement is of value on many soils. Its use has not always given valuable results on our more arid soils. There is little advantage to be gained by the use of the subsurface packer over much of the arid region unless it is on spring plowing of sandy soils, because the soil and subsoil is not such that the compacted area either attracts or saves additional moisture, and the ground becomes sufficiently dense for the roots of crops without the additional work. Packing is often of great value. Many have observed instances of winter grain in the packed area left by wagon or drill wheels passing over it, living where adjoining grain was killed out. Gen- erally spring grains produce better growth and crops where some wheel has pressed the soil together. We believe that packing is always advisable around the newly planted seed and recommend almost with no ex- ception the use of some form of press drill. The sub- surface packer is better than either the smooth roller, or corrugated roller, unless it is desirable to lose moisture instead of save it, or warming the soil for a time is the end sought. Where the packer is used, the soil should be harrowed immediately afterward to establish the earth mulch. Harrowing. Next to plowing, the principal operation on the dry farm is persistent and continuous use of the harrow. The ground should always be harrowed the same day it is plowed, and if it is new sod-ground, at least, the harrow should be run the same direction as the plow. This harrowing should be kept up often enough to maintain a proper surface mulch for the prevention of the loss of moisture by evaporation. Small grains should be har- rowed in the spring and no damage will be done if the harrow is run crosswise of the drills, the harrow teeth kept sharpened and the horses made to walk fast. The main tools to use for shallow surface cultivation is the drag, or spiked-tooth harrow, and the weeder., Every farmer should have one with levers by which he can reg- ulate the slant of the teeth. It does not pay to use a two- horse harrow on large fields. Four-horse tools of all kinds are far more economical. With a three section harrow and four horses, a man or boy can coyer thirty to thirty-five acres per day, which makes the maintenance of summer tillage possible on a considerable area of farm land. The Disc Harrow The disc is an indispensable farm implement in the West. Discs of fourteen inches diameter do much better and more effective work than do those of larger size. The draft is not so light as is that of sixteen or eighteen-inch discs, but the object of farm operations is to do the work, and good work cannot be done with a large disc. The disc should be used to break up the surface sod or stubble immediately after harvesting, and where this is done, it will be found that plowing will produce a much better seed bed. Turning under the disced surface also leaves less air space and the soil reservoir is more perfect. The disc is useful to destroy weeds on summer tillage, but it must be used when the weeds are small. It will merely cultivate large weeds. Always lap the disc one-half, which double-discs the ground and leaves it level. The disc is very useful for certain forms of cultivation, especially with alfalfa. The new alfalfa harrow consisting of a series of spikes ar- ranged in disc form seems to be one of the best tools for the cultivation of alfalfa. Other Harrows. Perhaps the Acme harrow is one of the most useful soil pulverizers for the farm. It does most excellent work where shallow surface cultivation is required. The spring- tooth harrow is a useful inplement for harrowing com- pact and tough soils. There are some new harrows now being constructed on the general plan of the old drag or toothed harrow, but with modified teeth. One is a small disc three or four inches in diameter, riveted horizontally to the lower end of the harrow tooth. Another has the lower end of the harrow tooth bent at right angles and flattened and sharpened in the form of a knife blade. These harrows serve the double purpose of loosening the soil and cutting off weeds. The Weeder. The weeder is a modified harrow with long curved spring teeth. It is a most valuable implement on dry farms for the easy and rapid cultivation of grains and other crops. It can be used after the plants are too high for ordinary harrowing. For large work, using four-horse gang weeders is most economical in time and labor. Good Harrowing. Good harrowing for the purpose of conserving mois- ture is that which more thoroughly breaks up the surface soil, without making dust of it, kills the weeds, saves the moisture, and cultivates the crop. If the soil is hard or wet and in such condition that the disc or harrow teeth leave open scratches and cracks instead of mixing and turning the soil, the loss of water will be greater than it would be without harrowing at all. Send $2.50 for the Irrigation Age 1 year, and a cloth bound copy of the Primer of Irrigation. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 363 THE CAREY ACT HOW TO ACQUIRE TITLE TO PUBLIC LANDS UNDER THE ACT. A Comprehensive Survey of the Regulations In Porce in the Various States. Copyrighted 1910 by E. F. Bohm. VII. TAXATION. IDAHO. — Approximate valuation of cultivated lands with permanent and paid-up water-rights, from $50.00 to $125.00 per acre. Land valuations, including water-rights, are taxed together. "Carey Act" lands are listed for tax- ation upon final proof being made. Improvements are listed separately from land valuation and before final proof. WYOMING.— No tax, or assessment, can be placed upon "Carey Act" lands until patent has issued from the federal government to the state and from the state to the settler. Houses, and other improvements, upon "Carey Act" claims are subject to taxation. When finally taxed, the lands are usually assessed during the first year at $5.00 per acre, but this amount is increased as the pay- ments made by the settler increase his actual interest in the land. COLORADO.— Valuations of "Carey Act" lands in- clude the water-rights and range, with such permanent water-rights, according to degree of cultivation and other factors, from $12.00 to $175.00 per acre. "Carey Act" lands (under present rules) are not taxable until the state has received United States patent. Improvements are always listed separately from land, at any time, regard- less of final proof or patent upon the land. UTAH. — Valuations include water-rights, as in other states, although the valuation would not be fixed upon the basis of "paid-up right," until full payment has been made for such "right." Lands are assessed for taxation as soon as final proof has been offered. Improvements are list- ed, and valued, separately, for purposes of taxation, and are assessed without reference to the ownership of the land upon which the improvements are situated. In other words, the settler's buildings, etc., are listed for taxation even before he has acquired patent to the land assessed. Valuation on all classes of property is assumed to be about 50 per cent of real value (at time of writing); the usual rate is 2 per cent outside of incorporated towns and cities, varying, as in other states, as between different counties, cities and school districts. The elected officers fix the rate annually. MONTANA.— Valuation of "Carey Act" lands include water-rights. Lands are not taxable until patent is issued to settler. Improvements are listed separately from the land, and are taxed as soon as made. The approximate valuation of cultivated land is $5.00 to $10.00 per acre; the valuation of uncultivated land from 50 cents to $5.00 per acre. NEW MEXICO. — Valuation of irrigated lands (which valuation, in every case, includes water-rights) ranges from $50.00 to $500.00 per acre. Lands are not listed for taxation until patent has issued to settler, nor are perma- nent improvements, such as buildings, fences and other permanent fixtures, listed until patent has issued. Personal property, such as implements, stock, etc., is taxable at any time. Provisions for Schools. IDAHO. — School Districts. — Boundaries indefinite and with varying number of families. Districts are creat- ed by county commissioners. Minimum number of child- ren in district, 10. Legal school age, from 6 to 21 years. Funds available for school purposes, as in other "Public Land States," all funds or interest upon funds, derived from sale or lease of so-called "School Lands" (Sections 16 and 36 in each township (36 square miles) are restricted to school purposes. In addition to this fund there is a levy (in lui:;ir company is now organized and at work at Monte Vista getting the acreage necessary for next year and experiment- ing in the various sections throughout the valley this year. The valley is strongly backing the irrigation exposition. A comprehensive representation and display from the valley, as n whole, will be made at the exposition, September 2<5-:',0, 1910. property, and informs us that the necessity for keeping an invalid member of his family in a lower altitude, compels him to turn this hotel (an illustration of which is presented herewith), over to some one, who will conduct it along the right lines. Mr. Wolf will either sell the furniture in the hotel and give a lease on the property, or will sell outright. The property is located on a prominent corner in the town of Saratoga ; is in easy walking distance of all the springs and bath houses, and is the best equipped institution of its kind in the North Platte Valley. The half-tone shown herewith was made from a photograph taken during the old stage days, before the advent of the railway. It shows one of the old time overland stages drawn by six horses. This, in those days, was considered a luxurious method of traveling, as compared with the old freight wagons or cow ponies, on - which the majority of the early settlers reached that section. In a future issue, we will present statements from Mr. Tuttle, and others, concerning the crops which may be profit- ably produced in that section. Facts will also be given as to the profits to be obtained from the sheep and cattle business conducted on either a large or small scale. 372 THE IRRIGATION AGE. MANY YEARS OF PLENTY Lands in Antelope Valley, New Mexico, Near French Land and Irrigation Company's System, Have Long Demonstrated Wonderful Fertility The real test of the value of farm land is the amount of money it will produce per acre. While its sentimental value, due to location, proximity to large cities, and climate, is sometimes considered and tends to increase its selling value, as a commercial proposition, and an interest paying invest- ment the amount of cold, hard dollars you can derive from Alfalfa 5 tons per acre, worth $12.00 per ton. This gives the value per acre of these four staple crops as follows: Oats, $48.00; barley, $48.00; wheat, $45.00. and alfalfa, $60.00. These may appear large to the eastern farmer, but these figures are fully borne out by the facts. It is simply the old question of an extremely fertile soil made productive by sup- plying sufficient water when it is needed. There is no ques- tion of drouth, excessive rainfall, or driving storms to ruin the crops. It is just the right amount of water applied when it is needed that produces these results. These same results could be obtained in the fertile lands of the Mississippi Val- ly if that one question of sufficient rainfall at the right time could be eliminated. Besides these four staple crops the Antelope Valley will and does produce immense yields of fruits, vegetables and sugar beets. Reservoir No. 2, Showing Intake from Rivers. French Land and Irrigation Company's Property. it is what the average business man and farmer really con- siders. While the lands of the French Land and Irrigation Com- pany are new and figures from these lands are consequently impossible to obtain, we have the experience of a large num- ber of farmers in the Antelope Valley, who have been culti- vating lands on all sides of the French tract for a number of years.- These early pioneers while laboring under all the disadvantages which greet the first settler of any new coun- try, have crowned their efforts with results such as we have seldom seen in any country we ever visited. From the most careful and conservative figures that can be obtained from men who are thoroughly reliable and have successfully farmed in the Antelope Valley for years, one can not fail to realize that the French Laud and Irrigation Company, have a project that as a money maker either to the investor or the farmer cannot be excelled anywhere in the country. The main crops that have been grown in the Antelope. Valley are oats, wheat, barley, alfalfa, fruits and vegetables. Corn has been grown to some extent and yields of from forty to fifty bushels per acre have been obtained. We do not intend in this article to give what can or have been raised under extraordinary circumstances, but what every farmer should and will raise under careful and intelligent management. Oats 75 bu. per acre, average price, $2.00 per 100 pounds. Barley 50 bu. per acre average price, $2.00 per 100 pounds. Wheat 45 bu. per acre, average price, $1.00 per bu. At the National Irrigation Congress, held at Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1908, sugar beets from the Antelope Valley took the first prize in competition with practically every Cauliflower Grown Near French, New Mexico. Weight, 30 Ibs., when Taken from the Ground. sugar beet country, and sugar beets grown here excel in sugar (Continued on page 397.) THE IRRIGATION AGE. Reclamation Notes CALIFORNIA. At a recent meeting of the Board of Supervisors at Marysville, members of the Hallwood Irrigation Company appeared before the Board with an appeal for assistance from the county in bearing expenses of the necessary pipes for the points where the main ditch and laterals of this project cross the county roads. The bill set forth the facts that the company is composed of taxpayers of Yuba county and as their initial expense in installing the sys- tem is very great they would like to have the county pay for the culverts. The bill also states that the land to be benefited by the proposed irrigation system consists of 0,000 acres lying northeast of Marysville. A contract was filed with the county recorder in San Bernardino, recently, under the terms of which W. E. Pedley, of Riverside, agreed to construct a conduit from the intake of the Whitewater Reservoir and Power Com- pany to the proposed power plant at San Gorgonio can- yon for $66,750. Under the terms of the contract the flumeway is to be completed by October, 1910. Accord- ing to the terms of agreement Mr. Pedley is to accept lands owned by the company at the east end of Ellsinore lake, at San Jacinto, in payment of the flumeway, or is to wait until the corporation sells these lands and take the proceeds. The company has 1,200 acres near San Jacinto lake and 750 acres at the east end of Lake Ellsinore. The rights now controlled by the Whitewater Reservoir and Power Company were originally secured by Poole Bros. of Los Angeles. Mr. Pedley, in. a recent interview, stated that the flume which he will construct will be five and one-half miles long. The water will be conveyed to Ban- ning, where it will be used to irrigate land for which there is no present water supply. W. N. Woodson, proprietor of the Maywood colony, of Corning, has installed a pumping plant to irrigate 140 acres of land Henry Hazelbush has recently installed a pumping plant to irrigate his peach orchard near the town of Biggs. Work on the government irrigation project at Orland, under direction of Engineer W. W. Schlacht, is progressing rapidly. The East Park reservoir dam is completed to an elevation of sixty-six feet above the stream level, and the dam will probably be completed by July 1st of this year. The government is at present furnishing water for irrigation for over 1,000 acres of land near Orland. This water is taken from the flood waters of Stony Creek and is furnished to water users at a nominal rate per acre. W. A. Durbow, of Oroville, has taken a contract to build twenty-three miles of ditch in Lassen county. The contract was let by the Madeline Meadows Land and Ir- rigation Company. The water will be obtained from Tule lake. There are 40,000 acres of land open to settlement and more of it will be brought under irrigation. Under tin- contract the work is to be finished by April, 1911. H. D. Graynor, of Redding, has filed on 125,000 inches of water in the Sacramento valley near Iron canyon. This is the largest filing of the year, and is thought to foreshadow an extensive irrigation project. The Balfour, Guthrie Investment Company has pur- chased 12,000 acres of land near Stockton known as the .M;ir-h ranch, located in the Byron section, the purchase price being $050,000. It is reported that the company will install an irrigation system and sell the land in small tracts. The Vernalis Farming Company, composed of F. E. Densmore. A. G. Stalder. Fred Stalder, Charles Stalder and Jack McGregor, of Riverside, has let the contract for the construction of 5,000 feet of 18-inch pipe for irriga- tion purposes. The gentlemen own 27,000 acres of land in Stanislaus county. Water will be pumped from the San Joaciuin river. The Sacramento Valley Irrigation Company has pur- chased 7,000 acres of land near St. John. It is also re- ported that the company has purchased the Finnell land near Corning for $500,000, but this report has not been verified. The Pacific Farm Company, of Los Angeles, is the defendant in an action begun against it by T. G. Schulze and Grace Schulze. The plaintiffs allege they agreed to buy four lots from the company in King's county on con- dition that they would secure water for irrigation for $8,000 in four installments. They claim that they paid $2,000 and that the company failed to furnish water as contracted for, resulting in their crops being a total loss They ask judgment for $4,472, and reformation of the contract. W. B. Reynolds, a well known fruit grower south- west of Yuba City, has, installed a pumping plant with which to irrigate his orchard. A special bond election was held in the southeastern part of San Joaquin county recently to give the directors authority to issue bonds to the amount of $35,000 to pay the engineers' expenses and preliminary costs of the first work of the district. A dam will be constructed on the Stanislaus river. This district will embrace 71,000 acres of land. Residents of Inyo county are interested in the for- mation of an irrigation district. In discussing it at i meeting held recently Mr. S. E. Vermilyea expressed the opinion that systematizing the water management of the valley under an irrigation district would treble land values within five years. An irrigation district would handle drainage questions as well as additional irrigation or storage and thus reclaim much land which is now over watered. In order to protect the south San Joaquin Irrigation District against contractors who may band together and submit exorbitant bids, a corporation known as the San Joaquin Development Association was formed at Stock- ton recently and articles of incorporation were filed with the county clerk. The corporation is a non-profit one and was organized with the sanction of the Irrigation Bureau. It has a capital stock of $10,000. The new cor- poration will aid in selling the $175.000 bonds recently voted by the district. The directors of the development association are: M. A. Bertheau, A. L. Cowell, George W. Tatterson, Louis S. Wetmore and John D. Maxey. On the Orland irrigation project eighty-nine applica- tions for temporary water rental service for 1910 have been received, covering an area of 530 acres. It is an- ticipated that 1,200 acres will be irrigated from Stony Creek up to July 15. Water was turned into the south canal on April 7 and since that time the head has been gradually increased to 35 second feet. The East Park Dam has been completed to a height of 66 feet above the level of the stream. Ninety-eight concrete structures were built on the distribution system during April and work commenced on the seven inverted siphons under the Southern Pacific Railroad, for carrying the water across the railroad in the several ditches. COLORADO. The Bent County Reservoir Company, with holdings thirty miles southwest of Lamar, has let the contract for the construction of its irrigation system, at a cost of $600,000. This work is to be completed by June 1, 1911. Water will be taken from Rule Creek to irrigate 20,000 acres of land. Maps for the reservoir and ditches of an irrigation project in the vicinity of Abeyte have been filed at Trin- idad. This project will reclaim 3,000 acres of land, with water taken from Rito Seco creek. The estimated cost of the project is $75,000. Construction of ditches and reservoirs in the Granada and Holly irrigation district has begun. Under this project, known as the Granada-Holly project, 40,000 acres of land will be reclaimed. It is proposed to enlarge the pres- ent Colorado-Kansas ditch, from its headgate to a point south of Lamar, and from this point a new ditch will be constructed, which will have a capacity of 818 cubic feet of water per sec- ond. A reservoir, located in Rule creek, is a part of the water system. The water from the reservoir is emptied into the Arkansas river, and is carried in this river for eleven miles, where it is taken out of the river at the Colorado and Kansas dam. In addition to the water taken from Rule creek, water is also to be taken from the Purgatoire 374 THE IRKIGAT10N AGE. river. The Granada-Holly district was organized in Jan- uary of this year. W. A. Merrill of Lamar is president. The total bond of the district will be $1,250,000. Plats of the Calahan reservoir No. 2 in the Fountain Valley, near Colorado Springs, have been filed with the county clerk, by A. P. Calahan. The proposed reservoir will be filled from the overflow of Fountain creek. Water was turned on in the Orchard Mesa ditch near Grand Junction on May 21, to water 10. COO acres of fruit land. \Vater is taken from the Grand river and is brought into the pumping station near Palisade, and from there lifted to the land. The cost of the system is approximately $1,000,000. Secretary Tobin, of the Water Users Association, of the Western Slope, has issued a call for a special meeting of the stockholders of the Uncompahgre Valley Water Users Association, to be held in Olathe, June yoth, for the purpose of taking action on the purchase, by the association, of the Garnet ditch and all other ditch com- panies of the valley which have, up to that time, reached an agreement on a proposition for transferring their ditches to the association. Supervisor Engineer Walter has refused to recommend to the Interior Department the purchase of ditches where the price exceeds the esti- mate made on them by the reclamation engineer, without an affirmative vote on the part of the Water Users Asso- ciation. State Engineer Comstock has rendered a decision to the effect that a water right exists and has force for the beneficial use at the time when it might be used, and that it does not entitle the owner to store water after he has waived the use of it on the time or times when he might have used it. This decision grew out of the act of the Beaver Creek Irrigation Company, in turning into their reservoir water which might have been used for irrigation, but was stored instead. The company bought a large number of water rights, many of them being very old priorities. The decision rendered by Engineer Corn- stock affects almost every irrigation district in the state of Colorado. A plat has been filed with the county clerk at Fort Collins for F. W. Bowen, of Chicago, for a reservoir site nine miles in length, at a cost of $1,250,000. Part of the proposed site lies in the state of Wyoming and part in Colorado, the purpose being to impound the water of the Laramie river. The description covers some of the land already filed upon by the Laramie-Poudre Reservoir & Irrigation Company. It is intimated that this filing is a plan on the part of Wyoming parties to fight the efforts of the Laramie-Poudre Company to use the water of the Laramie river. The officers of the latter company have expressed the opinion that an effort to block their operations will fail. J. A. Hayes, Irving Howbert, H. McGarry, J. T. Miliken and L. L. Aitken, of Colorado Springs, together with Denver capitalists, are planning to reclaim thousands of acres near Manitou Junction. The Western Reclama- tion Company has been organized for this purpose. By means of submerged dams, open cuts or sumps, the water of subterranean streams will be utilized in bringing under cultivation a vast area of what is now semi-arid land. The holdings of the East Colorado Springs Land Com- pany, comprising 11,000 acres, will probably be the first to be brought under cultivation by the new system. At a special meeting of the stockholders of the Fort Lyons Canal Company at Las Animas, a decision was reached authorizing a bond issue to the amount of $675,000, to take up the former bond issue of $250,000 and to make improvements on and finish the present canal and reser- voir- system. Permanent headquarters of the company have been established at Las Animas. The new reservoir on Horse creek, which has a capacity of 26,000 acre feet, has just been completed, and the reservoir on Adobe creek, having a capacity of 90,000 acre feet, is almost finished. The main canal of the system is 113 miles long. The system irrigates about 75,000 acres of land. Residents of Phillips county have organized an irri- gation district, to connect with the "Narrows" project near Fort Morgan. At a recent meeting, held at Holyoke, officers were elected as follows: S. S. Worley, president; W. G. Helland and O. C. Zingg. vice-presidents; Roy Howser, secretary; G. L. King, R. G. McKibbon, Oba Canaday, Burl Osborn and A. P. Cronk, directors. The Bent County Reservoir & Canal Company of Las Animas have let the contract for the construction of their irrigation system to the Kaw Construction Company . of Kansas City. Mo. Water will be taken from Rule and Muddy creeks to irrigate 20,000 acres of land. About twenty-five miles of canal will be built. The system is to be finished in the spring of 1911. J. C. Teller has withdrawn from sale the land known as the Pueblo Gardens. Mr. Teller will convert 2,000 acres of this land into an experimental farm, and by this method will demonstrate the productiveness of the land. A dam for irrigation purposes is being rushed to completion. It is reported that C. C. & J. G. Magenheimer, representatives of the Woodland Company, of Chicago, are planning to take over the Udlock Power and Irrigation proposition in the Plateau Valley, and that as soon as the work on the Orchard Mesa ditch is completed, will com- mence work on a great irrigation project which will cost several millions of dollars. Bulkley Wells of Telluride, J. P. Schley and F. M. McPherson, of Colorado Springs, have submitted a prop- osition to the State Land Board asking the temporary withdrawal of 160,000 acres of land in Montrose county, which they wish to reclaim by irrigation under the Carey Act. It is proposed to take 600 feet of water from the San Miguel river and carry it to the land. A large number of Germans from Lincoln, Neb.. have purchased land in the Denver-Greeley Valley Irri- gation district and will colonize a large tract. They are all well-to-do farmers and thoroughly understand the cultivation of sugar beets. Engineer Pease of the Reclamation Service has an- nounced that water will be turned through the Gunnison Tunnel on July 1. At a recent meeting of the farmers living in the Otero irrigation district, it was voted to issue $150,000 addi- tional bonds to be expended in ditch and reservoir im- provements along the Otero canal system. "Larry" Finch, Walter P. Crose, both of Montrose, together with Denver and Fort Morgan capitalists, are planning an irrigation project which will reclaim approx- imately 30,000 acres of land. The company has in- corporated under the name of the Horsefly Irrigation, Power & Development Company. Surveys have been made and waters from Horsefly creek have been filed upon. The lands embraced in this project are situated near Montrose. The water users of the South Palisade Heights Irri- gation District have made a contract with John R. Gor- don of Pueblo to install a gas producer plant, for the purpose of raising water from the Grand river to irrigate their land, located south of the Orchard Mesa project. The amount of land to be irrigated is 700 acres. The cost of construction of this plant is approximately $86,000, which guarantees the delivery of water to the highest point of the land. This amount does not include the building of the main ditch, which will be about a mile and a half long. The cost of maintenance, it is claimed, will be about $10.00 per acre. E. B. Haver, of Pueblo, together with a group of capitalists of that city, has purchased 5,000 acres of state land, twenty miles east of Pueblo, and south of Bopne, and will irrigate it by an extension of the Welton ditch. Additional water rights have been secured from the Huer- fano river underflow, and other sources. Over $50,000 was paid the state for the land purchased, and a much larger sum will be expended in the construction of mains and laterals for the irrigation system. Surveyors are at work on the line for the proposed Havermyer irrigation canal, which will water several thousand aces adjoining the town of Grand Valley. Work will be started this month. Halligan dam, on the north fork of the Cache la Poudre river, forty miles northwest of Fort Collins, is completed, and water turned on. This dam is part of the North Poudre Irrigation Company's system and cost more than $200,000. The capacity of the reservoir created by the dam is 270,000,000 cubic feet, and will water 8,000 acres. A preliminary injunction, restraining the American THE IRRIGATION AGE. 375 Advertisers should not fail to note the Commercial organizations through the significance of the letter as presented in cut West have already placed large advance orders form below. It is but a corroborating proof for these numbers of the AGE, advising by of the statement often repeated by the pub- letter while placing their orders that they will lisher of the IRRIGATION AGE — that its circu- assist in its circulation in order to boom the lation extends to all parts of the west, and congress. In other legitimate ways the regu- that gratifying results are to be obtained by lar circulation of the AGE will be increased by advertising matter placed in the columns of nearly fifty per cent during these three months, this journal. EIGHTEENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS SEPTEMBER 26 TO 3O, 191O PUEBLO. COLORADO March 31st, 1910. My Dear Mr. Anders on :- The Board of Control of the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, Pueblo, Colorado, September 26th-30th, 1910, realizes the fact that IRRIGATION AGE is the foremost publication in irrigation and development work in the country, and one of the leading journals in the West in every particular. The Board of Control appreciates the work of IRRIGATION AGE in the past twenty-five years, and the great service it lias rendered in the cause of irrigation. The publication itself, and you as an in- diyidual, who helped organize the National Irrigation Congress, and served it so ably as secretary, certainly have a fixed status with re- spect, to the Congress, which has now entered such a large 'and important field in this country. The Board of Control realizes that in years past a great attention lias been attracted to the congress for that year by means of unusual efforts made by your publication, and particularly by some special editions of IRRIGATION AGE. These have forced attention upon the Congress, its purpose and what it expected to do by reason of the high character of these editions, and the splendid enthusiasm with which you entered into the work. It is, therefore, with pleasure, that the Board of Control recog- nizes IRRIGATION AGE as the official publication, and expresses the hope that it will see fit this year, as in former years, to put out one or more special editions, inviting attention to the work of the National Irrigation Congress, and to the Eighteenth sessions to 'be held in the city of Pueblo, September 26-30, 1910. Very respectfully yours, (SIGNED) P. J. DUGAN, CHAIRMAN. Mr. D. H. Anderson, (SIGNED) R. H. FAXON, SECRETARY. Publisher, IRRIGATION AGE, BOARD OF CONTROL Chicago, Illinois. EIGHTEENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS With the full co-operation and confidence We court investigation of the results at- of the members of the Board of Control of tained by advertising matter in this journal the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, and we respectfully submit, to every adver- the AGE is planning three mammoth editions tiser who wishes to encourage trade from this for July, August and September of this year, new, rapidly developing field, that the three These editions are calculated to excite great issues as named will reach a larger percentage interest in an institution that has already of irrigation farmers than any other publica- gained the confidence of the irrigation farmer tion entered at the post-office as second class —the Eighteenth Session of the National Ir- matter. This statement is directed to bona rigation Congress. fide advertisers who seek a broader sales field. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 376 THE IKRIGATION AGE. MONTE VISTA,SAN LUIS The Newest SUGAR TOWN on the Nap We believe Monte Vista offers the greatest opportunities to the settler, business man, and investor to be found in the West today. We are taking all this space to tell you about it. MONTE VISTA- population 3, 000 --has 100 automobiles, one touring car to every thirty persons in the town. Does this mean prosperity ? Does it mean anything to you ? CITY PARK IN MONTE VISTA ' THE NEW SUNNYSIDE ADDITION to Monte Vista is attracting investors from all over the country. Streets of uniform grade and parking — cement sidewalks— water and trees — all within four squares of the principal business street of Monte Vista. WHEN A TOWN HAS A FUTURE IT IS BUILT OF STONE and BRICK THIS IS MONTE VISTA. 46 homes building, and we expect at least 200 this year. Business Men, Settlers, Irriga- tionists, coming in on every train. SUNNYSIDE is the choicest and "growingest" town addition in the whole Golden West. Let us tell you more about the San Luis Valley, Monte Vista and Sunnyside. THE MONTE VISTA SECURITIES COMPANY When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKKIGATION AGE. 377 ALLEY, COLORADO MONTE VISTA is in the center of the largest continuous body of irrigated land in America — 500,000 acres under cultivation last year — 2,000,000 acres can be made available, and hence we must grow. MONTE VISTA is not only a city of homes, but the city of the great San Luis Valley. Its population would double normally in the next few years, because of the tremendous prosperity attending the surrounding irrigation country, but it will treble and quadruple because of the new sugar mill and new railway about to be built. I COLORADO Colorado produced two million dollars more of farm products last year than its total mineral output. It has the most [perfect climate in the world. Because of its altitude and its continuous golden sunshine, invalids are made strong men, and take their places in the ranks of the hardy fighters of the West. Colorado stands for health, wealth, and happiness. The Irrigation Congress meets at Pueblo i the gateway to the San Luis Valley Sept. 26-30th of this year. Already great newspapers of the East have their scouts out all over Colorado lining up for this great gathering, and publishing hundreds of columns about the golden state. Magazines will devote page after page to Colorado's wonderful scenery, to its attractiveness as a living place, and finally to its evei increasing prosperity from its millions of irrigated acres. Where once the desert ruled, waves rippling fields of grain, and the sweet scent of the field pea blossoms perfumes the air. Colorado, although as big as two or three ordinary states, has only 700,000 people. The OPPORTUNITY for you is here. Will you BE ONE OF US ? SAN LUIS VALLEY The San Luis Valley is in south central Colorado. Leaving Denver or Pueblo, in a night one crosses a range of mountains and finds this vast valley, level as a floor, 150 miles long and 66 miles wide. The magnificent sweep of the mountain range, with its snow capped peaks, com- pletely encircles this beautiful valley, and a great writer has tried to prove this the orignal Garden of Eden. Forty-three streams and rivulets bursting from the breast of the mountain range water this terrestrial paradise. All kinds of crops peculiar to Colorado and noted all over the country, are grown. The newcomer is astounded at the beautiful homes, in many cases paid for by the farm produce of a single year. There is still government land here to be obtained, or one can acquire tracts of low-priced deeded land. The land of the San Luis Valley has not yet been cut into small tracts, nor intensive farming begun. Think what the new sugar factory means to this valley. Write and we will tell you about it. MONTE VISTA and "Sunnyside Addition" "Sunnyside" is an addition to Monte Vista, the city of the San Luis Valley, building in the only direction the town may logically grow. A representative of the Irrigation Age after careful investigation vouches for the fact that sugar beets, planted in the San Luis Valley this year, show up as well as in old sugar sections in Colorado, and that the sugar factory at Monte Vista and the new railway to run north from Monte Vista will handle the output from 6,000 acres of beets already contracted. The table given below shows the in- crease in Colorado towns where sugar factories are located. We will furnish verification of these figures on request. Town Factory BuUt Popu- lation Before Popu- lation Now Sugar City 1900 None 1500 Rocky Ford 1900 uoo EOOO Loveland 1900 1902 1600 3500 6000 12i:00 Windsor 1903 700 2000 Ft. Collins 1904 5500 12000 Holly 1905 1906 500 1500 1200 5500 Swink Sterling 190S 1906 1500 400 2500 Brush 1907 800 1500 THE OPPORTUNITY in the West is at the beginning. Write us now. «fc ft«, I he Monte Vista Securities Company. Monte Vista, Colorado IF YOU ARE AN IRRIGATIONIST already, you will know what this means. If you are not, we will tell you it means OPPORTUNITY. Get into a new country where prices are still way down. Send us your name and address and we will send you FREE our beau- tifully illustrated Souvenir Booklet, telling you more about Monte Vista and Sunnyside. The Monte Vista Securities Company Monte Vista, Colorado When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 378 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Trust & Savings Bank, of Chicago, trustee, and F. H. Jones, trustee, from delivering $46,000 worth of bonds of the San Luis Valley Irrigation, Land and Power Com- pany to the order of J. H. Avery,,jyas asked in a bill riled by Frank W. Porterfield of Atlanta, Iowa, in the superior court recently. Mr. Porterfield states that he was chosen president of the company when it was or- ganized in March, 1909, and that J. H. Ayery is only "pretending"' to be president. Shortly after its organiza- tion the San Luis Valley Irrigation, Land & Power Com- pany deeded all of its holdings to a new company, or- ganized under the same name; the new company giving a trust deed to the American Trust & Savings Bank for $750,000 worth of bonds. Mr. Avery is asking $46,000 worth of these bonds, and Porterfield says the delivery would result in irreparable injury to himself and the stockholders of the concern. A large municipal irrigation district has just been formed in La Plata county, near Durango, and the Board of Directors has been elected. The purpose is to secure storage waters from the Florida river. The bonds have not yet been voted on, but probably will be in July. Eastern capital is now figuring with the directors. It is the intention to irrigate a total of 25,000 acres. A map has been filed at Greeley, by Theodore D. Jones, a Denver engineer, for a large reservoir in Weld county, which will be known as Farmers Reservoir No. 3. The reservoir will irrigate a large area of land in the western part of that county. The estimated cost of this project is $1,500,000. Water will be taken from St. Vrain creek, Boulder creek, the South Platte river, Little Thomp- son creek, Big Thompson creek and the Cache la Poudre creek. Water has been turned into the intake ditch of the Model Land and Irrigation Company's project. The dam is not quite completed and the water is being used to irri- gate land near Hoehne. When the dam is completed it will reclaim 20,000 acres of land near Earle. Articles of incorporation have been filed by the Southern Colorado Reservoir & Irrigation Company, of Denver. The capital stock of the company is placed at $1,000,000, with headquarters at Denver. The incorpora- tors are David W. Brunton, Zeph C. Felt, Arthur Pons- ford and Edwin S. Worrell, Jr. The early surveys and plans of Greasewood Reservoir, thirty miles northeast of Greeley, are to be enlarged so that it will have a capacity of 3,484,800,000 cubic feet of water. The reservoir site is a natural one and is known as Greasewood Lake. Water will be taken from the Poudre river to irrigate 50,000 acres of land. The Consolidated Construction Company has filed articles of incorporation, naming their capital stock at $1,000.000. The main offices of the company will be in Denver. This company has absorbed the Boston-Colorado Power Company and the Park Irrigation & Water Com- pany, each having a capital stock of $200,000. The new company plans to irrigate 200,000 acres. The incor- porators of the company are C. F. Underbill, president; Thos. E. Bartlett, vice-president, and C. S. Ripley, treas- urer. IDAHO. The department of the interior and the president of the United States have approved the maps, and the secre- tary of the interior has executed the contract with the state of Idaho for the segregation of about 8,000 acres under the provisions of the Carey Act. The land will be irrigated under the reservoir and canal system by William Owsley, a resident of Butte, Montana. The land covered by this project will be irrigated by water taken from Mudd lake. The contract for the construction of the big Crane creek irrigation project which will cover 22,000 acres of land adjoining Weiser has been let to the Slick Construc- tion Company of Boise. It has proposed to construct a dam, ditch and flumes. The dam will be located sixteen miles from Weiser and will make a reservoir about four miles wide and six miles long. The contract price is about $950,000. A project embracing 6,000 acres of orchard lands on the Council mesa in Payette Valley, is being financed by a syndicate of London, eastern and western capital- ists, who will spend $3,000,000. Those interested in the project are E. M. Hunter, representing Chicago and Des Moines bankers and railroad officials; S. F. Champien representing London, Chicago and San Francisco inter- ests; Colonel E. M. Heighe, president of the Pacific & Idaho Railway Company. It is announced that the 6,000 acres will be planted to fruit trees and is to be operated as a commercial proposition, the owners dealing directly with the merchants in eastern and western points and also developing a market in London. The Sunnyside Orchard Company has installed a pumping plant in the Snake river for the purpose of irri- gating 1,000 acres of orchard land. The pumping station contains two 40-horsepower engines and two ten-inch centrifugal pumps, each of which will pump 350 miner's inches. The water is lifted seventeen to twenty-eight feet, according to the stage of the river, into a large cement distributing station. Three main galvanized pipe laterals extending from the distributing station lead across the tract in three directions. Active work has begun on the Fish Creek irrigation project and the contractor is under a bond to finish the new dam in time for next year's crops. Under these laterals and above them are some 10,000 acres still open to homesteaders. The Secretary of the Interior is asking for proposals for the enlargement of the main south side canal, Payette- Boise irrigation project. This work involves the excava- tion of about 342,000 cubic yards of material, and the com- pletion of the contract is set for April 1, 1912. The bids will be opened at the office of the Reclamation Service, Boise, Idaho, on July 8, 1910, at which office specifications are available. MONTANA. A new irrigation enterprise is being formed on Cho- teau Coulee, northeast of Chinook. J. A. Frazer of Terry is constructing an irrigation system on his farm near that town. Two miles of irriga- tion ditches have been constructed for him by E. Roberts' of Miles City. It is reported that a Chicago syndicate has purchased the interests of the Ames Realty Company of St. Louis, in the Dearborn-Carey land act project in Lewis and Clark county. The new owners propose to spend $450,000 to reclaim 36,000 acres of land. Work of rebuilding the Hauser lake dam twenty miles from Helena on the Missouri river has been temporarily suspended and will not be resumed until after the season of high water in July. This dam is being constructed by the Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation. Work has progressed to such an extent that the water will do no damage to the permanent structure. The interior department has designated, under the enlarged homestead act, approximately 400,000 acres of land in Montana as not susceptible of irrigation from any known source of water supply. This makes the total area so designated in Montana to date 29,590,000 acres. A petition has been filed in the district court asking for the organization of a district to be known as the Mill Creek Irrigation District. The petition states that the movement is for the formation of a district to use the waters from Mill creek and its tributaries for irrigation purposes. It has planned to construct reservoirs and dams above the land to be irrigated. Mill creek flows from the canyon in a northeasterly direction and empties in the Bitter Root river a short distance from Woodside. Several thousand acres of land are embraced in the dis- trict to be organized. NEW MEXICO. Contractors have started work on the foundation of the dam for the million dollar Oscura project in Lincoln county. A party of Willard business men visited Belen re- cently and consulted with the owners of the Willard Townsite Company in regard to organizing an irrigation company on the same plan as the one now doing work in Portales, New Mexico. This is a pumping proposition and much interest is manifested in the outcome. Commissioners of San Miguel county have been peti- tioned for the formation of what will be known as the Las Vegas Irrigation district. The land embraced in this district lies between the Sanguijuela reservoir and Romero- ville, between the line of the Camfield ditch and the city THE IKRIGATION AGE. 379 of Las Vegas. A portion of the town of Las Vegas is also included in the district. Applications and maps have been filed with the terri- torial engineer for an immense irrigation project on the Canadian river. Bonds will be issued to build the irriga- tion system. J. B. Stewart, of the United States geological department, visited Logan recently and took measure- ments of the Canadian river, and expresses the opinion that there is sufficient water to irrigate 75,000 acres of land. The main dam for this project will form the largest artificial body of water in the world, making a lake over forty miles long and sufficient to cover 3,125 square miles of ground at a depth of one foot. The irrigating capacity of the reservoir will be 180,000 acres. Holmer W. Scofield of Alamagordo has filed an appli- cation with Territorial Engineer Sullivan for water rights on Tularosa and Tecolote canyons to irrigate 400 acres of land. The Carlsbad project in Eddy county has made its first payment to the United States government for money expended in constructing the irrigation system. The water users have met their dues with very few exceptions. Con- siderable new land is being brought under cultivation this season and practically the whole 20,000 acres under the project will be using water before the end of the 1910 season. The Taos Valley Company's irrigation canal is .being pushed rapidly to completion. Mr. J. B. Manby, of Trini- dad, Colorado, has the contract. The application of E. F. Hardwich of Roswell for water from Bogs on the Pecos river to irrigate 1,360 acres has been approved by Territorial Engineer Sullivan. J. J. Jacobsen of Deming has recently installed two irrigation pumps on his ranch near that town. L. F. Hutchinson of Fruitland has applied for water out of arroyos on the meadows in San Juan county, to irrigate 320 acres. OREGON. F. J. Blakeley of Roseburg plans to build a storage.- reservoir at the head of Applegate river, to irrigate the valley in the vicinity of Grant's Pass. Petitions are being circulated and signed for the formation of an irrigation project. It is claimed by Mr. Blakeley and his associates that sufficient water can be secured at the head of the Applegate river to cover 40,000 acres of land. Eastern capital is said to be backing Mr. Blakeley. The Oregon & Western Colonization Company, with a capital stock of $12,000,000, have filed articles of in- corporation. The company's headquarters will be in St. Paul, Minnesota. W. P. Davidson, a well known land operator of that city, has been made president. Other officers of the company are: John Burchard, vice- president; O. A. Robertson, treasurer; Joseph C. Wood, secretary. This company has bought 600,000 acres nf land in central Oregon. The immense tract was trans- ferred entire, and represents a belt about 400 miles in length and of varying width. Of this total, 660,000 acres is agricultural land much of which will be placed under irrigation. The remaining 140,000 acres is heavily tim- bered. The land included in the purchase was originally granted to the state of Oregon in 1865 by the United States government and was in turn granted by the state to the Willamette Valley and Cascade Mountain Road Corporation, formed for the purpose of constructing a highway across the state. The lands embraced in the abandoned Upper Project near Klamath Falls may now be irrigated. At a recent meeting of the land owners which was attended by offi- cials of the reclamation service, it was shown that land owners are willing to sign up for government irrigation, even if the cost should approximate $70 per acre. Parties who are interested in the project are circulating petitions. Land owners on Rock Creek near Condon are pre- paring to irrigate 15,000 acres of land by a co-operative project, taking water from a reservoir at Devil's Gate. Bonds will be issued to raise the necessary funds. It is reported that work on the Horsefly Irrigation District near Bonanza, which was stopped by the govern- ment because of dissension among the people interested and their refusal at one time to pay the increased cost of getting wa'er to their land, will be resumed shortly. A mass meeting was held recently and a plan outlined for inducing the government to again take up this part of the project and complete it. Chief Engineer Patch promised to interest the government to take some action if the owners would sign contracts at an estimated cost of from $50 to $65 an acre. Engineer Patch stated that it would be necessary to have 20,000 acres signed for before the government would act. The Horse- fly Irrigation District is a part of the Klamath project. The people in this district have asked that the Horsefly project be separated from the rest of the Klamath project so that the land owners who will be benefited from the Horsefly dam will only have to pay for their own project and not help bear the expense of the rest of the work. They have a new form of contract which they will present to the government, which calls for the express agreement between the land owners and the government that if they sign up and the government begins the work of completing the project the estimated money required to build the reservoir and complete the system, be set ;iside within the space of one year from the time of the signing of the contract. If the government enters into the proposed contract with the land owners to start the Horsefly project, they believe they will then have some assurance of its fulfillment. The state of Oregon has served notice on the Des- chutes Irrigation & Power Company that unless steps are taken to complete the segregations of land controlled by that company and to get water on all the tracts, the state will exercise its right and order the land sold at public auction. The receiver has proceeded rapidly with the re- port of the condition of the company and under the law it will be at least five months before the state can sell any of the land. This will give the receiver time to arrange his affairs and resume work on the construction of irriga- tion ditches for the completion of the contract of the company with the state. C. S. Walters, who owns 140 acres of fruit land in the vicinity of West Woodburn, is planning to establish an irrigation system on his ranch. Water will be secured from wells and will be pumped by means of gasoline engines. The Middle Fork Irrigation Company has filed on Lava Bed spring in the Upper Hood River valley and will divert its water for irrigation purposes. The Lava Bed Spring has the largest flow of any in the valley and the water is of extreme purity and beyond possible pollu- tion. The Middle Fork company filed on the water last fall; it kept the matter a secret; constructed its ditches and had water running onto the land before it became known that any one had obtained water rights. The Middle Fork ditch covers an area of 5,500 acres in the Upper valley lying between the east and middle forks of Hood river. On May 16, Charles M. Redfield, receiver of the Deschutes Irrigation and Power Company, filed a report of his receivership, showing the condition of the com- pany. The report came as a result of the direction of the court and was made in connection with the suit of Frank R. Shinn and others against the power company. Ac- cording to the report the receiver has received $51,435.67 since taking charge of the company. He has expended $3,570.85. and had on hand April 10, $47,864.82. Indications are that the greater part of the first unit of the Klamath irrigation project, embracing approxi- mately 30,908 acres will be fully farmed and irrigated this season. Water was turned into the main canal on April 25 and the delivery of water to the farmers was begun. Approximately 750 acre-feet of water have been turned out of Clear Lake reservoir for the benefit of the so-called swamp lands at the upper end of Langells Valley. UTAH. B. F. Walling & Company, of Chicago and St. Paul, are interested in 76,000 acres of land in Beaver county owned by the Beaver Irrigation and Power Company. The company is organized under the laws of Idaho and the land to be reclaimed is located in Beaver county, Utah. At the annual meeting of the stockholders, which was held at Boise. Idaho, the following officers were elected: A. B. Lewis, president; T. C. Foley. vice-pres- ident: Edward Kreihbeil. treasurer, and A. R. Lewis, sec- retary. 380 THE IRRIGATION AGE. The tunnel of the Strawberry Irrigation project has now a total length of 7,000 feet, according to the report of J. L. Lytel, engineer in charge. There is a distance of 12,000 feet yet to be driven before the tunnel is com- pleted. This work will probably take two and a half years more. Chicago capitalists have secured a tract of land con- sisting of 164,000 acres in Washington county in the south- western part of the state. This project is to be developed under the Carey Act and is known as the "Dixie land of Utah." Robert I. Fischer of Mendota, 111., is heavily interested in the project. The company will build a rail- road 140 miles long, contract for which has been let to McArthur Bros, of New York City. The application of E. Warren Stees, made on April 6, 1910, for a tract of land near Woodside in Emery county along the Price river, has been approved by the general land office at Washington. This project embraces 4,959 acres, and is to be irrigated under the reservoir canal system. It is proposed to construct a reservoir near the Price river and extend the water through a canal to the land. F. C. Grayden of St. George has filed six separate applications with State Engineer Caleb Tanner to use public waters in Iron county for irrigation. He asked for water from Rush lake, Little Salt lake, Center creek, Red creek and Summit creek. He intends to irrigate 2*1*200 acres of land. The Geyser reservoir on the La Sal, from which several thousand acres of land in Paradox valley were to be irrigated this year, broke recently and the greater part of the dam was washed out. The reservoir is located at the head of Rock creek. It is estimated that at least 2,500 acres of valuable farming land will be without water this year. The flood was caused by a defective spillway. The pipe used for the purpose was set in dirt instead of concrete. The dam was also narrower a,t the top by twenty feet than the plans approved by the state engineer called for. A representative of the state engineer's office inspected the reservoir some time in March and disap- proved the construction of the dam and forbade the com- pany to fill the reservoir with water. James S. Emmett, of Annabella, has made application to State Engineer Tanner for the use of waters of Norton creek in Sevier county to irrigate 160 acres of land. The Secretary of the Interior has awarded contract to the Union Portland Cement Company of Ogden for furnishing 9,000 barrels of Portland cement for use in connection with the Strawberry Valley irrigation project, Utah. WASHINGTON. ' •; Owners of 20,000 acres watered by Wenas creek, near North Yakima, met -recently and protested against an order of the Department of the Interior, allowing the stor- ing up of the flood waters of Wenas creek for the use of a private irrigation company. Parties having prior water appropriations or riparian rights claim that under conditions of ordinary snowfall there are no flood waters to be stored, and that the purchase of land under an irrigation scheme which would have water to supply only in time of unusual snowfall would be working hardship and privation upon innocent buyers. A large force of men are at work on an irrigation project sixteen miles northeast of Husum, in what is known as the Camas Prairie county. The waters of the Klickitat river will be diverted, and 20,000 acres of land brought under cultivation. The approximate cost of the project is $2,000,000. From 500 to 2,000 acres of semi-arid land near Star- buck will be placed under irrigation, according to plans of President Bryan, of the State College of Washington, and others. Work on the Tieton reclamation project has been completed, and water was turned through the tunnel into the canal on June S. This water is for 8,000 acres of the first unit of the project by which the government has reclaimed 35,000 acres. Engineer Anderson has made the preliminary survey of a high line ditch, which will water 220,000 acres in Kittitas and Yakima counties, and furnish the power to water the Benton project of 100,000 acres. The plan is to construct a high line ditch, which will have a big drop east of North Yakima. It is proposed to build a power house and there generate power to lift water from the Columbia river below Priest Rapids for the Benton proj- ect. Under this plan the water of the Yakima river in- tended for the Benton project will be saved for other projects. The Chelan & Okanogan Water Users' Association has dissolved, and in its stead the Methow-Okanogan Water Users' Association has been organized. This association will proceed with the irrigation project, water- ing approximately 20,000 acres on Brewster and Tarheel flats near Malott. United States Senator Wesley L. Jon^s has advised the Irrigation Committee of the Spokane Chamber of Commerce that the government high line project in the Kittitas district, covering 62,000 acres in central Wash- ington, will cost $3,937,000. The cost of the diversion works is estimated at $3,100,000 and the storage system to be about $837,000. The Hanford Irrigation and Power Company, having an irrigation project near Priest Rapids, has disposed of its holding to some eastern corporation. Plans of the company, which contemplate the expenditure of $3,000,000, include the enlargement of the present power plant and a big reduction of the price of land and water charges and the irrigation of all lands under the 287-foot level. The state board of land commissioners have agreed that R. G. Strahorn's Columbia Valley Reclamation Com- pany must pay the state $25,000 for shore lands of the Columbia river at Priest Rapids. This company must also pay from $25 to $100 per acre for such lands in that vicinity as are desired by the company for rights-of-way and for storage purposes. The reclamation company will install a power plant near Priest Rapids with a capacity of 40,000 to 50,000 horse power, to elevate the water for irrigation. Plans have been made to construct a dyking system to reclaim 3,000 acres of waste land near Mount Solo. This system will be conducted on a co-operative plan by a number of Finlanders who own large areas of overflow lands in Cowlitz county. The estimated cost of the im- provement is $50,000. The Secretary of the Interior has rejected as unsat- isfactory all bids received for the excavation of forty miles of sublaterals on the Cowiche-Yakima branch of the Tieton unit, Yakima irrigation project, and has author- ized the Reclamation Service to undertake this work by force account. WYOMING. Joy Norton of Chicago, president of the Wyoming Central Irrigation Company, and nine other officials and stockholders of the company, visited Cheyenne recently and conferred with Governor Brooks, Clarence T. John- son, state engineer, and members of the state land board relative to the company's state grant of the water avail- able for the reclamation of lands in the ceded portion of the Wind River reservation. This meeting w;is in connection with the state's demand that the company utilize this water right or make way for a concern that will. The Routt County Development Company, whicli pro- poses to reclaim 50,000 acres with water from the Snake river and tributaries, has resumed work after a protracted shut down. This land lies on both sides of the Colorado- Wyoming line. Extensive plans for colonization have been taken up and it is expected that settlers will be on the ground during the present summer. The Billings Sugar Beet Company has made arrange- ments to cultivate a tract of land containing about eighteen acres -within the Powell Townsite, Shoshone ir- rigation project, during the present season. Their primary purpose is to demonstrate for the benefit of the settlers on the project several different methods of successfully growing sugar beets, alfalfa, and allied crops. These experiments will be carried on at no expense to the gov- ernment other than the use of the land and the water and a few tools now in stock for which there will be no other requirements this season. MISCELLANEOUS. Russell Bros., southwest of Boise City. Okla., have installed a gas engine with which to irrigate. It is esti- THE IRRIGATION AGE. 381 mated that the engine will raise over 300 barrels of water per day. W. W. Blake, president of the Casa Grande Land, Power and Development Company of Casa Grande, Ariz., has purchased a "Keystone" drilling plant at a cost of $4,000. This machine will be used in boring the system of wells situated near Casa Grande. The Roosevelt dam in the Salt River irrigation proj- ect in Arizona has been completed. The reservoir has a capacity of 61,000,000,000 cubic feet. It is 280 feet high, 180 feet long on top and contains 326,000 cubic yards of masonry. The project will not be formally opened until fall. When completed this project will embrace 240,000 acres of land and will cost approximately $8,640,000. C. E. Hemperly and C. L. Hawley have installed pumps on their homesteads southeast of Mesa, Ariz., with which to irrigate their lands. A temporary injunction has been granted by Judge Maxey of San Antonio, Tex., in the case of William P. Clark- son, trustee, vs. Samuel Velpe Briggs et al. The suit involves the use of the waters of the Pecos river for the irrigation of lands non-riparian to the river. The defend- ants are alleged to have been wrongfully diverting the ordinary and natural flow of the Pecos river. The appli- cation for injunction asked that the defendants be en- joined from diverting these waters, except in subordination of the plaintiff's prior rights to such waters as the riparian owner. The question involved in this suit is an important one and it will no doubt affect many of the irrigation companies now building vast systems of canals to carry water from various rivers far into the interior for irriga- tion purposes. F. A. Hornbeck, land commissioner of the Kansas City. Mexico & Orient Railroad, has announced that the Imperial irrigation project on the company's line in Pecos county, Texas, will soon be completed. This project includes an irrigation lake two miles square and seventeen feet deep and sixty miles of main canals. Water will be delivered to the farmers in August. W. W. Follett, of El Paso, is in charge of the irrigation work. Over $250,000 has been expended in building this irrigation system, which will re- claim about 25,000 acres of land. At the annual meeting of the stockholders of the Santa Maria Irrigation Company, held at Brownsville, Texas, early in May, the following officers were elected: E. C. Forto, president; W. A. McNeil, vice-president; F. S. Champion, general manager and secretary; R. C. Bryant, second vice-president; R. H. Kern, Jr.. treasurer. This irrigation plant is located near Santa Maria about thirty miles above Brownsville. An irrigation plant will be installed at the Virginia Truck Experiment Station, Princess Anne county, Va. It is believed by the governing board that irrigation will prove an interesting subject for truck experiment and possibly show how the natural facilities of the truck sec- tions may be advantageously supplemented. The state board of irrigation met recently at Lincoln, Neb., and the application for water rights on Blue river was taken up. The board some time ago granted Morris Freshman and Henry Miller, both of Beatrice, a right to construct a dam on the Blue river between Beatrice and Holmesville. About two months after this privilege was given them, George Steinmeyer of Beatrice started pro- ceedings in the district court at Beatrice to prove that the state land board has no right to grant power sites. If Mr. Steinmeyer wins his point it will mean the an- nulment of a large number of sites, developed and unde- veloped, granted by the board of irrigation since the irrigation laws were enacted by the Nebraska legislature in 1895. H. W. Fusselman. a farmer living near Trexlertown. Pa., has installed an irrigation system on his farm near that town. Mr. Fusselman had the system installed last year and the results were highly satisfactory. The govern- ment, hearing of this irrigation scheme, investigated and offered assistance in order to develop methods that would be of use to other agriculturists. The government has decided to send an agent to Mr. Fusselman's farm this year. He will lay it put in a scientific manner, and much interest is manifested in the outcome. The Committee on Irrigation of the Chamber of Com- merce, Rochester, N. Y., held a meeting recently and dis- cussed the possibilities of irrigation and reclamation in that vicinity. The plan most favored is the use of the new barge canal as the main ditch. In places where the soil is so dry as to be almost barren proper irrigation ditches could be run through the property and the required water drawn from the canal. Another meeting will be held soon to find a plant, secure the co-operation of the farmers and get them to undertake the work. The members of the committee are as follows: C. F. Garfield, chairman; Her- man Russell, Kingman Robbins, D. B. Murphy, Granger Hollister, George W. Lynch, William C. Barry, Charles J. Brown, R. M. Searle, F. L. Lamson, H. L. Fairchild, Cogswell Bentley and Roland B. Woodward. The Amargosa Land & Irrigation Company, having about 18,000 acres of land south of Goldfield, Nev., expects to receive title for the land from the government land office within the next few weeks. This will be the first appropriation under the Carey Act in the state of Nevada. The company has also made application for additional acreage, which in all will approximate 100,000 acres if sufficient water can be developed. The first section will be irrigated by pumping the surplus water from the Amar- gosa river. Water will be flowing upon the land within ninety days from the time actual work is begun upon the pumping plant. Emil Howenstine of Huntington, Ind., is the first person to undertake an irrigation proposition in Indiana. Mr. Howenstine is a truck gardener, and for many years his gardens have suffered from drought. He has in- stalled an engine of several horsepower and a pump which will lift water from the Wabash river to the top of the bank, from which the natural slope of the land will carry it over the lands. Mr. Howenstine will put his irrigation scheme into practice, first, in a six-acre field of straw- berries, and if the plan proves successful he will extend it to another portion of his farm. Farmers and truck men of the country are watching his experiments with much interest. Dr. W. S. Chaplin of Mercedes, Texas, has resigned as president of the American Rio Grande Land & Irri- gation Company, and it is announced that Mr. W. E. Guy of St. Louis has been elected his successor. The Stiles Business Club of Stiles, Texas, has taken under consideration a proposition to start an irrigation farm as an experiment. A Chicago syndicate has recently purchased 1,000.000 acres of Louisiana swamp land on which the work of recla- mation will soon commence. The property will be trans- ferred to the United Irrigation & Rice Milling Company, and the syndicate will take $1,000,000 in first mortgage bonds on the property of the company. The L'nited Irrigation and Rice Company owns and operate a com- plete irrigation system of 143 miles of canals, sufficient to water 60,000 acres of land. The Valley Reservoir & Canal Company, of Chapin, Texas, has awarded the contract for the construction of the first eight miles of canals for irrigating 100,000 acres of land in Hidalgo county. Construction work on the canal of the irrigation sys- tem belonging to the Collegeport Canal Company, is prac- tically completed, and it is expected that one part of the pumping plant, with a capacity to water 10,000 acres, will be installed in time to furnish water for the season's rice crop. The pumping site is located about ten miles below Bay City, Texas. The Espejo ranch, comprising 18,600 acres of land, located in the Rio Grande valley, fifteen miles below Laredo, in Webb county, has been purchased by Frank Curtice Smith, V. A. Petty, J. Tom Williams and others of San Antonio, who will develop a large irrigation prop- osition. This property has a two-mile river frontage, and a small part of the ranch has been under irrigation for the past few years. The Secretary of the Interior has instructed that preliminary work in connection with the Rio Grande irri- gation project be begun at once. Actual construction of the foundation of Engel dam, the most important engineer- ing feature of the project, will be begun by July 1, 1911. The Rio Grande project will embrace 180,000 acres of land lying between Xew Mexico, Texas and Mexico. The estimated cost of the project is $9,000,000. The Engel dam. which will be made of rubble concrete, will be 2fi5 feet high, and the length of the crest will be 1,400 feet. THE IRRIGATION AGE. Recent Legal Decisions on Irrigation and Related Rights BIGHTS AS TO CHANGING POINTS OF DIVERSION, AND OF JUNIOR AFFROFRIATORS. The supreme court of Colorado says, in Vogel vs. Minne- sota Canal & Reservoir Co., 107 Pacific Reporter, 1108, that the right, in an owner of a water priority for irrigation, to change the point of diversion is not absolute is well settled. It is a qualified right, and its exercise is conditional upon the fact that such change will not injuriously affect the vested rights of others. Such has been the uniform holding of this court through an unbroken line of decisions, beginning with Fuller vs. Swan River Co., 12 Colo. 12, down to the present time. \Vhile it is true that the right to change the point of diversion is a property right, it is one which may not be exercised without limitation, or at all, except upon terms, where it appears that such change will impair the vested rights of others. No inflexible rule, applicable in all cases where such change is sought, can be laid down. The right to have the change made depends upon, and must be con- trolled by, the facts of each particular case. It seemed manifest in this case that if certain priorities were diverted through certain ditches, as proposed, and us^d constantly through the irrigating season, as was intended, that, after the season of low water in each year set in, no water would remain in the stream for the use of any junior appropriator for any purpose, but on the contrary the stream would become dry. In the face of the showing that, for from fifteen to twenty years prior to the commencement of these proceedings, all junior appropriators of water on the stream had practically, at all times, been able to grow and mature crops, the result above suggested, which the proof showed was likely to occur, clearly established that such proposed rhanye in the point of diversion would alter the conditions theretofore, and at the time junior appropriators secured their rights, existing on the stream, in such a way as to not only injuriously affect, but completely destroy, those rights. Further, where one has the first priority on a stream, taking water out at the lowest point thereon, it does not follow that junior appropriators, up the stream, must at all times and under all conditions, let sufficient water remain therein to flow past their headgates to supply that priority. The senior appropriator may lawfully demand that he have at his headgate sufficient water to supply his present needs, and if that result be obtained through return waters after first 11 so by junior appropriators up the stream, the senior appro- priator has no just ground of complaint. This court has often said, in substance, that a junior appropriator of water to a beneficial use has a vested right. as against his senior, in a continuation of the conditions on the stream as they existed at the time he made his appro- priation. If this means anything, it is that when the junior appropriator makes his appropriation he acquires a vested right in the conditions then prevailing upon the stream, and surrounding- the general method of use of water therefrom. He has a right to assume that these are fixed conditions and will so remain, at least without substantial change, unless it appears that a proposed change will not work harm to his vested rights. RIGHTS OF OWNER OF LAND CONTAINING WATER- BEARING STRATUM AS AGAINST AFPROFRIATORS, ESPECIALLY FOR USE BEYOND WATERSHED. The supreme court of California says that the precise question raised in the case of Miller vs. Bay City Water Co.. 107 Pacific Reporter, 115, as to the respective rights of an appropriator of water to he used beyond the watershed, and of one claiming an uninterrupted flow of these waters to supply, by percolation, a water-bearing stratum underneath his land and connected with the stream, has not been hereto- fore presented. It would be a waste of time to particularly discuss the reasons which impelled the modification of the common-law doctrine of an absolute right in each landholder" to abstract all percolating waters underneath his land and dispose of them as he saw fit, without regard to what extent he might deplete these waters under the lands of his neighbors. The climatic conditions of California, the great stretches of arid and semi-arid lands, the uncertainty of the seasons and vary- ing rainfall, the necessity of irrigation, and the vast supe- riority of underground waters as a steady and ready means of irrigation over the uncertainty of a similar supply from a surface stream which, Tn many instances becomes dry at the very time when irrigation is necessary; the vast areas of land brought under cultivation and production by irrigation, and additional areas still to be improved by it: the enormous draft which this constant improvement and cultivation make* on a supply which is limited, and which will become inad- equate for all as population increases and additional lands are to be brought under cultivation and improved by irrigation — these, and many other causes, impelled a departure from the old doctrine and a limitation of it, and the adoption of the just principle that a common and essential necessity — water — when supplied to well-defined strata from whatever source, should be preserved to lands overlying them for reasonable use upon them. The right of a person owning land upon a channel of underground water is not measured by whether the water is under pressure or not. but by considering whether the waters come to him in a natural defined flow so as to constitute a part or parcel of his lands. The owner of land having an underground water-bearing stratum supplied by the flood waters of a steam has a primary right to the full flow of such waters, in order to bring his stratum up to its water-bearing capacity. In torrential streams floods vary in extent with different sea- sons and in different years, and those of one season or one year may be insufficient to supply the underground stratum connected with the stream, while those of another season or year may be more than sufficient. While the owner of the underground stratum is only entitled to the flow of the flood waters to the extent that they may replenish his water- bearing stratum, still his right to the accustomed flood flow of the stream for that purpose is paramount to that of the right of an appropriator to divert any of the waters beyond the watershed. If the accustomed flow is more than neces- sary to supply the underground stratum, the burden of proof is upon the appropriator seeking to appropriate the sur- plus to show that there is a surplus. As between riparian owners, it was conceded, as the law declares, that one riparian owner is not entitled to divert the waters of a stream for use at some distant point for commercial purposes so as to prevent another riparian owner to whom they would otherwise be available from using them on his lands, and it is established by the authorities that, as between owners of land overlying a common substratum of percolating water, this cannot be done. This beiiiK su. the court perceives no reason why the same rule should not be applied as between owners of land overlying a substratum of water directly connected with either the surface or sub- surface flow of the stream, and deriving practically its ex- clusive supply from that source. The theory upon which tin- right of a riparian owner to be protected in the use of the waters of a stream to which his lands are riparian is that, nature having given these lands the benefit of the (low. and the natural advantage of its use on the lands, one riparian owner may not divert these waters to lands not riparian, to the injury of another riparian owner who can use them. The same principle has been applied to the use of waters as between the owners of lands overlying a com- mon stratum of percolating waters. And the court per- ceives no reason why the same principle should not be applied as between an appropriator of the waters of a stream to be taken beyond the watershed for commercial purposes and the owners of lands overlying an artesian stratum which is conclusively shown to be so connected with the stream as to derive its supply of water by per- colation therefrom to this stratum. Why, in principle should there be any distinction? With the common-law doc- trine modified to meet the conditions in this state necessi- tating it, and modified so as to preserve to each owner of lands overlying a common stratum of percolating waters a right to a fair and reasonable use of these waters of which their lands have a natural advantage, no reason suggests its"lt" why the same rule should not apply as between the appro- priators of the waters of a stream for use elsewhere than on riparian lands and the owners of lands overlying a water- hearing channel, so directly connected witli the stream as to be supplied by percolation from it. Ijands are invariably purchased in view of the benefits which they may derive from being riparian to a stream or overlying well-supplied strata of water, the right to the flow or extraction of which is a part and parcel of the land, and there is no rational basis for any distinction between the classes as to the right to prevent a diversion of waters for use elsewhere, whether it be attempted by a riparian owner against another riparian owner, or by one owner of land over a common stratum of underlying water against another owner, or by an appropriator of the waters of a stream as against the owner of land overlying the water-bearing stratum directly supplied by percolation from the stream. As far as the owner of lands overlying a gravel stratum is con- cerned, it makes no difference in his rights, as against an ap- propriator of the water, from what source the supply comes which directly supplies his water-bearing stratum — whether from a stream or a saturated plane or other body of water which by natural flow or percolation, either surface or sub- terranean, clearly supplies his underground stratum. It would present an anomalous condition of the law were it the rule that, while a riparian owner may prevent an appropriator from diverting to his injury the waters of the stream for use beyond the watershed, and one owner of land overlying a common stratum of percolating water may restrain another owner similarly situated from making a like diversion. I lie owner of lands whose underlying stratum of water is directly and clearly supplied by percolation from the waters of the stream, and who will be greatly injured by a diversion, is not entitled to prevent it. There is no reason or any dif- ference in the rule between the classes and none should exist. Such landowner has a right to restrain a diversion from the stream or saturated plane, or other well-defined supply, by an appropriator or any one else who seeks to divert such stream or other supplying waters from their natural per- colating flow, for use elsewhere than upon lands to which, as waters of the stream, they are riparian, or which, as waters of an underground stratum, may reasonably and usefully be applied to the overlying land. There can be no question but that an appropriator of water may divert for use, to any point beyond the watershed, any portions of the waters of a stream which can serve no useful purpose either to the riparian owners, or which might serve no such purposes in supplying the underground stratum of a landowner, or which are in excess of the quantity neces- sary for that purpose. But it is quite obvious that merely because waters are flood or storm waters of a stream — -that is. on account of unusual rains the waters of a stream are increased beyond the normal flow — these flood or storm waters are not therefore surplus waters of the stream which serve no useful purpose, and are subject to appropriation. THE IRKIGATION AGE. 383 Organization, Work, and Publications of Irrigation Investigations Samuel Fortier, Chief. R. P. Teele, Editorial Assistant and Acting Chief, in absence of the Chief. Irrigation Engineers and Irrigation Managers. A. P. Stover, Irrigation Engineer, in charge of work in Oregon. C. E. Tait, Irrigation Engineer, in charge of work in Imperial Valley and Arizona. S. O. Jayne, Irrigation Manager in charge of work in Washington. W. W. McLaughlin, Irrigation Engineer, in charge of work in Utah. P. E. Fuller, Irrigation Engineer, in charge of power investigations. W. L. Rockwell, Irrigation Manager, in charge of work in Texas. Milo B. Williams, Irrigation Engineer, in charge of work in humid sections. John H. Bark, Irrigation Engineer in charge of work in Idaho. V. M. Cone, Irrigation Engineer. C. G. Haskell, Irrigation Engineer. Collaborators. O. V. P. Stout, University of Nebraska, in charge of work in Nebraska. F. L. Bixby, New Mexico Agricultural College, in charge of work in New Mexico. Gordon H. True, University of Nevada, in charge of work in Nevada. W. B. Gregory, Tulane University of Louisiana, in charge of rice irrigation in Louisiana and Texas. J. C. Fitterer, University of Wyoming, studies'of duty .if water in Wyoming. Irrigation Farmers. John H. Gordon, R. G. Hemphill, W. H. Lauck, R. E. Mahoney and John Krall, Jr. Scope of the Work. The Irrigation Investigations of the Office of Experi- ment Stations are governed by the following clause of the act making appropriation for the U. S. Department of Agriculture for the year ending June 30, 1910: "Irrigation Investigations. — To enable the Secretary of Agriculture to investigate and report upon the laws of the States and Territories as affecting irrigation and the rights of appropriators and of riparian proprietors and institutions relating to irrigation and upon the use of irrigation waters, at home and abroad, with especial sug- gestions of the best methods for the utilization of irriga- tion waters in agriculture, and upon the use of different kinds of power and appliances for irrigation, and for the preparation and illustration of reports and bulletins on irrigation." The purpose of the Irrigation Investigation is a better use of water supply in those sections of the country where irrigation is practiced. The work is divided into three general classes: (1) The study of the adaptation of the laws and other institutions governing the use of water to the needs of the agricultural industry. (2) Scientific and technical investigations of losses of irrigation water by evaporation, seepage, and in distri- bution; of the relation of irrigation to the quantity and quality of crops: of the adaptation of methods of applying water to soils and crops; and of the measurement, dis- tribution, storage and pumping of water for irrigation. (S) The collecting and publishing of practical in- formation regarding irrigation practice. Publications of the Office of Experiment Stations relating to Irrigation Corrected to June 1, 1910. (We present herewith an authentic list of these pub- lications at present available, to the general public, either by free distribution or by purchase of the Superintendent of Documents, together with a list of those restricted, for free distribution, to libraries, educational institutions, etc., and eliminating all those documents which are now out of print and whch are not, therefore, procurable. This is the first time this information has been pre- sented in an up-to-date manner and we are indebted to the Office of Irrigation Investigations for their courteous co-operation, making this presentation possible. Our readers are urged to retain this list for possible future reference as it will not be reproduced in the near future.) The Farmers' Bulletins are for free distribution to all persons applying for them as long as they are available, upon application to "The Secretary of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C." Those publications marked "for sale" are to be ob- tained only from the "Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.," upon payment in currency of the price named. The free distribution of publications marked "for re- stricted free circulation and for sale" is confined to libra- ries, educational institutions, etc., where they may be consulted by the general public. Requests for such publi- cations upon the part of such qualified persons and insti- tutions should be addressed to "U. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations." Those with price attached may be procured by any- one upon payment of the purchase price in currency, of the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Farmers' Bulletins — for free distribution, to be had upon application to "The Secretary of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C.," stating number of bulletin and title. Farmers' Bulletin, No. 138. — Irrigation in Field and Garden. By E. J. Wickson, M. A., Pp. 40, figs. 18. This bulletin discusses the subject from the stand- point of the individual farmer and contains instructions on the determination of ditch levels, the measurement of small streams, sources of water supply and their use, the distribution of irrigation water, methods of applying water, the choice of an irrigation method, and the time for the application of water. Farmers' Bulletin, No. 158. — How to Build Small Ir- rigation Ditches. By C. T. Johnston and J. D. Stannard, Assistants in Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experi- ment Stations. Pp. 28, figs. 9. This is a reprint of an article in the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1900, entitled "Practical Irrigation," giving methods for laying out and building small irrigation ditches, using only such implements as are found on most farms or can easily be made by the farmer. Farmers' Bulletin, No. 263. — Practical Information for Beginners in Irrigation. By S. Fortier. Pp. 40, figs. 25. This gives suggestions as to the selection of an irri- gated farm, the acquirement of a water right, the prep- aration of land tor irrigation, the construction of farm ditches, and the application of water to crops. Farmers' Bulletin, No. 277. — The Use of Alcohol and Gasoline in Farm Engines. By C. E. Lucke and S. M. Woodward. Pp. 40, figs. 12. This gives the general results of experiments in the use of alcohol in the ordinary internal combustion engines on the American market, with some discussion of foreign experiments. Farmers' Bulletin, No. 371. — Drainage of Irrigated Lands. By C. F. Brown. Pp. 52, figs. 19. Describes many experiments to determine best meth- ods of reclaiming irrigated lands which have been injured by seepage or by the rise of alkali, or by both combined. Draws deductions from these experiments and describes methods of draining various classes of irrigated lands. Farmers' Bulletin, No. 392. — Irrigating Sugar Beets. • Farmers' Bulletin, No. 394. — Irrigating by Windmills. Farmers' Bulletin, No. 399. — Irrigation of Grain. Farmers' Bulletin. No. 404. — Irrigation of Orchards. Publications for Sale (to be acquired by purchase only) — Address "Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Order by number and complete title. Bulletin No. 60. — Abstract of Laws for Acquiring Titles to Water from the Missouri River and its Tribu- THE IRRIGATION AGE. taries, with the legal forms in use. Compiled by Elwood Mead, State Engineer of Wyoming. Pp. 77. Price 10 cents. ( Includes abstracts of laws and legal forms in use in Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming, and the Northwest Territories of Canada. This bulletin is out of print and much of it is out of date, on account of the passage of new laws.) Bulletin No. 100. — Report of Irrigation Investigations in California, under the direction of Elwood Mead, expert in charge. Pp. 411, pis. 29, figs. 16. Price, paper, 90 cents; cloth, $1.23. This report deals with investigations carried on dur- ing the summer of 1900 in co-operation with the Cali- fornia Water and Forest Association. In addition to a review of the agricultural situation in the state it presents a comprehensive discussion of the water laws and customs under which irrigation is practiced in California as typified by the conditions in Honey Lake Basin, and on Yuba River, Cache Creek, Salinas River, San Joaquin River, Kings River, Los Angeles River, and San Jacinto River. Bulletin No. 105. — Irrigation in the United States. Testimony of Elwood Mead, Irrigation Expert in Charge, before the United States Industrial Commission, June 11 and 12, 1901. Pp. 47, pis. 12. fig. 1. Price, 15 cents. This statement made before the Industrial Commis- sion deals chiefly with the legal status of irigation, touch- ing on state control, national aid to irrigation, and the disposa4 of the public grazing lands. The necessity and possibility of storage are also discussed. Bulletin No. 130. — Egyptian Irrigation. By Clarence T. Johnston, Assitant Chief of Irrigation Investigations. Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 100, pis. 24, figs. 9. Price, 30 cents. This is a study of the irrigation laws and practices in Egypt, made with special reference to suggestions for improvements in American irrigation. Bulletin No. ]P>1. — Plans of Structures in Use on Irri- gation Canals in the United States, prepared under the direction of Elwood Mead, Chief of Irrigation Investiga- tions. Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 51, pis. 22. Price. 60 cents. This is an album of plans for irrigation structures, designed by leading irrigation engineers of the West, made from drawings exhibited at Paris in 1900 and at Buffalo in 1901. Bulletin No. 133. — Report of Irrigation Investigations for 1902.— Part 3. Rice Irrigation in Louisiana and Texas, by Frank Piond. Third Progress Report on Silt Measurements, Texas, by J. C. Nagle. Irrigation Experiments at the Missouri Experiment Station, by H. J. Waters. Irrigation in Wisconsin in 1902, by A. R. Whitson. Irrigation In- vestigations in New Jersey, 1902, by E. B. Voohees. The Use of Pumps for Irrigation in Hawaii, by Jared G. Smith. Price, 15 cents. Bulletin No. 145. — Preparing Land for Irrigation and Methods of Applying Water. Prepared by the Agents of Irrigation Investigations. Pp. 84, pis. 7, figs. 33. Price. 15 cents. This bulletin gives descriptions of methods of remov- ing sagebrush, of smoothing land, of laying out fields for different systems of applying water, and of the different systems of applying water. The various methods are compared as to cost and efficiency. Bulletin No. 146.— Current Wheels: Their Use in Lift- ing Water for Irrigation. Prepared in the Office of Ex- periment Stations, Irrigation Investigations. Pp. 38, pis. 4. figs. 21. Price, 10 cents. Drawings and photographs of a large number of wheels used for raising water from streams are given, accompanied by descriptions, statements of cost, and dis- cussions of efficiency. A general discussion of the theory of current wheels is also given. Bulletin No. 158. — Annual Report of Irrigation In- vestigations.— 1 904. Separate No. 4. Irrigation in Klamath County, Ore- gon, bv F. L. Kent. Irrigation Investigations in the Ya- kinia Valley. Washington, by O. L. Waller. Irrigation Conditions in Raft River Water District, Idaho, 1904, by W. F. Bartlett. Price 5 cents. Bulletin No. 167.— Irrigation in the North Atlantic States. By Aug. J. Bowie, Jr. Pp. 50, figs. 7. Price 10 cents. This report contains descriptions of a large number of small irrigation plants in Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York. Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. Bulletin No. 168. — The State Engineer and His Rela- tion to Irrigation. By R. P. Teele, Expert in Irrigation Institution, Irigation investigations, Office of Experment Stations. Pp. 99, fig. 1. Price 15 cents. In the arid region of the United States, whatever there is of public control over the use of water in irrigation is centered in the office of State Engineer in the various States. This bulletin discusses the whole subject of pub- lic control of the use of water, sketching the history of such control in the various States and giving its present status and efficiency. Bulletin No. 179. — Small Reservoirs in Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota. By F. C. Herrman. I 'p. 100, pis. S, figs. 13. Price 20 cents. This bulletin contains the description of a number of reservoirs which have been built on the plans for storage of storm waters for irrigation and for stock water. It describes methods of construction and gives costs and returns from the use of water. Bulletin No. 181. — Mechanical Tests of Pumping Plants in California. By J. N. LeConte and C. E. Tail. P. 72. figs. 4. Price 10 cents. This gives the results of tests of a large number of pumping plants in use for irrigation in southern California. Circular 48. — What the Department of Agriculture is doing for Irrigation. By Elwood Mead, Chief of Ir- rigation Investigation. Pp. 4. Price 5 cents. Circular 58. — Irrigation in the Valley of Lost River, Idaho. By A. E. Wright. Pp. 24. Price 5 cents. Circular 59. — Progress Report of Co-operative Irri- gation Investigations in California. By Samuel Fortier. Pp. 23. Price 5 cents. Circular No. 65. — Irrigation from Upper Snake River, Idaho. By H. G. Raschbacher. Pp. 16, fig. 1. Price 5 cents. Circular No. 67. — Investigation of Irrigation Practice in Oregon. By A. P. Stover, Irrigation Engineer, Irriga- tion Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. r,0, figs. 4. Price 5 cents. Document No. 318. — Preparing Land for Irrigation. By R. P. Teele. Pp. 239-250, pis. 2, figs. 5. (Reprint from Yearbook, 1903.) Price 5 cents. Discusses implements, methods, and costs. Document No. 670. — Review of Irrigation Investiga- tions for 1903. By Elwood Mead, Chief of Irrigation In- vestigations, Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. Iv. 469- ">02, pis. 6. (Reprint from Annual Report of Office of Experiment Stations for 1903.) Price •"> cents. Publications "for restricted free circulation and for sale." Bulletin No. 70. — Water-right Problems of Bear River. By Clarence T. Johnston and Joseph A. Breckons. Pp. 40, pis. 9. Price 13 cents. Presents some of the water-right complications of in- tersta,te streams as illustrated on Bear River. The bulle- tin discusses the water supply of the river and its diver- sion, the controversies which have arisen regarding water rights, and the need of uniform laws. Bulletin No. 108. — Irrigation Practice Among Fruit Growers on the Pacific Coast. By E. J. Wickson, M. A., Professor of Agricultural Practice, University of Califor- nia, and Horticulturist of the California Agricultural Ex- periment Station. Pp. 54, pis. lo, figs. 7. Price 15 cents. This bulletin gives the results of a special investigation into the conditions, extent, and methods of irrigation as practiced among fruit growers of the Pacific Coast. Bulletin No. 118. — Irrigation from Big Thompson River. By J^hn F. Field. Assistant State Engineer of Colorado. Pp. 75, pis. 5, fig. 1. Price 10 cents. This is a study of the water laws of Colorado as illus- trated by irrigation from Big Thomas River. Mr. Field discusses more particularly the "water loaning" law. Bulletin No. 119. — Report of Irrigation Investigations for 1901, under the direction of Elwood Mead, Chief of Irrigation Investigations. Pp. 401, pis. 64, figs. 12. Out of print Separate parts, as below listed, only, are available. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 385 This is the third of the annual reports of the Irriga- tion Investigations of this Office. It deals chiefly with the duty of water, but contains also reports from four stations in the humid states, where irrigation is not a necessity, but a means of increasing the returns from farm lands; a report on the underground water supply of the San Bernardino Valley, California, and the second progress report on slit measurements. This report has been re- printed in four parts in the form of separates, available as follows : Part 1. Summary of Results. By R. P. Teele. Irriga- tion in New Mexico, by W. M. Reed. Irrigation Investiga- tions in Salt River Valley, Arizona, by W. H. Code. Ir- rigation at the Arizona Experiment Station Farm. By A. J. McClatchie. Part 2. Subterranean Water Supply of the San Ber- nardino Valley, California, by L. W. Hilgard. Duty of \Vuter under Gage Canal, Riverside, Cal. By W. Irving. Use of Water in Irrigation in Washington. By O. L. Waller. Part 3. The Distribution of \\'ater from Canals in Idaho. By D. W. Ross. Investigations in Montana, 1901. By Samuel Forticr. Irrigation in Bear River Valley, Utah. By Arthur P. Stover. Irrigation in Grand and Arkansas Valleys, Colorado. By Arthur P. Stover. Part 4. Irrigation under the Great Eastern Canal, I.oup River, Nebraska. By O. V. P. Stout. Irrigation at the Missouri State Experiment Station. By H. J. Waters. Irrigation Experiments in Wisconsin, 1901. By F. H. King. Irrigation in New Jersey, in 1901. By E. B. Voorhees. Second Progress Report on Silt Measurements, Texas. By J. C. Nagle. Bulletin No. 124. — Report of Irrigation Investigations in Utah, under the direction of Elwood Mead, Chief of Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations. Including General Discussions of Irrigation in Utah, and Irrigation from Jordan River, by R. P. Teele; Irrigation in Utah Lake Drainage System, by A. P. Stover; The Span- ish Fork River Irrigation System, by A. F. Doremus; Irrigation in the Weber Valley, by Jay D. Stannard; Agriculture under Irrigation in the Basin of Virgin River, and Court Adjudication of Water Rights on Sevier River, by Frank Adams; and Appropriations of Water from Logan River, by George L. Swendson. Pp. 330, pis. 19, figs. 2. Price $1.10. A detailed study of the irrigation laws, institutions, and practice of Utah. Bulletin 134. — Storage of Water on Cache la Poudre and Big Thompson Rivers. By C. E. Tait. Pp. 100. Price 10 cents. Bulletin No. 144. — Irrigation in Northern Italy — Part I. By Elwood Mead, Chief of Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 100, frontispiece, pis. 16, figs. 14. Price 20 cents. This is the first of three bulletins to be published giv- ing the results of a study of Italian irrigation practice, laws, and institutions. The study was made solely from the standpoint of getting suggestions for improvements in our American systems, and it was found that we could learn much from Italy. The first bulletin contains reports on irrigation in Lombardy and Piedmont. (See also Bulle- tins 190 and 192.) Bulletin Xo. 14$. — Report on Irrigation Investigations in Humid Sections of the United States in 1903, under the direction of Elvvoord Mead, Chief of Irrigation Investi- gations. Pp. 45. pis. 3. Price 10 cents. This bulletin contains (descriptions of several irriga- tion plants in market gardens near the large eastern cities, and report of experimentft-with irrigation in New Jersey and Missouri; also a report on irrigation in the artesian basin of South Dakota. Bulletin Xo. 157. — Water Rights on Interstate Streams: the Platte River and Tributaries. By R. P. Teele and Elwood Mead.. Pp. 118, pis. 4, figs. 3. Out of print, but separates (only) are available. The Platte River and its tributaries lie within three states — Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska. The one source of supply is therefore subject to the laws of three states. This report is a discussion of the rights to water from this source of supply, as they have arisen under the b\vs and physical conditions in the three states. Mr. Teele gives the results of the field work and Doctor Mead a general discussion of water laws. These discussions have been printed as separates, which are available for distribution. Bulletin No. 172. — Irrigation in Montana. By Samuel Fortier; assisted by A. P. Stover and J. S. Baker. Pp. 100, figs. 18. Price 15 cents. This bulletin is a result of a study of typical sections of Montana, made for the purpose of determining the status and possibilities of irrigation in that state. It covers ditch construction, agricultural practice, ditch man- agement, seepage losses, return seepage and public con- trol of streams. Bulletin No. 177. — Evaporation Losses in Irrigation and Water Requirements of Crops. By S. Fortier. Pp. 04, pis. 2, figs. 19. Price 10 cents. This contains the results of tank experiments to de- termine the quantities of water evaporated from soils which receive various cultural treatments and to which the water was applied at different depths; it contains also a few experiments on the quantities of water consumed by plants. Bulletin No. 183. — Mechanical Tests of Pumps and Pumping Plants Used for Irrigation and Drainage in Louisiana in 1905 and 1906. By W. B. Gregory. Pp. 72, figs. 4. Price 15 cents. This contains the results of tests of a number of the large pumping plants in use in Louisiana. These are among the largest pumps used for irrigation in the United States, and in general they use crude oil for fuel, making the tests of especial interest on account of these unusual conditions. Bulletin No. 188. — Irrigation in the Yakima Valley, Washington. By S. O. Jayne. Pp. 89, pis. 2, figs. 4. Price 15 cents. This bulletin describes the irrigation works in the Yakima Valley, Washington, and discusses the water sup- ply, water rights, crops, and opportunities for settlement. Bulletin No. 190. — Irrigation in Northern Italy — Part II. By Elwood Mead. Pp. 86, pis. 4, figs. 1. Price 15 cents. Part I. of this report is Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin X*o. 144. Part II., covers the section watered by the Odda and Adige rivers, and deals especially with the operation of irrigation laws, and the organization for the operation of irrigation works. Bulletin No. 191. — Tests of Internal Combustion En- gines on Alcohol Fuel. By C. E. Lucke and S. M. Wood- ward. Pp. 89, pis. 20, figs. 13. Price 20 cents. This bulletin gives the detailed results of tests of al- cohol fuel in internal combustion engines made for the use of gasoline and kerosene. Bulletin Xo. 192. — Irrigation and Drainage Laws of Italy. Translated by R. P. Teele. Pp. 100. Price 15 cents. This bulletin contains the texts of the general irriga- tion and drainage laws of Italy and the regulations for putting them into effect. Bulletin No. 201. — Cost of Pumping from Wells for the Irrigation of Rice in Louisiana and Arkansas. By W. B. Gregory. Pp. 39, figs. 2. Price 10 cents. This bulletin contains descriptions of a number of the smaller pumping plants used in securing a supply of water for rice irrigation, with tests of fuel consumption, to determine the cost of such supplies. Bulletin No. 203. — Distribution of Water in the Soil in Furrow Irrigation. By R. H. Loughridge. Pp. 63, figs. 19. Price 10 cents. This bulletin contains .the results of experiments to trace the water applied to orchard soils in irrigation to determine how large a part of the water us.ed remains in the root zones of the trees and how much percolates beyond their reach. Bulletin No. 205. — Irrigation in Wyoming. By C. T. Johnston, State Engineer. Pp. 60, pis. 3, figs. 22. Price 15 cents. This bulletin is one of a series on irrigation in the several arid States, published for the purpose of supply- ing to intending settlers information as to opportunities for settlement, and the conditions to be met. (Continued in July number.) 386 THE IRRIGATION AGE. "THE ARID WEST, CRADLE OF THE BEST AMER- ICAN." In one of the editorial expressions of the May issue of this journal, several statements were made, based upon intimate acquaintance and knowledge extending over a period of many years, relative to the physiological effects of residence in the arid west as seen through the eyes of a layman. Some of these statements may, to one whose experi- ence of life has been confined to the regions east of the Mississippi, appeared overdrawn, or as the vaporings of the heated imagination, to which the ultra-conservative ele- ment, appears to attribute any and all encomiums of the West, or to be explicit, that part of the United States west of the 100th meridian. It is, and has been in the past, unfortunately true, that practically all the information available upon the subject of climatic environment and its influence upon human and brute development, has been confined, on the one hand, to the researches of Antiquarians and Anthro- pologists and on the other hand, to statements made by the ordinary layman — too often applying purely personal observations to the race at large and to those emanating from interested sources. The medical profession heretofore has seen fit to treat this tremendously important subject almost wholly from the standpoint of a technical discussion of the influ- ence of climate upon the individual in disease. It is a relief to be able to turn to a discussion of the most abstruse and scientific phases of the matter, as applying to the individual in normal good health and as affecting the future of the race, written in a view at once dignified and capable of popular comprehension, and it is a source of gratification to see the arguments advanced by the IRRIGATION AGE, buttressed by the high- •est scientific authority. We refer to the series of two remarkable articles appearing under the caption of this article in the May and June issues of the Pacific Monthly of Portland, Oregon, by Edward L. Munson, A. M., M. D. The articles are suggestive of a profound study of the subject and are profusely enlightened with charts from statistical tables of the census and weather bureaus. The opening pas- sage, together with a reproduction of a few of its most salient pronouncements, will serve to indicate the charac- ter of the treatise which we earnestly exhort our readers of the East to study carefully. "With the rapid development of our national terri- tory and the peopling of its former waste places, the time is at hand when one may fairly undertake to determine the region within its geographical limits, in which there is reason to believe that the hghest type of American may be evolved. This best type of pur national life will, of course, be developed along the lines of heredity as modi- fied by environment. We have, therefore, to consider the character of the original stock as subsequently influenced by climate, topography and social conditions in the evo- lution of this better class of American citizens. It will be assumed, at the outset, that the above several essen- tials will be found in our country, in best combination, in the mountainous plateau, lying between the Mexican border on the south and the Canadian frontier on the north and ranging from a north and south line marking the western thirds of Kansas and Nebraska on the east, to the Pacific Coast on the west." Under the sub-head "The Original Human Stock," the author says: "Clearly those who would venture into such hazard- ous surroundings were not only animated by ambition and strong in self-reliance, but were, also, physically able to endure the. hardships which accompanied the perils. It has been well said of the California Argonauts. 'The cowards never started and the weak died on the road.' " It points out the process whereby the weak were eliminated by the stern law of the survival of the fittest. "Always it was the better and more vigorous element which, impatient of existing conditions and methods, went forward to carry from eastern communities the fron- tier of civilization towards the setting sun." After a discussion of the effect of this drain of its best manhood and the influx of immigration upon the east, it states, "All this is merely to illustrate the point that the East can no longer be regarded as the present home of the pure, vigorous, Anglo-Saxon type, but that this has moved to the West, there to continue its power under far more favorable conditions, as the highest, best and controlling element of our national body politic." Speaking of the operation of the law of selection, "As like produces like, so the offspring of such sturdy parents grew into a vigorous second generation." "As a result of such selected immigration, together with the influence of other powerful factors yet to be considered, the West contains today a physically far su- perior and more vigorous class of citizens than is found elsewhere — of the truth of which assertion a glance at a typical crowd anywhere in the arid West, as compared with a similar assemblage in the older East, will promptly convince the doubting." Under the caption "The climate of arid America in its influence on the human family," a most complete and satisfactory analysis of the favoring influences of climate supported by authorities of undoubted authenticity is sup- plied. It is a matter of regret that the limits of space forbid the reproduction of the entire article which de- serves to rank among the classics of technical literature, but a few excerpts from this sub-head must suffice, viz,.: "As to the direct influence of the dry, sunny climate of the arid West upon the disposition of human beings resi- dent therein there can be no question. In this favored region man is not constantly upon the defensive against nature and her moods, but genial climate renders life at once easy and pleasant. This climate is stimulating to a very high degree — genial and almost daily sunshine out- side finds reflection in a bright cheery disposition and an optimistic frame of mind. It undoubtedly explains, to a very large degree, the proverbial western optimism which sees chiefly the best and most hopeful side of things, and is responsible for the routine, nonchalent un- dertaking and accomplishment of great affairs to which a more pessimistic East would regard as scarcely possi- ble. Surely it is a tremendous asset to a community to possess a climate through the influence of which almost any achievement seems quite practicable." (Continued from page 364.) purposes; it shall be lawful for the Secretary of the In- terior, upon application by the proper officer of any state or territory to which said section applies, to withdraw temporarily from settlement, or entry, areas embracing lands for which the state or territory proposes to make application under said section, pending the investigation and survey preliminary to the filing of maps and plats and application for segregation by the state or territory: Provided, That if the state or territory shall not pre- sent its application for segregation and maps and plats within one year after such temporary withdrawal the lands so withdrawn shall be restored to entry as though such withdrawal had not been made.' " Other amendments extend the provisions of the act to the territories of New Mexico and Arizona and to por- tions of the Ute and Southern Ute Indian Reservations in southwestern Colorado, and provide for further grants (ex- ceeding one million acres each) to the states of Idaho and Wyoming. Amendments and Corrections to Former Articles. IDAHO.- — State Board of Land Commissioners (January issue), M. I. Church no longer register, having resigned. Successor not yet appointed. Acting register, ad interim, Heber Q. Hale. (May issue.) Inquiries of a general nature regarding Carey Act projects at large should be addressed to Joseph P. Fallen, commissioner of Immigration, or to Heber Q. Hale, acting land reg- ister, both of Boise, Idaho. "Pratt Irrigation Company" segregation not open to entry, and opening indefinitely postponed. * X Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and X the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated t work for new beginners in irrigation. THE IERIGATION AGE. 387 Department of Agriculture- Latest Publications. [To obtain those publications to which a price is affixed, application must be made to the Superintendent of Documents,, Government Printing: Office, Washington, D. C.. to whom all remittances must be directed. Stamps and personal checks will not lie accepted. The Superintendent of Documents is not an official of the Department of Agriculture. Publications for free distributions i. e., those to which no price is attached, may be obtained upon application to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Free publications are not distributed by the Superintendent of Documents. In :ill cases where officials desire to exchange publications applications should be made to the Department of Agriculture. The Department of Agriculture does not distribute nor control the distribution of publications of the State Agricul- tural Experiment Stations. Application for them should be made to the several stations in the different States. A List of Publications for free distribution revised to April 1, 1910, and a separate list of publications for sale (by the Superintendent of Documents) revised to October 1, 19u!', may be procured free of charge upon application to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. The list appended includes all publications of general interest and value issued since the appearance of the above- mentioned "Lists of Publications."] BUREAU OF SOILS 1908, ADVANCE SHEETS. SOIL SURVEY OF WESTERN NORTH DAKOTA. By Macy H. Lapham and Party. Pp. SO, pis. 6 fg. 1. map. BEFOBTS. VICAR BOOK OF U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL- TURE. 1909; Pp. 652 pis. 36 fg. 36. Price, cloth, $1. The Yearbook contains the annual report of the Secretary of Agriculture. 152 pages and 23 miscellaneous papers. 263 pages, covering a wide variety of subjects thoroughly repre- sentative of the varied scientific work conducted by the de- partment; also an appendix, 202 pages, and index, 34 pages. The appendix contains the annual statistical tables covering production and prices of the principal crops and farm animals, and the imports and exports of agricultural products. Among the new features in the portion devoted to agricultural sta- tistics are tables showing the rice crops of the United States from 1712 to 1909, and the crops from 1790 to 1909, ocean freight rates on grain and cotton from United States to European ports, and average receipts for freight transporta- tion on railroads in the United States from 1890 to 1908. TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 1908 Pp. 502 pis. 11, fgs. 72. Price, cloth, 70 cents. BULLETINS. SOME INSECTS INJURIOUS TO TRUCK CROPS: Con- tents and Index to Bulletin 68, Bureau of Entomology. Pp. x, 99-108. Price 5 cents. THE CLOVER-ROOT CURCULIO. By V. K. Wildermuth, Agent and Expert. Pp. 29-38 fgs. 5 Bulletin 85, Part 3, Bureau of Entomology. Price 5 cents. TECHNICAL RESULTS FROM THE GIPSY MOTH PAR- ASITE LABORATORY. II. Descriptions of Certain Chalcidokl ASITE LABORATORY, II. DESCRIPTIONS OF CERTAIN CHALCIBOLD PARASITES. By J. C. Crawford, Assistant Curator, Division of Insects U. S. National Museum. Pp. 13-24 (Bulletin 19, Part II, Technical series, Bureau of Entomology). Price 5 cents. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Vol. XXII. Index Number. F. W. Allen, Ph. D., Editor. Pp. xiii. 801-911. Price 15 cents. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Vol. XXII, No. 3, March 1910. E. W. Allen, Ph. D., Editor. Pp. ix, 201-300. Same, Vol. XXII, No. 4, Abstract Number. Pp. ix, 301-400. Same, Vol. XXII, No. 5, April 1910. Pp. viii, 401-500. [The record contains numerous abstracts of the publications of the agricultural experiment stations and kindred institu- tions, in this and other countries, articles and editorials on topics of special interest in agricultural science by American and foreign experts, and notes on the experiment stations. Note — For the convenience of those who desire to receive this publication regularly the Superintendent of Documents has fixed the price of this serial, which is now issued in two volumes a year, 8 numbers each at $1 per volume, payable in advance. Current numbers are not sold separately.] TRACTION PLOWING. By L. W. Ellis, Assistant, Of- fice of Farm Management. Pp. 45 fg. 1. (Bulletin 170, Bureau of Plant Industry.) Price 10 cents. SEASONAL NITRIFICATION AS INFLUENCED BY CROPS AND TILLAGE. By C. A. Jensen, Agriculturist. Pp. 31, fgs. 7. (Bulletin 173, Bureau of Plant Industry.) Price 10 cents. THE CONTROL OF THE PEACH BROWN-ROT AND SCAB. By W. M. Scott, Pathologist, and T. Willard Ayers, Scientific Assistant, Fruit-Disease Investigation. Pp. 31, pis. 4. fg. 1. (Bulletin 174, Bureau of Plant Industry.) Price 10 cents. A PROTECTED STOCK RANGE IN ARIZONA.. By David Griffiths. Agriculturist, Office of Farm Management. Pp. 28, pis. G, fg. 1. (Bulletin 177. Bureau of Plant Industry.) Price 15 cents. CIBCULAKS. THE PREVENTION OF LOSSES AMONG SHEEP FROM STOMACH WORMS (Haemonchus Contortus). Pp. 10. (Cir- cular 157, Bureau of Animal Industry.) IMPROVED METHODS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MARKET MILK BY ORDINARY DAIRIES. By C. B. Lane, Senior Dairyman, and Karl E. Parks, Architect, Dairy Division. Pp. 12, fgs. 11. (Circular 158, Bureau of Animal Industry.) THE HORN FLY (Haematobia serrata Rob. — Desv.). By C. L. Marlatt, Assistant Entomologist. Pp. 13, figs. 6. (Cir- cular 115, Bureau of Entomology.) THE CLOVER ROOT-BORER. By F. M. Webster, in charge of Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations. Pp. 5, figs. 4. (Circular 119, Bureau of Entomology.) THE CONTROL OF THE BROWN-ROT AND PLUM CURCULIO ON PEACHES. By W. M. Scott of the Bureau of Plant Industry, and A. L. Quaintance, of the Bureau of Kntomology. Pp. 7. (Circular 120, Bureau of Entomology.) THE OYSTER SHELL SCALE AND THE SCURFY SCALE. By A. L. Quaintance, in charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations, and E. R. Sasscer, Scientific Assistant. Pp. 15, figs. 2. (Circular 121, Bureau of Entomology.) EXPERIMENTS IN SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION AVITH SMALL WATER SUPPLIES AT CHEYENNE, WYO., IX 1909. By John H. Gordon, Irrigation Farmer, in charge. Prepared under the Direction of Samuel Fortier, Chief. Irri- gation Investigation. Pp. 11, fig. 1. (Circular 95, Office of Experiment Stations.) HOW TO TEST SEED CORN IN SCHOOLS. Pp. 7, figs. 4. (Circular 96, Office of Experiment Stations.) FRUIT GROWING FOR HOME USE IN THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS. By H. P. Gould, Pomolo- gist in charge of Fruit District Investigations. Pp. 23, figs. 5. (Circular 31, Bureau of Plant Industry.) WART DISEASE OF THE POTATO: A DANGEROUS EUROPEAN DISEASE LIABLE TO BE INTRODUCED INTO THE UNITED STATES. By W. A. Orton, Pathologist, and Ethel C. Field, Scientific Assistant. Cotton and Truck Diseases ;md Sugar-Plant Investigations. Pp. 11, pis. 2. (Circular 52, Bureau of Plant Industry.) THE SUBSTITUTION OF LIME-SULPHUR PREPARA- TIONS FOR BORDEAUX MIXTURE IN THE TREATMENT OF APPLE DISEASES. By W. M. Scott, Pathologist in charge of Orchard-Spraying Experiments. Pp. 15, figs. 3. (Circular 54, Bureau of Plant Industry.) AMERICAN EXPORT CORN (MAIZE) IN EUROPE. By John D. Shanahan, Crop Technologist in charge, and Clyde E. Leighty, and Emil G. Boerner, Assistants, Grain Standardiza- tion. Pp. 42, figs. 7. (Circular 55, Bureau of Plant Industry.) MONTHLY LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, MARCH 1910 (FOREIGN). Pp. 4. (Document 706, Division of Publication.) SAND-CLAY AND EARTH ROADS IN THE MIDDLE WEST. By W. L. Spoon, Superintendent of Road Construc- tion, Office of Public Roads. Pp. 31, figs. 6. (Circular 91, Office of Public Roads.) CROP REPORTER, vol. 12, No. 3, March, 1910. Pp. 17-24. (Bureau of Statistics.) Same, Vol. 12, No. 4, April 1910. Pp. 25-32. (Bureau of Statistics.) The Crop Reporter is a two column quarto pub- lication devoted to agricultural statistics. FARMERS' BULLETINS. THE PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT OF FARM TIM- BERS. By C. P. Willis, Forest Assistant, Forest Service. Pp. 13, figs. 5. (Farmers Bulletin 387.) EXPERIMENT STATION WORK. LVL. Compiled from publications of the agricultural experiment stations. Pp. 32, figs. 7. (Farmers Bulletin 388.) Contents. Incompatibles in fertilizer mixtures — Principles of dry farming — Methods of seeding oats — Rolling vs. har- rowing winter wheat — Destruction of eelworms in soil — Prun- ing— Bean authracnose or pod spot — Animal feed for farm stock — Feeding the pig — Jelly and jelly making. BREAD AND BREAD MAKING. By Helen W. Atwater. Pp. 47, figs. 7. (Farmers Bulletin 389.) This Bulletin dis- cusses the important place of bread in the dietary, the dif- ferent grains and flours used, yeast and other leavening agencies and the making, composition, and digestibility of different kinds of bread. ECONOMICAL USE OF MEAT IN THE HOME. By C. F. Langworthy, Expert in charge of Nutrition Investigations, and Caroline L. Hunt, Expert in Nutrition, Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 43. (Farmers Bulletin 391'.) This bulletin has been issued as a result of the wide- spread interest in the utilization and preparation of the cheaper cuts of meats. It discusses the food value and pro- portional cost of different meats, and contains a number of recipes for simple and inexpensive dishes. IRRIGATION OF SUGAR BEETS. By F. W. Roeding, Irrigation Manager, Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 52, figs. 14. (Farmers Bulletin 392.) This Bulletin contains information in regard to the early manufacture of beet sugar in European countries and the in- troduction of the sugar beet and the manufacture of beet sugar in the United States. It describes soils and climate suited to sugar beet growing, gives directions for the prepaia- tion and irrigation of the lands, describes implements neces- sary to the cultivation and harvesting of the crop, and con- tains statements as to the cost and returns of the crop. SEFABATES. From Twenty-fifth Annual Report, Bureau of Animal In- dustry 1908. THE CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA BY SERUM IM- MUNIZATION. By A. D. Melvin, Chief, Bureau of Animal lTldUSTATE LEGISLATION REGULATING THE STANDING OF STALLIONS AND JACKS FOR PUBLIC SERVICE. By Roy A. Cave, Herdbook Assistant, Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp.' 335-344. 388 THE IKKIGATION AGE. U. S. Reclamation Record. A digest of the latest developments in connection with the United States Reclamation Service, including "Public Xotices" and "Service Orders" of public in- terest.) "Service Orders." Procedure Under Foreclosure of Mortgage of Lands Sub- ject to Reclamation Charges. It is hereby ordered: Whenever in case of foreclosure of a mortgage given to secure a loan on land in private owner- ship, for which charges are payable for a water right under a reclamation project, the mortgagee buys in the land, no steps will be taken to cancel the water-right application on account of failure to maintain residence upon, or in, the neighborhood of the land, until the expiration of one year from the date of the foreclosure sale; provided, that all charges that may be due, or that may accrue during such interval, be paid, and, also, that within such period of one year, a water-right application for such land be filed by a qualified person, who, upon submitting satisfac- tory evidence of transfer of title, shall be entitled to a credit equal to all payments theretofore made on account of the water-right charges for said land. The mortgagee purchasing land hereunder must give prompt notice there- of to the engineer in charge of the project. (Approved by Secretary of the Interior March 5, 1910.) Interest of Members of Congress in Contracts. In view of the repeal of sections 3739, 3740 and 3742, Revised Statutes, and the provisions of sections 114-116 of the act approved March 4, 1909, effective Jan. 1, 1910 (35 Stat. L. 1109), the Secretary of the Interior has ap- proved the following clause to be inserted in contracts in lieu of the clause heretofore used referring to members of congress. "No member or delegate to Congress, or resident com- missioner, after his election or appointment, and either be- fore or after he has qualified, and during his continuance in office; and no officer, agent or employe of the govern- ment, shall be admitted to any share or part of this con- tract or agreement, or to any benefit to arise thereupon. Nothing, however, herein contained shall be construed to extend to any incorporated company, where such con- tract or agreement is made for the general benefit of such incorporation or company, as provided in section 116 of the act of Congress approved March 4, 1909 (35 Stat. L 1109.) All contracts executed hereafter should contain this provision. PUBLIC NOTICES. Idaho, Minidoka Project. — On March 22, 1910, public notice was issued announcing that the portion of in- stallment on account of operation and maintenance to become due Dec. 1, 1910, shall be 75 cent* per acre of ir- rigable land, and the said rates shall remain in effect for subsequent years until further notice, the charges be- coming due on December 1 of each year. Nebraska- Wyoming, North Platte Project. — On March 12, 1910, public notice was issued to all entrymen and pri- vate landowners within the first lateral district, North Platte Project, whose entries and water-right applications continue under the provisions of the public notice of July 29. 1907. that the portion of the installment for operation and maintenance which must be paid on or before April 1. 1910, and on or before April 1 of each subsequent year, shall be $2.00 per aero of irrigable land, until further notice. Washington, Okanogan Project. — On March 12, 1910, public notice was issued, opening to irrigation lands in- cluded in the extension of the irrigable area of the Okano- gan Project, shown on farm-unit plats T. 34 N., Rs. 26 and 27 E. W. M., approved Feb. 28, 1910. Homestead entries, applications fof water rights, the charges, time and manner of payments will be governed by the terms of existing public notices and orders attached affecting the said project, except that for lands thereafter entered, the sec- ond installment shall be due on May 1 of the year after that in which entry, is made and subsequent installments shall be due May 1 of each year thereafter until fully paid. Nebraska-Wyoming, North Platte Project.— On April 4, 1910, public notice was issued in connection with the North Platte Project, Nebraska- Wyoming, announcing that entries made and water-right applications filed after May 2, 1910, for lands in the first lateral district must be ac- companied by a payment equal to the sum of all install- ments which shall, at the time of such entry, or of the filing of water-right application, have become due, and re- main unpaid, under the provisions of the public notices and orders in force for lands in said district, or which would have become due hereunder had the entry or water-right application been filed on March 4, 1909. The same notice also announced that all entries made and all water-right applications filed on and after May 2, 1910, for lands in the second lateral district, whether for public or private lands, shall be accompanied by a payment equal to the sum of all installments which shall at the time of such entry or of the filing of water-right application, have be- come due under the provisions of public notices and or- ders in force for lands within said district, or which would have become due thereunder had the entry or water- right application been filed on March 29, 1910. Nevada, Truckee-Carson Project. — On April 26, 1910, public notice was issued announcing that for all irrigable lands shown on the approved farm-unit plats of lands un- der the Truckee-Carson Project the portion of the install- ment for operation and maintenance to become due Decem- ber 1, 1910, and annually on the same day of each year thereafter, until further notice, shall be sixty cents per acre of irrigable land. Washington, Okanogan Project. — On April 8, 1910 public notice was issued in connection with the Okanogan Project, Washington, revoking the provision of public notice of November 12, 1908, that for all applications for water rights filed after June 15 in any year, one install- ment of the charge for building operation and maintenance must be paid at the time of filing, but the portion for operation and maintenance shall be credited on account of the installment of said charge for the subsequent year. Washington, Sunnyside Project. — On April 18, 1910, public notice was issued announcing the irrigability of additional lands in the Sunnyside Project, Washington, amended township plats being filed showing the addi- tional areas subject to water-right application. Water will be furnished in 1910 for the additional lands shown on the list accompanying the notice, approved by the Secretary of the Interior and filed in the local land office. On April 19, 1910, public notice was issued revoking the provision of the public notice of November 18, 1908, that for all applications for water rights filed after June 15, 1909, or any subsequent year, one installment of the charge for building, operation and maintenance must be paid at the time of filing, but the portion for operation and main- tenance shall be credited on account of the installment of said charge for the subsequent year. Farms Available. Reports from the field indicate for the following pro- jects the approximate number of farms available for en- try under the terms of the reclamation act: Montana, Huntley Project 224 Montana, Sun River Project J 85 Oregon, Umatilla Project •-- no South Dakota, Belle Fourche Project. . .•:.'. 60 Wyoming, Shoshone Project 257 The record is for farms available on April 1, 1910. Recent Publications of the United States Reclamation Service. Maps. These may be procured by ordering of the "U. S. Re- clamation Service, Washington, D. C.," enclosing price attached. "Belle Fourche" Project. South Dakoto, general map. No. 11690. Scale. 2 m., 0.9 in., January, 1910. 8.6x14.9 in., lOc. "Williston" Project, North Dakota. General map, No. 11489. Scale, 2 m., 0.8 in.. December, 1909. 8.9x7 in., 5c. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 389 from (Continued from page 356.) a stream. If it can only construct such canal of such dimensions as will carry a quantity of water to supply lands within its own project, a large amount of land, out- side, which might be irrigated if the canal were of larger capacity, will remain in an arid condition. In my judg- ment, if the bill is enacted into law, a much larger area of land may be reclaimed than is now possible under existing laws." Senator Borah of Idaho, in the course of debate upon the measure, stated, among other things, "The reclama- tion law has been stiff, inelastic and harsh, and has worked untold hardships upon the settlers. It has com- pelled them to stand and wait until the government should get to them with the water and has absolutely tied the settlers' hands so they could not incorporate or do anything to hasten the delivery of the water or to help themselves. "This bill permits the settlers to take aggressive ac- tion if they desire to and to join with their neighbors, or permits them to remain and deal in their individual capacity. The bill is drawn solely and absolutely in the interest of the settlers in the hope that we could expe- dite the getting of water upon some lands where it seems that it is to be long delayed. I know of two or three instances in Idaho, where, in my judgment, it will be a long time before the government puts water upon the particular lands, unless the settlers are enabled to or- ganize an irrigation district, do a large portion of their own work and arrange with the government for the portion of the water which belongs to that particular portion of the project. * * It is wholly optional" with the settlers whether they shall proceed under the law or remain under the reclamation act. "This bill in its whole purport, effect and purpose is to give a little more latitude and opportunity to settlers and pri- vate enterprises to aid in reclaiming arid lands, and to prevent tin- interminable delay which works such untold hardships, in some instances, upon the settlers. Everyone knows who has been over these projects that these settlers have paid about all the penalties they should pay for a do-nothing proposition, with reference to legislation. Since the Reclamation Act was passed eight years ago it has not been remedied in any respect whatever, and it has been defective from the hour it was jiiissi-il. The time has come to get relief along as many lines as possible." New American Turbines will improve your water power because they are EFFICIENT, POWERFUL and DURABLE. Our line of HEAD GATES and HOISTS is the most complete on the market, and we have patterns for all sizes and types. Don't forget that a reliable Head Gate is one of the important parts of any power plant. Send for Catalogue 25. The Dayton Globe Iron Works Go, Dayton Ohio DRILLED WELLS FOR IRRIGATION Make Every Well a Flowing Well Flowing wells are not found in every locality, but they can be made to flow to their full capacity. Every farm and every ranch should and can have their own water supply; a good well adds thousands of dollars to the value of a property. The first item of expense is the only expense; 'a good well is inexhaustible and lasts for all time. Big Profits in the Well Business We want to send you our FREE book, "How to Make Money in the Well Business." It contains twenty pages from Sanderson's book, "Well Drilling, Methods and Cost," which is the only book published on the subject. It also describes our Advertising Plan which we are furnishing to our customers FREE. Just drop us a postal today and we will show you how to handle a business in which there are REAL PROFITS. ADDRESS (WELL DEPT.) THE CYCLONE DRILL CO., Orrville, Ohio Chicago Office: 419 Fisher Bldg. New York Office: 1456 Hudson Terminal Bldg. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 390 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Your Money Back" Protects Yo THE cheap little car, fresh from the factory, looks spick and span, and seems to promise its buyer a great quantity of enjoyment, but — When that buyer gets his next car, he does not get one of those cheap little cars. Why? Not because he likes to spend more money. But because he wants to save money. * * * Think that over. It means something. * * * If a new car costs $1500, and one year's repairs cost $500, the price of that car is really $2000. If this $2000 car is in the repair shop, getting fixed up, three days a month, its owner is losing one-tenth of its service, or $200. This car, therefore, stands its owner $2200 the first year, although it cost only $1500 to begin with. * * * And in using this cheap little car its owner never knows when something is going to break and leave him stranded miles from home. Being a cheap car, it can't climb hills like a good car, it lacks the speed of a good car, it hasn't the size, style and beauty of a good car, and wherever the owner goes with it, it advertises him as a cheap buyer. That's why no man ever buys one of these cheap little cars a second time. » * » If a car isn't worth buying a second time, it isn't worth buying at first. And the buyer who recognizes that fact before he buys any car at all, saves himself much expense, much disappointment, and much annoyance. * * * If you are planning- to bay a motor car, read every word of this advertisement. * * * We have made motor cars continuously since 1896. Mr. Winton made and sold the first gasoline car produced in America. He has made and sold more first-class cars than any other single manufacturer. And we have on our books the names of men who have bought as many as six or eight of our cars. One buyer, Mr. L. R. Speare, presi- dent of the American Automobile Association, has owned and used 16 different cars of our manufacture. It is because Winton cars are right in the first place — right in material, workmanship, power, style, beauty and cost — that once a man buys a Winton he will never be satisfied with any other make. ... One reason why this is true is that the Winton car stands up under hard use with a smaller repair expense than any other car on the market. Sworn testimony of 20 Winton owners (we send you their rug and addresses upon application) show that 20 Winton cars trav'd 184,190 miles on $143.43 repair expense. That distance is more than seven times the distance around .( earth at the equator. And each car's average repair expense for 1000 miles i 77 cent*. That's a world's record that touches the pocket book of r-j automobile owner. Compare that record with the expenses of the owners of other i — right in your own neighborhood. This wonderfully low expense record of Winton cars shows ii they are right in the first place — right in material, workmanship, pcfl quality, performance, right in everything that makes an autoirp worth while. ... And because they are right in the first place, Winton cars . the very latest style of body, the latest thing in fancy trimmingf-flu the like. These buyers turn over their used cars in part payment f \\TNTON MODEL K. WINTON TYPE X-I-V. Four-cylinder, 30 H. P. motor. 4JA inch bore. 5-inch strok. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by Winton ai. control. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with stot battery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oiler. Individ clutch transmission. Shaft drive. Semi-floating-type rear » Forged-steel front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. _ . brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hicjcol wheels, running on ball bearings. 34x4-inch tires. Wheel b 104 inches. Gasoline tank, 22 gallons. Five-passenger bod) Original price, $2500. Bargain price. $700 to $950. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 391 rom Mistake in Buying a Motor Car. n the past it has been our custom to sell these used cars to city "just as they stand." it we have changed our policy — in order to get your trade. » • • e take these cars into our factory, replace worn parts, tune up r to top-notch running condition, revarnish the body (sometimes ' it an entirely new coat of paint), and offer this car to you at • what it costs us. bis policy puts you in possession of a high-grade car at an excep- y low price and makes you an enthusiastic advertiser of Winton nd remember this: If you ever buy a Winton car from the o Motor Carriage Company, and it is not exactly as represented, •e you your money back without bickering or delay. OUR MONEY BACK is something no other automobile maker We make the proposition because we know we have the best lat skill and experience and facilities can produce. • • » jok over the bargains offered on this page. Pick out one that best to you, and write us about it. lis involves no obligation on your part whatever. We will write you, describing the car in detail, tell you what it has in the way of top, glass front, speedometer, if any (some cars »re sold without these equipments), and will make you a rock bottom price that will interest you. • • • And note this: You are not obligated in any way. We never ship a car to a prospect and try to force him to take it, when he has only asked for information. The Winton Motor Carriage Company doesn't do business that way. If after we have told you exactly what we have, you decide to look the car over, we will arrange for a demonstration before you put down a cent. Even then there is no obligation on your part. You needn't buy at all unless you are ready to buy and unless you are satisfied. And even if you do buy, remember we say: "Your money back if the Winton car is not as we have represented it." * * * Look over these bargains and write us today. We urge prompt action because our stock is limited and spring orders are generally more numerous than we can fill. THE WINTON MOTOR CARRIAGE CO. Licensed under Selden Patent. 86 Berea Road, Cleveland, Ohio. WINTON MODEL M. cylinder, 40 H. P. motor. 5 inch bore. 5-inch stroke, 'ater cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by carburetor irottle. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with storage ittery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oiler. Multiple- sc clutch and four-speed selective-type transmission. Clutch and ansmission run on ball bearings. Shaft drive. Floating-type rar axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and jt steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton win springs. Best hickory wheels, ru'nning on roller bearings. Ix4.'j-inch tires. Wheel base 112 inches. Gasoline tank, 22 illons. Seven-passenger body. Original price, $3500. Bargain rice, $1100 to $1400. WINTON SEVENTEEN. Self-cranking, six-cylinder Channel steel front axle, with inch stroke. Motor governed by carburetor throttle. Winton 3uble-jet carburetor, jump spark ignition, with Eisemann mag- eto ^ and storage battery. Mechanical force-fed lubrication. lultiple-disc clutch and three-speed selective type transmission. lutch and transmission ru'n on ball bearings. Shaft drive, loating type rear axle. Channel steel front axle, with man- anese bronze heads. Screw and nut steering gear. Four rakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best ickory wheels, running on roller bearing. 34x4-inch tires in ont, 34x4Ji tires in rear. Wheel base 120 inches. Gasoline "2 gallons. Five-passenger body. Original price, $3000. :arg,iin price, $2000 to $2500. WINTON SIX-TEEN-SIX Self-cranking, six-cylinder, 48 H. P. motor. 4^ inch bore. 5-inch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by carburetor throttle. Winton double-jet carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with Eisemann magneto and storage battery. Han- cock mechanical oiler. Multiple-disc clutch and three-speed selective-type transmission. Clutch and transmission run on ball bearings. Floating-type rear axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, run- ning on roller bearings. 36x4J4-inch tires. Wheel base 120 inches. Gasoline tank, 22 gallons. Seven-passenger body. Orig- inal price, $4500. Bargain price. $1600 to $2000. The Winton Motor Carriage Co. 86 Berea Road, Cleveland, Ohio. Send me information about one of your Model used cars, selling at about $ This request involves no obligation whatever on my part. 392 THE IRKIGATION AGE. Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price: Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead 91.85 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.N The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 2.0« Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.5* Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.0* Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox a.0« Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh l.to Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 8.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Win. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain .40 Cement Pipe & Tile, Hanson 1.00 Arid Agriculture, B. C. Buffum 1.50 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. FOWLER, COLORADO. Fowler, Colo., is in the heart of the Rocky Ford dis- trict, located eighteen miles from the city of Rocky Ford, and thirty-eight miles from Pueblo, in the Arkansas Valley. In the matter of water for domestic purposes Fowler is particularly fortunate, having an abundant supply of pure soft water. Fowler has two trunk line railroads — the Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific. The population is about 1,500. An active commercial club is about to inaugurate a campaign to force the attention of the land seeker to the exceptional advantages to be enjoyed in this vicinity. Lands under the Oxford and High Line ditches, in opera- tion for a number of years, are worth $200 to $600 per acre, producing from $200 to $400 per acre per season in fruit. A large system of new reservoirs is" being constructed near Fowler, where land is now held at exceptionally low values. Water can now be supplied to much of the land and all will soon be available for cultivation. The old irrigated district comprises about 13,000 acres. Fruit culture has been very successful, smudging not necessary, and alfalfa, cantaloupes and sugar beets have brought in fortunes to the settlers. The Fowler of today has a splendid High School, good church advantages, no saloons, two substantial banks, more than 300 days of sunshine each year, over 12,000 feet of concrete sidewalk, a postoffice business of over $30,000 annually, and an annual mercantile business of $500.000. It is surrounded by the most productive farm lands in America, and has a good ready market for all farm products. Its shipping business amounts to more than $175,000 annually in the way of receipts to the Santa Fe Railroad alone. Six years ago Fowler had only 200 people and was but a mere spot on the plains. Ohio and Franklin Sis., Chicago, 111. FACTORIES, CHICAGO, ILL. : SENECA FALLS, N. Y. for Catalogue and Estimates Manufacturers of - Oen.tr if tigjtt.1 Used for Irrigation, Cirotilation, Uto. THE IRKIGATJON AGE. Supreme Court Decisions Irrigation Cases DAMAGE BY OVERFLOW FROM DITCH. — An owner of property adjoining an irrigation ditch could not recover damages for overflows caused by his own act in restricting the size of the ditch and in lowering the banks. — • Mahnstrom v. People's Drain Ditch Co. Supreme Court of Nevada. 107 Pacific 98. APPROPRIATION. — Where an irrigation ditch was completed within four years from the commencement thereof, it was within a suffi- cient time, in view of the difficulties encountered in its con- struction.— W kited v. Cavin. Supreme Court of Oregon. 105 Pacific 396. SALE OF PERCOLATING WATERS. — The rights of owners of land overlying a water-bearing artesian stratum to withdraw and use the waters are corre- lative, so that one may not divert such waters for sale else- where to the injury of others. — Miller v. Bay Cities Water Co. Supreme Court of California. 107 Pacific 115. RIPARIAN RIGHTS. — The damming of a stream, navigable a portion of the year, to create artificial freshets for the purpose of floating logs, may be restrained where the banks of the stream are thereby washed, to the injury of the adjacent landowners. — /•"//«u v. Vaughn. Supreme Court of Oregon. 106 Pacific 642. USE OF WATER. — Where -an appropriator of water has a decreed priority of the waters of a stream for use of his whole property, which abuts on both sides of the stream, he may use the whole amount of the water decreed on the property on one side of the stream. — Dies v. Hartbauer. Supreme Court of Colorado. 105 Pacific 868. Farming by Irrigation Farming by irrigation is in all ways more profitable than where it is dependent on rain. In northern Colorado — which is considered the best farming country on earth — farming by irrigation is so easy and so certain that prosperity is sure to attend the efforts of any farmer who is at all industrious and economical. The staple crops raised are wheat, oats, barley, alfalfa, potatoes, sugar beets, all kinds of vege- tables and small fruits, and apples, plums, cherries and other tree fruits. Let me send you FREE, a copy of our thirty-two page book de- voted exclusively to the Agricultural and the Horticultural resources of this section of Colorado and Wyoming along our lines. This book is illustrated with twenty-seven different scenes and describes the present condition fairly and thoroughly. It also gives personal testimony of a few farmers, taken at random, from different valleys that may be cited as the typical results of successful and profitable fanning in this section. Write for free copy today! T. 6. FISHER, General Passenger Agent, DBNVKR, COLORADO Colorado & Southern Railway Ambursen Hydraulic Construction Co. ENGINEER-CONSTRUCTORS 176 Federal St., BOSTON, MASS. Our business is the investigation, engineering, construction, and operation of Hydro-Electric Power Developments and Irrigation Reclamation, including Sec- ondary Irrigation by pumping, a feature which under right conditions and prop- erly engineered will double or treble the available area under the ditches. We specialize on high dams and dams on difficult foundations, is based on the construction of 56 dams to date. Our experience At the present writing, May 21st, we have under construction eight dams as follows : A dam 45 ft. high and 700 ft. long in Newfoundland; a dam 48 ft. high and 900 ft. long in Georgia; a dam 48 ft. high and 470 ft. long in Wisconsin; two dams re- spectively 54 ft. high ard 450 ft. long, and 60 ft. high and 550 ft. long in Minnesota; a dam 86 ft. high and 680 ft. long in Oregon and three smaller dams in Maryland, Indiana and Kentucky respectively. Seven of these dams include a power house in the bulkhead of the dam. The time of construction on each will be about eight months with the exception of the Oregon dam which will require about a year. 394 THE IRKIGAT10N AGE. Fence sent $straTghteto 30 DdYS' Fr66 Trial U/lll AM you on WE PAY THE FREIGHT An offer for the farmer who wants the best fence produced at the lowest price a life-time fence can be made for. Advance Fence isn t just a boundary line. It stands for system and advanced value in property. Any farmer who subdivides his land into plots for crop rotation is systematizing his farm business. A buftt-to-last sound-value, substantial-looking fence means to the owner of the land, and every man who works on it, exactly what a modern substantial factory or office building means to every man doing business m the building. ADVANCE FENCE Is An Investment That Pays Big Dividends What the farmer puts money and protection into, he's going to get money and protection out of. Advance Woven-Wirc Fence is the best looking, strongest con- structed, longest lasting fence on the market. To prove it, we make our great offer. If the fence isn't 0. K. to you, and more, send it back at our expense. We sell to you direct — no middleman — therefore the price is right — one profit only after making. Advance Fence is made of Solid Wire, not wire cut and spliced again. A cut wire weakens. Our stay wire is continuous, woven in with the main top and bottom wire running the entire width of the fence from one stay to the next. Made of the best basic, open- hearth steel, galvanized with a heavy coat of 99-per-cent-pure spelter —that means rust proof. Advance Fence always stays taut — -straight and handsome. Prove it for yourself. Write to us for all particulars. Remember, we pay freight and guarantee safe delivery. Don't pay two prices— Write us ADVANCE FENCE CO., Box 123 Elgin, III. FORFEITURE OF WATER RIGHT. — That under a contract whereby defendant granted water 'rights to plaintiff, such rights to be forfeited on plaintiff's failure to complete certain work within a stated time, plaintiff expended in the work large sums for which it would obtain no equivalent in case of forfeiture was not ground for re- lieving against the same; defendant not being in fault, and its damages being difficult to estimate. — Farmers Pawnee Canal Co. v. Pawnee Water Storage Co. Supreme Court of Colorado. 107 Pacific 286. RIGHT TO SUPPLY OF WATER. — Where defendant irrigation company was a party to ;i statutory proceeding before the county commissioners in which the rate for water was fixed, the adjudication of the board cannot be collaterally attacked by itvin mandamus to compel it to furnish water for a certain season at the rate fixed by the county commissioners ; the decision of the com- missioners being conclusive till judicially overturned on a direct attack. — Northern Colorado Irr. Co. v. Pouppirt. Supreme Court of Colorado. 108 Pacific 23. CONTRACT RIGHTS. — Where the rights of persons to the use of the water of a stream for irrigation in certain quantities and at cer- tain times are not based on their original appropriation, but on a contract between themselves, neither is entitled to in- crease his irrigated acreage after the date of the contract so as to use more water than he was actually, beneficially, and necessarily using at the time of making the contract. — Quirk \: Rich. Supreme Court of Montana. 107 Pacific 821. DIVERSION FROM UNDERGROUND STRATUM. — An owner of land overlying an underground saturated stratum, receiving its supply from a stream or saturated plane, is entitled to enjoin the diversion of the waters of the stream or saturated plane, or other well-defined sup- ply, for use elsewhere than on lands to which, as waters of the stream, they are riparian, or which, as waters of an un- derground stratum, they may be reasonably and usefully applied to the overlying land. — Miller v. Bay Cities Water Co. Supreme Court of California. 107 Pacific 115. »T.F»* HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR with a •AND SAVE MEN— SAVE HORSES— SAVE MONEY— SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART- PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing farming methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, threshing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farm work. Hundreds in Successful Operation — Built in sizes of 30, 45 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED FROST PROOF FIRE PROOF USE GASOLINE, KEROSENE, DISTILLATE, or ALCOHOL Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalog Tells You All About Them. HART-PARR CO., 242 Lawler Street, Charles City, Iowa When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 395 PREFERENTIAL RIGHTS. — A . water company having water appropriated under Const 1879, art. 14, § 1, for sale, rental, or distribution, the use of which is thereby declared to be a public use, cannot confer any preferential right on one consumer over another to the use of any part of its water. — Leavitt v. Lassen Irri- gation Co. Supreme Court of California. 106 Pacific 404. NAVIGABLE WATERS. — In an action by an abutting landowner to restrain the maintenance of a dam to create artificial freshets for float- ing logs, it is no defense that this method of floating the logs is less injurious to plaintiff's land than to float them with- out thus raising the water. — Flinn v. Vaughn. Supreme Court of Oregon. 106 Pacific 642. IRRIGATION CONTRACTS. — Private contracts between an Idaho irrigation company and landowners, granting water rights at fixed prices, made in good faith prior to Act Idaho March 7, 1895 (Acts 1895, p. 174), enacted pursuant to article 15 of the state Consti- tution, which contracts were valid when made, were not affected by such act or subsequent legislation, and remain valid and enforceable. — Boise City Irrigation & Land Co. v. Turner. U. S. Circuit Court, District of Idaho. 176 Federal 373. RIGHT TO MAINTAIN IRRIGATION DITCH. — Where defendant had owned, maintained, and used an irrigation ditch over the premises in controversy for a period longer than the statute of limitations prior to plaintiff's oc- cupancy, defendant could .maintain the ditch in its present location and have water flow through the same to the extent of its capacity or in the volume contained in the ditch dur- ing the years defendant used it.—Malmstrom v. People's Drain Ditch Co. Supreme Court of Nevada. 107 Pacific 98. - SAMSON TURBINE When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans- mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO, Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. 316 Lagonda Street TheLittle Roadster Grader andDit cher A New, Light Ditch Plowing Machine, Especially Designed for Cutting Small Laterals on Irrigated Farms, and Ditching and Grading Roads. This type of machine cuts ditches for less money than any other tool or ma- chinery, because it plows the dirt out of the ditch with one continuous motion, whereas all other ditching machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The Little Roadster is a practical plowing machine, being built with ad- justable leaning wheels or rolling land- sides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold, the same leaning wheel principle which is used in the sulky plow. It is made almost entirely of wrought steel and the few castings that are used are malleable and all parts are put to- gether so far as possible with hot driven rivets, so that while it is a light machine weighing about eleven hundred pounds, it is exceptionally strong and rigid. It is designed primarily for two horses, al- though four may be used. EVERY IRRIGATED RANCH OR FARM NEEDS ONE OR MORE OF THESE MACHINES. IT WILL QUICKLY PAY FOR ITSELF. SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE FOLDER AND LET US TELL YOU MORE ABOUT IT J. D. ADAMS & COMPANY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 396 THE IRRIGATION AGE. The M 0 16 1 places of interest in Uc II VG I THE ALBANY HOTEL 17th and Stout Streets D ENVER RATES: $1.00 PER DAY AND UPWARD GRANT OF WATER RIGHT. — In such case the contract conveys a free and unincumbered right and title in and to the waters of the canal, and carries with it an unqualified right to the extent of the quantity of water conveyed in the appropriation itself and the right to have the water flow through the canal, and the grantor per- petually abandons and foregoes the right to ever thereafter charge, collect, or realize any profit or rental for the use of the water conveyed. — Nampa & Meridian Irr. Dist. v. Cess. Supreme Court of Idaho. 106 Pacific 993. GRANT OF WATER RIGHT. — Where a landowner conveys a tract of land lying under his canal and susceptible of irrigation therefrom, and in- cludes in the conveyance a grant of the "free and perpetual use of water" from the grantor's canal sufficient to irrigate the land conveyed, held, that the grant of such free and per- petual water right does not obligate the grantor or his suc- cessors or assigns to perpetually bear and pay the expense and cost of maintaining and protecting the canal and the water right and delivering the water to the consumer. — Xampa & Meridian Irr. Dist. v. Cess. Supreme Court of Idaho. 106 Pacific 993. » PERPETUAL WATER RIGHT. — A purchase of a pereptual water right from an irrigation company with the right to receive the water so purchased from the company's canal carries with it such a right in the appropriation itself and such an easement or servitude in the canal system as to authorize and enable the purchaser him- self to go upon the property and protect the appropriation and maintain the diversion, and repair the canal, and carry the water through the canal system to the extent of the pur- chaser's water right, in the event the company fails, neg- lects, or refuses to do so. — Idaho Fruit Land Co., Limited, v. Great Western Beet Sugar Co. Supreme Court of Idaho. KIT Pacific 989. (Continued on page 398.) (Another reason for the economy of Otto Products is fheir ACCU RACY. This photograph taken in our plant shows a typical operation where the parts must pass rigid micrometer tes's before being assembled.) The most serious drawback to the GENERAL use of g s power has been the comparatively high price of illuminating gas and * gasoline, except where natural g 's is available. To overcome this objection several devices for producing gas have been brought on ihe market. The most advanced gas producers came from the old countries of Germany, France and England, as the scarcity of co-nmoner fuels is grea'er in those countries The Otto Suction Gas p-oducer is designed from the combined experience of the seven O to fac'ories all over the world We use mainly the German ideas -^od fied to meet the special conditions existing in America. During the last six years, this Otto Producer has proven so efficient that OVER 5000 HAVE BEEN PUT INTO SUCCESSFUL OPERATION. Will you let us send you some actual figures as to just what the Otto ought to do for you IN DOLLARS ^ AND CENTS? IF SO, FILL IN THIS COUPON RIGHT NOW WHILE YOU'RE THINKING OF IT. THE OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS, SZ.TWAIHUT ST. Philadelphia, Pa. ENTLEMEN: Replying to your « * ad in Irrigation tf Age, send me cata- ^ lops, etc.. together *C with approximate estl- ^ mate Tor Installing Otto Suction Gas Producer Plant of H. P. Name Firm Name Address Business When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IERIGATION AGE. 397 (Continued from page 372.) content and purity ot juice those of any other state. These are tacts gathered from the statistics of the United States Department of Agriculture. An average yield in this county is 20 tons per acre and the price is uniform at $5.00 per ton at the loading point on the railroad. It is estimated that the cost per acre to raise and deliver the beets to market is $35.00, which leaves a handsome profit to the grower. Te cut shown on page 372 of a cauliflower grown on the farm of Capt. French near this tract, illustrates the size and quality of the vegetables grown. This is not a freak- sample, but one of a large number grown in his garden for home use. Mr. Chase, living near Capt. French, raised and sold from a plat of 6 acres planted to different varieties of vege- tables, $1,800 in the season of 1909. There is a good market for all the vegetables that can be raised in the cities and mining camps in and adjoining Colfax county. The principal commercial fruit crop is the apple, although excellent yields of pears, cherries, plums and all the small fruits are obtained. The apple has been grown here fully equal in quality and yield to the most famous apple districts of the West and the Antelope Valley is a thoroughly proven apple district. Orchards that have been planted from 15 to :;.") years show an average yield over and above all ex- penses, which include boxing and freight as well as the care and cultivation of the tree during the spring and summer seasons, of from $250 to $400 per acre. An uncommon feature of the apple industry in this valley is that during the long period of years that the apple has been grown here a wormy apple is unknown and the apple grower has not been com- pelled to spray as is common in every other district. Neither does he have to guard against frost. This seems to be a natural home of the apple and there is no doubt that the future of this valley so far as the growth of apples is con- cerned will be fully equal to other famous districts of the United States. The new settlers on the French tract have planted about 300 acres to apples this season, which shows their belief in this important industry. We Will Send You FREE all kinds of information you may desire about Bitf Jonathan Apple Crops. Hocky ford Cantaloupe Crops: fortunes made in Suifar Beets and Alfalfa in the Arkansas Valley. What do you think of land from $IO to $15 an acre on terms Near Pueblo That Can Be Irrigated ? Look at the cheap land bargains NOW before Irrigation Congress meets at Pueblo in September, .lust send your name and address— we will send the information free. Hopkins & Means, I22W.2NDSTREET PUEBLO, COLO. IRRIOATORS', ENGINEERS', PROSPECTORS' and MINERS' HIGH CUT BOOTS Expressly adapted for irrigation!" work. Made of the highest quality and stock. Strong, comfortable and dependable. Many styles. Protect the feet and keep them dry. Can be secured through shoe dealers If not obtainable, write to us. For a dress shoe, wear "HONORBUILT" F.Mayer Boot & Sloe Company Milwaukee, Wisconsin THE RELIABLE LINE "DEMPSTER' We make IK, %1A> 3, 6, 8, 12, 15 and 20 H. P. High Grade Gasoline Engines Built for Exacting and Enduring Service Best for Irrigating Work Cut shows our 16 H. P. and 20 H. P. DEMPSTER MILL MFG. CO., Factory, Beatrice, Nebr. Write for our Booklet "Dempster Irrigation Plants," | 1910 Edition It will "Show You" what we can do for you. BRANCH HOUSES OMAHA KANSAS CITY SIOUX FALLS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 398 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Get a Home in WYOMING The Richest State in the West RICH in high grade coal veins from six to thirty feet thick, now being developed in all parts of the State. RICH in high grade oil and natural g'as now being developed at Byron and Greybull. Natural gas piped to Greybull and Basin City ; new oil refinery at Cowley. RICH in high grade iron ore, so accessible that trains are loaded with steam shovel, direct from the mines. RICH in copper, gold, silver, lead, mica, sulphur, and asphalt that is now attracting capital from all parts of the world. RICH in timber, stone and cement material, for building purposes; in water power for factories; in hunting and fishing for the sportsman; in beautiful scenery, unsurpassed in any country. Rich in Opportunity for the Farmer In the midst of these great natural resources, you can take a homestead irrigated by the Govern- ment, paying actual cost of water in ten yearly payments without interest, or buy irrigated land from the State under the Carey Act on long time payments, only 30 days' residence required ; or buy deeded irrigated farms at reasonable prices ; or you can take a 320-acre free homestead under the Mondell Act, where Dry Farming is already successful. GET CLOSE TO A NEW TOWN AND THE NEW RAILROAD You can do this here, for the Burlington Route is building a new main line right through the Big Horn Basin, the heart of this richest undeveloped country in the West, with new towns springing up like magic every few miles. This means splendid transportation facilities, fine busi- ness openings in the towns and big future values to these farms. History is sure to repeat itself and thesa farms that may now be had for a mere trifle of their actual value will soon make their future owners rich. No one — farmer, mer- chant or investor — looking for home or in- vestment, can afford to overlook the grand opportunities of this new country. C_Jem Deaver 187 Q Bid*. Omaha, Neb. Please send me specially pre- pared Wyoming literature. Specially Prepared Literature describ- ing the various resources of Wy- oming, sent free. Write or fill out and mail attached Coupon. Do it today. Nam» A ddress Cut out this Coupon and mall TO-DAY D. CLEM DEAVER Gen'l Art., Burlington Route Landseekers* Information Bureau. 187 0 Buildlnz Omaha, Neb. 6099 When writing to advertisers (Continued from page 396.) FORFEITURE OF IRRIGATION RIGHTS. — Where a grantee of public land for an irrigation reservoir site failed to complete his improvement for five years, as required by Act Cong. March 3, 1891, c. 561, 26 Stat. 1095 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1535), so that the same was sub- ject to forfeiture under section 20, it was not necessary to the enforcement of a forfeiture that it should be first declared by act of Congress, but a forfeiture could be enforced by the executive in judicial proceedings. — United States v. Whitney. U. S. Circuit Court, District of Idaho. 176 Federal 593. RECLAMATION LANDS NOT R. R. RIGHT OF WAY. — Lands within a reservation withdrawn under the re- clamation act (Act June 17, 1902, c. 1093, 32 Stat. 388 [U. S. Comp. St. Supp. 1909, p. 596] ) for the furtherance of an irri- gation project and resting under valid, subsisting homestead filings are no longer "public lands," and are therefore ex- emmpt from the operation of the railroad right of way act (Act March 3, 1875, c. 152, 18 Stat. 482 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1568]), granting to railroad companies rights of way through the public lands of the United States. — United States v. Minidoka & S. W. R. Co. U. S. Circuit Court, District of Idaho. 176 Federal 762. JUNIOR AND SENIOR APPROPRIATIONS. — Where a person has the first priority on a stream, taking water out at the lowest point therein, it is not necessary that junior appropriators up the stream must, at all times and under all conditions, let sufficient water flow past their head- gates to supply that priority, though the senior appropriators may lawfully demand that he have at his headgate suffi- cient water for his present needs, but if that result is ob- tained through return waters after first use by the junior appropriators up the stream, the senior appropriator cannot complain. — Vogel v. Minnesota Canal & Reservoir Co. Su- preme Court of Colorado. 107 Pacific 1108. FORFEITURE OF RESERVOIR SITES. — Act Cong. March 3, 1891, c. 561, 26 Stat. 1095 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1535), authorizing the grant of public land for reservoir sites, section 20 provides that, if any section of the canal shall not be completed within five years after location, the rights granted shall be forfeited as to any un- complete section of the canal, ditch or reservoir. Held, that such requirement being in the nature of a condition subse- quent, a failure to comply did not ipso facto operate to divest the grantee of title and revest it in the government, but that, to be effectual, the default must be followed by a declaration of forfeiture by some competent authority, and, the grant be- ing of a public nature, the declaration can only be by act of Congress or in an appropriate judicial proceeding. — -United States v. Whitney. U. S. Circuit Court, District of Idaho. 176 Federal 593. CONTRACT TO SUPPLY WATER. — Under a contract by which a stream of water measuring four cubic feet per second of time flowing through a canal was to be supplied, and, if needed between certain dates each year, the water was to be supplied from such water as could be lawfully got in the canal or in a reservoir, the maximum quantity to be drawn from the reservoir not to exceed one twenty-fifth part of the total amount of water that would be in the reservoir each year, where the water which could be lawfully got in the reservoir was that which came to the headgate of a certain ditch, and the water which could be lawfully got into the canal was the accretions and seepage from the reservoir and a river, the maximum quantity to be drawn from the water coming to the headgate of the ditch could not exceed one twenty-fifth part of such water. — Great Western Sugar Co. v. White. Supreme Court of Colorado. 108 Pacific 156. RECLAMATION ACT.— Reclamation Act June 17, 1902, c. 1093, § 4, 32 Stat. 389 (U. S. Comp. St. Supp. 1909, p. 598), provides for the establishment of reclamation projects to be paid for by entry- men of the land, and section 6 authorizes and directs the Secretary of the Interior to use the reclamation fund for the operation and maintenance of reservoirs and works con- structed under the act, provided that, when the payments are made for the major portion of the lands irrigated from the waters of any of the works, then the management and opera- tion thereof shall pass to the owners of the land to be main- tained at their expense, provided that the title shall remain please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. in the government until otherwise provided. Held, that the Secretary of the Interior, being authorized to tax and deter- mine the charges, was authorized to divide the same into two parts, one for construction, and the other for maintenance and operation ; and hence he was authorized to impose rea- sonable assessments on land irrigated prior to the time when payment of the major portion of the cost of construction had been made, and the works passed under management of the owners of the irrigated lands. — United States v. Contrail. I". S. Circuit Court, District of Oregon. 176 Federal 949. OPPRESSION BY WATER COMPANY. — The conclusion that defendant water company was guilty of malice and oppression in failing to furnish water to plaintiff for irrigation, making it liable for exemplary dam- ages, is authorized' by evidence that its general manager told him not to put in a side gate to receive water from its ditch; that its directors had notified him to tell plaintiff that they would not give him any water for that land, and that plaintiff knew why; that its president told him its directors were bitter towards him because of the condemnation proceeding for its right of way, and that it would furnish him no water till plaintiff paid back the damages he received in that pro- ceeding, and while he was occupying with his ditch a portion of its right of way; and that no attention was paid to his written demand for water which he left with the person in charge of its office, at the same time making tender of water rates, as defendant had, and must have known it had, no right to insist on such matters as a condition precedent to furnishing water. — Loive v. Yolo County Consol. Water Co. Supreme Court of California. 108 Pacific 297. (Continued from page 354.) $2,000,000; dairy products, $2,200,000; sugar beets. $1,900- 000; cereals, $8,000,000; horticultural products, $1,700,000; salt products, $165,000. making a grand total of $75,000,- 000, and yet the development of her resources have only begun, for example experts have estimated that the coal fields of Utah contain over two hundred billion tons of coal, one county alone contains more coal than the state of Pennsylvania. The iron fields are the largest in the world. She stands third in her copper deposits. Surely Utah offers an inviting field to all. Home. What wonderful memories surround the word home, "Home, sweet home, be it ever so humble there is no place like home." But, my brother, have you a home of your very own? Let me tell you something. Out in the valleys of Utah there is being provided for you an opportunity to secure a home, a home on a sure founda- tion, where the crops never fail, where the climate is healthful and the sun shines nearly every day in the year, pure water to drink and plenty to irrigate with, good mar- kets, railroads, schools, churches, and good people to associate and neighbor with. Perhaps you may say I am a stranger to this wonder- ful country. What additional assurance have I, if I should come out there to investigate that I would find things as you say? In answer to these questions let us say that Mr. 1. B. Perrine, of Twin Falls, Idaho, has become interested in irrigation in Utah. Mr. Perrine is the father of the Twin Falls country. He, more than any other man, is responsible for the millions of acres that are being re- claimed in Idaho. He, when all others grew discouraged, pushed forward realizing that he was on the sure founda- tion, and today, as the result of his labor, thousands of happy and prosperous farmers are reaping a sure reward. Mr. Perrine and his associates have interested themselves in the Sevier River Irrigation Project in Utah, believing it to be a good thing, something they could recommend to their friends. All eyes are being turned towards Utah and no doubt 1910 will see a tremendous influx of people looking for homes and investments and they will not be disappointed. An Irrigation Farmer in Colorado says: — "This spring my laterals were full of thistles and trash, so we could not run the plow, as they would gather under the beam and put the plow out. As I was passing one of these ditches with the 20th Century Grader, thought we would try, but did not think we could do anything with it until we had taken the trash out. Well, once up and once back, and I had the prettiest ditch you ever saw. Took out the trash and everything and left the ditch clean. "We loaned our 20th Century Grader to a neighbor at $1.00 a day. When he returned it he paid us double the price, as he said he made more and better ditches in three days than he could make in a month with scrapers." A.J.NORDLOH. Blade reversed for grading We'll challenge you to find a machine to equal it for irrigation farmers— useful in a dozen ways the year around. Use it to grub brush first; next, level land; then ditch and make laterals; then throw dikes, grade roads, move dirt — anywhere, anyway. One man, four horses easily handle the time and money saver — not for a lew days, but for 12 months! Send for free catalogue and a fistful of testimonials. 20th Century Irrigation Machine tilted for lateral cutting or cleaning THE BAKER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 726 Fisher Building, CHICAGO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 400 THE IKKIGATION AGE. Decisions of the Department of the In- terior and of the Public Land Uftice Public Land — Aggregate Area— Approximation — Act of August 30, 1890. A homestead entry for forty acres, made by one who had heretofore acquired title under the public land laws to 288. i7 acres, .allowed to stand, under the rule of approximation, not- withstanding the provision of the act of August 20, 1890, that no person shall be permitted to acquire title to more than 320 acres in the aggregate under all the public land laws. Price of Land Within Granted Limits of Railroad. Under date of November 27, 1909, in the case of Walter Hollensteiner (38 L. p.. 319), the department held that lands within the granted limits of a railroad, but excepted from the operation of the grant for any reason, are "double mini- mum lands," as provided by Section 2357, U. S. Revised Statutes, fixing the price of such lands at $2.50 per acre. IT. S. land officials will be governed by said decision in dis- posing of all such lands (both odd and even sections), and In the collection of commissions thereon. This decision will not affect the price of land in reserva- tions within said granted limits, opened under special acts of Congress, passed after the date of definite location of the road, when from said acts, or from an Indian treaty, it is apparent that Congress intended that a price, other than that fixed by Section 2357, R. S., should be collected. Desert Land Entry — Reclamation Withdrawal — Delay — Section 5, Act of June 27, 1906 — Gustavo Gllbertson — March 3, 1910. Where a government reclamation withdrawal Interferes with and results in the abandonment of a private co-operative irrigation enterprise, a desert land entryman Interested in such enterprise and prevented by the abandonment thereof from continuing his improvements and submitting proof within the time fixed by law, is within the act of June 27, 1906, and is entitled to an extension of time under its pro- visions. Reliiiquiglinieut — Death of Entryman — Wilson v. Holmes et al — March 3, 1910. A homestead entry by one who purchased the improve- ments and relinquishment of a prior entryman will not be THE KEWANEE SIPHON PUMP for IRRIGATION and DRAINAGE Power Applied To Siphon Requires H to H less power than any other pump. No runners, plunger?, valves or pistons. Will pump sand or gravel. Many in operation. An absolute success. Pumping capacity 10 to 35,000 gallons per minute. Lift not over 35 (eet. Full; guaranteed. Write for booklet and prices. KEWANEE SIPHON PUMP COMPANY 401 N. Tremont St., KEWANBB, ILLINOIS canceled to reinstate the former entry, in the absence of fraud or bad faith, merely because the relinquishment of the former entry was filed after the entryman's death. As between the parties a sale of Improvements and re- linquishment of an entry is a valid contract, and though It conveys no right as against the United States, it is ob- ligatory on the entryman and his heirs, and the equity of the purchaser to make entry may properly be recognized if ex- ercised promptly and prior to the intervention of any ad- verse right. Reclamation — Water Right — Mortgage — Sale Under Pore- closure — Instructions — March 5, 1910. Whenever in case of foreclosure of a mortgage given to secure a loan on land in private ownership for which charges are payable for a water right under the reclamation proj- ect, the mortgagor buys in the land, no steps will be taken to cancel the water right application on account of failure to maintain residence upon, or in, the neighborhood of the land, until the expiration of one year from the date of the foreclosure sale; provided that all charges that may be due or that may accrue during such interval be paid, and also that within such period of one year, a water right applica- tion for such land be filed by a qualified person who, upon submitting satisfactory evidence of transfer of title, shall be entitled to a credit equal to all payments theretofore made on account of the water right charges for said land. The Ghas, T, Manning Realty Go,, Ltd, SOLE SALES AGENTS The Gooding Townsite Company, Ltd, RESIDENCE LOTS. BUSINESS LOCATIONS Improved — Irrigated Lands — Unimproved. GOODING, IDAHO. JUST RIGHT That is what purchasers of ^( the SHUART GRADER say about it. A card from you will bring all the information you want about Irrigation Graders or Ditchers The Ohio Road Machinery Co. BoxF Oberlin.O. SERVICE ECONOMY RELIABILITY SIMPLICITY NEAT APPEARANCE GENERAL SATISFACTION SERVICE Is the nrst requirement of an auto-wagon. The international Is built to travel city and country roads. It will go through mud, sand or snow, rliniti lulls, and In [act go places where a horse cannot take a buggy. ECONOMY comes next. The International costs less to operate than It costs to keep horses to do tae same work. RELIABILITY Is another necessity. The Inter- national can be depended on to go and get back. I Isn't out of commission when cold weather cornrs. I Is air-cooled. It travels winter and summer, and If necessary, 24 hours a day. SIMPLICITY Is an advantage. There Is no Intricate mechanism to get out of order; no complicated part to learn. Anyone can drive one. NEATNESS of appearance Is not to be overlooked. With an International you are assured of satisfactory service at a low cost, of a dependable machine that Is easy to operate, and the graceful lines and general neatness will appeal to any prospective buyer. Ask the I.H.C.local dealer for demonstration, or write for catalogue and further information to INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER CO. OF AMERICA (Incorporated) Chicago U. S. A. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. •401 NEW INCORPORATIONS. Colorado. The Pawnee Irrigation Company, Greeley. Capital stock, $100,000; Pueblo Land & Irrigation Co., Pueblo. Capital stock, $100,000; Robert K. Porter, Oryille ^C. Holmes and Jack P. Lurton. Oklahoma Irrigation Co., Moffat; capital stock, $225,000; Leonard A. Hardin, L. S. Jackish and E. R. Barton. Oregon. Rogue River Irrigation & Power Co., Portland; capi- tal stock, $1,000,000; P A. Williams, A. M. Crawford and W. B. Sherman. Grand View Irrigation Co., Freewater; capital stock, $5,000; J. A. Bradley, W. T. Farrish and Pauline J. Bradley. Texas. Highland Irrigation & Land Co., Wichita Falls; capi- tal stock, $325,000; J. A. Kemp, Frank Bell and J. J. Per- kins. Edgewood Irrigation Company, San Antonio; capi- tal stock, $6,720; Geo. W. Foote, Homer H. Griffin and Parke R. Longworth. Certificate of dissolution: Central Irrigation Company, Bay City and Rosen Heights Land Company of Fort Worth. Utah. Extension Liddle Chalk Creek Irrigation Co., Coal- ville; capital stock, $4,350, divided into shares of the par value of $10 each. J. B. Rhead, Walter Hoyden. Edmund Rees and J. F. Pettit. East Warm Creek Irrigation Com- pany, Warm Creek; capital stock, $9,000; John B. Thomas, X. W. Xelson and Charles Samson. Washington. Clarkston Irrigation Association, Clarkston; capital stock, $9,000; George W. Bailey, C. H. McNary, L. R. Anderson and E. M. Evans, et al. Little Spokane Land & Irrigation Co., Spokane; capital stock, $10,000; C. M. Delameter, Elanor Delameter and J. T. McGill. Miscellaneous. Imperial Farming & Irrigation Co., Los Angeles, Cal.: capital stock, $100,000; Albert J. Ewald, R. B. Gerhart, A. A. Jones, J. B. Scott, Paul E. Ussher. Pinabetas Land & Irrigation Co., Clapham, New Mex- ico; capital stock, $210,000, divided into 6.000 shares. Homestead Land & Irrigation Co., Helena, Montana, capital stock, $1,000,000; Lee Mantle, A. J. Davis, R. A. Carnochan, Eugene Carnochan and Eugene Carroll of Butte. Montana, and W. A. Clarke, of Virginia City, Mont. Southern Fruit Land & Irrigation Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota; capital stock, $100,000; H. F. Newhall, A. A. Allen, N. L. Allen, of Minneapolis, George H. Bernham and T. J. Lewis, Jr., of Philadelphia, Pa. McKanna Power Development & Irrigation Co., Ok- lahoma City, Oklahoma; capital stock, $500,000; J. J. Mc- Kanna, Belle McKanna, of Oklahoma City; J. E. Smith, M. L. Wall, A. H. Constant, of Ada, Okla. Omaha Valley Land & Irrigation Co., Kansas City, Mo.; capital stock, $100,000; Albert D. Hart, William Kent and E. E. Auchmoody. TWENTY-EIGHT-HOUR LAW. Department of Agriculture to Bring Test Cases as to Space for Live Stock in Cars. Controversy has arisen between some of the railroads of the country and the larger live stock shippers in regard to the space in the cars for animals in transit from one state to another in order to make unloading unnecessary and still comply with the twenty-eight-hour law. This law provides that when animals are carried in cars "in which they can and do have proper food, water, space and op- portunity to rest" that they shall not be required to be un- loaded. The Department of Agriculture has been appealed to by both railroads and shippers, and today the position of the department is tentatively announced as follows: If cars are not loaded beyond the minimum weight fixed by the tariffs, the department will not, for the pres- ent, raise the question as to whether sufficient space is provided for the animals to rest; but railroads which load beyond the minimum and do not unload for rest will have to take their chances of prosecution in the courts. It is the intention of the department to institute a num- ber of test cases and secure rulings from the federal courts as to what space must be afforded. It is claimed by the department that this is the only course open, since no power is given the Secretary of Agriculture by the law to make rulings and regulations regarding space to be afford- ed in cars. In all cases where live stock is not unloaded en route "into properly equipped pens for rest, water and feeding" the cars must be provided with facilities for feeding and watering in transit, and live stock must, when so fed and watered, receive proper feed and water. Elkhart Buggies are the best made, best grade and easiest ridine buggies on earth for the money. PF FOR THIRTY-SEVEN YEARS $5912 we have been selling direct and are The Largest Manufacturers in the World Selling to the consumer exclusively. W* (.hip for examination and approval, guar- anteeing safe delivery, and also to save you money. If you are not satisfied as to style, quality and price you are nothing out, ~ May We Send You Our Large Catalogue? Elkhart Carriage & Harness Mfg. Co. Elkhart, . - - - Indiana win Auto- Seat, Auto- Top and Full Brass Mounted DIAMONDS AT SPECIAL PRICES Write for Our New Catalog . . article you would like to own or present as a gift to a loved one; it will be sent on approval to your home, place of business, or express oftice, without any obligation whatever on your part. If it is satisfactory in every way, pay one-fifth down and keep it, balance in eight equal monthly amounts. If not entirely satisfactory, return it. We pay all charges and take ill ricks. We have absolute faith in our goods because we know they are the very best quality and the highest grade of workmanship. Our prices are lowest; our terms are easiest. An Arrmint With lie U a confidential matter. Our customers use their charge account! MHHicouni wun us wjth us year after year> find-ng them a great convenience at Bllch times as £ast«r, anniversaries, wedilings, etc. Any honest person may open a confidential charge account with us. Diamond* as an Investment are better thanasavings bank because they pay four times the rate of interest. ' They are increasing in IViT I l^ THE OlD RELIABLE ORIOINAlDIAMOltD ,„„ „„ w „„ „„„ -i DDnc V nTT »»> K*™ CREDIT HOUSE year. Write to ii, tod.,. T»rm" »3'76 »•' n">°th ••ittnUSia 601 D»PI. EI34 .»2to«»»t«l«Sl., Chicago, Ill.-Br.aclm: Pltuburg, P... ft St. Lonis, Mo. SPECIAL BARGAINS Ladle.1 and Gentlemen*. Solitaire Diamond Ring* nth "Colorado's Horticultural Inspection Law and Methods for the Control of Insect Pests and Plant Diseases," is the title of Circular No. 1, from the office of the Colorado State Ento- nrologist. Those interested in Colorado's horticultural inspection law, and the remedies that are recommended for some of the worst orchard insects and diseases, can obtain copies of this bulletin by requesting them of Prof. C. P. Gillette. State Agricul- tural College, Fort Collins, Colo., as long as the supply lasts. WITTE IRON WORKS CO. IBOBOaklud Ave., Kansas City, Mo When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 402 THE IRRIGATION AGE. THE RECLAMATION DITCHER For Cutting Irrigation and Drainage Ditches at the Least Cost U. S. RECLAMATION DITCHER This type of machine Is different from all other ditching machinery, in that It plows the dirt out of the ditch with a continuous sweeping motion, whereas all other machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The cost therefore, per cubic yard, of excavating with the U. S. Reclamation Ditcher is necessarily much less than with any other tools or appliances. The Reclamation Ditcher is adapted to cutting ditches as deep as three feet below the original surface and as wide as ten feet at the bottom and with sides sloped as steep as 2 to 1. It has adjustable oblique wheels which perform the same function as the oblique wheels of a sulky plow. They are simply rolling landsides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold and also make it possible for the machine to be operated on the sloping side of the ditch as shown in the cut. It is universal in all of its adjustments and may be either used right or left hand. It is operated with twelve horses. The difference in cost of cutting ditches with the Reclamation Ditcher and any other form of machinery is sufficient to pay for the machine very quickly. We absolutely guarantee this and will prove it to you uy a demonstration of the machine on your own work before you accept it Write for descriptive folder which gives diagrams of ditches and cost estimates. J. D. ADAMS & CO., Indianapolis, Indiana When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age THE IRRIGATION AGE. 403 NEW MEXICO RANGE CATERPILLAR. A new range caterpillar which was reported as dam- aging the ranges in New Mexico has been investigated by the representative of the United States Department of Agriculture, and a report of those observations has just been issued in Bulletin 85, Part V, Bureau of Entomology. The first intimation of the alarming increase of Hem- ileuca caterpillars in northeastern New Mexico reached the department in August, 1908, and before the end of October of that year the outbreak was under the careful study of an expert. Therefore, the report covers the adult period of this depredating insect in 1908, and the entire active life period in 1909. The history of the range caterpillar, now designated as Hemileuca oliriae Cockrell, prior to this outbreak, is very vague and probably, owing to the fact that they have not been able to distinguish between these caterpillars and those of other species, the information furnished by ranchmen and others is very unreliable. The species may have had its origin in the country east and adjacent to the Rocky Mountains in northeastern New Mexico. The first authentic history of the genus Hemileuca in New Mexico begins about five or six years ago, and the section around Springer Lake, an irrigation reservoir a 'few miles from Springer, a station on the Santa Fe Railway, fifty miles south of the Colorado line, appears to have been the starting point of the present outbreak, and from there it has spread north, east and south. The area at present is not well defined, but it is known to extend from just north of Las Vegas, N. M., on the south, to Las Animas, Colo., on the north, and from Cimarron and Kochler, N. M., on the west, to points within the Texas "Panhandle" on the east — or over an area 2ttO miles from north to south by 150 miles from east to west — comprising about 30,000 square miles. All of this area is not evenly infested, but the insect is more or less prevalent everywhere. Counts made at widely distant points of the caterpillars present on a measured square rod showed enormous numbers present on this range, in some cases as high as 20,000,000 to the square mile, justifying, as conservative, an estimate of 1,536,000,000 caterpillars depredating on the infested area. A number capable of tremendous possibilities for harm, es- pecially when it is remembered that the full-grown larvae frequently measures 2l/2 inches in length, with the diameter of a man's index finger, and are so numerous that one really has to choose his steps to avoid crushing the huge, spiny, ugly caterpillars. And the sensation produced when it becomes necessary to walk miles through their myriads is both peculiar and lasting. The bulletin treats fully of the identity, life history, natural enemies and remedial measures, and states that further observation and study will be necessary before it can be determined whether the species will retain its foot- hold in adjacent states to the south and east and continue to spread, or whether, owing to high altitude and conse- quent atmospheric and meteoroligical conditions, it will be restricted to the particular section of the country now infested. ..;..;..;,.;..;.,;..;..;..;..;..;„;..;..;..;..;..;..;„;..;..;..%.;..;..;..;..;..;..;..;..;..;..;..;..;..;..;..;..;.. .£ Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, X •£ and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely •: •j; illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. * TTOUBLliF POWER $1,000 Reward I for its equal. Wind power doubled. Two 14 ft. wheels work on same pinion; sec- ond wheel gives more pow- er than first. A Governor That Goyerns I In all winds. Develops 10 full I h. p. in 20 mile wind. All I power needed for farm, shop. I Irrigating, etc. Asle about our 1 selfoilinff.selfgoverned, single I wheel pumper — also Armsaver Husker. Ask for book fio DOUBLE POWER MILL CO. Appleton,WI*.,U.S.A, Try Kerosene Engine 3O Days Free Gasoline Prices Rising. You can't run * farm engine profitably on gasoline much Jonger. Price of gasoline going sky high. Oil Companies have sounded the warning. Kerosene is the future fuel and la now 6c to 10c a gallon cheaper than, gasoline. The Amazing "Detroit" 1* the only engine that uses common lamp Kerosene (coal oil) • perfectly. Runs on gasoline, too, I better than any other. Basic pat- I ent. Only 3 moving parti. Comes I complete ready to run. We will icnd a "Detroit" on free trial to .trove all claims. Runsallkindaof | f arm machinery, pumpi, saw rigs, leparators, churns, feed grinders, vashing machines. Silo fillers and electric lights. Honey back and . freight paid both ways if it does I not meet every claim that we | have made for it. Don'tbuytill you get our free catalog. 2 to 24 h. p. in itock. Prices 129.50 ap. j Special demonstrator agency price on first outfit sold In each community. SJOOOuatisfled users. We have a stack of testimonials. Write quick. (20) The Amazing "DETROIT" Detroit EUIM Work*. ;m BcDnw Aw.. Detroit, Mich. FOR Your Potato Crop. Strawberries, Beans, etc. Both SINGLE and'DOUBLE CYLINDER HIGH PRESSURE types. Orchard and Broadcast Attachments furnished when desired. ASPINWALL SPRAYERS will handle Paris Green, Arsenate of Lead, Bordeaux Mixture. Iron Sulphate ; in fact any and all spraying preparations. ASPINWALL MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 110 Subin Street, JACKSON, MICHIGAN,'U."S.*A. Canadian Factory, lluclph, Ontario World's Oldest and Largest Mjklrs of Potato Ma. hi*, ry A SATISFACTORY WATER SUPPLY ALWAYS PAYS DIVIDENDS A Humphryes' Hydraulic Ram will furnish you, when in- stalled, with a permanent and automatic water supply Why spend money on costly pumping plants and time, strength and expense in operating same, when a Hydraulic Ram will lift your water and de- liver it with absolutely no expense. The Humphryes' Pneumatic System will supply your residence with water under pressure for all domestic purposes and give service heretofore obtainable only with an elevated tank or direct con- nection with municipal water works. Our New Catalog "Domestic Water Supplies" tails you all about the HYDRAULIC RAM and PNEUMATIC SYSTEM and will be mailed you upon request THE HUMPHRYES MFG. CO., MANSFIELD, OHIO The U* 8* Government If Spending Million* of Dollar* Annually to RECLAIM the WET Lands by DRAINING CONVERT the DRY Lands by IRRIGATING For the "LAND'S SAKE!" fe a0rre l??^l& farm of yours? You don't need a surveyor. Get a BOSTROM IMPROVED FARM LEVEL and do the work yourself. Simplicity, Accuracy, Durability, Guaranteed. Tills Level is no makeshift. It has Telescope with Magnifying Lenses, enabling you to read the Target a quarter of a mile away; and is used and endorsed in every State in the Union. Satisfaction guaranteed or your money back. Shipped on receipt of price, $15.00, or, if preferred, will ship C. O. D. subject to examination. Outfit includes Level, Tripod, Graduated Bod and Target, fall instructions and a copy of Bostrom's Book "Soil Salvation" of 25 years experience irrigating. Seiid your order TODAY to — 1119 Pine St., St. Louis, Mo. in draining and BOSTROM-BRADY MANUFACTURING CO., When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 404 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Some Interesting Facts About Overlands Our 800 dealers now are selling over $200,000 worth of Overlands daily. That's a far larger sale than was ever attained by any other car in the world. Some of the Users The government is one of the Overland users. For a year and a half some of these cars have been used in carrying the mails. For 500 days they have made their regular trips, winter and summer, without a moment's delay. Each of these cars has done the work of three horse-drawn vehicles. The J. I. Case Threshing Machine Company some time ago supplied 25 Overland cars to their country salesmen. They report that one man with one of these cars can do two salesmen's work. The Altaian & Taylor Machine Co. have also begun to supply Overlands to their salesmen. We have recently built delivery car bodies on 900 Overlands for the use of storekeepers who want them for use as light delivery cars. AH Due to Simplicity All these new uses for Overlands are due to their utter simplicity. A novice can run one as well as an expert. The operation of the car is by pedal control. One goes forward or backward, fast or slow, by simply pushing pedals. .The hands have nothing to do but steer. Overlands are almost trouble-proof. The usual complexities have been avoided. One of these cars has been run 7,000 miles, night and day, without stopping the engine. A child can master the car in ten minutes. Any member of the family can run it. And a car that is relied on to carry the mails is the car which will always keep going. $3.000.000 Plants Over $3,000,000 has been invested to produce Overland cars in a perfect and economical way. The cars are made — as watches are made — by modern automatic machinery. Thus we get exactness to the one-thousandth part of an inch. And thus every part is made exactly like every other similar part. All parts are interchangeable. Because of this machinery and our enormous pro- duction we are able to make cars for less than any- one else. This year we are selling a 25-horsepower car, with 102-inch wheel base, for $1,000. We are selling a 40-horsepower Overland, with 112-inch wheel base, for $1,250. And these prices include all lamps and magneto. During the past year alone we have cut the cost of Overlands 20 per cent by multiplied production and this labor-saving machinery. 10.000 Tests The various parts of each Overland car are subjected to 10,000 rigid inspections. Then every car, before it goes out, is given a long trial run on rough roads. One of our test roads includes the worst hill in Ohio. Thus we know that each Overland is a perfect car before it leaves the shop. There are no mistakes. Those are part of tha reasons why Overlands have now come to outsell all other cars that are made. You will want the car which others want when you learn the facts. If you will send us this coupon we will mail you our catalog. We will also tell you the nearest place where you can see the cars. The 25-horsepower Overland costs from $1,000 to $1,100, according to style of body. The wheel base is 102 inches. The 40-horsepower Overland costs from $1,250 to $1,500. All prices include five lamps and magneto. The Willys-Overland Co. G 93 Toledo, Ohio Licensed Under Selden Patent Please send me the catalog free. (84) When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 4or> Are You Paying Too Much to Irrigate by Pumping? Every irrigator knows his greatest expense is cost of water. But if you are irrigating by pumping, have you reduced the cost to the minimum? Saving in pumping expense counts as much for profit as increasing the yield per acre. In any location where, mounted either horizontally or verti- cally, the pump can be placed close to the water supply, the "American" Centrifugal Pump will develop higher efficiencies than any other type of pump except the compound plunger pump connected to a compound condensing engine with Corliss valves. But a plunger pump equipped in this manner is mighty expensive to install, will require many times as much expense for attendance and, owing to its complicated mechanism, will require many times as many repairs. Figure all these expenses for a period of years and the "American" Centrifugal will prove the more economical in- stallation in every instance. All centrifugal pumps look much alike from the outside but differ materially in interior construction, and it is the design of the water-ways and refinement of the flow-lines that are the most important features of the pump. All the Gold Medals given to centrifugal pumps at the Alaska-Yukon- Pacific Exposition at Seattle in 1909 were awarded to "American" Centrifugals for the reason that the flow-lines were refined to a degree that the judges were compelled to recognize their superiority. In the "American" Centrifugal there is no sudden change of direction of water in passing through the pump — just an easy forward flow in curves of constantly increasing radius and the impeller is adjusted to the casing with precision, preventing back-flow. These features give "American" Centrifugals efficiencies of 60 to 80 per cent under actual working conditions and they are guaranteed to more than equal the best performance of any other pump of their type. But it is not only in efficiencies, but cost of maintenance and repairs, that "American" Centrifugals excel. The main bearings are oiled with ring oilers from oil cellars and, once the pump is in operation, it requires no attention except to drain off the refuse oil and refill the cellars every week or ten days. "American" Centrifugals are made in both horizontal and vertical types, in any size, in any number of stages and equipped with any power. Before you buy pumping machinery for irrigation write for: "Cost of Irrigation." Catalogue No. 104 for the asking. TheAmericanWellWorks General Office and Works: Aurora, 111., U. S. A. Chicago Office : First National Bank Building 406 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Myers Power Pumps Working Heads, Pumping Jacks, Cylinders, Etc. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Length of Stroke 5 to 24 inches Size of Discharge Up to 6 inches PATENTED APRIL30T-",I90I, No. 673,282. JUIY I3T2, 1909, No. 928,234- AUGUSTIO™I909, No. 930,405. AUGUST 10™ 1909, No. 930,981. Fig. 813 PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps For Shallow Wells Double Acting Length of Stroke 5 to 20 inches Size of Cylinders 2 ' -j to 6 inches Size of Discharge Up to 4 inches PISTON / COUPLING NU1 Tb construction of these pumps permits a double gearing which transmits the power in two lines— one from each end of the same shaft, thus insuring perfect align- ment and reducing all friction and side strain to a minimum. Capacities 600 to 7200 Gallons per Hour F. E. MYERS 4 BRO., ASHLAND, OHIO ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE 1KR1GATION AGE. 407 Clay Working Machinery •BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay Mch. Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Soft Mud Machines, Hone •nd Steam Power Hone Power Plunger Machine Products of our Auger Machines When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 408 THEIRKIGATIONAGE. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••EM UNION MACHINES WITH PUQ MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO, GALION, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age." Deep Well Working Heads These Working Heads Can be Operated by Electric Motor, Gas or Gasoline Engine, Steam Engine or Belt Driven — the Motors and Engines being Direct Connected if Desired. The chief advantage to the possessor of a Deming Deep Well Working Head is in the immense saving of power money in direct proportion to the great depths from which the water can be pumped. Then, too, our working heads have differential or double acting cylinders — discharging water at each stroke . Anyone desirous of securing water from deep wells for private estates, farms, etc., could purchase one of the smaller sizes and use it to excellent advantage. Of course we make other larger sizes for irrigating — those in the illustrations having 24 inch stroke. If you expect to install a private irrigating plant, or need a pump of any kind, we should be glad to have you write us, giving conditions under which the pump would have to work. Our engineering department would then give you full information. THE DEMING COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO HAND AND POWER PUMPS FOR ALL USES Including Spray Pumps, Nozzles and Accessories HENION AND HUBBELL, Chicago, 111., General Western Agents Other Agencies in All Principal Cities Union Pacific "The Safe Road" Traverses a Wonderful Country With Limitless Opportunities for Homeseekers, Farmers, Business men and Professional Men. Growing Towns and Cities. Large sections of country are being brought under irrigation, furnishing Land and Homes for thousands. Come out and look it over. Low Homeseekers' Fares FIRST AND THIRD TUESDAY OF EACH MONTH DURING 1910 Liberal Stopover and Side Trip Arrangements Allowed Via Union Pacific "The Safe Road" To Points in Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Idaho. Oregon and Washington — Electric Block Signals DINING CAR. MEALS AND SERVICE "BEST IN THE WORLD" For information relative to rates, routes, etc., call on or address E. L. LOMAX, G. P. A.. Omaha. Neb, THE VOL. xxv J TITLE REGISTERED U.S.PATENT OFFICE N29 II CHICAGO. JULY, 1910 II The Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress Pueblo, Colorado, Sept. 26th to 3oth, 1910 t. \ THE IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, Publishers CHICAGO, ILLINOIS The Irrigated Garden Spots of the Northwest, along the Northern Pacific Railway, not only make ideal homes, but embrace land that is productive to an astonishing degree. The small. -irrigated farm is most easily worked— the tiller of the soil is sure of his crops. His land needs only the water to make it produce bounti- fully— and the water is there at his command. He farms scientifically, economically and with no waste of effort. Northern. Pacifii. extends into or through Minnesota, Wisconsin^ North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Ore- gon. New, rich territory being opened up by exten- sions now building. The homeseeker s chance. I The irrigated lands in Montana, Idaho, Washing- ton and Oregon are cheap when you figure their productive capacity. Farm units under U. S. Government irrigation projects may be secured on easy terms and deferred payments. The climate in the Northwest is a great inducement. People are con- stantly buying land there. Don't delay too long. Write tonight for information about the section that interests you and about the home-getting opportunities along The Scenic Highway Through the Land of Fortune Northern Pacific Railway L. J. Brlcker, General Immigration Agenl, 22O Broadway, St. Paul, Minn. A. M. CLELAND, General Passenger Agent, ST. PALL JLAAJ1/ IRRIGATION AGE VOL. xxv TITLE REGISTERED U.S.PATENT OFFICE CHICAGO, JULY 1910 NQ9 THE TWO SIZES OF DITCH Ditch Belnz Out with Sloping Banks— An Austin Drainage Excavator Ditch. - OUR FULL LINE COMPRISES The Austin Levee Builder The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Tile Ditcher The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher shown in the accompanying view were dug by the machine illustrated. This machine can dig any other sizes between the two shown, with any slope of bank desired. It can dig a U-sec- tion as well as a trapezoidal section. All that is necessary to accomplish these changes is to alter the guide frame (templet) which carries the self- cleaning excavating buckets. This AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR ditch looks like a ditch, doesn't it? It looks like a ditch that will stand, too. It will stand — the sides are sloped, the spoil banks are away from the edges, the cut is made cleanly without dis- turbing the ground outside the section. This is the only way to make a perma- nent ditch. The Austin Drag Line Excavator The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber We Sell Outright or Lease. Send for Catalogue ' F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO. N. B.— AGENTS WANTED IN UNOCCUPIED TERRITORV CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Morris Machine Works Baldwinsville, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating propo- sition. Send details or specifica- tions of what is wanted and we •will recommend a pumping outfit to supply the need. New York Office 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office Cor. Wood 6? Willow Sta .Texas Henion & Hubbell, Agents, 223-231 N. Jefferson St., Chicago. Harron. Rickard & McComh. Agents 21 Fremont St.. S. Francisco. Cal. H. A. Paine. Agent. Houston. Texas. 9. \ 410 T HE IREIGATION A G E . IRRIGATION SCENE IN CALIFORNIA AMES DEEP WELL PUMP Driven by a Gasoline Engine Pump 150 feet long. Capacity 450 gallons per minute We manufacture Double Acting Deep Well Pumps that pump a continuous stream from well and deliver it either at the surface or through long pipe lines against high heads above the surface at one lift. Write A. T. Ames Manufacturing Co. NILES, CALIFORNIA, for Catalogue. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 411 THE RECLAMATION DITCHER For Cutting Irrigation and Drainage Ditches at the Least Cost U. S. RECLAMATION DITCHER This type of machine Is different from all other ditching machinery, in that it plows the dirt out of the ditch with a continuous sweeping motion, whereas all other machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The cost therefore, per cubic yard, of excavating with the U. S. Reclamation Ditcher Is necessarily much less than with any other tools or appliances. The Reclamation Ditcher is adapted to cutting ditches as deep as three feet below the original surface and as wide as ten feet at the bottom and with sides sloped as steep as 2 to 1. It has adjustable oblique wheels which perform the same function as the oblique wheels of a sulky plow. They are simply rolling landsides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold and also make it possible for the machine to be operated on the sloping side of the ditch as shown in the cut. It is universal in all of its adjustments and may be either used right or left hand. It is operated with twelve horses. The difference in cost of cutting ditches with the Reclamation Ditcher and any other form of machinery is sufficient to pay for the machine very quickly. We absolutely guarantee this and will prove it to you uy a demonstration of the machine on your own work before you accept It Write for descriptive folder which gives diagrams of ditches and cost estimates. J. D. ADAMS & CO., Indianapolis, Indiana When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age 413 THE IRKIGATION AGE. H Your Money Back" Protects You THE cheap little car, fresh from the factory, looks spick and span, Sworn testimony of 20 Winton owners (we send you their name: and seems to promise its buyer a great quantity of enjoyment, but — and addresses upon application) show that 20 Winton cars travele When that buyer Kets his next car, he does not get one of those 184,190 miles on $142.43 repair expense. cheap little cars. That distance is more than seven times the distance around th< Why? earth at the equator. Not because he likes to spend more money. And each car's average repair expense for 1000 miles was But because he wants to save money. 77 cents. • * * That's a world's record that touches the pocket book of ever: Think that over. automobile owner. Compare that record with the expenses of the owners of other can It means something. • » * — right in your own neighborhood. If a new car costs $1500, and one year's repairs cost $500, the ... price of that car is really $2000. This wonderfully low expense record of Winton cars shows tha If this $2000 car is in the repair shop, getting fixed up, three they are right in the first place — right in material, workmanship, power days a month, its owner is losing one-tenth of its service, or $200. quality, performance, right in everything that makes an automobile This car, therefore, stands its owner $2200 the first year, although worth while. it cost only $1500 to begin with. • • • * * * And because they are right in the first place, Winton cars stan: And in using this cheap little car its owner never knows when up longer than any other car on the market. something is going to break and leave him stranded miles from home. There are any number of Winton cars made as far back as 190! Beine a cheao car. it can't climb hills like a good car, it lacks the still doing daily service in this country. speed of a good car, it hasn't the size, style and beauty of a good car, No other maker has a record to compare with the Winton record and wherever the owner goes with it, it advertises him as a cheap buyer. * • » And because Winton cars stand up indefinitely, and run at lowei » * * expense than other cars, it follows that a Winton car is always a gooc If a car isn't worth buying a second time, it isn't worth buying purchase, no matter how old it may be. For the quality is in the car itself, and it stays there. at first. And the buyer who recognizes that fact before he buys any car at all, saves himself much expense, much disappointment, and much If the quality isn't in the car in the first place, you can't put it in And that's why the buyer of a cheap little car never buys one ol the same make a second time. annoyance. * * • Because it depreciates so quickly that what little merit it originalh possessed is soon gone, and the car is worthless. If you are planning- to buy a motor car, read every word of this advertisement. * * * • * » We realize that there are many buyers who hesitate to put into theii We have made motor cars continuously since 1896. Mr. Winton first car as much money as we get for our 1910 model — $3000. made and sold the first gasoline car produced in America. He has But we want the trade of these buyers just the same, because w< made and sold more first-class cars than any other single manufacturer. know tha't once they become acquainted with Winton merit they wil; And we have on our books the names of men who have bought as be the best salesmen for Winton cars we could get. many as six or eight of our cars. One buyer, Mr. L. R. Speare, presi- So we have devised a plan where the man who doesn't want tc dent of the American Automobile Association, has owned and used 16 spend $3000 can still get a Winton car, and be in the class of high- different cars of our manufacture. grade buyers and satisfied owners. It is because Winton cars are right in the first place — right in material, workmanship, power, style, beauty and cost — that once a man buys a Winton he will never be satisfied with any other make. This is the plan. Some of our buyers want a new car every year — in order to hav; * * » the very latest style of body, the latest thing in fancy trimmings, and One reason why this is true is that the Winton car stands up under the like. hard use with a smaller repair expense than any other car on the market. These buyers turn over their used cars in part payment for new cars mnmuv Vfi&to^P p^tfipf BP^.^, BHB.^.ssst/V. 1 pfOtaKL. K; s^l^*** JiS^jpi BH1 - ^•"S""*1^* !aiifflpr WINTON MODEL K. WINTON TYPE X-I-V. Four-cylinder, 30 H. P. motor. 4M-inch bore. 5-inch stroke. Four-cylinder, 30 H. P. motor. 4}4 inch bore. 5-inch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed* by Winton Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by Winton air 3 ir control. Winton carburetor. Tump spark ignition, with stor- control. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with storage age battery and dry cells. Mech'anical "shooting" oiler. Indi- battery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oiler. Individual- vidual-clutch transmission. Shaft drive. Floating-type rear axle. clutch transmission. Shaft drive. Semi-floating-type rear axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and nut steering Forged-steel front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Four gear. Three brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory Best hickory wheels, running on roller bearings. 34x4-inch tires. wheels, running on ball bearings. 34x4-inch tires4 Wheel base Wheel base 102 inches. Gasoline tank, 15 gallons. Five-passenger 104 inches. Gasoline tank, 22 gallons. Five-passenger body. body. Original price, $2500. Bargain price, $600 to $800. Original price, $2500. Bargain price, $700 to $950. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKEIGATION AGE. 413 From Mistake in Buying a Motor Car. In the past it has been our custom to sell these used cars to city myers "just as they stand." But we have changed our policy — in order to get your trade. • • • We take these cars into our factory, replace worn parts, tune up 1C car to top-notch running condition, revarnish the body (sometimes iving it an entirely new coat of paint), and offer this car to you at xactly what it costs us. This policy puts you in possession of a high-grade car at an excep- onally low price and makes you an enthusiastic advertiser of Winton ITS. And remember this: If you ever buy a Winton car from the /inton Motor Carriage Company, and it is not exactly as represented, e give you your money back without bickering or delay. YOUR MONEY BACK is something no other automobile maker lers. We make the proposition because we know we have the best irs that skill and experience and facilities can produce. * » * Look over the bargains offered on this page. Pick out one that oks best to you, and write us about it. This involves no obligation on your part whatever. We will write you, describing the car in detail, tell you what it has in the way of top, glass front, speedometer, if any (some cars are sold without these equipments), and will make you a rock bottom price that will interest you. * • • And note this: You are not obligated in any way. We never ship a car to a prospect and try to force him to take it, when he has only asked for information. The Winton Motor Carriage Company doesn't do business that way. If after we have told you exactly what we have, you decide to look the car over, we will arrange for a demonstration before you put down a cent. Even then there is no obligation on your part. You needn't buy at all unless you are ready to buy and unless you are satisfied. And even if you do buy, remember we say: "Your money back if the Winton car is not as we have represented it." » » * Look over these bargains and write us today. We urge prompt action because our stock is limited and summer orders are generally more numerous than we can fill. THE WINTON MOTOR CAR. CO. Licensed under Selden Patent. 86 BereaRoad. Cleveland, Ohio. WINTON MODEL M. Four-cylinder, 40 H. P. motor. 5 inch bore. 5-inch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by carburetor throttle. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with storage battery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oiler. Multiple- disc clutch and four-speed selective-type transmission. Clutch and transmission run on ball bearings. Shaft drive. Floating-type rear axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, running on roller bearings. 34x4}4-inch tires. Wheel base 112 inches. Gasoline tank, 22 gallons. Seven-passenger body. Original price, $3500. Bargain price, $1100 to $1400. WINTON SEVENTEEN. _ _Se]f- cranking, six-cylinder, 48 H. P. motor. 4J4 inch bore. 5-mch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor gov- erned by carburetor throttle. Winton double-jet carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with Eisemann magneto and storage bat- tery. Mechanical force-fed lubrication. Multiple-disc clutch and three-speed selective type transmission. Clutch and trans- mission run on ball bearings. Shaft drive. Floating type rear axle. Channel steel front axle, with manganese bronze heads. Screw and nut steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, run- ning on roller bearings. 34x4-inch tires in front, 34x454 tires m rear. Wheel base 120 inches. Gasoline tank 22 gallons. Five-passenger body. Original price, $3000. Bargain price, $2,000 to $2,500. WINTON SIX-TEEN-SIX Self-cranking, six-cylinder, 48 H. P. motor. 4J4 inch bore. 5-inch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by carburetor throttle. Winton double-jet carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with Eisemann magneto and storage battery. Han- cock mechanical oiler. Multiple-disc clutch and three-speed selective-type transmission. Clutch and transmission run on ball bearings. Floating-type rear axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, run- ning on roller bearings. 36x4 Yi -inch tires. Wheel base, 120 inches. Gasoline tank, 22 gallons. S'even-passenger body. Orig- inal price, $4500. Bargain price, $1600 to $2000. The Winton Motor Car. Co. 86 Berea Road, Cleveland, Ohio. Send me information about one of your Model used cars, selling at about $ . . This request involves no obligation whatever on m; r part. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 414 T H E IHBIGATION AGE. Ambursen Hydraulic Construction Co. ENGINEER-CONSTRUCTORS 176 Federal St., BOSTON, MASS. Our business is the investigation, engineering, construction, and operation of Hydro-Electric Power Developments and Irrigation Reclamation, including Sec- ondary Irrigation byr pumping, a feature which under right conditions and prop- erly engineered will double or treble the available area under the ditches. We specialize on high dams and dams on difficult foundations. is based on the construction of 56 dams to date. Our experience At the present writing, May 21st, we have under construction eight dams as follows : A dam 45 ft. high and 700 ft. long in Newfoundland; a dam 48 ft. high and 900 ft. long in Georgia; a dam 48 ft. high and 470 ft. long in Wisconsin; two dams re- spectively 54 ft. high ard 450 ft. long, and 60 ft. high and 550 ft. long in Minnesota; a dam 86 ft. high and 680 ft. long in Oregon and three smaller dams in Maryland, Indiana and Kentucky respectively. Seven of these dams include a power house in the bulkhead of the dam. The time of construction on each will be about eight months with the exception of the Oregon dam which will require about a year. O O F* A. IV Y Ohio and Franklin Sis., Chicago, 111. FACTORIES, CHICAGO, ILL. : SENECA FALLS, N. Y. Write for Catalogue and Estimates Manufacturers of Used for Irrigation, Oirciilation, When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKEIGATION AGE. 415 (1 SUPERIOR DRILLS are Used and Appreciated by Good Farmers Ihe World Om .SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: Dean & Co., ... Minneapolis, Minn. Kingman & Co., .... Peoria, 111. Kinsman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Kingtnan-Moorelmp. Co., - Kansas City. Mo. Kingman-Moore Imp. Co.. - Oklahoma, Okla. Kingman Implement Co., - - Omaha, Neb. Parlln & Orendorff Imp. Co., Portland, Ore. Colorado Moline Plow Co., - Denver, Colo. The T. C. Powers Co., - - Helena. Mont. Consolidated Wag. & Maeh. Co , Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw Co., - Stockton, Cal. Eistern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturers AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.) Springfield, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS True Temper "yHESE Forks are made expressly r for the purpose, in different sizes and with handles from 4 ft. in length upwards. They all have the four oval tines and convenient bent handles; are of large capacity and just the right "hang" to swing the load easily. No other fork can serve the purpose as well. Sold by dealers everywhere Write for our free booklet "Tools and Their Uses." It tells how True Temper Tools are made and how there is a True Temper Fork, Hoe or Rake for every use on farm or ranch. American Fork & Hoe Company Largest Manufacturers of Farm and Garden Hand-Tools in the World IT WILL Grade Roads Make Ditches Cut Laterals Save Money IT WON'T Break Get Out of Order Tire the Horses Prove Expensive =THE ' GENERAL PURPOSE' Grader and Ditcher Built TRY ONE AT OUR EXPENSE Also Excavators, Heavy Graders, Wheelers, Drags, Plows, Etc. THE AUSTIN-WESTERN CO., Ltd., Dept. I, CHICAGO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 416 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Trcmghs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. — OR T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bid*., Denver, Celo. WHY NOT BE COMFORTABLE? Use an Enterprise Tent Cot. There is nothing made so adaptable for out-door sleeping. It is practical, light, portable, bug proof, fly proof, sun and shower proof. Just the thing ! Write to ENTERPRISE BED CO. HAMMOND. IND. They will Send You Their Illustrated Catalogue. MARION DREDGES Ditching, Irrigating, Placer Mining and Traction. Suitable for all classes of work. DRAG-LINK EXCAVATORS STEAM SHOVELS All sizes and styles. BALLAST UNLOADERS Ask for information. Marion Steam Shovel Company MARION, OHIO. "Dept. 7" Chicago - 1442-3 Monadnock Blk. San Francisco - 718 Monadnock Bldg. New York 50 Church Street Montreal - - - - F. H. Hopkins & Co. HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEH STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 50 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND, IND., V. S. A. Supplied in ill Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments May Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation ARC. Year THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXV CHICAGO, JULY, 1910. NO. 9 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE IRRIGATION ERA ARID AMERICA THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL MID-WEST THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postofflce at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 3, 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $1.50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . $1.00 To Canada and Mexico, ....... 1.60 All Other Foreign Countries, ...... 1.60 In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postofflce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation, Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 25 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. We regret to announce that the articles which are being prepared for us by Dr. R. C. Brophy of Chicago, will not be ready for our July number. Dr. Brophy had con- templated putting in the greater part of the summer in the lower Rio Grande Valley, but sickness at his home in Illinois necessitated his return. He informs us that he will have something pre- pared for our August number which will, no doubt, prove of much interest to our readers. Delay in Securing Articles Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress. In this, our principal issue in connection with the National Irrigation ^Congress, we are presenting a great deal of ex- tremely interesting matter which has been prepared for us by local Colora- doans and those connected with the Con- gress. It is predicted that this will be the greatest Con- gress ever held, and from present indications there is no reason to doubt the truth of the statements made by the people of Pueblo, to that effect. The citizens of Pueblo have performed marvelous feats in the way of raising funds to carry on the Congress, as well as along publicity lines. On another page in this issue will be found an illustrated article describing the famous Fountain Valley and lands under the system known as the Fountain Valley Land & Irrigation Company's project. The IRRIGATION AGE ranch is located on this tract, and a number of good photographs were re- cently secured by the editor while spending a few days there, which are shown in connection with the article. Fountain Valley Colorado Project. This project is notable for its splendid growth and the fine results which have been obtained by settlers. Some difficulty was encountered last year through wash- outs from storms, but that has all been overcome by the establishment of permanent flumes, and it is safe to say that the Fountain Valley, through the instrumentality of Mr. Wm. Johnston, president of the Fountain Valley Land & Irrigation Company, will make rapid strides from now on. Director Newell Favors Canada. It is entirely unfair to assume that Director Newell of the Reclamation Serv- ice is to be beheaded solely because of his connection with the band of official malcontents who have, in every way pos- sible, tried to thwart the acts of the De- partment of the Interior in reclamation matters. Mr. Newell's many acts of insubordination and incom- petency are alone quite sufficient to make his retirement necessary, but the IRRIGATION AGE calls attention to one single act of his which in itself condemns him as unfit for the position he holds, and, in fact, proclaims him not a friend but an actual enemy of American irrigation enter- prises. Obtaining a leave of absence from his official post, he visited Canada and presumably, for good pay, wrote a report upon a private irrigation enterprise in that country, in which he not only extols its advantages, but compares them to the great disadvantage of similar projects in the United States. To quote his own words, "It is a revelation of the enterprise and energy of our Canadian neighbors who have established an irrigation system infinitely in advance of 418 THE IRRIGATION AGE. anything in the United States, and comparing the selling price and terms upon which irrigated lands are sold, with the regulations and charges encountered under the Recla- mation Service Act of the United States, one must admit that the Canadians hold out inducements that we cannot hope to duplicate." These statements coming from Mr. Newell in his official capacity, was intended to induce American farmers to abandon their intention of buying irrigated lands in "The States" and to leave the United States with their families and their money to settle on the irrigated lands of Canada. It is stated that this document, under Director New- ell's official name and title, has been sent to hundreds of thousands of farmers throughout the middle west and its influence in setting the tide of immigration away from our own country is not easily estimated. IRRIGATION ACE has always heretofore given Mr. Newell credit for an honesty of purpose, while criticising his methods, yet we confess to a feeling of something greater than surprise in this exhibition of mercenary dis- lovalty to the interest of the people he pretends to represent. tion of title to the land upon which the Ames monument is erected. There is enough stone in the monument to erect an immense castle, and it is a pity that so remarkable a landmark has been left, through turning the course of the railway, so far away that overland passengers may not secure a good view of it. All of those who have gone across the Continent over the Union Pacific Rail- of History wav during the past years have no doubt About the had their attention called to the famous Ames Monument. Ames monument on Sherman Hill, Wyo- ming. This monument was at one time close to the railway and was easily seen by all passengers. When, however, it became necessary to move the line of railway to secure better grades the monument was left so far behind that it is now only discernible from passing trains at one point and then only for a moment. There is a little history connected with this monument which is not generally known. At the time it was erected the railroad company evidently overlooked the fact that it had been constructed on vacant public lands. In Sep- tember, 1885, Wm. L. Murphy of Laramie, who was aware of this fact, filed on the 40-acre tract of land upon which the monument had been erected. He subsequently advised the railroad people that it would be pleasing to him to have the monument removed from his land, and they be- came suddenly very much alive to the situation. An agent was sent to Laramie to secure his title or a relinquishment thereof. The agent, so it was currently reported, was instructed to spend $10,000, if necessary, to secure title. He offered Murphy in trade for his 40-acre tract, two town lots in the Union Pacific's original hold- ings in Laramie. Murphy evidently misunderstood the value of the lots, or blundered some way in the settlement and thereby lost what might have proved a snug sum for his declining years. It was, however, a serious mistake for Murphy to locate a desert filing on the land. While it certainly was desert, there was no actual means of securing water for irrigation, as the eminence upon which the monument is located is higher than all the surrounding country. Had he located the land with any kind of land script instead of making a desert filing, his position would have been greatly strengthened. It is possible that his knowledge of the situation prompted him to accept the offer of the Laramie lots, yet the fact remains that he could have got- ten from the railway company's agent $10,000 had he been keen at a bargain. It is safe to say that there will never again be a ques- Is Carey Act Administration Fair to Westerners? The IRRIGATION Act has published the Carey Act Law in former numbers because it is desired that all interested in irrigation matters should be acquainted with its provisions. We trust that this national statute has been read. It is sim- ple in its terms and it seems to be a wise piece of legis- lation. We believe that it is and we feel that Congress intended that it should be simple in administration. It was not difficult, ten years ago, to conform with the require- ments of the law. Today every branch of the Interior Department that has been able to break into .this particular administrative work seeks to have its views heeded. The Carey Act law plainly places the responsibility for the design of irrigation works, the adequacy of the water supply and the reclamation of the lands on the States. The States have engineers who understand all of these matters. The States have more complete records of the discharge of streams than has the Interior Depart- ment. The States are to be injured or benefitted by the development that is promised under every Carey Act pro- ject yet the various bureaus of the Interior Department attempt to give the Secretary of the Interior advice when he should accept the statements of State officers and make the States responsible for success or failure. The bureaus obtain their information from special agents and employes who are not familiar with irrigation matters. There is not a single man that we know of who is relied upon by these bureaus to report on irrigation pro- jects that has ever had experience such as would render him capable of making a report that would be accepted anywhere except by the government. No private interests would employ such men to fur- nish them with reports which would guide them in making investments. No western State would employ such men to assist in the State administration of the Carey Act. Regardless of this, the information upon which the Sec- retary of the Interior is presumed to act, must come from such a soflrce, when the law plainly places the responsibil- ity upon the States alone. The tendency of the national government to regard the States as incompetent and their officers as dishonest, must sooner or later result in a contest which will bring about an interpretation of national statutes which will place the States on the footing that Congress intended that they should have. The investor in Carey Act enterprises knows well the difficulties that are now presented. He must deal with several sub-departments of the Interior Department. He must lobby with clerks and cheap department attorneys. He must follow up the application for segregation and get the assistance of his delegation in Congress. He must resort to every method known to the politician, the society leader and the marshal of troops to secure what the law intended he should have when he has satisfied the State that his project is properly planned and that the water sup- ply is adequate. The irrigation engineers of the West are the most capable men that the world knows today. They are hon- est in their reports and understand fully what is necessary THE IERIGATION AGE. 419 for the success of any project. It is unnecessary and un- just to have their work reviewed and progress suspended by men who are not experienced and whose only strength lies in their ability to report to those who have power under the law to retard development. It should be the policy of the national government to encourage the development of capable and honest State administration. The government should accept State re- ports as final and conclusive. It should hold the States responsible throughout and if failure occurs the State ad- ministration should be held accountable. The national government can never have an intimate knowledge of local conditions. It can never do justice to the West when decisions must be based on the reports of special agents. The result of such a practice is delay and business stag- nation. President Taft's Great Work. No president in recent years was ever so beset by opposition to his administration as that which President Taft has encoun- tered during the session of recent Con- gress. At the very beginning the con- servative element in both House and Senate were secretly determined that his progressive poli- cies should not be carried out, and it was a matter of open knowledge that his tariff policies, although frequently pledged to the country, were to be opposed by the dominat- ing powers. For a time the President's real friends, both in Con- gress and out, felt some alarm lest his administration would result in nothing of importance to the country or credit to himself. He was called weak, vascillating, and without influ- ence, by the majority of the Republican press of the coun- try, and by many influential men who declared he failed to keep his party pledges made in platform and on the stump. As time went on, however, President Taft developed a tenacity of purpose and skill of political management and an influence upon all elements in Congress which not only surprised his friends but disconcerted his enemies. Not until thirty days before Congress adjourned did it appear as though any of his important measures would be passed; but in the last strenuous days of that eventful session President Taft accomplished more big things for the permanent benefit of the country in the way of wise legislation, than any other President who has preceded him since Lincoln. The most important, following the passage of the Tariff Bill earlier in the session, is the Railroad Bill, greatly strengthening the powers of the Inter-State Com- merce Commission, and placing telegraph, telephone and sleeping car companies under its control; the Postal Sav- ings Bank Bill, a measure which was bitterly fought for many months previous to the assembling of Congress and all through the session, and in fact, every important meas- ure advocated by the President in his inaugural message was put through Congress without being twisted out of its original shape by the various interests who vigorously opposed them all in the beginning. To irrigation interests and to all land interests in the west the Mondell bill, appropriating $20,000,000 for the completition of irrigation works now under way, and the inauguration and development of new enterprises, is of the greatest importance. This bill gives the President specific authority to make temporary withdrawals from entry of public lands, a power which has heretofore been exercised without authority. It is a noteworthy fact that both of these measures were vigorously opposed by the adherents of Pinchot and Ex-secretary Garfield, who claimed that they implied a reflection upon the course of the Roosevelt administration. In a measure, this is true, but the withdrawal measure simply means that President Taft will now have the power to do exactly the things that heretofore have been done without authority of law. He will have the power to withdraw lands temporarily, but Congress must, in the end, hereafter determine the interests of the people. It has the power to set aside the President's acts if they do not meet with the approval of the people. The west, therefore, will not lose anything by these conservation laws, but on the contrary, they will be greatly benefited and their interests will be more carefully safe- guarded than ever before, and particularly under the reck- less, and unlawful methods used by the Garfield and Pin- chot administrations. This bill will open up millions of acres of new lands, as it authorizes agricultural entries on coal lands and will also open many million acres now included in coal with- drawals and classifications. President Taft has shown a wise understanding of the needs of the people in every measure he has introduced, and in every policy he has advocated, and it is not too much to say that no administration in recent years ever stood higher or held a warmer place in the hearts of the people. Problems No person, not acquainted with condi- tions in Washington a year ago, has any Confronted appreciation of the problems that con- By the fronted President Taft. For years politi- President. ca^ bureaus have been permitted to run riot, to overturn acts of Congress and to spend public money for personal publicity purposes. President Taft evidently saw what was ahead of him. He well understood how much deception had been created and he doubtless knew that he would be an object of criti- cism as soon as he sought to curb the publicity practices that had secured such a hold in three or four of the de- partments. All honor to him for the stand he has taken and for he fight he has made. He is not understood even today, »s he will be within the next year. It was known that when Mr. Ballinge1- *"as Commissioner of the General Land Office that he was unpopular among the politicians of sev- eral of the departments. Mr. Pinchot could not work Mr. Ballinger. Neither could Mr. Newell. Neither could Mr. Smith, the Director of the Geological Survey. Even Mr. Garfield could get nothing through the General Land Office that the law did not permit and recognize. To keep peace in the family and at the -request of the heads of several of the most notorious bureaus, Mr. Ballinger was asked to retire. When President Taft appointed him as Secretary of the Interior it was recognized that a new era had begun. The politics and personal campaign methods which the bureaus had so successfuly inaugurated had to come to in end or there would be some vacancies in office. Mr. Pinchot could not stand this. He was compelled to do business through the head of the Agricultural Department. 420 THE IRRIGATION AGE. This was annoying. He had hitherto gone direct to Con- gress or to the President and the Secretary of Agriculture had been ignored. He chafed under the new order of things and finally placed himself in such position before the President that either he had to give up his office or the President had to retire. Since Mr. Taft was elected by a very good major- ity of the voters of the country and had some responsibil- ities resting upon him, he did not deem it wise to give up his important office, even to save Mr. Pinchot. Mr. Pin- chot therefore detached himself from public service. Mr. Newell was requested by the Secretary of the In- terior to work under his department. The law under which Mr. Newell is supposed to operate requires this. The provisions of law never appealed with any great force to Mr. Newell, however. In this instance he seemed to think that Mr. Ballinger was in earnest and Mr. Newell has been very mild and obedient. For the first time in ten years he has not spent his winter in the lobby of the capitol building. For the first time in that period he did not marshal! his engineers from the west and parade them up and down Pennsylvania avenue. It was an unusual season in Washington. Mr. George Otis Smith of the U. S. Geological Survey was wiser. He is at the head of the oldest political de- partment and one of the most effective and persistent of advertisers. It is from Mr. Smith that the reform ele- ment get statistics to show the public that the coal supply is about exhausted. Through Mr. Smith's activity also the undeveloped coal regions of the West are reserved and preserved for posterity. This gives him something to do, and at the same time it is a great benefit to those already in the coal business. It means that no competition can spring up. Mr. Smith does many other things for posterity. We have no knowledge as to whether he has better reasons for being interested in posterity than has Mr. Pinchot. Mr. Smith evidently saw the handwriting on the wall. He has been very diplomatic. He has hovered about the office of the Secretary like a turkey buzzard, watching for an op- portunity to show the Secretary that he is a good boy and at the same time ready to land on any person who has the temerity to ask the department for permission to make use of some of the public natural resources. Mr. Smith has dealt cards with both hands. He is well fitted for the position he holds, and because of his apparent success to date he reflects credit on a department that was created and conducted by and for politicians. Mr. Taft has done much. Those who know what the inside of the bureau machinery is like, feel that he has worked a miracle. He has much to do before the reading public recovers from the effects of the insane advertising that has been indulged in for the past ten years. This is up to the public rather than a duty that confronts him. We know what the result is to be. We know what the truth is regarding the work of the Forest Service, the Reclamation Service and the Geological Survey. We know that truth must, sooner or later, come to the surface. Mr. Taft is not a spectacular actor. He does not play to the galleries. The sensational does not affect him or blind his judgment. He is the man for the time and for the place. May he live long and prosper. May he continue to disappoint both extremes and proceed to carry out his policies that are sound and safe. He is to get the sincere support of the great majority of thinking men. This is all that the best and wisest of rulers can well anticipate. We prophesy that the "conservation" Thoughts campaign will be brief. Those who have Along followed Mr. Pinchot's career know that Conservation ne nas become notorious by advertising ^jn and not because of good works. "Con- servation" is the most recent name for his policies when grouped together. No person who un- derstands the work that Mr. Pinchot has been doing in the west has any use for his theories which when carried into practice can only result in business stagnation. The only good that could possibly come from following his policies would revert to the bureaus which have so adroitly striven for power during the' past ten years. We do not wish to enter into a detailed argument as to the facts. We ask those who doubt our position to make a brief investigation on the ground. Then if they have any questions that they wish to present we shall be glad to enter into such details as may be necessary in each case. The greatest fault of the bureaus during the past ten years lies in their disregard for acts of Congress. Rules and regulations made by the departments are superior to laws in the minds of several bureau chiefs. Mr. Taft found a condition confronting him that required prompt and de- cisive action. A little coterie of men, consisting of Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Mr. James R. Garfield, Mr. F. H. Newell and a few minor lights had set themselves up 'as 'judges and interpreters of law and as despotic leaders in economic and political questions. Mr. Taft has done wonders in the past year. He dis- covered the root of the trouble without much effort. He found that the bureaus were conducting press agencies with government funds and that a large part of the read- ing public had already been deceived as to the merits of the pet policies of government employees, who are pre- sumed to be hired under acts of congress to perform cer- tain duties as executive officers and not to invade the legis- lative and judicial branches of government. Unfortunately the Pinchot-Ballinger investigation did not enter into the press bureau work of these departments. Unfortunately this investigation did not embrace the work of the bureaus as fully as was anticipated. Had the truth been published as to the advertising work of the bureaus, much of the present misunderstandings would have been avoided. We should like to call attention to one manifest injus- tice to the West. The Director of the Geological Survey is from Maine. He knows nothing about practical work. He might do in the class room or in an assembly of scien- tific men. He is dangerous when placed in charge of such work as he is presumed to conduct. As an example, we simply need refer to one instance. The "conservation" movement naturally appealed to the Director. It presents some problems that can be juggled with and offers an op- portunity for advertising. He is heart and soul in sym- pathy wkh the radical element that would stop the growth of the West to bolster up the bureaus at Washington. As a matter of policy the Director has played in with Mr. Ballinger with one hand while he has tried to throt- tle western industries with the other. He has thus main- tained himself with the "conservationists" and held his job with the -government at the same time. The one thing that appealed with particular force to the Director is the water power phantom. He is at the head of the depart- ment that discovers(P) and reports upon all of the coal fields. He is afraid to make an estimate as to the extent of our coal supply because this is so enormous that it does THE IRRIGATION" AGE. 421 not look good in an argument that would have to frighten the reading public to be effective. However, he has indorsed the proposition that the coal supply will give out some time or other. He might go on and say that the sun's heat will gradually be dissipated and that something will have to be "conserved" by us now to keep posterity from freezing to death. He has. joined hands with the "conservationists" in the cry that our water power is to be monopolized and that it is liable to be used to its full extent. The problem that the West has to deal with relates to settlement. It is an effort to get lands ready for the newcomer. It is difficult to keep the general government from reserving everything that is necessary for growth and development. The Director does not know evidently, that the moun- tain states of the West have unlimited opportunity for water power development. He does not seem to Tcnow that the States and not the nation at large has control of the waters of streams. He does not seem to know that these States are better able to protect the public against monopoly than is the general government. He does not seem to know that many of the States have taken precau- tions which will protect the public. His idea is not to protect the public so much as it is to secure the adoption of some law, rule or regulation which will enable the gen- eral government to derive an income by taxing western power development. This means that the local consumer of the power must pay the tax. Recently our attention was called to an irrigation proj- ect in Central Wyoming which has been fostered by the State administration and development so directed that the best kind of irrigation works will be constructed, the low- est rates guaranteed for water rights and arrangements made for the final ownership of the system by the water users. In connection with this project it will be neces- sary to store a large volume of water. A natural lake was found to be available for this purpose. An application for a right of way to use this lake for storing water for irriga- tion was properly made. It finally came to the attention of this director of the Geological Survey and he has writ- ten the Commissioner of the General Land Office that he would recommend that the application be suspended owing to possible water power values. Think of this! Fully two thousand families can find homes on the lands to be reclaimed. This means a pop- ulation of from ten to one hundred thousand people. The country cannot develop until agriculture is made possible. Agriculture is impossible without irrigation and irrigation is impossible without storage. There is no market for power. People must be secured to use power before it pays to install the necessary machinery and transmission lines. Water power can be developed on every stream. Monopoly is impossible and the end will never be reached in water power development. Wyoming is the most progres- sive State probably in the administration of streams. It is twenty years in advance of the general government. It does not advocate a special tax on those who use water power, but it does stand for public control at all times for the benefit of the public. Yet in face of these facts the Director of the Geologi- cal Survey would kill a great development enterprise and deprive two thousand families of an opportunity to secure homes simply to carry out a new fad that the "conserva- tionists" have preached through their press bureaus. We have simply stated the facts and leave the conclusions to the reader. THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION EXPOSITION. Here Will be Shown the Successes of Irrigation, Pumping, Its Accessories, Machinery, Drainage, and Irrigated Products. THE greatest irrigation exposition ever held in the west will join hands with the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress in welcoming the world to Pueblo in September. The dates of the exposition are September 19-October 1. The exposition will begin simultaneously with the Colorado state fair, the latter lasting one week, or until September 24. At that date, all irrigated products will be transferred to the exposition, theretofore maintained in behalf of pumping, machinery, drainage, irrigation de- vices, etc., and the merged affair will continue the follow- ing week, or during the irrigation congress. The exposition will be held on three sightly blocks of land just across from the famed Mineral palace, and handy to the congress. Mineral palace is set in beautiful Mineral park, the most attractive spot wherein sessions of the congress have yet been held, and the proximity 6f the exposition grounds will lend especial interest. The exposition will consist of all kinds of irrigation devices. There will be reservoirs, open ditches, pumps and sumps, cemented laterals, subirrigation demonstra- tions, weirs, systems of measurements, etc. There will be large machinery, lecture tents for illustrated addresses, literature tents where communities and companies will tell of their advantages, and last but not least, all kinds of irrigated products. The director of exhibits, Mr. L. M. Markham, a trained engineer and a born executive, has for some time had his office installed in the Central block, Pueblo, and is receiv- ing orders for space and answering inquiries as to pos- sible exhibits. The exposition promises to rank close up to the irri- gation congress in interest. Manufacturers, engineers, architects, practical irrigationists, and all classes inter- ested, are vying with each other in their earnest endeavor to make the exposition a finished thing, something that will stand out clear and distinct in the minds of the visitors when they shall have departed from Pueblo next fall. Strongly back of the exposition is not only the Eigh- teenth National Irrigation Congress itself, the board of control of which gave life to the exposition, but the en- gineers and technical people. One foremost factor is the Arkansas Valley Society of Arts and Sciences, the engi- neers' society, as it is commonly called. This association includes all the engineers of Pueblo and southern Colo- rado, and of the Arkansas valley in Kansas. As to irrigated products, the fact that 25 Colorado counties are now growing products especially to be exhi- bited and are making liberal appropriations, insures the success from that standpoint. The far-famed Arkansas valley, the wonderfully productive Western Slope with its magnificent fruit, the northern Colorado district with so much to its credit, will all be there, and adjoining states are desirous of making displays. A system of trophies and prizes, diplomas and medals, has been worked out by the director of exhibits and the very enthusiastic exhibits' committee of the board of control, of which Mr. J. A. Barclay is chairman, and will lend zest and spirit to the displays. As to trophies, some splendid ones will be offered for competition. Some will be loving cups, others of similar design, all calculated to provoke the greatest rivalry be- tween communities. Among those who are contributing trophies are: William R. Hearst, United States Senator Simon Guggenheim, Governor John F. Shafroth, Irriga- tion Age, Ranch and Range, sugar companies, and public spirited corporations and citizens. Many communities and counties are offering cash prizes to their farmers who will grow the best displays of beets, alfalfa, fruit, corn, wheat, vegetables, and other products, under irrigation. In some communities, these prizes in cash and in trophies, for local endeavor, will run as high as $1,000. It is clear already that the marked success of the National Irrigation Exposition is assured. 422 THE IRRIGATION AGE. EIGHTEENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS TO BE HELD IN PUEBLO, COLORADO, SEPTEMBER 26 30, 1910.— EVERY INDICATION THAT THIS WILL BE THE LARGEST AND MOST SUCCESSFUL EVENT IN THE HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION. By R H FAXON THE Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress came to the State of Colorado and to Pueblo at the exact psychological moment. The eyes of the country are turned today on the West, and on the Mountain-West, at that. There is greater interest today in development — in the big work of the West — than there ever has been before. Pueblo is located in the very heart of the irrigated West, and is the center of an irrigated territory that is surprising in its accomplishments and in the future before it. Pueblo is also the seat of large effort of a successful nature in extending the irrigated area of Colorado. It is peculiarly significant that the greatest sessions of this foremost development agency of the land should be held, first, in the state having the greatest irrigated area of the states of the West — for Colorado has more than 3^ million acres under water; and, second, in the city, the sec- ond in size in Colorado and the third in size and import- ance in the Mountain-West, that was named for a tribe of Indians that practiced the ancient art of irrigation cen- turies ago. Colorado stands foremost among irrigated states. More than a generation ago — indeed, 40 years ago — irriga- tion was cradled in the famous north Colorado district. Only the endeavors of the Pueblo Indians in the great Southwest and of the Mormons in Utah antedated effort in this state. The finished type of irrigation in the north Colorado district, along the South Platte, is of the high- est possible character, and has long achieved the wonder of the country and the accomplishment of complete success. Pueblo for some years has aspired to the most dis- tinguished honor of entertaining this organization that former President Roosevelt has so aptly called, "the great- est development agency of the country." As long ago as 1907, when the fifteenth congress met at Sacramento, Cal., delegates will remember there was insistence on the part of this great second city of Colorado for the honors. But Albuquerque was there with greater organization and was successful. Again at Albuquerque, in 1908, Pueblo sent its splendid delegation and band to the thriving New Mexico metropolis with another invitation. Spokane had carefully mapped out its campaign, however, and the congress went there, and in August last year held what had been, up to that time, the most successful gathering of the congress. Last year, at Spokane, Pueblo went with determination and a rousing delegation to capture the big event it had so long desired, and it was successful. Pueblo Accomplishes a Great Task. It is not too much, perhaps, to say that Pueblo went about the work of arrangement for what it appreciated would be a great task, a little earlier and a little harder than any of its predecessors. Early in October, the board of control was formed, and early in November the offices opened in the Central block at Pueblo. From then on, a most active and energetic campaign was prosecuted, to the end that now, as these lines are written, the work of organization and publicity have gone forward with more gratifying results than ever before at a like time preceding the annual sessions. The board of control of the eighteenth congress is larger than any of those preceding it- It numbers sixty- five. Of this number forty are residents of Pueblo, and twenty-three from the state of Colorado at large. Three are from western Kansas, from the far-famed lower Ar- kansas valley, and from the town of Garden City tiat stands out as the capital of the lower valley even as Pueblo is of the valley as a whole, and that is the center of a vast irrigated area where pumping is in vogue. It it perhaps too much to undertake to review in de- tail the personnel of the board of control, numbering a-, it does so many. The chairman is P. J. Dugan, kn&wn all over Colorado and the West as a foremost authority on land, irrigation, and mining law. He has been active in local affairs, and is peculiarly fitted for the position. The vice-chairman of the board is A. G. Watson, an active man in the commercial organization life of the town. a delegate to Albuquerque in 1908, and the Pueblo leader at Spokane in 1909, He is past secretary of the state fair association, and has been a director of the Colorado com- mercial association. The secretary of the board of control and also its director of publicity is R. H. Faxon, editor of the Evening Telegram, Garden City, Kan. Mr. Faxon has been a delegate to the several congresses, twice secretary of the committee on resolutions, and was active in the Pueblo campaign at Spokane. The treasurer of the board is Alva Adams, three times governor of the State of Colorado, one of its most dis- tinguished citizens, and a leading resident of Pueblo, where he has lived for more than a third of a century. The executive committee is composed of thirteen members, and has done a great work in behalf of the con- gress. Besides the four officers above enumerated, it includes: Asbury White, one of the leading merchants of Pueblo; George D. Meston, who was one of the Pueblo delegation at Spokane and whose chief work this year has been the erection of the splendid Congress Hotel that will play so important a part in the congress deliberations; \V. D. Keen, president of the Real Estate Exchange, and one of the active men in the commercial organization life of the town; C. K. McHarg, secretary of the principal ditch association in the Pueblo district; P. J. Byrnes, an editor and publisher of Pueblo; C. W. Daniels, a retired mer- chant and a heavy owner of irrigated and improved lands; J. A. Barclay, manager of the Chieftain; F. S. Hoag, man- ager of the Evening Star-Journal; and J. S. Greene, for- mer state engineer and a well-known consulting engineer. Among others who are members of the board of con- trol are: Senator Simon Guggenheim. Representative John A. Martin, Governor John F. Shafroth, Mayor A. L. Fugard, P'rofessor L. G. Carpenter, head of the engineering depart- ment of the State Agricultural College, and former state engineer. The board has met frequently and counseled together in an interesting and profitable way. Entire State Is Aroused. Pueblo's chief desire in the matter has been to make the eighteenth session of state-wide importance and char- acter, and to this end. the entire state has been aroused and organized. This broad spirit on the part of Pueblo as the entertaining city, and bearing the brunt as it must, may well act as precedent to future entertaining cities. The national officers of the congress are such as to inspire the closest attention and consideration, and the most complete confidence. The president is B. A. Fowler of Phoenix, Ariz., for- mer secretary of the congress, president of the Salt River Water-Users' Association, and one of the foremost men in the congress work for the past decade. The secretary is Arthur Hooker, an active, alert young man from Spokane, who was secretary last year of the board of control, and whose heart is in his labor. The chairman of the board of governors — the execu- tive committee of the executive committee — is R. Insinger of Spokane, who made such an admirable chairman of THE IE RIGA T ION AGE. 423 the board of control last year, and who is one of the really big men of the Pacific-Northwest. The first vice-president is R. E. Twitchell of East Las Vegas, New Mexico, who was secretary of the board of control at Albuquerque two years ago and later third vice- president. He is one of the foremost men of the great Southwest, and an active worker The second vice-president is Major R. W. Young of Salt Lake, long in the cong-ess work, often chairman of S. C., commissioner of agriculture, etc., of his state, and who won his spurs by interesting and taking to Spokane last year twenty-six delegates from his state in a special car. The foreign secretary of the congress, who has done effective work for the past three years, is Dr. E. McQueen Gray of Albuquerque, N. M., president of the University of New Mexico, and a noted scholar, linguist, and son of a former diplomat. OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. 1. Arthur Hooker, Spokane, Wash., Secretary 18th National Irrigation Congress. 2. Benjamin A. Fowler, Phoenix, Ariz., President 18th National Irrigation Congress. 3. R. Insinger, Spokane, Wash., Chairman Board of Governors and "Executive Committee of the 18th National Irrigation Congress. 4. P. J. Dugan, Pueblo, Colo., Chairman of the Board of Control, 18th National Irrigation Congress. •5. R. H. Faxon, Garden City, Kan., Secretary of the Board of Control and its Director of Publicity, 18th National Irrigation Congress. 6. A. G. Watson, Pueblo, Colo., Vice-Chairman Board of Control, 18th National Irrigation Congress. 7. Mineral Palace, Pueblo, Colo., Where the 18th National Irrigation Congress Will Be Held, from September 26th to 30th. the committee on resolutions, and who was a delegate as a very young man at the first congress held in his home city in 1890. The third vice-president is L. Newman of Havre, Mont. The fourth vice-president is Colonel F. VV. Fleming of Kansas City, prominent in the big work of the West. The fifth vice-president is E. J. Watson of Columbia, Enough has been said of the character of the location for the next congress, with its significant facts as to irri- gation, and of the personnel of the officers of the congress, to insure and set down as certain the fact that the congress is in good hands and well chosen as to place. Only one month ago, the board of governors of the congress met at Pueblo in a 4-day session, and thoroughly (Continued on page 478.) 424 THE IEKIGATION AGE. PUEBLO: THE HOST CITY. Pueblo Is "The Gateway to the Mountain West." "All Roads Come to Pueblo, the City of Sunshine." PUEBLO, the host city for the Eighteenth National Irrigation congress, is the second city in size in Colorado, eclipsed only by Denver. Its population is in excess of 50,000. It is the. third city in size in the Moun- tain-West, only Denver and Salt Lake surpassing it. Pueblo gets its name from the tribe of Indians by that name, which was the first agency in this country, so far as known, to practice the art of irrigation. Long before the Spaniard came to the Great Southwest, the Pueblo Indian had his system of agriculture and irrigation, crude, yet effective. Hence the significance of the great city of Pueblo entertaining this year the Irrigation congress. Pueblo is "The Gateway to the Mountain-West." Through its portals pass the great transcontinental trains, bound for the East, the West, the North, the South. Its position is strategic, and its supremacy is assured. Pueblo is the capitol of the famous Arkansas Valley of Content, and tributary to it, therefore, is a splendid were validated at Pueblo. Pueblo is the best distributing point in Colorado. It is the only natural location for gathering raw material in the Rocky Mountain region; hence the only manufacturing center. Pueblo, the Manufacturer. — Pueblo is the great manu- facturing city of the Rocky Mountains. Its steel works, smelters, brick plants, saddlery establishments, candy fac- tories, foundries, machinery and implement plants, tent and awning and niattress factories, and its many other plants, produced in the year 1909 more than 50 million •'.ollars of finished products; an output greater than many states. Pueblo's monthly pay-roll is \l/2 million dollars, and it has 20,000 workmen. Among the lines still open are : Boots and shoes, woolen goods, stoves, glass, wool- scouring, and overall and shirt factory. Coal. — Pueblo is peculiarly fortunate as to coal. Right at its doors are the only great coal fields of the West. The quality is superior to any other. Within 75 miles to the south and 40 miles to the west, the supply is in- exhaustible. Three-fourths of the coal used in a radius of 500 miles comes from Pueblo coal fields. Agriculture. — While long known as "The Pittsburg of the West," from its strength as an industrial center, Pueblo is more and more becoming the center of a splen- didly developed agricultural country, under irrigation. Pueblo County's New Court House. agricultural area with more than a half million acres under water and nearly as much more assured irrigated area within the next year. This great area produces almost every known variety of agricultural or horticul- ture, and Pueblo is the mart of not only the valley but of western Kansas, northern New Mexico, and even Utah. The great factor in the upbuilding of Pueblo, the torce that will take hold of its work of the future, is the Pueblo Commerce club. This important commercial body has a membership of more than 500, divided into bureaus, and is working hand in hand with the board of control of the Eighteenth National Irrigation congress. Few towns in the West have such effective agencies for the perform- ance of the town's work as the Pueblo Commerce club. The Pueblo Territory — Pueblo's Exclusive territory covers 200,000 square miles of growing country. It is a great commercial, industrial and railroad center. Its trade territory covers southern Colorado, northern New Mexico, northwestern Texas, northwestern Oklahoma, and western Kansas. Its business extends also to the famous Western Slope of Colorado, across the Great Continental Divide. Pueblo Railroads. — Pueblo is a great railroad center. This industry employs 4,400 men, and 121/-, million dollars is paid in freight annually. In 1909, 25,000 tourist tickets Pueblo is the capitol of the famous Arkansas Valley, aptly termed, the "Valley of Content." This valley extends 275 miles, from Canon and the Royal Gorge of the Arkansas to Garden City, Kansas. Sugar beets, alfalfa, celery, fruit, cantaloupes, truck, wheat, corn, cattle, and sheep are making the farmers of the Arkansas Valley rich. Sugar beets produce $75 per acre, and other crops in proportion. In addition, the new fruit section, the farm and stock lands, of the Western Slope, the San Luis Valley, the Durango and Farmington regions are directly tributary. Stock Interests. — Pueblo is the natural depot for the stock interests of a vast ragion. This territory ranges from western Utah to southern New Mexico. Pueblo stock yards and buyers handled in 1909, 750,000 sheep; 140,000 cattle; 14,000 horses, and 10,000 hogs. With the constant increase of alfalfa production, the stock industry is in its infancy, and the hog industry especially is making a marvelous growth. Internal Improvement. — Pueblo has in recent years entered upon a magnificent campaign of internal improve- ment. A great storm sewer system has been put in at a cost of $400,000. Many miles of asphalt pavement have THE IKKIGATION AGE. 425 been laid. Eight}' miles of cement sidewalk have gone down. Residence pavement, one district having a front- age of fifteen miles, is under way. The seven banks of the town have more than 12 millions of deposits, and in addition there are a number of private banks and building and loan associations. Pueblo capital has done the finan- cing of much of the southern Colorado development in recent years. Wholesale and Retail Trade. — Pueblo has 36 jobbing houses which do an enormous business. There are many lines yet open. Wholesale dry goods, millinery, notions, clothing, hats and caps, are some of them. Retail stores are up-to-date and supply not only local trade but that of surrounding territory. Dry goods, clothing, furniture, hardware, crockery, and all staples attract buyers from a radius of from 100 to 150 miles. lection of Colorado minerals. The building is visited every year by thousands of tourists. Public Schools. — These justly occupy a high rank. The city has 24 public school buildings, including two splendid high schools with 7BO students, one college, two commercial colleges, three schools of music and art and several academies. The high schools of the city are among the best in the United States and admit to the leading universities. State Fair. — Pueblo is the permanent home of the Colorado State Fair, now grown to be a great exposition with ample buildings and grounds. Pueblo Parks. — These are a constant source of pride. There are 19 of them scattered all over the city. Mineral Palace Park and City Park are notable, and are admired by thousands of visitors. Public Utilities. — Pueblo has splendid public utilities. 1. Main Street, Pueblo, Colo. 4. Federal Building, Pueblo. 2. Union Avenue from Union Depot Viaduct, Pueblo. 5. Elks Club, Pueblo. 3. View in Mineral Palace Park, Pueblo. 6. Lake Clara in Mineral Palace Park, Pueblo, Colo. 7. City Park Gate, Pueblo, Colo. Pueblo Architecturally Important. — Pueblo has splen- did naved streets and fine business blocks. The Grand Opera house is one of the finest in the country and cost $350,000. The McClelland Library cost $100,000 and has 30,000 volumes. The Federal building is an impressive- structure of grey brick. A new Court House costing $600,000, is nearing completion. The great group of build- ings of the State Insane Asylum are in a beautiful park in the western part of the city. The Mineral Palace, a pure white building of noble architecture in which the great Eighteenth National Irrigation congress will hold its sessions, cost $250,000, and contains an unexcelled col- It has electric street car service with 35 miles of track; two water plants owned by the city; a telephone system with 4,600 telephones; a gas plant; an electric light plant, with power at a local plant in this city as well as with water power plant in the mountains 50 miles away. Citizenship. — The splendid citizenship of Pueblo is exemplified by the physical improvements of the city, the parks, the public utilities, the newspapers, the colleges, theaters, churches, residences, drives, beauty-spots at fre- quent intervals, paved streets, schools, and progressive work. Pueblo is building a city on a broad and generous basis. 426 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Scenic Beauty of Colorado After the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress is Over Delegates Will Have an Oppor- tunity to Enjoy It. By RALPH H. FAXON. AWAY back in the isixties, just as the old Kansas Pacific, now a part of the Union Pacific railroad, was being pushed westward from Kansas City to Denver, Bayard Taylor, in writing up Colorado, first made use of the expression, "It is the Switzerland of America." Theodore Roosevelt has called it "ThePlayground of America." Seldom have delegates to a National Irrigation con- gress or the visitors who generally compose the attend- Canon City, the first step is entrancing. The upper waters of the Rio Grande riv£r and the almost equally famous San Luis valley furnish a most pleasing experience, and to the east Sierra Blanca lifts itself 300 feet higher than Pike's Peak, always snow-capped, and standing like a sentinel at the entrance to this wonderfully fertile section in southern Colorado. To the north of Pueblo the more traveled paths lead to Colorado Springs, Pike's Peak, the splendid short line to Cripple Creek, Manitou, with its famous waters, nest ling at the foot of Pike's Peak, and the Garden of the Gods, now a part of the Colorado Springs park system hard by. Still further north comes the beautiful city of moun- tain and plain, Denver, from whence the wonderful Moffat road trips and the Georgetown Loop may be taken with pleasure and profit, and still further northward is Long's Peak, one of the trio of lofty sentinels that guard the way along the Continental Divide. The beautiful town of Boulder, and innumerable other retreats, large and small, are to the north of Denver, and furnish opportunity for the The New Congress Hotel, Pueblo. Colorado. ance at such sessions, had an opportunity for mingling pleasure with profit to such a nice extent as they will have when the eighteenth National Irrigation Congress shall have passed into history on September 30, 1910, and they set about to determine what next they shall do before leaving for their homes. Still better opportunity, perhaps, is presented to those greatest possible enjoyment. The Western Slope is replete with revelation and beauty. It is almost as satisfying to see an acre of apple orchard that is worth from four to five thousand dollars as it is to see the Palisades and the beautiful formations in the Grand River valley along the scenic route that traverses it. The Pueblo Central High School. from the far East or from the South, unacquainted largely with the possibilities of Colorado, to go to that state late in August or early in September and enjoy these advan- tages before the opening day of the congress on Septem- ber 26. From the entrance into Colorado and the journey up the famous Arkansas Valley to the congress city and thence to the wonderful Royal Gorge of the Arkansas, at There are two particularly splendid trips that may be taken out of Colorado Springs that are worth the while of any idling tourist or busy man with but a few hours at his command. One of these is "Pike's Peak by Rail." This is over the "Cog-wheel Route," a feat of engineer- ing that permits a specially-constructed Baldwin engine to haul a large car filled with people up grades of very high percentage with perfect safety to a view that is THE IRRIGATION AGE. •427 probably not surpassed anywhere on the continent. The fact that this road has been in operation for twenty years and that no harm has yet come to the traveler is certain indication of its availability by even the most timid person. Pike s Peak is called "The Monument of the Conti- nent.'' and this is certainly a fitting term, for Indians and frontiersmen and pathfinders and tourists have all. in their day, looked with eager eye on this mark that first Pueblo Cou'nty Beet Field. broke the march of civilization westward, and that stood as a guide, philosopher and friend on more than one occasion. I'ike's Peak is a history and a romance. Major Zebu- Ian M. Pike, a soldier and adventurer, discovered it No- vember i:>, 1800, and attempted to ascend it. He and his most famous gold camp, leave the traveler with a mingled sense of awe and sheer pleasure. At the Cripple Creek end of this trip there is what is known as the Electric Circle tour. This passes the back doors and the front doors of all the big mines in the district, and it is illuminating and entertaining to any stranger to have a look at close hand at the mines of which he has so long heard and which are such wonderful producers. One of these is the Low-line and the other the High- line. The Low-line has the more mines along its way, but the High-line scales mountains and goes through Midway, Independence and Goldfield, all thriving mining towns. The great scarred mountains tell the story of the tunneling and digging, of the lives that have been lost and the treasure gained, but of an industry that seems just as prominent now as it was in the exciting days of gold discovery in that district. At Canon City, where the Royal Gorge of the Ar- kansas presents a scene only equalled on this continent by the Grand Canon of the Colorado or Yellowstone, one may find very great pleasure indeed. The Skyline drive is not equalled anywhere in this country and only at one place in the world, at Caracas. Canon City should be on the list of all Colorado pleasure seekers. Picturesque, scenic Colorado plus all its mineral de- posits, and its wonderful agricultural attainments under irrigation, and plus the greatest gathering held in the west this year, make it worth the while of anyone to tarry for a month. Foreign Representation at the Congress. Xot least of the splendid features of the Eighteenth Xational Irrigation Congress, Pueblo, Colorado, September 26-30, 1910, is the factor of foreign representation. It is the opinion of Dr. E. McQueen Gray of Albu- querque, New Mexico, the industrious and exceedingly accomplished foreign secretary of the congress, that the ___ The Minnequa Plant — Pueblo's Great Steel Works. men tried it time and again and while they did not reach n- I"]), they carried back the word of it and today it bears the soldier's name and a plate suitably inscribed on its summit is a monument to him as much as the stone that rests in the beautiful park near the Antlers Hotel at Colorado Springs. The trip up the road to the summit is not to be de- scribed idly. It is a thing that must be undertaken to be appreciated. The narrow defiles, the steep grades, the look into canyons and gorges, thousands of feet deep, the approach to timber-line, the winding way around the sum- mit until the top is finally reached, are exhilcrating, inspir- satisfying. The short-line trip over the range to Cripple Creek out of Colorado Springs, is one Aat cannot be overlooked in the log of any traveler. This road, built less than 10 years ago, a distance of 45 miles, at a cost of 20 million dollars, is an engineering feat as daring and as successful as the cog-wheel road itself. The trip is a continuous panorama through canon and mountain scenery, starting at an altitude of 6,000 feet at Colorado Springs, and work- ins up to 10.000 feet at Summit. The scaling of mountain sides, the tunneling through l>nii]iices here and there, the spanning of canons and gorges, the double "S." the constant winding round and round the mountains, and the final descent into the world's foreign representation will be from 35 to 40, in number. This representation will include the leading countries of the world, not only Europe, through its diplomatic and governmental representatives, but Asia, the Republic of Mexico, South and Central American republics, Canada. Cuba, and other nations. Canada was the first to name these foreign delegates, and they include, five in all, irrigation and engineering officials of different provinces. The Republic of Mexico was next in line. The secre- tary of state, Enrique Creel, former ambassador to the United States, informed Secretary Gray that a distin- guished representative would come from that country. Dr. Gray is now engaged in the endeavor to secure some distinguished diplomatist — preferably, Ambassador Bryce — and also a noted French engineer from the depart- ment of public works of that country. The foreign representation was first taken up two years ago in the Sixteenth National Irrigation Congress at Albuquerque, and has grown to be one of the most interesting features of the congress. Meanwhile, Secretary Arthur Hooker of the national organization continues to receive lists of delegates in in- creasing numbers, and the gratifying thuig to him is the high character and degree of prominence of the men named on the state delegations by the different governors 428 THE IRRIGATION AGE. "The Valley of Content11 In This Famous Section, the Capital of Which Is Pueblo, the Eighteenth Congress Will be Held. A NEWSPAPERMAN, one of the high priests of this won- derful section has aptly called the Arkansas valley "The Valley of Content." The name has made good. Today, scarcely anyone in the valley calls it "The Arkansas Valley." Instead, he says, "The Valley of Content." And it is, in very truth, the Valley of Content. Throughout its 306 miles of length, and its varying width of from two to five miles, the irrigated Arkansas valley stretches its sinuous way in perfect peace and con- tentment. Today, whatever conditions elsewhere, however unfortunate certain sections of the West may have been as to water, the Valley of Content is smiling and happy. It gets a little better each year, and not the least of its pleasures this year is the fact that the eighteenth Na- tional Irrigation Congress is to meet at its capital, Pueblo, seven crops are annually cut. Some way, the alchemy of the soil and sunshine perhaps being the contributory causes, the alfalfa is a little more dank and lush, a little more plentiful and profitable, a little more succulent, the seed a little more sought for, in the valley than elsewhere in the land. The seed crop is a great one, especially in the Garden City, Kansas, district, that town being the fore- most seed market for alfalfa in the world. Of beets, there are in the neighborhood of 75,000 acres in the Valley of Content. This makes an average of more than 10,000 acres for each mill, for there are seven fine beet sugar mills in this splendid domain. They are located at Rocky Ford, Swink, Sugar City, Lamar, Las Animas, Holly, in Colorado, and at Garden City, Kansas. Four com- panies are represented. The American Beet Sugar Com- pany, which owns the mills at Lamar, Las Animas, and Rocky Ford; the Holly Sugar Company owning the mills at Holly and Swink; the National Sugar Company owning that at Sugar City, and the United States Sugar and Land Company owning that at Garden City. Fruit is raised in abundance in the Valley of Content. One county alone, Fremont, the county seat of which is Canon City, produced last year more than a million dol- lars worth of apples, and a quarter of a million dollars worth of small fruit. Fowler, Rocky Ford and Garden City are also great fruit districts. New Hotel Vail, Pueblo, Colo. the second city in size in Colorado, and the third in the Great Mountain West. The Valley of Content has more than a half million acres under water. It embraces every known kind of irri- gation, from the open ditch to the perfect type of sub- irrigation by means of concrete pipe; from the earliest forms of irrigation to_the latest; from gravity to pumping. At the upper end of the irrigated Valley of Content sits the beautiful little town of Canon City, enthroned amid the scenic grandeur of the Grand Canon of the Arkansas. At the lower end is Garden City, that beautiful, thriving little town of 4,000, in Kansas, with its full development under pumping, and with the towns of Cimarron and Dodge City just below it, themselves becoming the centers of added irrigation to the eastward in the valley. This more than one-half million acres under water in the Arkansas valley will be added to within the next year by almost a like amount of irrigated area. Projects are already under way, and will be soon completed, many of them. The fame of the Valley of Content is great indeed, leading thousands to view it with increasing delight each year, and making it more and more the perfect type of irrigation and intensive cultivation. The three grdat crops of the Valley of Content in Col- orado and Kansas are beets, alfalfa and fruit. There are more than 100,000 acres of alfalfa, from which four to Truck is raised in great quantities. The famous Rocky Ford district raised last year more than a million dol- lars worth of cantaloupes. Celery, potatoes, watermelons and other truck abound. There is no section of the country coming more rapidly into intensive cultivation than the Valley of Con- tent. The small areas are constantly increasing. The old cattle days gave way to quarter-sections. These dwindled to 80-acre farms; then to 40-acre tracts; then those of twenty and ten acres, and celery and sweet potato tracts of from one to five acres are many indeed. A factor in the complete development of the Valley of Content is the Valley Commercial Association. This is the merger of commercialtclubs of the valley. The number of local bodies included in the federation is now twenty- two — seventeen in Colorado and five in Kansas. The membership extends from Canon City, Colorado, to Dodge City, Kansas. The organization was formed the first of this year, and the work has been great already, with many campaigns planned. This association has pointed the way for many others which have since been formed. The president of the Arkansas Valley Commercial Association is R. H. Faxon, of Garden City, Kansas. The vice-president is H. S. Maddox, of Canon City, Colorado. The secretary-treasurer is L. R. Fenlason. of Rocky Ford, Colorado. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 429 MANY NEW HOMES WAITING. Second Unit of the Belle Fourche Project in South Dakota Open for Entry. The completion of the second unit of the Belle Fourche irrigation project in South Dakota makes avail- able for homestead entry, 132 choice farms of forty and eighty acres each. Tfte farms are open to entry under the general provis- ions of the Homestead Law and the Reclamation Act. The settler is required after visiting the land to make his homestead entry at the local land office at Rapid City, or before the United States Commissioner at Belle Fourche. The homestead entry must be accompanied by an ap- plication for water right. There was no lottery. In addi- tion to the nominal entry fee the settler must pay in ad- vance one-tenth of the building charge, or three dollars per acre of irrigable land. A charge is also made of forty cents per acre per anntmj for operation and maintenance. The initial pay- ment for a 40-acre farm will be about $142, and for an SO-acre farm, $279. This is one of the lowest priced water rights in the West, and it is expected that every farm unit will be taken up before May 1st. The irrigable lands are located in Butte and Meade All the fruits and vegetables that can be raised in the valley can be sold to the mining camps of the Black Hills, where employment is given to thousands of men. Milk, eggs, butter, poultry, and garden truck all bring high prices and there is a growing and constant demand for these products. Sturgis, Whitewood, Belle Fourche, and other towns have direct connection over the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad with Omaha, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Chicago, and other large cities. These great markets take all the sur- Bclle Fourche Valley and Canals. plus products, sending in return machinery, household supplies and other manufactured articles not yet produced in the valley. A new railroad is being built the entire length of the project, so that the transportation facilities will be excellent. The reservoir created by this dam will cover about nine thousand acres, and will be the largest lake in the state. It will receive water through an inlet canal 6^2 miles long, 40 feet wide on the bottom, and capable of carrying the entire flow of Belle Fourche River. The Belle Fourche offers opportunities in every line Small 20-Acre Farm Being Profitably Farmed One Mile West of Spear- fish, S. D. — Belle Fourche Project. counties, north and northeast of the Black Hills, one of the richest gold mining camps in the West. The average elevation of the lands under the Belle Fourche project is 2,800 feet above sea level. The climate is healthful and invigorating. As in other parts of the arid region, the sensible temperature does not vary greatly, owing to the dryness of the atmosphere. The soil is clay loam and sandy loam, exceedingly fertile and free from alkali. Fruits, such as apples, cherries, plums and small fruits, do well, especially on the higher portions of the project near the bluffs, and potatoes produce abundantly on the south side of the river where the soil is more sandy. Sugar beets raised in the valley, it is claimed, contain as much suear as those raised in anv other section of the country, and are profitable as a special crop. The vast open country surroundin^ the valley affords pasturage for immense herds, making that section one of the largest cattle ranges in the United States. As many as 5.000 car loads of cattle have been shipped from Belle Fourche in a year. Large flocks of sheep also feed on the ranges, and one and one-half million pounds of wool are shipped annually from this region. With the irrigation of the valley and the production of abundant crops of small grain and al- falfa, a new and important industry will be developed in the winter feeding and fattening of stock. Diversion Dam Looking South — Belle Fourche Project. of business. The valley is practically a virgin field. The mercantile pursuits are not overcrowded. Manufacturing is yet to be developed, and the professional man has a great opportunity. The reclamation of 100,000 acres of land included in this project, with a family on every forty or eighty acre tract, will necessitate the establishment of several new towns and will add greatly to those now in existence. 430 THE IKBIGATION AGE. ARID AGRICULTURE BY B. C. BUFFUM, M. S. Manager of the Wyoming Plant and Seed Breeding Company, Wor- land. Former Professor of Agriculture in the University of Wyoming and the Colorado Agricultural College, and Director of the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. CROP MANAGEMENT. Some of the most resistant crops to drouth are macaroni wheat, kafir corn, sorghum, millet corn, potatoes, alfalfa, brome grass, wheat grass, spelt, beans, winter rye, sainfoin, peas, vetches and Jerusalem artichokes. Crops may be resistant to other things of importance as well as drouth resistant. In parts of the arid re- gion there are streaks where hail storms are more or less frequent. Some plants will withstand the effects of hail much better than others. A heavily bearded grain like macaroni or Durum wheat or Turkey Red wheat will not be so badly injured by light hail storms as will other kinds of grain. Flax is a good hail-resistant crop and sugar beets will recover after severe hail storms have practically pounded them into the ground. Fanners are also coming to appreciate more and more disease resistant crops. It seems important that we should produce potatoes resistant to root rot and blight. Some varieties seem more resistant to these diseases than others but the matter has not been fully enough worked out to make definite recommendations. We are working on the leaf-spot disease of alfajfa with hopes of securing im- munity from destruction by this disease. Good seed, good land and good farming require good PROF. B. C. BUFFUM. Dr. V. T. Cooke and the Beardless Feeding Barley — Raised by Dry Farming. planting. Special machines for planting are as important as plows or other implements for preparing the ground. Grain sown broadcast or potatoes planted by hand are at the risk of the farmer and at the best can be expected to give only indifferem returns. Grain that is broadcasted and harrowed or cultivated to cover, is never well planted. The work is all unevenly done. Some of the seed is cov- ered too deep — some not deep enough — the soil is not packed around the seed — the plants do not have the ad- vantages of light, air and the cultivation they get in the drill rows. The press drill is an essential implement for the dry farmer and will pay for itself in a single season on any average sized farm of the West. It plants the grain evenly, at a proper depth, puts it in contact with moist soil and presses the soil around the seed in a way which secures quick and strong germination of the seed and the best early growth of the seedling plants. A week or ten days is gained in the season by this prompt germination and quick growth. There is a large saving of seed which is an important item. Forty pounds of seed press-drilled Alfalfa Stacks on Government Farm, Cheyenne. is equal to sixty pounds sown broadcast, a saving of 33 per cent. Planting fall or winter grains secures advantages to the farmer over sowing spring crops. They have a long season and usually will mature before drouth sets in. Only the winter wheat, winter rye and winter emmer are hardy enough in our northern arid region. Winter oats have been grown as far north as northern Wyoming east of the mountains, but the varieties now used cannot be de- pended on to produce a crop. Winter barley is being tried but it cannot be recommended as successful yet. Winter rye and Turkey Red wheat give surprisingly good results. Near Cheyenne these "rains stood a winter of unusual drouth, there being only one and one-third inches of pre- cipitation in eight months. After standing this remarkable drouth, winter rye produced 44 bushels and winter wheat 35 bushels per acre. The author is breeding winter emmers for the arid region and these grains give promise of revo- lutionizing the stock-feeding industry of our western plateaus. Sow winter grain on summer Jilled land in September or the first half of October. At lower altitudes on irrigated land some farmers have sown wheat any time up to the hard freezing weather with success. Where fall sown grain can be pastured it may be planted earlier. Spring sown crops should be planted as early as the ground can be made ready and danger of heavy freezing is over. Catch or volunteer crops sometimes yield enough to be of value from seed that shatters off in the fall. Much of the success of dry farming depends on thin seeding. More beginners in dry farming sow too much seed rather than too little. Where grains are sown early and have a correspondingly long season, there is more chance for stooling. For the same reason we should ^<'^T larger amounts of seed when we are late doing the work- There may be moisture enough to support ten grain plant- per square foot when twenty plants would die of thirst. Limited moisture therefore calls for thin planting that there may be less danger of "firing" before the crop ma- tures. If the season is well advanced and the soil moist and warm so grains shoot up rapidly they do not take time to stool or make tillers. The reason that some grains are more drouth resistant than others is that they have grown in dry regions so long they have lost the habit of tillering THE IRRIGATION AGE. 431 to a large extent and also produce less leanness to pump moisture from the soil. The following seed table will be found very useful for dry farming. The amounts of seed given are based on the very best condition of seed bed, planting at the right time and with a drill which does the "('Mining Through the Rye." The Wyoming State Dry Farm Com- mission. work in the best possible manner. The farmer whose seed bed is in poor tilth or dry, or who plants late or with poor methods, should increase the amounts of seed recom- mended by from 30 per cent to 100 per cent. Minimum Seed per Acre CROP. Remarks. Pounds. Alfalfa For hay, drilled 10 Alfalfa For hay, broadcast 25 Alfalfa For seed in wide rows 2 Canada Field Peas (Small) 40 Field Peas (Large varieties) 50 Sand Vetch 20 Millet Siberian 8 Millet Common or German 5 Proso Drouth-resisting Broom Corn Millet G Brome Grass 20 Meadow Fescue 20 Western Wheat Grass 13 Slender Wheat Grass 20 Barley For threshed grain 35 Barley Beardless for feed 50 Oats For grain 35 Oats For hay 60 Rve Winter or Spring 30 Winter Wheat Drilled 30 Durum Spring Wheat Drilled 40 Polish Wheat For feed 60 Emmer or Spelt For feed 40 Buckwheat 20 Flax For seed 25 Flax For fiber 50 Broom Corn ~ Field Beans (Small) 20 Corn In hills and thin 4 Corn In drills 7 Sweet Corn For fodder 10 Sorghum For seed 8 Sorghum For fodder 20 Kafir Corn 4 Turnips 2 Carrots 3 Mangel Wurzel or Stock Beets K Sugar Beets To be thinned 20 The best seed, regardless of cost is the most profit- able. The cost of good seed is small compared with the value of the resulting crop. The difference in the price of first and second grade seed does not make a great difference in the total cost per acre. Like produces like. The best seed invariably results in the best crop. It is especially important that the dry farmer plant thoroughly clean seed that is free from weeds. We know of nothing that causes greater loss than the presence of worthless weeds. They rob the soil of its moisture and use plant food that belongs to the crop. Without exception every student of western farming recommends the use of seed that is acclimated or that has been grown under the same conditions as those where they are to be planted, or as near these conditions as is pos- sible to obtain. This subject of the breeding of varieties suitable to our western conditions and the adaptation of plants to soil and climate is one of the most important with which we have to deal. As a rule seeds raised under irrigation or in a humid climate are not good seeds for dry farming. Good seed cannot be produced as cheaply or sold for the same price that common bulk crops bring. With the breeding work that is now inaugurated in the arid region it will be but a few years before new and im- proved varieties of farm seeds will be made available. This work cannot fail to make our western farming more successful and profitable. The principal implements for cultivating grain are the drag harrow and the weeder. When the grain is too high to be harrowed a weeder may then be used to much advantage. Sometimes the weeder may do the best work from the first. To do the work properly the harrow teeth must be kept sharp and slanted. Good work cannot be done with dull or stubbed-off teeth. Always harrow crossways of the drill marks if possible to do so. It often looks as though great injury were being done by harrow- ing small grain, but it never fails to turn out beneficially. Winter wheat should be harrowed one or more times in the spring going over twice may be necessary to do effec- tive work. Small grains or even corn may be harrowed until six or seven inches high. The harrow is a good thing to run over the potato field or field peas just when they are coming up. Of course the harvest may be carried on by ordinary methods, but the soil should not be neglected at this time. Where our rainfall comes during the summer, discing the stubble after harvesting grain is important. After harvest- ing potatoes or sugar beets the drag harrow should be used to break up the lumps and re-establish the soil mulch. Barley or other grains that can be used for feed without threshing should be harvested when in the stiff dough. This prevents, in a measure, re-seeding the ground through the grain shattering out, for in this country practically all the ripe grain which drops on the ground in the fall comes up the next spring as .a volunteer crop. If the grain can be fed without threshing it is marketed in the best possible way from the farm and saves the cost of thresh- ing and handling. Pure grain farming is not the best type of permanent argriculture. On suitable soils, however, both with and without the summer-fallow system, farmers have practiced grain farming on the same soils for more than thirty years in parts of the West and they have become thrifty and even wealthy doing so! There is no doubt but such soil rob- bery will result in depletion in time, but the extensive grain farmer gives little or no thought to the building up of a productive farm for future generations. He often expects his children to enter the profession or move to some other country for their livelihood. With the prac- tice of growing a single crop year after year, continued long enough, at the same time adding nothing in plant food, there are few soils upon which, sooner or later, farming will not become unprofitable. Confining the soil to one crop induces the accumulation of insects and plant diseases, which are peculiar to that crop, and when the devastation arrives it hits quick and hard. When grain farming is the principal aim in any region, the best prac- tice in addition to the resting of the soil alternate seasons, is to adopt a system of crop rotation which will add fertility. Rotation of crops is not so necessary where land is summer tilled every other year as it is to keep up soil fertility on lands that produce annual crops. However, a regular system of rotation will pay on all dry farms. The principal aim in a rotation for arid lands, is to keep up (Continued en page 478.) 432 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Homes in Fountain Valley What One Energetic Man, Wm. C. Johnston, Has Accomplished in a Famous Colorado Section. WHEN the history of reclamation work in the state of Colorado has been prepared and the promoters of the larger projects are given due recognition, it is safe to say that the name of William C. Johnston, of the Foun- tain Valley Land and Irrigation Company (who is also the father of the Castlewood, now known as the Denver and Suburban Homes Irrigation Company), will stand out especially prominent. Mr. Johnston is a man of great force and an active promoter of large institutions. He is a Southerner by View of Main Canal of Fountain Valley Land & Irrigation Company's Project — 2 Miles from Colorado Springs. birth and has made his home permanently in Colorado Springs for some years past. He came into the country as a comparatively young man and has obviously not yet reached the summit of his ambitions. He has been pur- chasing from time to time large ranch properties through- out Fountain Valley south of Colorado Springs, and the work so far carried on on the Fountain Valley project, wherein many obstacles were encountered, demonstrates the dominant will of the man, and assures completion of this splendid project, which will stand as a monument to his activity, foresight and endurance. At the present time Mr. Johnston is bending his energies towards the extension of this project by the addi- tional purchase of lands as above stated. In our November, 1909, issue there appeared an article on the Fountain Valley and the attractive project known by that name. The center o*f activity in Fountain Valley is, at pres- ent, the town of Fountain, which lies thirteen miles south of the city of Colorado Springs. It is delightfully situated, commanding a magnificent view of the Rocky Mountain range, and is in close proximity to Cheyenne mountain, and from all of this property a fine view may be obtained of Pike's Peak, the San de Christo range, the Spanish peaks and the Green mountains on the south, with a sweep northwardly of some 100 miles of the main range of the Rockies. It has been clearly demonstrated by ranchmen on this tract during the past two or three years that splendid crops of alfalfa, beans and small grains may be obtained, and Mr. Austin, who is in charge of THE IRRIGATION AGE ranch, near Fountain, has produced results upon his farm a little north of that town, which have given him fame throughout the district and the state. The soil is said to be equal to the best in Colorado, and with proper irrigation all settlers in the Fountain Valley district should produce equally as good crops as any of the older far-famed districts. In some respects this district combines advantages which are not equaled elsewhere. This is particularly true of the markets. Its main markets are Colorado Springs, Cripple Creek, Pueblo, and many of the mining towns lying on the railway lines westward from these points. It is a well known fact that the mining market is the best cash market in the world for garden truck as well as fruit. Leadville, which is one of the famous old-time camps of the Rocky mountains, is also tributary to this territory. The farmers in the Foun- tain valley can also compete successfully in the Denver market, which is only seventy-five miles away. Within the last few months Mr. Johnston, president of the Fountain Valley Land and Irrigation Company, has made arrangements whereby a canning factory is now being established at Fountain, which will use much of the products at good prices, and will insure a home market without a long haul. This was a good stroke on the part of Mr. Johnston, and the people of the town of Fountain and the valley generally are to be congratulated on its suc- cessful outcome. Many new homes have been erected on this tract within the past year and a half, and we are showing in this connection various scenes and views of these homes. The Fountain tract has been settled largely, so far, by eastern people with means sufficient to erect substan- tial buildings and make all necessary improvements on their places without the delay usually incident in new settlements where the colonist arrives short of funds and frequently without the proper machinery with which to carry on his work. There are ranches on the Mprningside Hills, east of Fountain, which are as well equipped as any of the old ranches throughout the state, as will be seen by referring to the illustrations and legends accompanying them. Some of these homes are much better than are found on the ordinary old-time ranches. We are showing also in this connection a large half- tone of a cherry orchard, set out by Mr. Johnson some three years ago. Part of this orchard, which will not come into full bearing for perhaps a year or more, sold recently for $700 per acre. Assuming that the land with the water- rights and improvements, including cost of the tree stock, etc., cost Mr. Johnston $150 per acre, it may easily be seen what profits can be made from setting out young orchards on $125 or $150-acre land. The water supply for this tract of land is considered View of Reservoir No. 3, Fountain Valley Land & Irrigation Com- pany's Project. by the best engineers to be fully capable of covering a much larger area. An examination of the reservoirs stored with water and a study of their capacity will readily con- vince anyone who is familiar with the subject of irrigation that there will be no shortage of water after the entire system is in operation. (Continued on page 477.) THE IEEIGATION AGE 433 SCENES IN THE FOUNTAIN VALLEY, COLORADO. 1. Grader Working on Lateral on Fountain Valley Land & Irrigation Company's project. 2. View of Headgate from East Side — Fountain Valley Land & Irrigation Company's Project. 3. Building Fence on IRRIGATION AGE Ranch. 4. Residence of W. P. Larrabee — Fountain Valley Tract. 5. Load of Alfalfa Grown on the Skinner Ranch on the Fountain Valley Property. 6. There are Five Railway Lines — Four Stations on the Property. 7. Breaking out a Lateral on the Touzalin Ranch. 8. Home of Frank Schade, Whose Ranch Touches the IRRIGATION AGE Property on the Northeast. 9. Residences of E. H. and Hector Hofman Recently Erected on the Fountain Valley Tract. 434 THE IKRIGATION AGE. The New Sante Fe Trail History of a Great Enterprise that Follows the Path Trod by Earliest Western Settlers. * ' IT is the greatest roadmaking effort in the West today." That was what the leading editorial writer on one of the biggest newspapers in the Middle West said to R. H. Faxon, of Garden City, Kansas, president of the New Santa Fe Trail, now building through Kansas and Colorado. Union Depot, Pueblo, Colorado. The New Santa Fe Trail hugs the main line of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroad from Newton, Kansas, to Canon City, Colorado, a distance of about 500 miles, jusf as the Santa Fe railroad hugs the old Santa Fe trail, after which this splendid new highway was named. It has recently been extended eastward from Newton, Kansas, to Kansas City, and will now cover 700 miles. Good roads is no new thing in the West, but the New Santa Fe Trail is the highest expression of the desire for a continuous good road that has yet been found in these parts. The Trail is the first definite, large project in road- making in the West. The road is actually building, too. Commencing at Hutchinson, Kansas, it threads its way in a less circuitous way than might be expected, up the famous and fertile Arkansas River valley, never very far away from, and generally right along the Santa Fe railroad. There are two lines, one cutting across from Hutchinson to Kinsley, Kansas, and the other following the Santa Fe main line in a northwesterly way, around the great bend of the Arkansas, meeting the other at Kinsley and thence running along with the railroad to the Kansas-Coloredo state line. There the state of Colorado picks up the highway and carries it, still up the Arkansas valley, still along the Santa Fe railroad, to Pueblo and Canon City, from where it is planned to take it on to Colorado Springs and Denver. The laws of the state of Kansas, because of the con- stitution, do not permit the state to engage in works of internal improvement. Hence it is not the easiest thing in the world to build a great highway like this, which lends still more interest. The work must be clone in three ways: By utilizing the township road levies, which run from $100 to $500 per township; by aid from the county commis- sioners, which is generally in the form of bridges, etc., unless there is a county road, in which case the commis- sioners can spend considerable money; and by private subscription. All three methods are being used. In Col- orado, of course, where there is no constitutional inhibi- tion, the state highway commission and the counties can spend large sums of money. A Continuous Great Highway. The Kansas roads — the western Kansas roads — are principally common dirt roads, and not hard to build. So the township boards will follow the lines laid down by the county engineers, and unite, county to county, end to end, a continuous east-and-west road, thus forming the great highway. If there are jogs in the road; if there are turns for a half mile or so, there is a straightening-out process put into effect, a new road laid out, or something else done to make the road as continuous as possible. New bridges and culverts, mainly of concrete, the modern construction, are put in where needed. Roads are graded, using the ordinary scrapers, the big road-graders, cuts and fills made, and the King drag put on — the King drag is the standard split-log drag — until gradually a "crown" is put on the road and it sheds rather than retains water. Then the road is kept in constant repair. At frequent intervals, very sandy patches are encoun- tered. Here a search is made for clay, gypsum, or gumbo, and that is mixed with the sand, filling the voids, and making a "binder." Such roads become firm and smooth as pavements, like rock or macadam, and impervious to water. Much of this sandhills road work has been done in western Kansas, notably at Garden City, the most pro- gressive of the smaller cities along the Trail. Seven miles of almost impenetrable sand was "bound" with a gypsum- clay mixture, and now iorms what State Engineer Gear- hart calls "the best road in the state of Kansas." There are a dozen of these in western Kansas. Entering Colorado, crushed rock and tailings are used, making a fine thoroughfare. There are miles and miles of such roads in eastern Colorado. The history of the New Santa Fe Trail is interesting. The idea originated in the mind of C. H. Scott, good roads editor of the Hutchinson, Kansas, News. Happen- ing in Garden City, Kansas, one day a year ago, he men- tioned it to R. H. Faxon, editor of The Garden City Evening Telegram, who had promoted the famous Garden City sandhills road the year before. The two put their heads together, and decided on a campaign for the Arkan- sas Valley Speedway, as it was first called. The Work of Two Men. For more than six months, these two conducted the best campaign of road publicity that the West has seen, gradually enlisting the support of every newspaper from Hutchinson, Kansas, to Pueblo, Colorado. It culminated in a great conference held early in the year at Hutchinson, when more than 300 delegates, including representatives of commercial organizations, farmers' institutes, board of An Apple Orchard near Pueblo. county commissioners, mayors, motor clubs, newspapers, and public-spirited citizens generally, met in convention and definitely laid the plans for the New Santa Fe Trail, as it was decided to call it. The resolutions of that conference form probably what is the best document on good roads extant. Mr. Faxon was president of the conference and Mr. Scott was secretary. The organization was made permanent. With a vice-president in eastern Kansas and one in Colorado, and with an executive and publicity committee, with Faxon (Continued on page 47'5.) THE IKEIGATION AGE. 435 THE KINGDOM'S PRINCIPALITIES. Colorado, Like Rome, Has Three Great Parts — and One Other in Addition. FAMOUS as it is, and being the principality of which Pueblo is the capitol, the Arkansas valley is not the only section of the state of Colorado entitled to notice. Besides this valley, there are three other districts well and favorably known in the West today. These are: The San Luis valley section. The Western Slope. , The North Colorado district. The San Luis valley is a wonderful country lying to the southwest of Pueblo and tributary to it. It com- prises about 3 million acres of irrigable territory, and close to a million acres already under water. It includes the four great Colorado counties of Costilla, Conejos, Rio Grande, and Saguache. Through its heart flows the great Rio Grande river, with the famous Rio Grande canal, one of the stupendous irrigation ditches of the West. This great canal, with headgates near Del Norte, was built in 1884 at a cost of $250,000. It is the property of the Rio Grande Land & Canal Company. It has 120,000 them, it is predicted. The Slope country is well adapted to raising beets. Intensive cultivation naturally results in a fruit coun- try, and the Western Slope is familiar with the value. Agricultural lands, especially in the fruit sections, sell for very high prices. There have been sales which ran as high as $4,000 to the acre. There are a half dozen very rich counties on the Western Slope, and development work is going on apace. While the Western Slope has no centralized com- mercial organization, it has the Western Slope Develop- ment congress, which meets annually, and lends cohesive force to this great district of the state. The famous Gunnison tunnel, so-called popularly, the official name of which is the Uncompahgre project of the government, is on the Slope. It is the most stupen- dous of all the government reclamation projects, from the engineering standpoint. Grand Junction, Delta, Montrose, Paonia, Hotchkiss, and Gunnison are some of the leading fine towns of the Western Slope. The North Colorado district is the cradle of irriga- tion in this part of the West. The Greeley district, founded by Horace Greely more than 40 years ago, is the birthplace of the irrigation efforts in Colorado. 70-acre Cherry Orchard on the Fountain VaHey Land & Irrigation Company's Project. acres under it, is 60 feet wide, and can carry six feet of water. When the National Irrigation congress officials visited its headgates early in June, it was carrying 1,400 second-feet of water, and was running four feet deep. The San Luis valley is as level as a floor. The character of its soil is splendid. The principal products are wheat and peas. These latter are fed to the famous San Luis valley hog, which tops the market and adds wealth to this section of Colorado. A beet sugar mill will be built at Monte Vista before the year is over, and enterprising men are already figuring on the beet possibilities of the valley. The work on the Monte Vista mill is in charge of W. D. Hoover and Ward Darly. There has recently been organized in the San Luis valley the San Luis Valley Commercial association, very closely patterned after the model merger in the Arkansas valley, and preparing to take an active part in the forth- coming Eighteenth National Irrigation congress and National Irrigation exposition. The Western Slope is a famous district, too. Its principal forte is apples. The state of Colorado in the year 1909 raised more than 7 million dollars' worth of apples, and most of these came from the Western Slope. There are also sugar mills on the Western Slope, and within the next year or so there will be several more of The South Platte river waters most of the North Colorado district, and irrigation has reached such a per- fect type of development as to permit of the utmost econ- omy in the use of water — something not all the districts have yet learned. There are a half dozen sugar mills in the North Colorado district, and the first essay at beets was in this1 district. The Colorado state agricultural college, doing mag- nificent work, is at Fort Collins, in this district. D. A. Camfield, the Titan of irrigation in the West, lives and has his field of effort at Greeley. That is also the famous potato district. Hence Colorado has four great principalities that make up the kingdom. WANTED — Position to take charge of advertising for an established colonization concern who is marketing irrigated lands. I have had extensive experience in hand- ling work of this character for a concern that sold $1,000,- 000 worth of land during the past two years. Am capable of writing articles for newspapers or preparing matter for display advertising. Can furnish excellent references. Address, A. D. M., care Irrigation Age, 112 Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. 436 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Irrigation of Alfalfa By SAMUEL FORTIER, Chief of Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment btations. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Amount of Water Required. Alfalfa requires more water than most crops. This is readily accounted for by the character of the plant, the rapidity with which it grows, the number of crops pro- duced in one season, and the heavy tonnage obtained. As a result of careless practice there is a lack of uni- formity in the quantity of water used, the volumes applied frequently being far in excess of the needs of the crop. The majority of the records collected and published by this office show a yearly duty of water for alfalfa ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 feet in depth over the surface, while in quite a large number of cases the volumes applied would have covered the area irrigated to depths of 6 to 15 feet. From the large number of measurements made on the duty of water it is possible to select some that possess great value, since they indicate what can be accomplished with a given quantity of water. During the season of 1904 careful measurements were made by C. E. Tait, of this office, of the amount of water used on alfalfa fields in the vicinity of Pomona, Cal. The rainfall at Pomona for the winter of 1903-4 was much below the normal and amounted to about 9.1 inches.* The quantity of irrigation water applied by pumping averaged 2.3 feet in depth and the yield of cured hay averaged from 1 to 1.5 tons per acre per crop, five or six crops being common. These figures are corroborated by many others collected in sotUhern California. Perhaps in no other locality of the arid region is a greater tonnage of alfalfa obtained, yet in a climate of scanty rainfall having a long, dry, hot summer only a comparatively small amount of water is used. About a third of the 9,000 acres irrigated by the Riverside Water Company is in alfalfa and for the past seven years the average depth applied has been 2.31 feet, while the depth of rainfall and irrigation water com- bined has averaged 3.18 feet. In 1903 the writer, when director of the Montana Ex- periment Station, applied different depths of water to seven plats of alfalfa with the results given in the follow- ing table. It will be seen that a high tonnage for so short a season as prevails in Montana was obtained from plat 5 with the use of 2 feet of water. By irrigating plat 6 seven times, and plat 7 eight times, it was possible to increase the yield to the amounts stated. The results of this experi- ment seem to confirm the best practice of southern Cali* fprnia, which may be summed up by stating that in locali- ties having an annual rainfall of about 12 inches remark- ably heavy yields of alfalfa may be obtained from the use of 24 to 30 inches of irrigtion water, providing it is prop- erly applied. Quantities of Water Applied to Alfalfa and Yields Secured, Montana Experimental Station. Yield per Depth of Depth of Total acre of Plat irrigation. rainfall. depth. cured, number. alfalfa. Feet. Feet. Feet. Tons. 1 0.5 0.70 1.20 4.61 2 None .70 .70 1.95 3 1.0 .70 1.70 4.42 4 1.5 .70 2.20 3.75 5 20 . .70 2.70 6.35 6 2.5 .70 3.20 7.20 7 . 3.0 .70 3.70 7.68 The Proper Time to Irrigate Alfalfa. The general appearance, and more particularly the color of the plant, are the best guides, perhaps, as to when water is needed. When healthy and vigorous, alfalfa is of a light-green color; but when the supply of moisture is insufficient the leaves take on a darker and duller shade of green and begin to droop, and unless water is provided both stems and leaves wither and die. Another test is to remove a handful of soil 6 inches or so beneath the sur- face and compress it in the hand. If it retains its ball-like shape after the pressure has been removed and shows the imprints of the fingers, the soil is sufficiently moist, but *U. S. Dept Agr., Weather Bureau, Climate and Crop Ser- vice, California, Ann. Sums.. 1903 and 1904. 373. if it falls apart readily it is too dry. In connection with such tests it is well to bear in mind that they are more or less influenced by both soil and climate. It is therefore necessary to observe the growth of the plant closely on all new alfalf^ fields to determine if possible how far such tests may be relied upon, the chief object being to main- tain at all times as nearly as practicable the proper amount of moisture in the soil surrounding the roots of the plants to prevent a checking of their growth. Alfalfa commonly receives careless treatment at the hands of western irrigators. When water is available and is not needed for other crops it is usually turned on the alfalfa fields or meadows whether these need it or not. There is no question that yields of alfalfa might be consid- erably increased if more care was used in finding out when to apply water. In each kind of soil and under any given set of climatic conditions there is a certain per- centage of soil moisture which will give the best results. Under the present unskilled practice it is impossible to maintain uniform soil-moisture conditions for any length of time. The soil is apt to receive too much or too little water, or else it is deluged with cold water at a time when it needs only heat and air. The number of irrigations required depends upon the depth and nature of the soil, the depth to ground water, the number of cuttings, and the rainfall, temperature, and wind movement. Other things being equal, more frequent waterings are required in the warm sections of the South than in the cooler portions of the North. The number of irrigations per year for alfalfa ranges from 4 in Montana and Wyoming to as many as 12 in parts of California and Arizona. In locali- ties where water is scarce during part of the season the number of waterings as well as the amount used each time depends on the available supply. It is a common prac- tice to apply frequent and heavy irrigations in spring when water is abundant and to water less often and more spar- ingly when the supply is low. Winter Irrigation of Alfalfa. When water is applied either to bare soil or to crops outside of the regular irrigation season it is termed winter irrigation. The practice thus far has been confined largely to the warmer parts of the arid region. It has become well established in Arizona and California and is being quite rapidly extended to parts of Oregon, Kansas, and the Rocky mountain states. Experience has shown that a deep retentive soil is capable of storing a large quantity of water. On account of the fluctuation of western streams of all kinds, from the small creek to the large river, the greatest flow of water often comes at a season when there is least demand for it. In a few localities adequate storage facilities have been provided to retain the surplus, but as a rule it is allowed to go to waste. The passage of so much waste water led to the introduction of winter irrigation and in nearly every case the results have been satisfactory. The chief clit- ferences between winter and ordinary irrigations are the larger volumes used, the crude manner of conveying and applying the water, and the dormant or partially dormant condition of the plants at the time of irrigation. In Fresno county, Cal., water is turned into the canals in January and February. The larj e canals of the Modesto and Turlock districts run more than half a head during the latter half of February. This is the rainy period in both these localities and the soil is usually too wet for plant growth, but water is applied to alfalfa fields to fill up the subsoil so as to provide a surplus for the rainless summer when water is scarce. Besides furnishing a supply of much-needed moisture, winter irrigation, when conditions are favorable, prevents winterkilling and improves the mechanical condition of the soil. Winter Killing of Alfalfa. The winter killing of alfalfa is confined chiefly to the colder and more elevated portions of the Rocky mountain region and to the northern belt of humid states. Damage from cold is rare in Arizona and in California it is con- fined to young plants. In both the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys of the latter state the seed is frequently sown in midwinter and the slight frosts which occur occa- sionally in December and January in both these valleys are severe enough to kill very young plants. The belief THE IRRIGATION AGE. 137 is common that the plants are safe after they have put forth their third leaf. In the colder portions of Montana, Wyoming, Col- orado, Utah, and the Dakotas alfalfa is apparently winter- killed from a variety of causes and sometimes from a combination of causes. The percentage of loss around Greeley, Colo., has been placed at 2 per cent per annum, In this locality and throughout the Cache la Poudre val- ley in northern Colorado most of the winter killing is done in open, dry winters and is quite generally attributed to a scarcity of moisture in the soil. In the winter of 1907 considerable damage was done to the alfalfa fields around Loveland, Colo., on account of the long dry spell in mid- winter. The old alfalfa fields suffered most. It was the opinion of the farmers that a late fall irrigation would have prevented the loss. Near Wheatland, Wyo., the higher portions of the fields suffer most damage in winter, and here also the cause is said to be lack of moisture in the soil, combined with the effects produced by cold and wind. At Choteau, in northern Montana, a farmer watered. killing may be summed up as follows: Where both the soil and the air are dry the plant should be supplied with sufficient water for evaporation, but the land should be drained so thoroughly that none of the top soil is satu- rated; a late growth should not be forced by heavy irriga- tions late in the growing season; if the soil is dry, irri- gate after the plants have stopped growing; and the latest growth should be permitted to remain on the ground, un- pastured, as a protection. It may be stated in conclusion that the loss to the farmer from the winter killing of alfalfa is not as great as might appear at first. The damage is done in winter, and there is ample time to plow the plants under and secure another crop, which is usually heavy, owing to the amount of fertilizers added by the roots of alfalfa. The Montana farmer who increased his average yield of oats from 50 to 103 bushels per acre by plowing under winter killed alfalfa illustrated this point. Seeding Alfalfa on Land to be Irrigated. In Utah the most common practice now is to sow alfalfa without a nurse crop. From 12 to IS pounds of Tli e pumping plant shown above, located on the ranch of Sam J. McAfee, Ault, Colo., has been doing duty for four years. The gasoline engine and centrifugal pump were sold and installed by Dempster Mill Mfg. Co., Beatrice, Neb. late in the fall, part of an alfalfa field which was two years old, and it winter killed, while the unwatered portion escaped injury. This and other evidence along the same line which might be given go far to demonstrate that under some conditions too much moisture is as detrimental as too little. Probably the chief cause of the winter killing of alfalfa is alternate freezing and thawing. The damage from this cause is greatly increased when any water is left standing on the surface. A blanket of snow is a protection, but when a thin sheet of ice" forms over portions of a field the result is usually fatal to plants. The bad effects of alternate freezing and thawing on alfalfa may be observed at the edge of a snow bank. This crop is likewise injured by the rupture of the tap roots by the heaving of the soil. From present knowledge of the subject, the means which may be used to protect alfalfa fields from winter- Utah-grown seed is put in with a 6-inch press drill to a depth of Y± to 1J4 inches during the first half of April. Irrigation before seeding is not necessary, as the soil is usually moist and contain? sufficient moisture to sup- port the plants until they attain a height of 6 to 10 inches. At this stage the alfalfa and the weeds are cut about 4 inches above the surface, the cutter bar of the mower being raised for that purpose, and the cuttings are left on the ground. Water is kept off after cutting until the crop begins to suffer. It is believed that when young plants lack moisture they will strike their taproots deeper into the soil in quest of water, and in this way develop a better root system than they would under frequent and copious irrigations. When alfalfa is sown with a nurse crop, oats is preferred. From 10 to 15 pounds of alfalfa seed is sown with 3 pecks to 1 bushel of oats. (Concluded in August Number.) 438 THE IRKIGATIOX AGE. From Barren Plains to Thrift Thousands of Acres of Land of the French Irriga- tion and Land Co., in Antelope Valley, New Mexico, Redeemed to Homes and Plenty. ONE can scarcely realize, as he looks over the im- mense reservoirs and ditches /of the French Land and Irrigation Company, that but a little more than two years ago this valley was only a grazing ground for thousands of cattle and that no thought was given to the possibilities that now await those who have had the fore- sight to secure a tract of this land under the splendid irrigation system now being constructed. valley all their ripe experience acquired by generations of tillers of the soil in the older settled states of the East. They fully realize the immense possibilities of the future and have gone to work with an energy and well defined system that will not admit of failure. Guided by the wonderful results that have been ob- tained by the scattering rancher along the Cimarron and Verenejo rivers, they are planning big things that in a very few years will make this valley the equal of any of the famous valleys of the West. Like all busy communities there is a diversity of ideas. Some are planning the culture of sugar beets, others the growing af alfalfa, others see in the develop- ment of the apple orchards the one great money maker and home builder of the future. None are without the elements of success and all will prove a winner to the farmer who combines good business judgment with the energy and perseverence necessary in every undertaking. All of the products as well as the small grains and Mill Exhibit of the French Land & Irrigation Company at the Land Show in Chicago. As one looks over the valley, now he can see over 10,000 acres of waving grain and over 100 homes of set- tlers who have moved there within the last eighteen months and all of whom are enthusiastic over their future prospects. Good, comfortable houses and outbuildings are rapidly rearing completion, young orchards are being planted in every direction, great steam plows turning over the raw sod, and it is indeed a revelation to a stranger who has come here expecting to see the usual dreary and desolate outlook common to what the Easterner terms the "sage- brush country." The French Land and Irrigation Company has sold over 20,000 acres of its land to the best farmers of the Middle West and these men have brought to the Antelope vegetables common to the Middle West have been suc- cessfully grown here for a number of years by the early settlers in the valley, so that the purchaser of the lands of this company have not only the hope of success but the absolute assurance that his honest labor will receive its reward. The Antelope valley differs from many irrigated dis- tricts in this: Nearly all irrigation projects are narrow strips of land lying along the rivers, varying in width from one to three miles. The lands of this company cover an area nearly twenty miles square, which, when its irriga- tion system now under contemplation is finished, will make one of the largest bodies of irrigated land in the United States. (Continued on page 477.) THE IEEIGATION AGE. 439 RANCHO del PUERTO By John Brent (The following is a very graphic description of one of the most modern and model irrigation systems in the West, if not in the world. The article Is written by the engineer, as the reader will note, and therefore is authentic and tech- nically correct. It will be interesting to those studying irri- gation, to follow the treatise carefully. The accompanying illustrations were taken with the idea of thoroughly illustrat- ing the points in question, concerning the ranch and the ir- rigation system.) "The Rancho del Puerto, situated on the west side of the great valley of the San Joaquin river, has long been known as one of the most fertile spots in that great state of fertile spots — California. Comprising about 18,000 The elevation of the land along the railroad is approxi- mately 70 feet. At the banks of the river it is 18 to 20 feet, giving an easy slope towards the river of about 17 feet to the mile. "A spot was selected about the middle of the ranch where the river had a straight course and high, firm banks, and a well was sunk about sixty feet back from the river and to a depth of 8 feet below low water. This was con- nected to the river by concrete tunnels provided with proper sluice gates. "The area that could be irrigated under the proposed system was approximately 14,000 acres, and a duty of one second-foot to 160 acres was adopted. Investigations were made on both steam and electric power installations and the latter was found preferable, and the size of the pumping plant was increased to do the work in nineteen hours per day, thus being able to avoid the "peak load" of the power company. This gave a necessary pumping Typical Ranch Home Near Patterson Colony, California. acres, it was acquired by the original owner in the early sixties, and has yielded enormous crops of wheat and barley. Thousands of acres will yield thirty bags per acre (about 3,300 pounds) for the 1910 crop. "The increasing demand for irrigated lands, and its ad- vantageous situation for such purposes, caused the Patter- son Ranch Company, of Fresno, Cal., through its presi- dent, T. W. Patterson, to install an irrigating system and put the land on the market in small tracts suited to the needs of purchasers. Mr. A. L. Adams, of San Fran- capacity of 111 second-feet,, or 50,000 gallons per minute. "A careful contour survey of the land was made and the areas that could be irrigated from laterals at different levels calculated. It was decided to install five pumping stations connected by concrete-lined canals, these stations being so located and provided with such relative amount of pumping capacity, that when in full operation there would be sufficient difference between them to allow of irrigat- ing the zone of land between the respective levels sup- plied by them. The pumping unit worked out to a 15-inch View of Main Canal 24 Feet Wide at Top, Patterson Ranch, California. cisco, was called into consultation, and plans for the work were made under his direction, Mr. G. C. Stevens being engineer in charge of construction. "The ranch lies between the San Joaquin river on the east and the Southern Pacific Railway on the west, having a length of about nine miles, and a width of three miles. centrifugal pump, delivering approximately 6,000 gallons per minute, or 14.3 second-feet. In the lower stations, two of these were replaced by one 20-inch pump delivering 12,500 gallons per minute, or 27.7 second-feet. "As near as could be ascertained, the normal rise of the San Joaquin river at the point of taking water, is about 440 THE IRBIGATION AGE. 15 feet, and the average height of the stream during the time that water would be pumped for irrigation, is 5 feet. Calculations, therefore, were made on this basis, and the speed of the pumps determined in accordance, giving an average lift of about 20 feet at the river station. At the other stations the regularity of the land gave a lift of about 13 feet in all cases. "The problem of conveying the water from one sta- tion to the next and of distributing to the laterals was to the reservoir. The boards are usually kept in the waste ditch, and so would divert any water running over a spill- way into the next regular reservoir below, thus losing only one lift. If, however, it was desired to pump down a reservoir, the boards being placed in the entrance would pass the water down the line to the river and finally reach it. "At each station there is a provision made through a "tee" in the delivery pipes, by which any reservoir can Showing Canal Emptying into Reservoir, Patterson Ranch, California. given careful study, and, after a comparison of pipes, flumes and ditches, it was decided to adopt the latter; these being designed with a uniform slope of .0002 and lined with 3 inches of concrete and protected with one- quarter inch of plaster finish. "The slope of the ground was such that the maximum height of embankment was about 8 feet. The distributing laterals were taken off at a point where the flow line in the canal was 18 inches above the ground level. The canal was then continued into cut, and ended in a reservoir calculated to have approximately one hour's supply for the pumns drawing from it. These reservoirs were lined with 5 inches of concrete, with ^4-inch plaster finish. In be pumped down, or water allowed to escape from the canal ahead, and pass into the waste ditch. "The discharge of the water from the pumps into the canals has been carefully designed, the arrangement and dimensions of the passages being such as to give a uni- form decrease in the velocity from that of the pump to that of the canal. The end of each canal, where it discharges into the reservoir, is widened and provided with a weir. Below the weir is a basin that acts as a water cushion. With the proper electrical instruments, the plant can be kept under constant test conditions. "The distributing laterals (ten in number, one for each side of each canal level) are provided with a specially Showing Transforming Station of Power Line, Which Furnishes Electric Power for Patterson Irrigation System, Situated at Reser- voir No. 1. the canals and reservoirs an asphalt expansion joint was put every 12 feet. "In each of the canals an emergency spillway was built, consisting of a weir with its crest 12 inches above the normal flow line of the canal. These spiliivays dis- charge into a waste ditch running parallel to the main canal. At each reservoir there is an opening from the waste ditch to the reservoir so arranged that flash boirds can be placed either in the waste ditch or in the entrance designed regulating and measuring device. It consists of a S^-inch balanced valve used in connection with a discharging weir. On account of the necessity of con- serving head, this weir was made 16 feet in length and set diagonally across the lateral. The cases of the balanced valves are made of concrete, with the valve seats and other metal parts cast in. A tube with an opening that can be adjusted to any height above the weir connects with a scale pan that controls the position of the valve discs THE IRRIGATION AGE. 441 in relation to their openings. Any flow of water through the tube and into the pan tends to close the valve and restrict the flow of water. A small hole in the bottom of the pan allows this water to escape and a weight and spring opens the valve again, thus keeping the flow over the weir at a constant height. "The pumps were built to specifications. They are all of the double-suction type, having the cases split hori- zontally, both suction and discharge connections being in the lower half of the case, allowing the removal of upper one to stations Nos. 3, 4 and 5, and to the town of Pat- terson across the railroad. The circuits were designed to have a loss of 5 per cent at maximum load. Each motor has its own controlling panel with switch, starting com- pensator, ammeter and overload release. Each station further is provided with low voltage release. At the main transformer station are provided wattmeters and record- ing voltmeters." This large ranch, consisting of approximately 18,000 acres, lies in the heart of "Sunny Stanislaus," between the Digging Main Canal, Patterson Ranch, California. half of case, the runner and shaft, without disturbing pipe connections. The 15-inch pumps are provided with a 24- inch suction and 20-inch discharge, this 20-inch discharge increasing to 24 inches within 4 feet after leaving the pump. Each pump has a separate suction provided with a foot valve having a clear area of 140 per cent of the connecting pipe. The 20-inch pumps have 30-inch suction and 24- inch discharge valves, increasing to 30-inch as above. In the normal running of the plant, the water in the canal ahead would serve to prime the pumps, but to obviate any difficulty which might arise if the canal were empty, an air compressor, driven by an individual motor, has been installed in each station with a system of piping connected to the pumps. These compressors used as air pumps soon San Joaquin river and the Southern Pacific Railroad, 108 miles southeast of San Francisco. The San Joaquin Val- ley is one of the richest in the state; Stanislaus is one of the richest counties in the valley; the Patterson ranch is the best ranch in Stanislaus county, and probably in the state of California. The soil, which is of an enormous depth and of al- luvial sedimentary deposit in character, is exceedingly fer- tile. It is of a grayish brown color, easily pulverized and irrigated and responds readily to the good care of the husbandman. Almost any product of California can be successfully grown here. The San Joaquin river is navigable from the ranch to San Francisco, and to Sacramento, the state capital. The San Joaquin River at Point Where Water Is Pumped for Patterson Irrigation System. discharge the main pump. Each pump is driven by an in- ductive motor of proper size by means of a silent chain. "The motors are wound for 2,300-volt, 60-cycle alter- nating current, and the power is supplied from a public transmission line which brings the current 39 miles from the main power line — at 60,000 volts — transforming- it to the lower tension near station No. 2 of the irrigating sys- tem. From this point three 2,300-volt circuits are taken off, one to the river, or station No. 1; one to station No. 2, and many thousand bushels of grain that have been raised in years past on this mammoth ranch have largely been transported to the markets of the world on boats loaded at the east side of this ranch. This fact and feature in- sures cheap transportation. The San Joaquin river bounds the tract on the east, and the San Francisco-Los Angeles line of the Soutnern Pacific Company runs along the west side of the ranch for its entire length, the ranch being (Continued on page 476.) 412 THE IRRIGATION AGE. THE MAN BEHIND THE PLOW vs. THE SCIENTIFIC FADDIST By A. F. JOHNSTON TO THE man behind the plow, who is blest with good judgment and common sense, should credit be given in a large measure to successful farming the world over, and to him, therefore, should the public look for advice and instruction far more than it does. Perhaps in no section of the United States is this more applicable than in the arid states of the west where other problems than those of tillage and selection of crops enter as a factor into the farm management. Would it were better under- stood and the methods of the practical successful farmer adopted more generally. It is to this end that I wish to present a few facts that have come to my notice within recent years. management, a knowledge that many a farmer would value, together with the practical training from the farmer himself pur agricultural students have a large field of use- fulness in the development of agriculture, but they must work in harmonious co-operation with the practical farmer or their efforts will count for little or nothing, and every such a failure is a stumbling block for other students. It is not without a knowledge of conditions that the writer feels the necessity of defending the farmer and urging the college and department man to deal by him as they would be dealt by. If they are wise they will profit by their intercourse with the man behind the plow, and if they are just they will give him credit for having helped them. Must Have Practical Experience. In the western colleges and universities irrigation in- struction is supplementing the agricultural course, and the profession of irrigation engineer has been added to the list of vocations. It is a course that appeals to the western boy and already the majority of the institutions, with this course included, find it a popular one. Instruc- tion along the line of irrigation engineering is very essen- Cement Reservuir No. '2, Patterson Ranch, California. Much has been said and written for a number -of years regarding scientific farming, and almost all the agri- cultural colleges have made this feature a -part of their course of instruction, some of them having systems highly perfected. The United States Department of Agriculture has also taken it up through its bulletins and its trained men in the field to instruct the farmers. Now, while we, who have studied the subject from the farm and the classroom, contend that agricultural edu- cation is a good thing and to be highly commended if rightly applied, we also feel quite confident in saying that it can never successfully accomplish its object until the college man or department agent takes a course of in- struction from the man behind the plow. In many cases the know-it-all student or agent does more harm than good because his judgment and common sense in farming affairs has never been given 'proper training. Many times he offends the man whose years of rich experience should be considered and information is refused by the farmer because of this attitude, and it naturally follows that he discredits the institution he rep- resents. With the knowledge of how to apply science to farm tial and we believe it means a broader and richer develop- ment of western lands in the future. But here again, ^perhaps even to a greater extent, is the need of practical experience only to be acquired from the farmer who has conquered this phase of agriculture by his good judgment and common sense. Unless the student realizes this and augments his college education with such training he will not go far. The knowledge of how to irrigate can never be conquered on paper, nor can it be successfully rounded out by the summer field parties, instructive and valuable as they are. It is to the man behind the plow that the student must go for his best object lessons. To illustrate this I wish to cite examples of successful and unsuccessful men in their relations to the practical farmer. One example relates to personal contact with the farmers while the second has reference to articles published for the benefit of the man behind the plow. Two graduate students in agriculture were appointed to collect information on different crops in certain western states. For convenience, let us call them A and B. A was to collect information on potatoes, B on alfalfa, and the outlines they had to fill in, or complete, meant a care- THE IREIGATION AGE. 443 ful and thorough investigation from the turning of the sod to the sale of the products. Let us follow A first. He collected all his forms, those needed in the work and many not needed, including his commission and his cer- tificate of graduation. These latter were to impress and humble the farmer with the high position to which he had become eligible by his superior fitness, and were carefully placed in a legal envelope and carried in his handy pocket. Arriving in the territory he was to canvass A called upon Farmer Jones and introduced himself something as follows: "I am a graduate of the Agricultural College. I graduated with honors and know all there is to know on the subject of agriculture, and because of my general fitness I have been selected to assist in preparing a report on potato culture. Now we wish to include in this report the methods of the ordinary farmer so that we can point out to him his errors and thus help him to improve his humble condition. I, therefore, request you to describe your method of raising potatoes, giving all details." With pencil in hand and note book open, A is ready He concluded that the farmer must have had an unpleasant experience with some of the other boys and that he (B) would have to overcome that impression in the valley before he could proceed with his work. He was blest with a fair amount of common sense and tact and had Jones listened to him he would not have classed his sec- ond caller with the one of a month before. On his arrival at the Brown ranch he tactfully waived the personal introduction and casually asked if he might water his horse. Permission was granted and while wait- ing for the horse to drink and rest he made the acquaint- ance of the farmer's eight-year-old daughter and two-year- old dog, and by his diplomacy finally won the farmer's attention. First the weather was discussed, then high prices in living, good prices for crops, and finally the subject of farm management was reached. Brown was at home on this topic and B was a good listener. No Theory, Only Facts. The conversation, with an illustrative tramp around a portion of the farm, continued until noon, and by that time Cement Construction Work on Main Canal, Patterson Ranch, California. for business. How much information do you suppose he obtained from Jones? We will make it brief by saying that he departed with his note book as blank as when he arrived. His next visit was to Farmer Brown and was a repetition of the Jones' interview, and then our student began to wonder why he, with his ability and newly acquired authority, should be so uncivilly treated. It did not take Jones and Brown long to report "the little upstart" to the other valley settlers, and, as a result A left his first field of labor with no definite knowledge of how potatoes were raised in that section. He resented the attitude toward him, and in his report to his superior officer he stated that he found the farmers, as a class, rude and unwilling to be interviewed. Perhaps a month later B entered this same valley to canvass for data on alfalfa, and called on Farmer Jones, but he got no further in his introduction than "I am a graduate of the - Agricultural College" before Jones told him that was sufficient, that he knew all about him and his kind and advised him to move on before he loosened the dog. B took the hint and departed, but when he had gotten out of sight he stopped his horse by the road side and tried to solve the reception he had had. B knew how the land had been prepared for the alfalfa, the cultivation it had been given, the number of irrigations and the amount of water applied during the season, num- ber of cuttings with yield in tons for each cutting, and why the yield was greater at one cutting than at another, in fact all he wanted ta know, and much he had never known before which he took note of carefully for his own refer- ence as well as for his report. His previous reading on alfalfa had been to the effect that it was a crop that could be as profitably grown with- out irrigation as with, owing to the long roots that fed on the subsoil moisture for nourishment. But when he left Brown it was with the following entry in his note- book, under "Remarks:" "Alfalfa requires irrigation and the water should be plenteously applied as the principal feeders or rootlets that nourish the plant are near the surface. The roots that penetrate deeply are not im- portant feeders." By his tact and good judgment B was successful in the valley, and when he left he felt he had taken a post graduate course in agriculture which would benefit him fully as much as his previous training in college, and it is a pleasing fact, well worth notice, that he impressed every 44-t THE IRRIGATION AGE. farmer in the valley, even to the converted Mr. Jones, that it was knowledge he was after and that they were truly assisting him by their discussions on farm management. His report to his superior officer was satisfactory and he was favorably mentioned for a continuance in the service because of his ability to meet men on pleasing terms, get the most information from them, and at the same time, he benefited and broadened himself. Such a man is valued in any walk in life. in facts and lessons, written lor tne man who profited thereby. This is not cited- to belittle college education, far from it, but to prove that no education is helpful or worth while where technical or scientific terms hide or cloud the mean- ing of the text to the laymen whom the article is intended to benefit. The farmer has learned not to waste his time reading such articles, which doubtless contain much that would be instructive if not hidden by big words, but turns Constructing Cement Reservoirs, Patterson Ranch, California. Not long ago a certain agricultural paper published two articles on the subject of "Farming by Irrigation in the West." One was written by a college graduate and for style, good construction and perfect English, it was a mastepiece, and was doubtless highly praised by the col- lege professor, but the puzzled farmer had a headache after he finished reading the article. His first impres- sion was that he was a failure and that it was nothing more than a miracle that he had ever succeeded in raising anything on his frm, but the more he tried to intelligently comprehend the article the more he became convinced his attention to the plain talk of one who understands his subject and also the needs of his brother on the farm. When the college man can talk and write to the farmer in his vernacular and augment his knowledge with good common sense, then will the layman be benefited and the college will have fulfilled its mission in agricul- tural pursuits. Until then the farmer will undoubtedly receive his most valuable lessons from the farmer, and for the good he has done his fellow men and his country, the man behind the plow should be consulted and acknowl- Construction Work on Cement Reservoirs. Patterson Ranch, California. that, so far as he could interpret it, the methods were entirely impracticable for general farming, and that, on the whole, it was not worth trying to understand. The second article was written by a practical farmer, a man who had had but three months schooling in all his life, but with thirty years' experience in irrigated agricul- ture. In his straightforward, simple way he explained his methods, using the terms that all farmers understand and appreciate. While faulty in construction, it was eloquent edged as a prime factor in agriculture, the leading indus- try of our country. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the Primer of Irrigation, cloth bound, a 260-page finely illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. THE IRRIGATION AGE. THE TOWN THAT DOES THINGS. Garden City, Kansas, Where There Is Always "Something Doing" for Good. CITY: The Town That Does Things. "Always Something Doing in the Good Old Town." These above two expressions have been applied time and again by one of the publicity factors in behalf of Garden City, Finney county, Kansas, to the capital of the lower Arkansas Valley. Both expressions are pat and convincing. More than that, they are susceptible of ample proof and demonstra- tion. Garden City does things because it has town spirit. The happiest possession any town can have is assurance and confidence of ability to make good. Garden City possesses these qualities. It is seldom it undertakes a thing that it does not go straight to the end and accom- plish the net result desired. three years it has been making good on this. It is hold- ing in July, 1910, its third successful chautauqua assembly. It has for two years successfully given a great entertain- ment in the fall known as the Cattlemen's Carnival, when sports and exhibitions of a most captivating nature have pleased thousands of people. It entertained in May, 1909, the grand lodge, Kansas Knights of Pythias. Get this, in that connection: A town of 4,000 people entertained 1,000 people. That's worth considering. Garden City entertains editorial conventions, teachers' associations, farmers' in- stitutions, ministerial associations, state real estate agents, Santa Fe Trail conferences, and valley commercial asso ciations. Isn't that a record of which a town may properly be proud? Garden City wasn't satisfied with the school building situation. Having two fine ward schools, as sightly and commodious as anywhere in western Kansas, it is now completing a handsome $35,000 high school building. Garden City wasn't satisfied with its lack of public Interior Pumping Station No. 1, Patterson Ranch, California. The Industrial Club of Garden City is the principal reason for this. Garden City's population is 4,000. The membership of the Industrial Club is 227. Do you get that? Does it soak in on you? A town of 4,000 popula- tion has a commercial body to which every able-bodied man of any affairs in the town whatsoever belongs, 227 in all. Besides, the membership fee in this organization is $20, and the monthly dues, $1. These facts speak for themselves. They need no elaboration. They form the acme of town spirit, the agency by means of which any town can make progress. Garden City never adopted a slogan. Most of its citizens are not strong for the slogan. Some of them believe the slogan to be a pest and that it should be assassinated if it shows its head. Nevertheless, the pat phrase, "Always Something Doing in the Good Old Town," is not without especial significance. Boosters and town builders understand thoroughly that there must be perpetual issues to keep a live town alive. Garden City and the Industrial Club know this. Hence the frequent use of the expression "Always some- thing doing in the good old town," and the absolute fact that a half dozen things are always going on. For instance, Garden City, a small town in western Kansas, aspires to be a public entertainer. So for two or buildings, so it went after a government public building, to house not only its post office, but its six other governmental branches — reclamation, forestry, irrigation investigations, United States commissioner, live stock inspector, etc. Congress gave it $60,000 for this purpose. Garden City isn't satisfied without good churches, and various movements are now on. A town hall and a court house, a Masonic temple and an Odd Fellows' building, are campaigns of the present. Garden City wasn't satisfied with good streets, wide and fine, bordered with magnificent trees, with the emerald of closely clipped lawns and shrubbery and flowers in the background, so it was one of the very first towns in Kansas to apply the King drag regularly to the streets. Garden City was the first small town in Kansas to authorize by act of council a park commission, and this agency has made the town famous. Garden City needed new business blocks; it promptly built them. Garden City wasn't satisfied with its railroad rates, and with the advent of two new railroads wanted more territory in which to trade. Therefore. Garden City went after the Atchinson, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad and got a jobbers' rate that permits it to stand alone in extreme western Kansas towns in this respect. 416 THE IBBIG-ATION AGE. Garden City wasn't satisfied with good roads — it wanted better roads. So it built the seven miles of sand hills' road south of town, connecting a fertile agricultural valley and the inland town of Santa Fe with what Engineer Gearhart has called "the best road in Kansas." This was constructed under government supervision, from clay found all along the hills. For precisely the same reason, Garden City was one of the two factors that gave origin to the movement that has led to the great New Santa Fe Trail movement. Garden City is the seat of the field of endeavor of the United States Sugar & Land Company, that has invested in that district the sum of 5% million dollars. This in- cludes the magnificent beet sugar mill at Garden City, costing more than a million dollars, slicing 1,200 tons of beets daily, with a pay-roll of $800 during campaign, and capable of making 375,000 pounds of sugar in one day. This company is now building at Garden City a pulp- drying plant costing $200,000, and has a $200,000 pumping plant to irrigate 5,000 acres. U. S. Reclamation Record. A digest of the latest developments in connection with the United States Reclamation Service, including "Public Notices" and "Service Orders" of public in- terest. SERVICE ORDERS. Convict Labor. — Hereafter the following stipulation should be Inserted in all contracts executed upon forms 7-523 and 7-523a: It is further stipulated and agreed that in the perform- ance of this contract no persons shall be employed who are undergoing sentences of imprisonment at hard labor which have been imposed by courts of the several states and terri- tories or municipalities having criminal jurisdiction. gating an Orchard Just Planted, Patterson Ranch, California Garden City is the headquarters for the Kansas na- tional forest, on which nearly a million young trees are now growing, and having an area of more than 250,000 acres south of the Arkansas river. Garden City is the seat of the Garden City reclama- tion project of the government, with an acreage of 8,000. Finney county last year raised 2% million dollars' worth of agricultural and live stock products. Garden City has in its territory five irrigation ditches, and the Garden City district has nearly 75,000 acres of irrigated land, with the splendid Shallow Water Empire immediately north, now being developed, with an equal acreage. Garden City has two new railroads, one to the north- west, one to the north and south, opening up new fields for trade cultivation. Garden City has a fire department, electric lights, a telephone system with 700 patrons, 50 street lights, a daily and two weekly newspapers, churches, fine schools, all the leading fraternal organizations, and a splendid type of citizenship. What more could be desired? Garden City: The Town That Does Things. "Always Something Doing in the Good Old Town." PUBLIC NOTICES. Washington, Sunnyside Project. On May 2, 1910, public notice was issued announcing that water will be furnished in the irrigation season of 1910 for the additional lands under the Sunnyside project, shown on the amended plat of T. 8 N., R. 23 E., W. M., approved by the Secretary of the Interior, April 15, 1910, and on file in the local land office at North Takima, Wash. Homestead entries, applications for water rights, the charges, time and manner of payments shall be governed by the terms of the public notice of November 18, 1908, and public notices and orders amendatory thereof, or supple- mentary thereto, except that for lands in private owner- ship and for lands heretofore entered, the first Installment of the charges for building, operation and maintenance, shall become due on May 18, 1910, and in all cases the second installment shall be due March 1, 1911. Subsequent install- ments shall be due on March 1 of each year thereafter until fully paid. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 447 A DAM TO LAST FOR AGES. The Wonderful Structure Being Built on the Twin Falls Salmon Tract. In a narrow canyon, far from any settlement in south- ern Idaho, an army of engineers, mechanics and laborers are building one of the greatest dams in the world. This mammoth structure will rank as one of the highest, cost- liest and most enduring structures of the kind in existence. This is known as the Salmon Dam, and its location is in the canyon of the Salmon Falls or Little Salmon River in Twin Falls county, some forty miles southwest of the city of Twin Falls. The enterprise which necessitated this extensive struc- ture is the irrigation of a tract embracing 125,000 acres in the same county South of Twin Falls. This is known as the outlet of the second tunnel the water flows in a main canal along the southern boundary of the extensive tract to be irrigated. This tract joins what is known as the Twin Falls South Side Tract, and is one of the four extensive tracts that are being irrigated in the Twin Falls country by the organization of J. S. & W. S. Kuhn of Pittsburg. Mr. H. L. Hollister of Chicago is the associate of Messrs. Kuhn in this extensive work, and it is through his office that the colonization of the Kuhn properties is being carried on. The Salmon dam will be completed in time for irriga- tion in 1911. The principal town in the new tract is Hollister, some seventeen miles south of Twin Falls. Al- ready a railroad has been built through the tract by the Oregon Short Line Company as a branch of the Minidoka & Southwestern. The town of Hollister has already be- come an important center because of the immense range and mineral country lying south of the Salmon tract. It The Mammoth Salmon River Irrigation Dam, Twin Falls Country, Idaho. A Close View of the dam when at a height of 80 feet looking > • south. the Twin Falls Salmon tract, of which 80,000 acres were segregated under the Carey Act some three years ago. The opening sale of these lands was held on June 1, 1908, and at that time, with the exception of a few farms here and there, the entire tract was sold out, so that even a 40-acre tract has not been available for more than a year. The eagerness with which this land was purchased illustrates the great demand for good, irrigated land under a well-built and enduring system of water supply. The accompanying pictures show the Salmon Dam in course of construction. The dimensions are as follows: Height of dam at center, 220 feet; thickness of dam at base, 108 feet; length of dam at top, 500 feet; thickness of dam at top, 22 feet. It will be noted that the dam is arched up stream and braced against the two walls of the canyon. The can- yon widens into a broad valley a short distance above the 'dam and affords a storage basin of vast extent. The dam will contain available water storage approximating 260,000 acre feet, or enough water' to cover more than eleven townships a foot deep. For the purpose -of delivering the water to the land it is drawn from a reservoir through tunnels in the east wall of the canyon, the first of these being 1,300 feet in length, and the second about 2,500 feet in length. From is through Hollister also that the famous new mining camp of Jarbidge in the northern part of Nevada is reached. The people of the Twin Falls region are looking for- ward to the time in the near future when they may truth- fully say that a million acres are under irrigation in a solid bodv in southern Idaho. The development of the Twin Falls region has been observed with great interest by people all over the West, and the completion of the Salmon Dam will give a tremendous impetus to develop- ment in that part of the state. £ Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, •|» *:* and the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page, cloth •»• » bound, finely illustrated work for new beginners X in irrigation. 448 THE IRRIGATION AGE. BIG MOUNTAIN Pike's Peak's is Now Easily Accessible for a , Pike's Peak, that wonderful monument that marks a strange and long hidden history was dis- covered November 13th, 1806, when Major Zebu- Ion M. Pike, a gallant soldier and daring adven- turer, then heading a small exploring party of United States soldiers, sighted the mountain's whitened crest when many miles distant upon the plains. After a painful journey of ten days and after many vigorous attempts to scale its heights, Pike abandoned the project with the declaration that "no human being could ascend to its pin- nacle." At that time and to this bold adventurer used to extraordinary achievements and hardships, the feat seemed, indeed, impossible, but modern in- genuity of man quickly solved the problem and today the ascent from the beautiful little city of Manitou, at its base, to the very top of the moun- tain, is made in perfect comfort and safety within one and one-half hours. For many years the ascent was made by vis- itors in coaches drawn by strings of hardy mules, a rough, jolting and uncomfortable journey, at- tended with some dangers. Now, the Cog Wbeel Railroad, a marvel of mechanical ingenu- ity, bears on its smooth rails modern coaches from base to summit, and back again, making a pleasant half day's journey, with ample time for tourists to observe every marvelous scene of beauty and interest which this mountain affords. Quaint beauties, grotesque shapes and strange illusions fairly crowd the way. The climb is unceasing. As the train ascends the scene expands. The hills shrink back and leave the big, bleak peak a towering monument. At the timber line the trees desert the landscape and only groups of stunted aspens shiver in the breeze. Grand vistas open everywhere and a sense of awe transcends that of delight. There are six stations on the line besides *..^ terminals, and at each of the stations the train makes brief stops. In the early season snow is everywhere, and forms some strange effects. The opening of the road in the spring involves cutting through enormous depths of snow and ice. The summit of Pike's Peak is 14,147 feet above the sea and the Summit of Pike's Peak. from this vantage point the grandest scenery in America or in the world spreads out in a mighty panorama for the view of the beholder. There are higher peaks of mountains in this country, but there is no accessible elevation on earth that affords so an extended a range of vision, or a view so varied and inspiring as that from the summit of Pike's Peak. The reason is simple. All other high mountains are in the midst of mountain chains and naturally the view from their summits are uninterruptedly mountainous and the ranges of vision very much restricted by the surrounding heights. Standing isolated at the very extremity of a grand spur of the Rocky Mountains, Pike's Peak possesses a mag- nificent view of miles upon miles. A proper description of these wonderful scenes in cold type is so futile that it will not be attempted. The picture herewith will give some faint conception of its beauty and grandeur. The top of the peak comprises several level acres thickly strewn with big rocks, and one might easily imagine it to be the scene of some Titanic building project — the materials all assembled but construction abandoned. Upon the top of the new Summit Hotel is a steel tower and powerful field glasses are provided through which the gorgeous landscape spread out below may be studied in detail. Denver, eighty miles to the north can easily be recognized, and Pueblo to the south; Cripple Creek, Victor, Goldfield, and lesser towns of this great mining district, to the west. At the base of the mountain Manitou and Colorado Springs lie spread out like a vast checkerboard. snarkliiiK in the sun on the border of the plain. Colorado Springs is fourteen miles distant in a perfectly straight line and yet so near does the e'ass bring it to the observer that signs on the stores mny be read. Few persons, comparatively, know the sensation of look- ing from a mountain top over thousands of miles of the earth's surface. The sensation affords an indelible recollec- tion ; one of trie cherished experiences of a lifetime. The Pike's Peak railroad presents to many thousands an Sumrai THE IKKIGATION AGE. 4-M) \SY TO CLIMB ca, by the Route of the Cog Wheel Railroad opportunity to gain this experience, an opportunity which otherwise they would never enjoy, because without it only those physical aristocrats who have superior development in limbs and lungs would be permitted to stand "close to the sun in lonely lands." The Cog Wheel Road reduces all men to a level in their physical ability to enjoy this pleasure. Without exertion, without fatigue or discomfort in the slight- est degree, anyone able to travel in a railway coach can be lifted up to the strange region of clouds and storms, and for a few hours exist in the heart of eternal desolation. To the commonplace man this trip is like living a chapter from one of Jules Verne's romances. Whatever susceptibility to grand impressions, whatever poetic fancies the dullest mind may have, are sure to be aroused and exercised by this experience. On the very summit of the peak is a substantial, com- modious and comfortable hotel, which furnishes entertain- ment for thousands of pilgrims who during the season remain over night to view the glories of the sunrise. It is provided with telegraph wires and all the comforts and conveniences of the best modern hotels in the west. Sun- rise excursions, which are run weekly in the latter part of the summer, have become very popular and frequently the entire equipment of the hotel is required to handle the en- thusiastic throngs of visitors. From the steel observatory surmounting the hotel, a searchlight of great power is operated. Its path of light may be seen from adjoining states and when its rays are projected along the highways and into the cities and villages of this region, it is a reminder that Pike's Peak, the sentinel of the Rockies, stands vigilant over its own. Pike's Peak occupies a more prominent place in the story of the exploration and occupation of the great west than any other name. Pike's Peak was adopted as the unofficial designation of this section of the country before the land west of the Missouri river was mapped and before the territories were bounded and named, and is stood as a guide to the thou- sands of eager pioneers when they were moving to the mysterious west. The traveler who now makes the ascent of Pike's Peak in comfort by its wonderful railway cannot appreciate the amount of study devoted to the difficult problem by the best engineers and mechanics, or the perils and hardships attending the survey and construction of the road. Camping out, climbing over mountains covered with fallen timber and jagged rocks, the occasional intense cold, terrible snow storms, fearful winds and the difficulty of getting provisions, made this under- taking one of heroic proportions. Work was commenced in 1884 and nearly eight miles were graded for a line which was intended to reach that point by a circuitous route thirty miles long, with a five per cent grade. The present road was conceived in 1888 and the golden spike driven October 20th, 1890. The railway over- comes an elevation of 7,518 feet. The train is lifted by a system of Abt rack rail, which forms a continuous double ladder into which the two wheels of the locomotive work. The road-bed, from 15 to '22 feet in width is cut from or built upon solid rock in most places. There is not a trestle on the line and only four short bridges, which are of iron resting upon solid masonry. The track is anchored by 146 anchors embedded ipto solid rock or masonry at distances of from 200 to 1,400 feet apart, according to the grade. The rails are forty pounds to the yard, stand- ard guage. The rack rails are made from the best adapted Bessemer steel, the teeth having been cut from the solid piece by machines especially constructed for the purpose. The rack rails in the center are constructed of extremely heavy steel. This road is as safe for travelers as any village car line in the country. A visit to Pike's Peak may include, without extra cost to the traveler, visits to scores of the most beautiful resorts in the country. Manitou and the Garden of the Gods are at its very feet. Seven Falls, historic Ute Pass, Rainbow Falls and scores of other minor, but beautiful resorts are all within a few miles' journey from this beautiful and not- able starting point- Six miles from Manitou on an unbroken plateau, lies the city of Colorado Springs, with a population of 40,000. Mid- way between Manitou and Colorado Springs is Colorado City, the first settlement in Colorado, where may be seen an ancient cabin in which the first territorial legislature assembled. Den- ver lies eighty miles to the north of Manitou a rich, beautiful and busy city of 200,000 people. Climbing Pike's Peak Timber Line — 85% Grade. A trip from Denver to the summit of Pike's Peak and return can be made easily and comfortably in one day. 450 THE IRRIGATION AGE. THE CAREY ACT How to Acquire Title to Public Lands Under The Act. A Comprehensive Survey of the Regulations in Force in the Various States. Copyrighted, 1910, by E. F. Bohm. (Concluded.) FEDERAL REGULATIONS. 1. The states are allowed 10 years from the date of the approval of their application for segregation, to com- plete the reclamation of the lands. The Secretary of the Interior, may, at his discretion, extend this time for a further period of not to exceed five years. 2. The lands selected must be desert lands as denned by the acts of March 3, 1877, and March 3, 1891, and the Department of the Interior to judge of the practicability of the plan. Upon the filing of the map by the state, showing the lands selected and the plan of irrigation such lands will be withheld from other disposal until final action is had thereon by the Secretary of the Interior. If such final action be a disapproval of the map and plan the lands selected, shall, without further order, be restored to the public domain. (See regulations under act of March 15, 1910, below.) 4, 5, 6, 7, 9. Regulations governing subject of maps, field notes, lists of lands and contracts. 8. Regulations governing rights of way over public lands. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. Regulations governing the state's application for patent and their disposal by the Department of the Interior. REGULATIONS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO AMEND- MENT OF MARCH 15, 1910. The state official will be required to file in the local land office within which the lands lie an application there- fore accompanied by an exhibit and statements as speci- fied in regulation 3. Salmon River Irrigation Dam. View Looking North Showing Up-Stream Side of Structure. term "Desert Lands" excludes lands which produce native grasses sufficient in quantity to make a crop of hay in usual seasons; lands which will produce an agricultural crop of any kind in amount sufficient to make the cultiva- tion reasonably remunerative, and lands which will sup- port a natural growth of trees. Lands occupied by bona-fide settlers, and lands con- taining valuable deposits of coal Or other minerals are not subject to selection. 3. Before the application of any state is allowed, or any contract is executed, or any segregation of land is ordered, the state must file a map of the land selected, which shall exhibit a plan showing the mode of contem- plated irrigation and the source of the water, and must submit data showing that the proposed plan will be suf- ficient thoroughly to irrigate and reclaim the land and to prepare it to raise ordinary agricultural crops, for which purpose a statement of the state engineer, showing the amount of water available, is needed. The state must, also, submit all further information necessary to enable the Upon the filing of such application the register will, at once, note the same upon his records and, thereafter, will reject all other applications for the lands, except where such application may have been filed prior to the date of the state's application. He will then, at once, trans- fer the application to this office for further action, first noting thereon the date of filing. Within three months after date of the state's applica- tion in the local land office, the state must file a further affidavit that the work of surveying and of laying out the proposed irrigation system has actually begun and is being energetically prosecuted. In event of default of such showing, the withdrawal of the lands will be promptly revoked. All lands discovered to be non-irrigible, for any reason, must be relieved from withdrawal. "FORMS" PRESCRIBED BY FEDERAL REGULA- TIONS. Form 1. Affidavit of engineer who prepared the map and plan of irrigation. THE IRKIGATION AGE. 45! Form 2. Affidavit of state official authorized to make selections of "Carey Act" lands. Form 3. Certificate of selecting agent. Form 4. Affidavit of register and receiver of United States Land Office. Form 5. Contract between United States and the state. Form 6. Forms for verification and publication of "Lists for Patent." Form 7. Affidavit of state engineer as to sufficiency of water supply. Form 8. Forms for published notice of state's re- quest for patent. "Forms" Prescribed by the States. (A.) Forms prescribed for use betewen com- panies and states (as adopted by the state of Wyoming). ss. State of Idaho, \ County of j I, of postoffice, in the county of and State of Idaho, being duly sworn, on oath, depose and declare: That I am a native born (or naturalized) citizen (1) of the United States (or have declared my intention to become a citizen of the United States), of the age of years and a resident of , and by occupation That I intend to reclaim a tract of land under the provisions of chapter 2, of an act of the Legislature of the State of Idaho, entitled "An Act to Provide for a State Engineer, Defining His Duties and Regulating His Com- pensation, and to Provide for the Acceptance by the State of Idaho from the United States of Certain Lands, and to Provide for the Reclamation, Occupation and Disposal of the Same," approved March 2, 1899. That the land which I intend to enter and reclaim is The Salmon River Irrigation Dam, Looking South from the Top of the Cliff. Also Showing Construction Camps. Form 1. Request and proposal for the segregation of lands (to be addressed to the state board of land com- missioners). Form 2. Typical specifications. Form 3. Form for affidavit of aridity. Form 4. Certificate of the engineer making survey (being form 1 of federal regulations). Form 5. Certificate of the commissioner of public lands (being form 2 of federal regulations). Form 10. General form of contract between the com- pany and settler. Form 12. Form agreement of escrow to be used when contracts with settlers are executed before water is ready for delivery. Form 13. Form of surety company board permitted to be furnished by Carey Act companies. Form 14. Form for application for right of way over state lands. (B.) Forms prescribed for use between com- panies and settlers (as adopted by the state of Idaho). All affidavits to be subscribed and sworn to before the officer before whom entry or final proof is made. FORM A. Application to Entry. Under the provisions of the act providing for the ac- ceptance of arid lands by the state of Idaho. situated in the County of in the State of Idaho, and is described as follows: The of Sec- tion No , Township No , Range No. , containing acres. I further depose and say that I desire to make entry of_said land for the purpose of actual reclamation, cultiva- tion and settlement in accordance with the act of Congress in relation to the selection of desert lands by certain states, approved August 18, 1894, and the laws of the State of Idaho supplemental thereto, and that I have never received the benefit of the provisions of such act of Congress, or of the act providing for the acceptance of arid lands by the State of Idaho, approved March 2, 1899, to an amount greater than one hundred and sixty acres, including the number of acres specified in the within application, ex- cept (2) And I present herewith a certified copy of a contract, made and entered into with wherein I have acquired a proportionate interest in the canal of said together with all rights and franchises attached thereto, representing a sufficient carrying capacity to provide water for the complete irrigation and reclamation of the lands herein described. This application for entry is made subject to all grants or reservations for right-of-way for the said canals, laterals or reservoirs of the said irrigation system over or upon the lands described herein, the said grants or reservations being shown upon the official plats upon which this entry 452 THE 1BBIGATION AGE is recorded. Witness my hand and seal, this A. D. 190.. day of. In presence of 1. In case the party has been naturalized, a certified copy of his certificate of his naturalization must be filed, the words or phrase in the paranthesis to be erased, or the words not used to be erased. 2. If the applicant has at any time previous entered any land under the provisions of this act, he shall so state in his application, giving a description of it and the nature and location of said land. State of Idaho, \ County of j s I hereby certify that the foregoing affidavit was read to the applicant in my presence, before he signed his name thereto; that said applicant is to me personally known (or he has been satisfactorily identified before me by ), and I fully believe him to be a credible person and the person he represents himself to be, and that this affidavit was sworn to before me on the day of A. D. 190 . . , at my office FORM D.— PROOF OF CULTIVATION. Entryman's Affidavit. I, , of , having on th» day of , 190.., made Entry No under the provisions of an act of the Legislature of the State of Idaho commonly known as the "Carey Act," of the of section in township of range , containing acres, to be irrigated by the Canal, that having on the day of , 190.., received notice by publication that water was available for use from said canal, do solemnly swear that during the year, after receiving such notifica- tion, that is after the day of , 190 . . , and before the day of , 190.., I culti- vated by irrigation acres of land embraced in said entry, which is more than on of the area of such tract; that the crops now grown consist of (Seal) Notary Public for County, Idaho, and Representative of the State Board of Land Commissioners. FORM B.— ORIGINAL CERTIFICATE OF ENTRY. Entry No State Board of Land Commissioners. Idaho, ,190.. It is hereby certified that, under the provisions of an act of the Legislature of the State of Idaho, approved March 2, 1899, entitled, "An Act to Provide for a State Engineer, Defining His Duties and Regulating His Com- pensation, and to Provide for the Reclamation, Occupa- tion and Disposal of the Same," whose post- office address is appeared before me this.... day of , 190.. and made application to enter the following described land, to- wit: Tp , R of Boise Meridian, and that he has paid to the State of Idaho, through me, the sum of dollars, being at the rate of twenty-five (25) cents per acre. (Seal) Notary Public for County, Idaho, and Representative of the State Board of Land Commissioners. Boise, Idaho, , 190.. This is to certify that at a meeting of the State Board of Land Commissioners, duly held in the office of said Board, this day of 190 . . , the ap- plication referred to in the foregoing certificate was ex- amined and the same is hereby approved. Entryman. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day ..... 190 Notary Public for County, Idaho, and Representative of the State Board of Land Commissioners. This proof should be made before the representative of the State Board of Land Commissioners, and by him transmitted to the Board at Boise. FORM E.— PROOF OF CULTIVATION. Deposition of two witnesses in this form to be taken separately. I, , of do solemnly swear that I am well acquainted with of section township of range containing acres, embraced in entry No made under the provisions of an act of the legislature of the State of Idaho, commonly known as the "Carey Act," and that since day of , 190 . . , and before the day of 190 . . , acres one of the land embraced in said entry were culti- vated by irrigation, that the crops consist of and that the water for such irrigation was obtained from the Canal. Sworn to and subscribed before me this. , 190... Witness. . . .day of Notary Public for County, Idaho, and Representative of the State Board of Land Commissioners. Attest: Governor and President of the State Board of Land Commissioners. Register State Board of Land Commissioners. FORM C.— NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. Companies' Notice That Water Ready for Delivery. To Settlers Under the Canal : Notice is hereby given in pursuance of the provisions of an act of the Legislature of the State of Idaho, com- monly known as the Carey Act, approved March 2, 1899, that is now prepared to deliver water for irrigation from said canal system to any one who may have entered, under the provisions of said act, any of the following described land, to-wit: FORM F.— NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. Final Proof. I, of who made entry No under the provision of an act of the legislature of the State of Idaho, commonly known as the "Carey Act," approved March 2, 1899, which embraces , of section , township of range , do hereby give notice of my intention to make final proof to establish my claim to the land above de- scribed, and that I expect to prove that I have resided on, reclaimed and cultivated said land as required by law before at on , 190 . . , by two of the following witnesses: .of. .of. .of. .of. Entryman, (Name of Companv.) By The above notice properly filled out and signed by the entryman, together with the fee for its publication, shall be sent to the Secretary of the State Board of Land Commissioners at Boise, who will authorize its publication- during the four weeks preceding the date set for making; proof, in the newspaper designated by said entryman. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 453 FORM G.— FINAL PROOF. Deposition of Entryman. Entry No , made under the provisions of an act of the legislature of the State of Idaho, commonly known as the "Carey Act," approved March 2, 1899. , being duly sworn, depose and say that I am years of age, a by occupation, that my residence is and postoffice address and am a citizen of the United States, that on the day of , 190.., I made entry No , embracing of section , township , of range containing acres, which together with other lands entered by me under the provisions of this act, amount to acres, such other lands being described as follows : that the lands embraced in this entry are susceptible of irrigation and reclamation from the Canal; that I hold by purchase water rights or shares in said canal system which represent a carrying capacity in said canal of cubic feet per second, and the right to conduct therein for the use on each acre of the tract em- braced within this entry of not less than acre feet of water during each and every irrigating season which quantity is sufficient for the complete reclamation of said tract; such rights or shares also representing a propor- tionate interest or ownership in said Canal and all its rights and franchises; such rights and interests be- ing evidenced by a certified copy of contract and deed thereto, submitted herewith, and marked Exhibit A; that since notice was received by me on the day of 190 . . , that water was available in said canal system for the irrigation of said tract, I have resided on said tract (state fully the nature of such residence); that since receiving such notice I have cultivated by irrigation acres of the tract embraced in said entry, that the crops grown thereon consisted of (describe fully the crops grown or grow- ing) ; that other crops consist of (describe fully such improvements); that from personal knowledge water was conducted upon acres of said tract; that miles of main lateral ditches are now constructed on said tract. (Draw in the space below a diagram showing the tract embraced in the entry upon which shall be indicated the portion cultivated; the main lateral ditches, giving the dimensions and capacity of each; also any high points which cannot be irrigated from this or any other system, showing the extent and area of same. If the tract is crossed by any natural running water indicate the same and describe it fully in relation to the lands adjacent thereto.) same, and that no individual, company or corporation has any interest whatever in said entry, excepting (describe fully the nature of such interest, if any). Sign name in full , 190.. I hereby certify that the foregoing testimony was read to the claimant before being subscribed, that I be- lieve him to be the person he represents himself to be, and that said testimony was subscribed and sworn to before me at my office in on the day of , 190.. SKETCH OF ENTRY No. Embracing •".•.. of section Tp , R. of Boise Meridian. That upon no portion of this tract can agricultural crops be produced without the aid of irrigation, except (describe the portion, if any): that I entered this land for my sole benefit, that I have the sole and entire interest in the State official title FORM H.— FINAL PROOF. Deposition of two witnesses in this form to be taken separately. Entry No , made under the provisions of an act of the legislature of the State of Idaho, com- monly known as the "Carey Act," approved March 2d, 1899. I, , being duly sworn, depose and say that I am years of age, a by occupation, that my residence is and postoffice address , that I am acquainted with , who made entry No. , under the provisions of said act, which em- braces of section , township , of range containing acres; that I am well acquainted with the said land, having been over and upon every legal sub-division of the same, that upon the day of 190 . . . . , I saw water in suffi- cient quantity for the complete irrigation of the entire tract distributed through the main laterals constructed on said land for the irrigation thereof, that there are miles of main distributing laterals constructed on said land (state dimension and capacity of said laterals) ; that acres embraced within said en- try have been cultivated by irrigation and produced (describe fully crops produced) ; that said land receives water for irrigation from the Canal, being miles distant from the same; that said water is delivered by means of a main lateral ditch, which is (state dimensions of same) at a point distant from said land; that acres of said land can be irrigated and reclaimed by said canal system, and that acres lie above the level of said canal system (state character and extent of land belonging to this tract which cannot be reclaimed by this or any other canal system); that the entryman owns and controls water rights or shares in said Canal, which represent a carry- ing capacity in said canal of. cubic feet per second; also a proportional interest or ownership in such 'canal with all its rights and franchises; also that this interest in said works gives him the right to conduct through the same for the use on each and every acre of land embraced in said entry of acre-feet of water to be delivered to him during each and every irrigating sea- son, which quantity of water is sufficient for the complete reclamation and irrigation of said tract; that upon no portion of this tract can agricultural crops be produced without the aid of irrigation, except (de- scribe the portion, if any); that the said entryman has resided upon this land since the day of , 190 (state fully nature of such residence); that I have no interest, either direct or indirect in this entry, nor in the land covered thereby except (state nature of such interest, if any) ; that no coal or other minerals have been discovered on said land, neither are any such known by me to be contained therein, neither do indications of mineral of any kind exist on said land, except ; (state extent of mineral deposit and de- scribe indications of minerals, if any). Sign name in full I hereby certify that the above testimony was taken and subscribed before me this day, and that the same was read to the witness in my presence before he signed his name thereto, that I believe the witness to be the per- son he represents himself to be, and that said testimony was subscribed and sworn to before me at my office on the day of 190.... State official title. 454 THE IRRIGATION AGE. FORM I.— NON-MINERAL AFFIDAVIT. To accompany evidence submitted in final proof to entry No made under the provision of an act of the legislature of the State of Idaho, commonly known as the "Carey Act," approved March 2d, 1899. (This affidavit can be sworn to only on personal knowledge, and cannot be made on information and belief. The non-mineral affidavit accompanying an entry of pub- lic land must be made by the party making the entry, and only before the officer taking the other affidavits re- quired of the entryman.) ,190 being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is the identical who is an applicant for government title to the ; that he is well acquainted with the character of said de- scribed land, and with each and every subdivision thereof, having frequently passed over the same; that his per- sonal knowledge of said lands is such as to enable him to testify understandingly with regard thereto; that there is not, to his knowledge, within the limits thereof, any vein or lode of quartz or other rock in place, bearing gold, silver, cinnabar, lead, tin or copper, or any deposit of coal; that there is not within the limits of said land, to his knowledge, any placer, cement, gravel or other valuable mineral deposit; that no portion of said land is claimed for mining purposes under the local customs or rules of miners, or otherwise; that no portion of said land is worked for mineral during any part of the year by any person or persons; that said land is essentially non-min- eral land, and that his application therefor is not made for the purpose of fraudulently obtaining title to mineral land, but with the object of securing said land for agri- cultural purposes, and that his postoffice address is Attest: Register and Secretary State Board of Land Commissioners. ASSIGNMENT OF ENTRY. Entryman's Affidavit. For value received, I do hereby transfer, assign, and set over to , his heirs and assigns, forever, all my right, title and interest in and to that cer- tain tract of land described as follows: Said tract of land having been entered by me as per certificate of entry No , issued by the State Board of Land Commissioners of the state of Idaho on the day of , 191... Also all my rights, title and interest in, to and under a certain contract with the the said contract being num- bered and dated , 191 . . In presence of State of Idaho. ) County of J On this. . . .day of , 19 before me, , a notary public in and for said county, personally appeared known to me to be the person whose name is subscribed to the fore- going instrument and acknowledged to me that he exe- cuted the same. In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal the day and year in this certificate above written. Notary Public. Know All Men by These Presents, That assent is hereby given to the assignment of original water contract I hereby certify that the foregoing affidavit was read NO by to so far to affiant in my presence before he signed his name as our 'interest 'may ' app'ear,' and we'h'e'reby 'certify that thereto; that said affiant is to me personally known (or the transfer to of all the interest in the has been satisfactorily identified before me by ) canal system contracted for by the original entrymen, has and that I verily believe him to be a credible person and been entered on the books of the company, the person he represents himself to be, >and that his affi- davit was subscribed and sworn to before me at my office ' 'by' ' in on this day of , 190 Witnesses: State official title FORM J.-FINAL CERTIFICATE FORM K.-AFFIDAVIT OF ASSIGNEE. Entrv N° Idaho I of , claiming to be the •••• > W". ... assignee of , who made entry No on the It is hereby certified that under the provisions ot an day of 190 under the provisions of act of the legislature of the State of Idaho approved an act of, the legislature of the State of Idaho, commonly March 3d, 1899, entitled, An Act to Provide for a State known as the "Carey Act," approved March 2, 1899, do Engineer, Defining His Duties and Regulating His Com- soiemniy swear that i am a bona fide resident citizen of pensation and to Provide for the Acceptance by the State the state or territory of and a citizen of the United of Idaho from the United States of Certain Lands, and StateS| or : have declared my intention to become a citizen to Provide for the Reclamation, Occupation and Disposal of the United States; that the said , who made said of Same, commonly known as the Carey Act and the entry) didj on the day of 190 -( trans. acts amendatory thereto whose postoffice ad- fer his rjght thereunder to me, by virtue of instrument in d/ess is ..appeared before me this writing, of which a certified copy is herewith attached; dav. more than one hundred and sixty (160) acres of land •• > embracing the of section .••.••.-•, entered under said act, the only lands so held by me being townsh'P ' A range-'J u"c"' C°rntTainlng described as follows: section ..township •-••••• a.cres' and has paid to the State of Idaho, range , being entry No , and that I through me, the sum of... dollars, being possess ali the qualifications necessary to make an original at the rate of twenty-five (25) cents per acre, being the entry under the provisions of said act, of the land embraced final payment on said land. in entry No ^ of which j am the assignee. Official title. . My postoffice address 'is':" Boise, Idaho, 190 . . Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of This is to certify that at a meeting of the State Board 190 . . , at my office in county, of Land Commissioners, duly held in the office of the said Board, this day of 190 . . , the evi- dence of reclamation, cultivation and settlement of the n/~,vi7T?D r\v ATT/->DMI?V land embraced in entry No referred to in the POWER OF ATTORNEY. above certificate, was examined and the same is hereby Know All Men by These Presents: That I approved. of postoffice, in the County of and State of , do hereby make, constitute Governor and Chairman State Board and appoint of my attorney Land Commissioners. (Continued on page 466.) THE TKKIGATION AG-E. 435 A PERFECT SYSTEM OF IRRIGATION The Wonderful Achievements of the Amity Canal and Reservoirs Project in Colorado [Correspondence.] Twelve years ago a desert, barren waste of rolling prairie, where no human habitation dispelled the loneli- ness, where the coyote and prairie dog played amidst the sage brush, the only vegetation which made pretense of existing on this arid plain: Today a fertile verdant tract of land, a veritable garden of Eden, where growing alfalfa, waves waist high in the breeze, where sugar beets and cantaloupes flourish as nowhere else in the country, and where fruit orchards and rolling fields of small grain add Alfalfa Field on the Property of the Arkansas Valley Sugar Beet & Irrigated Land Co., near Holly, Colo. to the beauty of this one-time desert and to the independ- ence of the homeseeker who was far-seeing enough to choose a home where he was master of his own rainfall and was sure that each year would add to his rapidly growing bank account. This is the story "in a nut shell" of the remarkable changes that have reclaimed the 70,000 acres of arid land belonging to the Arkansas Valley Sugar Beet & Irrigated Land Co., and made it into the homes of thousands of prosperous farmers. Irrigation is the method whereby these wonderful changes have come about, and through irrigation alone could anything but sage brush be made to grow in so arid a country. The Irrigation System of the Arkansas Valley Sugar Beet & Irrigated Land Co. is one of the best in the world. Its main canal is 80 miles long, having its source in the Arkansas River at Prowers, Colorado, and flowing east- ward, it winds around hills, is flumed over valleys and syphoned under creeks until it reaches the Kansas line. All structural work of the canal system is the best known to the methods of modern engineering. Its flumes, drops, syphons, bridges, dams and wiers are all of rein- forced concrete. The diversion dam in the Arkansas river alone cost $125,000. It is built from bedrock, is 504 feet long, and has an average height of 28 feet. At one place the canal, as if ashamed of its tranquil flow, suddenly plunges out of sight and after tumbling about below the surface of the earth for about a quarter of a mile it again thrusts its head into the sunlight and pursues its even way. The reinforced concrete syphon which effects this wonderful performance is alone a per- petual monument to the achievements of modern engineer- ing. The building of this syphon cost £80,000. The spending of all these hundreds of thousands of dollars alone was not enough. No irrigation project is complete without haying an abundance of storage water from which to draw in case the river should be low dur- ing the irrigation season. The management of this far- seeing company did not wait to learn if the river would get too low for them to get water in their canal; did not wait to see their crops burn up in the sun, but at once proceeded to develop a great chain of reservoirs, north- west of their land, which alone hold enough water to irrigate all their land for two years in succession should the river be low that length of time. These reservoirs cover an area of 13,000 acres of land, have a shore line of sixty- four miles, and if the water were all put in a canal a foot deep and a mile wide the canal would be over 400 miles long. These reservoirs are filled from the Arkansas river during flood seasons, and winter months. The inlet canals are over 100 miles long, taking their origin east of Rocky Ford, Colorado. The outlet canal plunges from the level of the reservoirs 279 feet in a distance of 15 miles, where it joins the main Amity canal below. To prevent the washing out of the canal bed by this rush of water, rein- forced concrete drops have been built at the expense of thousands of dollars. Fifty thousand acres lying under this canal system out of the original 70,000 acres have been sold. This has been divided into forty-acre farms, on which have been erected neat cottages, and here lives and thrives the thrifty farmer of the West. Here he raises the wonderful Western crop — alfalfa hay. If he is a good husbandman he makes four cuttings a year, and gets three to five tons per acre. He sells his hay to the alfalfa mills, two of which have recently been built on this land, for eight dollars per ton, and as the cost of raising alfalfa is very small he has a big profit on this crop alone. Colorado has more sugar factories, raises more sugar beets and makes more sugar than any other state in the Union. The Holly Sugar Company, a corporation under the same management as the A. V. S. B. & I. L. Co., is capitalized at $5,500,000 It has two factories, one at Holly, Cattle Feeding Yards of Arkansas Valley Sugar Beet & Irrigated Land Co., Holly, Colo. in the heart of the land which we are describing, and one at Swink, 85 miles up the valley. The factory at Holly is capable of handling 600 tons of beets per day. It buys the beets from the farmer, delivered on the Holly & Swink Railroad, which was built especially for this purpose, at (Continued on page 473) T HE IRRIGATION A 0 E . BUILT IN TWO SIZES— 30 AND 4O H. P. A GENERAL FARM ENGINE OF THE MOST MODERN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. The "FLOUR CITY" is made to meet the demands for a Strong, Light and Economical Farm Tractor. That it does this is best attested to by its being TWICE WINNER OF THE GOLD MEDAL of the International Motor Contest at Winnipeg in 1908 and 1909. It is further attested to by hundreds of these engines nflw in the field, and by the fact that our 1909 business required us to double our capacity, and the demand for 1910 requires us to do so again. 843 SK.NI) FOK OUR CATALOGUE. KINNARD-HAINES CO., 44TM AVENUE NORTH AND BRYANT MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 45T Decisions of the Department of the In- terior and of the Public Land Uftice Homestead Entry — Death of Entryman — Right of Widow • — Heirs of Mojck v. Widow of Mojck, March 16, 1910. — Upon the death of a homesteader prior to consummation of his claim his widow, if there be one, succeeds under the home- stead law to his right to the land; and the State courts have no jurisdiction to interfere with or divert the succession so fixed by federal statute. Additional Homestead Under Section 3 of the Act of Feb- ruary 19, 1909. — Clinton Browning. March 18, 1910. — A home- steader who made entry under the general law, upon which patent has issued, Is not entitled to an additional entry under Section 3 of the act of February 19, 1909. (320 acre home- stead act.) Public Lands — Aggregate Area — Act of August 30, 1890 — Courtier v. Hogan, March 18, 1910. — Lands embraced in entries made prior to the act of August 30, 1890, or in settlements made prior thereto and subsequently carried to entry, are not considered in determining the quantity of lands a settler or entryman may acquire under the limitation in that act Office and is pending before the department on appeal is not, in such case, sufficient reason for refusing to accept a contest against the entry based upon a charge, which, if proven, would necessitate cancellation of the entry. In a contest against a homestead entry on the ground of abandonment it is not necessary, under the act of June 16, 1898, to either allege or prove that the entryman's absence was not due to military service, where the United States was not engaged in war during the period of abandonment. Credit for constructive residence during absence on account of official employment cannot be allowed where actual residence has never in good faith been established. National Forest Homestead — Qualification — Acts of Aug- ust 30, 1890, and June 11, 1906 — William P. Wall, April 14, 1910. — One who since the act of August 30, 1890, has ac- quired title to 320 acres, In the aggregate, under the agri- cultural public land laws, Is disqualified to make entry In a national forest under Section 2 of the act of June 11, 1906. Right of Way — Reservoir Site — Application — Discretion- ary Power of Secretary — Sierra Ditch and Water Co. — When- ever, in his judgment, the granting of an application for rifrht of way under the act of March 3, 1891, over a national forest oV reservation, would interfere with the proper occu- pancy of the reservation by the Government, it is within the power of the Secretary of the Interior to withhold his ap- proval therefrom. Prior to approval the inchoate right acquired by an appli- cation for right of way over a national forest under the act Showing Weir Conducting Water from Main Canal to Lateral, Patterson Ranch, California. that not more than 320 acres in the aggregate may be ac- quired by any one person under the public land laws. Carey Act— Coal Classification Subsequent to Approval of Segregation List — Act of March 3, 1909 — State of Wyoming, March 19, 1910. — No complete equitable Interest or title vests in a state by the approval of a segregation list under the Carey Act; and if, subsequent to such approval and prior to final approval of the patent list, lands In the segregation list are classified as coal, the department is without authority, so long as such classification stands, to approve or patent such lands to the state except in accordance with the act of March 3, 1909. Insane Entryman — Residence — Act of June 8, 1880 — Welsh v. Hackett, March 30, 1910. — The homestead entry of one who became insane before expiration of six months from entry, without having established residence, Is not protected by the act of June 8, 1880. Homestead — Commutation Proof — Residence — Mary E. El- son, April 5, 1910. — Commutation proof upon an entry made prior to November 1, 1907, submitted immediately after the expiration of fourteen months from date of entry, showing that residence was not established until just before the expir- ation of six months and that the entryman was absent an intermediate period of about two months during the succeed- ing eight months, will not be accepted as sufficient. Contest — Abandonment — Military Service — Constructive Residence — McKeen v. Johnson, April 14, 1910. — -Rejection of the commutation proof offered by a homestead entryman does not necessarily, in the absence of an adverse claim, and where sufficient time remains within which the entryman may comply with law and submit new proof, result in can- cellation of the entry; and the fact that commutation proof was rejected by the local officers and the General Land of March 3, 1891, is subject to the power of Congress to deny the right by intervening legislation affecting the land. SUPREME COURT NOTE. RIGHT TO CONSTRUCT DAM. One who had a prior appropriation of surplus and flood waters in a gulch or wash could construct a dam above a subsequent appropriator, and impound so much of the water falling above' it as he required for beneficial pur- poses, but must maintain the dam so as to permit such water as he does not require to pass to the lower appro- priator, and so construct the dam as not to endanger the dam of the other appropriator. — Sullivan v. Jones. Su- preme Court of Arizona. 108 Pacific 476. ACQUISITION OF RIGHT TO USE WATERS. An owner of land bordering on a stream, who, by means of ditches, used the waters thereof for irrigation and allowed the waters to run through his own ditch across his land and permitted his neighbors to make use of it as they desired, but who did not by any act give his neighbors reason to believe that such permission was to be permanently continued, or that it would be recog- nized as a right, was not estopped from denying that his neighbors had any right to the ditch or waters. — -Davis v. Martin. Supreme Court of California. 108 Pacific 866. 458 THE IRRIGATION AGE. A GOD-GIVEN LAND MONOPOLY. Wonderful Value of the Kuhn Irrigation Project in the Sacramento Valley of California. Major E. E. Critchfield of the Long-Critchfield Corporation, Chicago, visited the Sacramento Valley, Cali- fornia, recently to inspect the J. S. & W. S. Kuhn irrigation project and upon his return was asked to address the salesmen connected with the office of H. L. Hollister, in the Home In- surance building. Besides the salesmen there were present a number ot people who were planning to make a trip to California to get acquainted with this wonderful enterprise. MAJOR E.E. CRITCHFIELD. Major Critchfield's remarks will be found very interesting to every person who has considered the subject of irrigation. He said in part : "I don't wish to say anything that might by any pos- sibility jar upon the sensibilities, but I do want to ex- press in just one short sentence what I think of the Sac- ramento Valley in its original condition. And as it was before the Kuhns took hold of it. It is the best illus- tration of God-given natural monopoly and man-neglected opportunity that I have ever seen anywhere or under any conditions. You gentlemen, who are selling land to people who contemplate residence in the Sacramento Valley, may lay it as a flattering unction to your souls that you cannot by any possibility misrepresent this proposition. Don't misunderstand me. Do not guess at what I am saying. I have said exactly what I mean. And with- out any egotism I think I have the right to say to you that I know this is so from the fact that there is not any con- siderable irrigation project in any section of the country that I have not seen and that I am not more or less familiar with. This knowledge even goes to_ an acquaintance with the character of the soil — something of the productivity of that soil, its crop rotations, its ability to produce this, that or the other thing by reason of its elevation above sea level. I know also much of the men and means behind these several projects. And I wish to say to you, in the light of this observation and experience, that you cannot by any possibility be too enthusiastic about this great Sacramento Valley project. Some of you who contemplate going to the Sacra- mento Valley, or are considering the purchase of land in this great valley, may be interested in knowing that you may find there practically any particular kind -of soil which you desire. If you desire to specialize in some particular kind of fruit or crop, by taking just a little time, you will find in that mighty domain the soil exactly suited to your wants or the requirements of the particular thing which you de- sire to produce. Nature has indeed been prolific in the blessings with which she has endowed this great valley. If you desire a sandy loam, you can find it there. If you prefer a black loam, you can find it there. Should you prefer a muck soil, it is there. Should you like the light, higher lying gravel soil, it it also there. Now, so far as the distribution of these several soils and the general adaptability of the valley to the produc- tion of various growths, fruits, etc., you have nothing to do but to go and see for yourself. If you really wish to know whether it grows oranges, just go over to the orange grove which is already growing and bearing, and ask the man. Indeed, I think it per- fectly safe to say that the prize orange grove of the entire state of California is right here in this Sacramento Valley project. Should you wish to know whether olives grow in the Sacramento Valley, just go over to the olive grove and find out. Ask the man. As I did. He is there. And he will be able to tell you just what they produce. Indeed, he will be able to give you the exact figures. If you want to know whether prunes can be just as successfully produced in that country, go again to the prune orchard, and ask the man. The orchard and the man are there, both ready and willing to speak for them- selves. Now, what I have said before is true of the entire valley so far as it is covered by the operations of the Sacramento Valley Irrigation Company. Nature has sure- ly been lavish in her gifts to this great valley. Indeed it would seem that you can grow anything there. Almost anything that mortal man desires to grow. As to strawberries — the answer was on the table at breakfast in the morning, and I wish to go upon record as saying that if the famous "east shore" of Michigan ever produced anything better in the way of strawberries, I have not seen it, and certainly am not able to discern any difference in the product. One thing which impressed me in a most abnormal way was the wonderful possibilities for diversification in the valley. Gentlemen, when a probable purchaser asks you whether any particular crop may be successfully grown in the Sacramento Valley, just shut your eyes and say "Yes." You may add, "I have not seen it, but / know that it can be grown there." This may seem like a rather bold declaration but I assure you that it is the absolute truth. I made a list of numerous things which I saw growing there. I shall not take the time to name these things to you now, but it really seems to make very little difference what you want to grow in the Sacramento Valley, you can find it growing there in such a way as to answer practically every ques- tion which you may desire to ask. California, of course, is the best known and most famous for its production of grapes, raisins, oranges, figs, etc., but let me tell you, gentl'emen, that in this same Sacramento Valley I saw more alfalfa growing on one acre than I have ever seen growing on a single acre else- where, and when they assured me that it could be cut more frequently than I have ever known it to be cut east of the Sierras, I was ready to believe it because again of that wonderful and perpetual sunshine in conjunction with added moisture. If I were going to the Sacramento Valley to live an wanted in the beginning something which would brin. the dollars quickly, I would certainly put some portion o my land into alfalfa and buy a few cows. A wheat man who has 4,700 acres of wheat this sea- son said to me upon inquiry, "Mr. Critchfield, my coiu is in a tin can and my hogs are done up in a gunny sack and properly smoked when they come to me." This is one of the reasons why your market is at your door. You see the farmer in the Sacramento Valley as he has existed heretofore, thinks that nothing can be done without a Stockton Gang and twelve mules in front of him. If it is anything which cannot be done with twelve mules, in his mind it cannot be done at all. At least he would not know how to do it. You can readily observe that it is an impossibility t< milk a cow even by the aid of twelve mules. This is your opportunity. One which is being em- braced by people already upon the ground and which will be embraced by others. Before closing I wish to pay the highest compliment of which I am capable to Mr. Ross and his assistants for the extraordinary, and I think unequalled, system of en- gineering on this project. While in the engineer's office, I asked indiscriminate! for blue print descriptions, of this, that and the other par ticular 40. My desire was to follow out the contour line on as many separate 40's as I desired to form a basis o judgment of the engineering. And I say unhesitatingly that I have never seen any thing applied to either irrigation or drainage — the putting of the water upon the land, or the carrying of the water from the land, that will equal the system as inaugurated on this project. The aim has been to bring all the contour lines down to six inches and in many instances lines run down beyond that point. (Continued on page 474.) THE IKKIGATION AGE. 459 Cripple Creek the Famous Delights of a Journey Over the Colorado Springs & Cripple Creek District Railway from Colorado Springs to the Big Gold Camp. ONE of the most delightful trips available to the mem- bers of the National Irrigation Congress is over the "Short Line," as the Colorado Springs and Cripple Creek District Railway is known, from Colorado Springs to the famous mining district. When this road was finally constructed and it became known that it was possible to go to the greatest gold camp on earth in per- fect comfort and safety, directly over the wildest part of the mountains, the information caused the greatest satis- faction to the thousands of tourists who visit Colorado but who had never been able to make this trip. The "Short Line" is in itself a marvel of construction. It winds its serpentine way over the top of great peaks and across almost fathomless depths, revealing at every turn new scenes of beauty and grandeur. The intrepidity of the thought which conceived and the marvelous engineering skill and daring which achieved a broad-gauged, well-built railroad through such a flowering cherry or haw bush, all exquisitely blended with the russet browns and deep reds of the granite crags, which jut out far above them. As the train leaves Point Sublime and threads its way along the sides of the great canyons and around and through the endless succession of cliffs the scenes present an everchanging panorama of nature's beauties until the road reaches a height of more than 10,000 feet. At a point on the road called St. Peter's Dome the passenger is two miles above the level of the sea, but still towering high above him is this majestic dome of rock- ribbed earth, a huge mass of granite that stands a silent and masterful sentinel of the ages. When the traveler views this mighty pile lifting high above him he cannot believe that any railroad could be constructed that could scale its dizzy heights. But the train proceeds steadily upward, and as it glides quietly along over the smooth but winding iron path, grandeur succeeds to new grandeurs and rapture to rapture in ever- changing but never-ending charms. So absorbed is the passenger in the scenes about him, and the height is obtained with so much ease and so quickly that he is scarcely aware that only a few moments before he was straining his eyes in trying to see the point in the clouds where he is sitting now in wondering admiration. Now the train is entering the famed gold camp that has added millions of dollars to the world's wealth, and which is yet destined to add more millions. The famous The Great Cripple Creek Gold Mining District. mountains and over such ledges almost shakes the credulity of even those who have passed over it. The road wide, the track full standard width, laid with 75- pound steel rails, heavy ties, and solidly ballasted with crushed granite, insuring not only perfect safety but a smoothness which is not equalled by many level roads in the country. The locomotives are monsters of their kind, weighing 190,000 pounds and possess a tremendous pulling power. The passenger cars are of modern standard make, richly upholstered, finished in rare woods and brightly illumi- nated- To every train are attached observation cars, and these prove one of the most attractive features of the road, as they enable passengers to get a perfect view of every bit of passing scenery. At Point Sublime the trains stop for several minutes in order that passengers may alight and get a better view of one of the most marvelous bits of scenery in the world. This a sheer, unbroken declivitv of pinkish granite, fully a half mile in height, the lower part covered with the tender green of the aspen and higher up with the darker verdure of the pines and cedars, brightened here and there with Bull Hill, the scene of more than one bloody conflict, between miners and mine owners, is seen close by the little town of Altman, which is conceded to be the highest incorporated town in the world. It lies more than 12,000 feet above the level of the sea. Aside from the beauties of this trip from Colorado Springs across the mountains, the visitor will thoroughly enjoy the interesting scenes in the wonderful little city of Cripple Creek which has sprung up in the midst of the granite peaks which have yielded millions of gold and whose characteristics are of deep interest to every visitor. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age One Year and The Primer of Irrigation Cloth Bound 460 THE IEKIGATION AGE. Department of Agriculture- Latest Publications. MONTHLY LIST [To obtain those publications to which a price is affixed, application must be made to the Superintendent of Docu- ments, Government Printing1 Office, Washington, D. C., to whom all remitances must be directed. Stamps ana personal checks will not be accepted. The Superintendent of Documents is not an official of the Department of Agriculture. Publications for free distributions, i. e., those to which no price is attached, may be obtained upon application to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Pree publica- tions are not distributed by the Superintendent of Documents. In all cases where officials desire to exchange publications applications should be made to the Department of Agricul- ture. The Department of Agriculture floes not distribute nor control the distribution of publications of the State Agricul- tural Experiment Stations. Application for them should be made to the several stations in the different states. A List of Publications for free distribution revised to April 1, 1910, and a separate list of publications for sale (by the Superintendent of Documents) revised to October 1, 1909, may be procured free of charge upon application to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.] Annual reports of Department, year ended June 30, 1909. 1910. — Cloth. 70 cents. (Bureau of Animal Industry) order 136, amendment 12; April 21, 1910. (1910) 1 p. (Order con- cerning regulations for certification of associations of breeders of pure bred live stock and books of record of pedigrees.) BIOLOGICAL SURVEY BUREAU. Muskrat; by David E. Lantz. April 30, 1910, 38 p. 11. (Agriculture Dept. Farmers' bulletin 396.) Private game preserves and their future in United States; by T. S. Palmer. May 4, 1910. 11 p. 2 pi. (Circular 72.) Progress of game protection in 1909; by T. S. Palmer, Henry Oldys, and C. E. Brewster. May 21, 1910. 19 p. 11. (Circular 73.) CHEMISTRY BUREAU. Experiments on preparation of sugared dried pineapples; by H. C. Gore. May 14, 1910. 8 p. il. (Circular 57.) Use of cold storage, data on cold storage and cold storage products; presented by Mr. Lodge. April 13, 1910. 23 p. 2 pi. Paper, 5c. ENTOMOLOGY BUREAU. Anatomy of honey bee (with bibliography); by R. E. Snodgrass. May 28, 1910. 162 p. il. Paper, 20c. Papers on cereal and forage insects; Sorghum midge; by W. Harper Dean. May 23, 1910. Paper, lOc. Some insects injurious to truck crops; Life history and control of hop flea-beetle; by William B. Parker. May 20, 1910. 58 p. il. 2 pi. (Bulletin 82, pt. 4.) Paper, lOc. Some miscellaneous results of work of bureau 9: Woolly white-fly new enemy of Florida orange; by E. A. Back. May 7, 1910. (Bulletin 64, pt. 8.) Paper, 5c. EXPERIMENT STATIONS OFFICE. Agricultural experiment stations. List of station publi- cations received by office during April, 1910. May 18, 1910. 9 p. (Monthly.) Agriculture. Institutions in United States giving instruc- tion in agriculture, corrected to May 1, 1910; (by Marie T. Spethmann.) May 23, 1910. 15 p. Experiment station record, v. 21 ; index number. April 29, 1910. Cover-title, xiii-801-911 p. 'Paper, $1.00 a vol. (6 nos. 2 abstracts, and an index.) Experiment station record, v. 22, No. 5; April, 1910. 1910. Cover-title, viii-401-500 p. "Paper, $1.00 a vol. (6 Nos., 2 abstracts, and an index.) Experiment station record No. 6; May, 1910. 1910. Cover- title, ix-501-600 p. 'Paper, $1.00 a vol. (6 Nos., 2 abstracts, and an index.) Food. Care of food in home, corrected to March 25, 1910; by Mary Hinman Abel. 1910. 46-ii p. il. (Agriculture Dept. Farmers' bulletin 375.) Paper, 5c. Food — Continued. Principles of nutrition and nutritive value of food, corrected to April 20, 1910; by W. O. Atwater. (3d revised edition.) 1910. 48 p. il. Paper, 5c. Irrigation of grain; by Walter W. McLaughlin. May 17, 1910. 23 p. il. Paper, 5c. Meat. Economical use of meat in home; by C. F. Lang- worthy and Caroline L. Hunt. March 21, 1910, corrected April 5, 1910. 43-ii p. Paper, 5c. Windmills. Use of windmills in irrigation in semi-arid West; by P. E. Fuller. May 3, 1910. 44 p. il. Paper, 5c. FOREST SERVICE. Information regarding employment on national forests. 4th revision. May 14, 1910. 4 p. Instructions for making forest surveys and maps. Re- vised Nov. 16, 1909. Feb. 23, 1910. 51 p. il. map, 16. Cloth, 20c. Location and area of national forests in United States, Alaska and Porto Rico (Dec. 31, 1909), and dates when latest proclamations became effective. Feb. 2, 1910. 4 p. large 8. Same. March 31, 1910. 4 p. 4. Open-tank method for treatment of timber; by Carl G. Crawford. July 2, 1907 (reprint, 1910, with slight changes). 15 p. il. (Circular 101.) Paper, 5c. Wood paving in United States; by C. L. Hill. March 4, 1908 (reprint, 1910, with slight changes). 24 p. il. (Circular 141.) Paper, 5c. MAPS. National forests with transportation routes and super- visors' headquarters, scale 100 m.=l.l in.; with insets, Alaska, scale 300 m.=l.l in.; Porto Rico scale 40 m.^1 in. June 30, 1909 (published 1910). 20.1x31.5, 5.1x6.6, and 2.3x3.9 in. PLANT INDUSTRY BUREAU. Cultivation of hemp in United States; by Lyster H. Dewey. May 23, 1910. 7 p. il. (Circular 67.) Paper, 5c. Methods of legume inoculation; by Karl F. Kellerman. May 28, 1910. 5 p. (Circular 63.) Paper, 5c. More profitable corn-planting method; by C. P. Hartley. May 27, 1910. 14-ii p. II. (Agriculture Dept. Farmers' bul- letin 400.) Paper, 5c. PUBLIC ROADS OFFICE. Construction of concrete fence posts. May 21, 1910. 31 p. il. (Agriculture Dept. Farmers' bulletin 403.) Paper, 5c. Information in regard to fabricated wire fences and hints to purchasers; by Allerton S. Cushman, 1910. (From Year- book, 1909.) Paper, 5c. SOILS BUREAU. Manure. Composition of commercial fertilizers; by Mil- ton Whitney. May 10, 1910. 39 p. (Bulletin 58.) Paper, lOc. Manure. Fertilizers for corn soils; by Milton Whitney. May 3, 1910. 31 p. (Bulletin 64.) Paper, 5c. Manure. Fertilizers for potato soils; by Milton Whitney, May 9, 1910. 19 p. (Bulletin 65.) Paper, 5c. ton Whitney. May 26, 1910. 48 p. il. (Bulletin 66.) 'Paper, Manure — Continued. Fertilizers for wheat soils; by Mil- lOc. Peerless Woven Wire Fence on the Farm of Aden Crable, at Delta, Colorado. The above is a picture of a farm at Delta, Colorado, under the famous Gunnison Tunnel, built by the United States Government at a cost of approximately $5,000,000, to water the land of the Uncompahgre Valley, the finest apple country in the United States, and now with a water right that cannot be excelled. Mr. Crable's first order was for 480 rods of PEERLESS WOVEN WIRE FENCE for his farm south of town, and was built for the pur- pose of improving the farm and placing it on the market this spring. Six months after building the fence Mr. Crable sold the place to the Clark Realty Company of Denver and Delta for an advance of $6,000 over what the farm cost him less than two years ago. Mr. Crablr claims that the Peerless wire fence sold the place. Mr. Crable was so well pleased with his first order of Peerless Fencing! that he bought 2,980 rods of No. 1047 (10 lateral wires, 47 inches in height), in March of this year, fencing in the neighborhood of a thousand acres and placing a strand of our single strand, high carbon, corrugated steel Peerless Barb Wire five inches above the top of the woven fencing for the purpose of protecting the fence from being crushed down by hunters, wild range cattle and horses. Send $2*50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation Cloth Bound THE IREIGATION AGE. 461 Reclamation Notes CALIFORNIA. \Yilliam Kahriman. a realty dealer of Fresno, California, has interested New York capital in a project to irrigate 2,000,000 acres of land by pumping water from Tulare lake. The tract involved lies between Mendota and Coast Range and is almost flat. It is now without water except where small wells have been put in. It is stated that the New Yorkers have indicated a readiness to make the required in- vestment of $20,000,000. Charles Swezy, of Sacramnto, has filed in the office of the county recorder of Butte an appropriation of 20,000 inches of water. Of this amount 10,000 inches are taken from Mosquito Creek, and 10,000 inches of the water from French Creek. The filing was made in the name of Anne Swezy. The water of Mosquito Creek will be diverted by a concrete dam 15 feet high and 40 feet wide. On the French Creek it is proposed to build a dam 10 feet high and 50 feet wide- The water will be carried in ditches 12 feet wide at the base, to the power house. Much interest is being taken in the outcome of the suit brought by A. Bonslett against the Butte County Canal Com- pany. The action involves the rights of water users to have the water for irrigation delivered on the land to be irrigated through laterals. The company claims that the contract called only for the delivery of water at the main ditch and filed a demurrer which was overruled. The canal company has not offered any testimony in support of its claims. It is supposed that the water company relies on the contract in support of the contention that it is only required to deliver water to the land to be irrigated at the nearest point on the main canal. The Hallwood Irrigation Company, of Marysville, has - let a portion of their excavation contract to the Gunn Ex- cavating Company at ten cents per cubic yard. The work is to be commenced August 1st and completed by December 1st of this year. H. T. Barceloux who owns a tract of land near Wil- lows, has commenced suit against the Sacramento Irrigation Companv and has secured an injunction to prevent the company from excavating or enlarging the old Central canal which runs through his land. Mr. Barceloux claims that neither the Central Irrigation District, the Central Canal and Irrigation Company or the Sacramento Valley Irrigation Company have any title to the ditch, as same reverted to the land by reason of non-use of the canal for more than five years. Mr. Barceloux is emphatic in declaring that he has no intention or desire to obstruct the progress of the irri- gation company in the development of their system, providing that the company is willing to deliver water to the lands at a reasonable figure through which they pass with their canals. It is reported that the company has announced that it will not sell water to anybody, and for this reason Mr. Barceloux will start suit to protect his rights. Attorney McCahill soeakiner for the Sacramento Valley Irrigation Company in a recent interview stated that the attitude of the company is well known in the Sacramento valley. He re- fused to state whether the company would fight the case or what attitude the corporation would take. Should the case prove to be a long one and filled with delays, it will delay the work of the Sacramento Valley Irrigation Company. For the land which is tied up on the present injunction is in the district where work is contemplated, the contract having just been let to Contractor Harling. This move blocks the entrance of the canal into Colusa county, and if the injunction is made permanent, the canal will go only as far as the town of Willows. A tract of land consisting of 18,000 acres and known as the Moulton Ranch, in Colusa county, has been sold by the Central California Investment Company to Pasadena and Hollister capitalists. This tract of land lies just across the river from Colusa and extends from Butte Slough four miles south of Colusa to a point about ten miles north of that city. A large portion of the land has been subject to overflow during the winter months, but the purchasers have had surveys made for the purpose of determining the cost of the reclamation work and it is the intention of the new owners to start work on the reclamation of this tract at the earliest possible moment so that a large portion of the lands will be ready for colonization this coming winter. Farmers in the vicinity of Madeline have become inter- ested in irrigation by pumping and a well-boring outfit has been ordered to prospect for water in Secret Valley by which means a large body of fine land may be reclaimed. The Madeline Meadows Land and Irrigation Company of that city are now at work on a large project, and the building of canals and laterals has been begun. The earth dam on the Alamo river north of Meloland is nearly completed, and water will be delivered to the Mos- quito lake district in the near future. The dam will back up the waste water with the power plant in the gorge of the Alamo and will form a lake about two miles long from which water will be taken through a concrete gate for the irrigation of 16,000 acres. The wasteway is a structure of reinforced concrete and is 30 feet high. The water will flow from this structure into a basin so constructed as to constitute a water cushion that will break the force of the flow and prevent washing out of the pass by which the waste water will re- turn to the Alamo channel below the dam. A large tract of land comprising 100,000 acres in the vicinity of Gait will be placed under irrigation, cut up and sold in tracts suitable for small farms. The enterprise will be undertaken by the California Corporation of Sacramento. It is estimated that it will take one year to get the acreage in condition so that it may be placed upon the market. The reservoir of the Orland project which is being con- structed by the Reclamation Service and which will store water to irrigate 15,000 acres of land near Orland, was com- pleted on July 1st. The main dam of this project is of solid concrete, 140 feet high from bedrock and 90 feet high above the surface. It is 240 feet long on the crest and 10 feet wide, with a base of 90 feet wide. The water will flow in Stony creek to a point near Orland. where a diverting dam will turn it into the main canals. The board of directors of the Modesto irrigation district at their June meeting passed a resolution that hereafter the payment of irrigation taxes may be made in two install- ments. The first installment will comprise one-half of the fixed interest charge and the whole of any sum voted as a special tax ; the second installment will consist of one-half of the fixed interest charge. The first installment will be delinquent after the last Monday in December and the second installment will be delinquent after the last Monday in June. Farmers along the Merced river about seven miles from Newman have joined together and are installing a pumping plant to furnish them with water necessary to irrigate their lands. The Consolidated Reservoir & Power Company of Los Angeles has let the contract to W. E. Pedley of Riverside to build a cement flume to irrigate lands purchased by the company near Banning. The irrigation features of the work will be completed in October, while the electric part of the work, including the power houses, will be completed shortly after that time. The flume will start from an elevation 7,000 feet in the San Bernardino mountains and will be nearly six miles long. The Consolidated Company has bought all apparent rights to Whitewater River, such as ranches that had water rights along the river. During flood seasons some of the water of this river has found wav into the Coachella valley, and now that the water is to be diverted, some of the farmers in this valley have expressed alarm that their artesian flow may be affected. It is stated, however, by irri- gation engineers and others who are in position to know the 462 THE IRRIGATION AGE. facts concerning the river, that the farmers of the valley are unduly alarmed and that more water is being wasted by uncapped artesian wells in a single month than the White- water river empties into the vallej' in a period of five years. A. B. Aitkin of Corning has filed on 1,000 inches of water in Mahoney creek near that city. The water will be used for stock purposes, maintaining reservoirs, irrigation and other domestic purposes. The United States Reclamation Service is making an in- teresting experiment in Modoc and Siskiyou counties. It is trying to create a new outlet for Tule lake, and thereby reclaim hundreds of acres of land in northern California. Ranchers in the vicinity of Chico are much interested in a surface pipe line irrigation system that has just been installed by G. L. Barham at his 40-acre ranch two miles from the citv of Chico. Water is being pumped by means of a 7}4 horsepower engine and is forced through 5-inch steel pipes to the field. The pipe is made in ten-foot sections, arranged so that each can be stretched to any desired length, and can be made to lead in any direction. Mr. Bar- ham has 23,000 feet of pipe and says that it is sufficient for, a 75-acre field. The Sacramento Valley Irrigation Company has let the contract for the construction of a large irrigation ditch south from Willows, into the northern part of Colusa county. Part of the work will cover the ground already covered by the old canal, but it will be enlarged to carry twice the amount of water that it now carries. The contract has been let in divisions, four contractors taking part of the con- struction work. The amount of dirt to be removed is 1,500,- 000 yards. Residents of Rackerby have presented a petition to the board, asking the county supervisors to give them aid in arranging irrigation plans. The petitioners claim that the Feather River Irrigation Company charges $36.56 per inch annually and will allow only 30 inches of water to each The San Diego Improvement company has completed its irrigation system on the Lakeside Farms tract near Lake- side. This system has a capacity of 24 inches an hour. The company is composed of Montana men who have ex- pended a large sum in fitting up this tract which has been divided into small farms. The electrical machinery for operating the big gates in Laguna dam, Yuma irrigation project, is being installed. Water was run in all the canals on the reservation during May, the canals in most cases having been checked to their full height. A total of 380 acres of this land has been cleared by the settlers and six of the farmers have received water for irrigating small tracts. Work is progressing rapidly on the siphon under the Colorado river. On the Arizona side of the river the shaft has reached a depth of 148 feet, and on the California side it is down 97 feet. All the material opposing the passage of the cutting edge has been removed by divers and the caisson is now being loaded with steel rails and cement to force its passage. COLORADO. Articles of incorporation of the Service Creek High Line Ditch and Reservoir Company were filed with the county clerk recently. The capital stock is placed at $100,000 and is divided into 800 shares at a par value of $125 each. The main office of the company will be located at Cedaredge. The incorporators are: C. S. Blanchard, R. W. Curtis, C. H. Dil- lon, Wm. W. Dingman and Phil Stephens, all of Cedaredge. Water will be taken from Surface Creek which is fed by a cluster of lakes situated at the top of Grand Mesa and which covers an area of nearly ten miles square. Water will also be taken from Tongue creek. company's reservoirs and ditches has been filed in the office of the state engineer. The project consists of two large reservoirs and a ditch 19J/2 miles long. The estimated cost of the project is $500,000. The reservoirs will be supplied by the waters of Dallas and Cow creeks. Both of the reser- voirs are located near Ridgway, one of them covering 300 acres, the other 700 acres. Their capacity is 62,000 acre feet of water. Five thousand acres of the land is located in Ouray county and 15,000 acres in Montrose county. At a recent meeting of the residents of northern Prowers and southern Kiowa counties, the Monmouth Irrigation dis- trict was organized. The project will embrace 120,000 acres of land in the Arkansas valley and will cost about $4,000,000. The land to be reclaimed lies north of Hartman and Bristol and will be watered from the Monmouth reservoir and by the use of unappropriated water from the Purgatorie and Arkansas rivers. One of the last obstacles to the success of the Colorado Southern Irrigation company's project near Pueblo has been removed by the approval of Secretary Ballinger of the Interior department to the contention of Dall DeWeese, concerning the priority rights to the flood waters of Grape creek. Several years ago Mr. DeWeese conceived the plan for this great project, and he made filings for conserving the flood waters of Grape creek. Later his rights to these waters was con- tested by T. C. Henry of Denver and others who sought in the United States land office in Pueblo to have the filings of DeWeese set aside as invalid on the ground of prior claims by Henry. After an investigation by the land office Mr. DeWeese's claims were approved, whereupon Mr. Henry appealed to the general land office at Washington, which approved the filings of the Pueblo land office. Mr. Henry then appealed to the secretary of the interior, who has rendered the verdict as above stated. Under the direction of William Abbot, of La Veta, the irrigation district near that town will no doubt be brought to a successful conclusion. The proposed system will irri- gate 12,200 or 15,000 acres of land. At a meeting of the directors of the San Luis Valley Irrigation district held in Center recently, the contract for the construction of the big dam on the upper Rio Grande was let to Knowles, Ellsworth & Klaner of Salt Lake City. The figure named in the contract is $230,000. The entire plans for the dam were submitted to the state engineer for inspec- tion and he has returned them with his approval. Construc- tion work will commence in the near future and the dam will be finished in the spring of 1911. The Happy Home Reservoir & Canal Company of Mont- rose has filed articles of incorporation and the plat of the By obtaining a controlling interest in the Poudre Valley Reservoir Company, the Laramie-Poudre Irrigation Com- pany is assured the use of the Poudre valley ditch and the litigation over this ditch has been brought to an end. The Poudre Reservoir Company brought suit a few months ago to enjoin the Greeley-Poudre district, a part of the Laramie- Poudre district, from enlarging the ditch. The Camfield interests which control the Laramie-Poudre company, have purchased 57 per cent of the stock of the reservoir company. The holdings of the reservoir company consists of about $700,000 worth of property. Judge Gamble of Greeley has granted a temporary in junction against State Engineer Comstock on the petition of the Lower Platte and Beaver Canal Company. The injunc tion states that State Engineer Comstock must permit the Lower Platte and Beaver Canal Company to divert, at its headgates in the south Platte river, the water which is dis- charged into the stream by two seepage ditches constructed by the company adjacent to the Empire reservoir. Maps of the Shell Canon Irrigation and Supply canal have been filed with the county clerk. It is the intention of this company to reclaim 8,000 acres of land in the extreme northeast portion of Las Animas county. The company is backed by J. W. Fisher of La Junta and the estimated cost of improvement is $65,000. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 4G3 Judge Gamble of Greeley has granted a temporary man- datory injunction against the Bijou Ditch Company on the pe- tition of the Green City Irrigation district. The order is of particular interest to water users in Northern Colorado, the case raising the question of whether a ditch company can disregard priority rights during a dry season, when there is insufficient water in its ditch to supply all water users. According' to the injunction the Bijou Ditch Company must provide the Green City 16.32 cubic feet of water per second or as much as there are available, or carry to the district a volume of water equivalent to the amount the district has stored in the Riverside reservoir until a final hearing of the suit takes place, even though the other stockholders in the company remain without water. Directors of the Omer Irrigation district met in Fowler early in June to perfect plans for building a mammoth reser- vor for the Omer canal. A dam 60 feet high and 400 feet across the top will be constructed. The reservoir which will cover 50 acres of ground will hold 14,000 acre feet of water. As soon as the Omer district secures a settlement from the Omer Ditch Company ' for water rights, an election will be held to vote bonds to proceed with the plans. The project will cost about $450,000. The Bent County Irrigation Company has secured its 20,- 000 acres of land signed for and a temporary dam is under construction. Work on the main reservoir will start in the near future. Farmers of Bent county are practicing irrigation by the use of pumps. They are also using the seepage water to irrigate their lands. C. A. Challgren and D. L. Johnck who own farms east of Las Animas have installed pumping systems and report that they have an unlimited water supply. They have a small reservoir in some seepage land on the Arkansas river, and on this they have placed a twenty-horsepower engine and a pump which pumps 1,190 gallons of water per minute. Maps for the reservoir and ditches of the San Isidore Company have*been filed with the county clerk. The land to be reclaimed comprises 3,000 acres in the vicinity of Abeyta, 25 miles south of Trinidad. Water will be taken from Rito Seco creek. It is estimated that the project will cost $75,000. Four of the largest irrigation companies in the west are contesting before the state land board and the department of the interior at Washington for the privilege of taking up and carrying to completion the White River irrigation project which the government abandoned because of lack of funds to complete the work. This project embraces 288,000 acres of land situated in Rio Blanco county and the cost of the canal and reservoir system is estimated at $4,000,000. The companies who are stated as trying to gain possession of this project are : The Magenheimer Syndicate, White River and Trappers' Lake Reservoir Company, the Northwestern Canal '5r Reservoir Company and a fourth one represented by E. J. Kindred. Preparations to water dry land lying north of Pierce are being made on a large scale by farmers in that vicinity. Water will be obtained by pumping, and wells with electric power are being operated. The secretary of the' interior has authorized the execution of a contract between the United States, the Uncompahgre Valley Water Users' Association and the Denver and _Rio Grande Railroad Company outlining the terms and conditions upon which the United States may bulid a wasteway channel under the tracks of the railroad «>mpany near the outlet of Gunnison tunnel. This channel Vill carry water into the bed of Cedar Creek, and is necessary in case of accident to the South Canal, so that water may be cut out of the canal at that point. IDAHO. The Grasmere Irrigation Company has made segregation of 55.000 acres of land which has been approved by the state land board. Over 3,000 acres previously segregated for the Owyhee Irrigation Company will be covered bv the Gras- mere canals. The tract to be irrigated is located in Owyhee county about 90 miles south of Boise and 65 miles from Mountain Home. Water will be taken from Sheep and Mary's creek. The aggregate filing of the various permits held by the company is 1,525 cubic feet per second. Among the streams covered by these filings are : Nannie creek, Wicka- honey creek, Pinkston creek, Snow creek, Bull creek and Rat- tlesnake creek, China creek, Crab creek. The estimated cost of the project is $1,000,000. The enterprise is backed by Seat- tle, Spokane and Tacoma capitalists. Following are the offi- cers of the company : C. B. Haraden, of Seattle, president ; J. M. Hawthorne, of Seattle, secretary; John Hampshire, of Tacoma, treasurer; Albert Daub and U. M. Dickey, of Seattle, and John W. Twohy, of Spokane. The machinery for the pumping plant of the Payette Heights Irrigation Company has been installed, which will force water from the lower Payette ditch up the hillside 133 feet to the intake of the High Line ditch which will supply water to 4,000 acres of fruit land adjoining the city of Payette. Work on Snake River Irrigation Company's project which will reclaim 14,000 acres of land on the Dead Ox flat is pro- gressing rapidly. The company has its office in Payette. Mr. E. M. Housh of that company in a recent interview stated that they expected to have their pumping plant in- stalled some time in September. He also stated that the pumping plant will be located on their own land near the Applegate ranch. The Crane Creek irrigation project which will place under cultivation 22,000 acres of land in the vicinity of Weiser, had a land opening and sale on June 14th. A con- tract has been let to the Slick construction company for the construction of the dam, ditches and laterals of the company. The contract price is $950,000. Water is to be on the land by May 1st, 1911. The dam will form an artificial lake about five miles long by four miles wide with an average depth of 25 feet and will impound more than 70,000 acre feet of water. The dam will be constructed fifteen miles from Weiser. It is on the south side of the Weiser river and as about half of the land to be covered is on the north side of the river the water will be syphoned across the river at a point about ten miles from that city. The Darlington, Taylor and Rodgers ranches, situated on the Big Lost river in Blaine and Custer counties were sold recently to a company of eastern capitalists for $200,000. The combined area of these ranches is 5,500 acres. The pur- chasers will incorporate as the Darlington Land and Irri- gation Company, and will sell their holdings in 40 and 60 acre tracts. The office of the company is located at Hailey. The Blackfoot North Side Irrigation Company of Black- foot will place on the market in the near future 35,000 acres of choice land which can be taken up under the Carey act. The company is now at work surveying the land and the en- gineers are running the lines for the canals and irrigation ditches. The land is tributary to the new town of Pingree and will be traversed by the new branch railroad that is being built from Moreland. Contracts have been executed with the Oregon Short Line Railroad Company by which the company grants to the United States the right to cross the right of way and pass underneath the tracks and roadbed of the railroad company with various canals near the town of Burley on the Minidoka irrigation project in southern Idaho. Negotiations are being made for the acquisition of right of way for canals and later- als through deeded land. The Reclamation Service has been conducting an in- teresting experiment on the Minidoka irrigation project in Idaho, to drain small bodies of land which have been sub- merged as the result of irrigation. At one point a lake cov- ering about 80 acres had formed. A well was sunk near the lake to a depth of 100 feet, the last 30 feet penetrating the lava rock which underlies the whole project. A six-inch 464 THE IRRIGATION AGE. casing was put in to the top of the rock and the waters of the lake were directed into the well. For the past month the water has been drained into the well at a rate varying from one to three second-feet, or an average flow of more than a million gallons per day. Should other wells prove equally effective it is believed the problem of drainage on this project can be solved without the necessity of constructing long and expensive drain ditches to carry the surplus water to the Water for irrigation was delivered throughout the Mini- doka project, Idaho, during May. Excavations on the North Side Waste Water system were continued and preparations are being made for the erection of a second excavating ma- chine. Two crews are working in wet material not included in contract work. Structures for the South Side Pumping Unit are being erected and machinery is being installed at the power station. During the month 'of April the farmers under this pro- ject paid water right charges to the amount of $56,318.73. The secretary of the interior has issued the following public notice for the Minidoka irrigation project, Idaho: "Certain sublaterals are not being maintained in proper condition by the district organization with the result that some of the lands entitled to water cannot be properly irri- gated. "In order to maintain the efficiency of the sublaterals so that all lands entitled to water may receive an adequate supply, notice is hereby given that in any case where such ditches are not maintained in a proper condition or state of repair by the water users, the necessary work will be done and materials and supplies purchased by the United States to put the said ditches in proper condition. "The cost of all such work, materials and supplies will be charged equitably against the land benefited thereby, as part of the installment of the charges under the Reclamation act. The charges therefor shall become due on December 1st of the year in which the work is done and no water shall be furnished in any subsequent year for any tract until all such charges against the same shall have been paid." NEW MEXICO. Work on the Orchard Irrigation Company's project near Farmington in San Juan county will be commenced in the near future. The district includes all of the terri- tory between Aztec and the La Plata north of the Inde- pendent or other ditches, and under the proposed Illinois ditch. The project embraces 14,000 acres of land. The work is to be completed February 1st, 1911. The Standard Construction Company have been given a contract to build a canal forty miles long. A petition for the irrigation of the Canadian Valley irrigation district around Logan is being circulated and is being well received by the farmers in that vicinity. Plans for the Portales pumping irrigation plant in Roosevelt county have been filed with Territorial Engineer Vernon L. Sullivan. The project appears to be a very feasible one. The headquarters of the company are at Portales. MONTANA. Articles of incorporation have been filed by the Home- stead Land and Irrigation Company with headquarters at Virginia City. It is the purpose of this company to reclaim a tract of land between the Beaverhead and Ruby rivers, southwest of Virginia City. The dam will be 150 feet in height. The canal will follow the west side of the Ruby canal under the base of the Ruby Mountains and reach the bench land point almost directly opposite the city of Sheri- dan. The land will be reclaimed under the provision of the Carey act and it will perhaps be a couple of years before the land is thrown open for settlement. Engineers of the Reclamation department of the govern- ment are making surveys for the necessary extensions of the main canal of the Huntley project for a distance of ten miles towards Pompey's Pillar, and for a distributing system, also for an extension and distributing system at the High line canal which is operated by a pumping plant in the Fly creek country east of Ballantine. A reservoir will be con- structed and a large area brought under irrigation. In a recent interview H. N. Savage, chief engineer of the Re- clamation department, stated that the new tract will be open to settlement under the same regulations as was the main part of the Huntley project, but that the units will_ be 80 acres in size with many of them a full quarter section, and 40 acres and upwards of each will be irrigated. The government's large project in the Milk river country is being handled in sections and work on the first part of 9,000 acres is practically completed. This tract extends between Dodson and Malta, on the south side of Milk river. Pittsburg capitalists have purchased 4,000 acres of land near Hamilton, in the Bitter Root Valley. According to present plans this land will be cut up into 10 acre orchards. OREGON. Plans are under way to develop an irrigation project in the Little Klickitat River Valley near Goldendale. The project involves the construction of a large dam across the river at a point some distance above Goldendale. The United States has brought action against Fred A. Yates, Florence C. Yates, Elmer P. Dodd and Leroy W. Furnas, to compel them to permit government engineers to proceed with the work on the Umatilla irrigation proj- ect. Yates and his wife own a farm near Hermiston, and they are resisting the cutting of government irrigation canals through their land. This canal is to supply 10,000 acres with water. Yates and others obtained temporary injunctions against the government's proceeding in the state court and now the government has been granted an injunction restraining the Yates family and others from interfering with their work. The Umatilla project is in- tended to supply 25,000 acres of land with water, and is about 87 per cent completed. More than $1,000,000 has already been expended upon it. The Umatilla river is ranidly falling and the reclamation engineers state that unless they are permitted to complete the dam immediately thousands of dollars worth of work will be ruined and the project injured irreparably. By boring wells to a great depth on the east side of the Paulina mountains, now a part of the Deschutes Na- tional Forest, and excavating surface wells on the west slope, it is intended to make 260,000 acres of land in the Paulina mountains available for settlement. The district to be irrigated is known as the lava beds and lies from 40 to 50 miles west of Prineville. Owing to the porous char- acter of the soil and rock, water is not long retained in the surface depressions and while there is a rank growth of vegetation and forest growth, it Kps been impossible for stockmen to make use of the territory. It is stated to be capable of supporting 65,000 head of sheep. Three hundred men are employed on the Oregon Land Company's irrigation canals in Drew's creek canyon, near Lakeview. Work is to be started on the big flume in the near future. Work has reached such a stage that part of the crew is to be transferred to the south canal, which will be 12 miles in length, with an average width of 15 feet on the bottom. J. H. Gray & Son, who have a large ranch near Prineville are constructing an irrigation system that will reclaim 500 acres of land. W. F. King, J. O. Powell and Herman Poch are build- ing a canal to irrigate 1,000 acres of land in the vicinity of Prineville. This land will be planted to orchards. Some 15,000 acres of land in Gilliam county on Rock creek, are to be irrigated by constructing a dam and stor- ing water. (Continued on page 467.) THE IKRIGATION AGE. 465 Supreme Court Decisions Irrigation Cases RIGHTS OF OWNERS. The most that ditch owners are entitled to claim at any time is that the amounts to which they are respective- ly entitled shall flow to the head gates of their ditches. — Kelly v. Hyncs. Supreme court of Montana. 108 Pacific 785. EFFECT OF NOTICE TO STATE ENGINEER. An application to the state engineer for permission to appropriate public water is merely notice of intent to ap- propriate, and does not establish an appropriation. — Sow- artts v. Meaghcr. Supreme Court of Utah. 108 Pacific 1112. RIPARIAN RIGHTS. An upper riparian owner may not impound all the waters flowing in a stream for 14 hours out of every 24, has a primary right to the full flow of the stream at flood in order to bring his stratum up to its water-bearing capacity, though not to the extent that they may. replenish his water-bearing stratum, as against the right of an ap- propriator to divert any part of the waters for commercial use beyond the watershed. — Miller v. Bay Cities Water Co. Supreme Court of California. 107 Pacific 115. ERECTION OF DAM. The owners of the right to mafntain a dam have no right to rebuild and maintain a new dam in such a way as to place a greater servitude or burden on the prop- erty of other riparian owners than had been put upon it by the maintenance of the previous dam. — Greeley Irr. Co. v. Von Trotha. Supre-me Court of Colorado. 108 Pacific 985. TRESPASSERS MAY ACQUIRE WATER RIGHTS. Trespassers upon land may acquire the exclusive right to the use of water either- to irrigate land or for other purposes, and, when such right is acquired, it is paramount to the rights of ,the true owner or claimant of land, and the water claimant, when he is dispossessed of the land, may divert and use the water elsewhere, if he can so di- This illustration shows two Flour City Tractors manufactured by Kinnard-Haines Company of Minneapolis, Minnesota. These outfits are owned and operated by Wakefield Bros., at, Mott, North Dakota. They are hauling two gangs of 8-14-inch breaker bottoms and have a capacity in raw sod of from 20 to 30 acres per day each. See advertisement on page 456. without the consent of a lower riparian owner or a con- demnation of his rights. — Tacoma Eastern R. Co. v. Smith- gall. Supreme Court of Washington. 108 Pacific 1091. FLOW FROM RESERVOIRS. So long as the required volume of water is maintained at the heads of irrigating ditches of parties entitled to water, other parties damming sources of the supply need not permit any flow from their reservoirs, whether it con- sists of the natural^outflow or of the conserved flood water. — Kelly v. Hynes. Supreme Court of Montana. 108 Pac;5c 785. ' JUNIOR APPROPRIATORS OF WATER. When a junior appropriator makes his appropriation, he acquires a vested right in the conditions then prevailing upon the stream and surrounding the general method of use of water therefrom, and he may assume that these are fixed conditions, and will remain without substantial change, unless a proposed change will not work harm to his vested rights.— Vogel v. Minnesota Canal & Reservoir Co. Supreme Court of Colorado. 107 Pacific 1108. UNDERGROUND WATER-BEARING STRATUM. The owner of land having an underground water- bearing stratum supplied by the flood waters of a stream vert and use it. — Patterson v. Ryan. Supreme Court of Utah. 108 Pacific 1118. - SPRINGS. Though one may have riparian rights in a stream, though its source is but a spring on the land of another, it must be a stream that was wont to flow from time im- memorial, and the owner of land on which a new spring breaks out may make such use of the waters as he pleases, though the waters, if unmolested, would cause a stream to flow across another's land.— Mason v. Yeanvood. Supreme Court of Washington. 108 Pacific 608. DAMAGES TO CROP. As land prepared for alfalfa will produce several crops each year for several years without further care, except in the way of irrigation, the measure of damages of one who just after preparing his land for alfalfa, and cutting the first crop, was wrongfully denied water for irrigation by a water company, whereby he lost the two additional crops, which, with irrigation, the land would have produced that year, and a reseeding was necessary, is the value of the two crops lost, less cost of irrigation and cutting, plus cost of reseeding. — Lowe v. Yolo County Consol. Water Co. Supreme Court of California. 108 Pacific 297. (Continued on page 481.) 166 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Head Gate Hoists in all sizes and types for use in connection with timber or cast iron Head Gitea and Wisle Gates also a complete line of Cast Iron Gates Catalog No. 25 is devoted 'exclusively to Gate Hoists. We also build the Now American Turbine The Dayton Globe Iron Works Co. Dayton, • - - Ohio Brass Vali'e Seats Valves Rubber Faced BUCKEYE POWER PUMPS The illustration S'-IO-A-S ou- hori- zontal Power Pump, bu It particu- larly for use in shallow wells, but we make a complete line for shal- low or deep wells and will be glad to send complete catalogue on application. Write today. Mast, Foos &• Co. SfnMgfield, O. (Continued from page 454) and agent for me and in my name, place and stead, to make application to the State Board of Land Commissioners of the State of Idaho, for the entry of land under the pro- visions of the Act of the Legislature of the State of Idaho, approved March 2, 1899, entitled "An Act to Provide for a State Engineer, Denning His Duties and Regulating His Compensation," etc., and to receive from the said State Land Board the certificate of such entry, as required by its rules and regulations; also to make all contracts and do all things necessary in the purchase of a water right for said lands. The land so to be entered by my said agent is situated in the County of State of Idaho. Hereby giving and granting unto my said attorney and agent full power and authority to do and perform all and every act and thing whatsoever requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises as fully to all intents and purposes as I might or could do if personally present, hereby ratifying and confirming all that my said attorney and agent shall lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue of these presents. In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal the day of A. D. 190.. Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of Seal. ss. State of I County of ) On this day of in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and before me a Notary Public in and for said County and State, personally appeared known to me to be the person whose name is subscribed to the within instrument, and duly acknowledged to me that he executed the same. My commission expires. Notary Public. CAREY ACT FEES. For filing each application for entry — $1.00. For taking- evidence in final proof — $2.00. For taking- evidence of annual proof of cultivation — $1.50. For granting each leave of absence — $1.00. The forms prescribed by the other states are similar to those herein presented — variances being explained by differ- ing provisions of statutes and regulations. We Will Send You FREE all kinds of information you may desire about Biff Jonathan Apple Crops* Kocky ford Cantaloup* Crops: fortunes made in Sutfar Beets and Alfalfa in the Arkansas Valley. What do you think of land from $IO to $15 an acre on terms Near Pueblo That Can Be Irrigated ? Look at the cheap land bargains NOW before Irrigation Congress meets at Pueblo in September, Just send your name and address— we will send the information free. Hopkins&Means, I22W. 2ND STREET PUEBLO, COLO. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 467 (Continued from page 464.) The Kingman Colony Irrigation district has been or- ganized with headquarters at Ontario, Oregon. The dis- trict comprises 17,000 acres of land which will be irri- gated from the Owyhee River High Line project, which will cover in all 135.000 acres of land, included in the Gem Irrigation district in Idaho, and the Owyhee Irrigation district in Oregon. John Arzner of Myrtle Creek has bought a 2,000 gal- lon galvanized tank and windmill and will install an irri- gation system. Colonel John F. Spray of Cottage Grove lias purchased 400 acres of bottom land in the Row river valley, and is constructing an irrigating ditch a distance of three miles to water the land, which will be set out in orchards and sold in five and ten-acre tracts. Not more than ten acres will be sold to any individual. THE KEWANEE SIPHON PUMP for IRRIGATION and DRAINAGE Power Applied To Siphon Requires H to */$ less power than any other pump. No runners, plungers, valves or pistons. Will pump sand or gravel. Many In operation. An absolute success. Pumping capacity 70 to 35,000 gallons per minute. Lift not over 36 feet. Fully guaranteed. Write for booklet and prices. KEWANEE SIPHON PUMP COMPANY 401 N. Tremont St., KEVVANBE, ILLINOIS The directors of the Owyhee Irrigation District met at Xyssa recently and elected C. C. Hunt president and W. Lee Blodgett secretary. C. E. Monro of Seattle, Wash., has purchased a large tract of land in Wheeler county, Oregon, for a considera- tion of $125,000. This property consists of the finest irri- gated and grazing land on Bridge creek and is one of the largest individual tracts in this district. The state land board has posted notices that forfeiture proceedings are to be commenced against the Deschutes Irrigation and Power Company for the non-fulfillment of the terms of the contract with the state. A petition of Receiver Redfield to the court has been granted which authorizes that official to negotiate with the state land board in the endeavor to have that body defer its con- templated action of forfeiture. About 13,000 acres have been sold on contract and approximately 12.000 more are said to be ready for water. About 200,000 acres have been segregated and completion of the whole tract will The Ghas, T, Manning Realty Go,, Ltd, SOLE SALES AGENTS The Gooding Townsite Company, Ltd, RESIDENCE LOTS. BUSINESS LOCATIONS. Improved — Irrigated Lands — Unimproved. GOODING, IDAHO. Send $2.50 for the Irrigation Age 1 year, and cloth bound copy of the Primer of Irrigation DRILLED WELLS FOR IRRIGATION Make Every Well a Flowing Well Flowing wells are not found in every locality, but they can be made to flow to their full capacity. Every farm and every ranch should and can have their own water supply; a good well adds thousands of dollars to the value of a property. The first item of expense is the only expense; a good well is inexhaustible and lasts for all time. Big Profits in the Well Business We want to send you our FREE book, 'How to Make Money in the Well Business." It contains twenty pages from Sanderson's book, 'Well Drilling, Methods and Cost," which is the only book published on the subject. It also describes our Advertising Plan which we are furnishing to our customers FREE. Just drop us a postal today and we will show you how to handle a business in which there are REAL PROFITS. ADDRESS (WELL DEPT.) THE CYCLONE DRILL CO., Orrville, Ohio Chicago Office : 419 Fisher Bldg. New York Office: 1456 Hudson Terminal Bldg. wnen writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 468 THE IEEIGATION AGE. Is It Logical? To spend hundreds and thousands of dollars to reclaim land and make it valu- able, and then allow your crops, your orchards and your profits to be destroyed, because they are insufficiently fenced, or fenced with cheap fences that can't be depended on ? Peerless Fencing is the highest grade of wire fence made. It costs only a trifle more than the cheap style — and you can depend on it all the time. Made in all different sizes, styles, spacings and weights. If you are improving land, make your improve- ments permanent — get the best quality the market affords. Arrange to have a car built up for your neighbor- hood and save on your freight. Our Catalogue on request. Peerless Fence Co. ADRIAN MICHIGAN be necessary to return to the land holders their money. Forfeiture now would prove a stupendous loss to the in- vestors, while not affecting the farmers, who have already purchased. The only asset of the reclamation company is an equity which will materialize if certain work is finished. Forfeiture proceedings will stop all new work and leave the receiver to administer a property as he found it. Such a course in reclamation projects violates the provision of the state laws and opens the work to forfeiture. R. R. Lewis and associates of Pendleton, Oregon, have secured possession of the Furnas tract lying half within and half without the city of Hermiston. The consideration was $56.000. Mr. Lewis states that one Portland and sev- eral Pendleton men are interested with him in the project and that they intend to subdivide the land into acreage tracts from one to ten acres. John E. Spray, who owns a large tract of land two miles east of Cottage Grove, is digging an irrigation ditch two and one-half miles long from Mendall Falls, with which to water 1,000 acres of land. Water will be taken from Row river. The cost of the work will be about $5,000. It is reported that the Keno lands have been released from the Klamath project and the landowners in that vicinity will pay for the construction of a power plant. The construction of the Keno ditch was undertaken by the government and later abandoned because of insufficient funds. UTAH. State Engineer Caleb Tanner has set aside a part of the Provo river and Jordan river country as an irrigation system under the name of the Utah Lake & Jordan River Irrigation System. Articles of incorporation of the Littl& Missouri Irri- gation Company were filed with the county clerk at Ogden recently. The company is composed of farmers in the vicinity of Pleasant View who will handle the general irri- gation plans under way there. It will take over a number of pipe lines and irrigation ditches and will undertake the extension of the irrigation system throughout the northern part of the country. The capitalization is placed at $9,000, with shares at $5 each. The officers are: C. E. Storey, president; George Sanders, vice-president; Wilson Cragun, secretary and treasurer. Annie G. Lauritzen of St. George filed a petition with State Engineer Caleb Turner to use the water of Oak Springs, Washington county, for the purpose of irrigating 160 acres of land. The Uintah Irrigation project, built by the United States government for the Indians of the Uintah tribe in northeastern Utah is practically completed. This project will bring 100,000 acres of land under ditch. The country is being rapidly settled and the government is making im- portant improvements within the reservation. When the government threw open to entry two-thirds of the reserva- tion five years ago, it allotted one-third to the Indians. As additional compensation for the loss of the larger portion of their land the government promised to irrigate the sec- tion allotted to the Indians. The Indians to whom the land has been allotted are not permitted to sell, but upon their deaths the heirs may sell. Snell Johnson of Vernal has filed a petition with the state engineer to use waters of Burch springs, Uintah county, for the purpose of watering five acres of land. Ira W. Hatch of Panguitch, Garfield county, has filed an application with the state engineer for the appropriation of one cubic foot of water per second from Rock Canyon Springs, for irrigation purposes. Doran, Lungburg & Wilson have withdrawn the in- junction restraining the Mutual Irrigation Company from forming an irrigation district. The difficulty was settled outside of court and both companies came to an agreement to support the forming of a new district, which means that a $100,000 dam will be put across the river before fall. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRKIGrATION AGE. 4(39 The irrigation companies interested in the lakes at the head of Prove river which have been appropriated for reservoir purposes have applied to the state land board for a $50,000 loan with which to perfect the work of reser- voiring the lakes and the amount has been practically granted. A large amount of money has already been ex- pended on this project in building canals in the valley to convey the water on to the lands to be irrigated and it is expected that at least $250,000 will be used before the work is completed. It is stated by government officials that work on the Price River Irrigation project lying south of the thriving town of Price, will be completed by November first of this year. The approximate cost of the canals and reservoirs to irrigate this tract will exceed $500,000. Water is diverted from the Price river by means of a large dam midway between Helper and Price. The water is carried twenty-one miles to the land which is to be reclaimed. The land will be thrown open to entry under the Carey Act on October first. WASHINGTON. Five business men of Chesaw have purchased the Che- saw Indian allotment comprising eighty acres of land ad- joining the townsite of Chesaw. It is planned to plat the tract and put it on the market. It is reported that the Electric Bond and Shares Com- pany of New York, a subsidiary company of the General Electric Company, has secured an option on the holdings of the Hanford Irrigation and Power Company of Seattle. The Hanford company owns and controls water rights on the Columbia river at Priest Rapids sufficient to generate 100,000 horsepower, in addition to about 30,000 acres of land. The town of Mabton has had an irrigation district surveyed and has advertised for bids for the construction of canals and flumes within the city limits. Announcement has been made by the Pasco Reclama- tion Company of Pasco that everything is in readiness for starting the pumps as soon as the pumping cables have been stretched across the river. The pumps will then be connected and water will flow through the entire system of irrigation works. The Tieton irrigation project was formally opened on June 8th. More than 30,000 acres extending back about 15 miles up the Tieton in the vicinity of North Yakima will be made productive by the Tieton ditch. The project is considered one of the greatest engineering feats under- taken by the federal reclamation service. For miles the canal, of concrete, steel reinforced, is hung on the per- pendicular walls of the Tieton canyon. It pierces a moun- tain of solid rock for a distance of two miles. Three main laterals, in large part concrete lined, will convey water for the irrigation of the lands under the three units of the Tieton project. It is estimated that the cost of the project is something over $2,000,000. Actual work on the Wapato irrigation project near Chelan was started on June 21st. An irrigation project which may involve the expendi- ture of from $1,000,000 to $1,500,000 and result in the bringing of water to 60,000 acres of land in Adams county is practically assured. W. R. Brown, H. F. Fellows and R. M. McMurray of Spokane are interested in the enter- price, working under the name of the Keystone Irrigation Company. The proposition is to take water from the lower end of Lake Colville and carry it by ditch or flume in the direction of Ritzville, 15 miles distant. A counter petition to the one recently filed against the organization and operation of the Yakima Highland Irrigation & Land Company by residents of the Wenas valley, to water 7,000 acres has been filed with Engineer C. H. Swigart of the reclamation service by other residents of the valley. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. The Twentieth Century Irrigation System OR The System of the Future THE ONLY ONE OF THE KIND IN COLORADO Water conducted onto land entirely through pipe lines. 105 feet of Beaver Creek water rights. Three miles of main pipe line, 42 inches in diameter, made of 2 inch Oregon fir lumber, with y% steel bands every 4 to 6 inches. 37 miles of cement pipe laterals, from 8 to 24 inches in diameter, laid 18 inches underneath the ground, pre- venting seepage, evaporation, distri- bution of weed seed, breakage of ditches, and keeping the water pure and cool. You can cultivate right over them. Schaeffer Reservoir, holding 5000 acre feet of water. IS BACK OF The Beaver Park Fruit Lands In buying irrigated land the first thing to be considered is the irrigation system itself. Why not get the best while you are getting ? We have unimproved land; also growing orchards from one to two years old. Prices from $200 to $100 per acre. The greatest values in Colorado. Easy terms. Ten years time on unimproved land, in equal pay- ments. Growing orchards, $ 1 0 0 0 to $2000 down on a ten acre tract, balance yearly until paid. Beaver Park land has increased in value over 100 per cent during the past two years. It is going to do the same thing in the next two. Own a FRUIT FARM and be independent for life. Write for literature. The Beaver Land & Irrigation Company PENROSE, COLORADO 470 THE 1ERIGATION AGE. Get a Home in WYOMING The Richest State in the West RICH in high grade coal veins from six to thirty feet thick, now being developed in all parts of the State. RICH in high grade oil and natural gas now being developed at Byron and Greybull. Natural gas piped to Greybull and Basin City ; new oil refinery at Cowley. RICH in high grade iron ore, so accessible that trains are loaded with steam shovel, direct from the mines. RICH in copper, gold, silver, lead, mica, sulphur, and asphalt that is now attracting capital from all parts of the world. RICH in timber, stone and cement material, for building purposes; in water power for factories; in hunting and fishing for the sportsman ; in beautiful scenery, unsurpassed in any country. Rich in Opportunity for the Farmer In the midst of these great natural resources, you can take a homestead irrigated by the Govern- ment, paying actital cost of water in ten yearly payments without interest, or buy irrigated land from the State under the Carey Act on long time payments, only 30 days' residence required ; or buy deeded irrigated farms at reasonable prices ; or you can take a 320-acre free homestead under the Mondell Act, where Dry Fanning js already successful. GET CLOSE TO A NEW TOWN AND THE NEW RAILROAD You can do this here, for the Burlington Route is building a new main line right through the Big Horn Basin, the heart of this richest undeveloped country in the West, with new towns springing up like magic every few miles. This means splendid transportation facilities, fine busi- . ness openings in the towns and big future values to N. these farms. History is sura to repeat itself and X. thesj farms that may now be had for a mere X. trifle of their actual value will soon make X. their future owners rich. No one — farmer, mer- j\ X^ chant or investor — looking for home or in- X^ vestment, can afford to overlook the grand Cjleni X^ opportunities of this new country. Deaver \. 187 O X. Specially Prepared Literature describ- X. ing the various resources of Wy- DldB. X. oming, sent free. Write or fill Omaha Neb X out and mail attached Coupon. ^v Do it today. Please send me specially pre- X. pared Wyoming literature. X D. CLEM DEAVER \^ Gen'l Art., Bnrllnjton Route Namt >. Landseekers' Information X Bureau, 187 0 Bulldlnc " ' ' Om«h«' Nrt- Cut out this Coupon and mal I TO-DAY 6099 The Robert Strahorn Irrigation & Power Company has purchased the shore lands on the Columbia river near Priest Rapids for a consideration of $10,000. The price agreed upon is $15,000 less than the value fixed upon the property by the state land board some time ago. The company protested the original appraisement of $25,000 and at a recent meeting in Seattle of tax commissioners and the state forester it was agreed that the protest was well taken and that the state should not ask more than $10,000. The Upper Columbia Company has undertaken one of the most gigantic irrigation projects ever attempted in the state of Washington, just north of Bossburg on the Colum- bia. The parties who are backing this company are un- known. Water will be taken from the Columbia river, also from the Kettle river and its tributaries. Work Has com- menced on the fifteen-mile creek dam and flume and the contract calls for the completion of the work by June 1, 1911. The Wapato Irrigation Company has awarded con- tracts for ditch work on its irrigation project to water 1,000 acres of land in Lake Chelan valley in central Washing- ton. The two contracts represent an expenditure of $10,000 and work will begin at once. The ditch to be con- structed under these contracts will be completed. Directors of the Tieton Water Users' Association, headed by A. J. Splawn, former state senator, which will eventually control the irrigation canal under construction by the United States reclamation service in the Yakima valley, have voted to increase the capital stock of that cor- poration from $1.000,000 to $1,440,000. This step was nec- essary owing to the increase of acreage under the canal and the additional cost of construction. Klickitat Irrigation and Power Company have filed maps and descriptions with the Yakima land office for t big irrigation canal to be run from the head waters of the Big Klickitat river to the Horse Heaven country in south central Washington. Details for construction have been completed for forty-two miles of the canal, which will be 1 10 miles in length. The drainage area is 175,000 acres, of which 93,000 acres is in the Yakima reservation and 82,90 in the Mount Rainier forest reserve. The intake of canal will be north of the mouth of Pearl creek, on t main Klickitat river, where the storage dam will be con- structed. It is proposed to maintain a flow of 1.250 cubn feet of water per second the year round. WYOMING. The Saratoga Valley Land & Irrigation Company recently incorporated under the laws of Wyoming, has taken posses- sion of the ranch property known as the W. B. Hugus ranch near Saratoga. These holdings comprise nearly 1,500 acre of land with one of the oldest water rights out of the Nortt Platte river. The company intends to cut the tract up into small holdings of from 20 to 40 acres, bringing in settlers either purchase or lease the ground. The mam office of I Saratoga Valley Land & Irrigation Company is located at 6.13 Seventeenth street, Denver, Colorado. It is stated that an immense irrigation project is to be undertaken in Carbon county. The proposition i: struct an irrigation canal starting just below Baggott rocks taking water from the North Platte and Encampment riv and extending some f.O miles north to Rawlins. This woulc irrigate and make productive 125,000 acres of sage brush land. \ preliminary survey has been made by Engineer R. Z. Coy of Encampment, who states that the proposition is entire!; feasible. Officials of the North Laramie Land and Irrigation Com- pany have turned water into the large irrigating plant that they have been constructing for the past two years, main canal which is 14 miles long has been completed. The project has several thousand acres that will be colonized. The land is in the northern part of Laramie county. The Shoshone dam. which forms the most important fea- ture of the largest irrigation project in Wyoming, has been When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IERIGATION AGE. 471 completed. The dam is of concrete and measures 328.4 feet from foundation to the crest. It is 175 feet long at the top and 85 feet long at the bottom. The reservoir back of the dam has a capacity of 456,000 feet and will serve to irrigate 130,000 acres of land situated about 75 miles east of the Yellowstone National Park. MISCELLANEOUS. It is reported that Denver men and money are behind a $1,000.000 reclamation and irrigation project which will reclaim 100,000 acres of land in the vicinity of Holbrook. Arizona, on the line of the Santa Fe. The land lies along the Little Colorado river. It will require an expenditure of $1,500,000 to complete the project. Among the men in- terested are Charles A. Stokes, J. H. Sherman and A. M. Patten of Denver and D. J. Meyers of Boulder. The Swenson Land Company of Chicago, operating the Toyah valley in Texas, has closed negotiations with eastern capitalists which will enable them to further de- velop the property. A large reservoir will be built which will bring 6,500 acres of land under irrigation, and this supply, in addition to the other plans for conservation of storm water, will make the total acreage in the valley un- der irrigation over 25,000 acres. Superintendent Rastall, of the government Indian school at Pierre, South Dakota, has been experimenting with artesian water for irrigation. Mr. Rastall had no practical knowledge of the use of water and has simply tried this as an experiment. He has, however, this season secured the services of a couple of Idaho men who are skilled in the use of water on irrigated farms and who will this summer make a practical test of that class of work at the school. If the work proves a success, it will mean a large extension of the irrigated farming in South Dakota. The lands will be watched with more than local interest, 'as the question of practical use of artesian water for irrigation in the state of South Dakota has been dis- cussed from both sides for years. It has never been put to a practical test by men who were thoroughly familiar with that manner of farming. The Florida Irrigated Farm Company of Astor, Flor- ida, has acquired title to 125 acres of land near the town of Astor and will begin clearing and improving it at once. A tract of land near Waycross, Georgia, comprising 140.000 acres, has been sold to western investors for de- velopment purposes, at a reported consideration of $700,000. At a meeting of the executive committee of the Texas Irrigation Company, held at Fort Worth, Texas, the last week in June, a committee was selected to which was re- ferred the work of examining and codifying the laws of Texas relating to irrigation. The committee elected M. L. Swinehart of Pecos, Texas, president of the Congress; Chenault O'Brien of Beaumont, Ben Campbell of Houston and Henry Closner of Chapin. At a recent meeting- of agriculturists held at Mickleton. New Jersey, much interest was displayed in the subject of irrigation. Two of the most prominent agriculturists at Gloucester county board of agriculture advocated the in- stalling of irrigation systems. It is reported that Rapid City, South Dakota, parties are planning a large private irrigation scheme by which it is hoped to put water on 57,000 acres of land west of Rapid City between the land of the Northwestern and the Mil- waukee railroads. The plan involves the building of a laVe between Owanka and Creston. the lake to be three miles long and one and a half wide and thirty feet deep. Tlie Corbin Morse ditch is to be extended to empty into the lake, which is to act as a reservoir for the tracts of land that can be made highly productive with irrigation. The Gulf Coast Irrigation Company of Lyford. Texas, has purchased a large acreage on the west side of that town. W. L. Church, an engineer' employed bv the Ambur- son Hydraulic Company of New York and Boston visited Phoenix. Arizona, lately for the purpose of visiting the Frog Tank irrigation project, of which W. H. Beardsley is the promoter. The Amburson company are builders of reinforced concrete dams for irrigation work and it is their purt>ose to furnish estimates on the cost of a dam for this project. An Irrigation Farmer in Colorado says: — "This spring my laterals were full of thistles and trash, so we could not run the plow, as they would gather under the beam and put the plow out. As I was passing one of these ditches with the 20th Century Grader, thought we would try, but did not think we could do anything with it until we had taken the trash out. Well, once up and once back, and I had the prettiest ditch you ever saw. Took out the trash and everything and left the ditch clean. "We loaned our 20th Century Grader to a neighbor at tl.OO a day. When he returned it he paid us double the price, as he said he made more and better ditches in three days than he could make in a month with scrapers." A.J.NORDLOH. Blade reversed for grading We'll challenge you to find a machine to equal it for irrigation fanners— useful in a dozen ways the year around. Use it to grub brush first; next, level land; then ditch and make laterals; then throw dikes, grade roads, move dirt— anywhere, anyway. One man, four horses easily handle the Irrigation Machine It's almost unbreakable because made of steel. Weighs but 600 pounds. 6-foot moldboard, flanged wheels. Transport it anywhere No wonder irrigation farmers are enthusiastic over it It's a great time and money saver— not for a few d»ys, but for 12 months! Send for free catalogue and a fistful of testimonials. X 20th Century Irrigation Machine tilted for lateral cutting or cleaning THE BAKER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 726 Fisher Building, CHICAGO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 472 THE 1KRIGATION AGE No. 3. Traction Gasoline Machine crossing the high Sierras of Eastern Washington, where fuel and water are not to be had. We made the 25 mile move in 8 hours, using 20 gallons of gasoline at 19c per gal. We had no {earn nor needed any. The one in the picture did not belong to the machine. THE DESERT DRILL This is a Standard KEYSTONE Traction Cable Drills driven by a two cylinder double opposed gasoline engine- Size 3 has a 22 H. P. engine and is guaranteed for 500 ft- depths. Size 5 has a 30 H. P. engine and is guaranteed for 1000 ft. with manilla cable or 1500 ft. with wire line. Requires no fuel but gasoline. Requires no water except for cooling engine and a little for the hole. Will go anywhere on its own power. Ask for Bulletin No. 7 KEYSTONE MOTOR DRILL WORKS Beaver Falls, Pa. line Drilling in Eastern Washington, using The charter of the Pecos and Toyah Lake Irrigation Company of Pecos, Texas, has been filed with the secretary of state. Capital stock of this company is $1.500,000. J. N. Levin of Rutherford, R. S. Johnson and T. H. Beau- champ of Pecos are the incorpqrators. The Queen Creek dry farming colony has organized a company to put in a large pumping plant on the Gila river between Florence and Pima reservation, to pump irrigating water to their lands. They will sink wells on the bank of the stream out of reach of high water, and connect them up to large pumps in units of two wells to one pump. A large tract of marsh land owned by Mr. Armpnd Capon near Grand Chenier is to be reclaimed. The irriga- tion ditches have all been dredged and the water has been drained off. The land will be in shape for colonization by fall. It is Mr. Capon's intention to go to Belgium, where he expects to form a colony to emigrate about the first of October and begin the cultivation of these reclaimed lands. Worjc on the Nazas river dam, which will be con- structed near Caja Pinto, Mexico, has been commenced. The dam, when it is completed, will have a storage capacity of 1,800,000,000 cubic meters of water. It is planned to hold sufficient water to more than irrigate the entire Laguna district and enable the planters to double the yield of cotton per acre. Peter Winkelman and son of Winkelman have ordered a windmill, pump and tank for use on their ranch near Florence. Arizona. He will install several twelve-inch wells on his Halfway ranch, which is underlaid at a depth of thirty feet by strong water stratum. Dr. N. J. Phenix has recently installed an irrigation plant on his truck farm near Colorado, Texas. Water is pumped out of the Colorado river and conveyed to the ditches by means of pipes. This is the largest outfit of the kind in Mitchell county and the success of the undertaking is being watched very closely. I. H. Kempner and associates of Galveston, Texas, have purchased the water works and irrigation rights at Alamogordo, New Mexico. A sum of $180,000 was paid for the rights. H. L. Chaffee of Cameron, Wisconsin, has installed a small pumping plant with which to irrigate his strawberry patch. Mr. Chaffee states that his berry crop has suffered by drouth each year, just at the time of ripening and he has installed this plant simply as an experiment. J. W. Longstreet, an irrigation expert, has been em- ployed to make investigations along the Saline and Smoky Hill rivers near Manhattan, Kansas, as to the possibility of irrigation, and he reports that there are many favorable locations for individual farm systems. Frank Field, secretary of the state board of agricul- ture atid ex-officio state engineer of Guthrie, Oklahoma, has approved the application of S. B. Laune of Woodward, Oklahoma, to take water from Sand creek to irrigate sections. The Cimarron Valley Irrigation Company, of Lamar, Colo., has contested the right of J. A. Martin Ford of Gar- rett, Oklahoma, to rights in the Cimarron river. Mr. Ford has never perfected his rights as a water user, although his application has been on file for some time. It is now being opposed as above stated by the Cimarron Irrigation Company, which has planned a large irrigation scheme in the Panhandle country. C. A. Armstrong of Fargo, Oklahoma, has filed a pe- tition with the secretary of the state board at Guthrie. Oklahoma, for the water from Boggy creek in Ellis county, with which to irrigate eighty acres of land. A meeting has been planned to be held at San Benito, Texas, in the near future for the purpose of perfecting the organization to be known as the Lower Rio Grande Valley Association. The purposed organization is to be composed of the leading land and irrigation propositions located in the valley for the purpose of advertising the advantages of that district. The association is to be in- corporated and a competent secretary will be placed in charge. In the district court at Barstow, Tex., Judge Isaacs sus- tained the foreclosure proceedings against the Grand Falls Mutual Irrigation Company. A. Thompson of Los An- geles and A. Z. Monell, president and manager of the com- pany, and L. A. Rodes of Sedalia, Mo., representing the bondholders, were in court when the decision was ren- dered. This places the management and control of the When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IREIGATION AGE. company in the hands of the bondholders and the policy of the new management will be watched with interest, especially by the water users under the system, who have been at variance with the former company for some time. The irrigators refused to pay the annual water rentals at the opening of the fiscal year, claiming that they had riot been furnished with sufficient water for irrigation, where- upon the company refused to deliver water and the canals were dry. The bondholders, fearing financial loss would result, ordered water turned into the canals, and the pres- ent suit is a result of this controversy. A test case brought in the district court at Garden City, Kansas, recently by the sugar beet growers, for the purpose of forcing the Garden City Sugar Beet Company, which owns an irrigation ditch, to furnish sufficient water to the farmers, was decided in favor of the beet growers. Robert Warthen claims that he took up sugar growing at the instigation of the sugar company and that it had tacitly agreed to provide water at a given cost. It did this for a time, but lately had refused to do so and sought to evade its contract. The decision of the district court will be appealed to the supreme court, as the sugar company seems to be facing the same failure that the decision has shifted from the farmers. More than $2,000,000 will be expended by Chicago capitalists in the reclamation of swamp lands about twenty miles from New Orleans. Reynolds. Watson & Company of 317 La Salle street, Chicago, Illinois, have completed the deal for a tract of land embracing 34,070 acres. The land will be drained and converted into ten and thirty-acre farms. F. W. Hodson, former secretary of agriculture and commissioner of stocks of Canada, who recently re- signed as land agent of the Union Pacific railroad, is in charge of the project. (Continued from page 455.) a minimum price of $5.00 per ton. Twelve to eighteen tons per acre and often more, are raised. Thus the farmer receives a gross return of from $75 to $100 per acre for his beets. This country is the home of the famous Rocky Ford netted cantaloupe. There is always a ready market for them and $100.00 per acre net profit is not unusual, and many cantaloupe raisers get $200.00 and often $300.00 per acre. The seed of this cantaloupe have been spread all over the country, but nowhere in the world do they have so juicy a flavor and solid a meat as in the Arkansas valley. Solid trains of cantaloupe pass through Holly in the season bearing this luscious fruit to the Eastern market, where it brings remarkable prices. These lands under the Amity canal are remarkably adapted in climate, soil and sunshine to the raising of all kinds of small grain and vegetables. Forty to sixty bushels of wheat per acre are not unusual in this locality. Oats yield from fifty to one hundred bushels, and all other grains do equally well. This country is the natural home of the truck gardener. Cabbage, tomatoes, celery and all vegetables of the finest quality grow in profusion. Cattle and sheep feeding is one of the great industries of this locality. Free range extends both north and south of the district to an unlimited distance. Thousands upon thousands of cattle and sheep are brought from the range and fattened on beet pulp, beet tops and alfalfa hay, which produces such solid, juicy meat that it brings as high prices as corn fed cattle in the markets at Kansas City. Of the 20,000 acres retraining to be sold, 10,000 acres were just placed on the market. This land lies within one to five miles of Holly and in respect to its location and levelness it excels any tha.t has yet been sold. Another year will see this land dotted with happy homes where the farmer of the rain belt, worn out by anxiety of drouths and floods, has sought his home in a country where he can say, "Let there be rain" and there is rain. Not rain with a cloudy sky and muddy roads not long days of drizzle and mist when he has to stay in doors and watch the water choke his crop, but rain with a clear sun in the sky; rain wherever he wants it, on his beets and alfalfa, and not on his wheat, rain on his fields, and not on his roads. Truly wonderful changes have swept over this country in Eastern Colorado in the past twelve years. Railroads have been built, towns have sprung up, sugar factories and alfalfa mills have been erected, schools and :hurches are scattered far and wide throughout the country. THE? \ LITTLE YANKEE A REAL IRRIGATION MACHINE With all the features of a practical \ Grader Ditcher Digger Leveler and Conveyor Cut showing diggers and fenders attached. These can be removed and the blade set for lateral ditching in five minutes. BLADE COMPLETELY REVERSIBLE WHEELS FITTED WITH FLANGED RIMS AND DIRT PROOF BOXES \ Lightest draft. No weight on horses' necks. A"snap" for teams and operator Write Us. THE OHIO ROAD MACHINERY CO. \ Oberlin, Ohio Box F. Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on 'receipt of price: Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead; $1.85 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 8.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart, 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.00 Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 Cement Pipe & Tile, Hanson 1.00 Arid Agriculture, B. C. Buffum 1.50 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. you on Days' Free Trial WE PAY THE FREIGHT An offer for the farmer who wants the best fence produced at the lowest price a life-time fence can be made for. Advance Fence isn t just a boundary line. It stands for system and advanced value in property. Any farmer who subdivides his land into plots for crop rotation is systematizing his farm business. A built-to-last sound-value, substantial-looking fence means to the owner of the land, and every man who works on it, exactly what a modern, substantial factory or office building means to every man doing business in the building. ADVANCE FENCE Is An Investment That Pays Big Dividends What the farmer puts money and protection into, he's going to get money and protection out of. Advance Woven-Wire Fence is the best looking, strongest con- structed, longest lasting fence on the market. To prove it, we make our great offer. If the fence isn't O. K. to you, and more, send it back at our expense. We sell to you direct— no middleman — therefore the price is right — one profit only after making. Advance Fence is made of Solid Wire, not wire cut and spliced again. A cut wire weakens. Our stay wire is continuous, woven in with the main top and bottom wire running the entire width of the fence from one stay to the next. Made of the best basic, open- hearth steel, galvanized with a heavy coat of 99-per-cent-pure spelter — that means rust proof. Advance Fence always stays taut — straight and handsome. Prove it for yourself. Write to us for all particulars. Remember, we pay freight and guarantee safe delivery. Don't pay two pnces — Write ug todsy- ADVANCE FENCE CO., Box 123 Elgin, III. (Continued from page 458.) And this is equally true of the drainage. You can take up a separate and individual survey of any 40 and can show a man just how many square yards of each par- ticular 40 he will be able to get water upon. And the matter has been so admirably handled that there is next to no waste land anywhere from lack of either water or drainage. It is most complimentary to the engineers and through them to the gentlemen back of this project that the buyer shall not be sold anything that cannot be successfully irri- gated. There will not be anything sold to the buyer that is valueless. If there were a disposition on the part of any of you, as I know there is not, to sell something with- out value, by that I mean land that is a little too high to get water upon or a little too low to be successfully drained, you cannot do so. For this matter is completely covered by the engineer- ing and it is not the policy of Messrs. Kuhn, or Mr. Ross to permit anybody to be deceived. Now, gentlemen, back of all this, and back of all that I have had to say to you, and independent of anything that I might say to you, is the name KUHN. While they might not have said so to you, and while some of you may not know their policies, there are prob- ably others of you who do know that this is undoubtedly to be the Kuhn masterpiece — the Kuhn monument and there is not a thing that 'you can think of that will not be done by these people for the best development of this Sacramento Valley project. There was not a thing that I could ask a question about that was not already covered or under considera- tion. I think I may say to you therefore in all honesty that you may sell these lands to anybody with your eyes shut. And to you present who are interested as probable purchasers, let me say that you may walk up to any piece of that land backwards and say, "Give me that," and you shall be perfectly safe. HART-PARR GAS TRACTORS SAVE MEN SAVE HORSES SAVE MONEY SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART-PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing farming methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, thrashing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps- — in fact, all kinds of heavy farmwork. Use Gasoline, Kerosene, Distillate or Alcohol. Hundreds in Successful Operation— Built in sizes of 30, 45 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED, FROST-PROOF, FIRE-PROOF. Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalogue tells you all about them. Write for it today. HART-PARR CO., 240 Lawler St., Charles City, Iowa When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE 1KKIGATION AGE. (Continued from page 434.) and Scott as president and secretary. Committee meetings are held, the newspapers keep pushing the matter, the state engineers of Kansas and Colorado cooperate, the good roads office at Washington, and D. W. King, of Maitland, Missouri, creator of the famous King road drag, are con- stant correspondents, and the road is actually building, day by day. It is the firm belief of many good road advocates that farmers will not participate in a good roads movement. The Trail-builders found this a mistake. In the Hutchin- son conference half the delegates were real farmers. The farmers of Kansas and of Colorado, in the wonderful Arkansas valley, are finding out the value of good roads. Of course, the motorists are for the road because it makes a swift; short-cut to Colorado and down the valley. The road is built, then, up the Arkansas valley, the most fertile section in all the West, with its seven beet sugar mills, its more than a half million acres of irrigated lands, its alfalfa, beets, trucks, melons, wheat, and corn, and fruit. It is, too, a great advertisement for the valley, incidentally. The New Santa Fe Trail is linked closely with the work of the great development of the West and the Arkansas valley, that will culminate September 26-30 in the greatest event of the West and the valley — the eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, to be held in the city of Pueblo, the capital of the Arkansas valley, this year. Most of the Trail-builders, especially in western Kansas and in the Colorado valley, are leading proponents of the work of the congress. President Faxon is secretary of the board of control of the congress. W. M. Wiley, of Holly, Colorado, a member of the Colorado state highway commission, is an active member of the board of control. The destiny of the highway, of the Arkansas valley it traverses, and of the great irrigation congress, the most important gathering ever held in the valley, is one and the same. And it all spells the great development that is on in the heart of the Middle West today. SAMSON TURBINE When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans- mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO. Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. 316 Lagonda Street TheLittle Roadster Grader and Ditcher THE ROADSTER A New, Light Ditch Plowing Machine, Especially Designed for Cutting Small Laterals on Irrigated Farms, and Ditching and Grading Roads. This type of machine cuts ditches for less money than any other tool or ma- chinery, because it plows the dirt out of the ditch with one continuous motion, whereas all other ditching machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The Little Roadster is a practical plowing machine, being built with ad- justable leaning wheels or rolling land- sides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold, the same leaning wheel principle which is used in the sulky plow. It is made almost entirely of wrought steel and the few castings that are used are malleable and all parts are put to- gether so far as possible with hot driven rivets, so that while it is a light machine weighing about eleven hundred pounds, it is exceptionally strong and rigid. It is designed primarily for two horses, al- though four may be used. EVERY IRRIGATED RANCH OR FARM NEEDS ONE OR MORE OF THESE MACHINES. IT WILL QUICKLY PAY FOR ITSELF. SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE FOLDER AND LET US TELL YOU MORE ABOUT IT J. D. ADAMS & COMPANY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 476 THE IRRIGATION AGE. The ihe nearest to places of interest in Ho til/or UCllfGl THE ALBANY HOTEL 17th and Stout Streets DENVER « RATES: $1.00 PER DAY AND UPWARD (Continued from page 441.) about three miles wide, east and west. On the Southern Pacific Railroad, near the center of the west side of the tract, is the town of Patterson. The civil engineer who laid out this new townsite has done beautiful work. The town will lie entirely west of the railroad, thus insuring the location of the lumber yards, stock yards and other business institutions of like character, on one side of the town, rather than in the center of it, and on the opposite side of the railroad; also making it possible for children to attend school without crossing the railroad tracks. The streets, of course, run parallel to, or at right angles with, each other; the avenues, starting at the corners of the town, converge in the center of it, in a circular park around which will be located banks, post-office, hotel and business houses. The convenience of this arrangement for business purposes is apparent. In addition to this excel- lent feature, it will beautify the city, as the roadways of the avenues and streets will be oiled and then lined with trees, such as palms, peppers, magnolias and oleanders. The residence portion will occupy the sides and ends of the city on the longitudinal and latitudinal streets. From the circular park will be a broad avenue extending across the railroad track, and through the colony west, for a dis- tance of three miles, where it reaches the river. It will be perfectly graded and oiled and lined with palms. This will be the main thoroughfare from the city to the boat landing on the river. Cement gutters and sidewalks, water-works and other modern conveniences will also be oroperly looked after, and no point will be overlooked that will make Patterson one of the most charming cities. IRRIGATION PLANT FOR SALE On account of death of owner, I desire to sell at once an Irrigation Plant in Utah, nearly completed, and consisting of 7000 acres. w R> Lowrance, \Horncy-nt-Law, Topeka, Kansas. THE RELIABLE LINE "DEMPSTER We make ^, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15 and 20 H. P. High Grade Gasoline Engines Built for Exacting and Enduring Service Best for Irrigating Work , Cut shows our 16 H. P. and 20 H. P. DEMPSTER MILL MFG. CO., Factory, Beatrice, Nebr. Write for our Booklet "Dempster Irrigation Hants," ^, 1910 Edition It will "Show You" what we can do for you. BRANCH HOUSES OMAHA KANSAS CITY SIOUX FALLS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 477 (Continued from page 438.) This is a very important item to the farmer. It in- sures the building of a sugar beet mill at some convenient point in the valley when the farmers are ready to produce the necessary amount of beets to warrant its erection. It also insures a good market for all the products that can be grown, because the commission merchant, the grain buyer and the produce dealer naturally look for the community that is able to sell them their products in suffi- cient quantities to warrant them a successful business. Aside from the benefits from a financial standpoint in residing in a valley like this is the certainty of good schools, churches, and all of the modern improvements that go to make up a refined and cultured home. One can look ahead only a few short years and see this broad valley dotted with beautiful homes, surrounded by orchards and fields of growing crops, all connected by telephones, with their mail delivered to them daily, and wonder if it is possible that it is the same valley that he saw before, when only a few wandering droves of cattle were the only evidence of life. (Continued from page 432.) It is stated that the Fountain Valley Land & Irrigation Company is acquiring other rights and will extend this supply to cover much larger areas. Some of the prior rights which have been purchased by the company in connection with the purchases of land lying along the Fountain river will greatly augment this supply. Land in this tract may be purchased today for from $115 per acre upwards. This price includes full water- right. The only _ additional charge is a maintenance fee for each year, which is encountered in all irrigation work. Finely illustrated folders and booklets fully descrip- ing this property, giving testimonial letters from settlers as well as letters from others who have studied it from the viewpoint of engineers and irrigation experts, may be had by writing the Fountain Valley Land and Irrigation Company, Colorado Springs, Colorado. Invest in Irrigated Land The greatest opportunity ever offered to purchase an irrigated farm at a reasonable price is now given YOU by the opening of 16,000 acres of the richest and best land in the Pecos Valley, Texas. You can now buy land that will double in value in two years, or if you wish to farm the land purchased it will net you 50% after the first year if sowed in alfalfa and larger returns if planted with fruit after trees begin to bear. Alfalfa can be cut five to seven times per season and will average from one to two tons per cutting. Alfalfa is now selling at $16.00 per ton. Secretary Coburn, of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, says that this great valley will be the "pear orchard of the world." What is true of pears is also true of apples, peaches, apricots and grapes. A few of the reasons why an Investment in this land must produce large results First: It is one of the richest and best bodies of land ever opened to settlement. Secondi The Sante Fe Railroad runs eleven miles through these lands and no forty-acre tract is more than two miles from the railroad or three miles from a railroad station. Third : The market is one of the best in the world. Its climate is healthful and delightful. Fourth f The irrigation system has been completed at a cost of over $300,000.00 and these lands are irrigated NOW and water in the ditches, and YOU get a perpetual water-right with your deed and be- come part owner of this great irrigation system. These lands are now selling at the opening prices, which prices will be raised from 25% to 33>te within the next sixty days. THIS MEANS MONEY TO YOU IF YOU BUY NOW. Investigate at once and write today for further information. ARNO IRRIGATED LAND CO. Room 12IO, 134 Monroe St. Chicago, 111. OTTO Products are Cheapest The Otto Gas Engine Works. Phlla. Pa. Gentlemenr-Regarding economy In run- ning, etc.. the plant recently Installed lor us, consisting or your No. 9 — 40 actual H.P. and No. 10 — 50 actual H.P. engines and a 120 H.P. "Otto" Suction Gas Pro- ducer, we are using on an average not to exceed 800 ibs. of anthracite pea coal per day of ten hours. This coal costs us $3.65 per ton delivered at our mill. which means u total cost of running the two engines of SI. 36 for luel. Before installing this plant we had In use a gasoline engine, not of your make, fuel for which cost us over S6 00 per day Our saving thereforlsS4.64 perday and the present plant has :.i:i percent more power. One man has the care of engines and pro- ducer, which^requires his attention prob- ably about three hours' per "day."n'e being occupied the balance of his time with other duties. Yours truly, Taylor Bros. A FOURTH REASON— THEIR SIMPLICITY *%^5tp'* business. U We'll do anything we can to help you find out how much an OTTO Suction Gas Producer Plant would be worth to & •$ c.p^ you 9 Just sign this coupon and send us any other information you can. Tell us any special difficulty you're up against— we'll d&ffit, x help you overcome it. fl Sign the coupon now. f -: ^^"^ OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS, 3217 Walnut Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Branches: — Chicago Boston, New York Pittsburg Omaha Kansas City Minneapolis San Francisco ' 'M A ^^^^ ^r^y' & ^^ When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 478 THE IRRIGATION AGE. (Continued from page 431.) the supply of available nitrogen. This is done by the use of legumes which, through the action of the bacteria on their roots, gather nitrogen from the air. Grain, peas or potatoes may be grown as the first crop after breaking the sod. If grain is the principal crop produced, the soil should be improved by raising a crop of peas, beans, vetches or alfalfa. Peas may be grown and plowed under to add vegetable matter. Alfalfa continually enriches the soil in nitrogen and at the same time produces profitable crops wherever the conditions are favorable. Where alfalfa is easily grown it may be plowed up at the end of three, four or five years, but if difficult to get a stand and a good field is secured, the farmer would be reluctant to plow his alfalfa so long as it is giving him good results. It usually begins to deteriorate after seven or eight years. This is due to wrong management. Alfalfa rightly man- aged, in some parts of the world has stood the test of time not 8 years but 180 years or more. Each farmer must work out his own system of rotation which is appli- cable to his conditions, but these suggestions will be valuable to him. Arid soils are so rich in mineral elements of fertility which are made available by thorough systems of tillage, that the use of complete fertilizers has not become a question of importance. These soils are generally poor in nitrogen and decaying vegetable matter, and adding these things always brings important increase in yield. One of the very best methods of adding nitrogen and vegetable matter is green manuring with legumes. Plow- ing under such green crop puts into the soil a quickly- decaying supply of vegetation and the legumes gather much nitrogen from the air which they make available to other crops. There are some places where the use of nitrate of soda gives good results. A system which en- ables the farmer to return the crop to the soil in the form of manure cannot be too strongly recommended. Raising a crop of feed which is used by the animals harvesting it themselves in the field, like pasturing to fatten on peas, both returns the manure and spreads it. Where manure accumulates in the feed lot or barn it should always be applied to the land, and a manure spreader is becoming a necessary implement on all modern farms. The sooner manure can be spread on the. land after it is made the better the results to soil and crops. AGENTS WANTED. Cheap Irrig»ted lands. Big propo- sition. We are arranging now for next season's business. Good inducements for locating actual settlers. Address Manager AMERICAN RIO GRANDE LAND AND IRRIGATION COMPANY, Mercedes, Hidalgo County, Texas. (Continued from page 423.) reviewed the work that had been done to date. The board passed approvingly on the work not only of the national secretary, Mr. Hooker, but of the board of control in its preliminary task, its promotion and organization, and its plans for the congress. The board of governors felt, after this exhaustive review, that there was no doubt of the success of the sessions at Pueblo in September next. A Big Attendance Assured. As to attendance, there can be no doubt. Secretary Hooker and the local board of control believe there will be not less than 3,000 accredited delegates, with a total at- tendance of not less than 10,000 persons. This will easily make the Pueblo sessions the most attractive, the most successful, and the largest attended of any heretofore held. The board of governors also arranged tentatively the program. This includes some of the most distinguished men in the country. It is not proper to print very much about the program at this stage, for, as stated, it is entirely tentative. It is never given out officially until the day before the congress, when the executive committee has definitely approved it. Sufficient is known, however, to insure the statement that it will be the most interesting program of any of the previous sessions. Government officials, members of con- gress, governors, engineers, technical men, reclamation and forestry experts, soil experts, railroad presidents, and prac- tical farmers and irrigationists will appear on it. A fea- ture is to be made of 5-minute talks from the platform. Profound interest, as .stated, exists all over the State of Colorado in this congress. Colorado has long been known as a mining state, but only recently has secured proper recognition as an agricultural state. This is due entirely to irrigation. With more than 3r/z million acres of irrigated lands in the state, with four fruitful sections which are perfect Gardens of Eden, and with a constantly growing population, Colorado is prepared to do homage to the cause of irrigation. Opportunity exists anywhere in the state, and the end is not yet. It is the confident belief of the alert, energetic men carrying on the work of preparation of the Eighteenth congress, and of farseeing citizens generally, that the at- tention being diverted to Colorado, the Arkansas valley, and Pueblo this year will send ahead this great develop- ment at a rapid pace. .New irrigation projects, new beet mills, new alfalfa fields, new orchards, new truck gardens — • these are probabilities not at all uncertain because of irri- gation. Thousands of acres of new projects, for instance, in the famous Pueblo and Arkansas valley districts, are under way, entirely assured, with adequate water rights and with confident settlers-to-be awaiting their comple- tion. Colorado's perfect climate, its months of golden sun- shine, its rare atmospheric conditions, its splendid growing seasons, with an abundance of water under irrigation and a soil unparalleled, give firm hope to those now engaged in the prediction business. HOW IS THIS FOR HIGH? OAT FIELD NEAR ST. ANTHONY Irrigated Crops Never Fail The Upper Snake River Valley in Idaho has the Soil, the Sunshine and the Water. More than fifty large canals now completed and owned by the farmers of pur county. Guaran- teed water rights sufficient, with lands that yield 6 tons of alfalfa, fifty bushels of wheat, 100 bushels of oats, 600 bushels of onions or potatoes, and 20 tons of sugar beets per acre. Fine Climate. Forinformation and illustrated booklet write C. C. Moore Real Estate Co. ST. ANTHONY or ASHTON, IDAHO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 479 PREPARATION OF SOD FOR MILO. Milo may be planted on sod land and successful crops may be grown if it is properly prepared for plant- ing. On sod, a seed bed should be made by breaking tbe land, and if there is a considerable amount of gtyss roots so that the sod is rather .•-tiff, the best preparation is obtained by rolling the sod down until it is perfectly flat, when it may be Jiar- rowed to produce a soil mulch at the surface. The milo may then be planted with a disk drill, stopping up the drill holes which are not de- sired. If the sod is very thin, that is, if there is not much turf in the sod, it can best be prepared by thor- oughly disking and harrowing until a seed bed is formed. Both of these methods, under pro- per conditions, promise success, as both have been successfully practiced in different localities and under dif- ferent soil conditions. ALVIN KEYSER. Colorado Agricultural College, Fort Collins. When the people at Washington get down to brass tacks and talk sen- sibly about this conservation business we are ready to go into camp with them. In a recent message to con- gress President Taft said: "The prob- lem is how to save and how to util- ize; how to conserve and still develop our natural resources." This an- nounces a policy of conservation with which the west is entirely satisfied. While the bug has gone out through Pinchot's press agents that the west is opposed to the conservation of natural resources, as a matter of fact we are in entire accord with any sensible policy. We believe in econom- ically caring for that which forms so large a part of the wealth of this country. Any policy which will save and at the same time utilize our re- sources, which will conserve and still develop, which will utilize them and still prevent monopoly, is a policy for which the west will stand until the cows come up. We desire, however, to have something to say about the modus operand! of all this conserva- tion business and will always stand out for the right of the" states to have something to say about it. — Field and Farm. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation Cloth Bound. Harvesting 100 Acres Per Day. Harvesting with the Farm Tractor is the latest step in modern farm methods. The songs of the jolly harvester have given way to the busy chug of the Gas Tractor and the hum of binders following. Instead of the six or seven-foot swath, which used to be cut with horses, the Modern Farm Horse of steel walks along with four or five binders, cutting a swath thirty or forty feet wide, and if necessary, will keep this up night and day, which the horse of flesh cannot do. The above illustration shows the two traction outfits owned by J. R. Smith of Beach, X. D. These binders are drawn by a Hartf-Parr oil-cooled Gas Tractor, using kerosene for fuel. In the season of 1909 Mr. Smith plowed, disced and seeded to flax two thousand acres of raw prairie land. The crop was afterwards harvested, threshed and hauled to market with the Tractors, ami sold at the elevator for $48,000. Besides this, one thousand acres of sod wa>' plowed after it was too late to seed. The Modern Farm Horses were then put under shelter and Mr. Smith departed for the "Sunny South" to spend the winter. Such is modern farming. ^DOUBLE1 POWER $1,000 Reward for its equal. Wlndpower doubled. Two 14 ft. wheels work on same pinion: sec- ond wheel gives more pow- er than first. A Governor That Governs In all winds. Develops 10 full h. p. In 20 mile wind. All power needed for farm, shop, irrigating, etc. Ask about our self oiling.selfgoverned. single wheel pumper— also Armsaver Ilusker. Ask for book go DOUBLE POWER MILL CO. «ppl»len. WIs., U. S. A, WITTE IRON WORKS CO. l6O5Oakland Ave., Kansas City, Mo 9^^^*^*m^^mm^mmti^^m**^^^^~~^~ 17 Jewel Elgin— Our Great Special $| O75 Sent Anywhere on FREE TRIAL * »— A Guaranteed to keep accurate time. Fitted In double stock * Cold-filled case, any style engraving, warranted 2O years. You do not pay one cent until you have seen and examined this High-Grade 17-Jewel Elgin Watch, in any style hand-engraved case, right in your own home. Let us send it to you, all charges prepaid. It it suits you Pay Only $1.50 a Month Eojpi.J&^iaS you live, or how small your salary or income. w« wM Inwl ye* for a high- grade Elgin Watch, in gold case, warranted for 25 years, and guaranteed to pass any Railroad inspection. Wntt Isr sor H free Witt* xi< Dunond C»lil««. It tells all about our Easy Payment Plan and how we send Elgin 19-Jcwel B.W. Raymond and 21 and 23 Jewel Elgin Veritas; also Waltham Watches. THE OLD RELIABLE ORIGINAL DIAMOND 23/ewe" AND WATCH CREDIT HOUSE , _ [)„*. G13492t.98STATESr.,CHICAGO,llL ••BROS.&COi Branehta:PiU*lr*Tg.P*.,St.Lv^i»AWV-rvi A CHICAGO, ILLINOIS » Are You Paying Too Much to Irrigate by Pumping? Every irrigator knows his greatest expense is cost of water. But if you are irrigating by pumping, have you reduced the cost to the minimum? Saving in pumping expense counts as much for profit as increasing the yield per acre. In any location where, mounted either horizontally or verti- cally, the pump can be placed close to the water supply, the "American" Centrifugal Pump will develop higher efficiencies than any other type of pump except the compound plunger pump connected to a compound condensing engine with Corliss valves. But a plunger pump equipped in this manner is mighty expensive to install, will require many times as much expense for attendance and, owing to its complicated mechanism, will require many times as many repairs. Figure all these expenses for a period of years and the "American" Centrifugal will prove the more economical in- stallation in every instance. All centrifugal pumps look much alike from the outside but differ materially in interior construction, and it is the design of the water-ways and refinement of the flow-lines that are the most mportant features of the pump. All the Gold Medals given to centrifugal pumps at the Alaska- Yukon - Pacific Exposition at Seattle in 1909 were awarded to "American" Centrifugals for the reason that the flow-lines were refined to a degree that the judges were compelled to recognize their superiority. In the "American" Centrifugal there is no sudden change of direction of water in passing through the pump — just an easy forward flow in curves of constantly increasing radius and the impeller is adjusted to the casing with precision, preventing back-flow. These features give "American" Centrifugals efficiencies of 60 to 80 per cent under actual working conditions and they are guaranteed to more than equal the best performance of any other pump of their type. But it is not only in efficiencies, but cost of maintenance and repairs, that "American" Centrifugals excel. The main bearings are oiled with ring oilers from oil cellars and, once the pump is in operation, it requires no attention except to drain off the refuse oil and refill the cellars every week or ten days. "American" Centrifugals are made in both horizontal and vertical types, in any size, in any number of stages and equipped with any power. Before you buy pumping machinery for irrigation write for: "Cost of Irrigation." Catalogue No. 104 for the asking. The American Well Works General Office and Works: Aurora, 111., U. S. A. Chicago Office: First National Bank Building THE I R R I G A T I 0 X AGE. 489 Myers Power Pumps Working Heads, Pumping Jacks, Cylinders, Etc. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Length of Stroke 5 to 24 inches Size of Discharge Up to 6 inches PATENTED APRIL30TM90I, No. 673,282. JULY I3TS, 1909, No. 928,234 AUGUST 1015 1909, NO. 930,405. AUGUST 10™ 1903, NO. 930,981. fit. 813 li'eRASSBOO PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps For Shallow Wells Double Acting Length of Stroke 5 to 20 inches Size of Cylinders 21'9 to 6 inches Size of Discharge Up to 4 inches PISTON / COUPLING NUT Th construction of these pumps permits a double gearing which transmits the power in two lines— one from each end of the same shaft, thus insuring perfect align- ment and reducing all friction and side strain to a minimum. Capacities 600 to 7200 Gallons per Hour F. E. MYERS 4 BRO., ASHLAND, OHIO ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 490 THE IRRIGATION AGE. "Your Money Back" Guards Yoi THE cheap little car, fresh from the factory, looks spick and span, Sworn testimony of 20 Winton owners (we send you their ntmt and seems to promise its buyer a great quantity of enjoyment, but — and addresses upon application) show that 20 Winton cars traveU When that buyer gets his next car, he does not get one of those 184,190 miles on $142.43 repair expense. cheap little cars. That distance is more than seven times the distance around tlj Why? earth at the equator. Not because he likes to spend more money. And each car's average repair expense for 1000 miles wa But because he wants to save money. 77 cents. That's a world's record that touches the pocket book of even • • * automobile owner. Think that over. Compare that record with the expenses of the owners of other cs-j It means something. • * •» — right in your own neighborhood. If a new car costs $1500, and one year's repairs cost $500, the price of that car is really $2000. • * * This wonderfully low expense record of Winton cars shows th;| If this $2000 car is in the repair shop, getting fixed up, three days a month, its owner is losing one-tenth of its service, or $200. they are right in the first place — right in material, workmanship, powt quality, performance, right in everything that makes an automob:; This car, therefore, stands its owner $2200 the first year, although worth while. • * * it cost only $1500 to begin with. * • • Because they are right in the first place, Winton cars stand iij In using this cheap little car its owner never knows when something is going to break and leave him stranded miles from home. Being a cheap car, it can't climb hills like a good car, it lacks the speed of a good car, it hasn't the size, style and beauty of a good car, longer than any other car on the market. There are any number of Winton cars made as far back as 190 still doing daily service in this country. No other maker has a record to compare with the Winton recort and wherever the owner goes with it, it advertises him as a cheap buyer. * * * That's why no man ever buys one of these cheap little cars And because Winton cars stand up indefinitely, and run at lowtj a second time. expense than other cars, it follows that a Winton car is always a goof purchase, no matter how old it may be. If a car isn't worth buying a second time, it isn't worth buying For the quality is in the car itself, and it stays there. at first. If the quality isn't in the car in the first place, you can't put it ti( And the buyer who recognizes that fact before he buys any car at all, saves himself much expense, much disappointment, and much And that's why the buyer of a cheap little car never buys one c; the same make a second time. annoyance. * » * Because it depreciates so quickly that what little merit it original!; possessed is soon gone, and the car is worthless. If yon are planning- to buy a motor car, read every word of this advertisement. * * * We realize that there are many buyers who hesitate to put into the: We have made motor cars continuously since 1896. Mr. Winton first car as much money as we get for our 1910 model — $3000. made and sold the first gasoline car produced in America. He has But we want the trade of these buyers just the same, because wj made and sold more first-class cars than any other single manufacturer. know that once they become acquainted with Winton merit they wf And we have on our books the names of men who have bought as be the best salesmen for Winton cars we could get. many as six or eight of our cars. One buyer, Mr. L. R. Speare, presi- So we have devised a plan where the man who doesn't want t' dent of the American Automobile Association, has owned and used 16 spend $3000 can still get a Winton car, and be in the class of higt different cars of our manufacture. grade buyers and satisfied owners. It is because Winton cars are right in the first place — right in * * * material, workmanship, power, style, beauty and cost — that once a man This is the plan buys a Winton he will never be satisfied with any other make. Some of our buyers want a new car every year — in order to hav, * • * the very latest style of body, the latest thing in fancy trimmings, an One reason why this is true is that the Winton car stands up under the like. hard use with a smaller repair expense than any other car on the market. These buyers turn over their used cars in part payment for new car: • Miffesi ^m^ THpHf MM? sipp^ *®®m^*****iJ^gP- WINTON SEVENTEEN. Self-cranking, six-cylinder 48 H. P. motor. 4 l/i inch bore. WINTON TYPE X-I-V. 5 inch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by carburetor throttle. Winton double-jet carburetor. Jump Four-cylinder, 30 H. P. motor. 4*6 inch bore. 5-inch stroke. spark ignition, with Eisemann magneto and storage battery. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by Winton air Mechanical forco-fed lubrication. Multiple-disc clutch and three- control. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with storage speed selective-type transmission. Clutch and transmission inn battery and dry cells. Mechanical "snooting" oiler. Individual- on ball bearings. Shaft drive. Floating-type rear axle. Chan- clutch transmission. Shaft drive. Semi-floating-type rear axle. Forged-steel front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Four nel steel front axle, with manganese bronze heads. Screw and nut steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, running on roller bearing. wheels, running on ball bearings. 34x4-inch tires. Wheel base 34x4-inch tires in front, 34x4!4-inch tires in rear. Wheel base 104 inches. Gasoline tank, 22 gallons. Five-passenger body. 120 inches. Gasoline tank 22 gallons. Five-passenger body. Original price, $2500. Bargain price, $700 to $950. Original price, *£000. Bargain price, $8000 to $2500. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 491 Against Loss in Buying a Motor Car. In the past it has been our custom to sell these used cars to city jyers "just as they stand." But we have changed our policy— in order to get your trade. We take these cars into our factory, replace worn parts, me up the car to top-notch running condition, revarnish the ody (sometimes giving" it an entirely new coat of paint), and iffer this car to you at exactly what it costs us. This policy puts you in possession of a high-grade car at an excep- onally low price and makes you an enthusiastic advertiser of Winton And remember this: If you ever buy a Winton car from the 'inton Motor Car. Ccn>pany, and it is not exactly as represented, e give you your money back without bickering or delay. YOUR MONEY BACK is something no other automobile maker 'fers. We make the proposition because we know we have the best .rs that skill and experience and facilities can produce. Look over the bargains offered on this page. Pick out one that oks best to you, and write us about it. This involves no obligation on your part whatever. We will write you, describing the car in detail, tell you what it is in the way of top, glass front, speedometer, if any (some cars are •Id without these equipments), and will make you a rock bottom [•ice that will interest you. * • » And note this: You are not obligated in any way. We never Lip a car to a prospect and try to force him to take it, when he has -,!y asked for information. The Winton Motor Car. Company doesn't do business that way. If after we have told you exactly what we have, you decide to I ok the car over, we will arrange for a demonstration before you put ;>wn a cent. Even then there is no obligation on your part. You j:edn't buy at all unless you are ready to buy and unless you are tisfied. And even \i you do buy, remember we say: "TTonr money ick if the Winton car is not as we have represented it." Look over these bargains and write us today. We urge prompt lion because our stock is limited. THE WINTON MOTOR CAR. CO. Licensed under Selden Patent. 86 BereaRoad, Cleveland, Ohio. WINTON MODEL M. Four-cylinder, 40 H. P. motor. 5 inch bore. 5-inch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by carburetor throttle. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with storage battery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oiler. Multiple- disc clutch and four-speed selective-type transmission. Clutch and transmission run on ball bearings. Shaft drive. Floating-type rear axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, running on roller bearings. 34x4!4-inch tires. Wheel base 112 inches. Gasoline tank, 22 gallons. Seven-passenger body. Original price, $3500. Bargain price, $1100 to $1400. WINTON SIX-TEEN-SIX Self-cranking, six-cylinder, 48 H. P. motor. 4^5 inch bore. 5-inch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by carburetor throttle. Winton double-jet carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with Eisemann magneto and storage battery. Han- cock mechanical oiler. Multiple-disc clutch and three-speed selective-type transmission. Clutch and transmission run on ball bearings. Floating-type rear axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, run- ning on roller bearings. 36x4j4-inch tires. Wheel base, 120 inches. Gasoline tank, 22 gallons. Seven-passenger body. Orig- inal price, $4500. Bargain price, $1600 to $2000. WINTON MODEL K. Four-cylinder, 30 H. P. motor. 4^-inch bore. 5-inch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by Winton air control. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with stor- age battery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oiler. Indi- vidual-clutch transmission. Shaft drive. Floating-type rear axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Three brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, running on roller bearings. 34x4-inch tires. Wheel base 102 inches. Gasoline tank, 15 gallons. Five-passenger body. Original price, $2500. Bargain price, $600 to $800. The Winton Motor Car. Co. 86 Berea Road, Cleveland, Ohio. Send me information about one of your Model used cars, selling at about $ This request involves no obligation whatever on my part. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 492 THE IBBIGATION AGE. The Stroud "Little Giant" Elevator Grader Made in Two Sizes; Hood or Steel Frame The "Stroud" Wheeler We manufacture all kinds of Dirt Moving and Irrigating Tools Write for full information All Wheelers Equipped With the "Stroud" Patent Spring Latch and With Stroud Wheels Unless Otherwise Ordered Write for Discount T. F. STROUD & CO. OMAHA, NEBRASKA Drag Scraper When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 493 Centennial Auger Machine Mascot Auger Machine Sort Mud Machine*. Hor*e •nd Steam Power Clay Working •BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for Infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay . Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Dl*lnteg*at«r> Eagle Repreu Hand and Power Cutteri hand Power Screw Pre» Horse Power Plunger Machine Product* of our Auger Machine* 494 THE IRRIGATION AGE. ZIEMSEN'S WEED-CUTTING SAW (Patented all over the world) This appliance is extremely simple in its manipulation — requires no experience — is easily operated by an unskilled workman or youth. This device is particularly valuable in removing weeds from reservoirs and irrigation ditches. It is also used for clearing rivers, water trenches, fishing and ice ponds, lakes, bathing places, drives for duck shooting and for clearing muddy streams by cutting away the weeds which retain the mud. M The constituent parts are : (a) Weed Cutting Saw. (b ) Clamps for coupling the Saw to the draw-rope d. (c) Torpedo shaped Sinkers. (The draw-ropes and handles, viz. a stick, being obtainable anywhere, are not supplied with the Weed-Cutter.) The photographs shown on another page in this issue will illustrate a pond before and after using the weed cutter. This pond is 33 yds. in breadth and was cleared by two men, one on each side of the water, in ten minutes. The saw is sold in lengths of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 yds. and up to 100 yds. on special orders. Price (complete with four Sinkers, Clamps and Screwdriver for 10 yard lengths of saw) $20.00 each set. The price on saw alone is $1.50 per yard. For full information and literature address Cedar Bend, HOW TO LEVEL LAND Simple and easy with 20th Century Grader. Blade lifted easily with lever. Wheels always have level surface to run on. Levels your land as smooth as a floor. All steel — strong enough for four horses. Carries no extra weight.— GUARANTEED. BITTER ROOT STOCK FARM The Baker Mfg. Co., Hamilton, Mont., May 17, 1910. Fisher Bldg., Chicago, 111. Gentlemen : — Replying to your letter of May 12th, relative to your Twentieth Century Grader, beg to say that we have pur- chased one of your machines through the Valley Mercantile Company, and it is giving splendid satisfaction. We will probably need one or two more machines for next year. Yours truly, P. J. Shannon, Mgr. Same Machine for DITCHING, CLEANING DITCHES, SAGE BRUSH CUTTING, GRADING, LEVELING Free catalog, write BAKER MFG. GO, 726 Fisher Bldg., Chicago, III. This machine is carried in stock in all large cities and is sold by your local dealer. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKBIGATION AGE. 495 'ERIOR SUPERIOR DRILLS are Used and Appreciated by Good firmer! Ihe World Om SEND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: Dean & Co., - - - Minneapolis, Minn. Kingman & Co., - - - - Peoria, III. Kingman St. LooU Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Kinsman-Moore Imp. Co., - Kansas City, Mo. Kingman-Moorelmp. Co., - Oklahoma, Okla. Kingman Implement Co., - - Omaha, Neb. Parlin & Orendorff Imp. Co.. Portland, Ore. Colorado Moline Plow Co., • Denver, Colo. The T. C. Powers Co., • - Helena, Mont. Consolidated Wag. & Mach. Co , Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw Co., - - Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturers AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.) Springfield, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS Alfalfa Forks ""THESE Forks are made expressly A for the purpose, in different sizes and with handles from 4 ft. in length upwards. They all have the four oval tines and convenient bent handles; are of large capacity and just the right "hang" to swing the load easily. No other fork can serve the purpose as well. Sold by dealers everywhere Write for our free booklet "Tools and Their Uses." It tells how True Temper Tools are made and how there is a True Temper Fork, Hoe or Rake for every use on farm or ranch. American Fork & Hoe Company Largest Manufacturers of Farm and Garden Hand-Tools in the World Dept. "A" Grade Roads Make Ditches Cut Laterals Save Money IT WONT Break Get Out of Order Tire the Horses Prove Expensive =THE GENERAL PURPOSE" Grader and Ditcher Built TRY ONE AT OUR EXPENSE Also Excavators, Heavy Graders, Wheelers, Drags, Plows, Etc. THE AUSTIN-WESTERN CO., Ltd., Dept. I, CHICAGO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 496 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Trovighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. — OR — T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bid*., Denver. Colo. WHY NOT BE COMFORTABLE? Use an Enterprise Tent Cot. There is nothing made so adaptable for out-door sleeping. It is practical, light, portable, bug proof, fly proof, sun and shower proof. Just the thing ! Write to ENTERPRISE BED CO. HAMMOND. IND. They will Send You Their Illustrated Catalogue. MARION DREDGES Ditching, Irrigating, Placer Mining and Traction. Suitable for all classes of work. DRAG-LINE EXCAVATORS STEAM SHOVELS All sizes and styles. BALLAST UNLOADERS Ask for information. Marion Steam Shovel Company MARION, OHIO. "Dept. 7" 1442-3 Monadnock Blk. - 718 Monadnock Bldg. - 60 Church Street - F. H. Hopkins & Co. Chicago San Francisco - New York Montreal / HOE DRILLS HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 50 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc) RICHMOND, IND.. V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments Nay Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXV CHICAGO, AUGUST, 1910. No. 10 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postofflce at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 3, 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection -with subscription, the price is $ J.50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . $1.00 To Canada and Mexico, ....... 1.60 All Other Foreign Countries 1.60 In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postofflce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication in the •world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 25 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. Additional interest in the National Irri- Machinery Men gation Congress is attached to the fact at the that the manufacturers and jobbers of National Irri- irrigation and farm machinery and farm gation Congress. suPPHes wil1 probably be represented in an exposition at Pueblo. Col. E. W. Fleming, of Kansas City, fourth vice-president of the Congress, started the ball rolling, and Director Markham conceived the idea of bringing these forces into direct relationship with the Congress through the exposition. The Implement Dealers' Club of Kansas City will doubtless be represented and efforts are being made to interest man- ufacturers and jobbers all dver the country. These inter- ests are vitally concerned in the development work of the West, and in no other way can they get into closer touch with the men who are working out irrigation problems than in the manner proposed. An exposition of machinery especially adapts'd to irrigation and general farm work would add tremendously to the interest of the exposition, and certainly result in great future benefit to the manu- facturers themselves. There seems to be some doubt as to whether Secretary Ballinger of the In- terior Department will be present at the Irrigation Congress at Pueblo. Press dispatches state that he received a formal invitation early in August but that his reply did not contain the assurance that he would attend. Mr. Ballinger stated that as this was the first official notice that he had received of the meeting of the Congress he was not certain that he could arrange his affairs to Secretary Ballinger at the Congress allow him to be present, owing to the late date on which he had been invited. There certainly could be no inten- tion on the part of the officers of the Congress to embar- rass Mr. Ballinger by extending a formal invitation to him at a late date, and it is to be hoped that he will not fail to attend. The present agitation of conservation matters will bring before the Congress questions of the greatest importance to the Interior Department, and there is no- body who can speak with the authority or conviction that Mr. Ballinger can. While President Taft's policy will be most vigorously supported by men of influence, his absence from the convention floor would be counted as a distinct disappointment to every friend of conservation and of President Taft. Major C. W. Kutz, of the United States The Men Who Army, has been appointed by President Will Spend Taft on the board of United States Engi- Twenty Millions neers which will make recommendations Publi Mon y as to the expenditure of the $20,000,000 to be devoted to reclamation work. Major Kutz, who was stationed at Seattle, attended the first meeting of the board at Washington on July 20. As the preliminary work of the board will require several months the engineering work of the Government in the Puget Sound district will be under Captain Arthur Wil- liams, of Portland, his assistant. The bill appropriating the $20,000,000 for reclamation work provides that before any expenditure of this sum be authorized it must be passed on by this board. Its recommendation is to be made to the president who must approve it personally. The personnel of the board is as follows: Maj. C. W. 498 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Kutz, Lieut. Col. John Biddle, of San Francisco, division engineer of the Pacific division, and Lieut. Col. W. C. Langfitt, now of Washington, D. C., but formerly located for many years at Portland. Maj. W. W. Harts, now of Nashville, Tenn., formerly was located at San Francisco for several years; Maj. Harry Burgess, of New Orleans. N t H M A !arge number of the most noted men in the country will attend the Eighteenth To Be At National Irrigation Congress at Pueblo, the Pueblo It is expected that President Taft and all Convention. l1'1- members of his cabinet will be pres- ent and letters have been received from many members of the United States Senate, House of Representatives, and the Governors of several States ex- pressing their intentions of taking part in the proceedings. Theodore Roosevelt has been invited as one of the prin- cipal speakers, and it is quite certain that a large number of his influential friends and admirers will also be there. Gifford Pinchot will urge Mr. Roosevelt to accept the in- vitation to speak at the Congress, and he will himself champion the Roosevelt conservation policy. The mayors of every important city in the country have been invited to attend the Congress, and scores of bankers, financiers and railroad men who are deeply interested in the develop- ment of the West and the policies which govern, are ex- pected to take an active part in the discussion of subjects to be considered. Altogether it will doubtless be the most notable irrigation congress ever held and illustrates the extraordinary inteiest in this great work that has seized upon the people. Conservation of our natural re- sources in its broadest sense is the most important sub- ject claiming the attention and vitally affecting the inter- ests of the people today and they are beginning to realize it. It must be a source of gratification to those far-seeing, hopeful and determined men who, many years ago, saw as in a vision the tremendous future importance of irrigation and conservation, to now see that their hopes are being realized and their predictions verified. It is stated on the authority of the offi- cials of the Reclamation Service that Farmers thousands of American farmers who Leaving went to Canada are again turning their Canada. faces homeward. Many farmers who sold their holdings in this country to try their fortunes in Canada, have already arrived at their former homes and many are expected to follow soon. It is said that practically every American farmer in the neighborhood of Alberta, where the Canadian Govern- ment maintains an irrigation project, is dissatisfied with conditions and wants to get back home. The principal crops raised there are alfalfa and winter wheat, and there is much uncertainty as to these. The climate is extremely cold, heavy snowstorms falling in September and October last year adding to the general discomfort and discontent. It is estimated that 15,000 set- tlers have returned from Canada during the past nine months, and the great majority of these base their prin- cipal objection .to the country on the form of the Canadian Government. Free born Americans do not take kindly to Canadian or other foreign laws, and homesickness quickly strikes them when they get beyond the boundaries of their own country. The turning homeward of the tide of immigration that has flowed northward during the past few years is no surprise to those who are familiar with the conditions in this country. With the vast tracts of tertile arid lands now being developed along broad and intelligent lines by the best government on earth, located near the big mar- kets in the biggest country in the world, with a people and climate unsurpassed, the farmer who leaves America to seek his fortune in Canada is making a great mis- take and will soon regret it. Dangers in the District Irrigation Law Every State having the district law should have a competent State adminis- tration and a code of irrigation laws which will enable the officers in charge to see to it that the district business is safe. The early California experience has been repeated in Colorado. It would seem that Colorado has adopted much ot questionable value from California and that it has not accepted much that is good from other states. The Wright District Law of California was worked to the limit. Bonded indebtedness piled up until the situa- tion seemed hopeless. It was hopeless. An attempt was made when the seriousness of the situation was fully real- ized to have the law declared unconstitutional. California has no administration that can pass on the legality or feasibility of irrigation works and plans for irrigation dis- tricts. Colorado is in much the same position. Wyoming has adopted the district law with some changes and unless all signs fail trouble will occur in that state. The great difficulty with the law is that some specu- lator will buy up lands and then vote favorably for a dis- trict. In Wyoming the state engineer must pass on the feasibility of the plans for reclamation. There is nothing to force the promoters of the district to carry out these plans. There is nothing to protect the prospective settler. It is easy for the promoters to prepare plans that are first- class in every detail. It is easy for them to place lands on the market at $30 and then add $20 for water rights when the lands might have been bought in the first place for $2 per acre and the irrigation system built for at least $20 per acre. This kind of business always reacts. For this reason we hold that an irrigation district should not be possible except where the lands are in pri- vate holdings and where these holdings are small compara- tively. The district law should never operate except where competent public supervision of 'plans is provided. This public supervision should go further. The money raised by a bond issue should be placed in the hands of some public officer or at least subject to the examination of such an officer. The public should exact a bond or some kind of security from those who are responsible for the comple- tion of the irrigation system so that the plans as approved may be carried into effect. There should be some means whereby the promoters, if such exist, will be compelled to dispose of lands and water rights at a price that would compare with real values. The prospective settler should have some protection. Colorado To Help in Arid Land Development. A. campaign of colonization directed by the State officials of Colorado, now under way, promises to be of the greatest bene- fit to that State. Its objects are to bring farmers into the State and to protect their interests by helping them to choose desirable locations and to guard them against mistakes THE 1RKIGATIOX AGE. 499 which strangers in any strange land are likely to make. The active work r.f the campaign is under the direction of Alfred Patek, State Commissioner of Immigration. Mr. Patek is a man of great resources and energy, and already, within the few weeks since the organization of the cam- paign, his work has begun to show fine results. Colorado ha-s about 3,000,000 acres of irrigated land and as much more irrigable, but undeveloped, a total of nearly 6,000,000 acres which can be brought under the plow and made highly productive. There are yet about 13,000,000 acres of government land, arable and open to entry, but in spite of this fact and the rapid advance of agriculture in that State during the past ten years, large amounts of agricultural products are shipped in every year. Mr. Patek says that last year the imports to Colo- rado were valued at $32,000,000, every dollar of which should have been raised on the farms and orchards of the State. Colorado still owns about 3,000,000 acres of school land, some of it of the very best class. These lands are sold at public auction, the last sale on July 5 realizing more than $300,000. The purchaser pays down 10 per cent and the remainder in installments for 18 years. Some of this land brings as high as $60 per acre, while other tracts are selling as low as $4.50, the average being about $12. The State will endeavor to induce practical farmers to settle on the irrigated lands, buy the school lands and make their permanent homes in the State. Settlers on the Carey act projects will be protected and the State will see to it that purchasers get back their money in case of failure to receive water at the proper time. New farmers who come into the State will be looked after as long as they remain, or until they are entirely independent ,and every means possible will be adopted to get them started right and to help them to become prosperous and con- tented. Water in the Timber Country. We trust that it will not be deemed im- peitintnt to ask why it is that we no longer hear anything about the argu- ments of the Forest Service relating to the conservation of moisture by timbered areas? Evidently this theme is no longer considered as furnishing a basis for the kind of adver- tising that the Forest' Service desires. We are in- formed that it was Mr. Xewell, the Director of the Re- clamation Service, who first.gave Mr. Pinchot the tip that this subject was safe and would enable the Forest Service to get some following. It was played with for a long time. Mr. Pinchot never lost an opportunity to try and scare the people concerning the dwindling water supply as the timbered areas disappeared. Facts are against him, how- ever, and unfortunately for his crusade, they have been made public. Engineers who know the most about the subject are lined up solidly against the theory. We are told that Mr. Pinchot feels somewhat disgruntled towards Mr. Newell for having given him advice that appears un- wise and without firm foundation in truth. The incident is interesting at the present time. It illustrates how anxious Mr. Pinchot has been for material for advertising. For anything that seems to threaten life, liberty and the pur- suit of happiness of the people, he has been able to find a remedy in some forestry antidote. He has been able to keep himself in the limelight and by deceiving readers as to his actual accomplishments, he keeps them fully in- formed as to his theories and his "reform" policies. We ask those who believe in Mr. Pinchot and who will not undertake any investigation which will show them the truth, what kind of government would we have if every officer would spend his time and the public funds given in his charge for public work in advertising himself and in placing before the people his personal views and the poli- cies he has accepted? Every public officer doubtless has theories and ideas that he would like to see the general government accept. The officer having the largest appro- priation and the most time to exploit his ideas would soon dominate. The administrative department would soon over-ride the legislative department and policies would originate by command of executive officers and not come from the people or their representatives in Congress. If those who blindly follow Mr. Pinchot, believe in his theo- ries, they cannot indorse his methods. We trust that they will investigate his theories. This is all that is needed to demonstrate that these are on a par with the methods he employs. Water users and those interested in canal Water Users nn{j jjt,-^ systems are often careless con- Should cerning rights of way. When a man ob- Know tains what he calls his water right or his Their Rights permit to build a ditch, he often feels that he is fully protected and that there are no other laws that should be observed to afford full protection. A part of the proposed ditch may be on gov- . ernment land, a ;>art of it may be on land belonging to the State, a part may be in a forest reserve and still another part may be located on lands in private possession. State authorities can generally give the interested party advice as to how to proceed to obtain a right ot way across these various tracts Df land. The local land office will be able to furnish a pam- phlet relating to rights of way over the public domain; or better still, the surveyor or engineer who laid out the ditch and who !inds that it is to cross government land should make his -•vork in the field conform with the re- quirements of the Interior Department so that a right of way application and the necessary maps and field notes may be furnished by him at any time. Rights of way across forest reserves should be handled in the same man- ner, except that more or less trouble will probably be had with the forest service. The initial right of way papers are filed with the local land office and referred to the for- est service in Washington. State Land Boards generally have rules which must be followed in order to obtain a right of way over State lands. Rights of way over lands in private possession can be obtained by the consent of the owner of such lands or without his consent by condemnation. It may be that neighbors exchange courtesies of this kind. In this case rights of way should be secured by deed and recorded, so that trouble will not oe had with any later owner of the lands. Where the lands have to be purchased a deed should always pass. This deed should describe the lands necessary for the construction and maintenance of the ditch by metes and bounds. Where the landowners refuse to permit a ditch to pass through their property, or refuse to set a price or make a price that is exorbitant, a right of way can be condemned. The laws relating to condem- nation are very similar in all of the States. Parties in- terested in looking up the law relating to this subject will generally find it in the revised statutes of the State, under the heading, "eminent domain." So much trouble has arisen because of the failure of parties interested in ditches, canals and reservoirs to take 500 THE IRRIGATION AGE. advantage of the laws that are framed to protect them, that all who have failed to secure rights of way and to have these rights of way properly recorded should see to it that these details are attended to at an early date. It is often much easier to settle rights of way during the early stages of development when all settlers and landowners are striving to encourage every move which will add to the prosperity of the community. Delay generally means complications and great expense. Above all things, when an agreement has been reached as to the disposition of lands for rights of way for any purpose, a deed should be immediately drawn and recorded. Deeds of this kind should only give the purchaser the right to use tne land for a specified purpose and when the use fixed by the deed ceases, the land should revert to the original owner. , The man who reads at random and Mr. Pinchot s ,. . . , never digests what he reads must be ter convinced that a water power monopoly Power is likely to develop. Mr. Pinchot, late Advertising. forester of the United States, has ad- vertised this scare very thoroughly. He is a good advertiser but his theories are generally found to be of but little value when they are analyzed or put to a practical test. He has very adroitly brought many to believe that every natural resource is liable to be monopolized. The only monopolies in the public land states are those that are fostered in some way by the national government, and Mr. Pinchot has been very active in his co-operation with such interests as have been able to help him out in his political and publicity campaigns. We have certain land grants made by Congress, which might be termed local monopolies in land. We have exchanges of scrip for land Mr. Pinchot wished in forest reserves, which are monopolies of a more dangerous kind. He did not hesitate to approve of a plan whereby a rail- road secured 6,000,000 acres of scrip. He holds up his hands in holy horror when a poor homesteader violates some rule or regulation under the homestead act. Yet this man now poses as the defender of the com- mon people. He conjures up a new plank and calls it "conservation." 'He has never defined what the term means. He has embraced pure food, the white slave traffic and the water power monopoly under the one com- prehensive heading. It is possible that some prophet will rise up and give us some light. Thus far Mr. Pinchot has not shown the way, yet many who read without study and who accept policies without mature reason, have ac- cepted "conservation" as the true faith. One year it is the money question, the next year it is imperialism. Of all of the fads "conservation" is the most ridiculous. We know nothing about the scientific features of pure food and possibly less about the white slave traffic. We will make a few remarks as to the water-power scare. Let us refer to a country that has worked out some of the material problems which Mr. Pinchot now tries to solve in his own way and for his own benefit. Egypt is old enough to furnish us examples. What about water power on the Nile? Did we ever hear of a water power monopoly there? Although the native rule of Egypt was corrupt and Turkish domination almost intolerable, each giving franchises to favorites, yet power developed from the waters of the Nile is still a drug on the market. The rapids at the first cataract would furnish power. Every farmer in Egypt needs power for lifting water from the river or canal to his fields. Gravity irrigation there is hardly known. All irrigation, practically speaking, is per- formed by lifting the water from the channel where it flows. How is this done? There are many devices that are worked by hand power. There are many that are run by animals. There are many that are operated by steam. The coal comes largely from England. Why has the water power of the river not been developed? Simply because it would not pay. Why has the water power of our streams not been developed? Because the market for power would not justify the investment. In several thousands of years it may be that our coal supply will give out. The people then will be as much our superiors as we are the superiors of the cave dweller. They will have methods for accomplishing results necessary to the life of that age that we cannot dream of now. There will be plenty of undeveloped water power then. We have a theory that must finally be, we believe, recognized. Resources must be controlled by the people concerned in their use. The national government should only retain control as long as no plans are submitted for a more local supervision or for actual beneficial use. If a state can administer resources in behalf of the public represented within its borders, it should be held responsi- ble. If the community within a state organizes so as to provide proper management, the entire control should go to that community. It is easy for Congress to make appropriations. It is easy to provide for new offices and to get new officers. The necessary work of the national government has narrow limits. Because so much is being done now that has no value to the people at large, it is easy to multiply federal places. This all tends to in- crease the official family at Washington. The wires to many districts throughout the country are multiplied and the life of the politician is mide more secure. The na- tional government has not been able to erect buildings in Washington with sufficient rapidity to shelter the officeholders. The government is renting buildings throughout the city. The outlook for quarters for the future is not bright because the official family is very prolific. This horde of officeholders accomplishes some- thing. If some departments were entirely obliterated and others reduced from sixty to ninety-nine per cent, the change would never be noticed by the people at large. Only the officials directly concerned, their immediate rela- tives and friends and their political allies would pay at- tention to such a reform. Each officeholder of any stand- ing can tell you how much he is doing for the people, but upon investigation it will be found that a large part of the work is worth but a few cents when it costs thou- sands of dollars. It will be the purpose of the AGE to show to the reading public some of the most notorious examples of useless offices. We should like to review some recent What history which should be kept in mind. Does We wish to inquire into the meaning of Conservation the term "conservation" and try to un- Mean? derstand why the little coterie of govern- ment officials at Washington have broken away from administrative work, as prescribed by law, and have launched into politics. We only need go back a few years to find how the forest service developed. When we remember the many conventions that we attended and when we review the efforts of the forest people to get a resolution indorsing their work, we begin to see the begin- ning of the publicity movement. Mr. Pinchot has been a great success as a publicity THE IKKIGATION AGE. 501 agent. He has been able to do much himself. He has done much more through his department, and with his great appropriations for forest work he has been able to carry on an advertising department that excels anything we know of, with the possibility of some of the patent medicine companies. He has gone further. He has started societies for the sole purpose of getting support and he has worked other societies and secured their help regard- less of their aims and purposes. The Daughters of the American Revolution, for instance, have been furnished with printed advertising and requested to have the same published in local papers. In the meantime the appropria- tions for his department have run into the millions, six and seven millions being not uncommon. Enough money has been appropriated by congress to buy all of the tim- ber controlled by the government at the present time. The money would have been more profitably spent had the government paid a bounty on lumber imported. Mr. Pine hot is active. He has worked so hard to con- vince congress that trees deserve more support than do the people of western states, that he has become intoxi- cated with his own success and this has led him to go a step further. He has spent his evenings and his spare time talking with companions who are in pursuit of power along other branches of government service and this little band has originated a comprehensive scheme for reserving and conserving everything. It is a plan of such breadth and depth that it embraces forests, pure food, the white slave traffic and other economic, political and social prob- lems. By preaching continuously and by adroit manipula- tion of a combination of press bureaus the public has been reached very thoroughly. It would seem that some of the leading universities, where careful consideration of every problem would be anticipated, are the centers of the pro- Pinchot feeling. It is probably natural that this is true, for Mr. Pinchot has not forgotten the universities in his general advertising scheme. He has placed government money there and has employed men to do forest work, so-called, presumably as instructors, but in reality as advance agents and advertisers. Misrepresentation and advertising not accompanied by good works can only produce effects which are slight and evanescent. If we judge Mr. Pinchot by his advertis- ing he is a great man. If we judge him by his accom- plishments he is nothing but an advertiser. Readers of the advertising may not believe this. They will not believe that Mr. Pinchot, the idol of the reformer and the martyr to a "great cause," has co-operated for years with the lum- ber trust, that he has worked closely for years with agents and lobbyists of various corporations and that he has exchanged privileges, that can only be granted by the government, for political support. Present conceptions of Mr. Pinchot in the public mind are based on a misunder- standing that has been created for a purpose. The truth must become apparent within the next few months or a year. An investigation as to the expenditure of govern- ment money, as to the source of revenue to run the pub- licity department he conducted and an inquiry into the character of his associates and co-laborers, will be sufficient to explode the bubble that has been so adroitly developed. The conservation campaign was the last step in the advertising program. It has been a good card and it has been well played. If the people of the east or the readers of the current magazines anywhere feel that natural re- sources are not being used to their best advantage — if they fear that monopoly is to develop in the use of any such resource, we ask them to investigate on the ground for themselves. We ask them not to form their final opinions because some person who is paid for writing articles for public digestion says that Mr. Pinchot's views are based on the truth. It has been evident to many bureau chiefs at Wash- ington that when the public domain disappears, their de- partments will be very insignificant, if they are not aban- doned altogether. These chiefs, among them Mr. Pinchot, have consequently attempted to bring about a sentiment favorable to the reservation of lands from settlement. During the past few years every obstacle has been thrown in the path of progress that can possibly be discovered by these sub-departments. Immense tracts of lands, not valu- able for forests, have been added to the area set aside for forest reserves. Thousands of acres have been set aside as coal lands, oil lands, phosphate lands, gas lands, power sites, etc. This means stagnation in development, be- cause the general government cannot develop these re- sources. It means that those who already have possession of natural resources have an unrestricted market, all com- petition being smothered. Yet as long as these vast areas are reserved and as long as the people cannot use the resources that are locked up, these few government officers will have employment and their departments will flourish. We simply say in conclusion that the West is getting very tired of this misrepresentation. The effects of Mr. Pin- chot's campaign has been felt in every county in the West. It has brought hardships to the settler and the ranchman. It has made him guilty of a crime as soon as he made a filing on public land in compliance with existing laws. It has made him an object of suspicion and a mark for the special agent who to "make good" must prosecute some one. In the meantime the big operator in public lands is immune. He remains undisturbed. Certain scrip which is held by corporations through the activity of Mr. Pinchot is worth three and four times as much today as it was when the holders obtained it. There are six million acres of one particular brand of scrip. What a commotion there would have been had this scrip gone into the hands of some poor homesteader! It goes to the corporations, through the recommendation of Mr. Pinchot, and nothing is said. How long will these matters be concealed from the public and when will those who read and try to keep abreast of the times understand what has been going on during the past eight or ten years? Defining Western Water Rights. A'o principle develops more slowly than when it depends for recognition upon in- stitutions which are either ignorant as to its value or where they are influenced by some precedent which under a new order of things cannot logically apply. We are persuaded to make this statement in connection with a review of the history of water rights in the West. California first look up the problem. Because no intelli- gent and able leader appeared to show the way, disputes over the division of water naturally went to the courts. The courts were not trained in these matters and conse- quently had to do the best possible by referring to the doctrines of the English Common Law. That California court decisions have not been satisfactory is recognized so fully that no discussion of early cases need be entered into. Colorado and other States followed the California practice. No student of irrigation matters appeared in reality until Dr. Elwood Mead and his associates had in- 502 THE IRRIGATION AGE. serted in the constitution and laws of Wyoming some provisions which have revolutionized the methods of ad- ministering streams. Regardless of his able efforts and his activity for many years, some of the principles that he deemed most important were overturned by the courts in a measure, and it has only been by a continuous campaign that these have finally been so clearly denned by statute that all who can read may understand. One of the most important principles that must sooner or later be accepted generally, is that water is always pub- lic property and that its use only can be controlled by private parties, and that this use (commonly called a water right), belongs to the use and not to the person making the use. If the water is used tor irrigation pur- poses it belongs to the land. If it is used for power pur- poses it belongs to the particular power development, and so on. Another important detail is that no right guaran- tees a specific volume that can be used without regard to the necessities of the community. The right embraces a maximum use which cannot be exceeded, but the actual use is limited to the volume that can be beneficially ap- plied. The administrative officers of Wyoming always held that water rights belong to the land for irrigation pur- poses and that such rights are inseparable therefrom. The plain provisions of the original law would seem to make this interpretation reasonable. However, because other States had contrary decisions the Wyoming courts fol- lowed them, and in 1904 the Supreme Court of that State declared that water rights are not inseparable from the land under the laws of the State. Some legislation of questionable value was immediately enacted by the legis- lature which followed, in an attempt to correct the law. This was in force for four years when the legislature of 1909 enacted the following act, it being largely a definition of a water right: Sec. 724 R. S., 1910. A water right is a right to use the water of the State, when such use has been acquired by the beneficial application of water under the laws of the State relating thereto, and in conform- ity with the rules and regulations dependent thereon. Beneficial use shall be the basis, the measure and the limit of the right to use water at all times, not ex- ceeding, in any case, the statutory limit of volume. Water being at all times the property of the State, rights to its use shall attach to the lands for irriga- tion, or to such purpose or object for which acquired in accordance with the beneficial use made and for which the right receives public recognition, under the law and the administration provided thereby. Water rights cannot be detached from the lands, place or purpose for which they are acquired, without loss of priority. Sec. 725. Water rights are hereby defined as fol- lows according to use: Preferred uses shall include rights for domestic and transportation purposes; ex- isting rights not preferred, may be condemned to supply water for such preferred uses in accordance with the provisions of the law relating to the con- demnation of uroperty for public and semi-public purposes. Such domestic and transportation pur- poses shall include the following: First, Water for drinking purposes for both man and beast. Second, Water for municipal purposes. Third, Water for the use of steam engines and for general railway use. Fourth, Water for culinary, laundry, bathing, refrig- erating (including the manufacture of ice), and for steam and hot water heating plants. The use of water for irrigation shall be superior and preferred to any use where turbine or impulse water wheels are in- stalled for power purposes. The practice of the state administration has been uniform with the above law since the original statutes were enacted in 1891, regardless of court interpretation. This is the case, because until the case was handed down by the court, the law was construed to embrace the pi in- cipies now more specifically defined, and immediately after the decision was made by the court, the legislature enacted a law which gave some temporary relief. We have been led to study these matters because our attention has been called recently to a court decision that discusses fundamental principles in such a broad and com- prehensive way, that we believed a detailed investigation as to the birth and rise of modern irrigation law and ad- ministration would be of value. The case we refer to re- lates to the adjudication of water rights of Salt River in Arizona. The action was brought by one water user against nearly five thousand others, and the United States intervened owin;j to the fact that the Reclamation Service is building a great irrigation system to divert water from the stream. We regret that we cannot publish this de- cision in full. We will quote Judge Kent's discussion of principles, whicli show thorough study and which we are satisfied is the best presentation of these important doc- trines that has thin far been made by any court. "The doctrine of riparian rights does not obtain in Arizona. The right of the owner of land to divert from a non-navigable stream the flow of the water therein and to apply the same to beneficial use upon such land, is rind always has been recognized in this Territory. Such diversion and use is termed an ap- propriation of water. Whatever may be the steps necessary to take to initiate such a right or to evidence the intent to initiate it, the appropriation itself only becomes complete and vested when the water is ac- tually diverted from the stream and placed to a bene- ficial use upon the land. The right given by such an appropriation is strictly not a right to the water itself, but a right to the use of the water. Its application to a beneficial use upon the land is as necessary in order to complete the right as is the diversion thereof from the stream. An appropriation of water, there- fore, for the purpose of the irrigation of a parcel of land may not be established and completed by means merely of a declaration of intention or by the posting of notices of ippropriation, nor may it be made by a canal owner or by a canal company as such alone, independent of its ownership of the land; but as ap- plication to a beneficial use upon the land is necessary to complete th^ appropriation, it follows that such ap- propriator must be an owner of land or have a pos- sessory right thereto. "Furthermore, since the land to which the water is to be applied is a necessary integral part of the appro- priation and a factor by which the amount of water appropriated for use is measured, it follows that when the water is no longer applied to the land for which it was diverted, the right of appropriation of such water for such iard ceases. The right of appropriation further depends rpon a supply of water that is un- appropriated. It follows, therefore, that the first in time of appropiiation is the first in right to appropri- THE IRRIGATION AGE. 503 ate, since wa:er previously appropriated by another is no longer available for a subsequent appropriator. The extent of tiie appropriation is limited by the bene- ficial use to which the water can be applied. "The actual amount of water that may be appro- priated for irrigation, therefore, is the amount that the land owner ca-.i and does actually use in the necessary and economical irrigation of his land for cultivation. This much and no more may he have; and this much he may only have wnen there is sufficient water avail- able to supply rirst those prior in date of appropriation. The fundamental principle in the doctrine of appro- priation of the normal flow of water in a stream for irrigation is its application by the land owner to the land for a beneficial use. The right to appropriate is a right that belongs to the land owner, but the water appropriated is appropriated for the land, and when so appropriated its use belongs to the land and not to the appropriator. The method of diversion from the river and the means of carriage of the water to the land ;s immaterial in the establishment or maintenance of the right; it may be done by the indi- vidual appropriator or by an association of individual appropriators, or by a canal company, or oy any per- son or corporation; and the means ot carriage or the point of diversion from the river may be changed from time to time to suit altered conditions without impair- ing the right of appropriation already made, provided prior rights of others are not interfered with. There being in this Territory no private property in water, but water beins; a public property subject to the uses before defined, in so diverting and carrying the water such person, association or corporation acts merely as the agent of the appropriator and acquires no right of appropriation to the water itself, and no rights as against the appropriation made to the land, except a right of proper compensation for such diversion and carriage." ATLANTIC CITY WANTS THE CONGRESS. A NEW candidate for the Nineteenth National Irriga- " tion Congress for the year 1911 has entered the field — Atlantic City. To this pleasure resort of the country, this seaside center, has come the word, evidently, of the progress and distinction of the National Irrigation Congress, and it wants it. In fact, it says so in no uncertain manner to Secretary Hooker of the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress. The Atlantic City publicity bureau is the agency that is writing Secretary Hooker, and its secretary-director, George S. Lenhart, says in a recent letter: "We wish to obtain your next convention for Atlantic City, and trust that, at the proper time and place, you will take favorable action on this, our hearty invitation. Trans- portation can be arranged for at as low rates as any point in the country. We would have no trouble whatever in taking the best care of the delegates who attend your convention, and this bureau will give you all possible assistance desired without any expense to you for its services. "This invitation is extended not only by the bureau of publicity but also on behalf of the Atlantic City board of trade, the Atlantic City Hotelmen's association, and the Atlantic City Business League." This is the first time an invitation has come from Atlantic City for the sessions of the Irrigation Congress, and the fact that so many Eastern towns are asking for the honor of entertaining it shows the growing importance of the great organization. The entry of Atlantic City makes nine aspirants for next year's congress. These are: San Francisco, Chicago, Kansas City, St. Louis, St. Joseph. Milwaukee, Charleston, Rochester, some Texas town to be presented by the solid Texas delegation at Pueblo, and Atlantic City. "COLORADO, THE HOST." IJXDER the above caption of Secretary R. H. Faxon, of the Board of Control of the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, Pueblo, September 26-30, has added another to his rapidly-growing list of little booklets and brochures, which he is circulating over the country by the tens of thousands. It follows: "The State of Colorado will entertain at Pueblo, its second city in size, September 26-30, 1910, the greatest gathering ever held within its borders, or within the West. "This is the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress. "Several thousand regularly-accredited delegates and interested visitors are expected from every state in the West and from many of the Eastern and Southern states, which are recognizing the great work of this congress. "For the National Irrigation Congress is the greatest development agency in the country. "It pointed the way to the reclamation act of June 17, 1902, resulting in 25 government projects, at a cost of 50 millions of dollars, and opening up more than 3 million acres of arid lands to settlement. "It is the practical agency of the country in forestry and conservation. "It has fostered the now great beet industry from struggling infancy to a point where the country confi- dently expects shortly to produce its own sugar consump- tion, and more than that to become a sugar-exporting nation. "It is the originator of the home-making policy that is leading thousands of intelligent men 'back to the land'; provoking increased production; advocating scientific agri- culture; and thereby decreasing the cost of living, a na- tional problem. "It is responsible for a better class of citizenship. "It has taken the lead in soil-conservation. "The foreign representation at the Pueblo congress will be large. It is now thought that from 30 to 40 for- eign representatives from foreign countries will attend the congress. These will include diplomatists, foreign officials, engineers, and agriculturists and irrigationists. "A great exposition of pumping machinery, water- raising and water-applying devices, and of modern irri- gation methods, will be held on a large tract of ground immediately adjoining Mineral Palace Park, where the congress will be held. "It is peculiarly significant and important that the greatest sessions of this great organization will be held in the State of Colorado. This state has Z1/? million acres of irrigated land; has 20,000 miles of irrigation canals and laterals; raised 7 million dollars of apples under irri- gation in 1909; has a single county that raises a million dollars worth of cantaloupes each year, and is the particu- lar home of scientific, intensive agriculture under irriga- tion. "Irrigation is rapidly changing Colorado from its former significance as merely a mineral and industrial state into one of the foremost agricultural states of the Union; and the marvelous development of the past two years, with the great number of irrigation projects, give ex- ceptional promise to the state's enhanced position agri- culturally and horticulturally by the end of the present year. "Colorado has several wonderful sections, such as the northern district, where irrigation was first practiced in the state and which has successfully and intelligently solved all the problems of irrigation; the famous Western Slope with its marvelous accomplishments and possibilities in fruit; the newly-developed San Luis Valley, rich and promising: the northwestern section with its bountiful gifts of nature in the way of coal and other minerals; eastern Colorado with successful dry-farming in practice where water cannot be obtained for irrigation; and the rich Arkansas Valley, of which Pueblo, the congress city, is the capital, with its sweep of 275 miles from Canon City to Garden City, Kansas, under irrigation, and its ]/2 million acres of fertile watered lands, its seven beet mills and its vast alfalfa fields." 504 THE 1ERIGATION AGE. Colorado Pioneer Irrigation State BY R. H. FAXON, IT is a peculiarly appropriate and equally significant fact that the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, Pueblo, September 26-30, 1910, will be held in the" city named for the tribe of Indians that first practiced ihe ancient art of irrigation in this country — the Pueblo Tribe. The Indians inhabited portions of what are now the territories of New Mexico and Arizona, as well as southern Colorado. Their descendants were still cultivating the land and practicing irrigation when the Spanish came to these parts, centuries ago, with the sword in one iiand and the cross in the other. Traces of the work of this tribe are still to be found in the great Southwest, and the marvel of modern engineering is the precision with which they constructed their ditches and their works The Mormons, in Utah, were the first English-speak- ing people to entertain the practice of irrigation in any- thing like a systematic manner, in the West, and their successes are a matter of history. Southern California was the next English-speaking section of the West to put water on the land, and it partly gn:w from the labors of the placer-miners, who utilized the water with which they washed their ore to grow crops Ppon the lands. Colorado, in its northern section, was one of the first One of the most gratifying things of the year, and a result that may be directly traced to the influence of the National Irrigation Congress, is the act of Congress ap- proved February 25, 1910, amending the census act in several particulars but more especially providing for a complete census of private irrigation projects. This contemplates the acreage, the crops, the capital invested, and will furnish accurate and official figures for the benefit of not only irrigationists and agriculturists, but engineers, capitalists, and publicity experts. This inquiry will be made a portion of the regular census-taking to begin April 15. The unusual effort put forth by the friends of the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress and its officials is directly responsible for this marked progress and result. An irrigation publicist has recently figured, in a care- ful and conservative way, that a census today would show fully 250,000 farms in the United States under ditches, watering more than 15 million acres of lands. The state of Colorado, within which the Eighteenth Congress will be held September 26-30, next, leads all other states, having 3J/2 million acres under water, and 20,000 miles of canals and laterals. California has the largest number of irrigators, while the state of Washington has the greatest percentage in the number of irrigators. The world at large has 75 billion acres under irriga- tion. It is interesting to know that there were but 20,000 acres under irrigation in 1870, compared with the 15 mil- lions at present. That was 40 years ago. The National Irrigation Congress was born in 1890. So the life of the Mineral Palace and Park, Where the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress Will Hold Its Sessions. portions of the West to lend its attention to this ancient art, and its success has been marked. Every problem >n irrigation — and there are many — has been solved in the Fort Morgan, Fort Collins, Boulder, Greeley districts and on the North Platte and Cache la Poudre. It has been estimated that there are 40 million acres in the West susceptible of irrigation, of which the 25 government projects now complete or in process of construction will comprise more than 3 million acres. Private projects have already taken care of more than 10 million acres, and other private projects now in contemplation or under way will have an additional acre- age of 5 millions. Added to this must be enumerated proposed government projects, 13 in all. ready for funds to construct them, having an acreage of 3J4 millions. There are many private projects in the country of enormous proportions, but the largest actually under way is the DeWeese project at Pueblo, which will take care of 300,000 acres, and on which work is now beginning. There is a chain of related projects on the Snake river in Idaho of larger acreage, but not a single project like the DeWeese at Pueblo; and another of large acreage, the Horseheaven in Washington, which is now being organ- ized, will plan to put 600,000 acres under water. Projects promoted by private capital and having 100,000 acres are by no means unusual, and two of these are in the Pueblo county. congress that gave the West and the country the national reclamation act and really started this great development work, is exactly one-half the time that has elapsed since there were but a paltry 20,000 acres under water in the United States. It is, then, quite appropriate that the latest and greatest of the annual sessions of the most potential de- velopment agency of the country should be held in the state that leads all in the acreage under irrigation, and in the city named for the tribe of Indians that introduced and successfully practiced irrigation in this country first of all, centuries ago. BIG SALES OF CYCLONE DRILLS. THE Cyclone Drill Company, of Orrville, O., report the following sales: Nine blast hole drills for John B. Carter Company for various contracts in Maryland and Pennsylvania. Four prospecting machines for Jacobs & Davies for testing foundations for the large government dam on Tennessee River, near Chattanooga, Tenn. Blast hole drill for Shore Line Stone Co., Monroe, Mich. Blast hole drill for Em- pire Limestone Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Blast hole drill for Barr-Clay Co., Streator, 111. Blast hole drill for France Slag Co., Toledo, Ohio, together with a number of water well drills and prospecting outfits for various concerns. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 505 RAILROAD MEN AND THE CONGRESS. Interests Vitally Interested in Reclaiming the Land to be Represented by Their Officers. BY R. H. FAXON, Director of Publicity, Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress. MO force of men can be more interested in the welfare ' of the city of Pueblo or of the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, or of the State of Colorado as a whole, than the officials and employes of the great trans- continental systems of railroads penetrating the moun- tain-west. The fact that these great railroads find, on the way to the East and West, the city of Pueblo standing sentinel, the gateway through which this line of traffic must pass, lends especial interest to the city in the happenings of the system, and to the system in the happenings of the city and state. The Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress will be held in Pueblo, September 26-30, 1910. It will bring to Pueblo, the Arkansas valley, and the state of Colorado thousands of delegates and visitors. It will bring distinguished representatives from foreign gov- ernments. It will bring important officers of the national government at Washington. It will be the most impor- tant gathering ever held in the West. It will bring visi- tors who, following the conclusion of the congress, will want to see Colorado; will want to have a look at the incomparable Western Slope with its fruit; at the capital city of the State; and the splendidly-irrigated and de- veloped section of Colorado lying north of Denver. Hence, while the advertisement and benefit that the city of Pueblo will naturally derive is excedingly great, the advantages and opportunities will flow to the entire State. The National Irrigation Congress is the most im- portant non-official body in the country. It has been in existence longer than any of its associate organizations. It represents a field that, sectional in the first place, has now become national. Its resolutions have been written into statutes, and its discussions and endeavors have be- come fixed national policies. Its members are among the ablest statesmen, thinkers, scientists, agriculturists, irrigationists, engineers and publicists of the country. Nothing that it says or does fails to interest the national government and the whole people. An example of this is the doctrine of home-building and home-making, originated by the National Irrigation Congress years ago. The desire of man for land, the wish to make a home, to be a producer and contributor, was largely anticipated by this organization, and for a decade it preached the doctrine, with the result that everywhere in the country today it is recognized. The national reclamation act had its inception in the National Irrigation Congress. It sent its committees and its officers to Washington to labor with the national law-givers long before the latter finally enacted the law of June 17, 1902. The tremendous impetus given the re- clamation of arid lands and transforming the desert into the garden, in which the government and the engineer and the private land-owner and the capitalist have worked with a singleness of purpose in the years since, has been felt, not alone in the West, but all over the country. The ambition for the time when this country would produce the amount of sugar it annually consumed, and might even become a sugar-exporting nation has always been uppermost throughout the country. The National Irrigation Congress has fostered and protected and builded up the beet industry all its life, and there is promise of the fulfillment of the hope of the country in respect of sugar production, largely through the efforts of the Na- tional Irrigation Congress. The National Irrigation Congress is a potential, en- ergetic agency toward development — development not only of the West, but of the country as a whole, and that, after all, is probably the best thing that could be said of it. The great bodies of land in Colorado and in the vicinity surrounding Pueblo hold out great promise for the land-hungry, and herein is the opportunity for Pueblo and the State to present the attractive situation that exists. The magnitude of the development work going on today in the State of Colorado is not excelled any- where in the West, and there is wonderful activity in the Pueblo section. The Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress is a distinct compliment, by reason of its meeting-place in Pueblo this year, to this tremendous activity in furthering agriculture under irrigation. STOCK FINISHING ON THE IRRIGATED LANDS AT UVA WTTOMNG. The rich and perfectly irrigated lands at Uva Wyoming offer an ideal advantage over most such projects by enabling the farmers to go into stock raising as well as mixed farm- ing. This industry is growing very fast and is proving highly profitable, first, because the day of open ranges is rapidly passing, and next, because the home-fed stock is of better quality. The peculiar situation of the Uva lands favors home feeding at its best, and at a low cost to the farmer North and east of Uva, in Southeast Wyoming, there are enormous areas of government land, insufficiently watered for farm purposes, and not reserved for the useof any group of cattlemen, but free to be used by anyone having cattle or sheep and a home farm for finishing. On these semi-arid reaches, any man who owns 160 acres of the irrigated land at Uva may run three to five hundred head of cattle or several hundred sheep, the cattle taking the best growths and the sheep cropping the rest. The natural grasses and herbage are nutritious and sufficient to form up the animals and keep them in good condition through nine months of the year. Three months additional feeding at the home farm on alfalfa and grain grown for that purpose rounds them out to full weight and brings them into prime market condition, fully rested and only a short run by rail from Uva to Chey- enne, Denver, Kansas City or Chicago, where they bring top prices. No good farmer needs be told that hay turned into beef or mutton brings more money with a less proportion of trouble than if it were sold in the bale. Relatively, the same holds true of corn and barley. That is one reason why a man in the Uva country, having say 500 tons of alfalfa on his place and a bunch of animals to eat it, can borrow money at the bank. It is a particularly safe loan. This phase of fattening and finishing works out equally well with either sheep or swine. The experience of farmers in the neighborhood of Uva has proven it with sheep, par- ticularly. Lambs can be bought for $2.50 or $3.00 each from the sheep men outside, and three pounds of alfalfa a day for three months, with one pound of barley added for the final month, will turn out a creature worth $6.00 to $7.00 delivered on the siding at Uva or the nearest other station. These figures do their own talking. While the stock interest is growing larger every season at Uva, it is by no means excluding other production. Gen- eral farming is far more remunerative than it is anywhere east of Central Nebraska and Kansas. Sugar beets, wheat, oats, potatoes, and the same general growths that are com- mon to the Middle Western States yield much more heavily than in those States, and bring higher prices at home — for little is shipped out unless tempted by exceptional prices in years of shortage elsewhere. In fact the district wheat crop is insufficient for the local mill supply. The price is always over a dollar and sometimes runs close to a dollar and a half. Three hundred to five hundred bushels of potatoes are usual, and the price runs from high to very high, as com- pared with the middle west. Sugar beets give twenty tons per acre, and up, and bring $5.00 a ton flat. A mill is to be put up at a convenient point close by as soon as the farmers have pledged a sufficient acreage to insure supply, and the presence of this mill will give further stimulus to cattle and hog raising. But alfalfa has shown itself to be the strong- and sure money-maker, especially when the grower is also a stock-feeder, but even without stock, it turns in a fine profit. The presence of some aliment peculiarly favor- able to It in the soil makes it a better all-round ration than most alfalfa grown elsewhere. Uva is le=s than a hundred miles north of Cheyenne, but lies about 2.300 feet lower, at the base of the Rockies, in a beautiful valley, through which run two rivers that never go dry These rivers are full of rainbow trout. It is a pretty place and healthful at all times, with pure air, and no ex- tremes of heat or cold. Farm help is always to be had. There is a perpetual supply of fuel from the coalfields of the region. There are good schools, good stores, good telephone service, rural free delivery, and daily trains over the new through railway from Seattle to Galveston. on which Uva is a station. The run to Denver by way of Cheyenne takes only a few hours In respect of being very much in the world, the Uva district is quite like the neighboring district of Greeley. But it is not very large. Considerably less than 10,000 acres of it remain to 'be sold, and part of that acreage is under the Carey act so that prices are not high, and the sales are made on time. The Uva irrigation system is a model for all the west. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and cloth-bound copy of the Primer of Irrigation. 506 THE IERIGATION AGE.' ARID AGRICULTURE BY B. C. BUFFUM, M. S. Managero f the Wyoming Plant and Seed Breeding Company, Worland. Former Professor of Agriculture in the Uni- versity of Wyoming and the Colorado Agricultural College, and Director of the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. PROF. B. C. BUFFUM. Irrigation Farming. The small boy eats too many green apples just to keep them from going to waste, and the farmer ac- quires too much land just because he wants the earth. The relation between the size of a farm and its economical working and management has not been given the attention it deserves. Under humid conditions a man could hold much land without feeling any especially baneful effects. Under irrigation the whole problem is changed. In the West, land is abundant, water is scarce ; land is cheap, water is expensive. Invest- ments in water rights are too val- able to lie idle. The farmer has less time to do things and get them done in season. Intensive culture characterizes ir- rigation agriculture. When a crop needs irrigating, the need is urgent. It cannot be put off for the whole crop and the margin of time may be too small to make it profitable to put off farm operations on any part of the field. Maximum re- turns are only made on small fields, well tilled and irrigated. A farmer may be self-supporting on ten to twenty acres. He finds all he can attend to on forty acres to sixty acres and generally has too much land if he tries to farm more than eighty acres. This will depend largely on the kind of crop raised. If intensive cropping is done with sugar beets or potatoes in proper rotation the small farm pays best. If the land is all in alfalfa and pasture, larger areas can be managed. It is safe to say that a great majority of new comers to the West buy at the start from two to ten times as much land and water right as they should. There are many specialties in irrigation farming. Rais- ing crops for sale is pure farming. This kind of farming re- quires special knowledge of the subject in order to keep up the soil fertility, and practice culture suitable to the crop produced. Mixed farming is surer — requires more general and less special knowledge, helps in the economy of living, diversifies the farmer's interests, keeps up soil fertility and makes one thing pay expenses while another may build a bigger bank account. The products from poultry, cows and pigs distribute the money income through the year, and make it less neces- sary to borrow money at the bank, at interest, to pay expenses until crops may be sold. Garden and animal products se- cured with home labor save important items of cash outlay in the household expenses. There may be more or less pasture or range to use which will decrease the expense of keeping stock. The general farmer will succeed better if he keeps stock and markets his crops on four feet. Our soil culture directions for dry farming pertain as well to irrigation, except the summer-fallow, which is un- necessary, with plenty of water to be applied when and where needed. With water and advanced knowledge of how to main- tain soil fertility, there is no need of letting any land rest from crop production. Soil culture needs to be given care- ful and intelligent consideration and special systems are being worked out for the separate intensive crops. Plowing need not be done so deep at first and on some soils shallow plowing may give better results than deep plowing. More attention needs to be given to leveling and smoothing the land where irrigation is practiced. The right kind of land preparation is a permanent improvement which pays from the first be- cause it saves much future expense and trouble. Irrigation farming is a "new agriculture'' in the West, and a man needs to know it in order to meet with the success which should crown his efforts. On the same soils and under the same con- ditions the man who knows how will get fifty bushels of wheat while the one who does not will get twenty-five bushels. Right culture will give one man 300 sacks of potatoes per acre and wrong culture another man 50 sacks per acre. There is a considerable profit to the man who gets 300 sacks of potatoes if he uses $40.00 expense per acre to raise the crops, over the man who gets 50 sacks by an expense of $15.00 per acre. One man nets $185.00 per acre and the other makes $22.50 per acre. The man with the large yield probably works only a forty-acre farm, and from twenty acres of it in po- tatoes banks $3,700.00 for that crop. The second man is probably trying to farm eighty acres, and from forty acres in potatoes he banks $900.00. The little farm well tilled has brought its owner over four hundred per cent the largest net income. The point made is that good tillage for irrigation means thorough tillage and special systems of soil and crop management to produce the best returns. Fertility is measured by the power of soil to produce crops. As we have shown, moisture is an essential element of fertility. Other elements are nitrogen and minerals which are direct plant foods. In much of the irrigated region the waters used contain large amounts of dissolved fertilizing elements. It has been shown that waters which contain much silt carry with them large amounts of dissolved plant foods. Studies of the waters used in irrigation from the Rio Grande River showed that where water was used to the depth of one foot it deposited 955 pounds of potassium, 58 pounds of phos- phoric acid, and 53 pounds of nitrogen to each acre. This would be a sufficient supply of nitrogen for more than thirty bushels of wheat per acre, enough phosphoric acid for thirty bushels per acre, and enough potassium to last for thirty years, if as much wheat was raised on the land each year. Such large amounts of soil fertility are unusual, however, but even our clear waters from mountain streams carry with them a considerable amount of silt and plant food in the late spring and early summer. Under irrigation such large annual crops are taken off the soil that the subject of avail- able plant food becomes an important one. Our soils will wear out unless a good farm- practice is inaugurated which will keep them productive. With a proper system of rotation and cropping, adding plant food to the soil in the form of barnyard manure, the waste of feed pens, green manure and growing of leguminous crops will keep the soils always richly productive. Only in special loca- tions or with special crops will the use of any artificial fertilizer be found advisable. There has been much useless alarm about alkali. Our soils are very rich in soluble salts and in places these accumulate to such an extent that they destroy produc- tiveness. The alkali salts are dissolved by water, and where there is not good drainage below, this water evap- orating again from the surface, leaves the alkali behind as a white incrustation where it is most detrimental to plants. In nearly all cases the alkali accumulation is the result of bad management, generally of over-irrigation or of continuously leaving the water running on the soil. In many parts of the West where the native sod is irrigated for the production of hay, the water is allowed to run for weeks or months over the same land, and such irriga- tion is apt to produce bad results. Some irrigation waters contain large amounts of alkali salts which are deposited with the water applied. There are two kinds of alkalj which are found in dif- ferent sections of the arid region. In the mountain states where the climate is cool, the white alkali predominates. White alkali is a mixture of the sulphates and chlorides of soda and magnesia. In the warmer regions the alkali is composed of carbonate of soda and is called black alkali. One-tenth of one per cent of black alkali will prevent the growth of useful plants on the soil, while some crops will stand as much as one per cent of white alkali salts in the surface soil. These alkali salts in small amount are im- portant aids in the fertility of the land. They make plants grow faster and better than where they are not present. The black alkali destroys the soil tilth, puddling it and making it dark in color. The principal detrimental effect of white alkali seems to be that it retards or prevents the germination of seed. If the salt can be diluted or washed out before planting and a good stand of plants obtained from the seed, .the crop may grow to maturity and make a good yield. The black alkalies of California have been corrected by changing them into white alkali which is less detri- THE IEEIGATIOK AGE. 507 mental. This is done by adding considerable quantities of gypsum or land plaster. Land plaster is sulphate of lime. When this comes in contact with carbonate of soda there is a chemical change and the carbonate of soda be- comes sulphate of soda, and the sulphate of lime becomes carbonate of lime or common limestone. The remedy for white alkali is to provide proper drainage and wash the salts out of the soil with irrigation water. The worst alkali soils may be made productive in this way. There are a few crops which will thrive in the pres- ence of much white alkali. The principal one is the sugar beet. If the salts can be diluted by irrigation before the seed is planted so there is no serious retardation of germination, sugar beets will make good crops on strong alkali soil. Another useful plant to grow in places which would otherwise be waste, is the English or Dwarf Rape for soiling and pasture. One of the best plants to grow in such places either for forage or to improve the soil in supply the early growth of the plants. Potato soil should be irrigated in the spring before it is plowed. Some crops, like potatoes and sugar beets, require the most moisture in the later part of the season. Wheat should be irrigated most during the middle part of the time of its growth. To be on the safe side, barley should be irrigated when quite young. These things show the variations which must be practiced to produce the best results and point to the importance of the farmer looking up the culture for each crop he expects to raise. Some few crops, like onions, should be flood irrigated. Other crops give best results if water is never allowed to touch the crowns of the plant. Some crops should not be irrigated at certain stages of growth unless absolutely necessary to save them. Expe- rience tells the farmer when his crop is suffering for water and no general rule can be laid down. Short season crops may be ripened early by keeping water away. Often late Wet Mountain Spring Snows Make Flood Water for Storage. A Typical Wyoming Scene. vegetable mold is the white sweet clover. There is no need of leaving the alkali places as unproductive and unsightly wastes. Different crops and each kind of soil require par- ticular treatment and general rules are only of value in so far as they throw light on the underlying principles which may be made use of by the individual farmer whn understands them and their application. As a broad general statement, we believe the time to irrigate is when there is no crop growing. , Nearly all crops should be irrigated before they are planted. The soil should be put in the best possible state of tilth and stored with enough moisture, at least to germinate the seed and irrigations are responsible for injury to the immature crop by frost. Over much of the arid region there is possibility of running water on to the soil in the winter season and often sufficient moisture may be stored for the production of most excellent crops the following season. On some farms in the West, even during freezing weather, the water supply from springs or ditches may be run on the land and stored, either as moisture in the soil or as ice on the surface. Using the water in this way in the winter and the same water for irrigating additional land in the sum- mer makes a small water supply cover double the amount of land. Everything the farmer can do to make the application 508 THE IRRIGATION AGE. of water to his crop and soil more efficient, should be done. When either flood irrigation or irrigation by fur- rows is practiced, the crop should be drilled with the slope of the land so the water is more rapidly spread by follow- ing the furrows. There is one form of drill that we would recommend irrigation farmers to avoid. This is the single disc drill. The single discs are set opposite ways each side of the center and throw the soil in opposite directions. This makes ridges of soil which interfere with spreading the water in irrigation. In small fields where it is de- sired to avoid back furrows or dead furrows the two-way plow will be found of advantage. This implement is a double plow which swings on a pivot and can be changed at the end of each furrow so the land may be plowed from one side to the other without leaving any ridges and with the least amount of turning and tramping of soil by the team. We recommend the use of the four or eight-horse leveler which may be run over the ground both ways after every plowing. Such leveling of the soil saves much work in the distribution of water. On new land where the sub-soil is almost invariably dry. much water will be needed the first two seasons to moisten this sub-soil or fill it with the capillary or film moisture, which surrounds the soil particles. Much of this Outlet of Cloud Peak Lake, Wyoming, Big Horn Mountains. Perennial Water Supply. moisture will be held from year to year and it will not be necessary to apply such large amounts in irrigation. The total amount of water to give the best results on different soils and different crops, varies greatly. On light sandy bottom soils with gravel underneath, farmers sometimes use from six to eight feet deep of water during the season. A flood irrigation cannot be made with less than four to six inches at a single application. Usually a thorough flood irrigation will require from nine to eleven inches deep of water over the surface. This does not mean that enough water must run onto the land to stand to this depth, but that the amount soaked into the soil or run off as waste will total enough to reach the depth indicated if it all remained on the surface. The irrigation laws of the arid states generally provide that the limit of a water right .shall be o.ne cubic foot per second continuous flow for from seventy acres to one hundred acres of land. As a general rule, it is thought that enough water to cover the land to a depth of two feet is a sufficient average for Western crops. We are learning more all the time about the economic use of water. To do effectual irrigating the farmer needs a good sized head of water. A very small stream soaks away too fast and cannot be spread over sufficient land. On land which lies well for irrigation an experienced irrigator can handle a head of from two to three cubic feet per second. If he only has a water right for eighty acres of one cubic foot per second, it usually pays to rotate in the use of water with a neighbor in order to do his irrigating in the (Continued on page 532.) HAWAII AND IRRIGATION WORK. FROM far-off Hawaiian Islands com«s a note of en- couragement to the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, Pueblo, September 20-30, and the expression of the hope that the event will be a complete success. Not only that, but there is the official word of the governor that the islands will be represented, as usual. Writing the secretary of the board of control, Gov- ernor W. F. Frear says: "I shall be very glad to appoint delegates to the next National Irrigation Congress if I can find suitable men who can attend at so great a distance, at that time. "Two years ago, I appointed one delegate, and last year I appointed five delegates, to the National Irrigation Congress. "This is a subject in which the territory is greatly interested, and, indeed, in which it has already accom- plshed a great deal and is now doing a great deal. "It is doubtful if any other state or territory is doing as much as this in the various lines in which the con- gress is interested." Not only that, but the Hawaiian newspapers are print- ing pieces about the big Pueblo event. The director of publicity of the Eighteenth congress recently received a roll of papers containing the most interesting and flatter- ing reference to the congress here, and also special stories that had been sent from here to persons interested in the islands. Ralph S. Hosmer, superintendent of forestry under the territorial board of agriculture and forestry, writes Secretary Faxon of the board of control, that he not only has put out to the leading newspapers information he has received concerning the work of the congress and preparation lor the coming sessions, as well as data touch- ing Colorado and other Western states, but would like some special stories, which have been sent to him. Mr. Hosmer generally attends the sessions of the congress, and expects to do so this year. The work in the territory of Hawaii, together with that in Cuba as recently mentioned, and the interest in Porto Rico, certainly attest to the alertness of the insular possessions and neighbors of the United States in the big work of development as typified by the labor of the Na- tional Irrigation Congress. It also is significant from the standpoint of important attendance at the Pueblo sessions next September. PITTSBURG'S BIG LAND SHOW. L, OLLOWING the example of the Chicago Tribune and " the Chicago Examiner, Pittsburg will give a land show in October under the auspices of the Pittsburg Gazette Times and the Pittsburg Chronicle Telegraph. It will be held at Duquesne Garden, October 17 to 29. It will be educational in the broadest sense and will be of great interest to thousands of people who have a desire to get back to the land. The exposition will give a great deal of valuable information as to where the best and cheapest lands lie, what they will produce and where the most profitable markets may be found. It will provide the farmer, market gardener and city dweller with instruc- tive and graphic information regarding the land if inr country, and to give the people of this section an idea of the rapid colonization and wonderful progress which is being made in the cultivation of the vast lands in the re- mote regions of the South, Southwest, middle and far West and other sections. Incidentally, the home farmer and gardener will have opportunity at the show to study methods that have proved successful elsewhere. A wave of land enthusiasm is undoubtedly sweeping over the country and it is a fact that the present area of cultivated ground is inadequate to supply the vast quan- tities of farm products which are required to feed the ever-increasing population of the eastern and central, states. There is in consequence a large and growing de- mand for farm lands and prospective home-seekers, farm- ers and investors, are hungry for authentic information regarding land investments in new and arable sections. The National Land and Irrigation Exposition is organized to supply this demand. Inquiries on the subject of the Land Show should be addressed to the Land Show Editor of The Gazette Times, Pittsburg, Pa. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 509 Irrigation of Orchards BY SAMUEL FORTIER Chief of Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture. J L 4 500 A Selection of Lands for Orchards. /""••ARE and good judgment should be exercised in the selec- {-J tion of an orchard tract. If it turns out well the profits are high, but if it fails the losses are heavy. It involves the setting aside of °ood land, the use of irrigation water, and somewhat heavy expenses in purchasing trees, setting them out and caring for them until they begin to bear. Assuming that the climate and soil of the district selected are adapted to the kind of trees to be grown, the next most important things to consider are good drainage and freedom from early and late frosts. Low-lying lands under a new irri- gation system should be regarded with suspicion, even if the subsoil be quite dry at the time of planting. The results of a few years of heavy and careless irrigation on the higher lands adjacent may render the lowlands unfit for orchards. On the other hand, the higher lands are not always well drained naturally. A bank of clay extending across a slope may intercept percolating water and raise it near the surface. Fa- vored locations for orchards in the mountain States are often found in the narrow river valleys at the mouths of canyons. The coarse soil of these deltas, the steep slopes, and the daily occur- rence of winds which blow first out of the canyons and then back into them, afford excellent conditions for the pro- duction of highly flavored fruits at the minimum risk of being injured by frost. Proper exposure is another impor- tant factor. In the warmer regie J of the West and Southwest a northern exposure is sometimes best, but as a rule the orchards of the West require warmth and sunshine, and a southerly exposure is usually most desirable. Nat- ural barriers frequently intercept the sweep of cold, destructive winds, and when these are lacking, wind-breaks may be planted to serve the same purpose. Depressions or sheltered coves should be avoided if the cold air has a tendency to collect in them, a free circulation of air being necessary to drive away frost. The low-lying lands seem to be the most subject to cold, stagnant air. While experience has shown that orchard trees of nearly all kinds can be successfully grown on soils that differ widely in their mechanical and chemical composition, it has also shown that cer- tain types of soils are best adapted to particular kinds of trees. Thus the best peach, almond, apricot and olive orchards of the West are found on the _______ lighter or sandier loams ; the best apple, T f~ cherry, and pear orchards on heavier loams ; while walnut, prune and orange orchards do best on medium grades of soil. The require- ments of all, however, are a deep, rich and well-drained soil. Typical Water Supplies for Orchards. Formerly most western orchards were supplied with water through earthen ditches. These leaky, unsightly channels, by reason of their cheapness, would have been quite generally retained had it not teen for the increasing value and scarcity of water. The value of water for irrigation purposes has in- creased beyond the average of that given by the census report of 1902 over 300 per cent. In many localities there is likewise great scarcity at certain times. These rapidly changing con- ditions have induced many water companies to save some of their heavy losses in conveying water supplies by substituting pipes for open ditches in earth, or else by making the ditches watertight by an impervious lining. The high value and scarcity of the water in natural streams have likewise induced orchardists to install pumping plants to raise water from underground sources. It was esti- mated that in 1909 20,000 of these plants were in operation in California alone. In other parts of the West reservoirs are being built to supplement the late summer flow of streams which fail to provide enough water for all. The few typical examples which follow may not only give the reader an idea of how orchards are supplied with water, but indicate also the cutsomary division into tracts to serve this and other purposes. The Lewiston Basin is located where Clearwater River flows into the Snake River in western Idaho, and varies from 700 to 1,900 feet above sea level. A few years ago water was brought from neighboring creeks and stored in a reser- voir. The water required for orchard irrigation is conducted from this reservoir under pressure in two lines of redwood stave pipes over the rolling hills which separate the reservoir from the orchard lands. On these lands contour lines were first established, and each quarter section was afterwards di- vided into 40-acre tracts by 60- foot streets. These were fur- ther subdivided into eight 5-acre tracts, with a 20-foot alley I L BftYDEN AVE. OOOO 0 O O O O oooooo o o o o o o o oooooooo oooooo OOOO g_g !_QJX"'O o o o 5QOA o o o-o o o o o. o o o o oooooooo OOOO. OOOO oooooooo oooooooo oooooooo oooooooo o o o o o o_o o o d"o~o.'<> o o o o • o o. oooooo o~o o o o 00^ OOOO oooooooo oooooooo OOOO Oj£> O O o c o c c c o o o c c c o o O C c c c c o o o o o o o c o c O 0 o o 330'0 5.00A 282', 279.'72 500A 33O'O 276. '74 BURRELL AYE. Figure I. through the center. Figure 1, showing block 28 of the sur- vey, indicates the general arrangement. The large conduits from the reservoir are connected to smaller lateral pipes laid in the alleys, and these in turn are tapped by 3-inch pipes, which furnish water to the 5-acre tracts. The town of Corona, Cal.. is hemmed in on all sides by- lemon and orange orchards. The chief water supply for these groves comes from Ferris Basin, 40 miles distant. The Temes- cal Water Company owns 3,600 acres of water-bearing lands in this basin, and at favorable points pumping plants have been installed. These plants are operated by motors supplied with current from a central generating station located at Ethenac. 510 THE IRRIGATION AGE. The discharge from each pump is measured over a rectangu- lar wier having an automatic register. This device is shown in Figure 2. Small lined channels convey the water from the pumps to the mam conduit shown in cross-section in Figure 3. The concrete lining of this conduit is composed of one part cement to seven parts sand and gravel, having a thick- ness on the slopes of 2 1/2 inches and on the bottom of 3 to 4 inches. The lining is rendered still more impervious by the addition of a plaster coat one-fourth of an inch in thickness, composed of one part of cement to two parts of sand. The cost was 5l/2 cents per square foot, or 55 cents per linear foot. The main conduit consists of about 30 miles of lined canal and 10 miles of piping 30 inches in diameter. The groves Figure II. • are laid out as a rule in 10-inch tracts, and piping of various kinds conveys the water from the main to the highest point of each tract, from which it is distributed between the rows in furrows. A large part of the water used by the Riverside Water Company is pumped from the gravelly bed of the Santa Ana River. From thence it is conveyed in a main canal to the or- chard lands and distributed to the groves in cement and vitri- fied clay pipes. The owner of a tract, whether it be 10, 20, 30 or 40 acres in extent, receives his supply at the highest corner through a hydrant box. Each hydrant box not only allows the water to p;.ss from the end of a lateral pipe to the head flume of the tract to be irrigated, but also measures the amount in miner's inches under a 4-inch pressure head as it passes through. A section of the hydrant box showing the adjustable steel slides to regulate the opening is given in Figure 4. On the Gage Canal system in Riverside County, Cal., the water supply for the tiers of 40-acre tracts is taken from the canal in riveted :.teel pipes varying from 6 to 10 inches in diameter. These larger mains are connected with 4, 5 and 6- inch lateral pipes of the same material, which convey the water to the highest point of each 10-acre tract. This general ar- rangement is shown in the sketch, Figure 5. Clearing and Grading Land For Fruit. As a rule fruit trees are planted on land previously cul- tivated and cropped. One of the best preparatory crops for orchards is alfalfa. This vigorous plant breaks up the soil and fit SmA %t focft ptostrr I 2%/nctr cancrtrt Figure III. subsoil by its roots, collects and stores valuable plant foods, and when it is turned under at the end of the second or third year leaves the soil in much better condition for the re- tention of moisture and the growth of young trees. In the Bitter Root Valley, Montana, new land is first plowed 8 to 12 inches deep, then carefully graded and smoothed and seeded to red clover for one or two seasons. On the west side of this valley pine trees and pine stumps are encountered. These can best be removed by burning. A hole 1l/2 inches in diameter is bored through the base of the stump or tree in a slanting direction. It is near the surface of the ground on the windward side and about 18 inches above the surface on •- •; i- - ° ° , . 9 L . 9 . 9 ^ 9 P._/"_-° ° Sly 4-[4- oooooooo > IRON PL4TE crwwr Figure IV. the leeward side. A fire is then built in the hole, using small twigs to start it. As the fire burns the opening is increased and larger limbs are inserted. In two or three days the stump will have burned out, the fire burning down into the roots to a depth of 12 to 14 inches. The cost of such clearing varies with the character of the land and the density of the growth. From $10 to $15 an acre will clear the land of stumps and it then costs $5 to $10 to get the unburnt roots plowed out and the land ready for planting. In recent years large areas of wooded lands in both the Hood River and Rogue River Valleys of Oregon have beert cleared in order to plant apple trees. One of the methods em- ployed in the Hood River district to rid the land of its growth of fir, pine, scrub oak and laurel is similar to that just de- scribed. Another method consists' in splitting open the stumps with giant powder and then pulling out the roots with a stump puller. Stump pullers of various kinds are used in California '• ~:':<~y ' •' ^Irrigating Flume LINCOLN AVENUE Figure V. for a like purpose. The most powerful of these consists of a portable engine, windlass and cable similar to an ordinary hoisting plant. A heavy chain is fastened to the tree at the proper height above the ground. To this chain the pulling cable is hooked raid when the power is applied the tree is pulled out by the roots. In New Mexico and Texas the mesquite is usually grub- bed out by Mexicans, but in California, where labor costs more, such shrubs as mesquite, manzanita and chaparral can be more cheaply removed by a stout pair of horses and a logging chain. An effort should be made to establish a fairly uniform grade from top to hottcm of each tract. This is done by cutting off the high points and depositing the earth thus ob- tained in the depressions. The length of the furrows should not exceed one-eighth of a mile and in sandy soil they should be shorter. As a rule, it is not difficult to grade the surface THE IKKIGATION AGE. 511 of an orchard so that small streams of water will readily flow in furrows from top to bottom. Locating the Tree Rows. In setting out orchards which are to be irrigated, the ele- vation of the surface of the ground should first be ascertained. This is usually done by making a contour survey by which each tract is divided up into a number of curved strips or belts by level lines, the vertical distance between them in this par- ticular case being 1 foot. With these as a guide the direction of the three rows an be readily determined. Where the trees are watered in basins or checks, flat slopes are not so objectionable, but in furrow irrigation a slope of about 2 inches to the 100 feet is necessary to insure an even distribution of water. When streams are to be run in the furrows the slope of the furrows may be increased to 8, 10, and even to 12 inches to the 100 feet. On slopes varying from 10 to 40 feet to the mile, the tree rows may therefore be located at the proper distance apart down the steepest slope. Under such conditions the trees are most commonly planted in squares. The location of the trees can be best fixed by the use of a sur- veyor's transit and steel tape. When these are not available, a woven-wire cable about three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter will answer the purpose. If apple trees are to be set out and it is desired to have them 32 feet apart, tags are inserted between the strands of the cable to mark this exact dis- tance. A base line at the proper distance from the fence or one margin of the field is then laid down and long sighting stakes driven at each tag. The corner is then turned with a 100-foot tape or link chain. First measure from the end of the base line a distance of 30 feet. Hold the one- hundred end of the chain at this point, ?nd the 10-foot link at the corner; take the tape or chain at the 50-foot mark or link and pull both lines taut. A stake driven at this vertex will establish a point on a line at right angles to the first. When stakes have been set on all four sides the inter- mediate locations for the trees can be readily ascertained by sighting between corresponding marginal stakes. Where the slope is steep and difficulties are likely to be encountered in distributing water, the equilateral, hex- agonal, or septuple method of planting, as it is variously termed, should be adopted. The manner of marking the ground for this method is indicated in Figure 6. It will be observed that in this method the ground is divided up into equilateral triangles, with a tree at each vertex. The trees observer who visits the old orange groves of Riverside, Cal., the deciduous orchards of the Santa Clara Valley, California, or the apple orchards of the Hood River district in Oregon. Under irrigation systems peach trees should be spaced 20 to 22 feet, olive, pear, apricot, and cherry trees from 22 to 28 and 30 feet, orange trees 22 to 24 feet, apple trees 30 to 36 feet, and walnut trees from 48 to 56 feet apart. On the Pacific coast the tendency toward wide spacing has induced many growers to insert peach fillers between other slower maturing trees, such as the apple and walnut. A com- mon practice in this direction is shown in Figure 7, which represents the arrangement of trees in a young orchard in Douglas County, Wash. Here the trees are set in squares 18 feet each way, bu: in every other row peach trees alternate with the standard ?pple trees. In the remaining rows wine- sap apple trees are used for fillers. As the apple trees grow Fig. 7. — Plan o Figure VII. f planting apple trees with peach trees as fillers:A, Trees as planted at first; B, peach trees removed; C, Winesap removed. and begin to crowd the fillers, the peach trees are removed f more space is required the winesaps can be taken out leaving the apple trees in squares 36 feet apart both ways. (Continued in September number.) T Figure VI. likewise form hexagons, and when one includes the center tree of each hexagon they form groups of sevens. Hence the name equilateral, hexagonal, and septuple. The chief advantage of this mode of planting in irrigated districts is that it provides three and often four different directions in which furrows may be run. Having the choice of so many, it is not difficult to select the one which is best for any particular tract. The ground can likewise be culti- vated in more ways and about one-seventh more trees can be planted to a given area than is possible in the square method. In the past the trees of irrigated orchards have been planted too close. This is made clear to even the casual MEXICO COMING IN FORCE. I HE best news that has come to the headquarters of the Eighteenth National Irrigation congress, Pueblo, September 26-30, concerning foreign representatives, is that the Republic of Mexico will be officially represented. Secretary R. H. Faron of the board of control of the congress has word from Dr. E. McQueen Gray of Al- buquerque, New Mexico, the foreign secretary of the congress, to this effect. Dr. Gray, who is president of the University of New Mexico, has been working on this for some time. Dr. Gray says he has a letter from Enrico Creel, sec- retary of state for the Republic of Mexico, saying the republic will have a fitting official representative. This is cheering news at congress headquarters. There have been grave doubts as to the participation by Mexico officially. The diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico have not been the best, nor have they between this country and South and Central America. Therefore Dr. Gray has had considerable doubt all along as to the outcome of his negotiations with those countries, and at no time has promised headquarters that any participation would result. However, in his usual emphatic and persuasive way, he has kept at it until he has won out in his efforts with Mexico. Secretary of State Creel, to whom Dr. Gray refers, is one of the noted statesmen of Mexico. He was former governor of the state of Chihuahua, and at one time was Mexican ambassador to the United States. He performed some notable services at Washington. It was only a few months ago that he visited Washington as a special rep- resentative of his country and conducted some extremely delicate negotiations. The congress officials are elated over the work of Dr. Gray and commend him highly. "It only shows hov» efficient he is in this position," said Secretary Faxon today. Dr. Gray also says he expects to visit congress head- quarters here about the middle of next month, when he will have further important news. It is hoped the foreign representatives at Pueblo may run as high as 35; or possibly 40. 512 THE IRRIGATION AGE. CIMARRON, KAN., NEW FIELD FOR IRRIGATION. WITHIN the past year the eyes of those interested in irrigation have been turned toward Cimarron, Kan- sas, "On the New Santa Fe Trail." This thriving little city is the county seat of Gray county and is situated between Garden City and Dodge City, on the main line of the A. T. & S. F. Railway and on the great and fertile Arkansas valley. The cause for the revival of irrigation here is the rehabilitation of the old Soule ditch under the supervision of the Arkansas Valley Irrigation & Construction Co. The plan of this new ditch is tremendous in its scope and is based on a rather new plan. There are no pumps, although the water is taken direct from the Arkansas river underflow. There is no dam, or to be more accurate, the project is independent of any dam. The principle is simplicity itself. It is the sump canal or seepage system, by which the water is made to flow directly from the underflow by gravity out into the ditch. A long canal is dug parallel to the river. The underflow does the rest. The water percolates through the sands of the river bot- tom in vast quantities and flows in crystal stream into the canal which is merely a continuation of the ditch proper. The water is as clear and cold as that from a mountain spring. Already a sufficient flow has been secured to irrigate 15,000 acres, although the sump canal is not more than yards, telephone exchange, drug store, two or three restaurants and hotels, a couple of refreshment parlors, millinery stores, etc. Cimarron has on paper, the Jack- sonian, which has been printed here for 26 years, and which has become known as one of the powers of western Kansas in boosting the fertile domain of the Arkansas valley. There are several enterprising real estate firms, lawyers, doctors and other lines usually found. A visitor who once came to Cimarron, a newspaper man, wrote up his impressions upon returning to his home and he said, ''Cimarron has class." That expresses it in a nutshell. Cimarron is unlike the ordinary country town. There are few false board fronts. There is a garage made of concrete which is modeled on the style of a public library. The tasty fitting of one of the department stores has already been mentioned. There is a large three- story hotel building which is modeled after the picturesque buildings of Italy and France, being of red brick with red hip roof. Cimarron has class. It is an individuality of its own. All the buildings are kept freshly painted and in good repair. From the freshly painted terra cotta colored schoolhouse with its green roof, on the hill, to the smiling valley of alfalfa patches below, Cimarron has class. The opening of the new sump irrigation project is sure to attract the eyes of the world to Cimarron as nothing has before. Already five or six farmers have signed up for water rights and are using the crystal underflow water on their •HI III I TK I JOB- Panoramic View half finished. There is now no doubt whatever that the project is a grand success. Cimarron lies on the gentle slope on the n^rth bank of the Arkansas, and is one of the prettiest towns in western Kansas. It is heavily wooded and is one of the best kept towns in the state, having a complete curb sys- tem on the streets, many fine lawns and elegant residences, an electric lighting system and everything neat and well tended. The streets are dressed .with a peculiar gypsum found in the neighborhood which makes a pavement equal to asphalt or macadam, being smooth and free from 'lust. Two substantial banks take care of the financial wel- fare of the community, the Gray County State Bank and the Citizens' State Bank. The deposits are over $200.000. The assessed valuation of the city is about a million dollars. The mercantile interests are so well taken care of here that Cimarron draws trade from a radius of from forty to fifty miles, or from five or six outlying counties. There are three large department stores, which are equal to most stores in cities of 5,000. One of them is finished entirely in mission style, with weathered oak stain, plate glass counters, cash carrier system, goods elevator, and metropolitan display windows. Another has a floor space of 80 by 100 feet. There is one exclusive hardware store, two lumber alfalfa, making it yield profusely. The community in the valley has a great future before it when the section is planted to truck gardens, cantaloupes, alfalfa, sugar beets, corn, grain, etc. The wheat crop on the uplands of Gray county was very large this year, 1910, so it should not be inferred that this is too dry to farm without irrigation. In a strip two miles wide from the river to the south line of Gray county a man counted over 500 stacks of wheat, even though only about one-fifth of the land is under the plow. When it is all broken up great will be the returns. At this writing, August, corn is giving fine prospect, also broom- corn and feed crops. Loss BY EVAPORATION. Where a right to the use of water is acquired through and by the construction of a ditch tapping any source of water sup- ply, and the users thereafter elect to take the water thus di- verted from other points on_the stream, .due allowance must be made for loss by evaporation, including such loss as may occur under different methods of use and distribution, which loss must, so far as practicable Sf ascertainment, be deducted from the quantity awarded under the original diversion and method of use. Hough v. Porter. Supreme Court of Oregon. 98 Pacific 1083. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 513 Supreme Court Decisions Irrigation Cases TERMINATION OF WATER RIGHTS. Revocation of a license to use a ditch does not terminate the licensee's water rights. Ison v. Sturgill. Supreme Court of Oregon. 109 Pacific 579. ADVERSE USER. The adverse, i-xcltisive, continuous, and uninterrupted use of water from a stream for 10 years raises a presumption of title against an unasserted right. Ison v. Sturgill. Supreme Court of Oregon. 109 Pacific 579. RIGHT OF WAY. A letter acknowledging a request for a right of way for an irrigation ditch £-r,d stating "Go ahead. The more ditches you build, the better it will suit me" — granted a right of way, and not a mere revocable license. Shaw v. Protttt. Supreme Court of Oregon. 109 Pacific 584. RIGHTS OF LANDOWNERS. The owners of land through which an irrigation ditch was maintained could not take water therefrom nor interfere with the appropriator's use of the water, even if the ditch was main- tained under a revocable license. Shaw v. Pro&tt. Supreme Court of Oregon. 109 Pacific 584. APPROPRIATION. When, tor the purpose of diverting water for a beneficial use, a ditch is commenced, and within a reasonable time the work thereon is prosecuted to completion, the water turned into it and applied to the use therein, the right to the appro- priation, to the extent of the quantity diverted and applied, re- lates back to the commencement of the work. Hough v. Por- ter. Supreme Court of Oregon. 98 Pacific 1083. RIGHTS AS TO UNUSED WATER. Whenever waters of a mill race appropriation were not in use, or were not needed to operate the mill, and were left in the stream, they were subject to appropriation and use by others during such times, at any point upon the river, either above or below the tail of the mill race, like any other unused or unappropriated waters of the stream. Windsor Reservoir & Canal Co. v. Hoffman Milling Co. Supreme Court of Colo- rado. 109 Pacific 421!. VOIDABLE ADJUDICATION OF WATER RIGHT. Though defendants' ditch when a decree was entered ad- judicating water right between them and plaintiffs would carry 3.2 cubic feet a second, and their land if irrigated would require that amount, if they had brought only 80 acres under irrigation so as to require only 1.6 feet a second, a decree ad- judicating to them the right to apply a greater amount was voidable on proper attack. Drach v. Isola. Supreme Court of Colorado. 109 Pacific 748. DAMAGES FOR DIVERSION. The venue of a suit for damages for injuries to real estate PERCOLATING WATERS. Where two or more persons own different tracts under- laid by porous material extending to and communicating with them all, which is saturated with water moving with more or less freedom therein, each has a common and correlative right to the water on his land to the full extent of his needs, if the common supply is sufficient, and to the extent of a reason- able share, if the supply is insufficient for all. Hudson v. Dailey. Supreme Court of California. 105 Pacific 748. SUBTERRANEAN WATERS FEEDING A STREAM. Where waters in an underground stratum are in such im- mediate connection with the surface stream as to make them part of the stream, defendant's land overlying the water is riparian to the stream and entitled to riparian rights with reference to such water. Hudson v. Dailey. Supreme Court of California. 105 Pacific 748. WATER RIGHTS. One may make an appropriation of water sufficient for the irrigation of land, the cultivation of which is then in contem- plation, and it is not necessary that it all be applied the first year, but it must be put to a beneficial use within a reasonable time, and, when so applied, the appropriation will relate to the date of the diversion or the commencement of the work there- on. Ison v. Sturgill. Supreme Court of Oregon. 109 Pacific 579. through the diversion of water of a stream, and for an in- junction to restrain the diversion thereof, is not controlled by Const, art. 6, § 5, requiring actions to quiet title to real estate to be commenced within the county in which the realty is situated, but is controlled by Code Civ. Proc. 392, subd. 1, requiring an action for injuries to real property to be tried in the county where the real estate is situated, and the suit may be brought in a county though property injured is situated elsewhere. Miller & Lux v. Mac/era Canal & Irrigation Co. Supreme Court of California. 99 Pacific 502. RIPARIAN RIGHTS — INJUNCTION. The flow of the water in a stream was often insufficient to irrigate the land of a riparian owner. The annual rainfall was slight, and, unless irrigated, the land was unfit for culti- vation. Overflow water, occasioned by floods, yearly deposited on the land fertilizing materials, increasing its productiveness and enhancing its \alue. The water overflowing the land was of great benefit to the riparian owner, and, if the flow of the waters was taken away, the land would become arid. Held to show that irreparable injury would result to the riparian owner if the dive.'sion of such waters w_as accomplished, and authorized equity to interfere by injunction restraining such diversion. Miller Pf Lux v. Madera Canal & Irrigation Co. Supreme Court of Calif otnia. 99 Pacific 502. 514 THE IRRIGATION AGE. WORK AT HOLLY, COLORADO. A Great Community, Reclaimed from the Desert, Now Thriving and Prosperous, with Happy Residents. HOLLY, Colorado, is located in the far famed Ar- kansas Valley in the east end of the state. This town, sprung in the last twelve years from a barren waste, bids fair to be one of the best towns in the eastern part of Colorado, in the near future. Holly, besides being on the main line of the Santa Fe, is also the terminal for the Arkansas Valley Railroad. This latter road was built through the farming districts lying along the north side of the Arkansas River, and extends from Holly to Rocky The Public School, Holly, Colo. Ford. The hundreds of thous'ands of acres of irrigated lands through which the road passes have been divided into small farms, and the Arkansas Valley traveller is impressed with the density of the population. To make ready markets for this thickly settled farm- ing country, towns have sprung up in the past two years on the Arkansas Valley road and Hartman, Bristol, Wiley, McClave, Cheraw and others, all have their name on the list of Colorado's thriving towns. Motor cars have now been placed on the Arkansas Valley road, thus giving the farmers and residents of these small towns easy access to Holly, the capital of this territory and market center for its thrifty people. Holly is the headquarters of the Arkansas Valley Sugar Beet and Irrigated Land Company. This company developed the great irrigating system adjacent to Holly, and originally owned the 80,000 acres of land watered by this system. The reservoirs which hold the storage waters to supply this land are the largest of their kind in the country. They cover 13.000 acres of land and con- tain 182,000 acre-feet of available water. Is it any wonder the farms of this territory produce the maximum returns per acre that it is possible to obtain from irrigated lands. About 50,000 acres of the original 80,000 have been sold.- The development that has come to Holly from the settling up of the 50,000 acres leaves little room for doubt that when the remaining 30,000 acres are settled. Holly will have more than doubled in size and importance. These lands are on the market now and are rapidly being settled up. Holly is also headquarters for the Holly Sugar Com- pany, which owns a factory at Holly capable of slicing 600 tons of beets per day and another at Swink with a capacity of 1200 tons per day. The Holly Sugar Company built the Arkansas Valley Railroad, for the purpose of giving the beet raisers an easy market for their crops. Here are some concrete facts about Holly: Altitude 3,400 feet — just right for health and comfort. Population, 1.500 and rapidly increasing. On the main line from Chicago to California on the Santa Fe Railroad. It is the Eastern terminal for the Arkansas Valley Railroad with sixteen passenger trains daily. Owns modern water works, the best water in the Arkansas valley. Owns a modern electric light plant. Owns a modern sewerage system. It has concrete sidewalks on all its streets. Its schools are the best; accredited with all the col- leges in the state. Four churches: Presbyterian, Metho- dist, Baptist and Catholic. Fraternal organizations are well represented. Holly has an opera house, two newspapers, two banks (deposits $250,000), beet sugar factory employing 210 men, ice plant, telephone system (700 subscribers), three auto- mobile garages, more than seventy-five business firms. A modern passenger station to cost $15,000 is under con- struction. Holly is an important center for cantaloupe shipping. Holly cantaloupes top the market. Hundreds of cars of alfalfa and millions of pounds of sugar are shipped from Holly every year. There are splendid opportunities for business locations at Holly, and the Holly Commercial Club is on the job to help anyone desiring to investigate any of Holly's many advantages. WATER IN SALT RIVER VALLEY. FARMERS in Salt River Valley, Arizona, are rejoicing in the approaching completion of Roosevelt Dam. The water stored behind this structure has already saved this year's crops from what probably would have been com- plete destruction from drouth. The normal flow of the river is lower than at any time during the last six years, and stored water to the extent of about 46,000 acre-feet was drawn from the reservoir during June. Up to July 1, a total of $38,706.95 had been received from the sale of water. More than 130,000 acres are now under irrigation. There is great activity in the valley in the sale of farm property. The sales run from V/2 acre tracts to quarter and half sections. A number of large tracts have been subdivided into 5, 10, 20 and 40 acres and are being dis- posed of to homeseekers. The value of lands at llie pres- Main Offices of the Arkansas Valley Sugar Beet & Irrigated Land Co.. and the Holly Sugar Company. Located at Holly, Colo. ent time under cultivation ranges from $75 to $500; raw lands from $60 to $250. The latter priced land of course, is that suited to the growing of citrus fruits. The value of cultivated lands at the time the project was initiated was $40 to $150 an acre, and raw land $10 to $50. Agricultural conditions at the present time appear to be in excellent shape, prices for farm products being uni- formly good. New hay is selling for $10 a ton, and new rolled barley at $1.25 a hundred weight. Various lines of business in the towns throughout the valley is also good, failures in mercantile lines being practically unheard of. THE IEEIGATION AGE. 515 HAPPY FARMERS IN FOUNTAIN VALLEY IX a beautiful valley 13 miles south of Colorado Springs. * Colo., lies the Fountain Valley Project, under the owner- ship of the Fountain Valley Land and Irrigation Company which is attracting more attention perhaps than any other project of similar size in the west. The soil in this valley is deep, rich and needs only water to make it productive of great wealth. During the past three years ranchmen on this fine tract of land have thoroughly demonstrated the fact that large crops of grain, alfalfa, beans, potatoes and in fact everything that will grow on good land can be produced here. The water supply is much more than the land will re- quire and the system is capable of covering a far greater area than is now supplied. A correspondent of THE IRRI- GATION AGE who has just returned from a trip over those lands, writing under date of August 3, says: "Rainfall to the depth of more than three inches covered this section of the country last week and it will not be necessary to use water from the reservoirs for some time to come. Crops of beans, beets and garden truck of all kinds are in fine condition and the yield promises to be large. All farmer? who are paying close attention to their crops are sure to get good returns this year. The irrigation Members of the Board of Engineers. Officers of the Army Who are Examining the Reclamation Service Projects of the West. Major Harry Burgess, Maior Win. \V. Harts, Major Chas. W. Kutz, Lieut. - Col. John Biddle, Lieut. -Col. Wm. C. Langfitt. system on this tract is proving all and more than has been claimed for it and has demonstrated the fact that the storage system is the one that must eventually be adopted by the irrigation companies in the west. While many of the oldest direct systems in Colorado have suffered somewhat from shortage of water this year, it being the dryest year known for a decade, the Fountain Valley lands have all the water, and more than can be used for its crops." Mr. George F. Washburn, County Judge, at Aurora, Xeb., a man well and favorably known throughout the west, has great faith in the Fountain Valley system and writes the following letter in regard to it: "After careful investigation of the various fertile valleys of Colorado, I very carefully looked over the lands owned by the Fountain Valley Land and Irrigation Com- pany, and on July 18 last, purchased from the company 80 acres near Fountain River. Since this purchase I have traveled more than 1,000 miles in the state of Colorado and during that journey there has been presented to me many opportunities for investment, but in my judgment the proposition offered by this company is by far the best of all and is most certain to bring large returns. My reasons are that the soil is rich and productive, the com- pany owns and operates an excellent irrigation system with sufficient storage reservoirs and plenty of water to take care of all their lands. This land is located on four main lines of railroad in the best civilization in the state, with a regular and constant market close at hand for everything produced at practically Chicago prices. From the appearance of the crops now growing on the com- pany's lands I am satisfied that with proper cultivation one can purchase a tract of this land and make it pay for itself in crops of wheat, oats, alfalfa, potatoes, beets, beans and other vegetables and small fruits and at the same time enjoy a residence in one of the most delightful climates in the United States and in sight of the grandest and most marvelous scenic wonders of the world." Settlers can buy land in this tract today at prices rang- ing at $115 per acre upward. This price, of course, includes full water rights, the only extra charge being the small main- tenance fee each year which is incident to all irrigation development. Farmers and others who contemplate the purchase of land in the west will be interested in the large number of letters from actual settlers who have made their home in Fountain Valley and we suggest that they will receive not only copies of these letters, but other most valuable information by writing to the Fountain Valley Land and Irrigation Company at Colorado Springs, Colo. TO PROTECT THE IMPERIAL VALLEY. A T the last session of Congress $1,000,000 was appro- *» priated for the work of restraining the Colorado river and protecting the Imperial Valley and every effort will be made to use this money for this purpose before the fall rains set in. The ranchers in the Imperial country recently appointed a commission of engineers to investi- gate the situation and they have reported that conditions are at work in the river below the international boundary and gradually working upward, and will, it is believed, in a short time lower the bed of the stream at least twenty feet. This would certainly destroy the Government dam at Lake Laguna and prevent an irrigation system on either side of the river. The Colorado river has cut a new and shorter channel into the gulf, the new route to the ocean taking it via the channel of the Abejos river in Mexico. By this shorter course the river has a more abrupt fall to the level of the sea and the swift current thereby created is cutting back or scouring the bed of the stream, thus rapidly lower- ing the river bed. If it continues it will lower the river some twenty feet at the intake of the Imperial Irriga- tion System and thus make it impossible to divert the water into the canal. Whether the , same system of cutting back would in time lower the river bed a long distance up stream to the extent of reaching the Laguna dam and undermining it is a question for engineers. As the dam is some fifteen miles above Yuma, the engineers report that according to their best belief the dam is in no immediate danger and may not be for a long time. Meanwhile a menacing situation undoubtedly con- fronts the Imperial Valley. How long it may take the river to scour out its channel of silt and drop below the head of the Imperial Canal is a problem, and the engineer.- are not prepared to make an official prediction as to this point, but privately they expressed the opinion that this will probably occur some time next winter if tlTe erratic conduct of the river continues. Two protective courses are open. One is to close the break into the Abejos river by a dam with a levee many miles in length to confine the river to its old channel. A levee five or six miles in length would be required at once in connection with the channel that leads into the Abejos river and ulti- mately there would 'have to be a levee probably twenty- five miles long to hold the river to its former channel. This would cost an immense sum of money and the Southern Pacific Road and the Government will have to join hands in order to provide it. Since part of the threatened territory lies in Mexico an international commission to deal with the matter has been suggested. President Taft recently bad a confer- ence with W. H. Holibird. receiver for the California De- velopment Company, and has also talked with army engineers as to the best means of controlling the river and protecting the great Imperial 'Valley. It is expected that President Taft will appoint a commission very soon and invite Mexico to join in the work. 516 THE IEKIGATION AGE. THE ARNO IRRIGATED DISTRICT. IN the Pecos Valley of Texas there lies a great district which is remarkable, not for its size nor its magnitude, but more for the completeness, stability and perfection of its construction and the fact that the system itself has been entirely completed without asking for the aid of the public and before an acre of land has been placed upon the general market. This fact is so unusual in the develop- ment of irrigation enterprises that it is worthy of special notice. The dams, main canals, principal laterals and head gates of the Arno district are all constructed and water is now running through them. It takes its water direct from the Pecos Valley through a gravity system and by means of a diversion dam. Sixteen thousand acres of extremely rich land lie in almost equal portions on each side of the Pecos Valley branch of the Santa Fe Railroad that leaves the main line at Wellington, Kas., and extends in a south- westerly direction through Kansas, Oklahoma, the Pan Handle of Texas and the Pecos Valley of New Mexico and Texas, having its terminus at the city of Pecos, Texas. This is the first system of any importance south of the Government works of irrigation of New Mexico. The The town '.-; growing rapidly and has daily passenger trains, daily mail, telegraphic and express offices and churches and school buildings of the most modern char- acter are now being planned. The Eastern offices of the Arno Irrigated Land Company are at 1210 Ft. Dearborn Building, Chicago. The main offices are at the Ori- ental Hotel Annex, Pecos, Texas, and at Arno, Texas. ROCKY FORD'S GREAT EXHIBIT. WHILE various sections of the state of Colorado are vying each other for supremacy in the character of their exhibits for the National Irrigation Exposition, Sep- tember 19-October 1, Pueblo, in connection with the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, September 26- 30, and trying to be foremost in preparing the same, Rocky Ford, in the Arkansas valley, has practically got its exhibit all arranged. W. W. Kearney is director of the local exhibit at Rocky Ford, and he is now proudly exhibiting his show- ing for the big event at Pueblo. He has it put away in a good safe place at Rocky Ford, and shows it off to strangers each day. There are 35 different displays of grasses, all tastily Headgates of the Arno Canal. At this point the canal taps the Pecos River and carries the water 15 miles to the waste-way, where the water is turni-d back to the river with a fall of 60 feet. system is constructed in the best possible manner and has been approved by the best engineers obtainable. It is owned by the Arno Co-operative Irrigation Com- pany and has no bonded indebtedness, no mortgage or debts of any kind except its current bills. Every man who becomes an owner of an acre of land under the Arno system becomes part owner in it and gets his water deed and will get his proportionate stock in 'he system which will be owned by the owners of the land. The entire system will be operated by the stock- holders and such expenses as will be incurred will be voted by the stockh aiders for the maintenance of the system just the same a= they would vote any tax for a public enterprise in which all citizens are interested. The water supply can never be exhausted and there is no 40-acre farm in this vast tract more than two miles from a railroad or more than three miles from a railroad station. All of these lands are adapted to the use of mod- ern machinery, and it is a fact that more modern machin- ery is used here than is to be found in the old and settled communities in the main district. The country is especially adapted to stock riising and the farmer has practically unlimited range. Just across from the main canal lie hundreds of acres of range land on which his cattle, horses and sheep may live, and thrive the year around without feed. Hogs can be raised on alfalfa in ,his country cheaper thfin in the corn belt. The principal town in this district i-> Arno, 20 miles north of the city of Pecos. Lots are now being fold to settlers at prices ranging at from .$50 to ?:.00 oer lot. arranged, and all showing off Otero and Rocky Ford dis- trict possibilities to good advantage. There are 15 vari- eties of wheat, oats, and barley, of flax and of alfalfa. There are also, melantus, timothy, orchard grass, wild rye, clover, millet, speltz and various others. Besides, Rocky Ford has exhibits of its famous fruit and truck, and will have still other features in its splendid showing at Pueblo. Meanwhile, the country to the north of Rocky Ford, on the Missouri Pacific main line, is not behind, and is spending a good deal of money under the direction of experts to arrange suitable exhibits that will prove the efficiency of the soil and climate of the famous Olney- Ordway-Sugar City district. Holly has spent a good deal of money, mostly for local prizes for fine exhibits, and is rapidly collecting the various items into one big, fine exhibit. Lamar and other places are doing the same. On the western slope, there is the same activity, principally as to fine fruit displays, and in the San Luis valley, a meeting of the San Luis Valley commercial Association this week will take definite steps toward a comprehensive demonstration on the part of that section. Northern Colorado is also manifesting interest, and will not be found wanting, letters daily received here state. The rivalry of Colorado sections over the exposition also enhances the Irrigation congress, and insure fin*1 attendance from all over the state at both the big events in Pueblo the last two weeks of September. THE IREIGATION AGE. 517 Raisin&Crops ^**sSH88ss«^ Ci^r Ji -^ -^ In the San Joaquin Valley California will make you independent. The ambitious man or woman who wishes a home, friends, a comfortable living, and money in the banks to insure against future want, will find in the San Joaquin Valley what he is looking for Here are 10,000,000 fertile acres, with an abund- ance of water for irrigation coming from the ever present snows of the High Sierras. The clear, warm California sunshine compels a sturdy, healthy plant growth. Every staple crop is profitable here. Nature is on your side. All that you need is reasonable industry and success is certain. The man of small capital can get quick returns from vegetables, alfalfa, hogs, dairying and poultry. A few acres intelligently handled will support a family while the orchard and vineyard is coming into bearing. If it were possible for you to meet and talk with the hundreds of men who came to the valley with little and who now are prospering, as I have done, you would be as enthusiastic as I am over the future of the country Let me send you a 72-page book, telling in plain language what others are doing and have done. For instance, it tells of Mr. S. W. Williams, Tulare, Cal., who last year sold $3,000 worth of milk from 30 cows; of Mr. C. S. Baxter, Merced, Cal., who sold $7,200 worth of milk from 60 cows and got $1,200 for his surplus alfalfa. You can go to California this fall for only $33 from Chicago, $32 from St. Louis, $25 from Missouri River, if you start any day, August 25 to September 9 or October 1 to 15. Tickets honored in Santa Fe Tourist sleepers on payment of berth If you ask for it, I also will send you our journal, The Earth, free for six months. Chas. L. Seagraves, Gen. Colonization Agent, A. T. & S. F. Ry. System, 1110. Railway Exchange, Chicago, I1L Alfalfa $50 acre Oranges $300aore Peaches $150 acre Grapes $100 acre Vegetables $250 acre Dairy $100acre Fi£s $125 acre Poultry$lg-Vrhennet 518 THE IRRIGATION AGE. LOW CHARGING MIXER. THE Eclipse Concrete Mixer manufactured by The Standard Scale & Supply Co. of Pittsburgh, Chicago, Philadelphia and New York has gained so in popularity that the manu- facturers have had to enlarge their plant in order to meet the demand for mixers. They had sold in the first few months of this vear more machines than the whole of last ket. The charging platform is only 24 inches high and is that the mixer is moving, having four streams continually portable with the outfit, thus elminating all high wheeling and The drum, which is of the heaviest material, is cylindrical in shape, having blades and deflectors so arranged that the material is cut and divided and thrown over every second the expense of tearing down and rebuilding the platform every time the mixer is moved. season. The United States Government has purchased sev- eral, also several of the large railroads and largest contrac- tors. One large contracting concern purchased a car load after testing their first machine. The Eclipse is the only low charging mixer on the mar- pouring into each other. The front of the drum is entirely open, allowing the operator to see the entire batch while it is mixing and can determine whether the batch is too wet or too dry without discharging same. A series of circularly arranged blades located at the TURN ALFALFA INTO BEEF AND MUTTON The irrigated lands at Uva, Wyoming, offer the best mixed farms and stock finishing in all North America. They grow anything that will grow anywhere in the Middle West, but stock feed- ing pays best. Hay and grain turned into meat multiply the money. Only a few hours from Denver, on the new through line between Seattle and Galveston. Big yields of everything, especially alfalfa and sugar beets. Quick markets. $37.50 to $60.00 per acre. Ten years for payment. Plenty of farm help. Good schools. Telephones. R. F. D. There are hundreds of miles of Government range lands close by,frtc to all, where farmers run their cattle and sheep nine months in the year. Two or three months' feeding at the home farm on home-grown alfalfa and grain finishes them for market. They are all making money there. Better homes, better climate, less work and more profit than in the Middle States. Look into the facts. Write us or call, straight away. It's your move. O'NEILL LAND COMPANY AGENTS 1202 Marquette Bldg. CHICAGO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKKIGATION AGE. 519 charging end of drum makes it impossible for the concrete to slop out no matter how sloppy it may be. The discharge, which is semi-automatic, can be operated from either the charging or discharging end. This is a feat- ure no other machine has. The discharge chute is high enough from the ground to permit of wheelbarrows or carts to be placed under same. It is furnished with any kind of power to suit the customer, such as steam, gas or gasoline engine, electric or compressed air motor. The whole outfit is mounted on a substantial truck with wide rimmed wheels. All working parts are housed and all bearings furnished with grease cups. It is the simplest, strongest and mo»t portable outfit on the market. The drum is carried on four rollers, thus taking the weight off of the gears and is driven by two gears instead of one, thus giving twice the wearing quality as compared with other machines. The manufacturers back it up with a guarantee to save 20 per cent in labor. The accompanying illustration shows the charging end of mixer mounted with gasoline engine and housing removed. Anyone desiring further information or price may secure same by addressing any of the following addresses: 1345-47 Wabash avenue, Chicago, 243-245 Water Street, Pittsburgh, 35 South Fourth street, Philadelphia, 136 West Broadway, New York. A NEW PRINCIPLE IN STEEL FORMS. THE Miracle, Collapsible Steel Forms comprise a fun- damentally good idea, carefully worked out, tested and tried under conditions of actual use and found to be all that the inventors hope for in the construction of cul- verts, sewers and conduits in concrete. These forms re- duce the first cost of concrete culverts and take the place of the wood culvert wherever good road building is prac- ticed. Corrugated metal culverts have had their day and the Collapsible Steel Forms are already working a revo- lution in all underground concrete work. The principal features of these forms is that they are smooth, level and without ridges and are practically everlasting. Any num- ber of forms can be used, according to -the requirements of the stream to be crossed. These forms are now being used in large numbers in those states where good road building is recognized as a vital necessity in the development of the country and the large number of highly commendatory letters re- ceived from public officials in those states are the best evidence of their great value. Parties interested should address the Miracle Pressed Stone Company, Minneapolis, Minn. HOW IS THIS FOR HIGH? OAT FIELD NEAR ST. ANTHONY Irrigated Crops Never Fail The Upper Snake River Valley in Idaho has the Soil, the Sunshine and the Water. More than fifty large canals now completed and owned by the_ farmers of pur county. Guaran- teed water rights sufficient, with lands that yield 6 tons of alfalfa, fifty bushels of wheat, 100 bushels of oats, 600 bushels of onions or potatoes, and 20 tons of sugar beets per acre. Fine Climate. For information and illustrated booklet write C. C. Moore Real Estate Co. ST. ANTHONY or ASHTON, IDAHO Buy the Hay Press That Pays For Itself In the Shortest Time THERE is no question but that you should bale your hay, whether you are going to feed it on your farm or sell it. There is always a ready market for baled hay. It brings top-notch prices — is easy to handle — occupies less space — keeps fresh, sweet, and free from dust. Baled hay well kept is worth from 25 to 50 per cent more for feeding purposes than loose hay exposed to the weather. There is no waste with baled hay. But — If you pay someone else to bale your hay for you it eats up your profit. An I H C Pull Power Hay Press will pay for itself by the saving it makes the first year if you raise an average amount of hay. With it you can do your baling at odd times with your own help and save the expense and delay of having it done by a customs press. The I H C hay press is simple, well constructed, and exerts greater pressure with the same amount of power than any other press of equal size. It is easy on the horses, light in draft, durable, satisfactory. I H C hay presses are operated by horse power or gasoline engine. The one-horse press has 14x18 in., bale chamber: the two-horse press has 14x18 in., 16x18 in., or 17x22 in. bale chamber. The International motor baling press is furnished with 14x18 in., 16x18 in. or 17x22 in. bale chamber, and 3, 4, or 6-horsepower I H C gasoline engine. One of these strong, right-working, fast-baling presses will save all of your hay in the best possible condition. When you have the time, you can add to your income by doing work for your neighbors. Call on the International local dealer for a catalogue and full particulars, or, write nearest branch house. WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES: Denver, Col.; Helena, MOD!.; Portland, Ore.; Spokane, Wain.; Salt Uke City, Utah; San Francisco, Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA (Incorporated ) Chicago USA I-H-C LINE. LOOK FOR THE I. H. C. TRIDE HIM. IT IS I SEIl «F E1CEUEHCE ISO I CIIMUTEE OF OlUUtt When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 520 THE IRKIGATION AGE. No. 3. Traction Gasoline Machine crossing the high Sierras of Eastern Washington, where fuel and water are not to be had. We made the 25 mile move in 8 hours, using 20 gallons of gasoline at 19c per gal. We had no team nor needed any. The one in the picture did not belong to the machine. THE DESERT DRILL This is a Standard KEYSTONE Traction Cable Drill driven by a two cylinder double opposed gasoline engine- Size 3 has a 22 H. P. engine and is guaranteed for 500 ft. depths. Size 5 has a 30 H. P. engine and is guaranteed for 1000 ft. with manilla cable or 1500 ft. with wire line. Requires no fuel but gasoline. Requires no water except for cooling engine and a little for the hole. Will go anywhere on its own power. Ask for Bulletin No. 7 KEYSTONE MOTOR DRILL WORKS Beaver Falls, Pa. No. 3 Traction Gasoline Drilling in Eastern Washington, using 500 ft. of 2'4 in. cable and cutting 10 in. hole. Has 28 ft. string of tools with 3 '4 x 22 ft. stem. This drilling was all hard basalt boulders and our best day's work was 50 ft., using 15 gal. of distillate at 13 cents per gallon. NEW YORK STATE INTERESTED. ""PHE formation of "Agricultural Improvement Associa- 1 tion of the State of New York," with noted railroad- men, publicists, Eastern boosters, and farseeing citizens generally, with the adoption of the National Irrigation Congress' "home-making on the land" motto, is a move- ment that is likely to produce a substantial delegation from New York at the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress, Pueblo, September 26-30. Word of this organization in New York was conveyed immediately to Secretary Arthur Hooker and other con- gress officials here, and the assurance given that there would be representation from the new movement at the big congress here next fall. This organization was formed at a recent meeting held in New York City, addressed by Secretary James Wilson of the United States department of agriculture and pro- ceedings of the conference will shortly be issued. Weld- ing Ring, president of the New York Produce Exchange, was one of the movers in the campaign, and has written Secretary Hooker expressing his desire to cooperate with the National Irrigation Congress in its development work. President W. C. Brown of the New York Central lines is another interested person in this movement, and he has also written Secretary Hooker relative to the mat- ter. Mr. Brown was invited by the board of governors of the National Irrigation Congress to address the Eigh- teenth sessions at Pueblo, September 26-30, but writes that he expects to be in Europe at the time and cannot accept the invitation. He expresses his good wishes, however, for the congress, and says there should be close cooperation in all endeavors along improvement and de- velopment lines that have to do with better agricultural conditions throughout the country and especially in the East. Vice-President George T. Nicholson of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe is also interested in this cooperation and cites approvingly the work of the colonization and in- dustrial departments of his road. Mr. Nicholson has been appointed a delegate to the Eighteenth congress by Gov- ernor Deneen of Illinois, and will make an endeavor to be present. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one yew, and X the Primer of Irrigation, a 260-page finely illustrated £ work for new beginners in irrigation. A 40 acre cultivated farm near Colorado Springs, Col- orado. J4 mile from town; traversed by 5 lines of railroad. Near School and Irrigation Age farm. Fine for fruit truck. Address J. E. P., care IRRIGATION AGE, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. The Chas, T, Manning Realty Go,, Ltd, SOLEJ SALES AGENTS The Gooding Townsite Company, Ltd, RESIDENCE LOTS. BUSINESS LOCATIONS. Improved — Irrigated Lands — Unimproved. GOODING, IDAHO. THE IRKIGATION AGE. 521 Reclamation Notes CALIFORNIA. An injunction has been issued to Wm. Wentz, B. F. Hol- lenbeak and W. I. Albaugh of Redding, against M. J. Barum and B. F. Helfrigh. The plaintiffs allege that they have used 311 inches of water of Pitt river for thirty-five years, and that the defendants are depriving them of the use of this water and appropriating it for their own use. The injunction, which is a temporary one, restrains Barum and Helfrigh from interfering with the irrigating ditch, and will be made permanent if the defendants do not show cause to the contrary. The Tulloch irrigation system has been transferred to the South San Joaquin and the Oakdale Irrigation Districts, each of which paid $325,000 for the property. They will own and operate it jointly. The system supplies water to a por- tion of each district, and controls valuable water-rights in the Stanislaus river. New systems will be constructed by both districts, using as much of the old canals as may be feasible, and a joint dam will be built across the Stanislaus river above Knight's Ferry. Bonds to the amount of $459,000 have been issued and bear 5 per cent interest. Messrs. Wooster and Sanborn, representing the Solano- Yolo Land and Water Company, of San Francisco, visited Winters recently and laid plans for a new irrigation canal to extend from Putah Canyon through the Wolfskil! and McMahon tracts and thence to Dixon and Elmira. This will place all lands between Elmira, Dixon, Tremont and Win- ters under an irrigation system. The company will construct two reservoirs, one in Coyote Valley and one at the Devil's Gate in Putah Canyon. Water will be taken from Putah Creek, about seven miles west of Winters, on the Solano side. M. N. Sheldon and Gep. W. Harney of Marysville have purchased the Peter Kerrigan ranch near Encinal, Sutler County, for $20.000. This ranch will be cut up into small tracts and placed under an irrigation ditch. Suit has been filled against the Sacramento Valley Irriga- tion Company by Logan Cecil of Willows, Glenn County, in which he seeks to have the court restrain the irrigation company from building canals and ditches which will empty water into Willow Creek. Cecil claims that the overflow of the creek, through the work of the company, has damaged his property to a large extent. E. H. Mecum has installed a four-inch centrifugal pump at the Mecum and Papst orchard just south of Orland. The water is pumped from a well seven feet in diameter. This well furnishes water to irrigate a 20-acre orange and lemon orchard. Papers have been hied with the county recorder at Red Bluff by the Sacramento Irrigation Company, organized under the laws of Oregon, whereby the use of 80,000 inches of flowing water in the Sacramento River is claimed. This water is to be used in operating a pumping plant to divert water from the river for the purpose of irrigating lands in the Antelope Valley east of Red Bluff. The company also claims 5.000 inches of water for irrigation purposes, to be used in irrigating the lands above mentioned. Len A. Walton, a fruitgrower near Yuba City, is boring a deep well on his place for irrigation purposes. Idaho Irrigated Improved Farm Bargain 713 acres finest soil, all level, tillable, old decreed water rights. Ideal alfalfa, stock and fruit locality. Railroads close range. Terms, write BOX 85, HAILEY, IDAHO. The Twentieth Century Irrigation System OR The System of the Future THE ONLY ONE OF THE KIND IN COLORADO Water conducted onto land entirely through pipe lines. 105 feet of Beaver Creek water rights. Three miles of main pipe line, 42 inches in diameter, made of 2 inch Oregon fir lumber, with %" steel bands every 4 to 6 inches. 37 miles of cement pipe laterals, from 8 to 24 inches in diameter, laid 18 inches underneath the ground, pre- venting seepage, evaporation, distri- bution of weed seed, breakage of ditches, and keeping the water pure and cool. You can cultivate right over them. Schaeffer Reservoir, holding 5000 acre feet of water. IS BACK OF The Beaver Park Fruit Lands In buying irrigated land the first thing to be considered is the irrigation system itself. Why not get the best while you are getting ? We have unimproved land; also growing orchards from one to two years old. Prices from $200 to $400 per acre. The greatest values in Colorado. Easy terms. Ten years time on unimproved land, in equal pay- ments. Growing orchards, $1000 to $2000 down on a ten acre tract, balance yearly until paid. Beaver Park land has increased in value over 100 per cent during the past two years. It is going to do the same thing in the next two. Own a FRUIT FARM and be independent for life. Write for literature. The Beaver Land & Irrigation Company PENROSE, COLORADO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 122 THE IBRIGATION AGE. PEERLESS FENCE is made in a wide range of styles to meet all possible requirements. The highest grade on the market Catalogue on Request PEERLESS FENCE CO. ADRIAN, MICH. F. H. Vogle of Wellington, Nev., and San Francisco, together with a party of California and Pennsylvania capi- talists, has planned to reclaim 8,000 acres of land in Smith Valley. The company backed by these men has already sufficient water and has some land under irriga- tion, and by enlarging its reservoirs and irrigation canals it will be able to irrigate the vast acreage to be opened up in a short time. The Surprise Valley Power & Irrigation Company of Fort Bidwell has let the contract for the boring of a large tunnel to carry off the waters of Cowhead Lake in the northeast part of Modoc County for power and irri- gation purposes. Thousands of acres of land in Surprise Valley will be brought under cultivation. Chief Engineer Fox of the Surprise Valley Power & Irrigation Company is now engaged in making a survey of the ditch line, and of the country which it will cover. The cost of the power and irrigation project is estimated at $250,000. This project is the first large power proposition in ^lodoc County and the residents of the valley are enthusiastic over it. COLORADO. The Interior Department has withdrawn 30,000 acres of public lands in western Colorado from homestead entry, and all other forms of disposition uder the land laws. This area is located in the vicinity of the Grand Valley reclamation project and is thought to be suscepti- ble of irrigation by that system. The large dam of the Teller Land & Irrigation Com- pany on Turkey Creek, twenty miles northwest of Pueblo, was washed out on July 24th, and damage to the extent of $50,000 was reported. The State Land Board adopted a resolution directing the attorney general to notify the Colorado Land & Sup- ply Company of Denver that unless it makes good and THE RELIABLE LINE "DEMPSTER We make 1^, 2^, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15 and 20 H. P. High Grade Gasoline Engines Built for Exacting and Enduring Service Best for Irrigating Work Cut shows our 16 H. P. and 20 H. P. DEMPSTER MILL MFG. CO., Factory, Beatrice, Nebr. Write for our Booklet "Dempster Irrigation Plants," 1910 Edition It will "Show You" what we can do for you. BRANCH HOUSES OMAHA KAMSAS CITY SIOUX FALLS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 523 places water on its lands by September 10th, the board will consider that it has forfeited its contract with the state. This is what is known as the Ignacio project. A. B. McFall. civil engineer for the Hardscrabble irri- gation district, comprising 13,000 acres, near Florence, has completed the preliminary survey of the system and has estimated cost for putting water on the land at $62 per acre. The board of directors of the Mammoth Irrigation District have ratified a contract with the Purgatoire De- velopment Company, providing" for the acquirement by the former of three-fifths interest in the latter, thus mak- ing certain the building of reservoirs and canals which will place under irrigation about 85,000 acres of land, much of which is situated about 15 miles north of Lamar. The entire cost of placing the water upon this land will not exceed $40 per acre. Twenty-year bonds, amounting to $3,500,000, bearing 6 per cent interest, will be issued. The Mammoth reservoir will contain 178,000 acre feet and the Mammoth King 50.000 acre feet, in Prowers and Kiowa counties. W. R. Hotchkiss of Montrose, with several associates, is planning to open 3,500 acres of land in the Paradox Valley, near Nubia. The company expects to build two irrigating ditches, twelve and twenty-four miles in length, to bring water to the land. The undertaking will occupy three years. Extensive improvements are being made on the Otero Irrigation District canal. The ditch is being widened to thirty-two feet at the top and twenty feet at the bottom, and will have the capacity to carry six feet of water instead of three and one-half feet, as heretofore. The improye- ments also include thirty miles of dredging, six cut-offs and a tunnel 2'.850 feet long at King Arroyo. The work will be completed during the year 1911. The - nU 1C I places of interest in Lib II fU I THE ALBANY ; HOTEL 17th and Stout Streets DENVER RATES: $1.00 PER DAY AND UPWARD PLOWS, HARROWS, PLANTERS, CULTIVATORS, ETC. Backed by an Unqualified Guarantee Years of "Knowing How" Hammered Into Every One of Them. P. & O. Ditching Plow We issue special catalogs on Be it Implements and on Engine Gang Plows. Also a general catalog on our entire line of Implements. We are the pioneer manufacturers of Engine Gang Plows and our line is today the recognized leader in this country. Write for special printed matter on our Ditching Plow, the best plow made for digging laterals and trenches in the irrigated section. Parlin $ Orendorf i Co., Canton, 111. O. Mogul Engine Gang Plow When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 524 THE IERIGATION AGE. Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price: Irrigation Institutions, El wood Mead $1.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 8.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 9.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh MO Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 3.oo Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Win. P. Judson 1.SO Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 Cement Pipe & Tile, Hanson 1.00 Arid Agriculture, B. C. Buffum 1.50 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. The Chicago. Burlington & yuincy Railroad Company have purchased ten acres of land from John R Huey of Akron, at $50 per acre. It is the intention of the railroad company to put in a large reservoir on this tract of land. It is stated that the purpose of this reservoir is to ascer- tain the length of time required to fill such a reservoir by bringing water from the bottom of the Burlington's deep wells and thus prove or disprove the feasibility of obtaining waters by this method for the purpose of irri- gating the uplands of eastern Colorado. At a meeting held at Rulison recently, for the purpose of organizing an irrigation district, money was raised for making temporary surveys. About 5,000 acres of land are included in the district. The project is contemplated for the purpose of pumping water to an elevation of 180 to 200 feet to start with from the Grand River, and will be hoisted at a point near Webster Hill and be carried by ditch or pipe line down the Battlement Mesa, south of Grand Valley. As the result of investigations being made by secret service men, 10,000 acres of rich land on the western slope, and valued at $3.000,000, may be forfeited to the government and again thrown open to settlement. The land in question is what is known as the Redlands tract, just across the river from Grand Junction. Sometime ago the office denied the claim of contestants which had been filed, but it was supposed that the matter had been settled in favor of the original entrymen, but a notice received from Secretary of the Interior, under date of July 30th, states that the contestants have not established their rights to the land, and at the same time there is a suspicion of illegality in the original entries. The Secretary of the Interior has affirmed the de- cision of the General Land Office, rejecting the joint ap- plication of F. W. Bosco and Cyrus Miller for right-of- way for the Wagon Wheel Gap reservoir over certain HART-PARR GAS TRACTORS SAVE MEN SAVE HORSES SAVE MONEY SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART-PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing farming methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use these Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, thrashing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farmwork. Use Gasoline, Kerosene, Distillate or Alcohol. Hundreds in Successful Operation — Built in sizes of 30, 46 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED, FROST-PROOF, FIRE-PROOF. Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalogue tells you all about them. Write for it today. HART-PARR CO., 240 Lawler St., Charles City, Iowa When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 525 lands in Mineral County. The decision appealed from is based wholly on a report of the director of the Reclama- tion Service, dated October 19, 1909. which states that the approval of this application would constitute a serious interference with the Rio Grande project now under con- sideration. Engineers in the employ of the Western Reclamation Company of Denver have opened a subterranean stream on the property of the East Colorado Springs Land Com- pany, near that city. Enough water has been developed from underground sources, it is claimed, to irrigate 2,000 acres immediately east of Colorado Springs. The Sam Farmer Escalante Irrigation Company of Delta has filed articles of incorporation, with a capital stock of $1,000,000. with 100,000 shares of stock at $10 par value. It is the intention of the company to irri- gate 20,000 acres of land, lying to the west and south- west of Delta. The company estimates that it will require $250,000 to complete the work, and that $50,000 of the amount will be spent during the balance of this year. The incorporators are Sam Farmer of Delta, Judge W. Beane, Frank B. Thompson. Peter O'Brien, Geq. L. Hor- ton ; the last four of Denver, and Mr. Stone of Trinidad. Farmers living in the vicinity of Eaton are much in- terested in a new scheme which is being started by the Eaton Electric Light & Power Company, which provides for the lifting of water from wells and spreading it over the ground which cannot otherwise be irrigated. The company has purchased a number of electric motors and has placed them in operation. The Hereford Reservoir & Irrigation Company have have filed maps and statements with the county clerk at Greeley, for the construction of a reservoir and two ditches. The reservoir will cost $15,000 and will have a capacity of 110,090,000 cubic feet. The ditches will cost $12,000. Water will be taken from Crow Creek to water the land, which lies near the Wyoming line. you OB Days' Free Trial * WE PAY THE FREIGHT crop rotation is "systematizing his farm business"" A "buftt-to-last, sound-value, substantial-looking fence means to the owner of the land, and every man who works on it, exactly what a modern, substantial factory or office building means to every man doing business in the building. ADVANCE FENCE Is An Investment That Pays Big Dividends What the farmer puts money and protection into, he's going to get money and protection out of. Advance Woven-Wire Fence is the best looking, strongest con- structed, longest lasting fence on the market. To prove it, we make our great offer. If the fence isn't O. K. to you, and more, send it back at our expense. We sell to you direct — no middleman — therefore the price is right — one profit only after making. Advance Fence is made of Solid Wire, not wire cut and spliced again. A cut wire weakens. Our stay wire is continuous, woven in with the main top and bottom wire running the entire width of the fence from one stay to the next. Made of the best basic, open- hearth steel, galvanized with a heavy coat of 99-per-cent-pure spelter — that means rust proof. Advance Fence always stays taut — straight and handsome. Prove it for yourself. Write to us for all particulars. Remember, we pay freight and guarantee safe delivery. Don't pay two prices — Write us today- ADVANCE FENCE CO., Box 123 Elgin, Ml. Platte, South Dakota. December 30, 1908. Otto Gas Engine Works, Phlla.. Pa. Three years ago when we were forced to enlarge the po,ver plant In our mills, we Installed, largely as an experiment, one of the Otto Gas Engine Works' 60 Horse-Power engines with a self-pro- ducing gas plant. From the time that the engine was Installed until January 1st, 1907, when our mill burned, we were caused absolutely no trouble by our power plant. In fact, so well pleased were we that when In lebulldlng this year the question of power came up, we unhesitatingly placed an order for your 90 Horse-Power Gas Producer engine to accommodate our larger mill This engine has given us even less trouble and better service than the flrst. We now ha\e a per- fectly steady power and at a very slight cost for fuel. Very truly yours, CHAS. MIX CO. MLG. CO. Signed, F. C. Smith. M>\Vhy OTTO Products are Cheapest iij FIFTH REASON OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS, 3217 Walnut St, Philadelphia, Pa Branches— Chicago, Boston, New York, Pittsburg. Omaha, Kansas City, Minneapolis, San Francisco 526 THE IRRIGATION AGE. SAMSON TURBINE When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans- mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO. Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. 316 I .agon da Street At a special meeting of the stockholders of the Bent Reservoir Company, held at Las Animas recently, it was voted to issue $590,000 in first mortgage bonds to com- plete the construction of the reservoir and ditch. The stockholders have also voted an increase of the capital stock from $125,000 to $800,000. The company owns the Rule Creek reservoir site, situated on Rule Creek, about ten miles above its mouth. The drainage area rilling this reservoir is the largest in that part of the state on any side stream, and it is expected that it will fill at least twice a year. The proposition is being promoted by farmers who have filed desert claims, although some have home- steads and deeded lands. The land to be covered lies on both sides of Rule Creek, just southeast of Las Ani— mas. Water rights under this system will cost $40 per acre. It is reported that W. H. Mitchell and George Pierce of Florence have purchased the Columbia Hessick artesian well, two miles southeast of that city. It is the intention of the purchasers to set out 100 acres of fruit land adjoin- ing the property, build a reservoir to conserve the water. The land will be divided into small tracts of five and ten acre tracts and placed on the market. R. T. Frazier of Pueblo, together with other capital- ists of that city, have formed a company known as the Chicosa Park Irrigation Company, and will place under irrigation 10,000 acres of land just south of the town of Boone. The company will be a co-operative one ; the land to be irrigated has been taken up by Puebloans and resi- dents of Boone under the desert land act. and the stock in the irrigation company has all been subscribed for by the landowners. The surveys have been completed and actual construction work will be commenced in the very near future. The source of the water supply is the Huer- fano River and a storage irrigation system will be con- structed. The promoters expect to put water on the land at less than $20 per acre. The Little Roadster Grader and Ditcher A New, Light Ditch Plowing Machine, Especially Designed for Cutting Small Laterals on Irrigated Farms, and Ditching and Grading Roads. This type of machine cuts ditches for less money than any other tool or ma- chinery, because it plows the dirt out of the ditch with one continuous motion, whereas all other ditching machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The Little Roadster is a practical plowing machine, being built with ad- justable leaning wheels or rolling land- sides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold, the same leaning wheel principle which is used in the sulky plow. It is made almost entirely of wrought steel and the few castings that are used are malleable and all parts are put to- gether so far as possible with hot driven rivets, so that while it is a light machine weighing about eleven hundred pounds, it is exceptionally strong and rigid. It is designed primarily for two horses, al- though four may be used. EVERY IRRIGATED RANCH OR FARM NEEDS ONE OR MORE OF THESE MACHINES. IT WILL QUICKLY PAY FOR ITSELF. SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE FOLDER AND LET US TELL YOU MORE ABOUT IT J. D. ADAMS & COMPANY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 527 A large canal for the irrigation of 10,000 acres of land in the Grand Valley, near Grand Valley City, will be com- menced in the near future. Water will be taken from the Grand River, and the canal will varry 300 cubic feet of water per second. The canal will be over 20 miles long. It is estimated that the cost of this project is $500,000. The land uder the system will be sold in ten and twenty acre tracts. At a recent meeting of the board of directors of the Uncompaghre Water Users' Association, held at Montrose, it was decided that the government will supply water from the Gunnison tunnel only to those whose ditches which have signed up for tunnel water, and no land will be supplied under any consideration that has not sub- scribed. Heretofore it has been the rule that no ditch could be supplied with water from the tunnel until 25 feet had been subscribed, but this rule has been rescinded. Lewis A. Curtice of Denver has brought suit in the district court against the Colorado Milling & Elevator Company, and John K. Mullen, to recover $24,333. Cur- tice claims to have been damaged to this amount by being deprived of the use of water from the Platte River, which runs through the old mill ditch in west Denver. Curtice avers that he owns 73 shares of water, which were secured by him in 1866. He claims that the milling concern has been using his share with the rest for 10 years. It is stated in the complaint that in March, 1900, the milling company built a bulkhead, cutting off his supply alto- gether. He places a valuation of $5.000 per year on his share of the water. LITTLE YANKEE A REAL IRRIGATION MACHINE \ Judge Garrigues of Greeley has confirmed the $5,100,- 000 bond issue voted by the Greeley-Poudre district. The judge granted an application for an appeal, fixing their bond at $10,000 and allowing until December 1st to per- fect the appeal. The confirmation of the bond issue will clear the way to carry out the projects and work will start at once on the tunnel reservoir at the west end of the Maramie-PoudFe tunnel. The contract for the con- With all the features of a practical Grader Ditcher Digger Leveler and Conveyor Cut showing diggers and fenders attached. These can be removed and the blade set for lateral ditching in five minutes. BLADE COMPLETELY REVERSIBLE WHEELS FITTED WITH FLANGED RIMS AND V DIRT PROOF BOXES ^L Lightest draft. No weight on horses' necks. A"snap" for teams and operator ^ Write Us. THE OHIO ROAD MACHINERY CO. V Oberlin, Ohio BOX r. DRILLED WELLS FOR IRRIGATION Make Every Well a Flowing Well Flowing wells are not found in every locality, but they can be made to flow to their full capacity. Every farm and every ranch should and can have their own water supply; a good well adds thousands of dollars to the value of a property. The first item of expense is the only expense; a good well is inexhaustible and lasts for all time. Big Profits in the Well Business We want to send you our FREE book, ':How to Make Money in the Well Business." It contains twenty pages from Sanderson's book, ^Well Drilling, Methods and Cost," which is the only book published on the subject. It also describes our Advertising Plan which we are furnishing to our customers FREE. Just drop us a postal today and we will show you how to handle a business in which there are REAL PROFITS. ADDRESS (WELL DEPT.) THE CYCLONE DRILL CO., Orrville, Ohio Chicago Office: 419 Fisher Bldg. New York Office: 1456 Hudson Terminal Bldg. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 528 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Fully covered1 by Patents. IRRIGATION THE MARSH-CAPR01S "RAIL-TRACK" CONCRETE MIXER ,s the machine big men of large experience INSIST ON They appreciate "MOST MIXING LEAST FIXING" the trade mark of the famous "M- C" line. Especially adapted to IRRIGATION WORK. Has Low Feed, Automa- tic Loader, and is Easily Portable. This machine is sweeping the field because it "delivers the goods" with such remarkable efficiency and is so much nearer indestructibility than any other mixer ever made. Study the "spotlight." See the STANDARD ROLLED STEEL RY. RAILS running on FLANGED Chilled Steel CAR WHEELS. "Adapt yojtr otttfit to your job, not the job to your machine."1 Write MARSH-CAPRON MFG. COMPANY Us Now 184 Old Colony Bldg.. Chicago Hudson Terminal Bldg., New York struction of this reservoir has been let. It will have a capacity of 170,000,000 cubic feet per second and will cost $140,000. The district includes 125,000 acres in the north- ern part of Weld County. The Florida-Mesa irrigation district, embracing about 25.000 acres of land in Durango County, has voted a bond issue of $1,000,000 for construction work, and $60,000 for the first year's interest, dating from August 1, 1911, the contracting company taking care of the fractional part of the year. The contract for construction of reservoirs and ditches has been let to the Pioneer Construction Company and work will be commenced by September 1st of this year. The Pueblo-Rocky Ford Land Company has beer, organized to sell the 30,000 acres of land under the ditches of the Pueblo-Rocky Ford Irrigation Company. The main office of the Pueblo-Rocky Ford Company will be situated at Topeka, Kan., with a branch office in Pueblo. It is the intention of the company to sell the land in 40, 60 and 80 acre tracts. The land lies south of Pueblo and extends nearly to Rocky Ford. It is to be sold with the guaran- tee of water being turned on by the irrigation company in the spring of 1911. The capital stock of the company is $100,000 divided into 1,000 shares of $100 each. The incorporators are P. J. Dugan, W. J. Lester and J. E. Shoemaker. Contract for the construction of the outlet tunnel and canal has been let to the McDowell Construc- tion Company of Rocky Ford. IDAHO. At the last meeting of the State Land Board the application of the West End Twin Falls Irrigation Com- pany for an extension of time in which to get water upon their lands was heard and taken under advisement. The company made the argument that it would be unable to complete construction work by the time originally speci- fied, viz.: June 1, 1911, and requested an extension until June 1, 1912. The board took the matter under advise- ment. SOMETHING ENTIRELY NEW in the STEAM SHOVEL LINE At t**oli nifii t for Traotlorx This is the latest and most original machine bui.t in the Steam Shovel Line. It has three very great advantages: Flr«t— it requires no track to run on; second— moves from one job to another can be made quick'y and without the heavy expense of having to tear the entire outfit to pieces; and third — in buying this outfit you not only get a splendid Steam Shove Outfit but a complete Traction Engine as well, which you can use for all kinds of Traction and Be.t Work. Designed for digging drainage and irrigation ditches, for use in gravel pits, stripping coal, and for other simi'.ar purposes. A number of these outfits have a'.ready been sold. Every one is in successful operation. Ask for complete circular fully describing this machine and showing it in operation. Avery Company, Manufacturers, 965 Iowa St., Peoria, 111. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. The State Land Board has approved the plans for the biggest reservoir yet undertaken in Idaho. This reservoir will be the property of the Twin Falls North Side Land & Water Company, and will be situated about six miles northeast of Jerome. It will have a capacity of l .Mi.iioo acre feet of water and will cost approximately $500, 000. It will cover 8.000 acres to an average depth of twenty feet and will water lands in the vicinity of Jerome, \Vendell, Goocling-, Bliss and Ticeska. Contracts have been let for the construction work and the dam is to be completed by December ]st. Discovery has been made through repair work re- cently executed on the Deep Creek Land & Water Com- pany's dam near Twin Falls, that an underflow exists in that channel which seems sufficient for enormous irri- gation supply without having recourse to the flow above ground. Last spring during the period when the snow banks melted off the foothills, Deep Creek ran riot and the upper dam of the Deep Creek Land & Water Com- pany was partially washed put. Repairs necessitated by this overflow have been in progress for sometime. A short time ago when the workmen were excavating in order to find bedrock, about five feet below the stream's bottom they encountered a strong underflow. It is now expected that promoters will sink wells on the large arid areas in the foothills south, southeast and southwest of Twin Falls, known as the Three Creek region, with a view of discovering whether or not there is sufficient underflow to irrigate the land. Homesteaders residing on the second and third benches south of Boise are interested in the striking of a large flow of water in wells sunk on the farm of B. S. Miller near that city. Mr. Miller sunk four test pits and struck water at a depth of five feet. He states that he will sink wells to a depth of ten feet, cement the walls, pump the water to the surface and distribute it over his 160 acres. New American Turbines will improve your water power because they are EFFICIENT, POWERFUL and DURABLE. Our line of HEAD GATES and HOISTS is the most complete on the market, and we have patterns for all sizes and types. Don't forget that a reliable Head Gate is one of the important parts of any power plant. Send for Catalogue 25. The Dayton Globe Iron Works Go, Dayton Ohio ECLIPSE CONCRETE MIXER THE MIXER UNCLE SAM IS USING Right Mixer Right Price Write for Catalogue I for full description and new 1910 price iist. CHARGING PLATFORM ONLY 24 INCHES No high wheeling, no complicated hoist needed. Platform portable with outfit. All working parts housed. Grease cups for all bearings. Does not slop. Cleans itself. Quickest discharge on the market. Furnished with steam or gasoline engine, or electric motor. We guarantee to save you 20% on labor cost. Write to-day. OWNED AND MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE The Standard Scale and Supply Co. CHICAGO PITTSBURGH PHILADELPHIA NEW YORK 1345-1347 Wabash Ave. 243-245 Water St. 35 So. 4th St. 136 West Broadway When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 530 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Brass Valve Seats Valves Rubber Faced BUCKEYE POWER PUMPS The illustration shows our hori- zontal Power Pump, built particu- larly for use in shallow wells, but we make a complete line for shal- low or deep wells and will be glad to send complete catalogue on application. Write today. Mast, Foos 6- Co Springfield, O On reasonable terms, a bearing peach orchard in the famous Grand Valley of Colorado. Within two miles of Palisade, where failure is unknown. This tract contains 17 acres and is all set to peaches — best varieties — 80 percent Elberta, balance Carmen and Salway. Good house, barn, chicken houses and cistern. All new. For further information address E. W. GODRON PALISADE COLO. L. R. Erskine & Son of Artesian City are installing an irrigation outfit on their ranch on Dry Creek. They expect to raise the water from wells into a ditch and carry it on to the flat to their orchard. It is reported that -the Snake River Irrigation Com- pany of Boise has been financed and that the contract for the dam has been let. This work involves the ex- penditure of $500000. The contract calls for the com- pletion of the work within five months from commence- ment of construction. The dam will be of the gravity type and will be of reinforced concrete. The dam will be 22 feet high, raising the water 14 feet above low water. The spillway will be 450 feet long, and the base, up and down stream, 53 feet. This property is known as the Castle Butte project. The Secretary of the Interior has prepared a set of rules to govern the pumping of water by settlers on the Minidoka irrigation project, Idaho, from the Government canals to the high areas. These rules will not permit the installation of cur- rent wheels in Government ditches. They provide for the delivery of water for high land areas into pumps adjacent to the canals. Their purpose is to protect the works from injury and to facilitate the measurement of water in its distribution. The charges for water shall be the same as for grav- ity lands. MONTANA. J. W. Johnson of Hardin is autho ment that a new irrigation project, acres of bench land west of that town, by the Two Leggin Canal Company taken from the big ditch belonging which already irrigates 20,000 acres. be supplied with water by a pumping supply comes from the Two Leggin rity for the state- embracing 15,000 is to be launched Water will be to this company. The canal will plant and as the Canal the latter Ambursen Hydraulic Construction Co. ENGINEER-CONSTRUCTORS 176 Federal St., BOSTON, MASS. Our business is the investigation, engineering, construction, and operation of Hydro-Electric Power Developments and Irrigation Reclamation, including Sec- ondary Irrigation by pumping, a feature which under right conditions and prop- erly engineered will double or treble the available area under the ditches. We specialize on high dams and dams on difficult foundations, is based on the construction of 56 dams to date. Our experience At the present writing, May 21st, we have under construction eight dams as follows : A dam 45 ft. high and 700 ft. long in Newfoundland; a dam 48 ft. high and 900 ft. long in Georgia; a dam 48 ft. high and 470 ft. long in Wisconsin; two dams re- spectively 54 ft. high ard 450 ft. long, and 60 ft. high and 550 ft. long in Minnesota; a dam 86 ft. high and 680 ft. long in Oregon and three smaller dams in Maryland, Indiana and Kentucky respectively. Seven of these dams include a power house in the bulkhead of the dam. The time of construction on each will be about eight months with the exception of the Oregon dam which will require about a year. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE I R K I G A T I 0 N AGE. 531 will be considerably enlarged. An immense turbone will be installed which will hoist the water to the bench, where it will be stored in a large reservoir to be dis- tributed to the land as it is needed. The Conrad Land & Water Company of Valier, hav- ing liabilities of over $2,000,000 and assets of about $4,000,000, is in the hand of two receivers. James T. Sanford and W. C. Winton, appointed on complaint of Kennefer & Russel of Denver, who have a large con- tract for ditch work. The company is engaged in the irrigation of a large tract of land near Great Falls, and the two receivers will continue the work. National Government engineers have reported against the Teton irrigation project, which it had planned to promote under the Carey Act, with the ap- proval of the state officials. The State Board had taken action to set aside under the Carey Act about 24,000 acres of land along the Teton River for the project. Governor Norris of Helena received a letter from the Secretary of the Interior, stating that if a portion of the Dearborn irrigation project lands in Lewis and Clark counties are not reconveyed by deed to the gov- ernment by August 15th that action will be instituted for their recovery. A patent was issued for the land, but the government claims that it was not reclaimed properly under the provisions of the Carey Act. The State entered into an agreement with the Ames Realty Company of St. Louis. Mo., to reclaim the land and, after constructing reservoirs and ditches, patent was issued to the State. Floods washed out the improve- ments and the Washington officials asked that the land be reconveyed to the government. The State agreed to sign the deed as did the Ames Realty Company, but the latter instead sold its rights to the Great Falls Land & Irrigation Company of Chicago. Invest in Irrigated Land The greatest opportunity ever offered to purchase an irrigated farm at a reasonable price is now given YOU by the opening of 16,000 acres of the richest and best land in the Pecos Valley, Texas. You can now buy land that will double in value in two years, or if you wish to farm the land purchased it will net you 50% after the first year if sowed in alfalfa and larger returns if planted with fruit after trees begin to bear. Alfalfa can be cut five to seven times per season and will average from one to two tons per cutting. Alfalfa is now selling at $16.00 per ton. Secretary Coburn, of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, says that this great valley will be the "pear orchard of the world." What is true of pears is also true of apples, peaches, apricots and grapes. A few of the reasons why an investment in this land must produce large results First: It is one of the richest and best bodies of land ever opened to settlement. Second i The Sante Fe Railroad runs eleven miles through these lands and no forty-acre tract is more than two miles from the railroad or three miles from a railroad station. Third i The market is one of the best in the world. Its climate is healthful and delightful. Fouriht The irrigation system has been completed at a cost of over $300,000.00 and these lands are irrigated NOW and water in the ditches, and YOU get a perpetual water-right with your deed and be- come part owner of this great irrigation system. These lands are now selling at the opening prices, which prices will be raised from 25% to SSH^c within the next sixty days. THIS MEANS MONEY TO YOU IF YOU BUY NOW. Investigate at once and write today for further information. ARNO IRRIGATED LAND CO. Room 1210, 134 Monroe St. Chicago, 111. Ohio and Franklin Si*.. Chicago, 111. FACTORIES, CHICAGO, ILL. : SENECA FALLS, N. Y. Write for Catalogue and Estimates Manufacturers of Used for- Irrigation, Oiroxxlation, When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 532 THE IRKIGATION AGE. TJOUBLIf JOWER $1,000 Reward I for its equal. Wind power | doubled. Twollfc. wheels work OD same pinion; sec- ond wheel gives more pow | ertbanflret. A Governor That Governs In all winds. Develops 10 full I h. p. in 20 mile wind. All I power needed for farm, shop, irrigating1, etc. Ask about our self oiling, self governed, single wheel pumper — also Armsaver Husker. Ask for book fin DOUBLE POWER MILL CO. Applaton.Wlm.,U.S.A This engine is built for those who want the best. We fur- nish any size or style; hopper jack- et or water tank type. We ship promptly. Ev- erything is complete. Our prices are right. Inducements to intro- duce in new localities. Write for catalog, stat- ing size wanted. W1TTE IRON WORKS CO. lf;n-,O;iklaii" F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO. ™£MS Morris Machine Works Baldwinsville, I*. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, : designed for any irrigating propo- sition. Send details or specifica- tions of •what is •wanted and we will reco" mend a pumping outfit to supply the need. New York Office 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office Cor. Wood 6? ^ illow Sta , Texas Henion & Hubbell, Agents. 223-231 N. Jefferson St.. Chicago. Harron. Rickard & McComb. Agents 21 Fremont St. S. Francisco. Cal. H. A. Paine. Agent. Houston. Texas. THE IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, Publishers CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Why "American" Centrifugal Pumps Were Selected for the Patterson Ranch — The Model Irrigation Pumping System of America Read the description of the Patterson Ranch irrigation installation in the July. 1910, issue of The Irrigation Age and note that it is conceded the model and most modern irrigation pumping system in the west. But the important point is that after a careful comparison of the relative merits of all other makes of pumps Amer- ican" Centrifugals were selected for this entire project. On the Patterson Ranch water is pumped to irrigate 14,000 acres and supply the town of Patterson. There are five pumping stations, two of which and two interior views, showing "American" Ontrifugals, are illus- trated herewith. Guaranteed efficiency under the low head conditions, combined with sim- plicity and low expense of up-kesp, won the order for The American Well Works. After the ord;r was given the Patterson Ranch Co. sent Mr. Arthur L. Adams, M. Am. Soc. C. E., Consulting Hydraulic Engineer, San Francisco, Calif., to Aurora to make a thorough test of these pumps in Th? American Well Works' Testing Laboratory. The Laboratory is a concrete building erected exclusively for this purpose and tests were made under actual working conditions. The result of these tests gave the "American" 16-inch Centrifugal an efficiency of 77.4% when pumping against a total head of only 22.69 feet. Remember it is much more difficult to attain high mechanical efficiencies on low heads than higher ones. At the conclusion of his report Mr. Adams said: "The writer confesses to have had. in the past some doubts as to the practicability of securing from centrifugal pumps as high efficiency, under comparatively low heads, as these pumps have shown, and he is correspondingly grati- fied with the result." Mr. Adams' complete report mailed free on request. New 8x11 inch, 116 page Centri- fugal Pump Catalog, No. 11Y, the most complete ever issued, just off the press. Your copy is waiting you. Write for it today. Let us prove to you that the pump that is best for the the most perfect irrigation pumping plant in America is best for you. The AMERICAN WELL WORKS General Office and Works: - AURORA, ILL, V. S. A. Chicago Office: First National Bank Building. THE IKUIGATION AGE. 537 The Master Of Irrigation This Wonderful Little Steel Grader Will Solve Every One of Your Irrigation Problems-Cut Your Work In Half-Bigger Profits Easily Made Notice Grader has only two wheels. Both behind blade. Flanged wheels prevent side dralt. THIS 600-pound 20th Century Grader— with one man and two or four horses — will do the same work with less effort in half the time required by the big 2,000- pound graders with two men and four or six horses. Not only that, but it is the most all-around, service- able machine you can have on your place. You can put the 20th Century Grader to a score of uses — saving time, money and labor at every turn. It saves you the cost of several expensive machines that you have to have although you use but once a year. 20th Century Grader The 20th Century Grader is the Irrigator's best friend. Just read what you can do with it. Cut Laterals for Irrigation. Make Shallow Drainage Ditches. Cut Side Ditches. Level Fields for Irrigation. Throw up Dikes for Rice Farming. Slash off Sage-Brush. Grade and Crown Roads. Spread Gravel and Broken Stone. Clean Laterals and Throw Borders. Maintain Gravel and Dirt Roads. Move Dirt anywhere and drop it where you want it. The 20th Century Grader is the original one- man machine. It is built of steel and weighs but 600 pounds. It turns in a 10-foot circle. Besides light draft the 20th Century is built right. Every part made to stand its proportion- ate strain. The pull of the team concentrates at the point of the blade. Every ounce of power goes against dirt. Make your year's work count. Get bigger returns with lighter work by using modern steel machinery. Let us send you descriptions and actual photographs of these machines at work. Let us tell you what other people say who use them. Send a post card today and detailed infor- mation will come to you at once. The Baker Manufacturing Company 726 Fisber Building, Chicago, Illinois The Baker Mfg. Company 726 Fisher Bldg., Chicago, 111. Please send me your illustrated catalogue. Name. Cutting ditch 20 inches deep-24 inches wide. Address . When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 538 THE IRRIGATION AGE. "Your Money Back" Guards Yoi THE cheap little car, fresh from the factory, looks spick and span, Sworn testimony of 20 Winton owners (we send you their nan and seems to promise its buyer a great quantity of enjoyment, but — and addresses upon application) show that 80 Winton cars tra« When that buyer gets his next car, he does not get one of those cheap little cars. 184,190 miles on $142.43 repair expense. That distance is more than seven times the distance around Why? earth at the equator. Not because he likes to spend more money. And each car's average repair expense for 1000 miles w But because he wants to save money. 77 cents. That's a world's record that touches the pocket book of eri * * * automobile owner. Think that over. Compare that record with the expenses of the owners of other ca It means something. * * * — right in your own neighborhood. If a new car costs $1500, and one year's repairs cost $500, the price of that car is really $2000. If this $2000 car is in the repair shop, getting fixed up, three days a month, its owner is losing one-tenth of its service, or $200. * . • This wonderfully low expense record of Winton cars shows tl< they are right in the first place — right in material, workmanship, pow quality, performance, right in everything that makes an automoh This car, therefore, stands its owner $2200 the first year, although worth while. it cost only $1500 to begin with. * * • Because they are right in the first place, Winton cars stand In using this cheap little car its owner never knows when something is going to break and leave him stranded miles from home. Being a cheap car, it can't climb hills like a good car, it lacks the speed of a good car, it hasn't the size, style and beauty of a good car, longer than any other car on the market. There are any number of Winton cars made as far back as la still doing daily service in this country. No other maker has a record to compare with the Winton recc; and wherever the owner goes with it, it advertises him as a cheap buyer. • • . That's why no man ever buys one of these cheap little carg And because Winton cars stand up indefinitely, and run at Ion a second time. * * * expense than other cars, it follows that a Winton car is always a gc purchase, no matter how old it may be. If a car isn't worth buying a second time, it isn't worth buying For the quality is in the car itself, and it stays there. at first. If the quality isn't in the car in the first place, you can't put it And the buyer who recognizes that fact before he buys any car And that's why the buyer of a cheap little car never buys one at all, saves himself much expense, much disappointment, and much the same make a second time. annoyance. Because it depreciates so quickly that what little merit it origina possessed is soon gone, and the car is worthless. If you are planning1 to buy a motor car, read every word • •- • of this advertisement. » * * We realize that there are many buyers who hesitate to put into thi We have made motor cars continuously since 1896. Mr. Winton first car as much money as we get for our 1910 model — $3000. made and sold the first gasoline car produced in America. He has But we want the trade of these buyers just the same, because 1 made and sold more first-class cars than any other single manufacturer. know that once they become acquainted with Winton merit they ^ And we have on our books the names of men who have bought as be the best salesmen for Winton cars we could get. many as six or eigfct of our cars. One buyer, Mr. L. R. Speare, presi- So we have devised a plan where the man who doesn't want ) dent of the American Automobile Association, has owned and used 16 spend $3000 can still get a Winton car, and be in the class of big different cars of our manufacture. grade buyers and satisfied owners. It is because Winton cars are right in the first place — right in ... material, workmanship, power, style, beauty and cost — that once a man This is the plan. buys a Winton he will never be satisfied with any other make. Some of our buyers want a new car every year — in order to hi* * * • the very latest style of body, the latest thing in fancy trimmings, a: One reason whv this is true is that the Winton car stands UD under the like. lard use with a smaller repair expense than any other car on the market. These buyers turn over their used cars in part payment for new caj te^^i.,. ill SPS^HH HII Kj^^HfiU^" ; "•9PI li:j>JBHB BSjiOI WBBL 1 WINTON SEVENTEEN. Self-cranking, six-cylinder 48 H. P. motor. 4Yi inch bore. WINTON- TYPE X-I-V. 5 inch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by carburetor throttle. Winton double-jet carburetor. Jump Four-cylinder, 30 H. P. motor. 4J^ inch bore. 5-inch stroke. spark ignition, with Eisemann magneto and storage battery. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by Winton air Mechanical force-fed lubrication. Multiple-disc clutch and three- control. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with storage speed selective-type transmission. Clutch and transmission tun battery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oiler. Individual- on ball bearings. Shaft drive. Floating-type rear axle. Chan- clutch transmission. Shaft drive. Semi-floating-type rear axle. nel steel front axle, with manganese bronze heads. Screw and Forged-steel front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Four nut steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, running on roller bearing. wheels, running on ball bearings. 34x4-inch tires. Wheel base 34x4-inch tires in front. 34x4H-inch tires in rear. Wheel base 104 inches. Gasoline tank, 22 gallons. Five-passenger body. 120 inches. Gasoline tank 22 gallons. Five-passenger body. Original price, $2500. Bargain price, $700 to $950. Original price, $£000. Bargain price, $8000 to $2500. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IREIGATION AGE. 539 Against Loss in Buying a Motor Car. In the past it has been our custom to sell these used cars to city juyers "just as they stand." But we have changed our policy — in order to get your trade. We take these cars into our factory, replace worn parts, ;une up the car to top-notch running' condition, revarnish the oody (sometimes giving it an entirely new coat of paint), and jffer this car to you at exactly what it costs us. This policy puts you in possession of a high-grade car at an excep- ionally low price and makes you an enthusiastic advertiser of Winton And remember this: If you ever buy a Winton car from the \Vinton Motor Car. Ccn.-pany, and it is not exactly as represented, ve give you your money back without bickering or delay. YOUR MONEY BACK is something no other automobile maker iffers. We make the proposition because we know we have the best ars that skill and experience and facilities can produce. Look over the bargains offered on this page. Pick out one that ooks best to you, and write us about it. This involves no obligation on your part whatever. We will write you, describing the car in detail, tell you what it iss in the way of top, glass front, speedometer, if any (some cars are .old without these equipments), and will make you a rock bottom lirice that will interest you. ... And note this: You are not obligated in any way. We never hip a car to a prospect and try to force him to take it, when he has inly asked for information. The Winton Motor Car. Company doesn't do business that way. If after we have told you exactly what we have, you decide to ( ook the car over, we will arrange for a demonstration before you put [lown a cent. Even then there is no obligation on your part. You iieedn't buy at all unless you are ready to buy and unless you are .atisfied. And even *.f you do buy, remember we say: "Your money back if the Winton car is not as we have represented it." Look over these bargains and write us today. We urge prompt I iction because our stock is limited. THE WINTON MOTOR CAR. CO. Licensed under Selden Patent. 86 BereaRoad, Cleveland, Ohio. WINTON MODEL M. Four-cylinder, 40 H. P. motor. 5 inch bore. 5-inch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by carburetor throttle. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with storage battery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oiler. Multiple- disc clutch and four-speed selective-type transmission. Clutch and transmission run on ball bearings. Shaft drive. Floating-type rear axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, running on roller bearings. 84x4 ^-inch tires. Wheel base 112 inches. Gasoline tank, 22 gallons. Seven-passenger body. Original price, $3500. Bargain price, $1100 to $1400. n WINTON SIX-TEEN-SIX Self-cranking, six-cylinder, 48 H. P. motor. 4>4 inch bore. 5-inch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by carburetor throttle. Winton double-jet carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with Eisemann magneto and storage battery. Han- cock mechanical oiler. Multiple-disc clutch and three-speed selective-type transmission. Clutch and transmission run on ball bearings. Floating-type rear axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Four brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, run- ning on roller bearings. 36x4^2-incb tires. Wheel base, 120 inches. Gasoline tank, 22 gallons. Seven-passenger body. Orig- inal price, $4500. Bargain price. $1600 to $2000. WINTON MODEL K. Four-cylinder, 30 H. P. motor. 4}4-inch bore. 5-inch stroke. Water cooled, pump circulation. Motor governed by Winton air control. Winton carburetor. Jump spark ignition, with stor- age battery and dry cells. Mechanical "shooting" oiler. Indi- vidual-clutch transmission. Shaft drive. Floating-type rear axle. One-piece manganese bronze front axle. Screw and nut steering gear. Three brakes. Pressed steel frame. Winton Twin springs. Best hickory wheels, running on roller bearings. 34x4-inch tires. Wheel base 102 inches. Gasoline tank, 15 gallons. Five-passenger body. Original price, $2500. Bargain price, $600 to $800. The Winton Motor Car. Co. 86 Berea Road, Cleveland, Ohio. Send me information about one of your Model used cars, selling at about $ This request involves no obligation whatever on m; f part. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 540 THE IKRIGATION AGE. ANOTHER BIG BOOM TO IRRIGATION The National Land Irrigation Exposition PITTSBURGH, PA., OCT. 17th. TO 29th. THE BEST OPPORTUNITY ever offered to Land and Irrigation Departments, Boards of Trade, Chambers of Com- merce and Land and Irrigation Companies to boom their sec- tions and to exhibit samples of their products. PUBLICITY extends over a radius of 200 miles, through a prosperous and densely populated region of land-hungry and wealthy people. Decorations of an expensive and gorgeous nature. LECTURE HALL at the disposal of exhibitors without extra charge. AUSPICES of the PITTSBURGH GAZETTE TIMES and PITTSBURGH CHRONICLE TELEGRAPH, Pittsburgh's strongest daily newspapers, which are devoting columns of space daily to PITTSBURGH'S BIG LAND SHOW. DON'T LET THIS OPPORTUNITY SLIP BY, BUT WRITE AT ONCE FOR INFORMATION TO The National Land & Irrigation Exposition Executive Offices 617-706 Keystone Bank Bldg. PITTSBURGH, PA. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 541 Myers Power Pumps Working Heads, Pumping Jacks, Cylinders, Etc. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Length of Stroke 5 to 24 inches Size of Discharge Up to 6 inches PATENTED APRIL30T-M90I, No. 673,282. JULY I3T2, 1909, No. 928,234- AUGUSTIOISI909, No. 930,405. AUGUST 101" 1909. No. 930,981. Fig. 813 PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps For Shallow Wells Double Acting Length of Stroke 5 to 20 inches Size of Cylinders 2M> to 6 inches Size of Discharge Up to 4 inches PISTON ' COUPLING NU1 I Th construction of these pumps permits a double gearing which transmits the power in two lines — one from each end of the same shaft, thus insuring perfect align- ment and reducing all friction and side strain to a minimum. Write for Catalogue and Prices IS'BRASSROO Capacities 60G to 7200 Gallons per Hour rfxrif F. E. MYERS 4 BRO., ASHLAND, OHIO ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 542 THE IRRIGATION AGE. The Stroud "Little Giant" Elevator Grader Made in Two Sizes; Wood or Steel Frame The "Stroud* Wheeler We manufacture all kinds of Dirt Moving and Irrigating Tools Write for full information All Wheelers Equipped With the "Stroud" Patent Spring Latch and With Stroud Wheels Unless Otherwise Ordered Write for Discount T.F. STROUD & CO. OMAHA, NEBRASKA Drag Scraper When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE I H RIGA T ION AGE. 543 g 'ERIOR SUrEIIOI DULLS are Used >nd Appreciated by Oo.a firmer! Ihe World Oyer 5BND FOR CATALOGUE NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: Dean & Co., - Minneapolis. Minn. Kingman & Co., • • - - Peoria, 111. Kingman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Kinsman-Moore Imp. Co., - Kansas City, Mo. Kingman-Moorelmp. Co.. - Oklahoma, Okla. Kingman Implement Co., Parfin & Orendorff Imp. Co.. Colorado Moline Plow Co., The T. C. Powers Co., - - UOICUB, mum. Consolidated Wag. & Mach. Co., Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co., - Los Angeles, Cal. The H. C. Shaw Co., - - Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturers AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO., (Inc.) Springfield, Ohio GRAIN DRILLS Omaha, Neb. Portland, Ore. Denver, Colo. Helena, Mont. Invest in Irrigated Land The greatest opportunity ever offered to purchase an irrigated farm at a reasonable price is now given YOU by the opening of 16,000 acres of the richest and best land in the Pecos Valley, Texas. You can now buy land that will double in value in two years, or if you wish to farm the land purchased it will net you 50% after the first year if sowed in alfalfa and larger returns if planted with fruit after trees begin to bear. Alfalfa can be cut five to seven times per season and will average from one to two tons per cutting. Alfalfa is now selling at $16.00 per ton. Secretary Coburn, of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, says that this great valley will be the "pear orchard of the world." What is true of pears is also true of apples, peaches, apricots and grapes. A few of the reasons why an investment in this land must produce large results First: It is one of the richest and best bodies of land ever opened to settlement. Second i The Sante Fe Railroad runs eleven miles through these lands and no forty-acre tract is more than two miles from the railroad or three miles from a railroad station. Third t The market is one of the best in the world. Its climate is healthful and delightful. Fourth> The irrigation system has been completed at a cost of over $300,000.00 and these lands are irrigated NOW and water in the ditches, and YOU get a perpetual water-right with your de«d and be- come part owner of this great irrigation system. These lands are now selling at the opening prices, which prices will be raised from 25% to SSH'i within the next sixty days. THIS MEANS MONEY TO YOU IF YOU BUY NOW. Investigate at once and write today for further information. ARNO IRRIGATED LAND CO. Room 121O, 134 Monroe St. Chicago, 111. Tlie IT WILL Grade Roads Make Ditches Cut Laterals Save Money IT WONT Break Get Out of Order Tire the Horses Prove Expensive =THE BEST= " GENERAL PURPOSE" Grader and Ditcher Built 2 OR 4 HORSES TRY ONE AT OUR EXPENSE Also Excavators, Heavy Graders, Wheelers, Drags, Plows, Etc. THE AUSTIN-WESTERN CO., Ltd., Dept. I, CHICAGO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 544 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Troxighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. — OR T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bldf., Denver. Colo. WHY NOT BE COMFORTABLE? Use an Enterprise Tent Cot. There is nothing made so adaptable for out -door sleeping. It is practical, light, portable, bug proof, fly proof, sun and shower proof. Just the thing ! Write to ENTERPRISE BED CO. HAMMOND. IND, They will Send You Their Illustrated Catalogue. MARION DREDGES Ditching, Irrigating, Placer Mining and Traction. Suitable for all classes of work. DRAG-LINE EXCAVATORS STEAM SHOVELS All sizes and styles. BALLAST UNLOADERS Ask for information. Marion Steam Shovel Company MARION, OHIO. "Dept. 7" Chicago San Francisco - New York Montreal 1442-3 Monadnock Blk. - 718 Monadnock Bldg. - 50 Church Street - F. H. Hopkins & Co. HOE DRILLS Plain and Fertilizer HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEN STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 60 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc.) RICHMOND, IND., V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments Nay Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention Thr Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXV CHICAGO, SEPTEMBER, 1910. No. 11 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL THE IRRIGATION ERA MID-WEST ARID AMERICA THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postofflce at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 3, 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $ J .50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . Jl.OO To Canada and Mexico, l.BO All Other Foreign Countries l.BO In forwarding remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postofflce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 25 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. A fact which is not generally known is Getting that the last Congress included in the at the census act 'a requirement of the census Real Facts director that he make a special and de- About Irrigation tailed reP°rt on irrigation. Up to this time the reports by the government on this subject which is of such vital importance to the west have not been considered as entirely full or accurate. The machinery for gathering facts relative to the develop- ment of arid lands is sadly out of gear and is not up to the requirements of the times. The new census act requires the director to find out the areas irrigated, whether such work is being carried on under Government state laws, the prices at which irrigated lands, including water rights, are obtainable; the character and value of crops produced on irrigated land. In addition to this information the report must include detailed information as to the amount of water used per acre, the location of the various enterprises, to- gether with a description of their methods of construction, their physical conditions and the amount of capital in- vested. If the director does his duty in this investigation the public will have access to a vast amount of information they have never before had, and it will be of the greatest importance as determining the progress of irrigation and the opportunities for home-making and the investment of capital. It will supply information which should have been promulgated long ago. More interest has been shown generally The Men . in the Eighteenth Irrigation Congress Who Make Up than in any previous congress, as evinced the Irrigation by the great number of inquiries regard- Congress ing its personnel that have come into the office of IRRIGATION AGE. It is surprising to learn that comparatively few business men know just how the delegates are appointed. The official call states that the delegates are to be as follows: Permanent officers of the congress. The President of the United States. The Vice-President of the United States. Members of the cabinet. Members of the United States Congress. Governors of states and territories. Members of national and state irrigation, water, and con- servation associations. State commissioners of agriculture and horticulture. The Mayor of each city having a population of over 1,000. Fifteen delegates appointed by the governor of each state. Ten delegates by mayor of each city over 25,000. Five delegates by mayor of each city over 1,000 and under 25,000. Five delegates by each board of county commissioners. Two delegates by each mayor of town under 1,000. Two delegates from each irrigation, agricultural, horti- cultural and engineering society. Two delegates from each commercial organization. The wide scope given in the selection of delegates will undoubtedly accord a representation which will cover every interest and the character of the men selected as already reported is proof that the Congress will be com- posed of the strongest and most thoughtful men in the country and that every shade of opinion will be repre- sented. 546 THE IRRIGATION AGE. What Mr. Schiff Found in Alaska Jacob H. Schiff, who recently returned from an extended trip through Alaska says the coal used there now comes from British Columbia and sells at $12 a ton. If Alaska coal could be mined it could be sold in the markets at from $1.35 to $3 per ton. Coal mining in the territory is waiting for the establishment by the Government of a policy for the development of the industry. An official bulletin by the Geological Survey of the Government says there has been no development in Alsaka during the past year, in fact there has been actual retrogression in some places. The bulletin adds: "The long delay in the issuance of patents to coal lands and the popular clamor against all Alaskan coal claimants has discouraged claimants and investors, and it should be Hoped that it may soon be possible to devise some reasonable or satisfactory means of exploiting Alaska's wealth of coal." This statement coming from a Government source shows greater irritation than Mr. Schiff. It declares that the present laws are a handicap, that though laws "intended to enable the individual to obtain title to coal lands have been on the statute books for the last decade, hot a single acre of land has yet gone to patent," and that "it is not surprising that progress has been checked in the coal fields and that many who would undertake their development have become discouraged." The bulletin insists particularly upon the need of railroads to promote all kinds of industries. The suggestion by Mr. Schiff that as a preliminary to opening up the territory which now repels both capital and immigrants, it would be a good plan to arrange for a United States commission to control its development, is sensible. But will it be adopted? And is the coal and other good things of Alaska to be kept buried in the ground for the benefit of generations yet unborn, or will they be released for the people who now live and need them? When the Board of Army Engineers was Newell Can- appointed to look into the reclamation not Be projects and report to President Taft Shaken it was given out that they would not be Loose. accompanied by any other officer of the Government. Especially was it under- stood that F. H. Newell, director of the Reclamation Serv- ice would not be permitted to go along and inject his peculiar political methods into the work of the army board. This was a sad blow to Newell, who saw his con- trol of the work slipping from his grasp and he at once began to pull the wires to enable him to hold on. That he succeeded is not to be wondered at by anybody who is conversant with his methods. He left Washington very quietly, it being given out by his subordinates that he was simply going on a trip of inspection on his own account, but he turned up at Salt Lake with the army engineers and is now touring the country with them. His success in pulling the wires in his favor is noted in a dispatch from Washington which states that "the change in the department's original attitude, which by many was at- tributed to the strained relations existing between the office of the Secretary and the Reclamation Service, was due to pressure from other and powerful quarters." The presence of Mr. Newell is not in the least necessary for the guidance of the army board. The members of the board should be left entirely to their own investigation and their judgment from the conditions as they see them. It is not our intention to intimate that Newell will have any improper influence with the army board, because its members are. men of experience and good judgment and will, no doubt, report the facts as they find them; but that Newell will, by every means in his power, attempt to sway their judgment by his activities and specious reason- ing and information is not to be doubted by any one who knows him. Timely Consul William E. Alger, of Mazatlan, Mexico, has done the farmers of this Warning to country a timely service in an official American warning which he has recently sent out, Farmers urging them not to be lured by promises of comfortable homes and fortunes in tropical lands to give up their citizenship here without the most careful investigation. Mr. Alger says that men who are not accustomed to the labor, the climate and language of Mexico would be hopelessly lost when facing the new and strange conditions in Sinaloa. Colonization companies are sending out the most alluring promises to American farmers urging them to sell their farms and take up small tracts of 100 to 200 acres in that country, assuring them that th'ey will soon become prosperous and happy. Mr. Alger says American farmers will be wise if they first make sure by personal observation that all the prom- ises of climate, che'ap labor, plenty of rainfall and good markets with ample and cheap transportation may actu- ally be fulfilled. They should fully understand that for the first few years they must rough it and roughly at that; that there are no schools, no society, that a knowl- edge of the language must be had, that capital is re- quired and that hardships must be endured. No man who does not possess youth, great courage and ample capital can hope to succeed in that country. It is not asserted that opportunities do not exist in that country, but before a man in the United States sells his farm and gives up his home and friends to go down there to make a new home for his family he should first look into, the situation personally. And, too, he must be-, lieve only what he actually sees and not what he hears, because there are many people there who have learned the rueful facts and being anxious to unload on somebody else who is ignorant of them, will not hestitate to distort the conditions. Why will our American farmers persist in leaving the land of the greatest freedom and oppor- tunity in the world to seek doubtful fortune in a strange country? By such men the warning sent by Mr. Alger ought to be seriously considered. Judging from the intemperate expres- sions of some newspapers and public Conservation speakers in Congress and out, one not and the familiar with the subject might think Other-Kind tnat conservation is an entirely new movement and one that had its origin in the minds of that class of men who have been exploiting it for the sole benefit of themselves and their friends. Mr. Pinchot claims that his father was the first man to promote the idea of conservation and that he left it as a blessed heritage to his son, who now sets himself up as the only inspired authority on the subject. The plain truth is that conservation in the science of government is centuries old. In our own country Major Powell began stirring up the conservation and irrigation question in THE IKRIGATION AGE. 547 1878, and the first concrete legislation to conserve the forests was under President Cleveland. The irrigation act passed in 1902 had been vigorously advocated by Major Powell for years, and if we go back to the real origin of conservation in this country we would have to start in prehistoric times. Forestry is one of the oldest sciences in Europe. Dry farming has been practised in Scotland for more than 200 years, and it is certain that irrigation was practiced in America before Columbus arrived. As in most great movements there are a few badly balanced enthusiasts who now lay claim to everything in sight and go far beyond reason in their advocacy of the conservation move- ment. During the past five years there has been a great hurrah and a deal of shouting by these enthusiastic and self-appointed conservators of conservation, and with it all there has been a tremendous amount of misinformation. These men, impatient of restraint and intolerant of any opinion which does not agree with their own and wholly lacking in restraint or good judgment, demand the adop- tion of their own ideas to the exclusion of all others, and to the great detriment of the movement. It is to the sane and temperate judgment and action of those who have given the subject intelligent study, and who are behind it because they know its real value and are not trying to exploit it for political or private purposes, that we must look for real and permanent re- sults. The shouters will tire themselves out in time and turn their attention to something else and then the solid backers of conservation will move forward and in the right direction as they always have. The people all be- lieve in conservation. Who does not? But they believe in sane and reasonable methods and in the principle that the benefits to come from it should not be confined to those who are to come after us in future centuries, but that the people who are now on earth should be con- sidered as beneficiaries. We may expect to hear a great deal of inefficient enthusiasm expended in the Pueblo congress on this sub- ject, and the men who stand for conservative methods and who appreciate the vast breadth and importance of the conservation movement will come in for volumes of criti- cism, possibly abuse; but nothing of this kind can swerve them from the plain path that has been marked out by them and the great majority of the people who, in sym- pathy and understanding, are backing them. President Taft's St. Paul Speech. President Taft, in his address before the National Conservation Congress at St. Paul, promulgated a policy which will have the hearty support of every true .friend of con- servation. His address gave evidence of the most careful study of the whole ques- tion and furnished much food for thought to every person who is interested in it. His position is clearly defined, and if his policy can be carried out it will result in the greatest possible good to the entire country. The President did not assume to dictate to the Congress just what it should or should not do and frankly stated that on some minor points his mind had not 'been clearly made up. The tenor of his address was pacific and cleared up many points on which the public had heretofore been in some doubt. The President very wisely refrained from recriminations or criticism of persons or performances but frankly praised what has already been done and spoke most hopefully of what is yet to be accomplished. He unqualifiedly condemned the policy of Federal control of all conservation interests when he said: "I am firmly convinced that the only safe course for us to pursue is for us to hold fast to the limitations of the constitution and to regard as sacred the powers of the states. In these days there is a disposition to look too much to the Federal government for everything." Although the President mentioned no names in his ad- dress, Gifford Pinchot and his rabid followers came in for de- served rebuke in the following sentence: "I am bound to say that the time has come for a halt in general rhapsodies over conservation, making the word mean every known good in the world, for after the public attention has been aroused such appeals are of doubtful utility." The country now knows just where the President stands on conservation, and although he has been criticized for tardiness in pushing conservation measures, he made it perfectly clear that he intends to ad- vance legislation of this character as rapidly as possible. It will not be an easy matter to enact the conservation measures indicated in his address, but his frank and manly words will do much toward concentrating public thought and giving fresh energy to public opinion and in this way force Congress to meet the issue fairly. The friends of true conservation will rejoice at the Presi- dent's attitude in regard to Federal interference with State rights. The natural resources in which the Federal government has an ownership are nevertheless as much subject to the sovereignty of the states in which they are located as any property owned by private interests. It is absurd to assume that the states cannot be trusted to protect their own re- sources, and it is folly to believe that the unreasonable de- mands of Pinchot and Garfield will be acceded to. The coal lands, water power sites and the forests should be devoted to the use of the people now with due regard of course to the interests of future generations, but Pinchot and his followers would, if their policy should be carried out, tie up these great sources of wealth until the present generation has passed away. It is impossible that this policy can ever re- ceive the support of the thinking people of this country, and particularly those people who are interested in the develop- ment of the West. The states should be trusted to protect their own interests, as they are perfectly capable of doing without the dangerous intervention of the Federal govern- ment. We have said something before relative Frederick H. to the ability of certain politicians who Newell a have been developed by some of the Good bureaus at Washington. We wish to Politician. specialize at the present time and to call attention to one Frederick Haynes Newell, formerly employed for a few months in a mine in Colorado, for a few months more in a coal mine in West Virginia and since then a humble servant of the people. He became attached to the U. S. Geological Survey about twenty-two years ago. He entered the best train- ing school for politicians that the Government has thus far founded. His field experience and his education were along mining lines. He doubtless entered the Geological Survey with the intention of pursuing further his geologi- cal work. Opportunities are numerous for those who take advantage of every favorable wind. Mr. Newell was never known to miss anything in this direction. The Hydro- graphic Division of the Geological Survey grew up under 548 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Mr. Newell's management. His department had such abnormal growth that in a few years the "tail wagged the dog," according to the verdict of those who were ac- quainted with the situation. The public has always been kept informed as to Mr. Newell and his work. He has been strong on the pub- licity idea and he has always kept his ear close to the ground. From 1895 until a year or so ago Mr. Newell, Mr. Gifford Pinchot and Mr. George H. Maxwell made up ;i little triumvirate that has never been excelled in pub- licity practices. Mr. Maxwell was employed by the trans- continental railroads to lobby and advertise everything and everybody that favored national irrigation. He or- ganized all kinds of associations. The National Irrigation Association, the National Manufacturers' Association and many others had their birth in his fertile mind. Press bureaus were so thick at Washington that they over- lapped. Mr. Maxwell advertised both Mr. Pinchot and Mr. Newell. Mr. Pinchot advertised Mr. Newell and both Mr. Pinchot and Mr. Newell aided Mr. Maxwell in all of his undertakings of mutual concern. Those who attended sessions of the National Irrigation Congress or the Trans-Mississippi Commercial Congress during the past fifteen years will remember how the Pinchot-Newell- Maxwell machine worked. The ccmmittees in charge of each congress would be relieved of much of the responsi- bility of advertising and arrangement of program by tak- ing advantage of the help offered by this self-appointed committee of three. Things would be "fixed" weeks be- fore delegates began to arrive. No opposition could develop enough strength to get a hearing even before a committee. The organization prior to the session of the congress was complete and effective. Politicians who favored all that these men indorsed easily secured a place on the program, and the congress degenerated into a plaything. While these political moves were being made, the press bureaus at Washington did not lose sight of the fact that national irrigation might soon be a realization. Of course, Mr. Newell was the man to take charge of this work. He had the necessary training in the bureaus and he had the political strength that can only be obtained by publicity. Mr. Newell's case reminds us that this bureaucratic publicity always avoids the whole truth. Wre have never found any truthful review coming from this source as to Mr. Newell's actual training and experience. These press bureaus never said that his only experience in the field consisted of a few months' work in mines. They never informed the eager public that Mr. Newell had never surveyed a ditch or reservoir and had not even laid out a lateral. He had simply been at the head of a political division of a greater political department. Mr. Newell was afraid that some competent man might show up from the West, where irrigation experience might have trained an engineer for this important government work. He was afraid of Dr. Elwood Mead, the greatest irri- gation expert in the world today, who has taken charge of irrigation for the Australian Government. We could show by example how Mr. Newell directed all of his political strength to prevent Dr. Mead from being con- sidered a possibility. We should like to have the findings of a certain commission appointed to report on the ad- visability of a re-subdivision of the scientific work of the government, made public. We should like the names of the members of this commission to be placed where all may read them. We should like to know why this com- mission was appointed. On whose recommendation was President Roosevelt led to appoint such a commission? Why, after months of "investigation" and after the report was prepared, was it smothered? Does Mr. Newell re- member a meeting of this commission at the home of Mr. Pinchot in Washington, in July, 1903? Was Mr. Garfield there? W'as the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey there? The press bureaus at Washington, were in the mean- time, doing great things. Mr. Maxwell was also exerting himself. The eastern press was regaled with stories of Mr. Newell's prowess. In the face of these misrepre- sentations it was plain to the casual observer that Mr. Newell would land the position he sought. Because of his advertising, system and his influence with the President through Mr. Pinchot, he was appointed by Mr. Hitchcock as Chief Engineer of the Reclamation Service. When Mr. Garfield was appointed Secretary of the Interior, a new era opened for Mr. Newell. Mr. Garfield had helped Mr. Newell before. Because the Reclamation Service was at first under the Geological Survey, this placed Mr. Walcott in charge, although it was understood that Mr. Newell was to have a free hand. Mr. Walcott was quietly let rut and given a berth in the Smithsonian Institute. '/Ir. Newell was made temporary Director of the Geological Survey and then the Reclamation Service as it is known today was organized. Mr. Newell went with the new organization as Chief Engineer, but this title was evi- dently a misfit, even to him, so that he was later made Director of the Reclamation Service while a civil engineer became Chief Engineer. So ably have the press agents at Washington con- tinued their labors that the public is as fully misinformed as to the progress of national irrigation as it was as to the merits of Mr. Newell. What has beep accomplished? Instead of taking up some small projects which could be hurried to completion and from which the funds spent would begin to return quickly, Mr. Newell proceeded to spread himself out in the construction of engineering monuments throughout the West. Irrigation development and opportunities for homes has been a secondary object. The main thing has been to get something big started. Mr. Newell long since discovered that tenure of office often depends upon the volume of unfinished work. The result is that no project has been completed. Settlers have been waiting years for water. Mr. Newell's friends admitted when he was first appointed that he did not pre- tend to be an irrigation engineer, but that he was a great organizer. He is an organizer as well as an advertiser. He organized the Reclamation Service so thoroughly that his organization has cost about one-fourth as much as he has spent for construction. Where private parties build irrigation works and defray the expense of organization with an outlay equal to from five to eight per cent of the total cost of the work, Mr. Newell has spent from 25 to 35 per cent. As his organization grew, it became more valuable to him as a political asset. He called his en- gineers to Washington every winter and paraded them about for political effect. He kept Congressmen informed as to his progress by personal interviews, reports, lectures, lantern slides and by keeping his press bureau in good running order. Why there should be an office in Wash- ington, except for disbursing funds, was never plain to western people. It is unnecessary, except for its political value. Recently the President has deemed it wise to place THE IERIGATION AGE. 549 the construction of irrigation works under the charge of Army Engineers. It is not apparent at this time what effect this is to have on Mr. Newell's position as Director of the Service. Most men would have resigned on the spot when the appointive power indicated that the serv- ice might be improved by placing the responsibility in other hands. Not so with Mr. Newell. He congratulated the Army Engineers, telling them that they are to take a great load from his shoulders, etc. He proceeds to con- duct these Army Engineers through the West to make them acquainted with the work in hand. He will not Ifse this opportunity to make himself as solid as conditions will permit, with the new management. In the meantime his publicity department is telling the people what has been accomplished to date. This is for the benefit of Mr. Xcwell. It is timely advertising. Something should be done to check the publicity wor^ of the bureaus at Washington. All departments tntjic should be on the same basis in so far as publicity is con- cerned. To those who can in any way indorse this prac- tice we ask, what kind of a government would we have if every officer, great and small, would spend his time at- tending conventions, talking from the platform and writing material for personal and political advertising? It is plain that this would be dangerous. Where are we to draw the line? Can we permit one officer to initiate a practice that would manifestly lead to anarchy if the same policy were adopted by all? If by replacing the present organization of the Reclamation Service with Army Engineers, this pub- licity practice can be checked to some extent, the change should be welcomed. Let us have more construction and less organization and less political activity. RECLAMATION FUND BILL Full Text of the Measure Providing for Advances of $20,000,000 and How the Money Shall Be Spent. COLLOWING is the complete text of the bill to pro- vide $20,000 to complete irrigation projects already commenced and the issue and disposal of bonds: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That to enable the Secretary of the Interior to complete gov- ernment reclamation projects heretofore begun, the Sec- retary of the Treasury is authorized, upon request of the Secretary of the Interior, to transfer from time to time to the credit of the reclamation fund created by the act entitled "An Act appropriating the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in certain states and terri- tories to the construction of irrigation works for the reclamation of arid lands," approved June 17. 1902, such sum or sums, not exceeding in the aggregate twenty mil- lion dollars, as tke Secretary of the Interior may deem necessary to complete the said reclamation projects, and such extensions thereof as he may deem proper and neces- sary to the successful and profitable operation and main- tenance thereof or to protect water rights pertaining thereto claimed by the United States, provided the same shall be approved by the president of the United States; and such sum or sums as may be required to comply with the foregoing authority are hereby appropriated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated: Provided, That the sums hereby authorized to be transferred to the reclamation fund shall be so trans- ferred only as such sums shall be actually needed to meet pay- ments for work performed under existing law: And pro- vided further. That all sums so transferred shall be reim- bursed to the Treasury from the reclamation fund, as hereinafter provided: Ancf provided further. That no part of this appropriation shall be expended upon any existing project until it shall have been examined and reporter? upon by a board of engineer officers of the Army, desig- nated by the President of the United States, and until it shall be approved by the president as feasible and prac- ticable and worthy of such expenditure; nor shall any portion of this appropriation be expended upon any new project. Sec. 2. That for the purpose of providing the Treasury with funds for such advances to the reclamation fund, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to issue certificates of indebtedness of the United States in such form as he may prescribe and in denominations of fifty dollars, or multiples of that sum; said certificates to be redeemable at the option of the United States at any time after three years from the date of their issue and to be payable five years after such date, and to bear interest, payable semi- annually, at not exceeding three per centum per annum; the principal and interest to be payable in gold coin of the United States. The certificates of indebtedness herein authorized may be disposed of by the Secretary of the Treasury at not less than par, under such rules and regu- lations as he may prescribe, giving all citizens of the United States an equal opportunity to subscribe therefore, but no commission shall be allowed and the aggregate is- sue of such certificates shall not exceed the amount of all advances made to said reclamation fund, and in no event shall the same exceed the sum of twenty million dollars. The certificates of indebtedness herein authorized shall be exempt from taxes or duties of the United States as well as from taxation in any form by or under state, municipal, or local authority; and a sum not exceeding one-tenth of one per centum of the amount of the certificates of in- debtedness issued under this act is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appro- priated, to pay the expense of preparing, advertising, and issuing the same. Sec. 3. That beginning five years after the date of the first advance to the reclamation fund under this act. fifty per centum of the annual receipts of the reclamation fund shall be paid into the general fund of the Treasury of the United States until payment so made shall equal the ag- gregate amount of advances made by the Treasury to said reclamation fund, together with interest paid on the cer- tificates of indebtedness issued under this act and any expense incident to preparing advertising, and issuing the same. Section 4. That all money placed to the credit of the reclamation fund in pursuance of this act shall be devoted exclusively to the completion of work on reclamation projects heretofore begun as hereinbefore provided, and the same shall be included with all other expenses in future estimates of construction, operation, or mainte- nance, and hereafter no irrigation project contemplated by said act of June 17, 1902, shall be begun unless and until the same shall have been recommended by the Secretary of the Interior and approved by the direct order of the President of the United States. Sec. 5. That no entry shall be hereafter made and no entryman shall be permitted to go upon lands reserved for irrigation purposes until the Secretary of the Interior shall have' established the unit of acreage and fixed the water charges and the date when the water can be applied and made public announcement of the same. Sec. 6. That section nine of said act of Congress, approved June 17, 1902, entitled "An act appropriating the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in cer- tain states and territories to the construction of irrigation works for the reclamation of arid lands," is hereby re- pealed. Approved, June 25, 1910. JUDGE KINNEY'S NEW BOOK. JUDGE CLESSON S. KINNEY, of Salt Lake City, *•* Utah, is now engaged in oreparing a work on the legal side of irrigation. A work that is greatly needed by every man interested in the development of arid lands This book will be issued very soon and it consists of three volumes in the usual legal form. Judge Kinney is the author of other valuable works on irrigation, the last volume appearing in 1893. IRRIGATION ACE has made arrangements with Judge Kinnev by which all inquiries received bv us will be forwarded to him and his replies will be published in these column?. 550 THE IKEIGATION AGE. Politicians in Control at St. Paul Second Conservation Congress Adopts the Demands of Federal Hysterical Enthusiasts and Ignores States Rights THE second National Conservation Congress held at St. Paul, September 6th, was simply another mani- festation of the purpose of the federal crowd of politicians to dominate as far as possible all public utterances regard- ing federation matters. The congress was in control of the politicians from beginning to end, and the friends of real conservation and states' rights, foreseeing on the first day that they were powerless to bring the congress to a proper sense of its duty to the public in a sane and reasonable discussion of conservation matters, quietly sat by and allowed the fed- eral crowd of bureaucrats and politicians to continue their narrow and dictatorial policy, practically unopposed. There was, however, a decided stand made by Presi- dent Taft's friends in the Committee on Resolutions when they forced the ma- jority to cut out the name of Theodore Roosevelt and his name did not ap- pear in the resolutions as presented to the congress. Henry Hardtner, of Louis- iana, declared that the conservation principles fa- vored by the Congress were no more those of Roosevelt's than Taft's. He declared that the meet- ing was much less of a conservation movement than a state political meet- ing which had for its pur- pose the exaltation of Theodore Roosevelt at the expense of President Taft. The Congress adjourned on Thursday evening after the election of the follow- ing officers: President, Henry Wal- lace, of Des Moines, edi- tor of Wallace's Fanner, and a member of the Country Life Commission, • mointed by Roosevelt, when he Was president. Secretary Thomas Shipp, re-elected; treasurer, Dr. Austin Latchaw of Kan- sas City. The name of Gifford Pinchot and J. B. White, chairmen of the executive committee, had both been mentioned for the presi- dency but both declined, Pinchot stating that he did not think his election would be in the interest of harmony. Pinchot asked that Cap- tain White be retained as chairman of the executive com- mittee and this was done. If the slate as first proposed had gone through with White as president, Alfred L. Baker of Chicago, would have been elected chairman of the committee as he had been promised the support of a number of state delegations. The congress was opened by President Taft whose speech was one of the most notable and dignified declara- tions defining his policy in all matters pertaining to con- servation. President Taft urged a spirit of conciliation and progress and declared that he should do everything in his power to help the people realize a great national ambition. President Taft's Views on Conservation In these days there is a disposition to look too much to the federal government for everything. I ant liberal in the construction of the constitntion with reference to federal power; but I am firmly convinced that the only safe course for us to pursue is to hold fast to the limitations of the con- stitution and to regard as sacred the powers of the states. It needed some one to bring home the crying need for a remedy of this evil so as to impress itself on the public mind and lead to the formation of public opinion and action by the representatives of the people. I prize my high opportunity to do all that an executive can do to help a great people realize a great national ambition. Real conservation involves wise, non-wasteful use in the present generation, with every possible means of preservation for succeeding generations; and though the problem to secure this end may be difficult, the burden is on the present genera- tion promptly to solve and not to run away from it as cowards, lest in the attempt to meet it we make some mistake. I beg you, therefore, when men come forward to suggest evils that the promotion of conservation is to remedy, that you invite them to point out the specific evils and the specific remedies ; that you invite them to come down to details in order that their discussions may flow into channels that shall be useful rather than into periods that shall be eloquent and entertaining without shedding real light on the subject. We must steer away from this idea of conserving for future generations only. We must take care of the present as well. I am bound to say that the time has come for a halt in general rhapsodies over conservation, making the word mean every known good in the world; for, after the public attention has been roused, such appeals are of doubtful utility and do not direct the public to the specific course that the people should take, or have their legislators take, in order to pro- moto the cause of conservation. The rousing of emotions on a subject like this, which has only dim outlines in the minds of the people affected, after a while ceases to be useful, and the whole movement will, if promoted on these lines, die for want of practical directions and of demonstration to the people that practical reforms are intended. Roosevelt Opposes Taft's Policy. Theodore Roosevelt was the principal speaker on Wednesday. He, of course, opposed President Taft's poli- cies and declared unequivocally for Federal control of all natural resources. He made an attack on certain dele- gates to the congress without naming them, intimating that they were the paid agents of special interests. He claimed that there is a distinct tendency on the part of his opponents to cloud the issue by raising the question of State as against Federal rights and vigorously asserted that he was ready to 'meet that issue if it was forced upon him. Gifford Pinchot declared in a somewhat offensive manner that the Federal crowd was now in full power and that the con- trol would not be lost. He praised Roosevelt in the most fulsome manner and declared that he was re- sponsible for the entire conservation movement. James A. Garfield fol- lowed in a more temperate strain but his speech was along the same line. A great deal of excite- ment was caused at one stage of the proceedings by the announcement that President B. N. Baker had appointed Edward Hines, the Chicago lumberman, to the chairmanship of the Committee on Credentials. When this became known the Illinois delegation at- tempted to have President Baker reverse his action and a resolution declaring that Hines ought not be permitted to act in that capacity was act ually adopted by the delegation. This created a tremendous row and Hines announced that he would not with- draw his name but would fight to retain the chair- manship. The Illinois men who had repudiated Hines were taken off their feet by the announcement that the re- port of the Credential Committee had been adopted and before they had an opportunity to present their resolution to the con- gress. President Baker then explained that it was all a mistake, that Hines had never been appointed chairman of the Credentials Committee and was not even a member of it. Some one had handed President Baker a paper on which Mr. Hines' name appeared at the top. President Baker however paid no attention to this and appointed G. E. Condra of Nebraska. James J. Hill, president of the Great Northern Rail- way, made a vigorous speech in favor of state's rights and declared that the "need of the hour is to conserve conservation." He said the time is ripe to distinguish be- tween real and fanciful conservation. The national ma- chine is top big, distinct, slow, cumbersome and costly and irrigation would have been more cheaply done if THE IEKIGATION AGE. 551 turned over to private enterprise or to the several states "What the United States needs," said Mr. Hill, "is neither reckless destruction nor an embargo upon our splendid western commonwealths by locking up a considerable portion of this one available area. The use of water with- in the state is the property of the state and cannot be taken from it." Clash Between California Men. The big sensation of the last day came in the meeting of the Resolutions Committee in a verbal battle which almost became a fist fight between Frank H. Short of California and Ex-Governor Pardee of the same state. Mr. Short, who had vigorously supported states' rights, advocated a favorable plank in the resolution and declared that unless it was inserted he would fight for it on the floor of congress. "You can afford to," said Governor Pardee. "You're paid for it. You and your $20,000 a year and fees should want to fight it." "When I get home I'll make you prove that, Gover- nor Pardee." shouted Short. "I will," was the answer. The two glared belligerently at each other, but were kept apart. that there is rapidly developing a segregation in the ranks of business men. He believes that there is a gradual evo- lution of the moral sense, and a permanent advance in the idea of social justice and it is a manifestation of a prin- ciple which will soon become effective and ultimately pro- vide for the greatest good to the greatest number. Francis J. Heney, the San Francisco graft prosecutor, attacked James J. Hill and declared that there are evi- dences that public opinion in this country does not have a free chance to operate. He intimated broadly that men like Hill controlled legislatures in some of the western states and therefore were naturally in favor of states' rights because they could have the disposition of natural resources in their own hands. Heney charged that the big interests were most powerful in dictating the appoint- ment of district attorneys and that it is almost impossible to punish rich and powerful men who violate the laws and dispoil the natural resources of the country. Henry S. Graves, United States forester, said that the conservation movement is at a critical period in its history and presents many problems difficult of solution. He said he was now trying to work out a plan for the de- velopment of the water power of the west by private capital while still protecting the people's interest. Other Part of Reservoir No. 2, on the Maxwell Irrigated Land Company's Holdings, near Maxwell, New Mexico. The other sensation was launched by Henry Hardtner of Louisiana, chairman of the conservation association of that state. He called a meeting of the conservation com- missioners of the various states in the morning and there declared that the congress had paid more attention to politics than to conservation, and that even then there was being considered in the resolutions committee a move to indorse Colonel Roosevelt and ignore President Taft in the resolutions. "If this is done it will be an insult to the president," he declared, "and I'll fight it in the congress." The principal speech on the last day of the session was by President Alfred L. Baker of Chicago on "The Stake the Business Man Has in Conservation." Mr. Baker gave Grover Cleveland credit for energizing the conservation movement as early as 1888, and declared that of the combination of capital described by him then has been followed by a tremendous growth in the combina- tion of capital and industry. President Baker is Hopeful. Mr. Baker pointed out the dangerous activity in our political arena of the agents and members of these corpora- tions. The conditions they are precipitating form a po- litical and economic crisis, but he sees hope in the face speakers of the day were John Barrett, director general of the Pan-American Union; Judge Short of California, and Gifford Pinchot. A negligible effort was made by the Illinois delegation to bring the next congress to Chicago but that question will be settled in the legislative committee to be held some time later. Washington, D. C.; Rochester, N. Y., and Kansas City, Mo., are all trying to secure the next congress. The platform as adopted by the congress Is as follows: Platform of the Congress. Heartily accepting the spirit and intent of the Constitu- tion and adhering to the principles laid down by Washington and Lincoln, we declare our conviction that we live under a government of the people, by the people, for the people, and we repudiate any and all special or local interests or platforms or policies in conflict with the inherent rights and sovereign will of our people. Recognizing the natural resources of the country as the prime basis of property and opportunity, we hold the rights of the people in these resources to be natural and inherent, and justly inalienable and indefeasible, and we insist that the resources should and shall be developed, used and conserved in ways consistent both with current welfare and with t*e perpetuity of our people. Recognizing- the waters of the country as a great national resource, we approve and indorse me opinion that all the waters belong to all the people and hold that they should be used in the interest of the people. .352 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Realizing that all parts of each drainage basin are related and interdependent, we hold that each stream should be re- garded and treated as a unit from its source to its mouth, and since the waters are essentially mobile and transitory and are generally interstate, we hold that in all cases of divided or doubtful jurisdiction the waters should be ad- ministered by co-operation between state and federal agencies. Recognizing the interdependf nee of the various uses of the waters of the country, we hold that the primary uses are for domestic supply and for agriculture through irrigation or otherwise, and that the uses for navigation and for power, in which water is not consumed, are secondary; and we commend the modern view that each use of the waters should be made with reference to all other uses for the public welfare in accordance with the principle of the greatest good to the greatest number for the longest time. Viewing purity of water supply as essential to the public health and general welfare, we urge upon all municipal, state and federal authorities and on individuals and corporations requisite action toward purifying and preventing contamina- tion of the waters. Approving the successful efforts of the United States to provide homes on arid lands through irrigation, we indorse and commend the reclamation service and urge its continuance and the extension of the same policy to the drainage of swamp and overflow lands, to be carried forward so far as appro- priation through co-operation between states and federal agencies. Viewing adequate and economical transportation facilities as among the means of conservation, and realizing that the growth of the country has exceeded the development of trans- portation facilities, we approve the prompt adoption of a comprehensive plan for developing navigation throughout the rivers and lakes of the United States, proceeding in order of their magnitude and commercial importance. Recognizing the vast economic benefit to the people of water power derived largely from interstate sources and streams no less than from navigable rivers, we favor federal control of water power development; we deny the right of states or federal government to continue alienating or con- veying water by granting franchises for the use thereof in perpetuity, and we demand that the use of water rights be permitted only for limited periods with just compensation in the interests of the people. We demand the maintenance of the federal commission empowered to deal with all uses of the waters, and to co- ordinate these uses for the public welfare in co-operation with similar commissions or other agencies maintained by the states. Approving the withdrawal of public lands pending classi- fication and the separation of surface rights from mineral, forest and water rights, including water power sites, we recommend legislation for the classification and leasing for grazing purposes on unreserved public lands suitable chiefly for this purpose, subject to the rights of homesteaders and settlers, or the acquisition thereof under the laws of the United States, and we hold that arid and nonirrigable public grazing lands should be administered by the government in the interest of the small stockmen and homoseekers xintil they have passed into the possession of actual settlers. We hold that the deposits of minerals und'irlyin;-', par- ticularly mineral fields, iron ores and phosnhate deposits, ••bould be leased for limitPd periods 'not exceeding fifty years, but subject to renewal, the royalty to be adjusted at more frequent intervals, such leases to be in amounts to such regulations as to prevent monopoly and unnecessary waste. We hold that phosphate deposits underlying the public lands should be safeguarded for the American people by ap- propriate legislation and we recommend the earlv opening of the Alaskan and other coal fields belonging to the people of the United States for commercial purposes on a system of leasing, national ownership to be retained. We urge immediate investigation by the federal govern- ment of the damage done by the smelting of copper ores and the feasibility of so improving methods as to utilize the injurious by-products in connection with phosphatic fertilizers. We favor co-operative action on the part of states and the federal government looking to the preservation and better utilization of the soils by approved scientific methods. We approve of the continuance of the control of the national forest by the federal government, and approve the policy of restoring to settlement such public Ifrnds as are more valuable for agriculture. We earnestly recommend that the states md federal sov- em»">nt pnnniro fr>r rvrestrfl tion lands not more valuable for other rmrposes. and that all existing forests publicly find privately owned be fully protected by state and federal gov- ernments. We recognize the invaluable services of the forest service to the people and earnestly recommend that it be more generously supported by the federal goverrment. and that state, federal and private fire patrol be more generously provided for the preservation of forests and human life; and appreciate and approve of the continuance of the service of the United States army in fire patrol in ^mergencie:!. We favor the repeal of the timber and stone law. We indorse the proposition for the preservation by tho federal government of the Southern Appalachian and White Mountain forests. We recommend that the federal government conserve migratory birds and wild game animals. We recommend the adeauate maintenance of a national conservation commission to investigate the natural resources of the country and co-operate with the work nf the state preservation Commission*: and we urge the legal establish- ment and maintenance of conservation commissions or corre- sponding agencies on the part of all states of the Union. Nothing in these resolutions to be construed as question- ing the rights of the states or the people of the United States guaranteed under the federal constitution". ARID AGRICULTURE BY B. C. BUFFUM, M. S. Manager of the Wyoming Plant and Seed Breeding Company, Worland. Former Professor of Agriculture in the \Jni- versity of Wyoming and the Colorado Agricultural College, and Director of the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. PROF. B. C. BUFFUM. Methods in Irrigation. The easiest and crudest methods were adopted in the earlier days of irrigation. In sections of India and Egypt, which are thought to be the oldest among irrigated countries, the practice of irrigation has remained almost the same for centuries. Primitive appliances are still in use. such as buckets on sweeps, and other simple animal-power machines for lifting water from the streams or wells to the height of the crop land. In contrast with this is the rapid development of irrigation practice in the Western States. The beginning of irrigation in this country was in 1847, when the Mormons made the great experiment at Salt Lake City little more than a half century ago. Since then development and improve- ment have been rapid, though many reverses were met with by the pioneers. Now, new methods are proving so superior to the old. that the farmer who would make the most of his land must keep abreast of the times and adopt the more progressive ideas. Local Methods. Many localities are characterized by some general method of irrigation. Sometimes this is a good method for the local conditions and sometimes not. Usually the pioneer has marked out his own system without help Those who come at a later date take up the local prac- tice and retain it, even though they may see other locali- ties forging ahead of them. The Irrigator's Problem. Crops require water to grow or even to remain alive. The irrigator with a reliable and sufficient water supply has a great advantage over every other agriculturist. He has it within his power to govern the application of water to his fields, to apply it when and where he wishes and in the quantity he thinks best. These advantages bring with them the necessity of learning how to make the most profitable use of the water supply. The problem of the irrigator is to apply water in the right place at the right time, in quantities that will give the best results, and by the most efficient and economical methods. Local conditions and the kind of crop grown should determine the method most applicable. Changes in methods are forced by increase in value of land and water; the inten- sive system taking the place of extensive. Wild Flooding. This is the natural and primitive method cf apply- ing water to crops. In its simplest form it is nothing more than a diversion of the waters of a stream to the land to be irrigated, leaving the laws of nature in charge without further aid from man. Many native, or wild hay mead- ows are irrigated in this way with little supervision other than turning on the water in the Spring and turning it off again a week or so before harvest time. The conse- quence is usually that the meadow is continually under water to a varying depth during the growing season. Only the water-loving or swamp grasses, and the rushes and sedges, survive such treatment. Trie finer native grasses, as the wheat grasses, are rapidly killed out. As the coarse grasses thrive, and give comparatively good yields, the practice is in places retained, chiefly among stockmen with only incidental interests in farming and THE IKRIGATION AGE. 553 on lands of comparatively small value. As lands increase in value and methods improve, these meadows 'are re- seeded to finer grasses and more care is used in irrigation. If the practice of wild flooding is retained at all, the meadow is left under water for short periods only, of a few hours to a week in duration. Flooding From Field Ditches. This is usually known simply as "flooding," and is perhaps the most widely used of all methods, especially in the newer irrigated districts. The ditches are most commonly run parallel to the slope, irrigation taking place from only one side of the ditch and extending to the next ditch. Sometimes on nearly level land the ditches are run down the steepest slope, irrigation taking place from both sides and extending midway between ditches. Under either method the distance between laterals should not be over 200 feet, and it is better to have them closer together. Irrigation is easier and more uniform if the laterals are only 50 to 100 feet apart, though, of course, it is then necessary to have more field ditches, each one of which takes out some crop-growing area from the field. For valuable crops, however, the advantage lies with the closer spacing of the ditches. These field ditches may be either temporary or semi-permanent. With annual crops, such as grains, the common practice is to plow and harrow over them, remaking them each year. This is more con- venient, as the drills and other farm implements can then be driven across the field without interference by the ditches. It entails the extra work of listing put and trim- ming the ditches each year. Permanent ditches should also be repaired and trimmed each year, for if this is not done, they are very apt to become irregular, cut out in places, and stopped up with vegetation in other places. The common lister and the V-shaped crowder or "Go- Devil," are the implements commonly used in making field ditches. The "A," or "Go-Devil,' is easy to con- struct, and can be adjusted to make various widths of ditches. In preparing ground for this kind of irrigation it should be brought to a uniform slope by means of scrapers and home-made levelers, or some other levelling device, as the labor of irrigating each year will depend on how well this has been done. This method is in gen- eral suitable for medium slopes, soils which do not bake or crust badly after flooding, grains, meadows and hay crops, and for the extensive system of farming, where lands are not of great value, and such crops as require comparatively little attention are raised. While in first outlay the expense necessary is not large, the annual cost for irrigation is usually excessive. From two to five acres a day is as much as one experienced irrigator can thor- oughly water, and as a rule the irrigation is more uneven than with other methods. This causes uneven ripening of the crops, which is, of course, a disadvantage. The Furrow Method. There has been a demand for a method of irrigation which does not flood the "crown" of the crop plants, and also one which would not produce baking and cracking of the surface soil, so prevalent with heavy clay soils under the flooding methods. The furrow method accom- plishes this. The seepage of water from the side of the small ditch or furrow outward to the crop, or "subbing," is maintained. Various modifications of the furrow meth- ods are used to adapt it to different conditions of soil, crop, or head of water used. For grain drilled in rows eight inches apart it is usual to make the furrows narrow and deep, four to five inches wide, three to four inches deep, and twenty-four to thirty-two inches apart. For alfalfa and other drilled hay crops the practice is much the same; the furrows being perhaps n little larger. T'ne head ditches or laterals between which the furrows are run should not be over 200 feet apart, as a general rule. That is, the furrows should not be so long that the water will not run through from end to end in a reason- able time, say half an hour to an hour. They should be long enough, so the water will have time to "sub," or seep to the side and dampen all the soil between the furrows. The best length will depend on the soil, the slope, the size of. and distance between the furrows. Tt is determined by the individual farmer for his own conditions without great difficulty. Root crops are almost always found to do best under the furrow system. Potatoes, especially, show the bad effects of even a break between the furrows, and con- sequent flooding. In this case the furrows are made quite large, the rows being ridged, and one furrow be- tween each two rows. Sometimes, the best method for the crop and the most economical of water, is to irri- gate only alternate furrows, as with sugar beets and potatoes. The land cultivation, thinning, etc., can then be done from the dry rows more conveniently. The furrow system is coming to be widely used for irri- gating orchards. The method of dividing the irrigation streams be- tween a number of small furrdws varies in different localities. At Twin Falls, Idaho, and a number of other progressive irrigation districts, what is called the "lath box" system is used. In this system boxes are made by placing four strips of wood, as common plastering laths cut in half, together and nailing them so as to form a narrow, square-section box which may be used as a pipe to admit water through the lateral bank to the upper end of the furrow. The boxes are placed in the ditch banks at each furrow and are easily closed by a stopper formed of a short piece of lath, or by a small square of tin tacked by one corner over the opening. The most common method in all probability is that of depending on the irrigator to open and close the head of the furrows by means of a shovel and some dirt. Some- The Big Horn River in Wyoming is a Grand Strfani. times a flume or trough, or pipe, is used instead of laterals, and holes at proper distances, easily opened or closed, serve to regulate the flow into the furrows. For valuable land, these methods are proving a success, and when the preparation has been completed, the actual labor of irri- gation is reduced to supervision of the flow in furrows, and regulation of the little head gates. Check Method. This is simply a modified flooding method by which the water is retained at some depth on the land, as long as the irrigator thinks best, instead of being spread out by hand labor while running, as in flooding. This is accomplished by means of small dikes or levees thrown up, either in rectangular, or square form, or along con- tour lines. The square system makes the fields take on somewhat the appearance of a gigantic checker-board, whence the name given this method. The check system is best suited to land having very little slope. On practically level ground the banks may be placed far apart. In parts of Arizona and New Mexico on such land they may be as much as a half mile apart, thus inclosing a quarter section in a single "check." But in general the "checks" or squares are very much smaller, often containing less than a quarter acre. (Continued in October.) 554 THE IRRIGATION" AGE. IRRIGATION OF ORCHARDS BY SAMUEL FORTIER Chief of Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture. THE usual way of irrigating orchards is by means of fur- rows. These vary in depth, length, and distance apart, but this diversity does not tend to create different kinds of fur- row irrigation. The division of this subject is rather due to the means employed of distributing water from the supply ditch to the furrows. In some cases the distribution is effected by making openings in an earthen ditch, in others by inserting wooden or iron spouts in the ditch banks, while in many others flumes having the desired number of openings or pipes with standpipes divide the supply among the requisite number of furrows. These designs and methods will be described un- der their respective headings. Earthen Head Ditches. Permanent ditches at the head of orchard tracts should be located by a surveyor. The proper grade depends chiefly on the soil. If the soil is loose and easily eroded, a slow velocity is best. On the other hand, the velocity must be sufficiently rapid to prevent the deposition of silt and the growth of water plants. In ordinary soils, a grade of 2l/2 inches to 100 feet for a ditch carrying 2' cubic feet per second is not far out of the way. The amount of water to be carried varies from l/2 to 2 or more cubic feet per second. A ditch having a bottom width of 24 inches, a depth of 6 inches, and sloping sides, ought to carry \l/2 cubic feet per second on a grade of half an inch to the rod or 3 inches to 100 feet. Such a ditch may be built, by first plowing four furrows and then removing the loose earth either with shovels or a narrow scraper. The loose earth may likewise be thrown up on the sides and top by means of the homemade implement shown in figure 8. Canvas dams, metal tap- poons, or other similar devices are inserted in the head ditch to raise the surface of water oppo- site that part of orchard where furrows have been made and which is about to be watered. The chief difficulty in this mode of fur- r o w irrigation arises in with- drawing water from the ditch and in distribut- ing it equally among a large number of fur- rows. A skilled irrigator may ad- just the size and depth of the ditch bank openings so as to secure a somewhat uniform flow in the furrows, but constant at- tention is required in order to maintain it. If the water is permitted to flow for a short time unattended the dis- tribution is likely to become unequal. Parts of the ditch bank become soft, and. as the water rushes through, the earth is washed away, permitting larger discharges and lowering the general level of the water in the ditch so that other openings may have no discharge. Some of the orchardists of San Diego county, Cal.. insert in niches cut in the bank pieces of old grain sacks or tent cloth. The water flows over these without eroding the earth. Another device is to use a board pointed at the lower end From Farmers Bulletin, Xo. 404, Dept. of Agriculture. Fig. 8. — The Use of the "A" Scraper in Building Head Ditches. and containing a narrow opening or slot through which the water passes to the furrow. Shingles are also used to regulate the flow in the furrows. The thin ends of these are stuck into the ground at the heads of the furrows. Short Tubes in Head Ditches. In recent years short tubes or spouts have been used in many of the head ditches of orchards to divert small quantities of water to furrows. These tubes are usually made of wood, but pipes made of clay, black iron, galv- anized iron, and tin are occasionally used. For nurseries and young trees especially, and also for mature trees, a cheap and serviceable tube may be made from pine lath, such as are used for plastering. The 4-foot lengths are cut into two equal parts and four of these pieces are nailed together to form a tube. One of these tubes when placed with its center 2 inches below the sur- face of the water in the head ditch discharges nearly three- quarters of a miner's inch of water, and if placed 4 inches below the surface will discharge more than 1 miners' inch. In southern Idaho the lumber mills manufacture a special lath for this purpose. It is l/2 inch thick, 2 inches wide, and 36 inches long. If such tubes when thoroughly dry are dipped in hot asphalt they will last a much longer time. In some of the deciduous orchards of California a still larger wooden tube or box is used. Figure 9 represents one of these. It is made of four pieces of J4 by 3^4-inch redwood boards of the desired length. The flow through this tube is regulated by a cheap gate, consisting of a piece of galvanized iron fastened by means of a leather washer and a wire nail. The orchard- ist who lives near a manufacturing town or city can often purchase at a low figure pieces of wornqut and discarded pip- ing varying from 24 to 2 inches in diameter. Such pipes when cut into suitable lengths make a good substitute for wooden spouts. Tin tubes one-half inch in diameter and of the proper length have been used with good suc- cess. In compact soils, through which water passes very slow- ly, the furrows must be near to- gether, and under such conditions small tin tubes are to be perferred. In making use of tubes of various kinds to distribute water to furrows it is necessary to maintain a constant head in the supply ditch. This is done by inserting checks at regular distances. These distances vary with the grade of the ditch, but 150 feet is not far from being an average spacing. In temporary ditches the canvas dam is perhaps the best check, but in permanent ditches it pays to use wood or concrete. An effective wooden check is shown in figure 10. In this the opening is controlled by a flash- board which may be adjusted so as to hold the water at any desired height and at the same time permit the surplus to flow over the top to feed the next lower set of furrows. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 555 Head Flumes. Formerly head flumes for orchards were built of wood, but the steady increase in the price of lumber and the decrease in the price of Portland cement have induced many fruit growers to use cement instead. When built of wood, the length of the sections varies from 12 to 20 feet, 16 feet being the most common. The bottom width runs from 6 to 13 inches, while the depth is usually 1 to 2. inches less. Redwood lumber 1J4 inches thick is perhaps the best for the bottom and sides, and joists of 2 by 4-inch pipe or fir are commonly used for yokes which are spaced 4 feet centers. Midway between the yokes auger holes are bored and the flow through these openings is controlled in the manner shown in figures 11 and 12. A 2-inch fall for each hun- dred feet may be re- garded as a suitable grade for head flumes, but it often happens that the slope of the land is much greater than this, in which case low checks are placed in the bot- Fig. 9. — Wooden Box Placed in Bank of Headfom of the flume at each opening, a s shown in figure 12. A head flume composed of cement, sand, and gravel costs as a rule about twice as much as a wooden flume of the same capacity, but the early decay of wood, espec- ially if it comes in contact with earth, makes the cement flume cheaper in the end. By means of a specially de- signed machine, which is patented, cement mortar com- posed of one part cement to about six parts of coarse sand is fed into a hopper and forced by lever pressure into a set of guide plates of the form of the flume. Such flumes are made in place in one continuous line across the upper margin of the orchard tract. After the flume is built and before the mortar has become hard, small tubes from 24 to iy2 inches in diameter, the size depending somewhat on the size of the flume, are inserted in the side next the orchard. The flow through these tubes is regulated by zinc slides shown in figure 12. Flumes of this kind are made in five sizes, the smallest being 6 inches on the bottom in the clear and the largest 14 inches. At a slightly greater cost a stronger flume can be built by the use of molds. The increased strength is derived from a change in the mixture. In the machine- made flume the mixtures of one part cement to five or six parts of sand is lacking in strength, for the reason that there is not enough cement to fill all the open spaces in the sand. In using molds medium-sized gravel can be inches, but when the section is increased beyond about 240 square inches it pays better to slope -the sides outward and adopt the form of the cement-lined ditch. At present (March, 1910) the cost of rich concrete in place would Fig. 10.— Wooden Check in Head Ditch. added to the sand and the mixture resembles that of the common rich concrete. Such flumes can be built of al- Fig. 11. — Section of Wooden Head Flume, Showing Opening and Gate. be about $9 per cubic yard for the larger flumes and $10.50 for the smaller sizes. The quantity of concrete required per linear foot of flume depends on its size and the thickness of its sides and bottom. The dimensions given in figure 13 are for light rather than for heavy flumes and are designed for localities where there is little frost. For large head flumes and laterals, many fruit growers first carefully prepare an earthen ditch which has carried water for at least one season and afterwards line the inner surface with cement concrete. Figure 14 shows a section of such a ditch. Several years ago 3,200 linear feet of head ditches were lined for 26J/2 cents per foot; they were 14 inches on the bottom with 18-inch sides and a 3-inch lining. The cement cost $2,85 per barrel, gravel 75 cents per yard, and labor $1.75 to $2.50 per day. Pipes and Standpipes. Head flumes, being placed on the surface of the ground, interfere with the free passage of teams in Fig. 12. — The Use of Low Check in Head Flume. cultivating, irrigating, and harvesting the crop. Dead leaves from shade and fruit trees also clog the small openings in the flumes. These and other objections to flumes have induced many fruit growers of southern Cali- fornia to convey the water in underground pipes and dis- tribute it through standpipes placed at the heads of the rows of trees. Both cement and clay pipes are used for this purpose. The former are usually molded in 2-foot lengths, with beveled lap joints, and consist of a 1 to 3 or 1 to 4 mix- ture of cement and fine gravel and sand. The most com- mon sizes are 6, 8, 10 and 12 inches in diameter, having a thickness of shell in the 12-inch pipe of \l/2 inches which s reduced to a trifle more than 1 inch in the 6- anv size from a bottom width of 10 inches to one inch pipe. Piping of this kind, when well made and care- of 40 inches, and from a depth of 8 inches to one of 24 fully laid, will withstand a head of 10 to 16 feet. The 556 THE 1BBIGATION AGE. ciay pipe is similar to that used in cities for sewers and, having stronger joints, withstands a greater pressure but costs more. A line of pipe is laid about 2 feet below the surface from the feed main and measuring box across the top of the orchard, and as each row of trees is passed a standpipe is in- serted. The gen- eral plan is shown in outline in figure 15. Var- ious devices are employed to con- vey the water from the pipe to the surface of the ground at the head of each tree row and divide it up evenly among 4 to 6 furrows. One of the most common con- sists of a series of standpipes. the top of each set rising to the same elevation. At each change of elevation special standpipes are used and in these are inserted gates provided with overflows. The manner of distributing the water from a standpipe to the fur- rows of any one row is shown in figure 16. Occasionally a high-pressure pipe is substituted for cement and clay. This is tapped at the head and in line with each row of trees, and a small galvanized-iron pipe is inserted. These standpipes are capped by an ordinary valve which regulates the flow to each row of trees. This method is shown in operation in figure 17, where a young orcjiard is being irrigated from ^-inch galvanized-iron standpipes connected to a 3-inch wooden pipe. Making Furrows. The length of the furrow is often governed by the size of the orchard. The rows of citrus trees seldom excetd 40 rods in leujrfh. but the apple orchard? of the Northwest are larger as a rule. Even in large tracts it Turnout SU7fx/ Fig. VS. — Common Sizes of Concrete Head Flumes. sinks readily through it, short furrows should be used, otherwise much water is lost in deep percolation on the upper part of the tract. Prof. H. Culbertson, of San Diego County, Cal., after a care- ful investigation of this subject has reached the conclusion .that on sandy or grav- elly soil having a steep slope the proper length of furrows is 200 feet, while on heavier soils and flatter slopes the length may be increased to 600 feet. Fig. 14. — Earthen Head Ditch Lined with Concrete. The grade of .furrows varies quite widely. In flat valleys it is often not possible to obtain a fall greater than 1 inch to 100 feet, while on steep slopes the fall may reach 20 inches per 100 feet. On ordinary soils a grade of 3 to 4 inches is to be preferred, and where the fall ex- ceeds 8 to 10 inches to 100 feet the trees should be set out in such a way as to decrease the slope of the fur- rows. The number of furrows in or- chards depends on the age of the trees, the space between the rows, the depth of furrow, and the char- acter of the soil. Nursery stock is irrigated by one or two furrows and young trees by two to four. A common spacing for shallow furrows is 2}4 feet, while deeper furrows are made 3 to 4 feet apart. The general trend of orchard prac- tice is toward deep rather than shallow furrows, a depth of 8 inches being frequently used. The furrowing implement most commonly used by the orchard.ists of Orange County, Cal.. consists of a sulky frame to which are attached two or three double moldboard plows. Those who prefer a small number of deep furrows use a 12 to 14-inch corn lister. In figure 18 is shown a furrower made by attaching an arm to a (1 Olrerf/ar Stancf m Fig. 15. — The Use of Pipes in Furrow Irrigation. is doubtful if it ever pays to run water in furrows more than about 600 feet. Where the soil is open and water Fig. 16. — Section of Standpipe Outlined in Figure 15. cultivator and then fastening two shovels to the arm. In the view the space between the furrows is 4^4 feet and the depth is regulated by the lever arm of the cultivator. (Continued in October issue.) THE IKR1GATION AGE. 557 PITTSBURGH LAND SHOW TO BOOM IRRIGATED LANDS. By Mary J. Tierney. Irrigation will receive another boom by the National Land and Irrigation Exposition to be held at Pittsburgh, October 17 to 29, and tne stimulus that will be given to the sale of irrigated lands will, no doubt, arouse the in- terest of all students of irrigation, and those connected with the various reclamation enterprises, throughout the country. The Pittsburgh Land Show will be held at the ouquesne Gardens, which is said to be the largest build- ing of its kind in the world, and which is an ideal site for expositions of this kind, being happily situated upon street car lines with perfect transportation facilities to all parts. The building is installed with its own electric light- ing plant, so that direct and alternating currents will be at the disposal of the exhibitor. The building will be gorgeously decorated and illuminated, and an excellent variety of exhibits from all parts of the country have been arranged for. The United States government are sending an exhibit and government lecturers will explain the present conditions, and will give illustrated lectures on irrigation, forestry, scientific agriculture and its kin- dred subjects. The Agricultural State Board of Pennsylvania and of other states will also be represented with exhibits, as will a number of agricultural colleges and universities, cham- bers of commerce, and boards of trade from various parts of the country. Among the railroads which have already contracted for space are the Union Pacific, the Cotton Belt, the Southern and the Iron Mountain, while reservations have been made by several other roads. The exhibits will include the usual pictures of farm life and models, while enormous quantities of grains, fruits and vegetables will also be on exhibition. The Alabama and Sumatra Tobacco Company are preparing an exhibit of more than usual interest and will show the wonderful progress that has been made in the cultivation of Sumatra wrapper leaf in the United States and will have samples of all kinds of tobaccos on hand. The Pittsburgh Land Show is being held under the auspices of the Pittsburgh Gazette Times and Pittsburgh Chronicle, the two oldest and most influential newspapers in the community, and has on its executive staff several of the most experienced and best known exposition build- ers in the country. Irrigation will be well taken care of and a large sec- tion has been set aside for the exhibition of models, pic- tures and other subjects pertaining to irrigation and drainage. There is no better location in the country for a land show than Pittsburgh and an enormous attendance is being looked for. The section is one of prosperity and the people are thrifty and have money to invest. Hundreds of rolling mill workers, who earn large salaries, are in the market for farm lands, and owing to the nature of their work are unable to follow their occupation for any number of years, and as they are well paid, they are usually, after a few years of labor, in a position to buy a farm of more or less magnitude. To these people, the Land Show will be of especial interest and it will give them an opportunity of learning something about farm lands and opportunities in the more distant sections of. the country and to teach them something about the wonderful results of irrigation in the vast tracts of western country of which they know but little. The Pittsburgh papers have been running stories of land show interest for sev- eral months, and a strong enthusiasm has been worked up among the people of the surrounding country. Newspaper stories have been sent out to all of the farm and agricultural journals, trade magazines and prin- cipal daily newspapers all over the country, while all of the smaller papers contiguous to Pittsburgh have entered into the spirit of the show with most encouraging co- operation, and have devoted columns of space to the coming Exposition. The publicity department has also been active, and the country is covered with artistic pic- torial posters for miles around. Colored lithographs and type billing-matter decorates the windows of most of the local stores and tack cards and banners are plentifully distributed along the country roads which lead to the innumerable suburban cities. The National Land & Irri- gation Exposition, which will be popularly known as Pittsburgh's big land show, will undoubtedly be one of the most complete exhibitions of its kind ever held in this country, and its value as a means of education cannot be overestimated. Apart from its interest as an exhibi- tion of earth products it ,will convey to the farmer the homeseeker and investor knowledge of priceless value, and will stimulate the "Back to the Soil" crusade in a manner which could never be arrived at by any other means. The space room is practically all gone, there being but a few spaces left to dispose of. It would be well for those wishing to secure further information to write to the National Land & Irrigation Exposition at their offices in the Keystone building, Pittsburgh, Pa., addressing their inquiries to Francis C. McCarty, Director of Administra- tion, or to Sydney Wire, Director of Publicity. THE FOUNTAIN VALLEY, COLORADO. Peach orchards in Colorado, through irrigation, have been made to produce returns sufficient to increase the value from $25 to $50 per acre to as high as $2,500 to $4,000 per acre. Under irrigation peaches bring a profit of from $150 to $250 per acre; pears $200 to $300 per acre per season, and apples have been known to produce as high as $1,000 per acre. It is rather difficult to convince an easterner that land can be made to produce this much in the way of earn- ing in one year, but many of the eastern people who are going on from Chicago and the central states points to the Irrigation Congress will have an opportunity of seeing Colorado and learning definitely, as eye-witnesses, the facts above stated. It is expected that the Fountain Valley, which ex- tends from Colorado Springs to Pueblo, will be visited by many of the delegates to the Congress, as well as the visitors. The opportunity will then be given them to see the land of the Fountain Valley Land and Irrigation Company, which extends from about 3^2 miles southeast of Colorado Springs to one mile south of Fountain, a distance of about twelve miles. This tract includes the bottom and mesa lands on the north and east side of Fountain river. The reservoirs and much of the finest of the land cannot be seen from the railroads or wagon roads, and one can get no fair conception of the magnitude of this irrigation system or the quality and extent of the lands 'without inspecting them at close range. The Fountain Valley Land and Irrigation Company expect to be in position to entertain those who may stop off at Fountain and Colorado Springs, and no doubt facili- ties for transportation in the form of automobiles, etc., will be placed at the disposal of visitors and prospective buyers. There are lying unfilled in the state of Colorado today, a million or more acres of land which could be made exceedingly valuable by the application of water. It will take some years, however, for proper systems to be developed which will bring this land all under cultivation. In a recent interview Governor Shafroth stated that it will take 30,000 additional farms to supply Colorado's cash market, which is considered one of the best markets in the world, owing to the fact that a large per cent of the produce in the state is disposed of to mining camps where good prices in cash are always paid. Governor Shafroth also states that Colorado has room for several hundred thousand farmers who will be able to supply the markets of neighboring states or of the far East. This can only be done when the land now lying unculti- vated is put under water and properly developed. Colo- rado is also a great state for stock growers and it should be particularly good for swine growers and feeders. It is an ideal state for poultry raising and some of the settlers who have made a specialty of poultry have done well; in fact, have made money. This is particularly true of some of the settlers on the Fountain tract. Those who stop at Fountain should not fail to go eastwardlv from there to the higher mesas and get a view of the mountain range which takes in Pike's Peak, Cheyenne mountain, the Sangre de Cristo range, and, on (Continued on page 564.) 558 THE IBBIGATION AGE. PENROSE AND BEAVER PARK, COLORADO. IRRIGATION is conceded to be one of the most potent factors in the up-building and development of the west today, but the system in operation in the new fruit district of Beaver Park, surrounding the thriving young town of Penrose, is the most unique of them all. In a state noted for its vast opportunities and rapid development, very few of its projects have forged to the front more quickly than that of Beaver Park and few indeed of its enterprises have had more substantial back- ing or a more flattering beginning. For the benefit of those unacquainted with the state, I will say that Beaver Park is located in the eastern part of Fremont County, eleven miles east of Canon City and seven miles northeast of Florence. Exactly two years ago it was in the arid land class. However, by the determination, perseverance and sagacity of its backers, together with the unlimited expenditure of capital, in two short years it has taken its place as one of the most promising and prosperous communities of the state. They have one or two bearing orchards on Beaver Park and one of these took the first prize at the Cotorado State Fair last fall for "The Best Box of Winter Apples," in competition with the rest of the state. Already hundreds of young orchards have been started, while on every hand growing crops of various kinds are to be seen, houses are springing up and homes gates constructed for the purpose, the fall of the land oeing about 100 feet to the mile, thus enough pressure is obtained to force the water to flow out of the head- gates. There are 500 of these headgates. The Beaver Land and Irrigation Company is behind the Beaver Park project, and the company is composed of some of Colorado's most progressive and influential business men. They have an Improvement Depart- ment, with a competent man in charge, whereby it is possible for a non-resident land owner to grow an or- chard without residing in the state, if he so desires, and it will have just as good care as though he were looking after it himself. The Manager of the Improve- ment Department will have the ground plowed, fenced, trees planted, pruned, irrigated and cultivated at actual cost to the owner. Be,aver Park is divided up into ten- acre tracts, with a 50-foot street around every forty acres. The company is now constructing a large reservoir, with a capacity of 5,000 acre feet, which will be com- pleted in a very short time; in fact, they are now storing water in it. In this work they are using three trains of narrow-gauge dump cars, running night and day, and which are filled by steam shovel. When completed, this reservoir alone will hold enough water to supply Beaver Park, without the additional supply of Beaver Creek and the rain fall. Upon its completion it will be stocked with trout and will be noted for its attractive features as a summer resort, being located practically in the moun- tains. One year ago the Beaver. Penrose and Northern Railway was completed and the new town of Penrose hacffer Dam, Under Construction, May 25th, 1910, Lake MacNeill, 35 Feet Deep, Will Be 90 Feet Deep When Completed. being prepared — in fact, everywhere you see the hustle and bustle characteristic of the building of a new ejnpire. I know of no place which offers more opportunities or greater possibilities. Beaver Park has the most complete and up-to-date irrigation system in the west today, the water being con- ducted onto the land entirely through pipe lines. The main pipe line is constructed of Oregon fir lumber two inches in thickness, with five-eighths-inch steel bands every four to six inches. This pipe line is 14,000 feet long, 42 inches in diameter and has a capacity of 78 cubic feet of water per second of time. From this pipe line the water runs through a tunnel 1,000 feet long, which is cemented side, top and .bottom. From the tunnel the water goes into the main ditch. The cross laterals, con- ducting the water onto each ten-acre tract, are made of cement piping from 8 to 24 inches in diameter, laid 38 inches underneath the ground, which prevents seepage, evaporation, breakage of ditches, scattering of weed seed, etc., besides keeping the water pure and cool. In fact this system is like a big city water works, only on a much larger scale. The water is the same as is used by the city of Colorado Springs, which is noted for the finest water in the world, coming directly from Pike's Peak, and is the purest of mountain snow. Another ad- vantage of this system is that you can plow right over the ditches and they do not cut up the land. The water is brought to the top of the ground through cement head- started. In this short time a good -sized little town has sprung up, with a general store, two lumber yards, two restaurants, blacksmith shop, barber shop and pool hall, drug store, hardware store, meat market, carpenter shop, hotel, garage, livery stable, church, depot, school house and a newspaper. The general offices of the Beaver Land and Irrigation Company are also located there. The new town of Penrose is fast showing the effect of the land improvement around it, by the wonderful strides made in the past year, and nothing can prevent its being a city of 5,000 inhabitants in five years' time. It would pay anyone contemplating a trip to Col- orado to visit Penrose and Beaver Park to see this up- to-date irrigation system and to note the wonderful prog- ress and development of this new section of Colorado. The passenger department of the Union Pacific Railway has issued a very elaborate and finely illustrated folder concerning the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress which will be held in Pueblo, Colorado, September 26th to 30th, 1910. The illustrations include a map of the city of Pueblo, showing the location of the Mineral Palace in which the Congress is to be held, also the location of the National Irrigation Exposition, principal hotels, rail- way stations, etc. Among the illustrations are shown a general view of the city of Pueblo, its public library, post office, club buildings, school buildings, etc. The Union Pacific System will, no doubt, carry large numbers to and from the Congress from eastern points as well as from all of the Pacific coast and intermountain country. A copy of this folder may be secured by addressing Gerrit Fort, Passenger Traffic Manager, Omaha, Nebraska, or W. G. Neimyer, General Agent, Chicago, Illinois. THE IKEIGATION AGE. 559 Supreme Court Decisions Irrigation Cases NECESSITY OF OWNERSHIP OF LAND. A person seeking to claim water for irrigation purposes by appropriation must own the land sought to be irrigated, or must have a possessory interest therein. Avery v. Johnson. Supreme Court of Washington. 109 Pacific 1028. DIVERSION OF WATER. When a riparian owner gives permission, even gratu- itously, to divert water from the stream, he cannot recover damages for such diversion, made before revocation of the permission. Merritt v. Houlton Water Co. Supreme Judicial Court of Maine. 76 Atlantfc 951. SUIT BARRED AFTER FIVE YEARS. That certain artesian wells in a water course were left uncapped, in violation of St. 1877-78, p. 195, c. 153, did not constitute a special injury to plaintiff entitled to water from the stream, where the water from the wells did not go to waste during the irrigation season. Hudson v. Dailey. Su- preme Court of California. 105 Pacific 748. RIGHT TO DIVERT. The owner of land through which flows a running stream of water in a well-defined channel has a right to divert the stream from the channel upon his own land, provided he returns it unimpaired to the channel upon his own land. Johnston v. Hyre. Supreme Court of Kansas. 109 Pacific 1075. EFFECT OF NOTICE OF APPROPRIATION. The filing of notice of appropriation of waters merely shows an intent to appropriate, and does not establish an appropriation nor determine the time or amount thereof; the necessity for the use, actual diversion, and use being essentials to the acquisition of title. Ison v. Sturgill. Supreme Court of Oregon. 109 Pacific 579. IRRIGATION CANALS. It was no defense to a suit by a reservoir company, to enjoin interference with its water flowing in the canal of an irrigation company, that there was a large volume of water in the source of supply, available under the irrigation com- pany's appropriations. Hackett v. Larimer & II' eld Reservoir Co. Supreme Court of Colorado. 109 Pacific 965. CONVEYANCES. A grantee's acceptance of a deed containing a reservation to the grantor of a priority or appropriation of water for a certain reservoir, when no priority or appropriation had been secured, did not estop the grantee to claim an appropriation of its own for such reservoir. Windsor Reservoir & Canal Co. v. Lake Supply Ditch Co. Supreme Court of Colorado. 98 Pacific 729. DIVERSION. Other appropriators of waters of the creek above the lands of the parties need not be made parties to an action to determine whether defendants shall be enjoined from wrong- fully diverting waters to the damage of plaintiffs. Peck v. Bono. Supreme Court of Washington. 110 Pacific 13. TRANSFER OF UNUSED WATER. The owner of a mill race, entitled to appropriate a certain quantity of water has no right to transfer to another any por- tion of such quantity not actually used to operate the mill, as against approprintors prior in risrht to the tansferree. Windsor Reservoir &• Canal Co. v. Hoffman Milling Co. Supreme Court of Colorado. 109 Pacific 422. RIGHTS OF PARTIES. One entitled by grant to use an irrigation ditch to convey waters in excess of the amount required for_ the use of the grantor has no right to commit an act occasioning injury to the grantor, and the latter need not see that sufficient water is flowing in the ditch to supply the needs of the grantee. Carnes v. Dalton. Supreme Court of Oregon. ]10 Pacific 170. PERMITTING EXPENDITURES. A riparian owner who knowingly stands by while a public service corporation con~tructs and completes at great expense a s,ystem of works designed for public use is estopped from invoking the aid of equity to restrain the diversion of water necessary for the works, and his remedy is at law for dam- ages. Miller & Lux v. Madera Canal & Irrigation Co. Su- preme Court of California. 99 Pacific 502. RIGHTS OF PARTIES. The fact that a co-owner of an irrigation ditch with the contract right to appropriate a certain quantity of water from the ditch elected to take less than such quantity did not justify a complaint by one to whom the owners had granted the right to use the ditch to convey waters in excess of the quantity to which the owners were entitled. Carnes v. Dalton. Supreme Court of Oregon. 110 Pacific 170. PARTIES TO SUIT. Under the rule that those having no interest in the subject : matter are not proper parties, an irrigation company was not a necessary party to a suit by a reservoir company to enjoin interference with its water, flowing in a canal of the irriga- tion company, where the issue was whether plaintiffs or de- fendants owned the water. Hackett v. Larimer &• Weld Reservoir Co. Supreme Court of Colorado. 109 Pacific 965. INJURIES FROM OVERFLOW. Mills' Ann. 'St. § 2272, making the owners of reservoirs liable for all damages from leakage or overflow of the wa- ters or by floods caused by breaking of the embankments was not impliedly repealed by Laws 1899, c. 126, entitled "An act in relation to reservoirs," as the latter act expressly relates only to reservoirs of a certain capacity and dams having certain dimensions. Garnet Ditch & Reservoir Co. v. Samp- son. Supreme Court of Colorado. 110 Pacific 79. ORGANIZATION OF IRRIGATION DISTRICTS. "The holders of title or evidence of title," or entrymen "on lands under any law of the United States or of this state," who have received receipts or other evidence of their rights as such entrymen, are competent and proper persons to sign a petition for the organization of an irrigation district under the provisions of section 2372, Rev. Codes, and such peti- tioners may be counted in computing the requisite number of signers or holders of title or evidence of title to lands sus- ceptible of irrigation under a common system of irrigation. Gem Irr. Disf. v. Johnson. Supreme Court of Idaho. 109 Pacific 845. CONVEYANCE OF WATER RIGHTS. Plaintiff sold defendant land, together with a half interest in an irrigation ditch which conducted water to the land, and the contract provided that in case defendant should not be satisfied with the ditch plaintiff would transfer to him a share ;n a water company in lieu of the interest in the ditch. De- fendant improved the ditch, and obtained an additional supply of water, but thereafter became dissatisfied, and, as a com- promise, a certain amount was deducted from the purchase price in lieu of the ditch and water right. Held, that all im- provements of the ditch and the supply of water secured thereby reverted to plaintiff. McElravy v. Brooks. Supreme Court of Colorado. 109 Pacific 863. NECESSITY OF BONA FIDE SETTLEMENT. The appropriation of the waters of a stream for irrigation purposes by one occupying public lands could confer no right on such occupant prior to his assumption of the status of an actual bona fide settler under the homestead laws, and the absence of a bona fide intention to settle on the land is suffi- ciently evidenced by the act of the occupant in failing for nearly two years, and while the land had been surveyed and was open to entrv, to file in the land office a relinquishment received bv him from a prior trespasser. Avery v. Johnson. Supreme Court of Washington. 109 Pacific 1028. RIGHT TO DITCH LAND. A landowner has a right to dig a ditch upon his own land along and adjoining the land of another, so lone as the effect thereof is such as not to interfere with the lateral support of his neighbor's land; but if the lateral support of his neigh- bor's land is removed, and damage results therefrom, without fault on the nart of the neighbor, he is responsible therefor; bi't if the neighbor by any act. or acts, assembles quantities of water and casts them into the ditch in such manner as to increase the injurv to his own land, and the amount of iniury done bv each is not aooortionable. he cannot recover. Jnhnston v. Hyre. Supreme Court of Kansas. 109 Pacific 1075. 560 THE IBEIGATION AGE. NEW MEXICO'S GREAl^NATURAL RESERVOIRS More Valuable than All the Minerals in the Mountains Rushing to Waste to Gulf of Mexico COL. R. E. TWITCHELL First Vice President, Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress. IX all its history New .Mexico has never had so much attention as at the present time. The early admission of the territory as a state, the great land hunger epi- demic which seems to be prevalent in the middle and eastern states, the knowledge that in New Mexico there are thousands of acres of land which may be taken up under the homestead laws of the nation, and the great amount of publicity given to the possibilities for the homeseeker and the homemaker in the west and south- west, have provoked an enormous inquiry from all por- tions of the country. New Mexico, is looking ^forward to a great era of prosperity. Of course, locally, the subject just now up- the dominant party — the Republican — in New Mexico. There are a great many Democrats who believe they have better than a fighting chance. Even in the west there seems to be a great lack of information as to the prospects of the new state along agricultural lines. The amount of water which may be made available for irrigation purposes, through storage, is but poorly appreciated even among our own people. The truth is the great majority knows nothing about surface and torrential flows, although* they witness every year the going to waste of enough water to quadruple the present irrigated area of New Mexico. The continuation of the Sangre de Christo range of The Eagle's Nest project comprises several good storage and distributing reservoirs where water can be stored at a very reasonable expense. The best .in lake fed by many clear mountain streams and was formed by a granite dyke through which the Cimarron River has cut its rocky channel. Had not thi completed among the earlier reclamation projects. The engineering problem of the dam is very simple. A dam 90 feet long on the bottom, 320 feet long on top and 140 feet high, built of rock from the clil 114,000-acre feet of water at one filling. Eagle's Nest reservoir will be at an altitude of 8,100 feet, where there is little evaporation. There will be no loss from seepage on account of the solid graoi ply of water. permost in the minds of the people is making the consti- tution for the new state, and for the next twelve months we will have about as much politics in New Mexico as is ordinarily allotted to the citizen of the great and growing southwest. We are not lacking in politicians; we could loan Colorado a few to great advantage, just now most of them are candidates for the senate. A desire to represent the new state in the upper house of the national Congress is not confined to the members of mountains from Colorado southward into New Mexico carries their elevation, practically undiminished, down through the western portions of Colfax, Mora and S?.n Miguel counties, and the eastern portion of Taos county, and end in the Glorieta and Santa Fe ranges. This range is a great watershed Its abrupt and precipitous slopes make a runoff of probably more than one-half of the heavy, dashing rains, and at least one-fourth of the lighter rains and snows, while the forests of pine, spruce and THE IREIGATION AGE. 561 aspen and other luxuriant vegetation evidence about the same annual precipitation as occurs along the same range up here in Colorado. The many streams flowing out ot these mountains towards the east and southwest are the head waters of the Canadian and Pecos rivers. These streams, on reaching the more level valleys below the foothills, except when swollen by waters from melting snows or heavy rains, are usually as quiet and placid as a meadow brook. At such times, to the unreflective and uninformed, they would seem to drain a territory of scant water supply, and the appellation given them as rivers never fail to excite a smile from the eastern tourist. Abundant Flood Water. One only has to look at the width of the stream beds, often 100 or 200 feet from bank to bank; the debris from floods left on the prairies far beyond the banks of the streams; the uprooting and lodgment of large trees; the rolling of huge boulders of 50 to 80 tons weight down the canons, and the data available in the records of the en- gineering department of any railway company in New Mexico, in order to fully appreciate the volume and vio- lence of the waters contained in the elemental deluges of hours. I know of one measurement in Logan, New Mex- ico, on the Canadian river in 1909, which showed that the river carried 100,000 cubic feet per second and most of it came from flood in the Cimarron, Vermejo, and Red rivers in Colfax county. For ages, these waters, more valuable than all the minerals in the mountains upon which they fall, have rushed on to utter waste to the Gulf of Mexico. Lying to the eastward of this range, beginning just below the Evergreen foothills and extending to the eastern limits of Colfax, Mora and San Miguel counties, are vast stretches of valley, prairie and mesa lands of such gradient and conformation as to be adapted perfectly to artificial application of these waters. Its Great Natural Reservoirs. Scattered over this entire scope of country, as well as in the higher levels of the mountains and foothills, are natural depressions and lakes, which, at small expense, can be utilized as reservoirs; while, in the upper levels, nearer the sources of the streams, are many favorable sites where large reserve reservoirs can be constructed at reasonable cost. Farmers have learned that the best water right is the one with a reservoir behind it. In most irrigation sys- thcse will he the Eagle's Nest at the upper end of the Cimarron Canyon. The mountain park or valley opening out above Eag'e's Nest Rock was. once a large ater covered by this great project been mostly owned by private persons, and if it had been under government control, there is no doubt it would have been either side, with a core of re-enforced concrete anchored into the solid granite on bottom and sides, will form a reservoir covering 2,850 acres and impounding and the mountain streams emptying into it carry very little silt. The immense drainage area and large number of streams above this site insure an ample sup- the hills. Travelers and drovers compelled to camp for several days beside any one of these streams waiting for the turbulent waters to subside so they can cross, fully recognize the enormous quantity of flood water wasted from the watershed. While they are permanent streams in the sense that they always carry some water, they are, near their source, torrential in character. Often one of these streams carries a volume of water from 15,000 to 20,000 cubic feet per second for twelve to twenty-four tems which have not sufficient storage capacity, the streams are naturally short of water in the dryest part of the season when the farmers need the water most. The soil and subsoil of this whole district are quite uniform in character and favorable to the highest duty of water. The soil is mostly a deep, rich, chocolate-colored sandy loam, with clay subsoil which holds the water where it is most available for plant growth. This feature in connection with the fact that the principal rainfall occurs during July and August renders the duty of water extraordinarily high. 562 THE IKRIGATION AGE. Annual Precipitation is Sufficient. Vernon L. Sullivan, territorial engineer, has expressed the opinion that in this portion of New Mexico, nine inches of water, properly used, in addition to the natural rainfall, will be sufficient on an average farm. On inquiry of the farmers near Maxwell City, Springer and Las Vegas, I have been assured that this estimate is ample. As a matter of fact, irrigation here may be regarded as supplementary to the natural rainfall. The government records of precipitation over the prairie and mesa portion of this area show a great deal more rainfall than most so- called dry-farming sections have, with the precipitation better distributed over the growing season. The precipitation at Raton, during 1909, was '.'.3.02 inches, of which 17.31 inches occurred in May, June, July, August and September. No records have been kept of precipitation <.m the mountain watershed mentioned, but it is much greater than for the lower elevations. From such measurements of runoff as have 1 een made from the annual estimated precipitation, and from evidence on the ground of floods in the streams, there can be no doubt that this mountain watershed of many thousand square miles will furnish water to irrigate several hundred thousand acres of land in each of the counties I have men- tioned. The government figures'for the runoff from the entire drainage area of the Rio Grande in Colorado are 500 acre feet for each square mile of surface, or a runoff rf nine inches per annum. Estimating the runoff from the moun- tain and foothill area of Colfax county at only six inches at altitudes ,of 7,000 and 13,000 feet gives 1,010,000 acre feet of wat(5r available for irrigating the 512,000 acres of irrigable land, or nearly two acre feet for each acre. The average rainfall being about seven to eighteen inches, this would make a total water supply of forty-nine inches per annum. Theoretically, it is possible to store and utilize nearly all of this runoff. Practically it is easily possible to store and utilize more and more of it each year, until, with the increased flow of the springs, the raising of the grounc' water and the increased humidity of the air, caused by ir- rigation of large areas, all the farming land of this entire district can be brought under the highest state of cultiva- tion. What Storage Means in Development. What this means to New Mexico may be realized by seeing the wonderful results of irrigation in certain dis- tricts of Colorado, which only a few years ago were tree- less plains used only for grazing purposes. Now they are occupied by a numerous population of prosperous farmers, with a sugar mill every few miles and lands selling at $300 to $400 per acre, or fruit districts where land is worth from $1,000 to $4,000 per acre, having full bearing orchards. The native people and settlers of Colfax, Mora, San Miguel and Taos counties have successfully grown certain crops — such as wheat, beans, short season corn, sorghum and Kaffir corn, without irrigation, for over fifty years, and the Mexican people have always planted temporal crops above the irrigated lands. Irrigation farming has been carried on in some parts of Mora, San Miguel and Taos counties since the earliest occupation by the Spaniards while there are remains of ancient irrigation ditches in Taos county used probably many hundred years before by the Pueblo Indians or by some race which preceded them. In Colfax county which was formerly the home and favorite hunting ground of the Ute and Apache Indians, irrigation farming has been practiced for over fifty years. The noted scout and Indian fighter, Kit Carson had a ranch on the Ponil near Cimarron and constructed one of « the first irrigating ditches in Colfax county. The irrigated farms and the large stone flour mill at Cimarron. owned by Lucien B. Maxwell, supplied the settlers and the United States army posts with flour in the early sixties. Irrigation Development Just Beginning. Here B. F. Eaton, the pioneer of the great Greeley irrigation district, afterwards governor of Colorado, learned to farm by irrigation on one of Maxwell's ranches near Cimarron. But the methods of irrigation, seeding and cultivation were crude and wasteful comDared to modern methods now in use in the irrigation districts in California, Utah and Colorado, and until quite recently no efforts have been made to store and utilize the vast quantities of flood water. It is only within a few years that the great irrigation possibilities along this watershed have been given any at- tention. The reason for this is that the greater part of the land in these counties was included in land grants owned by a few individuals and companies and used for grazing purposes. The owners did not want to divide the land into small tracts for settlers. In fact settlers were just what they did not desire. But the settler has come. This means that there will soon be a cultivated farm on the area of ground formerly required for the maintenance of a single steer. The crops grown under irrigation in this district are chiefly alfalfa, sugar beets, wheat, oats, barley, beans, peas, corn, timothy and orchard grass, Kentucky bluegrass and all kinds of garden vegetables, including melons. It is a fine fruit country, particularly for high priced apples and pears. The apples are thin-skinned, crisp and juicy, of finest flavor and keeping qualities. There are a lew good orchards that have been bearing for 35 to 5fl years, with very few failures during that time. Favorable for Sugar Beet Production. All the conditions are exceptionally favorable for- sugar beet culture under irrigation. The temperature of the summer months, the mean for June, July and August being 70 degrees, followed by a long period of cool dry weather, for ripening and harvesting, are ideal for produc- tion of a high tonnage and sugar percentage. For the past two years sugar beets have been raised near Las Vegas, Watrous, Shoemaker, Miami, Springer and Maxwell, at the last named place in both an experi- mental and a commercial way. The averge sugar percent- age of the 1908 crop of New Mexico exceeded that of any other state or territory in the United States. The 1909 crop made an actual commercial test for beets shipped of over 17 per cent. But irrigation here, under systematic, modern methods, depends upon storage, reservoiring for reserve supply and is in its incipiency. Several large enterprises are projected and some haye progressed sufficiently to begin coloniza- tion. In the "class are those of Springer Ditch Company, at Springer; Farmers' Development Company, at Miami; French Land & Irrigation Company at French, and Max- well Irrigated Lands Company, at Maxwell, all in Colfax county, New Mexico. These projects, though not completed, show the enor- mous water supply furnished by the Sangre de Christo watershed. Taking as one instance, the Maxwell Irri- gated Lands Company, which will take water by large ditches from both the Vermejo and the Red rivers. The Vermejo ditch is completed and from this ditch alone ten large reservoirs were filled the present season by the middle of May and there has been a large amount of water running to waste down the Vermejo which could not be utilized. The Red river ditch is being constructed and when completed this company will have much more water than can be stored and used by the reservoirs in their system. New Projects Now Under Way. There are three other projects which have not got much beyond the formative 'stage of perfecting titles to water rights, surveying and engineer's estimates of costs of construction. There are the Las Vegas project, now under construction by D. A. Camfield, the noted irriga- tionist of Colorado; the Lake Charette projects; controlled by Hornstein and Hartoey of Springer, and the Eagle's Nest project, controlled by Charles Springer of Cimarron, New Mexico. This Eagle's Nest enterprise will, without doubt, be- come one of the greatest in the west, covering as it will over 100,000 acres of exceptionally rich land, with low construction cost and an abundant supply of water. None of these is government project and I cannot say much concerning any one of them except that every one will bear the closest scrutiny by persons who desire to come among us and make their future homes here. There are great possibilities for irrigation in the rich vallevs of the Mora and in the Taps country. It is to this country that we invite the people of the world to help in making the greatest state in the Rocky mountain region. THE IEEIGATION AGE. 563 TURNS WASTE INTO WEALTH. Modern System of Digging Ditches Most Powerful Factor in Watering Waste Land and Draining Swamps. "THE slow and painful method of making drainage and irrigation ditches by spade and plow is a thing of the past. Today great machines, propelled by steam, gasoline or other power are opening up ditches to any width or depth desired, leaving the sides clean, sloped at proper angles and in every way a thing of usefulness and beauty. These machines are plowing their way through the swamps of the east to make arable useless wet lands and are opening up the desert lands of the west for irrigation pur- poses, and thus are mighty factors in the development of our agriculture. The scientific principle of ditch building is that a ditch is perfectly made only when it is cut true to grade, the banks sloped to any desired angle and with bottom and banks left as firm as nature made them. The waste banks irrigation ditches at a cost per cubic yard cheaper than they can be dredged, but this is only one factor of the problem. This machine digs the ditch complete with slop- ing sides in one operation and a dredge does not. There must, therefore, be added to the cubic yard of cost of dredge work the additional cost of trimming and sloping these sides. Other important features of this ma- chine and its work are: There is a gain in the life of the ditch, since the slop- ing banks do not cave or easily wash. There is a gain in the water carrying capacity of the ditch which enables a correspondingly smaller sized ditch to do the work required. Then there is the very important gain of being able to dig the ditch from mouth toward source and thus drain the land along the lower stretches for immediate cultiva- tion while the upper stretches of the ditch are being dug. The Austin Drainage Excavator constructs a per- manent ditch which keeps its shape, at a lower initial ex- pense than it can be built for by any other method. Rear view of Type "A" Machine digging ditch with 18-foot bottom, motive power gasoline engine. The units or panels making up the platform traction are so connected that they "bridge" — that is, the load on each pair of wheels is distributed over a multiplicity of panels or units, instead of only one. 'ITiis holds true for whatever position the wheels take. As a result, the Austin Rolling Platform Traction will carry a machine over very soft ground — almost any ground that does not require a boat. must also be placed at a sufficient distance from the ditch to prevent caving. The most notable development in ditching machinery is that made by the F. C. Austin Drainage Excavator Company of Chicago. Each of the machines manufactured by this company has features that fit it particularly for its work. They have all been tried out in the ditch and on the levee and are now successfully working in large num- bers. The Austin machines are made especially with one or two exceptions for drainage and excavation work and for such work the manufacturers claim they have no equal in this country. There is something besides mere digging in ditching economics, and this is a fact to be remembered when a machine is offered at what appears to be an astonishing low price. An Austin Drainage Excavator will excavate When an irregular channel is once created the ten- dency of flowing water is to increase the irregularity by undermining the banks and forming bars in the channels, thus choking the entire waterway by the deposit of silt. The cost of maintaining such a ditch will exceed in a short time the original cost of construction, and this is a feature which must always be considered in the construc- tion of ditches. The bottom of the ditch must be true to grade and free from roughness. The size of the ditch must be true and smooth and sloped back from the bottom at an angle flat enough to prevent the earth from falling, caving or slipping. The earth below the true planes of the bottom and sides must be left undisturbed and as nature made it. (Continued on page 565.) 564 THE IRRIGATION AGE. MARKED INCREASE IN PUMPING IRRIGATION. THERE is great activity this year in this section of the irrigated West in irrigationt by pumping. This is particularly true in the Arkansas valley and in eastern Colorado. The successes in the Garden City district of the Arkansas valley, and east of Colorado Springs have directed attention to this means of irrigation and reclama- tion of areas otherwise impossible of reclamation, and the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress meeting at Pueblo, September 20-30, has acted as a stimulus to endeavors along this line. Farmers on arid and semiarid lands, where it is feasi- ble to obtain water from wells, underground flow, or nearby rivers and ditches, may enter into a sort of school of instruction and be taught the advantages and safe- guards to crops by electrical pumping systems, within the next few months. After the irrigation congress and exposition are over, and at Denver, October 8, it is proposed to have a big electrical pumping congress in the big auditorium and invite agriculturists of the state and the adjoining western Kansas section of the Arkansas valley which has been the pioneer in this movement, to attend. Rock River, Wyoming, with Irrigated Meadows. The Northern, Central, and Southern Power com- panies will probably have a number of working exhibits, showing various methods of electrical pumping to reclaim lands. Formerly, the high cost of power retarded such development, but in recent years the cost of power has declined, and it is felt its use is now a paying proposition. Activity is now pronounced in the territory east of Colorado Springs, formerly regarded as almost hopeless from the standpoint of reclamation except by dry farming Also this is true in the Garden City, Kansas, district of the Arkansas valley, where two projects are now being proposed — one to take care of 8,000 acres, and another having a 5,000-acre area. Government statistics show that there are nearly 600 million acres of arid and semiarid land in the United States. Electric power experts claim that a large portion of this could be reclaimed by pumping water from wells, rivers, ditches, underground flows and by draining water from swampy land. The managers of the congress propose to obtain the services of prominent reclamation experts to address the meetings. The problems encountered by the agriculturists will be ascertained by a question box. Farmers in the East are now adopting systems of supplementary irigration. One of the experts to address the congress will be Herman Russell of Rochester, N. Y.. who is one of the foremost advocates of supplementary irrigation in this country. Russell stated that New York suffered severely last year by drougth, which could have been avoided by supplementary irrigation. This branch of the ancient art of irrigation, so com- mon in California and in the state of Washington, and practiced for many years in the well-known Garden City district of the Arkansas valley, has not been in common use heretofore in eastern and southern Colorado. The preachments of the Irrigation Congress and the publicity aroused by means of the congress have brought attention in all parts to this means of applying water to the land in sections where gravity irrigation was not possible or feasible. It is felt, and attention is being brought to the fact, that investors and irrigation engineers should look into the possibility of reclaiming arid lands on the plains by pumping. The acreage is vast, and the soil when watered is fertile. The first question is whether there is adequate supply, and the next whether the cost of pumping would be low enough to make ventures of that kind profitable. Tests have shown that a large part of the Great Plains area is underlaid with water, and there is no doubt that in many localities the supply is great enough to reclaim in the aggregate a large area of land. Power for pumping can be supplied in two ways: Either by power stations, local, or in the mountains and conveyed by distributing stations and lines to the place desired; or by means of denatured alcohol. It requires intensive cultivation to make irrigation of this kind profitable, and that is exactly what exists in the Garden City district of the lower Arkansas valley in western Kansas. There are located in that district several large and many private pumping plants, all in successful operation. Years ago, Major Powell, then director of the United States geological survey, expressed the opinion that the Central Plains region might ultimately be put to good use in this way. From its farms, the markets of the central West can be supplied. Anyway, it is being felt more and more that it is a profitable field for investigation by the experts, and the great impetus and influence of the Eighteenth National Irrigation Congress applies in this as in many other instances. In this connection, the- fact that the National Irriga- tion Exposition will be he'ld at Pueblo, September 19- October 1, in connection with the Irrigation Congress, has a salutary effect, since one of the principal features of the exposition will be displays of pumping and pumping ma- chinery. (Continued from page 557.) clear days, the Spanish Peaks which lie to the southwest. There is no more delightful mountain view in the country than can be had from the mesas and hills lying east of Fountain. There are many ranches yet to be disposed of in this tract and it is safe to say that there is not a ranch on the entire project, after being properly cultivated, fruit trees put out and some of the land seeded to alfalfa, that will not readily sell for twice the figure now being asked by the company. A large acreage of the Fountain tract has been set out to cherry trees which will, when in bearing, bring the value of the land up to $600 or $700 per acre. Cherries in this section produce not less than $100 per acre per year, and frequently one or two times that amount. It is not uncommon to hear of a well matured cherry orchard which is earning $200 per acre and one good feature about this is that the large merchants in Denver and other large cities of the state frequently purchase the fruit on the tree and do the picking and shipping themselves which relieves the settler from all worry attendant upon poor help at a critical time in the crop development. An exhibit will be made of Fountain Valley products both during the tin:e cf the State Fair and the Irrigation Exposition. For additional information concerning this land ad- dress the Fountain Vallev Land & Irrigation Company, Colorado Springs. Colorado. *****»**»»'^»«******^*J»«J*«J***^ £ Send $2.50 for the Irrigation Age 1 year, and < •** cloth bound copy of the Primer of Irrigation **• THE IRRIGATION AGE. 565 (Continued from page 503.) The material excavated from the ditch must be de- posited far enough away from the edge not to work or slide back and not to bring a caving pressure on the edge of the ditch. The Austin Drainage Excavator does all of these things and by delivering the earth at a distance from the edge of the ditch insures a berm of practically any desired width, thus insuring that the waste banks will never be returned to the ditch by erosion nor will the banks cave as is the case when torn up by dipped dredges that can deliver the waste banks only immediately adjacent to the ditch. The F. C. Austin Drainage Excavator Co. also manu- factures the Austin Levee Builder, a machine which takes dirt from low grounds and places it in an embankment. Then there is the combined levee and ditch excavating machine, the Austin Dragline Excavator, which has an even wider range of usefulness than the steam shovel. Another wonderful machine is the Austin Stiff Leg Drag Line Trench machine, intended for digging extra wide trenches for large brick or cement sewers. This will make a cut of twenty-five wide and twenty-five or more feet deep, loading the dirt into wagons or cars. At the depth of fifteen feet it will deposit the dirt on both banks. The Austin Tile Ditching Machine is the only ma- chine that will dig trenches for tile in materials of all kinds. It digs 12, 15 and 18 inches wide and to a depth of six feet at the rate of 3,000 to 5,000 lineal feet per day. This machine can be transported over the ordinary roads from job to job at the rate of two miles per hour. The Austin Sewer Excavator is a machine that will do more and better work on city streets than can be done by from 100 to 150 men digging with pick and shovel. It does better work because the trench is cut to grade, leav- ing the walls true and as straight as the engineer's tape line. Deep digging does not decrease the output to any great extent, while with hand labor the deeper the trench and the harder the material the greater becomes the cost. All of the machines described above are self-propell- ing and when equipped with an Austin Rolling Traction Platform will ride on any material that does not require a boat to cross. *,• Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age, one year, and the *| *£ Primer of Irrigation, cloth bound, a 260-page finely X •|« illustrated work for new beginners in irrigation. «|. HOW IS THIS FOR HIGH? OAT FIELD NEAR ST. ANTHONY Irrigated Crops Never Fail The Upper Snake River Valley in Idaho has the Soil, the Sunshine and the Water. More than fifty large canals now completed and owned by the farmers of pur county. Guaran- teed water rights sufficient, with lands that yield 6 tons of alfalfa, fifty bushels of wheat, 100 bushels of oats, 600 bushels of onions or potatoes, and 20 tons of sugar beets per acre. Fine Climate. Forinformation and illustrated booklet write C. C. Moore Real Estate Co. ST. ANTHONY or ASHTON, IDAHO Successful Irrigation Depends Upon CLEB£EL TONGUE ATTACHMENT- Well Made Cement Tile "THE TILE THAT LASTS" Miracle Tile Molds are easy to operate and produce 100% perfect tile. We are the leading manufacturers o f tile molds, collap- sible culvert forms, mixers and other concrete machinery Send for catalogs MARSH GO, CHICAGO When writinp to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 566 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Austin Wheel Ditcher Ditch Being Dug by the Austin Drainage Excavator, I ' . t» 1 Slope Austin Wheel Ditcher For digging lateral ditches. Is 'self-propelling and digs automatically. Will deliver the soil either to right or left. All Austin Excavators have self -cleaning buckets, and will dig hard or sticky clay as well as sand. Austin Drainage Excavator Requires no water for its oper- ation, other than for boiler. Hence, excavation may be be- gun at mouth of ditch and pro- ceed towards its source. This per- mits land along lower stretches of ditch to be drained and put into crops while upper stretches are still being excavated. Austin Drag Line Excavator Can be operated either by steam or gasoline engine. Will swing to right or left, and buckets can be dumped at any point in radius of boom. Mounted on roller platform traction, railroad track, of wooden rollers. Send For Catalogue "S-l" F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO. Railway Exchange, Chicago, HI. Austin Drag Ling Excavator When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE 567 Reclamation Notes **• CALIFORNIA. Government engineers are prospecting lands in Dry Lake region of Modoc county for the purpose of determining those which can be brought under irrigation. The Yolo Consolidated Water Company of Woodland, Yolo county, has sold its water-rights and interests to Lieu- tenant-Governor Warren D. Porter of Watsonville and J. W Forgeus of Santa Cruz. The new owners propose to build a water system which will cost several millions of dollars. The proposed system will irrigate many thousands of acres of land in Yolo, Solano and Lake counties. A mutual corporation has been formed at Yerma, headed by J. W. Tibbetts and W. F. Holt of Redlands, with a capi- talization of $250,000 as the preliminary steps to put in a submerged dam in the Mojave river about three miles from Otis. The company has filed on 20,000 inches of water in the river at this point. The plan is to build a series of canals, six feet wide and eight feet deep, and the water raised by the dam so that it will flow by gravity over 460,000 acres of rich desert land. It is estimated that the cost of the project will be about $3,000,000. R. D. Cutler of Red Bluff has filed on 5,000 inches of water from the Sacramento river a few miles south of Red Bluff, for domestic and irrigation purposes. Dr. P. L. Hamilton and Dr. Hal M. Parker of Chico, have filed on 20,000 inches of water from Mill Creek, near Morgan Springs, Tehama county, for power and irrigation purposes. No definite plans have been announced. The Sacramento Irrigation Company has filed articles of incorporation, with a capital stock of $100,000. The principal office of the company is at Portland, Oregon. The company has filed on 80,000 inches of water in the Sacramento river three miles north of Red Bluff. The incorporators are J. W. Ivey, Norman R. Smith and W. W. Woodward. A pump is being installed on the east side of Honey Lake to pump the water from the lake into a ditch system that will convey it to 20,000 acres of land in the vicinity of Amedee in Lassen county. The land is to be colonized. A. A. Anton, residing in the Biggs section near Oroville, has filed on 100 miners' inches of the water of Dry creek for irrigation purposes. The Board of Directors of the South San Joaquin Irri- gation District has established permanent headquarters at Manteca. A proposition to dissolve the Rialto Irrigation District was defeated by a vote of 71 to 54. C. M. Maze, who owns a ranch near Modesto, has in- stalled a pumping outfit at a cost of $1,000 with which to irrigate his late crops. The Madeline Irrigation Company of Madeline is taking water from Tule lake to irrigate 1,5.00 acres of land near that city. A decision in favor of Osborne Burke and others has been rendered by the Supreme Court of California which removes all restrictions on the matter of taking water from the Walnut Irrigation District ditch. The Walnut Irrigation District sought to restrain the plaintiffs from taking water from its ditches and when the case was brought up in the superior court a decision was rendered in favor of the plain- tiffs. An appeal was then taken to the Supreme court, with the outcome mentioned above. No. 3. Traction Gasoline Machine crossing the high Sierras of Eastern Washington, where fuel and water are not to be had. We made the 25 mile move in 8 hoars, using 20 gallons of gasoline at 19c per gal. We had no team nor needed any. The one in the picture did not belong to the machine. THE DESERT DRILL This is a Standard KEYSTONE Traction Cable Drill driven by a two cylinder double opposed gasoline engine. Size 3 has a 22 H. P. engine and is guaranteed for 500 ft. depths. Size 5 has a 30 H. P. engine and is guaranteed for 1000 ft. with manilla cable or 1500 ft. with wire line. Requires no fuel but gasoline. Requires no water except for cooling engine and a little for the hole. Will go anywhere on its own power. Ask for Bulletin No. 7 KEYSTONE MOTOR DRILL WORKS Beaver Falls, Pa. No. 3 Traction Gasoline Drilling in Eastern Washington, using 500 ft. of 2!4 in. cable and cutting 10 in. hole. Has 28 ft. string of tools with 3 '4x22 ft. stem. This drilling was all hard basalt boulders and our best day's work was 50 ft., using 15 gal. of distillate at 13 cents per gallon. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 568 THE IRRIGATION AGE. COLORADO. Farmers in the vicinity of Golden are becoming inter- ested in irrigation by pumping. R. Reed Morrill, manager of the Golden Illuminating Company, has sunk a 12-foot well and installed a centrifugal pump and irrigates a large tract. The North Fort Reservoir & Irrigation Company has filed articles of incorporation and will have its main office at Fort Morgan. Water will be taken from the South Platte river to water 16,000 acres of land in Morgan, Logan, Sedg- wick and Phillips counties. The capital stock of the company is placed at $200,000, divided into 2,000 shares at a par value of $100 each. The dam will be completed in March, 1911. The old town ditch which has served the town of Las Animas for irrigation purposes for the past twenty-six years, will be siphoned and used in the future by the farmers living near Lamar. The contract for putting the ditch underground has been awarded to the Las Animas Ditch Company and the Marshall Murphy Construction Company at a cost of $10,000. Rollo Wilson of Denver, president of the North Poudre and Weld County Reservoir and Ditch Company, has filed piats covering claims on many reservoirs. The system con- templates the building of fourteen reservoirs in Weld and Larimer counties, costing $2,000,000 and the enlargement of the Harrigan and various reservoirs owned by the North Poudre Irrigation Company of Greeley. This project will provide irrigation for thousands of acres of land near Carr in Weld county, as well as a large acreage in Weld county. An irrigation district known as the "Hunter Mesa Irriga- tion District" has been formed. J. T. Selby and J. E. Stauffer of Rifle and C. C. Parks are directors of the new district. The contract for moving 600,000 cubic yards of dirt on the main canal of the Pueblo & Rocky Ford Irrigation Com- pany has been let. • Work on the Shaeffer reservoir on Beaver Creek is Hearing completion. The purpose of the dam is to store water for Beaver Park, a large tract of land lying near Florence. Through the efforts of the Antlers Orchard Development Company, of which Colorado Springs capitalists are the chief officers and owners, 4,000 acres of land in the vicinity of Glen- wood Springs is to be reclaimed by the means of a system of irrigation now being installed. A reservoir with a capacity of 174,000,000 gallons is being built. The land was formerly the property of the Farmers Company, whose dam burst fifteen years ago, and no improvements have been made on it since then until the present company purchased it. T. E. Curtin is president of the concern, A. E. Sunderlin vice- president. Lee Hany, formerly advertising manager for the Colorado Midland Railroad is a member of the company and has opened an office in the Equitable building in Denver to handle the lands. The land to be reclaimed lies on the line of the Denver & Rio Grande railroad and is between Antlers and Silt. Kingsbury Bros., contractors of Masters, have com- menced the tunnel reserve: r on the Laramie river for the Greeley-Poudre ' irrigation system which will cost $250,000. A dam 1,600 feet long will be built across the river to force the water through the big tunnel into the Cache la Poudre, from where it will be distributed into the ditches and reser- voirs of the irrigation system. The dam will be 48 feet high and will be erected at a point where the river turns north and flows toward the Wyoming line. The reservoir will have a capacity of 170,000,000 cubic feet of water. Improvements are being made in the Holbrook Irriga- tion System. Reservoir No. 1 is practically completed. This reservoir will hold about 7,500 acre feet of water and will cost about $25,000. The Dye reservoir is not so far advanced and will not be completed for some months. When finished it will add about 5,000 acre feet more storage capacity to the Holbrook system. This reservoir will cost in the neighbor- hood of $18,000. Ohio and Franklin Si s.. Chicago, 111. FACTORIES, CHICAGO, ILL. : SENECA FALLS, N. Y. Write /or Catalogue and Estimates Manufacturers of Used for Irrigation, Circulation, When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 569 It is reported that active work on the Colt project, in- volving Lake Meredith and the irrigating of 200,000 acres of land in Otero and Bent counties, will be commenced within the next month. An estimate of the cost of the proposed Hardscrabble Irrigation District places the cost at $788,000, or $65 per acre, provided no more land is signed up. Plats have been filed by W. D. Gould, James Gould and E. S. Gould for a new irrigation proposition on Crystal creek near Crawford. The amount of land to be watered is 3,600 acres. The reservoir will be formed by a dam forty-eight feet high, and will contain 56,407,000 cubic feet of water. The ditch will be about eleven miles long, with a carrying capacity of 300 feet. The estimated cost of the project is $35,000. The Lower Rogers Mesa Irrigation District has pur- chased 400 shares of the capital stock of the Park Reservoir Company. The Park reservoir is about the same distance from Rogers Mesa as the Dog Fish, the Crater, or the Holy Terrors reservoirs. A ditch nine miles long is now under construction which will carry the water to Leroux creek. It is rumored that an irrigation project which will re- claim 60,000 acres of land south of Hayden and Craig, will be commenced in the near future. It is proposed to take water from Williams Fork a few miles above the Erry ranch, carry it across the divide, and onto the Bear River slope. The Western Reclamation and Development Company and the East Colorado Springs Land Company are perfect- ing plans for developing the underground flow of the waters of Sand Creek. It is the intention of the promoters to furnish water for about 5,000 acres of land which will later be cut up into small tracts and ranches. The system of these com- panies is to build a dam by driving piles into the bed of the creek until they strike hardpan. and the spaces between the piles are then filled with cement. The work is under the direction of J. B. Emmons of Denver. A western slope irrigation scheme has been started by a syndicate of Colorado Springs capitalists, to water thousands of acres of land in the San Miguel river valley in Montrose county. The land which is to be opened up lies 50 miles south of Grand Junction and 25 or 30 miles southwest of Montrose. In order to bring the water from the headwaters of the river where the syndicate has options on the water-rights, it will be necessary to build 22 miles of flume. As the proposi- tion now stands it is the intention of the promoters to build a wooden flume of seasoned oak timber the entire distance. Later on a steel conduit will be built in a large groove along the mountain side so that its destruction by landslides will be practically obviated. IDAHO. Ex-Senator F. F. Pettigrew, H. L. Hollister of Chicago, and several others, have purchased 40,000 acres of desert land from the Northern Pacific Railroad Company and will irrigate it. The land lies near Moses Lake and the purchase price was $40,000. Application for a permanent segregation and maps of the system of irrigation to be used have be.en filed in the state land office by the Grasmere Irrigation Company. The project is situated in the center of Owyhee county and sur- rounds the smaller tracts belonging to the company of that name. The temporary withdrawal of the land was granted June 1st and the work is being pushed, with the prospect of an opening late this fall. The price of water-rights is placed at $65 per acre, with a maintenance fee not to exceed 50c per acre. T. R. Jones, John A. Early and associates have filed an application for the segregation of a large body of land in Bingham county. Their application seeks to enlarge the original segregation for what is known as the Blackfoot North Side Irrigation project which covers 35,000 acres of land in Bingham county. Are You Bothered With Weeds? Easy Flowing Canals and Clean Reservoirs Secured With Small Work by ZIEMSEN'S SUBMARINE WEED CUTTING SAW (Patented all over the world) The Ziemsen Weed Cutting Saw cleans weeds and other growth from irrigation ditches, canals, res- ervoirs, rivers, ponds, lakes, etc., by the simple pro- cess of sinking the saw with the ends of the draw rope carried on either side of the spot to be cleaned and advancing slowly along the banks, pulling to and fro. In larger reservoirs or lakes boats may be em- ployed. The appliance is extremely simple and its manipulation requires no experience. For example, the pond shown in the accompanying illustrations is about 100 feet in breadth and was cleared by two men in Id minutes. There is nearly no limit as to the length of the saw, perfect work was accomplished with sets up to If,0 yards. The saw always works at the bottom and therefore cuts the weeds directly on the roots. It has been used extensively both abroad and in this country. Best references from water users, U. S. Fisheries, ice companies, etc. Before Using Submarine Weed Cutting Saw Sold in any lengths of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 50 yds. and up[to 100 yds, Price for 10 yards length of saw, $20.00 (Complete with four sinkers, clamps and screwdriver) Additional saw alone - - - $1.50 per yard After Using Submarine Weed Cutting' Saw For full information and literature, address ASCHERT BROS. CEDAR LAKE WEST BEND, WISCONSIN When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. • 570 THE IRRIGATION AGE. PEERLESS FENCE is made in a wide range of styles to meet all possible requirements. The highest grade on the market Catalogue on Request PEERLESS FENCE CO. ADRIAN, MICH. MONTANA. Acting Secretary of the Interior Pierce has granted an extension of five years for the completion of the Dearborn irrigation project. Trios. L. Shaw, a farmer residing in the Ruby Valley near Laurin, has filed_ a suit in the district court against Francis Redfern, a neighboring farmer, in which he alleges that Redfern refused to allow him to use water with which to irrigate his crops from a ditch owned jointly by them and others. A temporary injunction restraining Redfern from interfering with Shaw irrigating his crops was ren- dered. It is rumored that a large irrigation project to reclaim 14,000 acres of land lying north and east of Franklin will be commenced in the near future. The reservoir site is located a short distance east of Franklin, about eight miles east of Hedgesville. Water will be supplied from the flood waters of the Snowy mountains. Feeders to the reservoir are projected out of Careless, Alkali, Swimming Woman and Willow creeks. The only doubt concerning the project is whether or not the reservoir will be large enough to hold the amount of water desired. Should this project be under- taken it will mean the construction of a dam 300 feet long and 40 feet high. It is estimated that the project will cost $300,000. The farmers in the vicinity of Dillon are planning to form an irrigation district for the purpose of having the reservoir owned by the Red Rock Reservoir and Irrigation Company pass into the hands of the ranchers. Mr. George R. Featherly, who is taking a leading part in the movement, is authority for the statement that the proposition is meet- ing with favor among the farmers and that all the large water users are in favor of forming an irrigation district and taking over the reservoir in case the present owners will accept a reasonable price for it. THE RELIABLE LINE "DEMPSTER' We make \Y2, VA, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15 and 20 H. P. High Grade Gasoline Engines Built for Exacting and Enduring Service Best for Irrigating Work Cut shows our 16 H. P. and 20 H. P. DEMPSTER MILL MFG. CO., Factory, Beatrice, Nebr. Write for our Booklet "Dempster Irrigation Plants," 1910 Edition It will "Show You" what we can do for you. BRANCH HOUSES OMAHA KANSAS CITY SIOUX FALLS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IREIGATION AGE. 571 NEW MEXICO. Territorial Engineer Vernon L. Sullivan has approved the plans of the Camfield Irrigation project, which will bring thousands of acres of land lying close to Las Vegas under irrigation. D. A. Camfield, the promoter, gave bond for $100,000. The storage reservoir will have a capacity of 22,000 acre feet; the dam will be 1,400 feet in length and 71 feet high. The project will cost $1,000,000 and the board of trustees of the Las Vegas grant has contracted to turn over to the Camfield company 17,000 acres of the grant in payment for the system. Work was commenced on the project on September 2, and will be completed in time for the 1912 crop season. Indian Agent Shelton of Ship Rock is constructing a large irrigation canal to cover about 10,000 acres of mesa and valley land. It will be for the use of farms cultivated by the Indians. The application of H. C. Kinsell and J. M. Reeves of Stanley for an irrigation project has been approved by Terri- torial Engineer Sullivan. The proposition is to dam Armijo arrpyo and a tributary arroyo for the purpose of storing water to irrigate 13,000 acres of land twice a year. This land has formerly been dry farmed. The land to be reclaimed is almost all homestead land and lies between the town of Stanley and the New Mexico Central railroad. The main reservoir will be created by a dam 85 feet high, 143 feet wide at the bottom and 1,885 feet at the top, impounding the water in a natural rock bottom dam site. The second reservoir will be made by erecting a dam across an arroyo which will be crossed by the main canal from the first reservoir. Work is to commence by February, 1911, and be completed by August, 1913. The irrigation plant at Portales, which is the work of the Western Construction Company of Wichita, Kansas, has been completed at a cost of $350,000. The plant irrigates 10,000 acres of land. There are seventy pumping stations connected with the system which have 72 miles of transmis- sion line with a central power station located at Portales. The places of interest in THE ALBANY HOTEL 17th and Stout Streets DENVER « RATES: $1.00 PER DAY AND UPWARD MOGUL ENGINE GANG PLOWS 5, 6, 8, 10 and \2 Furrows Little Sioux, Iowa, July 20, 1910. Parlin & Orendorff Co., Canton, 111. Dear Sirs: — In reply to yours of today, asking how I like your Ten Bottom Mogul Engine Gang Plow ; I will say, I have been in the Steam Plow business for eleven years and had, I think, the first Steam Plow in Iowa (that I know of, at least), and I have never seen a plow that would take hold in the heavy gumbo land like your plow and scour right off as it did. The heavy double beams, the easy adjustment of the plow and of the beams as well, the shape of the mouldboard make it (in my judgment) the best plow for our heavy gumbo land I ever saw. When I tell you our 22-horse engine walked off with tan 14-inch plows, plowing in the sod, it speaks for the easy draft. You need not hesitate to refer any one to us. Respectfully yours, (Signed) J. Z. ADAMS & SON. The Platform is level; there are no openings for the operator to fall into. Each gang is controlled by an individual lever. Notice how the levers are "bunched" together near the center. The operator has all the levers within arm's , reach and can operate them from the center of the platform. This saves walking across the platform whenever it is necessary to raise or lower the bottoms. Like everything else we make, these plows are "Backed by an Unqualified Guarantee." Send lor oar Special Catalog "Traction Engine Plowing" PARLIN 4 ORENDORFF CO. CANTON, ILLINOIS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 572 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Books on Irrigation and Drainage The Irrigation Age has established a book department for the benefit of its readers. Any of the following named books on Irrigation and Drainage will be for- warded, postpaid, on receipt of price : Irrigation Institutions, Elwood Mead $1.25 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson 4.00 The Primer of Irrigation, Anderson 8.00 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart 1.00 Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox 2.00 Practical Irrigation, Aug. J. Bowie 3.00 Practical Design of Irrigation Works, W. G. Bligh 6.00 Irrigation (as a branch of engineering), Hanbury Brown 5.00 Earth Slopes, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chas. Prelini 2.00 Road Preservation and Dust Prevention, Wm. P. Judson 1.50 Practical Farm Drainage, Chas. G. Elliott 1.50 Drainage for Profit and Health, Waring 1.00 Farm Drainage, French 1.00 Land Drainage, Miles 1.00 Tile Drainage, Chamberlain 40 Cement Pipe & Tile, Hanson 1.00 Arid Agriculture, B. C. Buffum 1.50 The Irrigation Age Company, 112 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. The work en this system was commenced last February and was completed early in August. The wells are sunk 120 feet deep but the water is within 45 feet of the surface. The en- gines at the Portales plant have 1,500 horse power with 2,750 horse power gas engines and producers. The bonds recently voted by the Orchard irrigation dis- trict near Farmington, for the purpose of building a project known as the Illinois ditch, have been approved by Judge McFie. Work will be commenced on this project this month. This project will reclaim 12,000 acres. OREGON. The Wheeler Reservoir Company of Lakeview, is con- structing a dam at the mouth of Dry Creek with which to impound sufficient water to irrigate 10,000 acres in Goose Lake Vallev. The Rock Reservoir & Canal Company proposes to irri- gate 5,000 acres of land lying between Pilot Rock and the junction of Stanley and Alcott creeks, eight miles south of the Rock. The company is capitalized for 10,000. Stock- holders in the company are the Cunningham Sheep anl Land Company, the J. E. Smith Livestock Company, Herbert Boy- len, Bird Brothers and Hascall Brothers. The Snake River Irrigation District, Ltd., is a new cor- poration organized in Malheur county for the purpose of irrigating 12,000 acres of land lying between Malheur Butte, two miles west of Ontario, and on the north side of the Malheur river and west of the Snake river, and extending to a point opposite Weiser, including- Dead Ox flat. The lands are to be irrigated by means of current wheels to be installed in the Snake river, the wheels to be run by the power of the water. This plan has been tried out at Pasco, Wash., on the Columbia river, where water for irrigation purposes has been lifted 220 feet. The plan of the Snake river irrigation district is to install two of these pumping wheels in the Snake river, one of which will be at the mouth of Jacobsen's gulch, five miles north of Ontario. One of these plants will lift the water 46 feet above the river, and the other plant will lift the water 103 feet above the river. HART-PARR GAS TRACTORS SAVE MEN SAVE HORSES SAVE MONEY SAVE WORRY The latest development in labor machinery is the HART-PARR GAS TRACTOR, which is revolutionizing farming methods. They displace many men and more horses, and are always ready for service and eat nothing when standing idle. Think what it means to have cheap power and plenty of it, always at your command. You can use 'hese Tractors for plowing, discing, seeding, harvesting, thrashing, hauling, hay baling, feed grinding, running irrigating pumps — in fact, all kinds of heavy farmwork. Use Gasoline, Kerosene, Distillate or Alcohol. Hundreds in Successful Operation— Built in sizes of 30, 45 and 80 H. P. OIL COOLED, FROST-PROOF, FIRE-PROOF. Our 48-Page Illustrated Catalogue tells you all about them. Write for it today. HART-PARR CO., 240 Lawler St., Charles City, Iowa When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 573 It is expected that work on the Columbia Southern Irri- gation Company's segregation will be resumed soon and the project carried to completion. This segregation comprises 27,000 acres of land lying adjacent to Laidlaw and northwest of Bend, and it is stated that the company now in charge of the enterprise will ask that an additional 8,000 acres be segregated. The enterprise is now in the hands of the Ore- gon-Washington-Idaho Finance Company, which took over the affairs of the Columbia Southern Irrigation Company after they had been in the courts for several years. The proj- ect involves the building of a concrete dam on Tumello creek, and from there a feed canal seven miles long will be con- structed to Tumello Reservoir. This is a natural reservoir site and embraces 1,405 acres. The system will be turned over to a Water Users' Association when 80 per cent of the land is sold. This is a Carey Act project and is under the super- vision of the State of Oregon. Sixty thousand acres of Carey Act land lying in the valley of Jordan Creek is practically ready to be placed on the market. Water for this project is taken from Jordan and Boulder creeks. All but 1,880 acres of this land lies in the State of Oregon — the amount mentioned lying in Owyhee county, Idaho. , It is stated by F. S. Stanley, who is heavily interested in the Deschutes Irrigation & Power Company of Portland that the affairs of this company have been settled and that the lands will be on the market within the next month. It is understood that J. G. White & Co., of New York, will be in charge of the construction and maintenance work. UTAH. Farmers in the Plain City district are planning to store the flood waters of Weber river for irrigation purposes by constructing reservoirs in that section of the country. A company composed of S. L. Chipman, James H. Clark, John Evans and Eli J. Clayson of Utah county, are planning the reclamation, by pumping, of a large tract of land northwest of Lehi. It is stated that the new com- EflSISSS 30 Days' Free Trial you on WE PAY THE FREIGHT An offer for the farmer who wants the best fence produced at the lowest price a life-time fence can be made for. Advance Fence isn t just a boundary line. It stands for system and advanced value in property. Any farmer who subdivides his land into plots for crop rotation is systematizing his farm business. A bu'lt-to-Iast, sound-value, substantial-looking fence means to the owner of the land, and every man who works on it, exactly what a modern, substantial factory or office building means to every man doing business in the building. ADVANCE FENCE ™«~™' Is An Investment That Pays Big Dividends What the farmer puts money and protection into, he's going to get money and protection out of. Advance Woven-Wire Fence is the best looking, strongest con- structed, longest lasting fence on the market. To prove it, we make our great offer. If the fence isn't O. K. to you, and more, send it back at our expense. We sell to you direct — no middleman — therefore the price is right — one profit only after making. Advance Fence is made of Solid Wire, not wire cut and spliced again. A cut wire weakens. Our stay wire is continuous, woven in with the main top and bottom wire running the entire width of the fence from one stay to the next. Made of the best basic, open- hearth steel, galvanized with a heavy coat of 99-per-cent-pure spelter — that means rust proof. Advance Fence always stays taut — straight and handsome. Prove it for yourself. Write to us for all particulars. Remember, we pay freight and guarantee safe delivery. Don't pay two prices — Write us tod"y- ADVANCE FENCE CO., Box 123 Elgin, I SIX1 'H REASON 2 Why 01 PO Products are Cheapest m IPS A PECULIAR THING ABOUT GAS POWER USERS But they seem to think a whole lot more about the first cost of a gas po.v^r plant thaa they do about its I «%cfsinr>» Ultimately you will invest a great deal more in fuel than the entire first co: AtlolcinCo engine buyers overlook entirely the vital question of fuel economy, fl Nc we have frequently found it necessary to make competitive tests, and in every case we have been a 30% less fu;l than the competing engines * * * and the major portion of this saving is due to the is the governor we use on OTTO Engines up to 40 H.P. It is of the centrifugal ball type and extre: sufficient fuel to keep the engine at its normal speed under varying loads, fl Where OTTO Suction is made so cheaply that the question of fuel economy is not such a vital one as is the question of clo of 50 H.P. and over, we use our throttling governor which accomplishes the close regulation so essei especially for the milling industry, fl Now, if you are more interested in obtaining increased efficit out, year after year, during the entire life of your engine than you are in saving (?) a few dollars want your name on the attached coupon, so we can sand you the proofs by return mail. k| HARVESTER with Binder Attachment I U |U cuts and throws in piles on harvester or U U |§ |f winrow. Man and horse cuts and shocks equal with a corn binder. Sold in every state. Price 120 with Binder Attachment. S. C. MONTGOMERY, of Texaline, Texas, writes: "The harvester has proven all you claim for it. With the assistance of one man cut and bound over 100 acres of Corn, Kaffir Corn and Maize last year." Testi- monials and catalog free, showing picture of harvester. New Process Mfg. Co. Salina, Kan. TTOUBLlT JOWBR nd wheel gives" more JK>' | er than first. A Governor That Governs In all winds. Develops 10 full h. p. in 20 mile wind. All power needed for farm, shop, irrigating, etc. Ask about our self oiling, self governed, single wheel pumper— also Arrnsaver Huslcer. Ask for book QQ I DOUBLE POWER MILL CO. Applaion, Wl».. U. S. A. ^WITTE ENGINES® Gas— Gasoline— Distillate, Cheapest and best power known. Av- erage cost one cent per liorae power per hour. A superior standardof This construction saves time, fuel and repairs. We refer you to thousands of satisfied CUB- f 4 X tomers. High grade en- ^ ^ gines our specialty for 25 years. I engine _J built for those who want the best. We fur- nish any size or style; hopper jack- it or water tank type. e ship promptly. Ev- erything is complete. Our prices are right. Inducements to intro- duce in new localities. Write for catalog, stat- ing size wanted. WITTE IRON WORKS CO. icon Oakland Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Send $2.50 for The Irrigation Age one year and The Primer of Irrigation I Reducing The Cost Of Plowing work on same pinion; sec- I t> <^ by means of an I H C gasoline tractor is bringing thousands of dollars extra profit to farmers all over the country. Until recently, tilling the soil has been one of the most tedious, expensive, and time-consuming operations of farming. To plow an acre of land means turning a furrow eight miles long. To plow a square mile tract requires turning over 5,200 miles of furrow. On this basis figure out for yourself how many miles you walk in plowing your fields — how many miles your horses drag the heavy plow through the soil. Then consider that a 20-horsepower I H C gasoline tractor will do the work of five teams with no expense for feeding — no time lost for resting — no expense for hired help — only a small cost for gasoline. Remember that horses are an expense whether they are working or not — the present cost of corn, oats, and hay is a big item. Good hired men to care for and drive the horses are hard to get and must be paid good wages. You can stop this expense and increase your profits by using an I H C Gasoline Tractor The I H C tractor is propelled by the famous I H C gasoline engine, which has been tested in every conceivable way in all kinds of service by the farm- ers of this country and found to be the most efficient and convenient farm power. The truck construction is exceptionally strong, but light — similar to, but more simple than those used so successfully on steam tractors for many years. The method of power transmission permits the delivery of the largest possible per cent of power to the draw-bar — where it is needed. The I H C gasoline tractor has many advantages over steam tractors. It can be operated by one man. You do not need to be an engineer to run one. You do not need the services of a fireman. There is no expense for a man and team to haul fuel and water. The I H C gasoline tractor c-\a be used in many places where a heavy steam tractor would be impractical. Only a Small Quantity of Gasoline is Used Compared with the Amount of Work Done These are a few of the reasons why other farmers have chosen the I H C. It should be your choice if you want the most efficient power for plowing, haul- ing heavy loads, operating threshers, etc. See the I H C local dealer, or, write direct for catalogue and full particu- lars to nearest branch house WESTERN BRANCH HOUSES-Denver, Col.; Helena, Mont.; Portland, Ore.: Spo- kane, Wash.; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, Cal. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA (Incorporated) Chicago USA - I-H-C LINE 1001 FUR THE I H C. KID! MJB« IT IS 1 SEIL IF (ICtLlf NCI HO I ElURUm OF OUIUIt •^^••^•••••^••IBBMIMWBBI™**^^^^^^^^^^^^^^" When writing to advertisers please -mention The Irrigation Age. 580 THE IRBI CATION AGE. 32 YEARS OF SUCCESS ROLLER-BEARIN( LIGHT DRAFT SUCCESS SPREADER The only spreader with a 32-year record of good work. Simplicity, Durability I and Light Draft always foremost. Direct Chain Drive. No Cog Gears. The choice of men who investigate thoroughly. Wood or metal wheels. A generation of experience back of every Success. The leader from the first. Exclusive features all patented. Catalog of facts Free. Write us promptly. Kemp & Burpee Mfg. Co. SYRACUSE N.Y. RaisingCrops <^| f>Nv m the ^^ (Alfalfa $50 acre Pranks $300aore Peaches $l50aen? Grapes $100 acre Vegetables $250 acre Dairy $100acre $lZ5acre ( Poultry $R°per hen net Chas. L. Seagraves, Gen. Colonization San Joaquin Valley California will make you independent. The ambitious man or woman who wishes a home, friends, a comfortable living, and money in the banks to insure against future want, will find them in the San Joaquin Valley. Here are 10,000,000 fertile acres, with an abundance of water for irrigation coming from the ever present snows of the High Sierras. The clear, warm California sun- shine compels a sturdy, healthy plant growth. Every staple crop is profitable here. Nature is on your side. All that you need is reasonable industry and success is certain. The man of small capital can get quick returns from vegetables, alfalfa, hogs, dairying and poultry, while the orchard and vineyard is coming into bearing. Let me send you a 72-page book, telling in plain language what others are doing. For instance, it tells of Mr. S. W. Williams, Tulare, Cal., who last year sold $3,000 worth of milk from 30 cows; of Mr. C. S. IJaxter, Merced, Cal., who sold $7,200 worth of milk from 60 cows and got $1,200 for his surplus alfalfa. Go to California this fall; only $33 from Chicago, $32 from St. Louis, $25 from Missouri River, if you start any day, October 1 to 15. Tickets honored in Santa Fe Tourist sleepers on payment of berth rate. If you ask for it, I also will send you our journal, The Earth, free for six months. Agent, A. T. & S. F. Ry. System, 1110 Railway Exchange, Chicago, III "THE VALLEY OF CONTENT." •"THERE is now in press a little 16- page booklet on the Valley of Content that is about the most com- prehensive piece of advertising matter ever put out in behalf of any district or section. "The Arkansas Valley— 300 Miles of Opportunity: It Is the Valley of Con- tent." That is the title given to the little book, and it is filled with statistics nil the valley and with a recountal of its resources. After a general introduction, the book tells of the half million acres under water in the Valley of Content; the 100,000 acres of alfalfa; the 70,000 acres of beets; the one county that raises a million dollars of fruit; the county that raises a million dollars worth of cantaloupes; and the county that has a 3-million dollar wheat crop this year. The different towns in the valley, from Canon City to Garden City and Cimarron, are then taken up and tersely referred to as to their prin- cipal possessions and sources of pride. The names and officers of the various 23 commercial bodies are given, and there follows a short paragraph on each town, telling just what it needs most. The book will be circulated by the thousands. The first edition will be 25,000 and it will be sent by the Ar- kansas Valley Commercial Associa- tion to the various local clubs for their use. It is felt that it will do a great deal toward attracting still further attention to the valley than has already been accomplished by means of the fact of the Eighteenth National Irrigation congress. Pueblo, September 26-30, and the National Ir- rigation exposition, Pueblo, September 19-October 1, being held in the valley this year. Las Animas, which is to hold a big Santa Fe Trail celebration in a few weeks, wants the next meeting after that at Laniar. TEXAS TO BE AT THE CON- GRESS. LM. MARKHAM, director of ex- • hibits for the National Irrigation exposition, to be held in connection with the Eighteenth National Irriga- tion congress, Pueblo, September 2(>- 30, has most encouraging information from Texas with the view to organ- ized representation from that state at the exposition. A letter to Mr. Markham from R. N. Magill, secretary-manager of the Lower Rio Grande Valley Association. Brownsville, Texas, conveys the rather unique idea of organization for participation in not only the National Irrigation exposition but various other events of similar character. Mr. Magill says the Lower Rio Grande Valley Association has just been organized, superceding the Lower Rio Grande Commercial Club. It embraces in membership all the leading land and irigation companies of that valley, and its object is "the united, mutual boosting of the advan- tages and opportunities of this favored section, and the cooperation of all in- terests for the success of all," accord- ing to Mr. Magill's letter. THE IKRIGATION AGE 581 St. Mary-of -the- Woods ST. MARY'S, VIGO COUNTY, INDIANA For Young Women and Girls Founded 1840. Incorporated 1846. Empowered to confer collegiate degrees. The happy home life, refined association, high standard of scholarship and success in developing the noblest type of Chris- tian womanhood, has made St. Mary's a school of four genera- tions. Mothers send their daughters, and daughters, their daughters. Eight buildings; steam and electricity; modern equipments. Resident students — more than all others — require frequent and invigorating out-door exercise. The hundreds of acres at St. Mary-of-the-Woods afford ample space for horseback riding, boating, extensive golf links, tennis and archery courts, etc. New gymnasium with basket ball, running course and swimming pool, bowling alleys, etc. COLLEGE — Four Years' Course. Academy — College Preparatory and Finishing Courses. Intermediate department. Conservatory of Music, with vocal, piano, harp, violin, pipe- organ, etc. Oil and Ceramic studios. Modern languages by native teachers. Foreign Travel Course. For catalogue and panoramic view book, address SISTER DIRECTRESS St. Mary-of-the-Woods, St. Mary's, Vigo Co., Ind. 582 THEIRRIGATION AGE. Centennial Auger Machine Mascot Aujfer Machine Soft Mud Macblnei , Morse and Steam Power Clay Working "BUILT RIGHT— RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay Mch. Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Disintegrators Eagle Repress Hand and Power Cutten Hand Power Screw Pre» Hone Power Plunger Machine Product* of our Auger Machines THE IRRIGATION AGE. 583 UNION MACHINES WITH PUQ MILLS COMBINED FIVE SIZES ALL CAPACITIES Outfits for Drain Tile, Hollow Ware, Building and Paving Brick and other Clay Products If interested write us for particulars and estimates. E. M. FREESE & CO, QALION, OHIO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 584 THE IRRIGATION AGE. THE RECLAMATION DITCHER For Cutting Irrigation and Drainage Ditches at the Least Cost U. S. RECLAMATION DITCHER This type of machine Is different from all other ditching machinery, in that it plows the dirt out of the ditch with a continuous sweeping motion, whereas all other machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The cost therefore, per cubic yard, of excavating with the U, S. Reclamation Ditcher is necessarily much less than with any other tools or appliances. The Reclamation Ditcher is adapted to cutting ditches as deep as three feet below the original surface and as wide as ten feet at the bottom and with sides sloped as steep as 2 to 1. It has adjustable oblique wheels which perform the same function as the oblique wheels of a sulky plow. They are simply rolling landsldes which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold and also make it possible for the machine to be operated on the sloping side of the ditch as shown in the cut. It is universal In all of Its adjustments and may be either used right or left hand. It Is operated with twelve horses. The difference in cost of cutting ditches with the Reclamation Ditcher and any other form of machinery is sufficient to pay for the machine very quickly. We absolutely guarantee this and will prove it to you by a demonstration of the machine on your own work before you accept it Write for descriptive folder which gives diagrams of ditches and cost estimates. J. D. ADAMS & CO., Indianapolis, Indiana When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Agt f Deep Well Working Heads . These Working Heads Can be Operated by Electric Motor, Gas or Gasoline Engine, Steam Engine or Belt Driven — the Motors and Engines beind Direct Connected if Desired. The chief advantage to the possessor of a Deming Deep Well Working Head is in the immense saving of power money in direct proportion to the great depths from which the water can be pumped. Then, too, our working heads have differential or double acting cylinders — discharging water at each stroke. Anyone desirous of securing water from deep wells for private estates, farms, etc. , could purchase one of the smaller sizes and use it to excellent advantage. Of course we make other larger sizes for irrigating — those in the illustrations having 24 inch stroke. If you expect to install a private irrigating plant, or need a pump of any kind, we should be glad to have you write us, giving conditions under which the pump would have to work. Our engineering department would then give you full information. THE DEMING COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO HAND AND POWER PUMPS FOR ALL USES Including Spray Pumps, Nozzles and Accessories HENION AND HUBBELL, Chicago, 111., General Western Agents Other Agencies in All Principal Cities LOW One- Way Colonist Fares To Many Points in California, Idaho, Oregon and Washington Via Union Pacific "STANDARD ROAD OF THE WEST' To California August 25 to September 9 October 1 to 15, 19iO To Idaho, Oregon and Washington Sept. 15 to Oct. 15, 191O Electric Block Signals — Dustless, Perfect Track— Excellent Dining Cars. For literature and information relative to fares, routes, etc., call on or address GERRIT FORT, Passenger Traffic Manager OMAHA. NEB. UNION PACIFIC W^iJ-i. I I TITLE REGISTERED U.S.PATENT OFFICE CHICAGO, OCTOBER. 1910 II N212 A Ditch for Irrigation or Drainage Ditch Being Due with Sloping Banks — An Austin Drainage Excavator Ditch, showing variations in width made with same machine - OUR FULL LINE COMPRISKS The Austin Tile Ditcher The Austin Levee Builder The Austin Side Hill Ditcher The Austin Highway Ditcher The Austin Drainage Excavator The Austin Orange Peel Ditcher is not merely an elongated pit filled with water — it is an open conduit. It is an engineering structure just as truly as is a railway. Its purpose is to transport water just as it is the purpose of railway to transport mer- chandise. Like a railway, a drainage or an'irrigation ditch must, to do its best work, be permanent and capable of transporting the maximum amount at the minimum cost. To meet this condition engineers have found that a ditch must be true to line and grade, have smooth sides and bottom, and have its banks sloped so as to prevent caving. This is the kind of ditch that the AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCA- VATOR digs to templet and In one operation. The Austin Drag Line Excavator The Austin Rolling Platform Traction The Austin Stump Puller and Grubber We Sell Outright or Lease. Send for our new complete Catalogue"*" F. C. AUSTIN DRAINAGE EXCAVATOR CO. Ritlway Exchange CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Morris Machine Works Bald wins ville, N. Y. Centrifugal Pumping Machinery, designed for any irrigating propo- sition. Send details or specifica- tions of what is wanted and we •will rceotrmcnd a pumping outfit to supply the need. New York Office 39-41 Cortlandt Street Houston Office Cor. Wood 6> Willow St. .T«.. Henion fi/ Hubbell. Agents. 223-23! N. Jefferson St., Chicago. Harron, Rickard Et? McComb, Agents 21 Fremont St.. S. Francisco. Cal, H. A. Paine. Agent. Houston. Texas. THE IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, Publishers r/rr-»v'^WA«r.x-r-vi )< CHICAGO, ILLINOIS >; SCIENTIFIC IRRIGATION Is the Only Irrigation that Nets Profits You are not prepared to successfully meet Irrigation problems until you have a 20th Century Grader A 600 pound, one man, one or two team machine, constructed of steel — strong and simple. Takes the place of several expen- sive implements — has flanged wheels which prevent side draft ri Cutting ditch 2O Inches deep, 24 Inches wide TIME HAS PROVED THAT THIS MACHINE WILL Slash off sage brush Level fields for irrigation Cut laterals for irrigation Make shallow drainage ditches Clean laterals and throw borders Cut side ditches Move dirt and drop it anywhere Do the work of heavy graders at half the cost And It Will Also Withstand Hard Usage for Years Thousands are in use and giving perfect satisfaction. Write for our illustrated booklet containing irrigation information Baker Mfg. Co., m ma ewg., Chicago, III. THE IKRIGATION AGE. 585 Twelve Rules to Help Automobile Buyers With This Book You Can Absolutely Avoid Mistake in Buying a Motor Car IVjO matter how much or how lit- tie you may plan to pay for an automobile, this book will help you. It is an absolutely unprejudiced statement of plain facts that apply to all makes of cars, all sizes of cars, and all prices of cars. Its advice is as plain as day. And will be of immense benefit to you in reaching a decision as to what car is best suited to your par- ticular needs. Send for a copy of "Twelve Rules" today; it costs you nothing, and may save you many dollars of expense and immeasurable disap- pointment and chagrin. With it we will send information concerning the cars we are selling, because we want you to know about them. But these "Twelve Rules" do not favor our cars. Our cars must stand the test of merit, just like any other maker's car ought to do. And all we ask, when you come to buy a car, is that you put Winton cars to the hardest possible test, iind determine for yourself whether a Winton exactly suits your needs and your price, or not. * * * We offer for sale various models, ranging from our 1911 six-cylinder, 48 H. P. Winton Six. at $3000, down to the four-cylinder Model K, 30 H. P., at $700. We realize that there are many buyers who hesitate to put as much as $3000 into a new car. But we want the trade of these buyers just the same. So we have devised a plan where the man who doesn't want to spend $3000 can still get a Winton car, and be in the class of high-grade buyers. This is the plan: Some of our buyers want a new car every year — in order to have the very latest style of body, the latest thing in fancy trimmings, and the like. These b.uyers turn over their used cars in part payment for new cars. In the past it has been our custom to sell these used cars to city buyers "just as they stand." But we have changed our policy — in order to get your trade. We take these cars into our fac- tory, replace worn parts, tune up the car to the top-notch running condition, revarnish the body (sometimes giving it an entirely new coat of paint) and offer this car to you at exactly what it costs us. This policy puts you in posses- sion of a high-grade car at an ex- ceptionally low price and makes you an enthusiastic advertiser of Winton cars. And remember this: If you ever buy a Winton car from the Winton Motor Car. Co., and it is not exactly as represented, we give you your money back without bicker- ing or delay. YOUR MONEY BACK is something no other automobile maker offers. We make the propo- sition because we know we have the best cars that skill and experi- ence and facilities can produce. Write us how much you plan to expend for a car (anywhere from $700 to $2000), and we will tell you what we can sell you at your price. This involves no obligation on your part whatever. We will describe the car in detail, tell you what it has in the way of top, glass front, speedometer, if any (some cars are sold without these equipments), and will make you a rock bottom price that will interest you. And note this: You are not ob- ligated in any way. We never ship a car to a prospect and try to force him to take it when he has only asked for information. The Winton Motor Car. Co., doesn't dp business that way. If after we have told you exactly what we have, you decide to look the car over, we will arrange for a demonstration. liven then there is no obligation on your part. You needn't buy at all unless you are ready to buy and unless you are satisfied. And even if you do buy, remember we say: "Your money back if the Winton car is not as we have represented it." Fill out the coupon and send it to us today. A copy of "Twelve Rules" will be sent free upon receipt of coupon giving us your name and address. The Winton Motor Car. Co. 86 Berea Road, Cleveland, 0. Send me information about one of your used cars selling at about $ This request involves no obligation what- ever on my part. Send a free copy of "Twelve Rules to Help Automobile Buyers." When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 586 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Ambursen Hydraulic Construction Company ENGINEER— CONSTRUCTORS 88 PEARL ST., BOSTON, MASS. We announce the removal to our new quarters giving us 6000 feet of office space laid out to our own plans. ' Our business is the investigation, financing, engineering, construction and opera- tion of Hydro-Electric Developments, and Irrigation Reclamation, including second- ary irrigation by pumping, a feature which under right conditions and proper engi- neering will double or treble the available area under the ditches. We specialize on high dams and dams on difficult foundations. Our experience is based on the construction of fifty-nine dams to date. t • • f* — / DRAW IN DRAFTIN6 ROOM Y PASSAGE Too DRAFTSMI o o o o 1 /. C3 >i OFFICERS A "T~~ V RECEPTION STORES STfcNOORAPHERS CONSULTATION LOBBY &afa*i / N At the present writing, Sept. 22nd, we have under construction twelve dams rang- ing from 30 feet to 86 feet in height and from 450 feet to 820 feet long. Seven of these dams include a large power house in the bulkhead. With one exception the time of construction will not exceed ten months from the date of signing the contract. The largest one will require about one year. Send profile cross section at the site with general information as to the character of foundations and banks, available material such as crushed stone, gravel and sand, dis- tance from nearest railroad, etc., and we will prepare preliminary plans and estimates. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation AKC. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 587 THE RECLAMATION DITCHER For Cutting Irrigation and Drainage Ditches at the Least Cost U. S. RECLAMATION DITCHER This type of machine Is different from all other ditching machinery, in that it plows the dirt out of the ditch with a continuous sweeping motion, whereas all other machinery or appliances must pick the dirt up and lift it out of the ditch and then dump it. The cost therefore, per cubic yard, of excavating with the U, S. Reclamation Ditcher is necessarily much less than with any other tools or appliances. The Reclamation Ditcher is adapted to cutting ditches as deep as three feet below the original surface and as wide as ten feet at the bottom and with sides sloped as steep as 2 to 1. It has adjustable oblique wheels which perform the same function as the oblique wheels of a sulky plow. They are simply rolling landsides which counteract the side pressure of the earth on the mold and also make it possible for the machine to be operated on the sloping side of the ditch as shown in the cut. It is universal in all of its adjustments and may be either used right or left hand. It is operated with twelve horses. The difference in cost of cutting ditches with the Reclamation Ditcher and any other form of machinery Is sufficient to pay for the machine very quickly. We absolutely guarantee this and will prove It to you uy a demonstration of the machine on your own work before you accept it Write for descriptive folder which gives dlagra-ns of ditches and cost estimates. J. D. ADAMS & CO., Indianapolis, Indiana When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age 588 THE IRRIGATION AGE. " Centennial Auger Machine Mascot Auger Machine Salt Mad Machines, Hor»e and Steam Power Clay Working ••BUILT RIGHT- RUN RIGHT" We build an entire line of Clay Working; Machinery for the manufacture of Clay products by all processes, including Sand-Line Brick. Our yard supplies are the best. Kiln Irons, Cutting Wire and all supplies. Send for infor- mation or catalogue. The American Clay . Co...Bucyrus, Ohio Disintegrators Hand Power Screw Preu Horse Power Plunger Machine Product! of our Auger Machine* When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. 589 Myers Power Pumps Working Heads, Pumping Jacks, Cylinders, Etc. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Working Heads For Deep Wells Length of Stroke 5 to 24 inches Size of Discharge Up to 6 inches PATENTED APRIL30TM90I, No. 673,282. JULY IS'1™, 1909, No. 928,234 AUGUST 10™ 1909, No. 930,405. AUGUST 10™ 1909, No. 930,981. Fig. PATENTED The Myers Bulldozer Power Pumps For Shallow Wells Double Acting Length of Stroke 5 to 20 inches Size of Cylinders 2 ' -- to 6 inches Size of Discharge Up to 4 inches ka TU construction of these pumps permits a double gearing which transmits the power in two lines — one from each end of the same shaft* thus insuring perfect align- ment and reducing all friction and side strain to a minimum. Capacities 600 to 7200 Gallons per Hour litMSSM F. E. MYERS ^ BRO., ASHLAND, OHIO ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE I R K I G A T I 0 N AGE. SAMSON TURBINE When the PUMP cannot be direct connected to the turbine shaft, the power is usually trans- mitted by gears, shafting, etc. On account of the HIGH SPEED of the SAMSON, for a given power, lighter and consequently CHEAPER transmission machinery can be used. JAMES LEFFEL & CO. Springfield, Ohio, U. S. A. 316 Lagonda Street you on 30 Days' Free Trial WE PAY THE FREIGHT An offer for the farmer who wants the best fence produced at the lowest price a life-time fence can be made for. Advance Fence isn t just a boundary line. It stands for system and advanced value in property. Any farmer who subdivides his land into plots for crop rotation is systematizing his farm business. A bufit-to-last sound-value, substantial-looking fence means to the owner of the land, and every man who works on it, exactly what a modern, substantial factory or office building means to every man doing business in the building. ADVANCE FENCE Is An Investment That Pays Big Dividends What the farmer puts money and protection into, he's going to get money and protection out of. Advance Woven-Wire Fence is the best looking, strongest con- structed, longest lasting fence on the market. To prove it, we make our great offer. If the fence isn't O. K. to you, and more, send it back at our expense. We sell to you direct — no middleman — therefore the price is right — one profit only after making. Advance Fence is made of Solid Wire, not wire cut and spliced again. A cut wire weakens. Our stay wire is continuous, woven in with the main top and bottom wire running the entire width of the fence from one stay to the next. Made of the best basic, open- hearth steel, galvanized with a heavy coat of 99-per-cent-pure spelter — that means rust proof. Advance Fence always stays taut — straight and handsome. Prove it for yourself. Write to us for all particulars. Remember, we pay freight and guarantee safe delivery. Don't pay two pnces — Write us today- ADVANCE FENCE CO., Box 123 Elgin, III. Ohio and Franklin Sis.. Chicago, 111. FACTORIES, CHICAGO, ILL. : SENECA FALLS, N. Y. Write for Catalogue and Estimates Manufacturers of Used for Irrigation, Circulation, When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. THE IRRIGATION AGE. * 'ERIOR ) - • . - , SUPERIOR DRILLS are Used and Ap»r«ci»le< by Oood Farmers Ih- World Orer SEND FOR CAT^LOdUB NOW GENERAL AGENTS FOR WESTERN TERRITORY: Dean & Co., - - - Minneapolis, Minn. Kingman & Co., ... - Peoria, 111. Kinuman St. Louis Implement Co., St. Louis, Mo. Kingman-Moore Imp. Co., - Kansas City, Mo. Kingman-Moore Imp. Co.. - Oklahoma, Okla. Kineman Implement Co., - • Omaha, Neb. Parlin & Orendorfl Imp. Co.. Portland, Ore. Colorado Moline Plow Co., • Denver, Colo. The T. C. Powers Cn., - - Helena, Mont. Consolidated Wag. & Mach. Co , Salt Lake City. Newell Matthews Co.. - Los Angeles, Ca . The H.C. Shaw C"., - - Stockton, Cal. Eastern Farmers please write direct to the Manufacturers AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO.. (Inc.) SnrinsfieM. Ohio GRAIN DRILLS Invest in Irrigated Land The greatest opportunity ever offered to purchase an irrigated farm at a reasonable price is now given YOU by the opening of 16,000 acres of the richest and best land in the Pecos Valley, Texas. You can now buy land that will double in value in two years, or if you wish to farm the land purchased it will net you 50% after the first year if sowed in alfalfa and larger returns if planted with fruit after trees begin to bear. Alfalfa can be cut five to seven times per season and will average from one to two tons per cutting. Alfalfa is now selling at $16.00 per ton. Secretary Coburn, of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, says that this great valley will be the "pear orchard of the world." What is true of pears is also true of apples, peaches, apricots and grapes. A few of the reasons why an investment in this land must produce l.-irjj • results Firsl: It is one of the richest and best bodies of land ever opened to settlement. Second The Sante Fe Railroad runs eleven miles through these lands and no forty-acre tract is more than two miles from the railroad or three miles from a railroad station. Third The market is one of the best in the world. Its climate is healthful and delightful. Fomih: The irrigation system has been completed at a cost of over $300,000.00 and these lands are irrigated NOW and water in the ditches, and YOU get a perpetual water-right with your deed and be- come part owner of this great irrigation system. These lands are now selling at the opening prices, which prices will be raised from 25% to 33J-$To within the next sixty days. THIS MEANS MONEY TO YOU If YOU BUY NOW. Investigate at once and write today for further information. ARNO IRRIGATED LAND CO. Room 121O, 134 Monroe St. Chicago, 111. IT WILL Grade Roads Make Ditches Cut Laterals Save Money IT WONT Break Get Out of Order Tire the Horses Prove Expensive =THE "GENERAL PURPOSE" Grader and Ditcher Built TRY ONE AT OUR EXPENSE Also Excavators, Heavy Graders, Wheelers, Drags, Plows, Etc. THE AUSTIN-WESTERN CO., Ltd., Dept. I, CHICAGO When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. 592 THE IRRIGATION AGE. Galvanized Steel Irrigation Flumes and Water Tro\ighs For catalog and prices address P. MAGINNIS Home Office and Factory, KIMBALL, NEB. OR T. C. EGLESTON, 714 Ideal Bldf., Denver. Colo. WHY NOT BE COMFORTABLE? Use an Enterprise Tent Cot. There is nothing made so adaptable for out-door sleeping. It is practical, light, portable, bug proof, fly proof, sun and shower proof. Just the thing ! Write to ENTERPRISE BED CO. HAMMOND. IND. They will Send You Their Illustrated Catalogue. MARION DREDGES Ditching, Irrigating, Placer Mining and Traction. Suitable for all classes of work. DRAG-LINE EXCAVATORS STEAM SHOVELS All sizes and styles. BALLAST UNLOADERS Ask for information. Marion Steam Shovel Company MARION, OHIO. "Dept. 7" Chicago - 1442-3 Monadnock Blk. San Francisco - - - - 718 Monadnock Bldg. New York 50 Church Street Montreal - - - - F. H. Hopkins & Co. HOOSIER HOE DRILLS HAVE BEEH STANDARD FOR MORE THAN 60 YEARS Made by THE AMERICAN SEEDING MACHINE CO. (Inc) RICHMOND, IND.. V. S. A. Supplied in all Styles and Sizes. Grass Seed Attachments May Be Added. When writing to advertisers please mention The Irrigation Age. Year THE IRRIGATION AGE VOL. XXV CHICAGO, OCTOBER, 1910. NO. 12 THE IRRIGATION AGE With which is Merged MODERN IRRIGATION THE IRRIGATION ERA ARID AMERICA THE DRAINAGE JOURNAL MID- WEST THE FARM HERALD IRRIGATION AGE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 112 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Entered as second-class matter October 3, 1897, at the Postofflce at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 3, 1879. D. H. ANDERSON, Editor ANNOUNCEMENT. "The Primer of Irrigation" is now ready for delivery. Price, $2.00. If ordered in connection with subscription, the price is $1.50. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE. To United States Subscribers, Postage Paid, . . $1.00 To Canada and Mexico 1.50 All Other Foreign Countries, 1.50 In forwarding- remittances please do not send checks on local banks. Send either postofflce or express money order or Chicago or New York draft. Official organ Federation of Tree Growing Clubs of America. D. H. Anderson, Secretary. Official organ of the American Irrigation Federation. Office of the Secretary, 212 Boyce Building, Chicago. Interesting to Advertisers. It may interest advertisers to know that The Irrigation Age is the only publication in the world having an actual paid in advance circulation among individual irrigators and large irrigation corpo- rations. It is read regularly by all interested in this subject and has readers in all parts of the world. The Irrigation Age is 25 years old and is the pioneer publication of its class in the world. The Irrigation Congress at Pueblo was Irrigation in many ways wonderfully successful. Congress Through the good work performed by Success the Local Board of Control with Mr. P. Financially J. Dugan at the head, and Mr. R. H. Faxon as director of publicity, and Arthur Hooker as general secretary, a good attendance was obtained, and much valuable advertising was secured for Pueblo and the territory of which it is the logical business center. Pueblo has some immensely rich terri- tory to draw from in the valleys extending in all directions from its center, and no doubt much greater commercial activity will come to its merchants as a result of this meeting. Pueblo contributed handsomely to the expenses of the congress, and while she was not so well supported from other sections of the state, put over a good show, and may rightfully feel proud of the results. The Eighteenth National Irrigation Con- "Sunbursts" gress will go down in history as having and Halos entertained a larger number of "Sun- Diminishing bursts" along irrigation lines than has Propositions any of the past sessions. We had at Pueblo one or twd from Spokane around whose heads, by close scrutiny, a reasonably distinct halo could be distinguished. This is true of some other states. It is a strange fact that after two or three years' experience with the Congress, people from various sections of the country come to the meeting expecting to dominate and in the firm belief that they are divinely appointed conservators of both federal and private irrigation systems. For the benefit of these "sunbursts" THE IRRIGATION AGE would suggest that there have been others before of their ilk who have gone down and been forgotten. Vanity-fed halos may properly be classed as diminishing propositions. We Must Increase Production. The average yield per acre of wheat in the last ten years was a little less than 14 bushels. For the preceding term of ten years it was only 12 bushels. With something of a curtailment in the crop of 1910, owing to drouth, we have about 100,000,000 bushels of wheat for export. The growth of population in America is rapid and we have all but reached the point where home consumption demands all the food- stuffs raised in this country. Our exports to Europe have fallen off so heavily in the last few months that if it were not for the large cotton crop the balance of trade this year would be seriously against us. Such a condition is anything but satisfactory and it may be the forerunner of hard times. The remedy is in better farming, so that instead of 14 bushels of wheat we shall harvest 30 bushels, and it is only by irrigation that such results can be attained. There is a great scare in this country over the scarcity of land, but as a matter of fact there are a million farmers who have twice as much land as they can work — fully twice as much as they ought to have. Our desire ought to be to get better results from the land which now is under culti- 594 THE IRRIGATION AGE. vation. This has a more direct bearing on the prosperity of the United States. We must increase our agricultural production on the land already in use. Our wheat crops should run from 30 to 40 bushels per acre, as they would under a general system of irrigation. Not only would crops be larger, but they would be regular with irrigation. A farmer planting 100 to 300 acres of grain would then know with reasonable certainty that he was going to have a crop, while at pres- ent the chances are against him. These are not the only considerations, however. Sup- pose every farmer in the country got a yield of 14 bushels of wheat to the acre; that does not spell prosperity. That is barely the cost of production. The profits come after that. When the yield is 20 bushels there is some profit on large places, but there ought to be a production of 25 to 40 bushels as a regular thing, and then we could be able to boast of profitable farming and national prosperity. The scarcity of land and the growth of population would not trouble us much if we were putting such land as we now have to proper use. Value Of the Land Shows. It is with more than ordinary satisfac- tion that IRRIGATION AGE observes the growing interest in land shows. These exhibitions are educational in a broad way. and as such appeal to thinking men and women everywhere, who realize the importance of practical instruction in farming matters. The great land show to be held in the Coliseum, Chi- cago, from November 19 to December 4 is a victory for IRRIGATION AGE, for it will serve to illustrate principles which this paper has for years been advocating. The same is true of the Pittsburg and Omaha land exhibitions. Irrigation will be the most interesting and important fea- ture of each of these shows. There will be all kinds of machinery to view; all kinds of fruit, vegetables and grain. There will be state and neighborhood exhibits; whatever is new or valuable in farming will be shown, and many communities will be afforded an opportunity to set forth their advantages. Through it all there will be a note of progress, a spirit of endeavor and a sign of achievement. This endeavor, this progress and this achievement will center on the principle of irrigation, which this paper has fought for through evil and good report for nearly a quarter of a century. One of the geatest needs of the day is a more intensi- fied and diversified agriculture, in order that the United States may have a sufficiency of produce for the rapidly growing population and a larger surplus for export. The better farming that is so urgently required can only be secured through study. The practical application of scien- tific principles is the great need of agriculture, and this is being gained through education. The value of irrigation is appreciated in the far west, but in the Middle West the need of an artificial water sup- ply as an aid to farming is not generally understood or admitted. For three years in succession, however, the great dairy sections surrounding Chicago have suffered so seriously from drouth in mid-summer that the milk sup- ply has been curtailed 50 per cent, and a new question has to be faced. Silos are being put up in great num- bers in order that a supply of green fodder may be had in periods of drouth. Silos are excellent on all farms where cattle are kept, whether for dairy or beef purposes, but silos will not cause grass and grain to grow. Irriga- tion is a necessity in the middle states just as much as in the newer sections. Whatever principle of agriculture will add 50 per cent to crop production is a good one to adopt. Irrigation will do this, and even more. A regular water supply is one of the first things demanded by the progressive farmer, and this can only be assured through irrigation. There are strong reasons, therefore, for hold- ing land exhibitions in the central and even the eastern parts of the country. These shows stand for progress in the greatest of our industries. Tf the Board of Governors of the Na- Why Pay tional Irrigation Congress is to dominate Secretary every condition surrounding the meet- Three Thousand ings of that body, then it would be well a Year? to permit the delegates to remain at home and signify their desires by letter, addressed to the chairman of that board. This would save expense to the delegates and make it much more easy for the Board of Governors, who could meet in some secluded place and put over such resolutions and suggestions as would suit their fancy. Another thought which comes up in connection with this is the matter of permanent secretary of the Board of Governors. This is a new arrangement which was planned by a politician in California who hoped to secure with it its accompanying salary; this schemer was discredited at the Spokane congress, and a local man, Mr. Arthur Hooker, stepped into the place which the Californian had prepared for himself. This position carries a salary, we believe, of $3,000 per year. This is saddled upon the shoulders of the local board of control of the town in which the congress is held. It is the first distinctive item in the consideration of expense in preparing for the congress. The money must be raised by the local board of control to carry on the congress. Many men have filled the position of secretary, heretofore, without compensation. Many have paid their own expenses, performed the work willingly for the good of the cause, and this could have been done con- tinuously had it not been for the change in plan. It is the impression of IRRIGATION AGE that this salary question as associated with the secretary will be done away with. It is fair enough to pay a secretary of a congress of this character a salary sufficient to cover all actual expenses, which would not exceed, in any event, $1,000. Just why there should be a figurehead who looking over the heads of the local board does nothing more than sign official documents is more