IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is a network of governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), scientists and other conservation experts, joined together to promote the protection and sustainable use of living resources. Founded in 1948, IUCN has more than 500 member governments and NGOs in over 100 countries. Its six Commissions consist of more than 3000 experts on threatened species, protected areas, ecology, environmental planning, environmental policy, law and administration and environmental education. IUCN - monitors the status of ecosystems and species throughout the world; - plans conservation action, both at the strategic level through the World Conservation Strategy and the programme level through its programme of conservation for sustainable development; - promotes such action by governments, intergovernmental bodies and nongovernmental organizations; and - provides assistance and advice necessary for the achievement of such action. UNEP, the United Nations Environment Programme is a Secretariat within the United Nations which was established to serve as a focal point for environmental action and co-ordination within the UN system. GEMS, the Global Environment Monitoring System, co-odinated by UNEP, is a collective effort of the world community to acquire through global monitoring, the data which are needed for rational management of the environment. Monitoring activities fall into five major programmes: climate related monitoring, long range transport of air pollutants, health related monitoring, oceans and terrestrial renewable resources. INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas Published by IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K. March 1987 A Contribution to GEMS - The Global Environment Monitoring System Prepared and published by IUCN in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme and with the financial support of the World Wide Fund for Nature and the United Nations Environment Stamp Conservation Fund. A contribution to GEMS - the GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING SYSTEM. Copyright: 1987 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources / United Nations Environment Programme This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes, without special permission from the copyright holders provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose, without the prior written permission of the copyright holders. Citation: IUCN/UNEP (1987). The IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xix + 1034pp. ISBN: 2-88032-804-7 Artwork: Tony and Linton Harrison; Barbara Karpowicz Cover design: James Butler Printed by: Page Brothers (Norwich) Limited, United Kingdom Cover photos: Mt Kenya; Acacia tree with termite nest; Montane forest: N. Mark Collins, IUCN Victoria Falls: Mark Boulton, ICCE/WWF Available from: IUCN Publications Services, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK or Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland The designations of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the participating organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Foreword Introduction Information collection and management What the data sheets contain The next steps Acknowledgements Political map of the Afrotropical realm Biogeographical map of the Afrotropical realm Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Cote d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Geographical index Taxonomic index CONTENTS aa Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Reunion Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa St Helena Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe 1005 1010 385 393 401 427 445 463 475 503 507 515 519 537 563 575 579 791 795 813 821 869 879 909 931 963 —_ ‘ =.) # . io i Prppaipt' ek pot lennd wo oN » Re wd te Cink ehdined Prcguadper hoc with the financie surport of ee Woes Wits, Poe for Nacun Miniins. (yincagres? Rem Cote tier For “ater Rapoo ves Vis Hintiegiiiergtic olny: iN tiv ; wialnes queue saa The pettiuten Rizr satipgetl le. wade or be curt acd in soy feet: Repost pera ere [ @ermesion fron ihe- cope isatadahel aciiealcal ib wemen son i “milan lesiqgovur tA odd Yo yen Saat dire (niles Lexiqoniovt Ast Yo aber. nate “ia gain of! tke SOAs larg Ea my er tate fox fesale te Stove commenti , "peter weSabaw - Chationi =; ~SPIYAIED (SRY). ENE TIN Directory of Afratreptaal Pre ip take Wty 1%, hae 4 Fa TR > gay UK six © OK Me FOREWORD The World Conservation Strategy defines conservation as "the management of human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to present generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations". Conservation of living resources must therefore have three specific objectives: to maintain essential ecological processes and life-support systems; to preserve genetic diversity; and to ensure that utilization of species and ecosystems is sustainable. To achieve these goals large areas of the land and sea must be managed in such a way that conservation of nature is a key management and planning issue. At the World National Parks Congress, held in Bali, Indonesia, 11-22 October 1982, discussion of future directions in protected area management was wide ranging, and emphasised the expanding role of conservation land managers in the planning, development and management of the areas under their control. The recognition of protected area managers as a professional body of men doing a vital job was seen as being of particular importance. It is gradually being realised that the world must have protected areas which are designed, planned, and managed to bring immediate and long-term benefits to people. Parks and reserves protect the water supply of many towns and agricultural regions and, in many cases, major industrial regions; they provide important sources of foreign exchange in many third world countries and a livelihood for many people. They are also vital sources of natural raw materials such as food and thatching grass and contain "genetic resources’ such as crop relatives, medicinal plants and natural predators for biological control of pests. The JUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas contains details of many of the parks, reserves and other protected areas of the Afrotropical Realm, providing information on the very significant conservation efforts that are being made in Africa. The Directory is a product of the Protected Areas Data Unit (part of the IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre which is based in the UK) working through IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas. This book is the second in a series of protected areas directories launched in 1982 with the publication of the JUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas, and it is expected that additional directories will be produced at the rate of approximately one per year, with work currently under way on the Indomalayan region, and shortly to begin on Oceania. The information presented here is part of a much larger database which covers not only protected areas, but also plant and animal species of conservation concern, and wildlife trade. Using this database, the IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre is able to provide information in a variety of configurations to members of the conservation and development communities including national park managers, scientists and planning agencies. By making such information readily available in a useful form, IUCN will to be able to help ensure that development decisions will lead to a sustainable improvement in the standard of living of all people, and that protected areas will make their important contributions to society. Kenton R. Miller Director General International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources -iii- INTRODUCTION The rapid changes in economic and social development which have taken place in recent years have led to a number of new approaches to the protection of our natural environment. Over much of the world, the urgency to link the protection of natural areas to development through research, base-line monitoring, environmental assessment, maintenance of biological diversity, watershed management, environmental education, and the like, has led to a shift in management of natural areas. National parks are as important as ever, but there are now a number of additional categories of protected areas which are managed with different objectives for bringing benefits to society. With greatly increased responsibilities for helping ensure that social and economic development meets the real needs of society, protected areas are now beginning to receive greater support from governments, international development agencies, and local people. No longer just *playgrounds for the rich’, and protected purely for their big game and aesthetic qualities, more attention is being paid to the value of conservation areas to other long term needs of mankind. The JUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas is the second in a series of directories which aims to document the protected areas of the world. It builds on the foundations of the United Nations List of National Parks and Equivalent Reserves (first published in 1961 and up-dated periodically since then) and the World Directory of National Parks and Other Protected Areas (1975, 1977). The objectives of this series, and of the database from which it is produced, include: - continual assessment of what is protected and how; - promotion of the effective management of protected areas; and - stimulation of increased interest in protected areas on the part of students, scientists, researchers, land-use planners, government officials, and the general public. The Afrotropical Directory was compiled and edited by staff of the Protected Areas Data Unit, part of the IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC). Much of the information used has been provided by members and consultants of IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas (CNPPA), and further information has been supplied by many other scientists and land managers working in Africa. Draft information sheets were presented for many of the areas at the 22nd Working Session of CNPPA, held in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, from 22-27 May 1983. The information was discussed and revised, and additional material solicited to make coverage as complete as possible. Information which had been collected by Unesco for it’s Man and the Bisophere programme (Project 8; Biosphere Reserves), and also information submitted as nomination of sites for inscription under the World Heritage Convention was also used. Further information was taken from published sources, gleaned from IUCN/WWF files and collected by Sally Austin in Kenya and Tanzania during early 1984. A list of all those people significantly involved in development of the information base is given at the end of the introductory section, however the editors accept responsibility for any errors of fact or ommission. Also, the information contained in the book for any one country has been compiled from a number of sources and does not necessarily represent the view of any one individual. Corrections or additional information would be appreciated and should be communicated to: Protected Areas Data Unit IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 219c Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL United Kingdom -iv- INFORMATION COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas (CNPPA) has been collecting information for many years - a practice which has developed with the greater regionalization of the Commission. By 1981 working sessions in Costa Rica, Scotland, Cameroon and Peru had all provided detailed information on many sites. Combined with CNPPA ffiles, and publications such as the 1980 UN List and the World Directory of National Parks and Other Protected Areas, a good backbone of data already existed, and was continually being added to. It was the need to analyse and handle this increasing flow of information more efficiently that prompted CNPPA to initiate the establishment of the Protected Areas Data Unit in that year. The information base which had been developed was centred around lists of sites and a two page information sheet for each site provided by principle contacts in each country or region. Other materials such as management plans, published papers, maps, species lists and brochures, and details of the conservation and protected area systems within each country had also been collected. In July 1981, when the unit was established, the Commission had just held a regional working session in Lima, Peru, where one of the main tasks had been the review of the information available on protected areas within the region. As a result, information on the neotropics was perhaps more complete than on any other region, and it was decided that PADU’s initial emphasis would be to prepare an JUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. This was published in October 1982, to coincide with the World National Parks Congress in Bali. Meanwhile other regions were not neglected, and much information on sites was amassed from correspondence, project reports, and published papers. This led to modification of the information sheets already available, and addition of many new sheets. This work continues. However, development of information sheets on each of the areas is only one part of the unit’s work. All of these information sheets are stored as text files on the computer, but as anyone familiar with computers will appreciate such files cannot be easily used for processing and extracting data. Summaries of information are therefore coded into data-processing files, which facilitates the selection, sorting and reproduction of information relevant to a variety of conservation problems. The 1985 and 1982 United Nations List of National Parks and Protected Areas are two of the outputs that were prepared by using these data files. Although created by CNPPA, PADU is now part of the IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC). However, the unit still works very closely with the Commission and at each of the Commission working sessions the first item on the agenda is the monitoring of protected areas, where information held by PADU for the region can be reviewed. Working sessions since the World National parks Congress in Bali, Indonesia, have been convened in Zimbabwe, the Soviet Union, Spain, India, Western Samoa and Argentina. As it is initially intended to produce directories covering the three main tropical regions, the Zimbabwe meeting was a particularly useful step in the development of a directory of protected areas for the Afrotropical Realm. Work is already well under way on development of directories covering the protected areas of the Indomalayan region and islands of the Southern Pacific Ocean. With the improvement of the protected area information base, and development of the data files, the ability to summarise and analyse data improves. By carefully assessing the coverage by protected areas of each biogeographical province on land or at sea, PADU is able to help CNPPA to identify gaps or weaknesses in the world-wide system of reserves. It is thus much easier to chart the development of new areas year by year, and to focus attention where it is most required. Recently; PADU and CNPPA have worked together with CNPPA consultants John and Kathy MacKinnnon to produce a much more detailed analysis of protected areas in Africa, using much of the information made available to PADU by those listed in the acknowledgement section below. Their report Review of the Protected Areas System in the Afrotropical Realm is being published by IUCN simultaneously with this directory, and it is hoped that these two products will together help provide IUCN with the necessary tools for the development of a fully integrated conservation plan for Africa. -V- TAA EDAKAM GMAT RONEISIUOO HOITAMHOW eta SMrSlOD ADet. LeU RY eng barre et heme gertclenoinieey stead tntesciict oi ges ene ad) tom Om nat topihet aaitrg! oer rtade en mW treet towel ‘boa cteoncr pate egbstrettoie- Richer eain=st gpuldcoie' TER = 1? 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Pots We thad mroledin metoed mids visse!} od eo teod, Hips rite wap thy aarebrr: money dongecheaabiecen sep ai ibe sie fits ci! tint beget oi beoieawe/ pat iit aks orphan Qeniiels boavivoned hen moi ger say od UTR: yh bl sivca iad sowsedinaSca bbe vensmnsedcsmest: aiasnhhil dla tet) gO ay tee sautorg? at trohadabeiglais nicat aden! coma raty ikaw wean | eek ua vhmfuptrrnp 2 poche lreeare wdtGieR entry Landes tediers mimi seveth exit ancoren mies iebi~g oy eAYw} vans borverg lo qrorsext # 6 Inemacteved sar mp: 1S geet be unos pedlgaiqnvé? sehierseth to saecepisesbonds Ye tea TIME «ee ite eh ol heen meme ie RAED a7 Ue nos ttre Sett Ro wena Dep ety real abelian; Alpe, the se TeIATIRG. monte? wed ip the Book for awl xb Spmravor: Add =< DM fou-aeenealanernaetans dite a} . ‘tthedor sida LIAS 16 10 bast ao sonivnry lecitiqergoegoid dose Ww whe / drain sud foot gevvaten To aneteys sbhe-bjrow siti cottoniaew v0 agen ¢ifi Wi th ated novinaile boi ae se 2 sang tae wan W te ap He —~] WHAT THE DATA SHEETS CONTAIN a) INFORMATION ON THE COUNTRY’S PROTECTED AREA SYSTEM Each country section begins with a map of the country indicating the location of each of the areas. This is followed by a series of notes under standard headings which aim to provide background information on the whole system of protected areas within the country. Country Area The area of the country, or political unit, as given in the Times Atlas of the World, Sixth Edition (1980). Population The population of the country or political unit as given in the 1985-1986 Statesman’s Year-Book (122nd edition), unless more recent information is available. The date of the estimate is given in parentheses, unless a census is involved where this is specifically mentioned. Parks and Reserves Legislation Basic details of the legislation dealing with the conservation units, and with the department or office responsible for running those units. Whenever possible the numbers of the Jaws or decrees and their dates are given. Information is also given on how new areas are established and on the definitions given for each category of protected area. Parks and Reserves Administration Details of how the above laws are applied, who is responsible for enforcing them, and how the different categories of protected area are managed. Address Offices responsible for administration of the protected area system. Additional Information Background information on nature conservation within the country where relevant to protected areas issues, including details of major conservation issues, systems reviews, national conservation strategies, etc. Particular note is also made of general threats and problems affecting protected areas. References Key references on the country’s system of protected areas and on nature conservation in general within the country. Protected Areas List of the protected areas within the country with their sizes, in the order in which the individual data sheets will follow. There will not necessarily be a data sheet for every conservation unit listed. No qualitative judgement goes into the production of this list, and sites are listed as they are defined within the country. The individual sheets which follow go into the actual situation in more detail. b) INFORMATION ON INDIVIDUAL AREAS Name of the Protected Area The name given by the management authority. Management Category This is the type of protected area, following the scheme of the IUCN (1982) paper, "Categories, Objectives, and Criteria for Protected Areas", a revised and edited version of a paper first produced in 1978. This paper divides the 140 or so names that have been provided for various sorts of protected area into 10 categories, as follows: - Category I (Scientific Reserve/Strict Nature Reserve) These areas possess some outstanding ecosystems, features and/or species of flora and fauna of national scientific importance or are representative of particular natural areas; they often contain fragile ecosystems or life forms, areas of important biological or geological diversity or areas of particular importance to the conservation of genetic resources. Size is determined by the area required to ensure the integrity of the area to accomplish the scientific management objective and provide for the protection of the area. -Vii- Natural processes are allowed to take place in the absence of any direct human interference; tourism, recreation, and public access are generally proscribed. Ecological processes may include natural acts that alter the ecological system or physiographic features, such as naturally-occurring fires, natural succession, insect or disease outbreaks, storms, earthquakes and the like, but necessarily exclude man-made disturbances. The educational function of the site is to serve as resource for studying and obtaining scientific knowledge. Use of the reserve should in most cases be controlled by central government. Exceptions may be made where adequate safeguards and controls for long-term protection are ensured and where the central government concurs. - Category II (National Park) National parks are relatively large areas which contain representative samples of major natural regions, features or scenery where plant and animal species, geomorphological sites, and habitats are of special scientific, educational, and recreational interest. They contain one or several entire ecosystems that are not materially altered by human exploitation and occupation. The highest competent authority of the country having jurisdiction over the area has taken steps to prevent or eliminate as soon as_ possible exploitation or occupation in the area and to enforce effectively the respect of ecological, geomorphological, or aesthetic features which have led to its establishment. The resource is managed and developed so as to sustain recreation and education activities on a controlled basis. The area is managed in a natural or near-natural state. _ Visitors enter under special conditions for inspirational, educational, cultural, and recreational purposes; sport hunting is not a compatible use, but culling for management purposes sometimes is required. - Category III (Natural Monument/Natural Landmark) This category normally contains one or more of several specific natural features of outstanding national significance which, because of uniqueness or rarity, should be protected. The specific feature to be protected ideally has little or no evidence of man’s activities. These features are not of the size nor do they contain a diversity of features or representative ecosystems which would justify their inclusion as a national park. Size is not a significant factor; the area only needs to be large enough to protect the integrity of the site. Although Category III areas may have recreational and touristic value, they should be managed to remain relatively free of human disturbance. These areas may be owned and managed by either central or other government agencies or non-profit trusts or corporations as long as there is assurance that they will be managed to protect their inherent features for the long term. - Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve/Wildlife Sanctuary) A Category IV area is desirable when protection of specific sites or habitats is essential to the continued well-being of resident or migratory fauna of national or global significance. Although a variety of areas fall within this category, each would have as its primary purpose the protection of nature; the production of harvestable, renewable resources may play a secondary role in the management of a particular area. The size of the area is dependent upon the habitat requirements of the species to be protected; these areas could be relatively small, consisting of nesting areas, marshes, or lakes, estuaries, forest, or grassland habitats, or fish spawning areas, or seagrass feeding beds for marine mammals. The area may require habitat manipulation to provide optimum conditions for the species, vegetative community, or feature according to individual circumstances. For example, a particular grassland or heath community may be protected and perpetuated through a limited amount of livestock grazing; a marsh for wintering waterfowl may require continual removal of excess reeds and supplementary planting of waterfowl food; or a reserve for an endangered animal may need protection against predators. -Viii Limited areas may be developed for public education and appreciation of the work of wildlife management. Ownership may be by the central government or, with adequate safeguards and controls, by lower levels of government, non-profit trusts or corporations or private individuals or groups. - Category V (Protected Landscape or Seascape) The scope of areas that fall within this category is necessarily broad because of the wide variety of semi-natural and cultural landscapes that occur within various nations. This may be reflected in two types of areas: those whose landscapes possess special aesthetic qualities which are a result of the interaction of man and land; and those that are primarily natural areas managed intensively by man for recreational and tourism uses. In the former case, these landscapes may demonstrate certain cultural manifestations such as: customs, beliefs, social organization, or material traits as reflected in land use patterns. These landscapes are characterized by either aesthetically attractive or unique patterns of human settlement. Traditional land use practices associated with agriculture, grazing, and fishing are dominant. The area is large enough to ensure the integrity of the landscape pattern. The latter case often includes natural or scenic areas found along coastlines and lake shores, in hilly or mountainous terrain, or along the shores of rivers, often adjacent to tourist highways or population centres; many will have the potential to be developed for a variety of outdoor recreational uses with national significance. In some cases the area may be privately held and the use of either central or delegated planning control would be necessary to ensure the perpetuation of both the land use and life style. Means of government assistance might be required to improve the standard of living while maintaining the natural quality of the site through appropriate management practices. In other instances, the areas are established and managed under public ownership, or a combination of public and private ownership. - Category VI (Resource Reserve) Category VI areas will normally comprise an extensive and relatively isolated and uninhabited area having difficult access, or regions that are lightly populated yet may be under considerable pressure for colonization and greater utilization. In many cases, there has been little study or evaluation of these areas, so the consequences of converting these areas to agriculture, mineral or timber extraction, the construction of roads, or intensive fishing, dredging or mariculture is unclear. Similarly, use of the resources may not be appropriate because of the lack of technology, human or financial resource restrictions, or alternative national priorities. Consequently, natural, social, and economic values are not sufficiently identified to permit the area to be managed for specific objectives or to justify its conversion to other uses. On land, restricted access is implied so areas will normally require control, depending upon the pressures to enter and utilize the area. Areas may be owned or administered by government or public corporations. Maintenance of existing conditions to allow for studies on the potential use for the designated areas is a prerequisite. No exploitation should occur with the exception of use of resources by indigenous inhabitants; ongoing ecologically sound activities are acceptable. This category has also been used within the CMC database for those areas which are protected by legislation, but where, for various reasons, there is no infrastructure and protection is reportedly inadequate. The area should still be ecologically viable. - Category VII (Natural Biotic Area/ Anthropological Reserve) Category VII areas are characterized by natural areas where the influence or technology of modern man has not significantly interfered with or been absorbed by the traditional ways of life of the inhabitants. These areas may be remote and isolated and their inaccessibility may be maintained for a considerable period of time. The societies are of particular significance to the maintenance of cultural diversity; there is a strong dependence of man upon the natural environment for food, shelter, and other basic material to sustain life. -ix- Extensive cultivation or other major modifications of the vegetation and animal life is not permitted. Management is oriented towards the maintenance of habitat for traditional societies so as to provide for their continuance within their own cultural mores. - Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Areas/Managed Resource Areas) A Category VIII area is large, containing considerable territory suitable for production of wood products, water, pasture, wildlife, marine products and outdoor recreation; parts of the area may be settled and may have been altered by man. The area may possess nationally unique or exceptional natural features, or may as a whole represent a feature or area of international or national significance. Planning programmes to ensure the area is managed on a sustained yield basis is a prerequisite. Land ownership is under government control. Through proper zoning, significant areas can be given specific additional protection. For instance, the establishment of wilderness-type areas is consistent with the purpose of these areas as would be establishing nature reserves. Multiple use, in the context of Category VIII, is considered to be the management of all renewable resources, utilized in some combination to best meet the needs of the country. The major premise in the management of these areas is that they will be managed to maintain the overall productivity of the areas and their resources in perpetuity. - Category IX (Biosphere Reserves) One focus of the Unesco Man and the Biosphere Programme, initiated in 1970, is to conserve representative natural areas throughout the world through the establishment of a network of biosphere reserves. Management objectives are: to conserve for present and future use the diversity and integrity of biotic communities of plants and animals within natural ecosystems, and to safeguard the genetic diversity of species on which their continuing evolution depends. Biosphere reserves provide opportunities for ecological research, particularly baseline studies, both within natural and altered environments. These reserves have particular value as benchmarks or standards for measurement of long-term changes in the biosphere as a whole and are consequently important sites for environmental monitoring. They are also particularly important for study of the relationships between man and nature in different ecosystems. Each biosphere reserve is therefore likely to include one or more of the following: representative examples of natural biomes; areas where research, particularly on ecosystem function and management, is well developed; examples of harmonious landscapes resulting from traditional patterns of land use; and examples of modified or degraded ecosystems capable of being restored to more natural conditions. A biosphere reserve must have adequate long-term legal protection. Each biosphere reserve is large enough to be an effective conservation unit, and to accommodate different uses without conflict. Each reserve must be approved by the Man and the Biosphere International Co-ordinating Council before it can receive designation as a biosphere reserve. - Category X (Natural World Heritage Sites) The International Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Unesco, 1972) provides for the designation of areas of "outstanding universal value" as World Heritage Sites. These exceptional areas must be recommended by the Signatory nation responsible for the site for declaration by the international World Heritage Committee. The sites include many previously designated protected areas. Management objectives of World Heritage Sites are: to protect the natural features for which the area was considered to be of world heritage quality; to provide information for world-wide public enlightenment; and to provide for research and environmental monitoring. -Xx- Areas to be considered under the Convention will be restricted to those which are truly of international significance. Natural sites must represent one or more of the following criteria: i) be outstanding examples representing the major stages of the earth’s evolutionary history; ii) be outstanding examples representing significant ongoing geological processes, biological evolution and man’s interaction with his natural environment; iii) contain unique, rare or superlative natural phenomena, formations or features or areas of exceptional natural beauty; and iv) be habitats where populations of rare or endangered species of plants and animals still survive. Natural Heritage Sites must also fulfil conditions on the integrity of the site. Management of these sites stresses the maintenance of the heritage values, ensures the continuation of legal protection, and promotes the significance of each site to the country, its people and the world. All sites have strict legal protection and are owned by government or non-profit corporation or trust for the long term. While recreation and on-site interpretation will generally be developed, some sites may be of such significance that public use will either be strictly controlled or prohibited. - No Category Assigned This has been used for those areas which are protected by legislation, but where, for various reasons, there is no infrastructure and protection is reportedly inadequate, and where the environment may be irreversibly degraded. Biogeographical Province The Afrotropical Realm, according to Udvardy (1975) in his paper A classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World (IUCN Occasional Paper No. 18), covers the whole of Africa south of the Sahara. The realm is further divided into Provinces, defined by significant differences in flora, fauna, and vegetation structure. These provinces are assigned geographic, ecological, or historically established names as appropriate; the provinces are presented on Map 1. Each of the provinces is characterised by one of the world’s 12 Biomes, major regional ecological communities of plants and animals extending over a large natural area. Based on this system, each of the 29 Afrotropical Provinces is given a three-number code, with the first number corresponding to the realm, the second to the province, and the third to the biome; 3.2.1, for example, is Tropical Humid Forest (biome 1) in the Congo Rainforest Province (province 2) in the Afrotropical Realm (realm 3). This code allows each protected area to be assigned a biogeographical context, and facilitates comparison of data on biomes, provinces, and realms. Legal Protection The degree of legal protection and special protection afforded to certain elements within the area. To qualify for the Directory a protected area should enjoy statutory legal protection establishing it as a permanently protected area and providing sufficiently strict safeguards to achieve the objectives of conservation of natural or of man-made landscapes. However, some proposed areas have been included due to their immediate need for protection, as have other important areas not currently receiving adequate protection. Date Established Date and identification of the establishing decree or legislation, and the dates and identification of previous legislation relating to the area. Geographical Location General location within the country, including province, region, proximity to major towns or landscape features and latitude and longitude. Altitude Altitudinal range, highest point or mean altitude depending on availability of data Area The area, expressed in hectares, included within the establishing legislation, plus any subsequent additions. The minimum surface area for inclusion in the Directory is generally 1,000 hectares (of zones in which protection of nature takes precedence). Exceptions have been be made for islands, and a few other areas of particular interest. =xi- Land Tenure Government, state or province, freehold, private, etc. Physical Features Topography, geology, soils, hydrology, climate, and other physical features, particularly as they affect management of the area. Vegetation Dominant vegetation formations (such as tropical rainforest), and secondary formations are listed or described, and percentage coverage of each formation is included when possible. Dominant species are listed, along with any threatened and endemic species or species of particular economic importance. Fauna Species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates which are of particular importance due to their dominance in the ecosystem, rarity, presence of important populations, etc. Where known, populations of the key species are provided. In each case species which are included within the CMC database and publications as threatened or of concern, are marked (E), (R), (V), or (I), depending on whether they are classified as Endangered, Rare, Vulnerable or "Insufficiently Known", or (T) where the species is known to be threatened, but where actual classification was still under review when this text was completed. Species "Out of Danger" and "Of Special Concern" are also included as (O) and (Of special concern). South African sheets also list "endangered species" which refer to fauna endangered, vulnerable or rare in South Africa according to the references on the Country information sheet. Cultural Heritage Archaeological features, cultural monuments, ethnic groups and _ their traditions etc. (If this heading is not relevant it is dropped in the interest of saving space.) Conservation Management Status of implementation of the management plan, or if none exists proposals for the development of such a plan. Also includes details of major management activities, such as control burning or culling. Interpretation programmes may also be described. Zoning The system of zoning, where present, is described, with areas included in each zone. Disturbances or Deficiencies The major management problems are described, including such things as poaching, fires, agricultural encroachment, etc. Visitor Facilities Accommodation, access, interpretation programmes, and average number of visitors. South African sheets also include the reserve’s potential for number of visitors. (If this heading is not relevant it is dropped in the interest of saving space.) Scientific Research Major research which either has been or is being conducted in the area. Special Scientific Facilities Presence of laboratories, study plots, housing for scientists, etc. Principal Reference Material Major documents on the area, including the management plan, scientific monographs, popular books or articles, bibliographies, etc. Staff The numbers of individuals regularly working in the area, with job classification (e.g. superintendent, ranger, guard, clerk). Budget Annual budget, with year, in local currency and in US dollars (for ease of comparison). Other subventions, as from Unesco or WWF/IUCN, are also mentioned when relevant. Figures for staff and budget are often projected only. Staff numbers are often changed in response to circumstances, and budgets can be cut drastically (with only limited funds for nature conservation being available in most countries). Local Park or Reserve Administration The name and address of the local administrative entity for the area. Date The date on which the whole sheet was last updated or checked. a THE NEXT STEPS This directory will never be "complete". Many of the sheets contain only sparse data, the available literature has not been fully screened and integrated, information has seldom been completely field-checked, and areas administered by provincial or regional governments have not been included in most cases. Further, much of the data, such as on personnel, budget, and management problems, is "perishable" and needs regular up-dating. It is also expected that the protected area networks in the Afrotropical Realm will continue to develop in the coming years. A procedure has been developed for bringing the Directory up-to-date on a regular basis. Approximately every three years, CNPPA will hold a meeting somewhere in the Afrotropical Realm; in advance of the meeting, the existing data sheets held by CMC will be sent to the principal contacts for each country with a request to ensure that all information is accurate and up-to-date and to provide additional data on specific areas where such data would be useful and pertinent (for example, presence of wild species of plants which are related to domestic plants). Efforts will be made to fill any blanks in the data, integrate new findings from field projects, and collect information from new areas, ensuring that the second edition of the Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas will be a major step forward. In the meantime, staff at the Protected Areas Data Unit will be collecting additional published information, receiving comments and suggestions on the basis of the information contained in the directory, and assisting IUCN and CNPPA in using this information to the best advantage in helping conservation efforts in Africa. Any contribution would be very welcome. IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas World Conservation Centre Avenue du Mont Blanc CH-1196 Gland Switzerland [Telephone: 022 647181] [Telex: 22618 iucn ch] Protected Areas Data Unit IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 219c Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL United Kingdom [Telephone: 0223 277314] [Telex: 817036 scmu g] -xiii- i ee bee j oe ' his, Meek Pe of ence, Creedoks, penmis, ett! aa Tare ot I grams) pootags wih, Nowe nov, of Janene, wre other B i - gs » i , 5 Are, ve ars oh waved ettey2 von a: 020 apie ont 23.1 rn Selene Pe reven Alive AORG Maple: oid poise, aptoen Das, beeen ngitt cede tyr r OF RABI awER Lonoree, to Laine ey: vd Demat ato ota: phaolunet ves Dial. ABD loanoring Ge 25-d2veepbnodd Walouery eo fron OA 1) Letinges oaig)¢! al. .aqitab-au wteger shoen bas *eidadsixeg’.: Jae gALCano 2 a! qolovel or susiinoo tive los tack grrtayT te on) a 7 pe. reat, rachis. eoeph bans, Get, and inne . shin, Alicea ih, ha be QR WONG ie Balgnind nas Daqoieraby f a leaiqur nA 9) el wanes aaree & bled Gay, ASHI, carer, want 7 WL cy ple a) iw DMs Dbwhattode ene gaiteas Odd: ay sce edd to ae ‘ oan, anizes vanes lig: eds TTVURS OP Te AMD 4 thiweg odes tent es Lat. bloga aunty davemyade emepg uae, GD rated toxatlitistetevate BOki oh boraay any, vice arabe bp cekaisom Blive to. soeeeing reiqmece's 92). a) taba) wre aasy gag wen a aregingls Yoo thd hy steer 7 % be, tapos: pdt adh, OMe, tAtag Moor» mers) oar ecerelel Fate ertaogaret, veteran vo} pte seinem Siliew 1os0d tag 4 Saniganenet : dP habe, nf 10 | ro Teaaltibsoe Serge of Hiw tin ste ean A bs1de1079 ay te rh vinci on. ve ’ ‘eile Bie R6i§1009sBaize™") Lob Och We, Mand (ade pooiseMgE Eben sina a oaalnerha, vee carpe i WEA -bas VIDE atroule w yvev od i psiveniaian ‘oA ip at ni ante anit = Crpiercaiiee Mpawkgoeseat Status of implemen at! mn of the manage gibt plat, brat proposals forthe CoeMopment of tech a pla ‘ tes déeiis af ie eetivites, width gr ee ite hurnisg iv @OODKe be anes Th mS |Lono ss sue eaten . —< > S38D oolt > @acley Pwsytiem of soning where | greens, i cescrited, with wreas 1 Tam ; io i - ee" Si Dis tevhopred ad Meliciawctesn Théirmajor semagsaGht problern are anyoritiods: iad she: things be pometieg, Ores. egriculrers) encroachment fas vt Aad rok BINA zee Dt) ner » cot | Minot Pevilitieg | Astomiecdation, accatytoterpcouition progro mires, BA ave ° Vietiets. “dateth aig afihets also as the erserve's potential Gar ocerbesd thle Dialing @ mez selrant it ee mt fest-of saving sj sana iad sa head > FD grote whan yo Scteutific Seynaerd - Main a saci wh ia tr has boun && + Deing cohuaight és = < = x t - Si ‘ etl Sclewtity beetiftiee Presence of laboras ries, «1 udy out: pasion for |. = Shain . Principal Melgetivny Batata) Aiajoe cscdbmenbe DRA res Kt bor — enrit! ata el ee bonis or articles, bibl pephics, ¢ic, SA ian 2 weet The gum eny af arenas pequiatly #ocking in the snes, wih eh > (enemas . ity why oA wip sae AR - as ee rr a, ' © Sayer Antu (tie, with. year, iy locg. cureenesg, at. in Bide endl . gpesce Cbs jet, of Trem tioeece of W FAUCK, are ae a Ft... een 1 ; é r We ' ite . fw Aap meieren ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have contributed to preparation of this book and the staff of Protected Areas Data Unit would like to express their gratitude to everyone who has taken time to assist with this task. Particular note should be made of the contribution made by the following individuals: Francine Adams, Olu Adesola, Andrew Allo, Joao Amaro, Joseph Andriamampianina, John Ash, Teshome Ashine, Emmanuel Asibey, Victor Balinga, Daboulaye Ban-Ymary, Ermias Bekele, Richard Bell, Michel Benoit, Markus Borner, Manuel Braga, Eddie Brewer, André Brosset, John Burlison, John Bushara, H. Chabwela, Anthony Cheke, Robert Cheke, Graham Child, Lindsay Chong-Seng, Malcolm Coe, Nonie Coultard, David Cumming, Glyn Davies, Bob Dowsett, Patrick Dugan, André Dupuy, Keith Eltringham, Mary Gartshore, Simon Goodenough, Tisha Greyling, Alfredo Guillet, Prof. Handlos, Peter Hetz, J. Chris Hillman, Brian Huntley, Eugene Jubert, T. Kaiza-Boshe, Pantheleon Kasomo, Humphrey Kiwia, Moses Kumpumala, A.P. Leventis, J. Mike Lock, Walter Lusigi, John and Kathy MacKinnon, Rob Malpas, Vincent Mama, Mario Marques, Antoine Melagui, Henry Minga, John Miskell, Nicole Montfort, Amberley Moore, G. Mosha, Hadi Mustafa, Dominique N’Sosso, John Newby, Jean Ngog-Nje, John Oates, Sheila O'Connor, Oko Rufin Antoine, A. Owadally, Alexander Peal, Scott Perkin, Fred Pertet, Mark Pidgeon, Herbert Prins, Elizabeth Rodgers, Alan Rodgers, Karen Ross, Harald Roth, A.R.K. Saba, Jordi Sabater-Pi, Rod Salm, Jeff Sayer, John Scherlis, T.K.G. Shaba, Curt Sneider, Clive Spinage, Wendy Strahm, Yaya Tamboura, Ian Taylor, Geza Teleki, Jean-Marc Thiollay, Jim Thorsell, Alan Tye, Bartoleme Vaohita, Jacques Verschuren, Eleanor Warr, Hilary and Geoff Welch, Jane and Doug Williamson, Roger Wilson, S.M. Yambe and Ty Young. In many cases these contacts have relied for much of their information on a network of individuals, too numerous to mention here, working in the field and in national park service headquarters. Notwithstanding the significant input to the directory by all those mentioned above, the editors accept responsibility for any errors of fact or ommission. Also, the information contained in the book for any one country has been compiled from a number of sources and does not necessarily represent the view of any one individual. Gratitude must also be extended to Andrew Austin (Commonwealth Institute of Entomolgy), Charlie Jarvis (Linnean Society) and the library staff of the British Museum (Natural History), Royal Geographical Society, and the Herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for their advice and help in tracing references, and for their patience in dealing with queries. All staff of the Protected Areas Data Unit at IUCN’s Conservation Monitoring Centre both past and present have been involved in the development of this information, and hence in the compilation of the directory. The first draft, which was prepared early 1983, was compiled by Jeremy Harrison. This was subsequently extensively revised and edited by Sally Austin, with the assistance of Sally Ward, and presented as a draft publication at the 16th General Assembly of IUCN in Madrid (November 1984). Subsequently parts of the text have been revised by Heather Macleod, Hilary Tye, Michael Green, Zbig Karpowitcz and Jeremy Harrison. During this time secretarial assistance has been provided by Clare Billington, Eileen Egginton, Wendy Garcia and Anthea McKinlay. The final text was prepared by Clare Billington and Jo Taylor, with the assistance of computer programs developed by Duncan Mackinder. Information for South Africa was compiled for CMC by Brian Huntley and Tisha Greyling of CSIR, and provided on computer diskette. Reading of the diskettes, and reformatting of the information was carried out by Duncan Mackinder and Sue Rallo, with the assistance of Robin Anderson. The South African material has since been published by CSIR as Report Number 98, Directory of southern African conservation areas (Greyling and Huntley, 1984). -XvV- Within the IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, coordination of publications is carried out by Lissie Wright, with the assistance of Barbara Lambert and Jo Taylor. Jeremy Harrison, Head of the Protected Areas Data Unit, is responsible for the management of the protected areas information base. Within CNPPA, the overall flow of the data collection programme was controlled by Kenton Miller and Harold Eidsvik, and administered by Jeff McNeely and Jim Thorsell. CNPPA’s regional vice-chairman for the Afrotropical Realm is Walter Lusigi. PHOTO CREDITS All photographs in the book were provided free of charge, and we would like to extend our thanks to each of the following: Aldabra Island Foundation (Seychelles), Mark Boulton (Equatorial Guinea, Swaziland, Uganda and cover), N. Mark Collins (Central African Republic, and three of the cover photogaphs), S.J.M. Droop (Malawi & Zimbabwe), M. Edmunds (Ghana), S. Goodenough (St Helena), Keith Harris (Nigeria), F. Langine (Guinea), J. M. Lock (Benin & Togo), J. Matthews (Sierra Leone), M. Matthews (Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast & Mali), B. Osborne (Mauritius), J. Parrott (Cameroon), P. Steele (Lesotho & Liberia), WWF (South Africa), WWF/B. Nievergelt (Ethiopia), WWF/C.A.W. Guggisberg (Angola), WWF/D. Bourn (Comoros), WWF/D. Williamson (Botswana), WWF/F. Parel (Kenya), WWEF/F. Vollmar (Burundi, Chad, Congo, Guinea-Bissau & Zaire), WWF/J. Blower (Sudan), WWF/J. Gilliéron (Niger), WWF/J. Tortignon (Mauritania), WWF/J. Verschuren (Rwanda), WWF/M. Bijleveld (Gambia), WWF/Mark Boulton (Namibia, Somalia & Zambia), WWF/P. Oberlé (Madagascar), WWE/W. Dolder (Mozambique & Senegal), G.R. & H.J. Welch (Djibouti), and S. Zalewski (Gabon). The country-names indicate the beginning of the section for which the photograph is used as a "front" page. The photographs for Reunion and Tanzania, which were taken by M.J.E. Coode and S.A. Renvoize respectively, are reproduced with the kind permission Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. -XVi- ! I Morocco __+ Algeria Sierra Leone Guinea Bissau « Equatorial Gyjnea The Gambia ao Tome & Pringjpe *Ascension ° St. Helena mi . I ios p--4 ¢ S Ai J 4 A it Kenya eAldabra &Comoros oe oo -v, a ~ . Xe x i \, Zimbabwe i 1 baer Ee i Namibia i! Botswana Ney | oe 1 : h 4 Mauritius | . .@ Reunion Prince E dwa rd Is. POLITICAL MAP OF THE AFROTROPICAL REALM Biogeogaphical Provinces of the Afrotropical Realm (After Udvardy, 1975) Guinean Rain Forest Congo Rain Forest Malagasy Rain Forest West African Woodland/savanna East African Woodland/savanna Congo Woodland/savanna Miombo Woodland/savanna South African Woodland/savanna Malagasy Woodland/savanna 10. Malagasy Thorn Forest 1 bs Cape Sclerophyll Wee Western Sahel 13. Eastern Sahel 14. Somalian 15. Namib 16. Kalahari 17. Karroo 18. Ethiopian Highlands 19. Guinean Highlands 20. Central African Highlands 21. East African Highlands 22 South African Highlands 23. Ascension and St. Helena Islands 24. Comores and Aldabra 25. Mascarene Islands 26. Lake Rudolf 27 Lake Ukerewe (Victoria) 28. Lake Tanganyika 29. Lake Malawi (Nyasa) WOON AMERY The Seychelles (apart from Aldabra) are in the Indomalayan realm of Udvardy (1975), and the Prince Edward Islands in the Antarctic Realm. -XViii- BIOGEOGRAPHICAL MAP OF THE AFROTROPICAL REALM Ye “ Whdauge et a. ra of Ba ' : wnaga edi utes ory Spin Monge Sietagety Zain Pore Vet Afric WaddlendAsbianns siete Aitlean Weadian d/ Cee W ootierut/eaven bre te gp ant i mii Hil} i 2 sf VPRSR EER He Nubaes i i} Ws o ——— 5 | ANGOLA Lk Ileu dos Passaros, Luanda Atlantic Aimalavera @Huambo Zambia Namibia Key National Parks Regional Nature Park Integral Nature Reserve Integral Reserve Partial Reserves BNO Angola ANGOLA Area 1,246,694 sq.km Population 7,110,000 (1983) Parks and Reserves Legislation Decree No. 43/77 of 5 May 1977 (revoking Decree No. 40,040 of 20 January 1955) approved the statute of the Ministry of Agriculture and supported creation of the National Directorate of Nature Conservation (Direcgaéo Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza). The national legislation provides for five categories of conservation area: National Park; Strict Nature Reserve; Partial Reserve; Regional Nature Park; and Special Reserve; although in many cases these do not conform to international standards. Protected areas are established under individual laws. In 1980 there were 18 forest reserves covering some 18,560 sq.km (which had been established before independence), though it would seem that they have received little specific attention beyond delimitation. Parks and Reserves Administration The major functions of the Direcgao Nacional da Conservacao da Natureza (DNACO) are the training of technical staff, public education (in urban, rural and reserve areas) and management of the protected areas. When Angola was still a province of Portugal, administration was the responsibility of the Provincial Department of Veterinary Services (Technical Division for Fauna Protection). Address ° Direcgao Nacional da Conservacgao da Natureza, Ministerio da Agricultura, CP 74, Luanda. Additional Information Prior to independence in 1976, reserves were primarily established in areas considered to be of little economic value. In 1982 a survey of natural resource protection was initiated (Horsten, 1982) which determined that there was little or no protection in either the areas of relict montane forest or the ’Anharas do Alto’ (Huambo and Benguela provinces). This is still the case. There is also a serious lack of staff, resources, support and the necessary infrastructure for the existing reserves, let alone the establishment of future areas. The survey recommends the establishment of a system of protected areas at both the regional and national level, ideally covering some 10% of Angola’s land area. It also recommends that nature conservation be considered in land-use planning. In addition, the laws and regulations governing hunting, protected species and protected areas have been recommended for revision (Estes, 1982). The probability of implementation of any of these recommendations is difficult to assess due to the current political difficulties within the country. References ° Estes, R.D. (1982). The Giant Sable and wildlife conservation in Angola. Report to the IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group. ° Herrick, A.B., Bastos, A.J., Eisele, F.R., Harrison, S.A., John, H.J. and Wielad (1967). Area handbook for Angola. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. ° Horsten, F. (1982). Os Parques Nacionais e os Outres Zonas de Protecgao da Natureza de Angola. Report (in Portuguese) for the National Department for Nature Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture. Luanda. ° Huntley, B.J. (1974). Ecosystem Conservation priorities in Angola. Report No. 28, Servicos de Veterinéria, Luanda. ° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in southern Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria. Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Bikuar 790,000 Iona 1,515,000 Kameia 1,445,000 IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Kangandala 60,000 Kisama 996,000 Mupa 660,000 Subtotal 5,466,000 Integral Nature Reserves Ilheu dos Passaros 1,700 Integral Reserves Luando 828,000 Partial Reserves Bufalo 40,000 Luiana 840,000 Mavinga 595,000 Mocamedes 445,000 Subtotal 1,920,000 Regional Nature Parks Chimalavera 15,000 BIKUAR NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No information Date Established Established as a National Park by Legislative Diploma 3527 of 26 December 1964 (B.O. I Série No. 52). First protected as a hunting reserve (Bikuar) by Government Decree 2620 of 16 April 1938 (B.O. I Série No. 16) with boundary alteration by Decree 4880 of 6 September 1944 (B.O. I Série No. 35), subsequently given partial reserve status by Legislative Diploma 2873 of 11 December 1957 (B.O. I Série No. 50). The Boundaries were redefined by Decree 384 of 13 June 1972 (B.O. I Série 137). Geographical Location 135km_ east-south-east of Lubango in the province of Huila. 14°55’-15°36’S, 14°14’-15°19°E. Altitude 1,150 to 1,350m Area 790,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features A gently undulating plain drained by the Kunene River and the intermittent Bikuar River. No lagoons, but extensive *dambos’ are found in the river basins. The nearest meteorological station is Lubango, where a mean annual temperature of 18.7°C is recorded. The coldest month is June, averaging 15.6°C and the warmest is September/October, averaging 20.8°C. The mean annual precipitation of 960mm falls on an average of 101 days. The mean annual humidity recorded is 50%. -4- Angola Vegetation There is a regular pattern of open grass plains on the seasonally waterlogged depressions and a variety of savanna, deciduous woodland and high forest at medium altitudes with Baikiaea, Brachystegia spiciformis, Julbernardia, and Ricinodendron. A few areas of Baikiaea plurijuga miomba woodland remain. Fauna Mammals include: cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, African wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, kudu T. strepsiceros, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, impala Aepyceros melampus melampus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, oribi Ourebia ourebi, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, zebra Equus oburchelli, eland Taurotragus oryx, roan antelope MHippotragus equinus wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus. The presence of buffalo Syncerus caffer caffer and wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern) is particularly noteworthy. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies | There are few inhabitants in the park. Areas of Baikiaea plurijuga, which takes several years to regenerate, were logged for the Serpa Pinto railway several years ago. Damage to tourism infrastructure due to the current political situation has been reported. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Teixeira, J.B. (1968). Parque Nacional do Bicuari. Carte da Vegetacado e Memoria Descritiva. 1.1.A.A., Nova Lisboa. 29 pp. ° Maps (1:100,000): Nos 338,339,357-9,378-80. ° Maps (1:250,000): SUL O-33 O,P,U,V. Staff One administrator and 20 rangers Budget 1981 - 1,500,000KZ Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccgaéo Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza, CP 74, Luanda. The park headquarters are being reconstructed in Gando; there are no outposts. Date May 1982 IONA NATIONAL PARK Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Namib) Legal Protection Due to the current political situation, management and protection of this area is extremely difficult. Date Established Established as Porto Alexandre National Park by Legislative Diploma 2873 of 11 December 1957 (B.O. I Série No. 50) and renamed Iona National Park, with boundary alterations by legislative diploma 3524 of 26 December 1964 (B.O. I Série No. 52). First a5. IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas protected as a hunting national park by Government Decree 2421 of 2 October 1937 (B.O. I Série No. 37). Changed to Mossamedes Hunting Reserve with boundary alterations by Decree 4880 of 6 September 1944 (B.O. I Série No. 35). 9,000ha around the city of Porto Alexandre were removed by Decree 516 of 17 August 1973 (B.O. I Série No. 193). Geographical Location On the Angolan coast, 170km south of Mocamedes in Mocamedes province. Bounded by the Angola-Namibia border, Atlantic Ocean and the Kuroka and Kunene rivers. 15°44’-17°16’S, 11°44’-13°14’E. Altitude Sea level to 2,040m Area 1,515,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features There is a diverse coastline topography with extensive, pink coloured sand dunes up to 100m high. There are geologically varied rock formations and rugged mountains bordering the Kunene River. Vegetation The vegetation is predominantly sublittoral steppe formation with shrubs and herbs such as the genera Acacia, Commiphora, Colophospermum, Aristida, Schmidtia and Setaria. There are sparse patches of steppe formations and littoral steppe with mainly Aristida, Cissus and Salvadora genera and occasional pockets of Welwitschia (of which W. bainesii is particularly noteworthy). Sporadic and patchy desert vegetation with Odyssea and Sporobolus also occurs. Fauna Mammals include: hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, brown hyena Hyaena brunnea, aardwolf Proteles cristatus, honey badger Mellivora capensis, lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), eland Taurotragus oryx, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, black-faced impala Aepyceros melampus petersi (T), klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and Kirk’s dik-dik Madoqua kirki, with springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, gemsbok Oryx gazella, zebra Equus zebra hartmannae (T), and £. burchelli being the most common species, although. numbers have declined. Fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus and manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T) also occur in the area. The coast is used for nesting by the green turtle Chelonia mydas (E) and loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta (V). The rivers and estuaries are visited by soft skinned turtle Trionyx triunguis, though no nesting activities have been recorded. Zoning Three control zones were planned in 1974. Disturbances or Deficiencies About 200 herdsmen with unknown number of cows and goats utilise the park for grazing. Competition between domestic animals and wild species is heightened by the limited reserves of water. Diamond exploration is carried out, and there is a police post and pumping station at Foz do Kunene. The current political situation has had adverse effects on conservation work and tourist potential. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Matos, G.C. de (1970). A Vegetacgao do Parque Nacional do Iona. Bol. da Soc. Broteriana Vol. XLIV (2° Sérue): 245-247. ° Maps (1:100,000): 373,394-396,416-418,419-442,439-44]. ° Maps (1:250,000): SUL D-32 7, SUL D-33 S, SUL E-32, F,L and SUL E-33 A,B,G. Staff None Angola Budget No budget allocation in 1981 Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccaéo Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza, CP 74 Luanda. The park headquarters were formerly at Espinheira, but has now been demolished. There are unoccupied outposts at Iona and Charojamoa. Date May 1982 KAMEIA NATIONAL PARK Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Due to the current political situation, management and protection of this area is extremely difficult. Date Established Established as a National Park by Legislative Diploma 2873 of 11 December 1957 (B.O. I Série No. 50). First protected as a hunting reserve by Government Decree 1670 of 6 April 1935 (B.O. I Série No. 14). Confirmed as Reserva da Cameia with boundary changes by Decree 2620 of 16 April 1938 (B.O. I Série No. 16). Geographical Location 100km due east of Lwena in the province of Mexico, less than 100km from the Angola-Zambia border. 11°17’-12°30’S, 20°45’-22°36’E. Altitude 1,059-1,158m Area 1,445,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features Characterised by extensive plains which are periodically flooded. There are three permanent rivers, the Zambezé, Lwena, and Luangueje, which drain the area and three lakes, Cauamba, Calundo, and Chaluvanda. The nearest weather station is at Lwena with a recorded mean annual temperature of 20.6°C. The coldest month is June averaging 17.4°C, and the warmest is October averaging 22.6°C. A mean annual rainfall of 1,279mm is recorded for the area, falling over an average of 137 days. The relative humidity is 67%. ; Vegetation The vegetation is typical of upland grasslands, or ’dambos’, growing on sandstone with deficient drainage. It mainly comprises a medium-dense grass mat of uniform appearance and height with considerable variation in floristic composition; principally fine-leaved perennial bunch grasses and wetter types, such as the abundant Cyperaceae, Xyridaceae, and flowering herbs. Loudetia simplex is the most characteristic grass and is dominant over extensive areas. Above ground, vegetation cover is almost complete, but beneath it some 25-30% of the surface may be bare. Fauna Mammals include: spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, lechwe Kobus leche (T), reedbuck Redunca arundinum, oribi Ourebia ourebi, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, and bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, the commonest species being brindled gnu Connochaetes taurinus. Particularly noteworthy is the presence of topi Damaliscus lunatus and wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern). = IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Some 5,000 people live within the park principally practising fishing. Visitor Facilities No tourist infrastructure at present. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Maps (1:100,000): 199,200,220-223,242-246. ° Maps (1:250,000): SUL C-34 U,V,X and SUL D-34 C,D,E. Staff One administrator and eight rangers Budget 1981 - 700,000 KZ Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccaéo Nacional da Conservacao da Natureza, CP 74 Luanda. The park headquarters has been demolished. Date May 1982 KANGANDALA NATIONAL PARK Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection The park was created specifically for the protection of a few herds of giant sable. Date Established Established as a National Park by Legislative Diploma 4017 of 25 May 1970 (B.O. 1 Série No. 147). First protected as Reserva Natural Integral da Cangandala by Legislative Diploma 3374 of 25 May 1963 (B.O. 1 Série No. 21), with boundaries altered 26 December 1964 by Legislative Diploma 3529 (B.O. Série No. 52). Geographical Location 55km_ east-south-east of Malange in Malange Province. 9°37°-10°02’S, 16°34’-16°52’E. Altitude 1,040-1,157m Area 60,000ha (extension proposed to link Kangadala with Luando Nature Reserve (828,00ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The gently sloping hills are separated by lines of drainage with four major permanent rivers, the Cuque, Cuije, Maubi, and Ombe. There are no lakes or lagoons, but numerous marshy areas are found in the drainage basins. The nearest meteorological station is at Nova Gaia, 95km to the east, with a recorded mean annual temperature of 21.3°C. The coldest month is June, averaging 19.7°C and the warmest is February, averaging 21.9°C. The mean annual rainfall is 1,229mm, falling on an average of 89 days. The mean annual relative humidity is 73%. “Re Angola Vegetation The predominant vegetation type is the thin ’miombo’ woodland and savanna on the middle-upland slopes, characterised by Brachystegia spiciformis, Julbernardia paniculata and locally abundant B. wangermeeana, and B. boehmii. Fauna Mammals include: hyena Crocuta crocuta, hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, sitatunga T. spekei, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus and reedbuck Redunca arundinum, with blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, giant sable antelope Hippotragus niger variani (T), roan antelope H. equinus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and bushpig Potamochoerus porcus among the more common species. The wildlife density is very low. Conservation Management Estes (1982) includes recommendation for improved management. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Some 2,000 people, based in 10 villages along the principal access road, practise fishing and subsistence agriculture (growing cassava and rice) and graze goats (the main livestock) close to and within the park. A heavily travelled network of footpaths dissect the park and there is some poaching. There is slow degradation of the Brachystegia woodland in some areas. The limits of the park are in urgent need of revision. Visitor Facilities The access roads are frequently impassable during the rains. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Estes, R.D. (1982). The giant sable and wildlife conservation in Angola. Report to the IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group. ° Maps (1:100,000): Nos. 132 and 151. ° Maps (1:250,000): SUL C-33 K,O. Staff One administrator and five rangers Budget 1981 - 1.7 million KZ Local Park or Reserve Administration Direcgaéo Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza, CP 74 Luanda. The park headquarters are at Kulamagia with an outpost at Maubi. Date May 1982 KISAMA (QUICAMA) NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No information Date Established Established as a National Park (Quicgaéma) by Legislative Diploma 2873 of 11 December 1957 (B.O. 1 Série No. 50). First protected as a hunting reserve (Reserva da Quissama) by Government Decree 2620 of 16 April 1938 (B.O. 1 Série No. 16). -9- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Geographical Location On the coast in Bengo Province, 45km south of Luanda. The limits of the park are formed by the Atlantic coastline between Longa and Kwanza rivers, River Kwanza from its mouth to Muxima, the Longa River from its mouth to Capda, and by the road joining Muxima and Capolo. 9°09’-10°23’S, 13°09’-14°08’E. Altitude From sea level to 265m Area 996,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The diverse topography comprises extensive flood plains, gently undulating hills with heavy cotton soils and elevated undulating plateaux with deep red to yellow sands. Two permanent rivers pass through the park, the Kwanza and Longa. The rivers are long and meandering with numerous lagoons on the flood plains and they both flood periodically; there are also several permanent lakes. The 125km of Atlantic shoreline within the park has extensive high cliffs and isolated sandy beaches. The nearest meteorological station is at Luanda with recorded mean annual temperature of 24.6°C. The coldest months are July and August, averaging 20.7°C and the warmest is March, averaging 27.4°C. The annual rainfall of 449mm falls on an average of 54 days per year. A mean annual relative humidity of 80% is recorded. Vegetation There are five main vegetation types: dry forest mosaic, predominantly deciduous, with dry savanna at lower altitudes characterised by Bombax, Pteleopsis, Pterocarpus, Adansonia and Heteropogon tree _ genera; coastal mangroves with Rhizophora and Avicennia; steppes in the coastal region with thickets of raphia palms Raphia sp., baobab Adansonia sp. and Euphorbia woodland and savanna; savanna mosaic in the sublittoral region with steppes, dry thickets and scattered trees characterised by Adansonia, Guibourtia, Acacia welwitschii, Dichrostachys, Sterculia, Combretum, Strychnos and Setaria; and marshy swampland with Cyperus papyrus and some Typha capensis, and rich grasslands of Echinochloa and Vetiveria species along the floodplain margins. A species of special importance is Tessmannia sp.. Fauna Mammals include: buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), eland Taurotragus oryx, and bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus. Others include: cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, talapoin monkey Miopithecus talapoin (within mangrove forests), black monkey Cercopithecus mitis, and Bosman’s potto Perodicticus potto. Fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus and manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T) occur on the coast, where green turtle Chelonia mydas (E) and loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta (V) also nest. The rivers and estuaries are visited by soft skinned turtle Trionyx triunguis, although, no nesting activities have been recorded. Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) also occur in the park. Conservation Management Estes (1982) includes recommendations for improved management. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Staff numbers, equipment, access, and authority to control poaching are inadequate, and there is a continuous problem with cultivation, cutting and other illegal activities. Some 10,000 people live within the park, practising subsistence fishing and agriculture (principal crops being cotton, oil palm, cassava and maize) and grazing cattle and goats. This has led to increased competition from the human population and their animals for water and grassland and degradation of the soils by the processes of itinerant agriculture. The resultant soil erosion is aggravated by the extensive open trails cut by bulldozers during oil exploration (one well is in production) and traffic on the major road, which runs north-south through the park. Only one bank of the Kwanza River is protected within the park, =10- Angola consequently the aquatic and marshland wildlife is subject to heavy hunting pressure; this applies, in particular, to hippopotamus, manatee, crocodile, and waterfowl populations. Visitor Facilities A visitor guide service has been established and there are rest camp facilities available. The park is open from July-December. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Estes, R.D. (1982). The giant sable and wildlife conservation in Angola. Report to the IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group. ° Frade, F. (1956). Reservas Naturais de Angola (Alguns mamiferos da reserva da Quigama). Anais da Junta Invest. Ultr. Vol XI, Tomo III and Breve noticia a proposita da Reserva da Quicgama. Huntley, B.J. (1973). Proposals for the re-definition of the limits of the Parque Nacional da Quigama Report for Servicio de Veterinaria, Luanda. Teixeira, J.B. (1967). Parque Nacional du Quigama. Carta da Vegetacdo e Memoria Descritiva. 1.1.A.A., Nova Lisboa, 14 p. Maps (1:100,000): 107, 108, 125-127, 144-146. Maps (1:250,000): SUL C-33 H,I,N,O. ° Staff One administrator, one warden and eight rangers Budget 1981 - 4 million KZ Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccéo Nacional da Conservacéo da Natureza, C.P. 74, Luanda. The park headquarters is at Kaua and there are outposts at Baria do Kwanza, Cabo Ledo, Chio, and Mumbondo. Date May 1982 MUPA NATIONAL PARK Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Due to the current political situation, management and protection of this area is extremely difficult. Date Established Established as a National Park by Diploma 3527 of 26 December 1964 (B.O. I Série No. 52). First protected as a hunting reserve by Government Decree 2620 of 16 April 1938 (B.O. I Série No. 16) with boundaries changed by Decree 4880 of 6 September 1944 (B.O. I Série No. 35), subsequently given integral nature reserve status (Mupa ou Girafa) by Legislative Diploma 2873 of 11 December 1957 (B.O. I Série No. 50). Geographical Location 80km north of Ondjiva in Kunene Province on the border with Huila Province. 15°19’-16°35’S, 15°12’-16°00’E. Altitude 1,130-1,340m Area 660,000ha |) oe IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Land Tenure Government Physical Features The relief is gently undulating, cut in places by tributaries of the Kunene and Kuvelai rivers. Extensive ’dambos’ have formed in the river basins. The nearest meteorological station is at Ondjiva with a recorded mean annual temperature of 22.8°C. The coldest month is July, averaging 17°C and the warmest is October, averaging 26°C. The mean annual rainfall of’ 601mm falls on an average of 57 days per year. The relative humidity is 49%. Vegetation The principal vegetation types are deciduous woodland and high forest at medium altitudes, characterised by Baikiaea, Brachystegia spiciformis, Julbernardia and Ricinodendron; *miombo’ woodland and savanna on middle upland slopes with Brachystegia spiciformis, B. boehmii, Julbernardia paniculata and abundant Brachystegia sp.; and dry deciduous forest and mosaic of savanna ’steppe’ with Colophospermum mopane. Fauna Mammals include: hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus oburchelli, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, eland Taurotragus oryx, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, impala Aepyceros melampus, and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. WHartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis are worthy of note, though there is now some doubt as to whether giraffe still occurs in the park. Wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern) are also present in the area. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Unknown because of the current political situation Scientific Research None Special Scieatific Facilities None in 1981 Principal Reference Material ° Maps (1:100,000): 359, 360, 380, 381, 401, 402, 424 Staff None Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccdo Nacional de Conservagéo da Natureza, CP 74, Luanda. Date May 1982 ILHEU DOS PASSAROS INTEGRAL NATURE RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Tourism is prohibited. Date Established Established as an integral nature reserve by Provincial Decree 55 of 21 December 1973 (B.O. I Série No. 297). p= Angola Geographical Location An offshore island in Luanda Province, 8km south-west of Luanda. 8°55’-8°56’S, 13°08’-13°08’E. Altitude Sea level to about 2m Area 1,700ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features An island of mud flats off the coast of Angola, which is _ periodically flooded. The nearest meteorological station is at Luanda and climatic conditions are similar to those of Kisama National Park. The recorded mean annual temperature is 24.6°C. The coldest months are July and August, averaging 20.7°C, and the warmest is March, averaging 27.4°C. The annual rainfall of 449mm falls on an average of 54 days per year. A mean annual relative humidity of 80% is recorded. Vegetation The vegetation is characterised by tree and bush mangroves with Rhizophora and Avicennia species. Fauna There are no mammals of importance on the island, but various waterbirds are common. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Increasing recreational activities in the Baia do Mussolo threatens the integrity of the reserve. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Maps (1:100,000): No. 89. ° Maps (1:250,000): SUL C-33 B. Staff None Budget None in 1981 Local Park or Reserve Administration Direcgaéo Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza, CP 74, Luanda. There is now no local administrative organisation. Date May 1983 LUANDO INTEGRAL NATURE RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Tourism is prohibited. Due to the current political situation, management and protection of this area is extremely difficult. 2182 IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Date Established Established as an integral nature reserve (Luando/Palanca Gigante) by Legislative Diploma 2873 of 11 December 1957 (B.O. I Série No. 50), to preserve the (then) only known extant herds of giant sable. First protected as a hunting reserve (Palanca Preta/Luanda) by Government Decree 2620 of 16 April 1938 (B.O. I Série No. 16). Geographical Location 210km south-east of Malanje between the Kwanza and Luando rivers in Malange and Bie Provinces. 10°14’-11°56’S, 16°26’-18°14’E. Altitude 1,040-1,455m Area 828,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve encloses the gently undulating land between the two permanent rivers, the Luando and Kwanza, both of which pass through extensive flood plains. There are many lagoons in the flood plains of the Luando. The nearest meteorological station is at Nova Gaja (60km to the north-east) with a recorded mean annual temperature of 21.3°C (coldest month June 19.7°C and warmest September 22.4°C). Mean annual rainfall of 1,229mm occurring over 89 days, and relative humidity 73%. Vegetation The vegetation is predominantly ’miombo’ woodland and savanna on middle upland slopes characterised by Brachystegia spiciformis var. latifoliata, Julbernardia paniculata and locally abundant B. wangermeeana or B. boehmii, with occasional patches of dense forests comprising Marquesia, Berlinia and Daniellia. Fauna Mammals include: hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, eland Taurotragus oryx, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, bushbuck 7. scriptus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, puku K. vardoni, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, oribi Ourebia ourebi, buffalo Syncerus caffer, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, with noteworthy numbers of giant sable antelope Hippotragus niger variani (E), and lechwe Kobus leche (T). Wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern) is one of the more noteworthy bird species to be found in the reserve. Population There are some 20,000 inhabitants based in the villages of Quimbango and Gunga Palanca. Zoning An area in the northern part of the reserve is classed as a military operations zone. Disturbances or Deficiencies The 20,000 inhabitants within the reserve practise subsistence cultivation of cassava, maize and rice, supplemented by fishing and grazing of some 300 cows. Any further population increase will cause serious problems during the next years. There is serious disruption in the area due to the current political situation. Some poaching of giant sable herds continues, but it is less extensive than it was during the 1975/1976 independence period. Scientific Research Study of giant sable by Dr R.D. Estes in 1971. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Cabral, J.C. (1967). Mamiferos da Reserva do Luando. Bol. Inst. Invest. cient. Ang. 4(2): 33-44. ° DNACO (1981). Documentagd4o sobre a Palanca Preta Gigante. Stencilado. Pp. 184. ° Maps (1:100,000): 150-2,169-71,191-2,213-15. ° Maps (1:250,000): SUL C-33 Q,R,Z and SUL C-34 S. -14- Angola Staff Twelve rangers; four at each post (village) Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Direcgao Nacional do Conservagéo da Natureza, CP 74, Luanda. The reserve headquarters at Kimbango have been destroyed, but the outposts at Kunga Palanka and Mulundo still remain. Date May 1983 BUFALO PARTIAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Due to the current political situation, management and protection of this area is extremely difficult. Date Established Established as a partial reserve by Government Decree 325 of 5 April 1974 (B.O. I Série No. 81). Geographical Location 30km south-east of Benguela in Benguela Province. 12°42’-12°55’S, 13°37’-13°58’E. Altitude 380-1,210m Area 40,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The topography is fairly irregular, characterised by sloping ground interupted by rocky outcrops. The permanent rivers, Catumbela, Cavaco, Bungue, and Halo (or Caimbambo), cross the area, but there are no lakes and only a few marshy areas along the rivers. The nearest meteorological station (60km to the north) has a recorded mean annual temperature of 23.5°C. The coldest month is July, averaging 19.4°C, and the warmest is March, averaging 26.8°C. The mean annual rainfall of 305mm falls on an average of 45 days a year. The average humidity is 77%. The climate is variable, however, and differs significantly only 80km to the east, where it is cooler and much wetter. Vegetation The two principal vegetation types are woodland, and savanna with stunted trees, bushes and high grass, and includes the genera: Colophospermum, Terminalia, Albizia, Pterocarpus, Combretum, Hyparrhenia and Panicum; and sublittoral steppe formations predominated by the bush and herb layers, including the genera Acacia, Commiphora, Colophospermum, Aristida, Schmidtia, and Setaria. Fauna Buffalo Syncerus caffer caffer is the most abundant and notable mammal in the reserve. Other mammals include cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), side-striped jackal Canis adustus, spotted hyena: Crocuta crocuta, lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, eland Taurotragus oryx, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, kudu T. strepsiceros, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus,and baboon Papio ursinus. iss IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies None reported, but the current political situation causes some disturbance in the area. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed Staff None Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration Direcgao Nacional da Conservagéo da Natureza, CP 74, Luanda. Date May 1983 LUIANA PARTIAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Due to the current political situation, management and protection of this area is extremely difficult. Date Established Established as a partial reserve by Legislative Diploma 3677 of 17 September 1966 (B.O. I Série No. 38). Geographical Location 550km south-east of Menongue in Cuando-Cubango Province. In the south-eastern corner of Angola on the Angola-Zambia-Namibia border. 16°11°-17°53’S, 22°10’-23°26’E. Altitude 970-1,024m Area 840,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features Extensive plains drained by the Kwando and Luiana river systems occupy the majority of the reserve. There are some small lagoons in the Kwando basin and large marshy areas occur in both river basins. The nearest meteorological station is 235km to the north-east, where a mean annual temperature of 20.6°C is recorded. The coldest month is July, averaging 14.5°C and the warmest is October, averaging 24.2°C. The mean annual rainfall is 828mm, falling on an average of 42 days. The relative humidity averages 51%. Vegetation The two principal vegetation types are dry deciduous forest and mosaic of savanna steppe, with some scattered trees, including Colophospermum mopane, and bushes; and dry semi-deciduous woodland characterised by Baikiaea plurijuga, Guibourtia coleosperma, and Ricinodendron rautanenii. -16- Angola Fauna Mammals include: Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus(V), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, eland Taurotragus oryx, sable antelope Hippotragus niger niger, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, puku K. vardoni, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, topi Damaliscus lunatus, impala Aepyceros melampus melampus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and steenbok Raphicerus campestris. Lechwe Kobus leche (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer caf fer, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, sitatunga T. spekei, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, and brindled gnu Connochaetes taurinus are the most abundant species. Ostrich Struthio camelus also occur and wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern) is one of the more notable bird species known from the reserve. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies None reported Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Maps (1:100,000): 438,460-2,470-2. ° Maps (1:250,000): SUL E-34 K,L. Staff None Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration Direcg4o Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza, CP 74, Luanda. There are no reserve headquarters. Date May 1982 MAVINGA PARTIAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Due to the current political situation, the management and protection of this area is extremely difficult. Date Established Established as a partial reserve by Legislative Diploma 3677 of 17 September 1966 (B.O. I Série No. 38). Geographical Location On the Kwando River in Kwando Cybango Province, 300km east-south-east of Merongue. 15°09’-15°57’S, 20°14’-21°30°E. Altitude 1,052-1,228m Area 595,000ha Land Tenure Government =i IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Physical Features The extensive, gently undulating plains are crossed by the Kwando, Lombam Cariei, and Cueio rivers, which feed marshlands along their courses. The nearest meteorological station is 25km to the south-west with a recorded mean annual temperature of 20.6°C. The coldest month is July, averaging 14.5°C and the warmest is October, averaging 24.2°C. The mean annual rainfall of 828mm falls on an average of 92 days per year. The relative humidity averages 51%. Vegetation The two principal vegetation types are a mosaic of savanna with herb layer or bushes predominant and dry woodland of Brachystegia bakerana and Burkea africana, and dry semi-deciduous woodland characterised by Baikiaea plurijuga, Guibourtia coleosperma, and Ricinodendron rautanenii. Fauna Mammals include: cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, zebra Equus burchelli, eland Taurotragus oryx, sable antelope Hippotragus niger niger, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, puku K. vardoni, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, topi Damaliscus lunatus, impala Aepyceros melampus melampus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and steenbok Raphicerus campestris. Lechwe Kobus leche (1), buffalo Syncerus caffer caffer, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, sitatunga T. spekei, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, and wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus are particularily common species. Wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern)and ostrich Struthio camelus are among the more notable birds rcorded from the reserve. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies None reported, although the current political situation appears to cause some disturbance in the area. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Maps (1:100,000): 369-371,390-393. ° Maps (1:250,000): SUL D-34 U,V. Staff None Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccdo Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza, CP 74, Luanda. Date May 1982 MOCAMEDES PARTIAL RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Namib) Legal Protection Limited traditional grazing allowed -18- Angola Date Established Established by Legislative Diploma as a partial reserve for a limited period from 12 June 1957 to 31 December 1959 (B.O. I Série No. 24). Maintained for three additional years with boundary alterations by Legislative Diploma 3060 of 24 August 1960 (B.O. I Série No. 34) then for an indefinite period by a resolution of 9 February 1963 (B.O. I Série No. 6). Some 29,000ha around the city of Mocamedes were annexed from the area by Government Decree 480 of 28 July 1973 (B.O. I Série No. 177). Geographical Location On the coast, seven kilometers south-south-east of Mocamedes in Mocamedes Province. 15°09’-16°16’S, 12°01’-12°44’E. Altitude Sea level to 750m Area 445,000ha; a few kilometres north of Iona National Park (1,515,000ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The topography ranges from desert dunes and extensive plains to rugged mountains and escarpments. There are two intermittent rivers, the Bero and Dos Flamingos, which cross the area, but otherwise, surface water is scarce. The nearest meteorological station is at Mocamedes with recorded mean annual temperature of 20.5°C. The coldest month is July, averaging 16.2°C and the warmest is March, averaging 24.8°C. The mean annual rainfall of 48mm falls on an average of 19 days per year. Vegetation There are three main vegetation types within the reserve: 1) littoral steppe inter-mixed with thick forest and savanna and characterised by Chrysobalanus; 2) sublittoral bush and herb layer steppe, with Acacia, Commiphora, Colophospermum, Aristida, Schmidtia, and Setaria; and 3) steppe formation and littoral steppe, which is thin and discontinuous and characterised by the genera Aristida, Cissus, Salvadora and Welwitschia bainesii (the only species in this family of Gymnosperm). Fauna Mammals include: hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), aardwolf Proteles cristatus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), zebra Equus burchelli, Wartmann’s zebra E. zebra hartmannae (T), kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, gemsbok Oryx gazella and klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, with springbok Antidorcas marsupialis particularly common. Ostrich Struthio camelus are also present. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies There is some cattle grazing as part of a transhumance cycle. Visitor Facilities There is no tourism or tourist infrastructure. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Matos, G.C. de and de Sousa, J.N.B. (1970). Reserva Parcial de Mocamedes, Carta da Vegetacdo e Memoria Descritiva. IIAA, Nova Lisboa. 32 p. ° Maps (1:100,000): 353-354,374-375,395-396. ° Maps (1:250,000): SUL D-33 S & SUL E-33 A. Staff None Budget 400,000 KZ Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccado Nacional da Conservacao da Natureza, CP 74, Luanda. The reserve headquarters at Pico do Azavedo have been destroyed. Date May 1982 aif9= IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas CHIMALAVERA REGIONAL NATURE PARK Management Category V (Protected Landscape) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No information Date Established Established as a regional nature park by Decree 352 of 15 April 1974 (B.O. I Série No. 88). First protected as a special reserve by Legislative Diploma 4124 of 5 June 1971 (B.O. I Série No. 132). Geographical Location 20km south-west of Benguela in Benguela Province, approximately 10km from the coast. 13°05’-13°51’S, 12°45’-12°12’E. Altitude 50-265m Area 15,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve comprises an elevated plain surrounded by rugged mountains and escarpments. There are no permanent rivers, lagoons or wetlands, but underground water is brought to the surface by a pumping station. The nearest meteorological station is at Lobiko (60km to the north-east) with a recorded mean annual temperature of 23.5°C. The coldest month is July, averaging 19.4°C and the warmest is March, averaging 26.8°C. The mean annual rainfall of 305mm falls on an average of 45 days per year. The recorded relative humidity is 77%. Vegetation The main vegetation type is a sublittoral steppe formation of Acacia mellifera spp. detinens together with other Acacia species. Fauna Mammals include savanna monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, side-striped jackal Canis adustus, zebra Equus burchelli, and springbok Antidorcas marsupialis ( one of the commonest species in the area). Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies None recorded Visitor Facilities There is no tourism in the park. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Maps (1:100,000): 251. ° Maps (1:250,000): SUL D-33 B. Staff None Budget 1981 - 600,000KZ Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccdo Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza, CP 74, Luanda. The park headquarters at Chimalavera were destroyed. Date May 1983 296: BENIN -2]- Gougoun! \ N \ \ Hoota | Nigeria libori -? Trois Rivieres l ‘ f ! -/ ¢ \ i i} | | I Monts Ko Key {1 National Parks E3 Hunting Zones —& Classified Forests Wee a eee ~o-77 BIGHT OF BENIN Atlantic Ocean Benin BENIN Area 112,622 sq.km Population 3,830,000 (1984) Parks and Reserves Legislation Ordinance No. 71-141 of 6 September 1971 contains regulations on the protection of nature and the control of hunting. It defines a National Park as an area controlled by the state with limits that cannot be modified except by law. National Parks are established for the protection, conservation and propagation of natural resources of scientific and aesthetic value; killing or capture of fauna is only allowed for scientific or management purposes, and all activities perceived to cause modification are prohibited. Permits are required for research within national parks, and sport fishing and camping are allowed only with written authorization. Réserve naturelle intégrale is the term used for areas of total protection, where outside intervention is only permissible in extreme circumstances. Réserves totales de faune and réserves partielles de faune are areas where the fauna (or part of the fauna) is protected, but where human activity may continue. The term zone cynégétique is used for areas set aside for safari hunting. Activities within these areas are controlled. Réserve spéciale or sanctuaire designate areas set aside for the protection/conservation of specific plants, animals or communities. Most legislation relating to nature conservation in Benin is based on old forestry texts of French West Africa. The forestry administration was defined by Decree No. 1704 AP of 24 July 1935, which was promulgated in what is now Benin by Decree No. 1107/EFC of 9 July 1943 which provided for the establishment of Classified Forests and Faunal Reserves. Most of the remaining areas of forest in Benin are classified in some way under this act. Parks and Reserves Administration The Inspectorate of Nature Protection and Hunting (Inspection de la protection de la nature et de la chasse - IPNC) is one of four inspectorates of the Department of Water, Forests and Hunting (Direction des eaux, foréts et chasses). The other three sections are the southern, central and northern Forestry Inspectorates. There have been proposals made by FAO consultants to establish a new department specifically for national parks and hunting, and various working documents and management plans have been drawn up. There are, however, problems in implementing these proposals due to of a lack of qualified staff. Address ° Inspection de la protection de la nature et de la chasse, Direction des eaux, foréts, et chasses, Ministére du développement rural et de l’action cooperative, BP 393, Cotonou. Additional Information The north of Benin is under-developed in comparison to the rest of the country, and communications tend to be difficult. This apparently affords some added protection to wildlife populations. In addition two national parks, three hunting zones and a number of classified forests have been created in these regions. However, there is considerably less territory within protected areas in the southern part of the country where the population density is greater. For a number of years FAO and UNDP have been assisting the Benin government in development and management of its protected areas. This has resulted in the development of management plans for both national parks, and a number of detailed recommendations covering not only the protected areas but also national conservation policy, tourism and conservation of sites, hunting (including sport hunting, subsistence hunting and game ranching) etc. Nevertheless, by the end of 1980 the remaining forest in Benin outside protected areas covered only 540 sq.km, less than 0.4% of the country. The situation is particularly critical in the south of the country. The main factors in this deforestation are reported to be shifting agriculture and fire. Within national parks, the principle problems are reported to be a lack of surveillance personel (resulting in increased poaching), uncontrolled brush fires (which are gradually opening up aga IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas savanna areas), the presence of cattle during certain seasons, and illicit clearance of natural vegetation (Okio et al., 1983). References FAO (1982). Développement des parcs nationaux. Bénin. Conclusions et récommendations du projet. FO: DP/BEN/77/011 Rapport terminal. UNDP/FAO, Rome. IUCN/WWF Project 1695. Benin, Elephant Census. IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Okio, L, Mana, J.V. and Alassane Zachary (1983). Resumé des Rapports Nationaux, Bénin. In: Rapport de la Session de formation sur l’'aménagement et la gestion des Réserves de la Biosphere en Afrique soudano-sahélienne. Comite National du Programme sur l’Homme et la Biosphére, Mali. Peters, M. (1978). République Populaire du Bénin. Aménagement de la faune et des parcs nationaux. Développement du tourisme en relation avec la faune et les parcs nationaux dans le nord du Bénin. FO: BEN/72/012 Document de travail No. 3. FAO, Rome. Sayer, J.A., Green, A.A., and Peters, M. (1979). Développement des parcs nationaux. Bénin. Plan directeur Parc national de la Pendjari. FO: DP/BEN/77/011. Rapport technique No. 1. UNDP/FAO, Rome. Sayer, J.A. (1981). Tourism or Conservation in the National Parks of Benin? PARKS 5(4): 13-15. Szaniawsky, A. (1982). Développement des parcs nationaux. Bénin. Plan directeur Parc national du W du Niger. FO: DP/BEN/77/011 Rapport technique No. 3. UNDP/FAO, Rome. Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Boucle de la Pendjari 275,500 W du Benin 568,000 Subtotal 843,500 Hunting Zones Atakora 175,000 Djona 225,000 Pendjari 200,000 Subtotal 600,000 Classified Forests Agoua Agrimey 2,800 Atcherigbe 3,150 Bogo Djigbe 3,150 Gougoun 73,000 Ketou 11,000 Kibibo Ko L’Albori Superieur 256,000 La Sota 53,000 Lama 16,250 Mektou Mont Kouffe 108,000 Ouari Maro 107,600 Oueme 4,300 Oueme Superieur 177,600 Ouenou-Benou Trois Rivieres 259,500 Subtotal 1,075,350 4 Benin Biosphere Reserves Reserva de la biosphere de la Pendjari 880,000 RESERVA DE LA BIOSPHERE DE LA PENDJARI Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total. Sport fishing is allowed with authorization (though commercial fishing is prohibited). Date Established Established as a National Park in 1961 by Decree No. 132/FR/MAC/CF. First protected as a classified forest and partial faunal reserve (in effect a sport hunting zone) in 1954 by Decree No. 8839 ST/F and subsequently as a total reserve (classified forest and total faunal reserve) in 1955 by Decree No 2579. This brought total legal protection to flora and fauna, and annulled all rights of use and access by the local population. Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in 1986. Geographical Location In Atakora province, north-west Benin, on the international border with Burkina Faso. Within the loop formed by the River Pendjari, 45km north of Natitingon. 11°N, 1°30°E. Altitude 150-450m Area The biosphere reserve covers an area of 880,000ha. 275,500ha if the Parc national de Boucle de la Pendjari; contiguous to Pendjari (200,000ha) and Atakora (175,000ha) Hunting Zones, as well as Arly Total Faunai Reserve (76,000ha) in Burkina Faso. There are several hunting zones to the east. The core are for the Biosphere Reserve is 295,000ha. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve, which lies within the Volta depression, contains a wide variety of the habitats typical of the West Africa savanna region. The Pendjari River and _ its floodplain border the park to the east and north, and the River Yapiti to the west. To the south, the quartzite cliffs of the Atacora massif are a distinctive feature, though these are not actually within the park itself. North of these quartzite cliffs, the rock formations are principally schists and sandstones of the Buem series, which form a band 30km wide running parallel to the cliffs. In the centre of this band, a series of long, narrow hills run north-east south-west. Beyond the Buem series to the north, the Voltaien series comprises further sandstones and schists. Soils are in general ferruginous, and a high proportion are seasonally waterlogged. Annual rainfall 1,000 falling from May to September. Early in the dry season daily temperatures range 38°-44°C (10°-16°C at night) with hot dry winds from the north-east, but by March-April daily temperatures reach 38°-44°C (26°-30°C at night). Temperatures fall to 19°-31°C during the wet season. Vegetation The reserve is situated in a zone of interchange between Soudanienne and Soudano-guinéenne savanna. Twenty-three vegetation types have been described from this area by Green (1977; 1979), though these can be grouped into six major zones: gallery forest; riverine forest; the floodplain of the Pendjari, with several savanna and woodland savanna zones (the distribution of which depend largely on the depth and duration of flooding); the hills of the Buem series with mainly wooded and shrubby savanna; open forest and wooded savanna with Anogeissus leiocarpus (mainly on the better drained soils, and (often coincident with old settlements); and woodland and shrubby savanna of the interior. This last zone covers -95- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas the major reserve of the park, and is composed of a mosaic of formations resulting from topographic variations. The shrubby savanna is dominated by Detarium microcarpum, Combretum spp., Acacia spp. and Crossopteryx febrifuga, while the woodland savanna (mainly found on the deeper soils) is composed principally of Butyrospermum paradoxum, Burkea africana, Afzelia africana and Pterocarpus erinaceus. Fauna Many of the West African savanna species occur in this area, including: lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), wild dog Lycaon pictus (T) (only two pairs have been seen since 1970, prior to 1970 it was fairly common), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob kK. kob, Bohar reedbuck Redunca redunca, western hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, oribi Ourebia ourebi, buffalo Syncerus caffer, topi Damaliscus lunatus (limited distribution in West Africa), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, Anubis baboon Papio anubis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, and patas monkey Erythrocebus patas. It has been suggested that giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, giant eland Taurotragus derbianus and the black rhino Diceros bicornis (V) (present here at the turn of the century) could be reintroduced to the park. Some 250 bird species have been recorded from the park, with raptors particularly diverse comprising 37 out of the 89 known African species. Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) has been reported and C. cataphractus (1) is probably also present. Python sebae and the monitor Varanus niloticus are recorded. Kinixys belliana, an uncommon tortoise species inhabits the marshes and water courses. There are a large number of fish species including dog fish Hydrocynus sp., and captains Lates niloticus, both of commercial value to local fishermen. Sayer et al. (1979) give a list of species. Conservation Management A management plan for this area was prepared by FAO consultants in 1979 (which also included a proposal for extensions to the park). Zoning The total area of the biosphere reserve is 880,000ha, of which the Pendjari National park (275,000ha) and its proposed extension (20,000ha) form the central core. A further 388,000ha constitute the game reserve zone where all activities are prohibited except for "game tourism" (visiting hunters with permit) and scientific research: this zone is made up by the Atakora Game Reserve and its proposed extension and part of the existing Pendjari Game Reserve. Another 20,000ha of the Pendjari Game Reserve constitutes the "Controlled Game Use Zone" used for game ranching and hunting. There is a further 177,000ha of "buffer zone" where agriculture, stock-raising and fruit gathering are to be allowed on a sustainable basis. Disturbances or Deficiencies Brushwood fires, lit for hunting purposes over-thousands of years, or, over the last 30 years, for the purpose of viewing animals, have caused the appearance of a pyroclimatic savanna, of a pseudonatural appearance. The natural balance is disturbed by poaching on an indeterminant scale. Occasional chemical pollution of some areas of water affects the fish in the reserve. A minor area of the reserve (30,000ha) on the western and southern borders of the Zone Cyregetique de la Pendjari has been cleared for the development of agriculture and large scale habitation (17 village). Livestock breeding is little developed in the region, but the encroachment of the desert is forcing the herds of cattle from Burkina Faso and Benin. Visitor Facilities There is a small hotel and some 300km of tourist roads. 2,113 visitors were reported in 1975-1976. Camping is permitted with the permission of the park administration. Scientific Research A lot of scientific work has been carried out in the park in connection with the FAO/UNDP project which has resulted in preparation of the management plan. In particular Green (1977; 1979) reports on the vegetation of the area, and Leovinsohn and Green (1981) on the mammals. Special Scientific Facilities No information -26- Benin Principal Reference Material ° Ambreville, (1950). Flore forestigre samdano-gineenne. CTFT Nogent/Marne. ° Bousquet, and Szaniowsky, (1981). Resultats des inventaires aériens dans la region Pend jari-Mékrou. FAO, Rome. °* Dorst, and Dandelot. Guide des grands mammiferes d’Afrique. Delachaux et Nieslé, Neuchatel. ° FAO (1979). Plan directeur par national Pendjari. BEN/77/011, Rome. ° Green, A.A. (1977). The Vegetation of Pendjari National Park, Benin. In: Proceedings of the Peace Corps Volunteer conference on West African parks and wildlife, Niamey, Niger, June 20-24, 1977. ° Green, A.A. (1979). La végétation du Parc national de la Pendjari et la région avoisinante. FO: DP/BEN/77/011 Document de travail No. 8. FAO, Rome. ° Loevinsohn, M.E. and Green, A.A. (1981). Developpement des parcs nationaux. Bénin. Les mammiféres du Parc national de la Pendjari. FO: DP/BEN/77/011 Rapport technique 2. UNDP/FAO, Rome. ° Sayer, J.A., Green, A.A. and Peters, M. (1979). Developpement des Parcs Nationaux. Benin. Plan Directeur Parc National de la Pendjari. FO: DP/BEN/77/011. Rapport technique 1. UNDP/FAO: Rome. ° Sayer, J.A. (1981). Tourism or Conservation in the National Parks of Benin. Parks 5(4): 13-15. Staff The park is the largest employer of unskilled workers in the province; the local people supply some 22,000 man days of labour per year maintaining the roads, etc. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspection de la protection de la nature et de la chasse, Natitin Gou. Date 1981, revised August 1986 PARC NATIONAL DU "W" Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total. Sport fishing is allowed with authorization (though commercial fishing is prohibited). Date Established 1954; the area had game reserve status prior to this. Geographical Location In northern Benin, part of the international park shared with Burkina Faso and Niger. Centred approximately at 12°20’N, 2°25’E. Altitude No information Area 568,000ha; contiguous to W National Park in both Niger (220,000ha) and Burkina Faso (235,000ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features Extensive savanna plains with scattered lakes, marshlands and rivers make up much of the area, although the Atacora mountain range (here at its north eastern limit) 257. IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas crosses the park north-north-east south-south-west. The mountain range is crossed twice by the River Mékrou, and on both occasions this is marked by impressive waterfalls and rapids. The range ends in a series of hills running up to the valley of the Niger. To the east of the Atacora range the Borgou plain (covering about two thirds of the park) forms part of a vast peneplain of gneiss and granites, decreasing gradually in altitude towards the north-east and with a number of low hills. To the west of the Atacora range, the Gourma plain also contains a number of low hills. Soils vary widely with topography and bedrock. The climate in the region is typically tropical continental, with a cool dry season (October - February) coinciding with a period of dry winds from the north-east, a hot dry season (February - May) and a rainy season (May - October). Vegetation Seven major vegetation formations are found within the park: riverine forest with species of Cola, Morellia and Syzygium; gallery forest with species of Khaya, Diospyros and Kigelia; open forest (80% tree cover, with little grass); wooded savanna (35-60% tree cover); tree savanna (5-35% tree cover, and with a far greater cover of bushes and grass); shrubby savanna (less than 5% tree cover); and grassland savanna with virtually no trees or bushes. There are also areas of Butyrospermum paradoxum savanna, an artificial vegetation type resulting from cultivation of /soberlinia woodland. Twenty vegetation associations are described in the park management plan. Fauna The W National Parks in Benin, Niger, and Burkina Faso contain the most important savanna elephant Loxodonta africana (T) population in West Africa. Many of the mammal species characteristic to West Africa occur in this area including: lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus_ scriptus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob K. kob, Bohar reedbuck Redunca redunca, western hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, Grimm's duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, oribi Ourebia ourebi, buffalo Syncerus caffer and possibly red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, topi Damaliscus lunatus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, Anubis baboon Papio anubis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, Gambian sun squirrel Heliosciurus gambianus, gerbil Tatera kempi, spiny mouse Acomys cahirinus johannis, crested porcupine Hystrix cristata senegalica, Gambian epauletted fruit bat Epomophorus gambianus, and Egyptian slit-faced bat Nycteris thebaica. Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, and giant eland Taurotragus derbianus are not present. 150 species of bird have been identified so far in the Benin section of the park, though this is unlikely to be the full total. Raptors seem to be _ particularly abundant. Crocodylus niloticus (V) are found within the park, and otherspecies particulaly noted are the soft-shelled turtle Trionychidae and the monitor Varanus niloticus. Conservation Management A management plan for this area was prepared by FAO consultants in 1982. Zoning Buffer zones managed for sport hunting surround the park. Disturbances or Deficiencies There is insufficient protection, and poaching, cattle grazing and agricultural encroachment are a continuing problem. There is the additional threat from a planned phosphate extraction programme. Because of the free movement of game between the three countries, there is a grave need to co-ordinate policy and anti-poaching measures. Visitor Facilities There is a single 44km long access road to a well-known waterfall and some simple camp facilities constructed by local people. Otherwise penetration of the park is difficult as there are few passable roads, Scientific Research A vegetation survey was begun in 1977 by a US Peace Corps Environmental Programme. Research has continued as part ofthe development process ofa park management plan. Special Scientific Facilities No information -28- Benin Principal Reference Material ° Green, A.A. (1980). Nigerian Field 47(4): 185-193. (Includes species list of rodents and bats). ° Happold, D.C.D. and Philp, B. (1971). The National Parks of Northern Dahomey. Part I. Nigerian Field 36: 182-191. (Includes lists of mammals and birds). ° Sayer, J.A. (1981). Tourism or Conservation in the National Parks of Benin. Parks 5(4): 13-15. ° Szaniawsky, A. (1982). Développement des parcs nationaux. Bénin. Plan directeur Parc national du W du Niger. FO: DP/BEN/77/011 Rapport technique 3. FAO, Rome. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspection de la protection de la nature et de la chasse, Natitin Gou. Date 1981 ZONE DE CHASSE DE L’ATAKORA Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Managed for sport hunting as a buffer zone to Pendjari National Park. Date Established No information Geographical Location In Atakora province, to the north of the country, close to the Benin-Burkina Faso border. 11°08N, 1°137E. Altitude No information Area 175,000ha; part of the Pendjari National Park (275,500ha), Pendjari Hunting Zone (200,000ha) and Atakora Hunting Zone complex. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The region experiences a characteristic humid Soudanian climate with a cool dry season, a warm dry season, and a rainy season. Vegetation Typical Soudanian zone savanna with bush and tree savanna, grass savanna,interspersed with gallery forest and marshlands surrounding pools. Fauna Mammals include: buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana (VY), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, topi Damaliscus lunatus, kob Kobus kob, antelopes and primates; species characteristic of West African savanna. Zoning The whole area acts as a buffer zone for the Pendjari National Park. Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and cattle grazing are continuing problems. Scientific Research No information -29- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspection de la protection de la nature et de la chasse, Natitin Gou. Date November 1980 ZONE DE CHASSE DU DJONA Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial Date Established No information Geographical Location In Borgou province to the north of the country Altitude No information Area 225,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The region experiences a characteristic humid Soudanian climate with a cool dry season, a warm dry season, and a rainy season. Vegetation Typical Soudanian zone savanna with bush and tree savanna, grass savanna, interspersed with gallery forest and marshlands surrounding pools. Fauna Mammals include: buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana (V), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, topi Damaliscus lunatus, and kob Kobus kob, antelopes and primates; species characteristic of West African savanna. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and cattle grazing are continuing problems. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information -30- Benin Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspection de la protection de la nature et de la chasse, Natitin Gou. Date November 1980 ZONE DE CHASSE DE LA PENDJARI Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Managed for sport hunting as a buffer zone to Pendjari National Park. Date Established No information Geographical Location North of Daregs in Atakora province. 11°09’N, 1°24’E. Altitude No information Area 200,000ha; part of the Pendjari National Park (275,500ha), Atakora Hunting Zone (175,000ha), and Pendjari Hunting Zone complex. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The area comprises sandy savanna plains with scattered pools. The climate is humid with a cool dry season, a warm dry season, and a rainy season. Vegetation The vegetation is predominantly Soudanian savanna comprising both wooded and grass savanna, and interspersed with areas of gallery forest and marshlands. Fauna Mammals include: buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, antelopes, primates; species characteristic of West African savanna. Zoning The whole area acts as a buffer zone for the Pendjari National Park. Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and cattle grazing are continuing problems. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspection de la protection de la nature et de la chasse, Natitin Gou. Date 1981 =a a r a eS ae a “ie: . ree reciary ene nies tbe Dute Retvbitshed: Mo inforivation yeocraphies! Lewation Ta Borpou province to the nares of “he contr pin a ernanily 2AT .hoog beroitsse iw eaielg appease yoase Bzingmon sihied Altitude! No inf ‘ema ieenorestynisy @ bas HOKE wb Pay ta bee. batons died gaizirqmos annevpe cidnebwo2 qhanohmibauy a _e pear ong baa somo? xrellng Yo aagve thiwet ant Teer sOvetacyocni a) mein pS continence mariqels wie ‘usvene obsrtoil Ny raretp LRigtiaicarets -eveyge anu wade pemE NEE ac Soe Ac 2 is, i “asin ary jaded, and 4 tainy won, j= J Vagete tlie ; r yftte® tappitals inn baoAcortteral asics iboteta’ Z teenie stereo sail With gaitery forest ond na ‘shane coronene ansidora goinchaos exe gaizarg elaso baw gaidoset ee ¥eura Meme ioctode Sulfula Somers varfer, wie re? higpiporenes 1 ndpdemtes orrphibins, tool Banal nica ent pre, are Aha cndeag trie at ewe Atticam ws waa, es ES depts Now "he | pact Distsrhensns 64 Or memeniee rawhiny one conch simalegare Sram roast Scieaiic Raom cy hay “yh nedinnoats "P= Ee ; ci Ks ty National Monuments All proposed Burundi BURUNDI Area 27,731 sq.km (of which 2,000 sq.km forms part of Lake Tanganyika) Population 4,920,000 (1983) Parks and Reserves Legislation Establishment of national parks and nature reserves is covered in Decree Law No. 1/6 of 3 March 1980. However, the final legal status of the two national parks, two nature reserves, three forest reserves and two national monuments is still being determined and these areas are here considered as proposed. Parks and Reserves Administration The National Institute for Nature Conservation (L’Institute national pour la conservation de la nature - INCN) was created by Decree No. 100/47 of 3 March 1980 and is directly attached to the Presidency. A programme of action including plans for surveillance of sites and management of natural resources, and an administrative chart, was drawn up for the INCN in 1980, though by 1982 there were only two staff within this organisation. Address ° Institute national pour la conservation de la nature, Présidence de la République, BP 938, Bujumbura. ° Département des eaux et foréts, Ministére de l’agriculture et de l’élevage, BP 631, Bujumbura. Additional Information INCN recognizes the greatest problems impeding an effective parks system to be settlements within the protected areas, compounded by a lack of expertise and finance. Burundi is one of the most densely populated countries in Africa, with over 300 people/sq.km in some areas, and consequently it is difficult to eliminate the cultivation, grazing, fishing and logging which is currently occuring in all the proposed protected areas. The government is trying to encourage people to move by offering them alternative areas to settle. Of particular concern to INCN is Ruvubu National Park where 3,000 families need to be resettled; an extremely costly exercise (Zimmerman, 1982; Kabayanda, in _ litt.). Approaching the problem from a different angle, the director of INCN initiated the National Committee on the Relative Problems of the Environment in 1982 to try and make the general population aware of environmental degradation. Several international experts have worked in Burundi during the last 12 years, which has led to the development of various proposals for nature conservation (IUCN/UNEP, 1983). Some of these suggestions appear to have been followed up in spite of immense difficulties (Zimmerman, 1982). References ° Bider, J.R. (1974). Rapport au gouvernement du Burundi sur la conservation et la gestion de la faune et de la flore au Burundi. FAO, Rome. ° Institut National pour la Conservation de la Nature (1986). Etude des Parcs Nationaux de la Ruvubu et de la Kibira. INCN, Republique du Burundi. ° IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de |’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. ° Kabayanda, A. (undated). La conservation de la nature au Burundi. Mimeo Report, IUCN. ° Kabayanda, A. (undated). L’Institute national pour la conservation de la nature (I.N.C.N.) "le passé, le présent, l'avenir". République du Burundi Institut national pour la conservation de la nature, Bujumbura. °* Mcdonald, G.C. et al. (1969). Area Handbook for Burundi. US Government Printing Office. Washington D.C. ° Verschuren, J. (1976). Conservation da la nature et parcs nationaux au Burundi. Rapport de mission de Jacques Verschuren, 25 juin au 26 aodt 1976. Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles. * Verschuren, J. (1977). Burundi and wildlife: Problems of an overcrowded country. Oryx 14(3): 237-240. Ete IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Protected Areas (hectares) Proposed areas Kibira National Park 37,870 Ruvubu National Park 43,630 Lake Rwihinda Managed Nature Reserve 425 Rusizi Managed Nature Reserve 5,235 Bururi Natural Forest Reserve 1,500 Kigwena Natural Forest Reserve 360 Rumonge Natural Forest Reserve 400 Karera Falls Natural Monument 15 Nyakazu Natural Monument 20 RUVUBU NATIONAL PARK Management Category Proposed Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East Africa Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial Date Established Decree Law No. 1/6 of 3 March 1980 facilitates the establishment of national parks and nature reserves. However, the final legal status of this area is still to be determined. Geographical Location In the provinces of Gitega, Muyinga, Ruyigi. The international border with Tanzania defines the north-east boundary, while the south-west boundary lies about 20km to the north of Gitega. Approximately 2°40’-3°20’S, 30°05’-30°40’E. Altitude Approximately 1,000-1,500m Area 43,630ha Land Tenure No information Physical Features The Ruvubu River valley drains a large part of the country. It is 125km long and 3-5km wide and comprises a series of meanders flanked by meadows and riverine forest. Vegetation The park lies at the northern range limit for Zambesian Brachystegia vegetation. Other formations include savanna/woodland of Acacia seyal, Combretum, Terminalia and riverine forest of Cyperus papyrus and Phoenix reclinata. Fauna Mammal species include lion Panthera leo, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, sitatunga T. spekei, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, impala Aepyceros melampus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, and warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus. Large numbers of waterbirds are reported including, white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus and yellow-billed stork Mycteria ibis. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The establishment of the park is dependendent upon translocation of 3,000 families. Resource degradation within the valley is considerable. Traditional hunting is prevalent, but has little serious impact. a7. Sc Burundi ientific Research Brief surveys have been undertaken in the area. Special Scientific Facilities No information Pr incipal Reference Material UNEP/IUCN. (1983). Le Répartition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Verschuren, J. (1976). Conservation da la nature et parcs nationaux au Burundi. Rapport de Mission de Jacques Verschuren, 25 juin au 26 aodt 1976. Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles. Verschuren, J. (1977). Burundi and wildlife: Problems of an overcrowded country. Oryx 14(3): 237-240. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration L’'Institute national pour la conservation de la nature, B.P. 2757, Bujumbura. 273% Tia aector? if Afeorrugicnl Pravetied — / . iP Sretgeee Agtas asta ott ni asdanobay aiged ove ayovlws eid ci ce (Rhecterd ‘ Propet arrest a palectatant al soittlag asio2 We Raves: lariege ‘ys JahoralA wan r 3 ; oe ase ean? sti Ble cob nolratanea 4d {280 IU . fae SHRAESD gupta" sb equpitald rhrgtaummaso ey Ah are Sb ulliely is of sb fn Je Mena re th sruien ef gy aditevisandD. (acety. rayne "es ashe SEL aos 86 wa niui, tS ,nowdsersV syps sr a) ree tity A Baers Se rvoliexuid ,supipist mond, od GORE AE Jo emoidort Shibliw bes theinw (TTe : ; \ ‘a i —- “AA bd Ps geiyan os woq leagiven siwiitent’ 1 aoiterbeiaimba = Manageines( Category Fraposed ‘ \ 0 anes Bhagecgtapbicat Previace 3.05.04 (Baw Africa Woodland/savanpay = ‘ * 7 legal Prplidtlos | Partial : Mr: : ~ pe fe Dau setae Beerte. Law’ No, 1/6 of 3. Maret. 1980 Cinciliep tai: enrlonad purke and Witure rqverved. However, me — legné ove vr dcigr mined “} = fa ro at Abbie tk the’ provinces: ai Gigaya; Moye ith Tatizanle defines thy sapebmenst: Gadedary, while ihe sbant Mk to = Taetts of Citega 5 I cra F she dhe oY 4 Aldiends “Avpeoxienatety yao ae Posten. ; i ae * ayia «3,60he ba ees land roars Mo informagoe ea wl Phyvica! Veauee The ‘Ravahu River valley dnging seabaioh rake $i 4 SS comprigns B Suz ies oof ne a tr fee Vegetales Tas alk tee cae gains range iam ‘Ley Besnvestin i Other fieqatoes Inshyds tavdang/vondinnd of deatia bepel? Com eras forest of Cypate pap 4, sad Photnix, eeclinant, Sah ris yr / pines a ee hans vivecceg crac cue low’ Pasthere ‘too, Rigpopotamas velfids Sywxrie cag fee: yas aga te setiatus, weer Te 4p Ciptiprenn:, Sel aie ; pes hoon weetibng Pacts 4 wre aveag). ‘of ‘serede act £07 : e Pei. ee tho rs rk fs ies, pons i ee - “er “bine stork Mye ig Paging None a ad Ee i Ss 2: ote Wings voila of the — ge. Sas * ~— ay ene 4 CAMEROON -75- Key M National Parks os | Faunal Reserves : B3 Forest and Faunal Reserve \ E=] Game Reserves {Mozogo- \ 1 Gokoro Kalfou * Biosphere Reserves 7 ad Xo } f------ Ej Proposed National Park \ : Chad ! ' } c7'F \ i 4 ; H \ | 7 Nigeria f Ndjidah ‘ / vf m--- ‘ rs | as a f Fava 1 c Fj . Po. : 7] js \ f Kin! ie 4 SA_pPangar- gh ves .e = Djerem Ke / Mbi Crater Mbam et x | rad Djerem ! ' Central ? t African Rep. ‘ Bafia Bertoua “Ss \ \ ’ t NY \ ~ NX ‘ Noy, Gulf of Hee id Guinea .Lobe uine = ‘a et ele ? ( \ \ a wise aa ay 1 Equatorial * Gabon 1 Congo Guinea 0 100 200Km Cameroon CAMEROON Area 465,054 sq.km Population 9,060,000 (1983) Parks and Reserves Legislation Law No. 81-13 of 27 November 1981 (updating Ordinance 73/18 of 22 May 1973) provides for the classification of state forests into ten categories, national parks, nature reserves, sanctuaries, fauna reserves, production forests, protection forests, recreation forests, reafforestation areas, zoological/botanic gardens, and state game ranches. National park regulations are set out in Decree 78/076 of 11 March 1978 and the protection of the parks is ensured under Law 78/23 of 29 December 1978. Also relevant are Decree 79/369 of 12 September 1979 (relating to application of the regulations), Arrété 217/CAB/RR of 7 October 1978 and Arrété 2653 of October 1979 (which regulates visitor access). Decree No. 83-170 of 12 April 1983 describes the criteria for the management of a national park, also providing for the creation of buffer zones around the parks and the fully protected nature reserves. National Parks are defined as areas placed under the control of the State, the boundaries of which cannot be modified without the authorisation of the General Delegation of Tourism. They are designated for the propagation, protection, conservation and management of wildlife, or for other scientific or aesthetic values. Faunal reserves are areas intended to provide absolute protection to flora and fauna, with access closely controlled. Certain activities other than hunting and fishing can be authorised by the appropriate ministry, however. Law 81/13 of 27 November 1981 and Decree 82/216 of 12 June 1982 set out the responsibility of the General Delegation of Tourism (Délégation Générale du Tourisme) who (under the 12 June Decree) took over responsibility for wildlife management from the Ministry of Agriculture. Previously only national parks had come under the control of the Délégation. There are more than a dozen forest reserves of over 5,000ha (three are over 100,000ha). In all there are some 98 forest reserves, though many of these are quite seriously threatened. Decree No. 83-169 of 12 April 1983 describes the procedure for the classification of forests, and exploitation of their resources. Parks and Reserves Administration The Department of Wildlife and National Parks within the General Delegation of Tourism, is responsible for running the national parks and coordinating the various conservation activities. The work of this department is divided between the Wildlife and National Parks Service responsible for research and development of wildlife conservation and formulation and implementation of conservation policy; and the Game Service responsible for game policy, control of hunting and supervision of protected areas. Regulations in the national parks are fairly strict: hunting is strictly prohibited and visitors, who are not allowed to travel within the park without a guide, must be out of the park by sunset. Disturbance of the natural resources of the park is only allowed for management or scientific Teasons (with the correct authorisations). The Ministry of Agriculture administers the forestry Teserves and hunting zones which come under their Deparment of Water and Forests (Direction des eaux et foréts). Park wardens are usually recruited from the School for the Training of Wildlife Specialists at Garoua. More senior staff are further educated at the Department of Forestry in the Agricultural College at Yaoundé. Address ®* Direction de la faune et des parcs nationaux, Délégation général du tourisme, Yaoundé. * Direction de foréts, Ministére de l’agriculture, BP 194, Yaoundé. * Ecole de Formation de Spécialistes de faune, BP 271, Garoua. Additional Information The six national parks were primarily set up to attract tourists, as big game is easily viewed within the reduced cover of the Sudanian savanna and woodland vegetation types, and around the limited watering points. FAO and UNDP have, for a number of years, been assisting in the management planning of three of these parks, Waza, Kalamaloué and Bénoué. The wetter and more heavily forested areas have tended in the past to be less well 778 IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas protected (Gartlan and Agland, 1980). Cameroon is receiving support from various groups (including IUCN and WWF) for the conservation and development of national parks in the lowland rainforest. In western Cameroon there is more montane forest than in other West African countries with a chain of mountains of mainly volcanic origin, which includes the still active Mount Cameroun. The montane forest and grassland above it has been isolated from similar areas for a long time and contains many endemic species and subspecies of plant and animal, many of which are threatened. In 1983/84 an ICBP expedition, in conjunction with the Cameroon Government, surveyed the montane areas to make recommendations for their conservation, none being protected except by forest reserve status. The Bamenda Highlands were found to be particularly degraded, and one of the survey’s recommendations is that a protected area should be set up on Mount Oku, north of Bamenda. Local farming methods are traditionally based on shifting cultivation and are eroding forested wildlife habitats and also reportedly facilitating illegal trapping and hunting. Poaching by non-locals is also reported to be a considerable problem. The association of the Friends of Nature (Amis de la Nature) Clubs of Cameroon, initiated in 1973, is chiefly concerned with schools to train a new generation of people sensitive to environmental problems. Visits to national parks are organised for club members, and clubs have undertaken investigations into the causes of bush fires, particularly the practice of burning off vegetation for agriculture, to encourage new grass growth or to hunt game. _—‘ This was followed by a campaign amongst villagers, with films and slides to explain the ill-effects of bush fires on soil, fauna and flora, while making it clear that some grass burning techniques can contribute to improving pasturage. The club also launched an appeal to save Waza National Park, threatened by lack of water following construction of the Maga barrage. The Government has since taken steps to provide the park with water by digging ponds. The wildlife training college at Garoua (Ecole de Formation de Spécialistes de Faune), was created in 1969 with international aid. The main objective of the college is the training of those involved in protected area management. Students at the college come from most francophone African countries. Despite the college’s achievements to date there are a number of difficulties which must yet be overcome, these include development both of staff and infrastructure, as well as a continuing problem of getting the diploma recognised. References ° Allo, A. and Ngog Nije, J. (1984). School for the training of wildlife specialists at Garoua, Cameroon. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Working Session of the Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 22-27 May 1983. YUCN, Gland. Pp 42-46. ° Arid Lands Information Centre (1980). Draft environmental Report, Cameroon Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona. Délégation Générale du Tourisme (1980). Les Parcs nationaux et réserves analogues du Cameroun. 7 pp. ° Délégation Générale du Tourisme (1981). Les Parcs nationaux et réserves analogues du Cameroun. In: Conserving Africa’s Natural Heritage, (UCN, Gland. Pp 73-79. ° FAO (1977). Assistance aux parcs natfonaux de la zone de savane du Cameroon. Conclusions et recommandations du projet. FO: DP/CMR/72/025 Rapport terminal. UNDP/FAO, Rome. ° Gartlan, J.S. and Agland, P.C. (1980). A Proposal for a Program of Rainforest Conservation and National Park Development in Cameroon, West-Central Africa. Report presented to the Gulf Oil Corporation and Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine. ° Hesse, J. (1984). Rapport Preparatoire a l’Etude Comparative des Politiques de Conservation de la Nature et de leurs Implications Economiques dans des pays anglophones d’Afrique de lest (Kenya, Tanzanie) et des pays francophones d’Afrique de l’Ouest (Cameroun, Senegal). Secretariat d’état a l’environnment et 4 la qualité de la vie. Federation des parcs naturels de France. 79s ° ° ° ° Cameroon IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. IUCN/WWF Project 1089. Cameroon, Tropical Rainforest Reserves. IUCN/WWF Project 1613. Primate Action Fund. IUCN/WWFE Project 1920. Cameroon, Wildlife Education Programme. IUCN/WWF Project 3206. Cameroon, Elaboration of a system and training facilities, and setting up of protected areas. Stuart, S.N. (1984). ICBP Cameroon Montane Forest Survey. Malimbus 6: 5-7. Stuart, S.N. (Ed.) (1986). Conservation of Cameroon montane forests. Cambridge: International Council for Bird Preservation. Tsague, L. (1986). Contribution a L’etude des parcs nationaux et réserves analogues du Cameroun. Dissertation, Département de biologie et physiologie végétales, University of Yaoundé, Cameroun. Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Benoue 180,000 Bouba Ndjidah 220,000 Faro 330,000 Kalamaloue 4,500 Mozogo-Gokoro 1,400 Waza 170,000 Subtotal 905,900 Forest and Faunal Reserves Dja 500,000 Faunal Reserves Bafia 42,000 Douala-Edea Forestiere 160,000 Kalfou 4,000 Lake Ossa 4,000 Lobeke Lake 43,000 Subtotal 253,000 Game Reserves Campo 330,000 Kimbi River 5,625 Korup 83,675 Mbi Crater 370 Pangar-Djerem 480,000 Subtotal 899,670 Biosphere Reserves Parc national de la Benoue 180,000 Parc national de Waza 170,000 Reserve forestiere et de faune du Dja 500,000 Subtotal 850,000 Proposed areas Mbam et Djerem National Park 421,000 -79- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas PARC NATIONAL DE LA BENOUE Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total. Strict protection, though fishing is allowed on payment of a licence. No camping is allowed, and vehicles are not permitted to leave the roads. Date Established 5 November 1968 by Law No. 120/SEDR as a National Park. Originally established as a faunal reserve on 18 November 1932. Approved as a Biosphere Reserve in 1981. Geographical Location North Cameroon. Adjoining the Bénoué River and bordered on the west by the national highway between Ngaoundéré and Garoua, 175km south of Garoua, 150km north of Ngaoundéré. 7°55’-8°55’N, 13°34’-14°0O1’E. Altitude On average 300m, with mountain blocks reaching 800-1,100m Area 180,000ha, surrounded by controlled hunting zones. Land Tenure Government Physical Features On the Bénoué plain, at the foot of the Adomaoua plateau, though with a very rugged relief culminating in Mount Garoua (1,100m). The Bénoué river drains almost the entire park. After descending from the Adomaoua plateau the river winds its way northward through granitic bedrock for most of its length within the park, and then into an alluvial plain as it leaves the park after its confluence with the Laindelasl River. The north-west corner of the park is drained by the Sala River. Three-quarters of the park is underlain by a late pre-Cambrian base complex. Gneissose rock covers much of the area, but with grey and red Cretaceous sandstones in the north-west section. There are intrusions of porphyritic granite in the north-central section, and basalt in the south. The soils are generally described as "ferruginous tropical". The climate is Sudanian, with a dry season from November to March with very low relative humidity and no precipitation. July through to September thunderstorms are very common, accompanied by heavy rain. Mean annual rainfall is around 800mm-1200mm and the mean annual temperature 24°C. December is coldest, with mean monthly minimum of 13°C and maximum of 32°C. April, just before the rains, is hottest with mean monthly minimum of 23°C and maximum of 36°C. Vegetation There are three main vegetation types: 1) Woody vegetation with closed canopy in areas with rocky soils; relatively dense basal cover and sparse underbrush with Jsoberlinia doka predominating. 2) More open vegetation on less rocky soil, dense basal growth and moderate underbrush with the dominant tree being Burkea africana. 3) Light forest of mainly Anogeissus leiocarpus on sandy soils with relatively sparse basal cover and underbrush. Two other types are also recognised, Terminalia macroptera vegetation, usually on heavy soils, and Jsoberlinia dalzjellii woodland vegetation. In fact most of the park is heavily wooded, and the predominant tree species are Jsoberlina spp., Burkia africana, Afzelia africana, Terminalia spp., Anageissus leiocarpus and Borassus aethipum (an introduced palm). Other species recorded in the park include: Butyrospermum parkii (the oily seeds of which are pressed to yield shea butter), Daniellia oliveri, Monotes spp., Uapaca detarium, Vitex doniana, Lophira lanceolata, Combretum spp., Khaya senegalensis, Detarium microcarpum, Parkia biglobosa, Boswellia spp., Prosopis africana, Sterculia setigera, Cassia sieberana, Kigelia africana, and Ziziphus spp.. Baobab Adansonia digitata and kapok Ceiba pentandra trees characterize sites of past human habitation. Fauna’ The park contains most wild life associated with a sudano-guinean vegetation type. Mammals include elephant Loxodonta africana (T), lion Panthera leo, a few leopard P. pardus (T), probably caracal Felis caracal, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) (population of 15-20 in 1980), buffalo Syncerus caffer, -80- Cameroon hyaena Crocuta crocuta (fairly rare in the park), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, giant eland Taurotragus derbianus (T), red-flanked duiker Cephalophus_ rufilatus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca, kob Kobus kob, waterbuck K. ellipsiprymnus and various monkey species such as olive baboon Papio anubis, black and white colobus Colobus guereza, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, and Tantalus monkey Cercopithecus aethiops. There is a rich avifauna. The Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) is also present, as is the Nile monitor Varanus niloticus and the pythons Python sebae and P. regius. Conservation Management One of the principal objectives of the area is its development for game viewing. There is a management plan which controls budget expenditure. Activities of the local population living near the boundaries are controlled. Ecological studies were undertaken in the park by UNDP/FAO with the aims of analysing wildlife conditions in the park (with special emphasis on buffalo), assessing the effects of fire on Afyclia africana, assessing road development within the park (in relation to both game viewing and their value as fire breaks), and to prepare a vegetation map and study fire policy within the park. Various developments and recommendations were discussed by FAO/UNDP relating to park extension, communications, tourist facilities, staffing, poaching and fire, and it was recommended that long-term, continuous research on the natural resources of the park was particularly important for future management (Stark and Wit, 1977). Public education films have been shown in the park by the wildlife club of Cameroon as part of IUCN/WWF Project 1317. Zoning None. The park is surrounded by a hunting zone with five camps. Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and bushfires are a major threat. The local population also collect firewood, and there is some cultivation. Fire appears to have cuased a reduction in Afzelia trees within the park. Visitor Facilities Access to the park is relatively easy. Within the park there were in 1977 some 235km of graded roads, and this is likely to have increased since then. There are tourist lodges, and camps in the hunting zones surrounding the park. Scientific Research Studies by the Wildlife College at Garoua include a survey of the effects of burning, dry season mammal censusing, analysis of animal use of three vegetation types, and a bird species list. Species lists were also drawn up by UNDP/FAO, and are given in Stark and Wit (1975). Ecological research on various topics was also carried out under this project. Special Scientific Facilities There are no special facilities. Principal Reference Material °* IUCN/WWFE Project 1317. Cameroon, Wildlife Clubs. ° Stark, M. and Wit, P. (1975). Assistance aux parcs nationaux de la zone de savane du Cameroun. Ecological studies in Bénoué National Park. FO: CMR/72/025 Working Document No. 5. FAO, Rome. ° Wetzel, D.J. (1980). Final report on activities of US Peace Corps Volunteers in Bénoué National Park, Cameroon (1977-1980). Staff One warden, four rangers, and eight guards Budget National Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General Delegation of Tourism. Secretariat Permanent, Comité National de l’7Homme et de la Biosphére, BP 4742, Yaoundé. Date 1983 -81- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas PARC NATIONAL DE BOUBA NDJIDA Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 5 December 1968 as a national park. Established as a forest and faunal reserve by Law No. 270 of 29 July 1947 and officially created by Law No. 26 of 12 February 1949. Geographical Location North Cameroon on the border with Chad, 8°20’-9°00’N, 14°24’-14°55°E. Altitude Average 350m, with peaks up to 900m Area 220,000ha; contiguous to a 212,600ha hunting zone (open season December to June). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park comprises a large rugged peneplain with several isolated rocky outcrops (some fairly mountainous) of granites and gneisses. Numerous watercourses cross the park. The dry season is from November to May and mean annual rainfall is 1,200mm. The mean annual temperature is 26°C. December is coolest, with mean monthly minimum of 14°C and maximum of 33°C. April, just before the rains, is hottest with mean monthly minimum of 23°C and maximum of 37°C. Vegetation Savanna woodland occurs over most of the park containing four main vegetation types: (1) Closed canopy with Jsoberlinia doka predominant. (2) Fringing forest with Anogeissus leiocarpus predominant. (3) Terminalia laxiflora wooded savanna with grass cover of Andropogoneae. (4) Mixed Anogeissus leiocarpus-Monotes kerstingii woodland. Important species include Acacia sieberana, Boswellia sp., Sclerocarya birrea, Prosopis africana, Borassus flabellifer (a palaeotropical species with a wide range of uses), Butyrospermum parkii (the oily seeds of which are used for making shea butter), Burkea africana, Khaya senegalensis, Ziziphus sp., Celtis integrifolia, Mitragyna inermis, and Pericopsis laxiflora. Fauna The mammal fauna is similar to ’parc national de Waza’ but with a lower density. The park was established to protect the black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), giant eland Taurotragus derbianus and the primate population including baboon Papio anubis, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops and black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos. Other mammals include elephant Loxodonta africana (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), lion Panthera leo, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, kob Kobus kob, defassa waterbuck K. ellipsiprymnus, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, topi Damaliscus lunatus and oribi Ourebia ourebi. Conservation Management Villages in the park were relocated between 1950 and 1970. Zoning There is a buffer zone where agricultural and pastoral activities are controlled. Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching, particularly from neighbouring Chad. Visitor Facilities There were about 500 visitors in 1980. There is an airstrip and a tourist centre with a 28 bed hotel and restaurant in the centre of the park. =32- | | | | | | Cameroon Scientific Research There have been studies by the Wildlife College at Garoua on plant and animal populations. Research was supported by FAO/UNDP and German Aid but is now maintained by central government funds. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Bosch, M.L. (1976). Enquete écologique du parc national de Bouba Ndijida. ° Depierre, O. and Ole, Z. (1976). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Cameroun. Bois et foréts des tropiques 170: 3-20. ° Van Lavieren, L.P. and Esser, J.D. (1980). Number, distribution and habitat preference of large mammals in Bouba Ndjida National Park, Cameroon. Afr. J. Ecology 18(2-3): 141-153. ° Van Lavierien, L.P. and Bosch, M.L. (n.d.). Evaluation des densitiés de grands mammiféres dans le parc national de Bouba-Ndjida. Staff One warden and 12 rangers Budget National. 1980: CF 2,000,000 for personnel and CF 7,000,000 for management costs. Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General Delegation of Tourism. Date 1983 PARC NATIONAL DE FARO Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.19.12 (Guinean Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1980 as a National Park. Established as a forest reserve by Law No. 25 of 13 February 1947 and as a faunal reserve by Law No. 270 of 29 June 1947. Geographical Location North Cameroon. 7°50’-8°30’N, 12°10’-13°08’E. Altitude 627-905m Area 330,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park comprises a plateau with mountainous massifs. The climate is typical of the Sudanian zone, with a dry season from November to May. Mean annual rainfall is 1,200mm and mean annual temperature 26°C. December is coolest, with mean monthly minimum of 15°C and maximum of 34°C. April, just before the rains, is hottest with mean monthly minimum of 24°C and maximum of 37°C. Vegetation Sudanian savanna and woodland predominates, with species including /soberlinia, Burkea, Combretum, Ficus, Anogeissus, Leiocarpus, and Cassia. =§5= IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Fauna The fauna is varied and plentiful with 33 recorded mammal species including: cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, defassa waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob Kobus kob, giant eland Taurotragus derbianus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), and warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus. There is a rich and varied avifauna, and numerous fish species. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and bushfires Scientific Research A fish and mammal survey has been carried out by the ’Ecole Supérieure Agronomique du Cameroun’. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Depierre, D. and Ole, Z. (1976). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Cameroun. Bois et Foréts des Tropiques 170: 3-20. Délégation Générale au Tourisme, Yaoundé. Staff One conservator, seven guards, and five rangers Budget National Local Park or Reserve Administration Department for Wildlife and National Parks, General Delegation of Tourism. Date 1983 PARC NATIONAL DE KALAMALOUE Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 4 February 1972 as a National Park by Law No. 82. Originally established as a forest and fauna reserve on 8 November 1947 by Law No. 467. According to Vanpraet (1976) Kalamaloué was established as a National Park in 1968 at the same time as Waza, Bénoué and Bouba n’Djiddah. Geographical Location 450km from Garoua, 12km west of Kousseri on the main road between Maltam and Kousseri, 70km from Lake Chad in the extreme north of Cameroon. The park is on the border with Chad, and only 17km from the Nigerian border. 12°05’-12°12’N, 14°49’-14°57°E. Altitude 293m to the south, but lower on the flood plains. Area 4,500ha (Approximately 14km long, but only 2.5km wide) Land Tenure Government -84- Cameroon Physical Features The north edge of the park on the Chari floodplain has waterholes even in dry years. The region has a steppe climate, with a dry season from October to May. Mean annual rainfall is 600mm with a and mean annual temperature 28°C. December is coolest, with mean monthly minimum of 14°C and maximum of 33°C. April, just before the rains, is hottest with mean monthly temperature of 23°C and maximum of 41°C. Vegetation South of the road, flat areas of open Balanites aegyptiaca savanna predominate, with minimum ground cover during the dry season, often with a green muddy swamp during the rainy season. In places stunted open vegetation give way to belts of taller woodland of Acacia sieberana, Balanites aegyptiaca and Tamarindus indica with Ziziphus spp., Piliostigma reticulatum, Ficus spp., and Capparis sepiaria. On the wetter soils are areas of Acacia seyal, usually associated with Echinochloa colona, and Acacia nilotica, usually associated with Mitragyra inermis (particulary on the edges of ponds). North of the road the degree of inundation is such higher and formations with Mitragyna inermis are much more frequent. Patches of Combretaceae savanna with Anogeissus leiocarpus, Sclerocarya birrea, Terminalia avicennioides, Combretum glutinosum and Pilostigma reticulata are found both north and south of the road. The ground is bare in the dry season but if heavy rain falls in August, the woodland floor is covered with lily ponds, grasses and herbs. Some watercourses at the southeastern end of the park are lined with Morelia senegalensis. Fauna Densities of a number of species, particularly of mammal, are relatively high as a result of the water situation in the park. Mammals include: vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (though the park includes only a part of their range), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (again individuals not always remaining within the park), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob Kobus kob, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus (high densities), topi Damaliscus lunatus, reedbuck Redunca redunca, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, mongoose Mungos mungo, ground squirrel Xerus erythropus, genet Genetta genetta, wild cat Felis silvestris, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, and sand fox Vulpes pallida. There is a rich birdlife including: guinea fowl Numida meleagris, long-tailed glossy starling Lamprotornis caudatus, fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, crowned crane Balearica pavonina, marabou stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus, saddle-billed stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis, Abyssinian roller Coracias abyssinica, red-throated bee-eater Merops bulocki, and carmine bee-eater M. nubicus. Nile crocodile Crocodilus niloticus (V) are reported, but as with hippopotamus individuals often move out of the park to make use of other parts of the Chari. Conservation Management Fortunately there are plans to deviate the road to the south of the park. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The park is small and the surrounding area is heavily grazed by domestic stock. The main problems are poaching, periodic invasion by elephants from outside the park (which highly modify the habitat), and road deaths of animals on the international road that crosses the park. Visitor Facilities Facilities are a tourist camp in the centre of the park and a network of tracks. Park rangers act as guides. It is accessible from January to July. Roads are blocked when the Chari River floods during the wet season. The tourist potential is increased by proximity to an international airport at Ndjamena, and it seems likely that this area will increase in value as a tourist attraction. Scientific Research There have been studies by the Wildlife College at Garoua and research sponsored by FAO/UNDP, under the project mentioned above. Special Scientific Facilities None -85- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Principal Reference Material ° Kavanagh, M. (1978). National Park in the Sahel. Oryx XIV(3): 241-244. ° Vanpraet, C.L. (1976). Assistance aux parcs nationaux de la zone de savane du Cameroun. L’écologie et l’aménagement du Parc national de Kalamaloué. CMR/72/025 Document de travail No. 4. FAO, Rome. Staff One conservator, five rangers and 11 guards Budget National Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General Delegation of Tourism. Date 1983 PARC NATIONAL DE MOZORO-GOKORO Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.4.4 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total. Tourism is prohibited and only scientific visits allowed. The area has been protected from fire for 30 years. Date Established 5 December 1968 as a National Park by Law No. 120. Established as a forest and faunal reserve on 12 June 1932 by Law No. 165. Geographical Location 25km from Mokolo in North Cameroon. 10°45’-11°00°N, 13°38’-13°54’E. Altitude 440m average Area 1,400ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park comprises a shallow basin between the Mandara mountains and the massifs of Mora. Soils are a sandy-clay resulting from breakdown of the bedrock and alluvial deposits. The region has a mountain-steppe climate type. The dry season is from October to May and the mean annual rainfall about 900mm. Mean annual temperature is 27°C. December is coolest, with mean monthly minimum of 17°C and maximum of 31°C. April, just before the rains, is hottest, with mean monthly minimum of 20°C and maximum of 37°C. Vegetation Much of the area is covered with dry forest resulting from protection of the area from bushfire. The woodland savanna is dominated by Acacia albida, with Acacia senegal, and Acacia nilotica. Other species include: Balanites aegyptiaca, Ziziphus, Crateva adansonii, Celtis integrifolia, Khaya senegalensis and Ficus spp.. Fauna Recorded fauna include vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, baboon Papio sp., warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, Buffon’s kob Kobus kob, and python Python sebae. Zoning None -86- Cameroon Disturbances or Deficiencies Bushfire would change the habitat and wood cutting for domestic use is a threat. Scientific Research A survey on the effects of fire on the vegetation has been carried out. Special Scientific Facilities Accommodation is available in Mokolo for scientists working in the park. Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Two forest guards Budget National Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General Delegation of Tourism. Date 1983 PARC NATIONAL DE WAZA Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 5 December 1968 as Parc national de Waza by Arréte No. 120. Established 24 March 1934 (Arréte No. 71) as a hunting reserve with the name of Zina-Waza. Enlarged from 155,000ha to 165,000ha by Arréte No. 264 of 9 September 1935, and then raised to the level of forest and faunal reserve by Arréte No. 297 of 30 July 1938. Approved as a biosphere reserve in May 1979. Geographical Location Near Lake Chad (Ndjamena) in the Department of Logone and Chari, Northern Province. 90km south of Kousseri. 11°00’-11°30’N, 14°30’-14°75’E. Altitude Average 300-320m, rising to 500m Area 170,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park lies in the Chad depression in an area of low relief with no permanent rivers. Part of the area was once covered by Lake Chad. Sand dunes in the west indicate that this area was once desert. The rocky outcrops around Waza village rise to over 500m and are probably fairly important, having effects on soil formation and temperature buffering in particular. Soils are mainly ferruginous tropical with various catenas, hydromorphic soils and vertisols. The dry season is from October to May. Rainfall is irregular, with an annual mean of 700mm. Mean annual temperature is 28°C. December is coolest, with mean monthly minimum of 16°C and maximum of 33°C. April, just before the rains, has a mean monthly minimum of 21°C and maximum of 41°C. -87- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Vegetation There are five main vegetation types: (1) Open combretaceous shrub savanna with Sclerocarya birrea tree savanna, Combretum and Terminalia shrubs and stands of palm Hyphaene thebaica. The soil is sandy, with a sparse ground cover, burnt annually to prevent late accidental fires which are difficult to control. (2) Anogeissus leiocarpus woodland on sandy soil with absence of young trees due to annual fires. (3) Lannea humilis open grass savanna with short annual grasses, sparse trees and stands of Mitragyna inermis forming small islands around temporary waterholes. The soil is compact clay, which is very saline due to high evaporation. (4) Acacia seyal tree savanna on black clay soils which are saturated with water in the rainy season. Perennial grasses are absent. This vegetation type is slowly spreading as the area gradually dries out. (5) Yaéré floodplains with perennial grasses such as Vetiveria nigritana, Oryza barthii, Echinochloa pyramidalis and E. stagnina and some herbaceous legumes including Sesbania pachycarpa. Trees are absent and fires common. The floodplains are vital to the carrying capacity of the Waza region as the perennial grasses last long into the dry season. Fauna’ The fauna is rich and varied with large numbers of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis (increasing with the spread of Acacia woodland), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), aardvark Orycteropus afer, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hyena Hyaena_ hyaena, lion Panthera leo, red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob K. kob, topi Damaliscus lunatus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, some impala Aepyceros melampus (once common at Waza), vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, and olive baboon Papio anubis. Leopard Panthera pardus (T) and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T) are present but their current status is uncertain. Towards the end of the dry season, many animals move onto the Chari (Yaéré) plains. There is a diverse avifauna including ostrich Struthio camelus, ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus, bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus, white-faced tree duck Dendrocygna arborea, Abyssinian roller Coracias abyssinica, standard-winged nightjar Macrodipteryx longipennis and guinea fowl Numida meleagris. Conservation Management’ There is currently reported to be no management plan, though FAO/UNDP carried out a lot of work in Waza in the mid-1970s under a project to assist the Cameroon government in management and development of the parks of the savanna zone. This work is drawn by Vanpraet (1977) who makes a wide variety of comments and recommendations on park development and management. Control of poaching, bushfires and tree cutting is carried out by park wardens. Public education films have been shown in the park by Wildlife Clubs of Cameroon as part of IUCN/WWF Project 1317. Zoning Two main zones can be visited from November to May according to the flood season and animal migrations. Disturbances or Deficiencies Water continues to be one of the most serious problems for Waza. Since the drought of 1972/1973, when some 2,500 Buffon kob and eight giraffe died, rainfall has been low. Also the periodic inundation of the yaéré has been prevented by construction of the Maga Dam 25km south of the park (which blocks the Tsanaga, Guirleo and Logone Rivers) and by the digging of irrigation dykes along the Logone River. This effectively reduces the carrying capacity of the park as a whole, despite the provision and maintenance of waterholes. Poaching is reported to be extensive due mainly to the proximity of relatively unguarded borders with Nigeria and Chad. Regeneration of Sclerocarya vegetation in the scrub savannah area is poor due to burning and damage by elephants. Elephants also destroy some tree savannah. Some important dry season watering places and grazing lands are outside the park boundary and controlled by pastoral tribes. There are some villages in the park. Visitor Facilities Visitor facilities are good. There is a hotel on the park boundary and park wardens accompany tourists in the park. There is no access on foot. Scientific Research Work by the Wildlife College at Garoua is supported by FAO/UNDP and the African Wildlife Foundation. Research has included ecological studies, population counts of several animal species and studies on elephant migration in the park. The park serves as a -88- Cameroon reference area for the MAB Cameroon Project on the integrated management of North Cameroon. Special Scientific Facilities Wildlife College at Garoua (about 350km away). Erineipal Reference Material ° Biosphere Reserve nomination submitted to Unesco. ° Esser, J.D. and Van Lavierez, L.P. (1978). Recensement aérien des populations des grands ongulés et d’autruches du parc national de Waza. ° IUCN/WWFE Project 1317. Wildlife Clubs. ° IUCN/WWFE Project 1613. Primate Action Fund. ° Leblay, J.R. (1976). Assistance aux parcs nationaux de la zone de savane du Cameroun. Amélioration et mise en profil des pistes dans le Parc national de Waza. FO: SF/CMR/72/025 Document de Terrain No. 5. FAO, Rome. ° Ngog Nije, J. (1981). L’ecologie de la girafe au parc national de Waza. Ph.D. thesis. Paris. ° Ngog Nie, J. (1983). Structure et dynamique de la population de girafes au parc national de Waza. La Terre et la Vie 3. ° Van Lavieren, L.P. (1977). Rapport sur le dénombrement aérien des grands mammiféres du Parc National de Waza. Ecole de Faune de Garoua. ° Vanpraet, C.L. (1977). Assistance aux parcs nationaux de la zone de savane du Cameroun. L’écologie et l’aménagement du Parc national de Waza. FO: DP/CMR/72/025, Rapport technique 1. FAO, Rome. ° Vanpraet, C.L. (1976). Assistance aux parcs nationaux de la zone de savane du Cameroun. Changements écologiques dans le bassin du Logone et quelques conséquences sur l’écosystéme du Parc national de Waza. FO: DSF/CMR/72/025 Document de travail 2. FAO, Rome. ° Wit, P. (1975). Assistance aux parcs nationaux de la zone de savane du Cameroun. Preliminary notes on the vegetation of Waza National Park with map. FO: SF/CMR/72/005 Project Working Document No. 1. FAO, Rome. ° Wit, P. Some notes on the Vegetation of Waza National Park, Cameroon. Ecole pour la formation des specialistes de la fauna, Garoua 4 pp. (Based on a FAO study 1974/1975). Staff 25 guard staff Budget National Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General Delegation of Tourism. Secretariat Permanent, Comité National de l’Homme et de la Biosphére, BP 4742, Yaoundé. Date 1983 RESERVE FORESTIERE ET DE FAUNE DU DJA Management Category I anc. IX (Strict Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection Protected as a Game Reserve by Law No. 319 of 26 June 1950, and under the National Forestry Act Ordinance No. 73/18 of 22 May 1973. Agriculture and hunting are prohibited. Date Established 1950, as a forest and faunal reserve. Originally protected in 1932. Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in October 1981. Proposed as a National Park. -89- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Geographical Location On the Dja River in the South-central and East Provinces of Cameroon. 243km south-east of Yaoundé; 5km from Lomie. 2°49’-3°23’N, 12°25’-13°35’E. Altitude 400-800m Area 500,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve lies to the north of the Dja River, which becomes a tributary of the Congo. The relief is fairly flat, except in the south-east where tributaries of the Dja cut deep valleys. The Dja river on the southern boundary follows a major fault line. The soil is red clay, with crystalline rocks of Precambrian origin, composed of chlorite schist and micaschist. The mean annual temperature is 23°C and the mean annual rainfall is 1610mm. The Equatorial type climate has two rainfall peaks, in May and September. Temperatures are similar all year. August is coolest with mean monthly minimum of 18°C and maximum of 27°C. April is hottest with mean minimum temperature of 19°C and maximum of 30°C. Vegetation The vegetation comprises dense evergreen Congo rainforest of great height dominated by Sapotaceae with a main canopy of at least 43 tree species, predominantly legumes including Afrostyrax lepidophyllus, Anopyxis klaineana and Anthonotha. The shrub layer contains over 53 species including Diospyros spp. and Drypetes spp.. The grass layer is composed of Marantaceae and Mapania spp.. Other vegetation includes swamp vegetation, old secondary forest around the villages which were abandoned in 1946, recently abandoned cocoa and coffee plantations, and areas of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest. Fauna’ The area has a wide range of primate species including lowland gorilla Gorilla gorilla gorilla (T), greater white-nosed guenon Cercopithecus nictitans, moustached guenon Cercopithecus cephus, crowned guenon Cercopithecus pogonias, talapoin Miopithecus talapoin, white-collared mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, white-cheeked mangabey Cercocebus albigena, agile mangabey Cercocebus galeritus, mandrill Mandrillus sphinx, Angolan black and white colobus monkey Colobus angolensis and chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T). Other mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, sitatunga 7. spekei, buffalo Syncerus caffer, leopard Panthera pardus (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and pangolin Manis sp.. Bates’s weaver Ploceus batesi (R), endemic to southern Cameroon, and grey-necked picathartes Picathartes oreas (R) probably occur in this reserve. The type locality of the Dja River warbler Bradypterus grandis (K) is near the reserve and there are few other records of this kind. Reptiles include python, lizard and crocodile. Population There are some villages and a population of pygmies in the reserve. Conservation Management’ There is no management plan. No commercial logging has taken place in the reserve. Traditional hunting rights are allowed but the use of non-traditional hunting methods needs to be controlled. Dja is the focus for IUCN/WWF Project 1613, whose ojectives are to conserve and develop three national parks in the forest zone (Dja, Pangar-Djerem and Korup) and to establish a programme of conservation education in the forest zone. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Cocoa, coffee and subsistence plots encroach onto the reserve. Poaching is a problem. Scientific Research Phytogeographic studies (Letouley, 1968) and a research report on fauna (Rowell, 1975) have been carried out. The area could serve as a reference zone for studies on tropical rainforest and is easily accessible by road (four-wheel drive) in the dry season. Special Scientific Facilities No information -90- Cameroon Principal Reference Material Gartlan, J.S. and Agland, P.C. (1980). A Proposal for a Program of Rainforest Conservation and National Park Development in Cameroon, West Central Africa. Report presented to the Gulf Oil Corporation and Société Naitonale Elf Aquitaine. ° IUCN/WWE Project 1613. Primate Action Fund. ° Letouzey, R. (1968). Etudes phytogeographiques au Cameroun. Editions Paul Lechevalier, Paris. ° Rowell, T.E. (1975). Report on the Reserve du Faune du Dja. University of California, Berkeley. Department of Zoology. Staff One conservator, one game guard, and eight rangers Budget National Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Water and Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Yaoundé. Date 1983 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE DOUALA-EDEA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection Total, as a ’forét domaniale’ Date Established 1932 Geographical Location In the south of the Littoral Province between the Sanaga and Nyong Rivers. 3°14’-3°50’N, 9°34’-10°50°E. Altitude Sea level to 15m Area 160,000ha; includes Edea-Marienberg Forest Reserve Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is a natural ecological unit boundered on three sides by rivers or the ocean, and on the fourth by a geological boundary, the Precambrian scarp of the interior. Several black-water rivers drain the area including the Nyong, Sanaga and Dibombé. Lake Tissongo (rainy season lake) drains into the Sanaga River, 40km downstream of Edea. The reserve lies on ancient beaches laid down in a process that began in the Cretaceous era and is still continuing. Soils are predominantly acidic, low-nutrient, white and sandy. The soil structure has affinities with the podsolic soils of northern latitudes. There is a humid equatorial climate with no distinct dry season and two rainfall peaks, in May and September. Annual rainfall is about 4,000mm. Temperatures are similar all year, with a mean monthly Minimum of 22°C. Mean monthly maximum temperatures are between 27°C in August and 31°C in April. Vegetation The vegetation is similiar to neighbouring Equatorial Guinea. The main vegetation type is coastal forest with 43 families of trees including Euphorbiaceae (23.6%), Caesalpiniaceae (13.4%) (such as Cynometra hankei, Berlinia sp. and Macrolobium spp.), and Olacaceae (12%). Other trees include Lophira alata, Sacoglottis gabonensis and Cola edulis. -9]- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Deciduous trees are sparse. Areas of mangrove occur along the coast and in the coastal lagoons. The vegetation seems generally to have high levels of defensive chemicals such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides, which may be important for future research. Fauna’ There are a large number of primates in the forests including black colobus Colobus satanas (T), Preuss’ red colobus C. badius preussi, de Brazza’s monkey Cercopithecus neglectus and greater white-nosed monkey C. nictitans, white-collared mangaby Cercocebus torquatus, grey-cheeked mangabey C. albigena, mandrill Mandrillus sphinx, and chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T). Other mammal species include: African civet Civettictis civetta, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, giant pangolin Manis gigantea, tree pangolin M. tricuspis and, in the coastal lagoons, West African manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T). There is a rich and abundant avifauna. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The combination of sandy soil, nutrients in the surface layers and heavy rainfall make the area particularly vulnerable if extensive deforestation occurs. Immediate threats include poaching and the population explosion in Malimba and Bokoko. Few tree species are of commercial interest and only Lophira alata is a major trade species though its occurence rate at 1% is too low to be significant. Growth rate of trees in the area seems to be slow and there is a low regeneration rate after clearing. Scientific Research Research includes detailed ecological studies of the area including phenolic content of vegetation (Gartlan, 1978; McKey et al., 1978), and studies since 1974 by the Wisconsin Regional Primates Research Centre and the University of Michigan on primates. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Gartlan, J.S. (1978). The Douala-Edea Reserve. ° Gartlan, J.S. and Agland, P.C. (1980). A Proposal for a Program of Rainforest Conservation and National Park Development in Cameroon. Report presented to the Gulf Oil Corporation and Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1089. Cameroon, Establishment of Two Tropical Rainforest Reserves. ° McKay et al. (1978). Phenolic content of vegetation in two African rainforests: ecological implications. Science 202: 61-64. Staff One warden and five rangers Budget National. 1974/1975 - CFA 2,000,000 allocated to the Reserve Conservator for initial surveys. Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General Delegation of Tourism. Date 1983 E9)- Cameroon RESERVE DE GIBIER DE CAMPO Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain forest) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 19 November 1932 Geographical Location In the Centre-south Province on the border with Gabon. 2°08’-2°52’N, 9°56’-10°12’E. Altitude Up to 900m Area 330,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is on the coastal plain and includes some low hills. It has a humid Equatorial climate, with a mean annual temperature of 26°C and a mean annual rainfall of 2,000mm which has two peaks, in May and October. Temperatures are similar all year, with a mean monthly minimum of 22°C. Mean monthly maximum temperatures vary between 27°C in August and 30°C in April. Vegetation Thick tropical forest occurs at sea level with legumes predominating at higher altitudes. There are a wide variety of species including Lophira alata, Afzelia, Khaya ivorensis, Pterocarpus and Aframomum, and several of medicinal importance. Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, sitatunga T. spekei, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, tree hyrax Dendrohyrax dorsalis, African civet Civettictis civetta, five species of duiker Cephalophus spp., common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia and inany primates, including gorilla Gorilla gorilla (T). There is a rich and varied avifauna including grey-necked picathartes Picathartes oreas (R), and numerous fish. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Logging is permitted and a 25-year logging concession (1968 to 1993) has been granted, resulting in considerable degradation. There is heavy poaching of large and small mammals for ivory and meat. There is an increasing human population in the reserve. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Depierre, D. and Ole, Z. (1976). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Cameroun. Bois et Foréts des Tropiques 170: 3-20. ° Gartlan, J.S. (1974). Campo Reserve and Dipikar Island. Rapport sur l’étude de création d’un sanctuaire de gorille 4 Campo. January 1979. ° Webb, J. C. (unknown date). Reports on the mammals, birds and primates. Staff Four guards Budget 1980 - National budget of CFA 800,000 for personnel and CFA 200,000 for management. 2935 IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General Delegation of Tourism. Date 1983 RESERVE DE GIBIER DE RIVIERE DU KIMBI Management Category IV (Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.19.12 (Guinean Highlands) Legal Protection Partial: game protected Date Established 1964 Geographical Location Near the border with Nigeria in western Cameroon. On the ring road in Menchum Division between Wum and Nkambe. 6°30’N, 10°30°E. Altitude 800-1,000m Area 5,625ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The underlying rocks are basement complex rocks with numerous rocky outcrops. Small streams and springs flow throughout the year. The boundaries are defined by the Tongo and Kimbi Rivers and Dumbo Cattle Ranch. High rainfall. Vegetation The area is in the transition zone between rain forest and woodland and has a high component of gallery forest. Vegetation includes grassland with forest outliers, montane grassland and savanna with Pennisetum purpureum, Imperata cylindrica, Bridelia ferruginea and Annona senegalensis. Fauna Mammals include: buffalo Syncerus caffer, red river hog Potamochoerus porcus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, otter, kob Kobus kob, waterbuck K. ellipsiprymnus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, baboon Papio anubis, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, Mona monkey C. campbelli lowei, spot-nosed monkey C. petaurista petaurista, porcupine, pangolin Manis sp., rock hyrax Procavia capensis, African civet Civettictis civetta, and cane rat Thryonomys gregorianus. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Serious problems are: disturbance due to the small size and attenuated shape of the reserve; poaching; and shortage of staff. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None -94- Cameroon Principal Reference Material ° Depierre, D. and Ole, Z. (1976). Parcs nationaux et reserves de faune du Cameroun. Bois et foréts des tropiques 170: 3-20. ° Hechtel, J. (1976). Status of wildlife conservation and game reserves, North-west Province, Cameroon. Staff One warden, five rangers, two game guards, one caretaker for the government rest-house and one permanent labourer. Budget National Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General Delegation of Tourism. Date 1983 RESERVE DE GIBIER DE KORUP Management Category IV (Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection No information Date Established 1961 by regional legislation. Size has since been reduced. Proposed as National Park in 1981. Geographical Location In South-West Province on the border with Nigeria. 4°54’-5°25’N, 8°42’-9°54’E. Altitude Up to 1,079m (Yuhan) Area 83,675ha Land Tenure Government (previously Kumba Municipality) Physical Features It is situated on an inland part of on a large plateau in the coastal zone. The park is crossed by the N’dian, Cross and Akpa Korup Rivers. The Akpa Korup forms the western boundary and the international border with Nigeria. The topography is low and flat in the south with more inselbergs and ancient volcanic intrusions in the centre and north. The sandy soils are derived from quartz and granite bedrock with most of the nutrients in the surface layers. The humid equatorial climate has a mean annual rainfall of 6,000mm-8,000mm and a mean annual temperature of about 22°C. Temperatures are similar all year round. Vegetation The medium altitude evergreen forest of the Biafran type is one of the most florally diverse in Africa with 52 recorded families of tree and liana including Scytopetalaceae (12%), Euphorbiaceae (11.7%), Caesalpiniaceae (9.6%), Olacaceae (6.7%) and Sterculiaceae (6.4%) with Oubanguia alata particularly common. Many of the plants are found to contain high levels of defensive chemicals, thought to be associated with poor soils. -95- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Fauna There are 40 recorded mammal species including 14 primates. Mammals include: drill Papio leucophaeus (T), Preuss’ red colobus monkey Colobus badius preussi (T), black colobus C. satanas (T), grey-cheeked mangabey Cercocebus aalbigena, sooty mangabey C. torquatus, Preuss’ monkey Cercopithecus preussi, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), Lord Derby’s flying squirrel Anomalurus derbianus, Ogilby’s duiker Cephalophus ogilbyi, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, tree squirrels Funisciurus spp., bushbaby Galago spp., potto Perodicticus potto, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, African civet Civettictis civetta, and leopard Panthera pardus (T). The 240 recorded bird species include: grey-necked picathartes Picathartes oreas (R), black-headed bee-eater Merops brewert, red-tailed greenbul Criniger calurus, white-tailed ant-thrush Neocossyphus poensis, blue-billed malimbe Malimbus nitens, and crested malimbe M. racheliae. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching of large animals occurs from neighbouring Nigeria. The area has never been commercially logged though some ebony Diospyros crassiflora has been extracted. Scientific Research Vegetation studies since 1974 have been made by the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Centre and a two year ecological study by IUCN/WWF. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Gartlan, J.S. and Agland, P.C. (1980). A Proposal for a Program of Rainforest Conservation and National Park Development in Cameroon, West-Central Africa. Report presented to the Gulf Oil Corporation and Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine. Lists flora by family, mammal and bird species. ° TUCN/WWF Project 1089. Cameroon. Tropical Rainforest Reserves. Staff One conservator (warden) Budget National. 1981 - WWF provided US$30,000 towards the cost of essential equipment. Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General Delegation of Tourism. Date 1983 RESERVE DE GIBIER DU CRATERE DE MBI Management Category IV (Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.19.12 (Guinean Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1964 Geographical Location North-West Province 35km north of Bamenda. 6°10°N, 10°00°E. Altitude About 1800m Area 370ha =96= Cameroon Land Tenure Government Physical Features The extinct volcanic crater has very steep slopes and is breached but contains a crater lake. Vegetation There are three vegetation types: grassy crater rim; fringing Guineo-Congolian lowland rainforest; and marshy crater plain including Piptandeniastrum, Schefflera, Ficus and crotons. Fauna Mammals include: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus maxwelli, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, rock hyrax Procavia capensis, cane rat Thryonomys gregorianus, porcupine (Hystricidae), patas Erythrocebus patas, spot-nosed monkey Cercopithecus petaurista petaurista, vervet monkeys C. aethiops, potto Perodicticus potto, and olive baboon Papio anubis. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Problems include: the small size of the reserve; high entrance fee for visitors; and threat of poaching and cattle grazing. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Hechtel, J. (1976). Status of wildlife conservation and game reserves in North-West Province, United Republic of Cameroon. Staff One conservator, two game guards and one caretaker Budget National Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General Delegation of Tourism. Date 1983 RESERVE DE CHASSE DE PANGAR-DJEREM Management Category No category assigned Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No current information Date Established 1968. Proposed as a National Park in 1981, but this proposal has now been *moved’. It is not clear whether this area still exists as such. Geographical Location Bounded in the east by the Pangar River and Yaounde-Ngoundere railway, south by the Com River and west by the Djerem River (all tributaries of the Sanaga). 5°20’-6°07’N, 12°51’-13°37’E. Altitude 600-900m (average altitude 850m) =97= IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Area 480,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The bedrock is mainly syntectonic granites and lower Precambrian magmatites and gneisses. The area is drained by watercourses running into the Pangar, Com and Djerem Rivers. Annual rainfall is about 1500mm with two peaks in May and September. Mean annual temperature is 23°C. Vegetation This is one of only a few reserves in Africa situated in the zone of transition between forest and savanna. There are four main vegetation types: evergreen gallery forest; semi-deciduous forest dominated by Sterculiaceae and Ulmaceae; Acacia savanna; and broad-leaf savanna. Fauna The fauna of the area is one of the richest in Cameroon including: vervet Cercopithecus aethiops, olive baboon Papio anubis, patas Erythrocebus patas, magistrate colobus Colobus sp., chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), Senegal galago Galago senegalensis, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Buffon’s kob K. kob, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus_ sylvicultor, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, bongo T. euryceros, sitatunga JT. spekei, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), pangolin Manis sp., and possibly gorilla Gorilla gorilla (T). Crocodile Crocodylus sp. are present. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Intensive poaching apparently on a professional basis. The National Park proposal made for this area has now been ’moved’ to the west of the Pangar River. The area would appear to be similar, though it has less forest - a result of human activity. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Gartlan, J.S. and Agland, P.C. (1980). A Proposal for a Program of Rainforest Conservation and National Park Development in Cameroon, West-Central Africa. Report presented to the Gulf Oil Corporation and Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine. Staff Two wardens and two gamekeepers Budget National Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General Delegation of Tourism. Date 1983 -98- CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC -99- pesodoid @ saAjasay asaydsoig * Asenyoues sansjasay jeune4 BAJBSAY INJEN YWIS seg JeUOIeN Jed JeljUapIsaly oTqnday uvollyy [elued o6buog Aaenjoue ¢ obuog} uoojawe) inBuiweg -inBuiqus ak NG SHO] 4-UIeS -epunos-onoueypy x94 aipuy} eAeBnrerea! eBexepr-expueno SSS CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Area 622,996 sq.km Population 2,520,000 (1983) Parks and Reserves Legislation The first two ’réserves de chasse’, both located in the east of the country, were gazetted for a period of 30 years in 1925. The creation of national parks and reserves was provided for by a Decree passed in 1929, but this stipulated that the establishment of such areas should not affect the economic life of the surrounding regions, and possibly confused terminology by defining national parks as ’integral nature reserves’. A partial reserve category ’réserves de chasse’ was introduced in 1935. Hunting was allowed in these reserves until 1939 when it was completely forbidden, subsequently these reserves were renamed *réserves de faune’. In 1940 national parks were also redefined. A new law redefined all the categories of protected area in 1944 and in 1954 another decree brought these definitions more fully into line with the London Convention. On 3 November 1956 Law No. 56-1106 was passed covering the protection of natural monuments and sites and monuments of historic, scientific, or aesthetic value. In 1960, all the laws in force, except 56-1106, were reconstituted under Law 60-104, which covered zones of hunting interest (Zone d’interét cynégétique), national parks and reserves, and Law 60-140 which dealt with nature protection. Detailed proposals for modification of this legislation were developed by FAO in 1977 and then prepared by the government for transmission to the Council of Ministers for approval. Ordonnance No. 84-045 of 27 July 1984 concerning protection of wildlife and regulation of hunting provides for the protection and rational exploitation of the fauna and its natural environment. This includes control of the national parks and reserves. The Forest Code passed in 1961 (Law No. 61-273) allows for the classification of Foréts domaniales where exploitation may be more carefully controlled. Parks and Reserves Administration The authority responsible for protected areas management is the Centre National pour la protection et l’aménagement de la faune (CNPAF) within the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, in turn within the General Directorate of Water and Forests. Day-to-day management and protection of each area is the responsibility of the local government concerned. Implementation of the Forest Code is the responsibility of the Office national des foréts, within the same directorate. Address ° Direction générale des eaux, foréts, chasses et péches, Ministere des eaux, des foréts, de la chasse, des péches et du tourisme, BP 830, Bangui. Additional Information Within CAR, wildlife represents first and foremost a source of food, but as such the fauna is both unevenly distributed and under-managed. In addition little benefit is realised from tourism associated with protected areas, which are under pressure from grazing, hunting, etc. Realising these problems the government has looked for assistance from FAO and UNDP in improving the situation. This resulted in work under two projects, CAF/72/010 ’Etudes préliminaires pour l’aménagement de la faune en zone nord’ and FO: DP/CAF/78/006 ’Aménagement de la faune République Centrafricaine’. The principal aims of the latter, more recent, project are to assist with training of personnel involved in fauna management, elaboration of a rational programme of exploitation of the wildlife resource, and development of tourism associated with wildlife. In both projects particular attention has been paid to Bamingui-Bangoran, and to a lesser extent Manovo-Gounda-St Floris. IUCN/WWF have also been involved in assistance to Manovo-Gounda-St Floris national park. As in many countries, poaching, particularly for ivory but also in other species, has been a particular problem. In 1982/3 several laws were enacted, including the introduction of a ban on elephant hunting (and incidentally a moratorium on the movement of ivory in certain parts of the country). Poaching is still severe, however, and CAR is looking for International -101- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas assistance in dealing with this problem, as well as with the potentially more serious problem of desertification. References ° Corfiels, T.F. and Hamilton, P.H. (1972). The conservation and management of the fauna of Central Africa. Report to Cambridge University, Central Africa Project. 1969-70. ° FAO (undated). Plan quinquennal secteur chasses et faune 1986-1990. Prepared by project CAF/78/006 UNDP/FAO. ° FAO (1982). Aménagement de la faune République Centrafricaine. Rapport intérimaire. FAO, Rome. ° IUCN/WWEF Project 3019. Central African Republic, Management and Protection of Elephants. (Followed by two further projects, 3636 and 3687, assisting anti-poaching operations.) ° TUCN/UNEP (1983). conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. ° Saussay, M. du (1978). Aménagement de la faune en zone nord. Empire Centrafricain. Le droit de la protection de la faune en Empire Centrafricain. FO: CAF/72/010 Document de travail No. 12. FAO, Rome. ° Spinage, C.A. (1981). Résumé des aires de faune protégées et proposées pour étre protégées. Projet FAO/CAF/78/006. FAO, Rome. FO: DP/CAF/78/006 La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la Working Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Andre Felix 170,000 Bamingui-Bangoran 1,070,000 Manovo-Gounda-Saint Floris 1,740,000 Subtotal 2,980,000 Strict Nature Reserves Vassako-Bolo 86,000 Faunal Reserves Aouk-Aoukale 330,000 Gribingui-Bamingui 438,000 Koukourou-Bamingui 110,000 Nana-Barya 230,000 Ouandjia- Vakaga 130,000 Yata-Ngaya 420,000 Zemongo 1,010,000 Subtotal 2,668,000 Private Reserves Avakaba Presidential Park 175,000 Biosphere Reserves Bamingui-Bangoran Conservation Area 1,622,000 Basse-Lobaye Forest 18,200 Subtotal 1,640,200 Proposed areas Bahr Oulou Faunal Reserve 320,000 Bongos Sanctuary 265,000 -102- Central African Republic PARC NATIONAL ANDRE FELIX Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection About 77,200ha of the park is leased to a private society, but a condition of the lease was that this area must still be managed in accordance with the park establishment order. Date Established 10 November 1960, by Arrété No. 1893/60. Geographical Location In the north-east of the country on the international border with Sudan. 9°00’-9°42’N, 23°10’-23°24’E. Altitude Up to 900m Area 170,000ha. The area is surrounded by the Yata-Ngaya Faunal Reserve (420,000ha). Land Tenure Government, of which some 77,200ha is leased to a private society. Physical Features The extensive plains, with their characteristic lateritic soils, are bordered to the west by the Yata River, and by the Ngaya (Boulou) River in the extreme east. Vegetation Wooded savanna with /soberlinia spp.. Fauna The fauna is less rich than that of the ’parc national Manova-Gounda-St Floris’. Mammals include lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus.(T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, various species of antelope, and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. Ostrich Struthio camelus, and crocodile are also present. Zoning The park is completely surrounded by the Yata-Ngaya Faunal Reserve, which is the designated buffer zone. Disturbances or Deficiencies There are no surveillance patrols and cattle grazing and intensive poaching continue unchecked. The buffalo population was decimated by a bovine disease in the 1960s. Scientific Research An air count of the larger mammals on the northern plains has been carried out by FAO consultants. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff None Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Birao Inspectorate of Forestry Date 1984 -103- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas BAMINGUI-BANGORAN CONSERVATION AREA Management Category A complex of areas comprising a strict Nature Reserve (I), a National Park (II), and two Faunal Reserves (IV). The whole area forms a Biosphere Reserve (IX). Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection All areas were redefined in 1940 to comply with the London Convention on the Protection of African Wildlife, 1933. Date Established Established as Oubangui-Chari National Park (2,660,000ha) in 1933. Later in the same year 630,000ha were declassified, part of which now forms the Koukourou-Bamingui Faunal Reserve (110,000ha). A further 530,000ha were declassified in 1934, part of which now forms the Gribingui-Bamingui Faunal Reserve. Both faunal reserves were designated in 1940. The strict nature reserve was also established by reclassification of part of the park (the area was then defined as 150,000ha). A further area was added to the north of the park in 1980 and then revised the same year to form the Avakaba Presidential Park (established in 1980 by Ordinance No.80/055). The current conservation area was accepted as Bamingui-Bangoran Conservation Area (Biosphere Reserve) on 23 July 1979, but this has never been promulgated in national law. Geographical Location Situated in the north of the country on the international border with Chad. 7°06’-8°04’N, 18°56’-20°21’E. Altitude 350-450m Area Vassoko-Bolo Strict Nature Reserve (86,000ha), Bamingui-Bangoran National Park (1,070,000ha), Koukourou-Bamingui Faunal Reserve (110,000ha), Gribingui-Bamingui Faunal Reserve (438,000ha) and Bamingui-Bangoran Conservation Area (Biosphere Reserve) 1,622,000ha. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserves lie in an area of low relief, mainly of Precambrian basement complex which dips below the Quaternary alluvia of the Chad basin in the north and north-west. There are three principal rivers, the Bolo (seasonal), Vassako and Vou (seasonal), which define the boundaries of the strict nature reserve. Several parts of the area are seasonally flooded. The mean annual rainfall is 1300mm, falling mainly between December and February. The mean annual temperature is 26.6°C. Vegetation Sudano-Guinean vegetation predominates, with dry forests, wooded savannas, edpahic savannas, and gallery forests. The wooded savanna comprises Terminalia (34%), Anogeissus (8%), Isoberlinia doka (38%), and grassland (13%). Fauna’ The fauna is also typically Sudano-Guinean and has been very rich in the past. The area is sufficiently large to include a large range of migratory mammals. Mammals include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, _ black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, giant eland Taurotragus derbianus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob K. kob, reedbuck Redunca_ redunca, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor, red-flanked duiker C. wrufilatus, blue duiker C. monticola, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, oribi Ourebia ourebi, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, olive baboon Papio anubis, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, eastern black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza, giant ground pangolin Manis gigantea, central African hare Poelagus marjorita, white-tailed mongoose Ichneumia albicauda, banded -104- mongoose Mungos mungo, serval Felis serval, African civet Civettictis civetta, genet Genetta sp., aardvarkOrycteropus afer, porcupine Hystrix cristata, cane rat Thryonomys sp., savanna gerbil Tatera valida, multimammate rat Praomys natalensis fumatus, striped grass rat Lemniscomys striatus, and Geoffroy’s ground squirrel Xerus erythropus. The bird fauna is described in Green (1983 and 1984). Conservation Management No information Zoning The four areas in the complex are defined differently in law. Together they comprise a central (or core) area, buffer zone, manipulative zone, and zone of traditional cultivation. No substantial new changes will be permitted in the cultivated zone. The strict nature reserve is entirely enclosed by the national park. Disturbances or Deficiencies Because of persistent application of insecticide against cotton pests, the Bamingui River and tributaries are rapidly being poisoned and are becoming sterile. Poaching continues to be a major problem, particularly in the faunal reserves, where there is insufficient access for proper control and wildlife numbers have been seriously depleted. There are some areas of traditional and cotton cultivation. Visitor Facilities The potential for tourism is limited, with visibility reduced by vegetation, and relatively few animals to observe. The Bangoran River is considered of most interest. Scientific Research Preliminary studies, including an air-count of the larger mammals, have been carried out in the area by UNDP/FAO consultants. Special Scientific Facilities There are no special facilities. Principal Reference Material ° Boulvert, Y. (1970). Essai de catalogue de la flore de Centrafrique. ORSTOM, Bangui. ° Douglas-Hamilton, I., Froment, J.M., and Doungoubé, G. (1985). Aerial census of wildlife in the North of the Central African Republic. Report to CNPAF, WWF, IUCN, UNDP and FAO. ° Green, A.A. (1982). Aménagement de la faune, République Centrafricaine. Le Centre de formation des gardes-chasse de Bamingui. FO: DP/CAF/78/006, Rapport technique 1. FAO, Rome. ° Green, A.R. (1983). The birds of Bamingui-Bangoran National Park. Malimbus 5: 17-30. ° Green, A.R. (1984). Additional birds from Bamingui-Bangoran National Park Malimbus 6: 70-72. ° Sillans, R. (1958). Les savanes de l'Afrique Centrale. Paris. ° Spinage, C.A. (1976). Etude preliminaire du Parc national du Bamingui-Bangoran. Projet CAF/72/010. FAO, Rome. ° Spinage, C.A. (1977). Etudes additionelles de Parc national du Bamingui-Bangoran. Projet CAF/72/010. FAO, Rome. ° Spinage, C.A., Loevinsohn, M.E. and Ndouté, J. (1977). Etudes Additionelles du Parc National Bamingui-Bangoran. CAF/72/010. FAO, Rome. Staff Three proposed Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration CNPAF, Ministére de l’Agriculture, Direction Générale des Eaux et Foréts, BP 830, Bangui. The national park comes under the Ndélé Forestry Inspectorate. Date 1984 -105- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas PARC NATIONAL MANOVO-GOUNDA-ST FLORIS Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection The park was given total protection under Government ownership, but there is no information regarding protection since the area became a private concession in 1984. Date Established Incorporated into Oubangui-Chari National Park on 10 December 1933. The name of the area was changed in 1935 to Matoumara National Park, and again on 27 July 1940 to St Floris National Park (and redefined with an area of 40,000ha). The area was enlarged to 100,700ha in 1960 by Law 60-104; again in 1974 to cover 277,600ha; and, finally, in 1979 to cover 1,740,000ha. Geographical Location § In the north of the country, on the international border with Chad. 8°00’-9°50’N, 20°30°-22°20°E. Altitude 400-800m Area 1,740,000ha; contiguous to the ‘réserve de faune de l’Aouk-Aoukalé’ (330,000ha), *réserve de faune de l’Ouandjia- Vakaga’ (130,000ha), and the proposed ’réserve de faune du Bahr Oulow’ (although there are now doubts that this area will ever be established). Land Tenure Private (since 1984; previously Government owned) Physical Features The area comprises a flat plain with coarse, generally ferruginous and well-drained soils. The land rises to 800m in the south-east. Some areas, particularly the depressions, have developed a lateritic or ironstone shield, on which woody vegetation is noticeably sparse or absent. The lowland areas (30% of the park) are seasonally flooded and have fine, deep alluvial soils. Drainage in these areas may be quite poor. The major rivers are Bahr Kameur, Ovandjia, Wakaga and Gounda. The climate is tropical, semi-humid Sudano-Guinean, with a mean annual rainfall of between 950 and 1700mm, mainly falling between June and November. There is only one rainy season, alternating with a hot dry season. Vegetation The predominant vegetation type is wooded savanna (70%) and in the main bulk of the park this can be divided into five different types: 1) Terminalia laxiflora wooded savanna (39.3%) with Crossoptervx febrifuga and Butyrospermum parkii; 2) Isoberlinia doka and Monotes kerstingii woodland in the upland areas; 3) Pseudocedrela kotschyi and Terminalia macroptera woodland (15%); 4) mixed lowland woodland or wooded savanna; and 5) Anogeissus leiocarpus and Khaya senegalensis. Small patches of fringe forest occur in the lowland areas, particularly along the Gounda and Koumbala rivers. The Terminalia savanna is used extensively by wildlife during the dry season. The lowland areas are subject to both flooding and fire, and this is reflected to some extent in the vegetation (although Anogeissus leiocarpus is not fire resistant, which may, together with low rainfall, be contributing to its decline). Other less common vegetation types include gallery forest, bamboo open savanna, the woodlands associated with the hilly areas of the river sources, open Erythrophleum-Isoberlinia woodland and plains dominated by perennial grasses such as Vossia cuspidata, Echinochloa stagnina, Jardinea congoensis, Setaria anceps, Hyparrhenia rufa, and Eragrostis sp., with relative distributions depending on duration and depth of seasonal flooding. Fauna’ Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T)(30 individuals), elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(2,000-3,000), leopard Panthera pardus (T), and crocodile are all found within the park, but in considerably reduced numbers. Other mammals include lion Panthera leo, wildcat Felis silvestris, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, buffalo Syncerus caffer, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, giant eland Taurotragus derbianus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob Kobus kob, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus oribi Ourebia ourebi, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, baboon Papio anubis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, and lesser galago -106- Central African Republic (bushbaby) Galago senegalensis. Animals which occur in the area but which are rather less common include cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), golden cat Felis aurata, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, reedbuck Redunca redunca, topi Damaliscus lunatus, red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, de Brazza’s monkey Cercopithecus neglectus, and yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor. Two species not sighted in the area until 1982/83 are bush pig Poltamochoerus porcus and greater white-nosed monkey Cercopithecus nictitans. The avifauna includes large seasonal populations of pelican Pelecanus sp. (in the Gata-Vakaga area), shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern), and marabou stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus. The black-headed bee-eater Merops breweri was observed frequently during 1982/83 along the Koumbala forest; it was previously considered to be very uncommon in the park. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching (poachers have recently begun to use automatic weapons), cattle grazing and fishing are the main problems. Numbers of black rhinoceros, leopard, elephant, giraffe, and crocodile have been reduced in the area due to poaching pressure, and the situation is deteriorating; an estimated 300-500 elephants were killed in 1982/83. Nomads from Chad and the Sudan invade the park during the dry season. Scientific Research A four year study was begun in 1981 to study the ecology of the elephant in the park with special reference to diet, distribution and the impact of poaching. This project (WWF/IUCN Project 3019) was carried out by Peace Corps biologists. Other activities carried out by the research team included observations on poaching and other illegal activities in the park; a botanical survey; notation of species considered rare or previously unidentified in the park, and monitoring rhinoceros activity. An air count of larger mammals in the St Floris sector was carried out by FAO consultants. A vegetation study of the area was carried out by I.E.M.V.T., CEDEX, France. There is a proposal to survey the dense forests for gorillas and determine their general distribution patterns (Carroll, 1984). Special Scientific Facilities None Paincipal Reference Material Barber, K.B., Buchanan, S.A. and Galbreath, P.F. (1980). An ecological survey of the St Floris National Park, Central African Republic, IPAD, US National Parks Service, Washington D.C. (first submitted 1979). Buchanan, S.A. and Schacht, W.H. (1979). Ecological investigations in the Manovo-Gounda-St Floris National Park, Ministre des Eaux, Forets, Chasses, et Péches, Bangui, C.A.R. ° Carroll, R. (1984). Jn litt. ° Douglas-Hamilton, I., Froment, J.M., and Doungoubé, G. (1985). Aerial census of wildlife in the North of the Central African Republic. Report to CNPAF, WWF, IUCN, UNDP and FAO. ° IUCN/WWF Project 3019. Elephant research and management, Central African Republic. ° Spinage, C. (1979). Etudes preliminaires du parc national de Saint-Floris. 1976. CAF/72/010. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1984 -107- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas RESERVE DE FAUNE DE L’AOUK-AOUKALE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1939, as a hunting reserve (the ’Circonscription de la Salamat’) containing the ’parc national du Goz-Sassoulko’, which was created provisionally in 1935. In 1940, the limits were redefined, and the area specified as 1,500,000ha. In 1960 this was reduced to 319,000ha, but further changes have since slightly increased the area. Geographical Location In the north of the country, on the border with Chad, and to the north of the ’parc national Manovo-Gounda-St. Floris’. The boundary of the reserve runs along the Chad border for over 175km. 9°20’-10°01°N, 20°50°-21°54’E. Altitude No information Area 330,000ha. The reserve is contiguous to the ’parc national Manovo-Gounda-St Floris (1,740,000ha), and will have part of its border common with the proposed ’réserve de faune du Bahr Oulow’ (although there are now doubts that this area will ever be established). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve lies between the Aoukale and Bahr Oulou/Bahr Kameur rivers, and is mainly composed of their flood plains, with clay soils. Vegetation Wooded savanna Fauna’ The fauna is representative of the Sudanese type with elephant Loxodonta africana (T), lion Panthera leo, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis and buffalo Syncerus caffer, with some Sahelian species such as striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, and red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons. Ostrich Struthio camelus are also present. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching, and grazing of the reserve by livestock of nomadic groups. Scientific Research There has been an air count of large mammals by FAO consultants. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Forestry inspectorate at Birao Date 1984 -108- Central African Republic RESERVE DE FAUNE DE LA NANA-BARYA Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No information Date Established 10 December 1960, by Regulation 1897/60. Geographical Location In the north-west of the country, on the border with Chad. 7°19’-8°00’N, 17°10°-17°50’E. Altitude No information Area 230,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features Flat plain Vegetation Jsoberlinia wooded savanna Fauna The reserve is almost empty of large wildlife. Originally there was a rich Sudano-Guinean fauna with elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caf fer, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, eland Taurotragus oryx, lion Panthera leo, rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is heavy poaching, with no surveillance or protection. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff None Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspectorate of forestry at Markounda Date 1984 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE L’OUANDJIA-VAKAGA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Hunting is allowed within nearly 500,000ha of the reserve. -109- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Date Established 29 June 1925 as a hunting reserve. Hunting was forbidden in 1939, but in 1972 nearly 500,000ha were being used for hunting. The reserve was not named until 1940, at which time its area was given as 950,000ha (though the actual area was nearer 615,000ha). Geographical Location In the north-east of the country, to the north of the ’parc national Manovo-Gounda-St Floris’. 8°35’-9°30’N, 21°55’-22°35’E. Altitude No information Area 130,000ha; contiguous to ’parc national Manovo-Gounda-St Floris’ (1,740,000ha), and the proposed ’réserve de faune du Bahr Oulou’ (although there are now doubts that this area will ever be established). Land Tenure Government Physical Features Plateau with sandy soils Vegetation Jsoberlinia wooded savanna Fauna Wildlife is sparse but similar to that in the ’parc national Manovo-Gounda-St Floris’ with buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), antelope species, such as giant eland Taurotragus derbianus and hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern) and crocodile. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There are fishing villages and other developments along the river within the park. Shepherds and hunters, particularly from Chad and Sudan, also use the area, and poaching is a problem. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspectorate of forestry at Birao Date 1984 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE LA YATA-NGAYA Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection About 203,000ha in the centre of the reserve is leased to a private hunting society, but this area remains bound by the rules and regulations in force for the rest of the reserve. -110- Central African Republic Date Established 1960. An area in the north west was declassified in 1967. The southern half was part of a hunting reserve created in 1925. Hunting was completely forbidden there by 1939. In 1940, the southern area became part of the new ’réserve de faune de la Haute Kotto’, but this reserve was declassified in 1960, when the ’reserve de faune de la Yata-Ngaya’ was established (with 509,500ha). Geographical Location In the north-east of the country, partly on the border with the Sudan. 8°32’-9°52’N, 23°05’-23°24’E. Altitude Up to 900m Area 420,000ha; surrounds the ’parc national André Félix’ (170,000ha) Land Tenure Government; about 203,000ha is leased to a private hunting society until 1992. Physical Features A sandy plain, with hills in the central part Vegetation J/soberlinia wooded savanna Fauna The fauna is little known though rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) possibly occurs, and perhaps white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum, but this is doubtful. There are giant eland Taurotragus derbianus (T). Zoning The reserve acts as a buffer zone for the ‘parc national André Félix’. Disturbances or Deficiencies No control infrastructure has yet been set up within the area, and there is both nomadism and poaching. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Birao Inspectorate of Forestry Date 1984 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE ZEMONGO Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Hunting is allowed within about 60,000ha of the reserve (the area most recently gazetted). Date Established 9 June 1925, as a hunting reserve. Protected against hunting in 1939. The area was not named until 1940, at which time its area was given as 950,000ha. This was extended to its present size in 1975, with the inclusion of further hunting sectors to the -111- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas south-west. Despite this fact, these southern sectors were still open to hunting during the 1981-1982 season (Arrété No. 397 of 28 August 1981). Geographical Location In the far east of the country, on the border with the Sudan. 6°10’-7°28’N, 24°40’-26°00’E. Altitude No information Area 1,010,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve comprises a flat plain, which is mainly without water in the dry season although it lies between the Vovodo and Goangoa rivers, and is crossed by the River Bita. The soils are lateritic sands. Vegetation Dense /soberlinia wooded savanna Fauna The status of the elephant Loxodonta africana (T) is uncertain in this area. Giant eland Taurotragus derbianus (T) and possibly black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) are present. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching. No control of the interior is possible because of inaccessibility. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspectorate of forestry at Rafai Date 1984 BASSE-LOBAYE FOREST Management Category IX (Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection No restriction on human activities Date Established Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in October 1977 by Unesco. No decree under national law, but known as a schedueled forest. Geographical Location In the south-west of the country on the border with Congo-Brazzaville. 3°40’N, 17°50°E. -112- Central African Republic Altitude Less than 500m Area 18,200ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The climate of the region is hot and wet with little annual variation. Mean annual temperature is 24.5°C and the relative humidity is 93% at six in the morning and 78% at noon. There is a short dry season in January and a rainy season from March to December with high rainfall in August, September, and October (230mm/month). Mean annual rainfall is 1761mm. Vegetation The vegetation comprises dense, humid, semi-deciduous forest of Ulmaceae, Sterculiaceae, Meliaceae, and Sapotaceae which has not been exploited for at least the last 40 to 50 years. The canopy at about 40m is discontinuous, the intermediate storeys well developed, and the undergrowth thin. In the northern area, there is secondary growth on fallow cultivation, with more open canopy, less variation of intermediate storeys and a dense, shrubby undergrowth characterized by creepers. Fauna Common mammals include various species of duiker Cephalophus and monkeys Cercopithecus, Colobus, and Cercocebus. Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) and forest elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis (T) are rare. Carnivores include leopard Panthera pardus (T), African civet Civettictis civetta, potto Perodicticus potto, and genet Genetta spp.. Snakes include puff adder Bitis arietans, mamba, spitting cobra Naja nigricollis and python. The relatively few bird species include: hornbill, grey parrot Psittacus erithacus, giant kingfisher Ceryle maxima, and Hartlaub’s goose Pteronetta hartlaubii. Conservation Management There is no management plan Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies The area is inhabited by the Aka pygmies who live by hunting and gathering. The reserve also includes the zone on the fringe of the forest which contains several local villages. Disturbance is serious in the northern part near villages but there is none in the area of the pygmies. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research A study of man in the tropical rainforest ecosystem was started by the "Centre Eurafricain de Biologies Humaines’ among the Aka pygmy communities in 1974. Specialists from CEABH, CNTS, ORSTOM, the Pasteur Institute, the ‘Centre d’Hémitypologie’ of CNRS and Paris universities have taken part in this study which has become a MAB project. Special Scientific Facilities A laboratory has been established at the research centre at Bokaka. Principal Reference Material Publications on region and population have been produced by the Pasteur Institute, the ‘Centre Eurafricain de Biologie Humaine’ and ORSTOM. Staff Three permanent employees Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Ministére des Eaux et Foréts, BP 830, Bangui. Date 1984 -113- wR mazi mm iA ‘ = ‘ "Sm , ithene AOGRbera sectors wore ati) coen to.koniege Gitelng “tha 2s ; 1961) _ 0002 aeds exo ‘whatita —is the fi the couetry, oo the border. NOES ‘dona J m) ineminavod “west basJ as! aseM .pdijaliny levane olntii diiw yw bas tod ei aoige: eft Yo cteenits SdT sired tea Yi ver S83 Qed gidewomn ox) oi xie te PCat etibimwa ovimes edt bas D°R.AS a owes -_ oo } div sedmeseG of drial mor) oosage ynian & bee y (aweal bi noemee (rb nodes a lahalietaies dover mashes! {dtiaom\mmOfS} wdo1sO bare ,desigs2 Sear hal te ts t eee ee =. PE Ta Ayeks The Rove mp f\mt pian nica } eine -aeitle r eadotoeet a) Sor tet wy tse dasDhoedss Drege’ folertyads 7 press Meticiens HILDE WELObT kenherlt smolge wo thsidtyzy 90d ton endl thoi eescniocad bas ,on dageleved Ilew eyo.ore etelboarstai ons ,2uounitnosib a md 1v]8ds day Weg ifao are: ng atccon ct edges eget arsdison add al wil véGeris ,ceneb 2 bow eyo senibocrrasal wb nolietuy emi gone Ayo: Vauas ai eg e elephant Lo petpnal Uridine 12 Taend Tote riser’ of (T) and: possibly hi ta ot seyolodns ant voll qo enioege qwonsy Sexioh bate ¢T) ei bolgow rat sesmnqamint pinto ~: me aetedia mibron cratine’ bibqoot sbuloal eorwvinus> .ore1 oe (T) vivoleqs nn Miter occgqe dhe D cateag tier whey aciieibow? eue—luteds mtToccwaatéiqybas 2i\\coveln ole mdoo gninige sdmam any thalg | jahsdlind ite ody tovreg yer vllidmond cwbwicai © satific Redperch | » Aydualrad attsnoves4 seoog eduatratt bas Spovke! Gcleatifle Paciiete Nutt faiq tiem 2ogsnam on zi ed x » - * a Primstpal Reference Matorial None listed eat Syotinuticyhfevtbanke ssimayq slA ad? yd beridedat eb asw oT <3 migaos doldw temo? oi to sgnis? adx no anos od? asbuloal ole paige zi dod fodaegeltiv vaon nag atsd)ios 24) ai ewoinse ab eee refais(ration Jospectorate of forest ry at Re L Nel Lecai *s ok . t 2% d 7 er als ed berutt esw motezeoos tesrolaim lIsciqgon ed? of aeir At2l al eoitiaummoo ymeya aA oft gacma ‘ocilarmwH # “‘pipoloyciml’b ound’ edt_simieol. weer 2 AV TSH0 je) i Sociowy HAM 2 snroced ced doidw bute eid? of nq parr oved & ietok ya was dovssest oily tw berzlidsiea aoa sad onnodal a GASSE- DAVE PORES ‘ 40 Baoubew ased seed. noi isalliqon bas aoigat ab rnoitslidet ; MOT2RO bao ‘snismuvl sigaivid ob aiden rons om = giin oH 4 “~te ge) rx | Bc pine Reacve ve =z —- ‘ ~~ id ‘ - > Vieguegrepbice| Prev me tec (Casey wn Vorest} Lage Pretec na sanction ee ee ; in / ficiM sobavalntmba weerve ia Coctober, 1977 bys tone a) ‘ - — 0 oe wea: of Ge souttry @ kee ’ MS bas a eS “a Sy ’ * . 4 1 iv ‘ | <> 7) a — if. y - ee r . — ~ . iy ig a Pit ~ " m4 : a r ye ‘ ar, fm) i CHAD -115- Key Ml National Parks E2] Faunal Reserves @ Faya-Largeau Quadi Rimé- }: Quadi Achi . Fada Archei Nigeria ee tt Zakouma,— ¢ bt Cameroon 3 Central African Rep. CHAD Area 1,270,994 sq.km Population 5,120,000 (1984) Parks and Reserves Legislation Ordinance 14/63 of 28 March 1963 regulates hunting and the protection of nature. Areas established prior to 1963 were set up under Decree No. 47-2254 (18 November 1947) regulating hunting in the French Overseas Territories, as modified for French Equatorial Africa by Decree No. 52-182 of 18 February 1952. Decree No. 02/PR/EEPC/PNR relates to the organisation and responsibilities of the Directorate of National Parks and Faunal Reserves. Réserves naturelles intégrales are areas where all forms of usage are prohibited. National Parks appear to differ only in that they are open to visitor access. Réserves spéciales are areas where regulations can be made on a total or partial basis either permanently or temporarily, for conservation purposes. Résources totales de faune are areas where only hunting is prohibited and other usage continues. Zones d’intérét cynégétique are areas where the fauna is of particular scientific or economic potential, the aim being to maintain this potential. Two types of classified forest are distinguished, Classified Forest, where exploitation is controlled on a concession basis, and Protected Forests (which still remain open for use by the local population). Parks and Reserves Administration The authority responsible for conservation policy, and exploitation and protection of natural resources is the Ministry of Tourism, Water and Forests (previously the Ministry of Tourism, Arts, and Natural Resources). This ministry is also specifically responsible for both national parks and faunal reserves. Day to day administration of protected areas is the responsibility of the Division of Management and Conservation of the Fauna (Service de l’aménagement et conservation de la faune), a central office of the Directorate of Tourism, National Parks and Faunal Reserves. At the regional level there are six ’secteurs des parcs nationaux et réserves de faune’, each of which is divided into 12 surveillance blocks. The Directorate of Forests, Hunting and Antipoaching is responsible both for control of hunting outside protected areas, and for protection and management of forests. Address ° Service de l’aménagement et conservation de la faune, Direction du tourism, des parcs nationaux et réserves de faune, Ministére du tourisme, des eaux et foréts, BP 447, Ndjamena. ° Direction des foréts, chasse, et de la lutte contre la desertification, Ministére du tourisme, des eaux et foréts, BP 447, Ndjamena. Additional Information The current security problems within Chad, and the general problems of desertification, seem likely to be having serious consequences for the wildlife. Nevertheless, there appears to be a firm commitment to nature conservation at all levels, with renewed management effort within some protected areas, and an increase in anti-poaching activity. As in many developing countries, however, there is an unfortunate shortage of both equipment and personnel. References ° Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social Sciences. 79 pp. ° d@Elzius, C. and Gillet, H. (1964). Rapports au gouvernement du Tchad sur la faune et sa conservation. FAO, Rome. ° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary report for the Chad Government on fauna and its conservation. FAO, Rome. * IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1l’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. ° Stanguennec, B. (1975). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Tchad. -117- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Manda 114,000 Zakouma 300,000 Subtotal 414,000 Faunal Reserves Aboutelfan 110,000 Bahr Salamat 2,060,000 Binder Lere 135,000 Fada Archei 211,000 Mandelia 138,000 Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achim 8,000,000 Siniaka-Minia 426,000 Subtotal 11,080,000 PARC NATIONAL DE MANDA Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 19 March 1965 under Decree No. 56/EFPC; modified by Decree No. 243/PR/EFPC/PNR. Initially protected in 1953 as a réserve de faune. Geographical Location In the préfecture of Moyen-Chari (sub-préfecture Rurale Sarh). Delimited on the east by the Chari River and on the west by a road. 9°12’-9°35’N, 17°45’-18°12’E. Altitude No information Area 114,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is situated in a densely wooded plain with a substrate of sedimentary and red ferrous soils. The Chari River bed provides an excellent refuge for animals, as well as natural watering holes. In the eastern part there are numerous marshy areas formed round stagnant pools. The climate is tropical with a mean annual rainfall of between 950-1100mm in the north and more than 1100mm in the south. Vegetation Sudanese bush with savanna woodland predominates, comprising trees of the families Leguminosae and Combretaceae, grading into patchy stands of dense forest. The marshy pools are surrounded by typical water course fringing vegetation dominated by Sudanese-Guinean species of /soberlinia and Monotes. Fauna The Park was originally established for the protection of the giant eland Taurotragus derbianus (T), which may still be common here. Other mammals include leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta, African civet Civettictis civetta, genet Genetta sp., elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, -118- Chad buffalo Syncerus caffer, kongoni Alcelaphus buselaphus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob Kobus kob, oribi Ourebia ourebi, red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, and warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus. The marshes and river courses are rich in birdlife. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching is a continuing problem and there is a lack of equipment to ensure adequate surveillance. There is also overgrazing by stock of seasonal nomads and some permanent settlements have been established over the last few years. - Scientific Research Gillet and D’Elzius (1964) prepared a preliminary report on the park’s fauna and conservation for the Chad Government. A study of the avifauna was carried out in 1972. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical Atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social Sciences. 79 pp. ° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary Report for the Chad Government on Fauna and its Conservation. FAO, Rome. ° Stanguennec, B. (1975). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Tchad. Staff One engineer of forestry work, one technical assistant of water and forests and 40 guards from the National Parks and Fauna Reserves Department. Budget Salaries are assured by the government. Some 28,000,000 FCFA was granted by the government to the Department of National Parks and Faunal Reserves in 1983 to cover operational costs. Local Park or Reserve Administration Southern sector, Division of Management and Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves. Date April 1985 PARC NATIONAL DE ZAKOUMA Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel) Legal Protection Total, but, due to the political situation, no management has been possible for a number of years. The situation seems to be improving, however. Date Established | Upgraded to National Park status 7 May 1963 by Decree No 86/TEF. Previously protected since 1958 as a réserve de faune. Geographical Location Located within the adjacent préfectures of Salamet (Am-Timan and Aboudeia sub-préfectures) and Guéra (Melfi sub-prefecture). 10°60’-11°00’N, 19°20°-20°00°E. Altitude 250-500m Area 300,000ha. Forms the core zone of the 2,600,000ha Bahr Salamat Faunal Reserve. -119- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park lies in a vast plain, flanked by the Bone and d’Ibir rock outcrops (300-500m) in the west, and drained from north to south by the Bahr Salamat and its numerous tributaries. The watercourses are meandering and in the dry season, when the water level falls, only isolated waterholes are left as the source of water for wildlife. The soils of the plain are halomorphic, hydromorphic and vertisols. The climate is tropical, with a mean annual rainfall between 800 and 950mm. Vegetation Characterised by a high diversity of plant species encompassing the principal Sudanese savanna associations. The open wooded savanna is dominated by the Leguminosae and Combretaceae (Combretum, Anogeissus, Leiocarpus, and Terminalia species). The small islands isolated by the meandering water courses are heavily wooded by Mimosacea, such as Acacia seyal, and Caesalpinaceae. There are also scattered grassy depressions known as ’les bérébérés’. Fauna The park is notable for the population of several hundred elephant Loxodonta africana (T). Other mammals include lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), serval Felis serval, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, buffalo Syncerus caffer, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, topi Damaliscus lunatus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, gazelles Gazella spp., duikers Cephalophus spp. and warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus. The rich avifauna includes guineafowl (Numididae), bustard (Otididae), ducks and geese (Anatidae), pelican Pelecanus sp., egrets Egretta spp., crowned crane Balearica pavonina, and marabou stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus. Apparently animal populations remain good despite the events of the past 10 years and their effect on the Chad fauna as a whole. Conservation Management There has been no active management within the park for several years due to military action within the country. However, further staff have now been assigned, and further equipment provided. Zoning None within the park although the park itself constitutes the core zone of a faunal reserve. Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching within the park is an increasing threat aggravated by the rapid increase in weapons available since the start of the fighting in Chad, combined with the inadequacy of staffing and equipment to combat them. Desertification is also a problem, and has resulted in invasion of the park by pastoralists, and even by villagers in search of water. Visitor Facilities There was a hotel nearby within the park, but this has been destroyed. Scientific Research There has apparently been no further detailed scientific work done in the park since Gillet and d’Elzius (1964) prepared a preliminary report on the reserve’s fauna and nature conservation for the Chad Government in 1963. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Bernard, S. (1975). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune. ° Dugabet, R. (1984). Report on Zakouma. Parc national Zakouma Safaris Vision Brochure (reprint). ° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary report for the Chad Government on Fauna and its Conservation. FAO, Rome. ° Rombon, O. (1981). Faune tchadienne et la guerre civile. ° Stanguennec, B. (1975). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Tchad. Staff Two foresters in charge of some 20 guards, though 60 new guards are now being posted to the area. Some staff are shared with the Bahr Salamat Reserve. Budget Salaries are assured by the government. Some 28,000,000 FCFA was granted by the -120- Chad government to the Department of National Parks and Faunal Reserves in 1983 for operational costs. Local Park or Reserve Administration East Sector, Division of Management and Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves. Date April 1985 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE L’ABOUTELFAN Management Category No category assigned Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 20 May 1955 by Federal law No. 1683/CH Geographical Location In sub-préfecture Mongo of préfecture Guéra. 11°35’-12°18’N, 18°35’-19°07°E. Altitude 500-1,508m (Mount Guédi) Area 110,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is dominated by the mountainous massifs in the eastern section of Mongo; the Kadam Massif lies just outside the reserve to the south-east. The highest peak of the Aboutelfan and Guéra massifs is Mt Guédi at 1,508m. The climate is tropical with a mean annual rainfall of between 800 and 950mm. Vegetation The open savanna woodland is dominated by species of Anogeissus and Boschia and is interspersed with scattered stands of Capparidaceae. Thorny Sahelian species occur at low density on the dry plains. There is little vegetation on the rocky massifs themselves. Fauna’ The reserve was established to protect the greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (T). Most other mammal species are characteristic of the Chad fauna, with the exception of several savanna species such as buffalo Syncerus caffer, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, and certain antelope species. In general, wildlife density is low. Zoning Mount Guédi is strictly protected. Disturbances or Deficiencies The area is densely populated. The greater kudu is protected by the inaccessibility of its habitat in the rocky area, but numbers of other mammals have declined dramatically due to poaching pressure. There has apparently been inadequate surveillance and equipment since 1965. Visitor Facilities There are organised hunting safaris. Scientific Research There has reportedly been no further scientific work done in the park since Gillet and d’Elzius (1964) prepared a preliminary report on the reserve’s fauna and conservation for the Chad Government in 1963. -121- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical Atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social Sciences. 79 pp. ° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary Report for the Chad Government on Fauna and its Conservation. FAO, Rome. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Shared with Siniaka-Minia Faunal Reserve in the Eastern Sector, Division of Management and Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves. Date April 1985 RESERVE DE FAUNE DU BAHR SALAMAT Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.12.07/3.04.04 (Western Sahel/West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 29 February 1964 by Decree No. 49/EFC. Lac Iro Controlled Hunting Area was incorporated on 8 November 1967 by Decree No. 262/PR/EF/PNR. Geographical Location The reserve spans the préfectures of Salamat, Guéra and Moyen-Chari. 9°35’-11°31’N, 18°31’-20°20°E. Altitude 250-500m Area 2,060,000ha, including Lac Iro Controlled Hunting Area (1,000,000ha); surrounds Zakouma National Park (300,000ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve comprises the immense plain, which is drained from north to south by the Bahr Salamat River and its tributaries. The meandering rivers only flow during the rainy season when Lake Iro becomes inundated. Lake Iro, which is situated in the south of the area, is characterized by numerous depressions with hydromorphic and halomorphic soils, hard-pan tropical ferrous soils and, in places, deep tropical ferrous soils. During the dry season some isolated waterholes persist round the lake margin. The climate is tropical with a mean annual rainfall of between 800-950mm in the northern parts and between 950-1100mm in the south. Vegetation Characterised by a high species diversity, and includes all the major Sudanese savanna associations, from Mimosaceae savanna to Caesalpiniaceae savanna. The predominant wooded savanna is characterised by Combretaceae (Terminalia, Anogeissus, and Combretum species) and leguminous savanna species, interspersed with dense forest patches. There are also numerous marshes along the water courses. -122- Chad Fauna The mammal fauna resembles that found in Zakouma National Park with additional populations of giant eland Taurotragus derbianus (T), and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. The resident large mammal fauna is representative of the Sahelian and Sudanese savanna and includes lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), species of hyena, serval Felis serval, African civet Civettictis civetta, genet Genetta sp., elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob K. kob, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, kongoni Alcelaphus buselaphus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, greater kudu T. strepsiceros, ouribi Ourebia ourebi, common duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, and patas monkey Erythrocebus patas. Nile crocodile Cracodylus niloticus (V) inhabit the rivers. The diverse avifauna includes ostrich Struthio camelus. Zoning Lac Iro Controlled Hunting Reserve occupies the southern part of the reserve. The whole area is a buffer zone to Zakouma National Park, located in the north. Disturbances or Deficiencies The greatest threat is from well armed poachers (both local people and nomads passing through the area. The problem is aggravated by the lack of sufficient personnel and equipment, especially when faced with guns acquired from military sources. Some encroaching cultivation and grazing continue within the park boundaries. Scientific Research Gillett and d’Elzius (1964) produced a preliminary report on the reserve’s fauna and its conservation for the Government of Chad. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical Atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social Sciences. 79 pp. ° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary Report for the Chad Government on Fauna and its Conservation. FAO, Rome. ° Stanguennec, B. (1975). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Tchad. Staff One forest warden and 48 parks guards (shared with Zakouma National Park). Budget The State provides staff salaries. The running costs of 28,000,000 FCFA was granted by the Government to the Department of National Parks and Nature Reserve for operational costs in 1983. Local Park or Reserve Administration The main reserve is administered with Zakouma by the East Sector, while the southern part, along with Manda National Park, is administered by the South Sector of the Division of Management and Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves. Date April 1985 RESERVE DE FAUNE BINDER-LERE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial; traditional use is allowed -123- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Date Established 24 May 1974 by Decree No. 169/PR/EFPC/PNR Geographical Location In sub-préfecture Léré, Mayo-Kebbi préfecture. 9°30’-9°50’N, 14°10°-14°45°E. Altitude 280-500m Area 135,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The area is essentially rocky with eroded soils and a granite substrate centred round the Gauthiot Falls on the Mayo-Kebbi River, which flows from east to west across the reserve. There are also two lakes, Léré and Trene. The climate is tropical with a mean annual rainfall of between 800 and 950mm. Vegetation The reserve lies in the transition zone between the open forest and savanna woodland dominated by Leguminosae to the south, and the Combretum woodland to the north. The savanna is very characteristic of this region, with Anogeissus and Boswellia the dominant genera. Fauna’ The reserve was established to protect the hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius population of the lakes. Other mammals include, lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), African civet Civettictis civetta and genet Genetta sp., greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, topi Damaliscus lunatus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, baboon Papio sp., _ patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, and vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops. The avifauna includes ostrich Struthio camelus, guinea-fowl, and francolins, with numerous other species favouring the lake area. Conservation Management’ The local inhabitants celebrate a week-long festival (the ’féte of the guinea-fowl’), usually during May when the hunting of wildfowl and rodents is permitted. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies There have been reports of damage by elephants to plantations in the surrounding area, however, there were no traces of elephant where the reserve was surveyed and the local inhabitants have not seen them for 50 years. There are many villages, industries and much cultivation (of millet, peanuts, cotton etc) surrounding the reserve. Poaching is severe both by raiders from Cameroon as well as military personnel. The reserve has not been developed in any way since it was established, although surveillance is carried out. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research Some pediological and topographical research has been carried out, as well as various ecological and geographical studies by Thal (1973). Special Scientific Facilities Meteorological stations at Pala, south of the reserve, and Léré and Mombaroua within the reserve. Principal Reference Material ° Cabot, J and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social Sciences. 79 pp. ° Stanguennec, B. (1975). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Tchad. ° Thal, J.A. (1973). Réserve de faune Binder-Léré. Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine for Tropical Countries, N’Djamena. Staff One technical assistant from the water and forests department, 20 national park guards and three permanent workers Budget No information -124- Chad Local Park or Reserve Administration South-west sector, Division of Management and Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves. Date April 1985 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE FADA ARCHEI Management Category No category assigned Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 7 October 1967 by Decree No. 232/PR/EFPC/PNR Geographical Location In sub-préfecture Fada of préfecture Borkou-Ennedi-Ti. 16°35’-17°15°N, 21°10°-21°32’E. Altitude 500-1,000m Area 211,000ha Land Tenure National Physical Features The reserve comprises a rocky area with an eroded substrate interspersed with wadis and barren sand dunes in the south-west. It is within the tropical desert zone and is characterised by ’gueltas’, small permanent ponds with rocky bottoms. The mean annual precipitation is less than 50mm. Vegetation The area is notably barren with a depauperate flora. There are some Acacia spp. scattered throughout and Balanites spp. near the wadis. Fauna The reserve was primarily established to protect the barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia, but there are also small groups of addax Addax nasomaculatus (V), oryx Oryx sp., dorcas gazelle Gazella dorcas, addra gazelle G. dama, leopard Panthera pardus (V), caracal Felis caracal, aardvark Orycteropus afer, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (V), and desert rodents. Ostrich Struthio camelus are found in reasonable numbers. There are also some relic crocodiles in the guelta of Archei. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been a lack of personnel within the park since 1972 as a result of political instability in the region, and insufficient equipment since establishment. Poaching has become more elaborate with the introduction of modern weaponry to the civilians by the military stationed at Fada. Scientific Research There has apparently been no further scientific work done in the park since Gillet and d’Elzius prepared a preliminary report on the reserve’s fauna and conservation for the Chad Government in 1963. Special Scientific Facilities None -125- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Principal Reference Material ° Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical Atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social Sciences. 79 pp. ° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary Report for the Chad Government on Fauna and its Conservation. FAO, Rome. Staff None in 1983 Budget None in 1983 Local Park or Reserve Administration This area was administered by the Northern sector station which was in Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achim Reserve, Division of Management and Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves. Date April 1985 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE MANDELIA Management Category No category assigned Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 7 October 1967 by Decree No. 231/PR/EFC/PNR, modified by Decree No. 199/PR/EFPC/PNR of 24 June 1969. Geographical Location In the sub-préfecture of N’Djamena, Chari-Baguirmi préfecture. The Chari and Logone rivers demarcate the eastern and western boundaries respectively. 11°15’-11°50’N, 15°00’-15°15’E. Altitude 250-500m Area 138,000ha Land Tenure National Physical Features Although the reserve is situated in the sahelian climatic zone, it is inundated during the wet season by the floodwaters of the Chari River in the east and of the Logone River in the west. The soils are predominately sedimentary. The annual rainfall varies between 500 and 800mm. Vegetation Fairly dense savanna woodland predominates, characterised by species of Terminalia, Anogeissus, and Combretum. The Sudano-Guinean species of Jsoberlinia and Monotes dominate the strips of vegetation along the watercourses. Fauna Mammals include elephant Loxodonta africana (T), (some 660 individuals when the reserve was established), kob Kobus kob, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and aardvark Orycteropus afer. Large numbers of birds gather around the waterholes and the two rivers. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The principal problems are insufficient staff and equipment to combat the illegal grazing, cultivation, and hunting, both by local people as well as intruders -126- Chad from Cameroon. Large numbers of animals have migrated to Cameroon to escape hunting pressure, although there are reports of elephant and kob returning to Chad. There are several villages within the reserve. Also, several military bridges have been erected over the rivers at strategic points. It has been reported that this protected area may be degazetted. Scientific Research The only scientific studies were carried out by FAO in 1964. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical Atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social Sciences. 79 pp. ; ° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary Report for the Chad Government on Fauna and its Conservation. FAO, Rome. ° Stanguennec, B. (1975). Parcs nalionaux et réserves de faune du Tchad. Staff One forester and 22 wardens Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration South-west Sector, Division of Management and Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves. Date April 1985 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE OUADI RIME-OUADI ACHIM Management Category No category assigned Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 10 May 1969 by Decree No. 135/PR/EFPC/PNR. Decree No. 150/PR/EFPC/PNR of 27 May 1969 designated the northern half of the reserve as a controlled hunting area. Geographical Location In the préfectures of Biltine, Batha, Kanem, Borkou-Ennedi and Tibesti. 13°48’-17°35’N, 17°35°-21°45°E. Altitude 0-250m in the west, 250-500m in the east Area 8,000,000ha (currently the third largest designated protected area in the world). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve lies in a shallow east-west depression which is part of the massive Chad basin. It is basically featureless, consisting of a system of low, fixed sand dunes of quaternary origin located to the north of the 16th parallel. However, there are some areas with typical desert landscapes of shifting sands and groups of crescent-shaped barkhans in the north, and outcrops of granitiferous bedrock in the regions of Ganatir and Oum Chewouba. At Eléla, extensive volcanic deposits can be seen. The Goz Kerky contrasts with the rest of the featureless region; it is a long, fairly continuous north to south running dune cordon that marks the 332 metre strandline of the second expansion of the Palaeo-Chad Sea. Wadis, or temporary £9092 IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas water courses, are the most prominent feature of the reserve. There are two climatic zones within the reserve, desert and semi-desert. The rainy season generally lasts from June to October, although rainfall is unpredictable and sporadic and Newby (1978) divided the year into five periods. The mean daily temperature ranges from above 40°C in April, down to only 5°C in January. Vegetation Three vegetation types have been described: 1) Wooded steppe in the south where the fixed dunes, separated by wadis and depressions, occur. Annual grasses are found on the dunes interspersed with trees such as Acacia senegal, Balanites aegyptiaca, Combretum glutinosum, and Boscia senegalensis. Species confined to wetter areas include the perennial grasses Cymbopogon schoenanthus and Anthephora nigritana, as well as annuals Sporobolus helvolus and Corchorus olitorius, and the trees Acacia mellifera, Dalbergia melanoxylon, and Cordia sinensis. 2) Sub-desert and steppe, which covers some two-thirds of the reserve. It is characterised by grasses such as Aristida mutabilis, Chloris prieurii and Cenchrus biflorus, and herbs such as Limeum viscosum, Indigofera hochstetteri, and Blepharis linariifolia. Trees are concentrated in dune depressions with Acacia tortilis the most adaptable. An abundant species of interest is the wild melon Citrullus colocynthis, which provides much of the water for vertebrate species. Around the wadis, grasses are profuse and species such as Panicum laetum and Eragrostis sp. can be harvested in some years. 3) Desert in the northern section of the reserve where there is very little permanent vegetation. An extremely hardy desert plant is Cornulaca monacantha and manages to grow in clumps on open sandy soil. Fauna’ The reserve was set up to protect ostrich Struthio camelus, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), addax Addax nasomaculatus (T), and scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah (T) and the reserve holds one of the last viable, wild breeding populations of the oryx. Three gazelles, dama Gazella dama, dorcas G. dorcas, and red-fronted G. rufifrons also occur here. Thousands of Palaearctic migrant waterfowl visit the wadis during the short rainy season. Newby (1978) describes 34 mammalian species (excluding rodents and bats) and 259 bird species, with 102 species resident, 59 species seasonal visitors and 98 species Palaearctic migrants. Zoning There were two administrative sections and a northern controlled hunting area known as ‘Ouadi Haouach’, but this was effectively abolished with the ban on firearms in 1976, and addition of oryx and addax to the totally protected list in 1972-1973. Disturbances or Deficiencies The most serious problems are poaching by nomads (with horses, dogs and nets), motorised hunters, military personnel, and grazing, the latter resulting in the exclusion of wild grazers from the best pastures. The opening of new deep wells near the wintering quarters of the addax and oryx has increased poaching pressure, as it improves accessibility, as well as increasing the number of domestic animals. Prior to 1979, there was inadequate equipment for surveillance and guard stations sited on the edge of the reserve, but since 1979, because of the security problems which have totally disrupted this region, all personnel have left the area and all equipment has disappeared. Scientific Research There have been several studies dating from 1962 (Gillet and d’Elzius, 1964; Newby, 1978). The area has potential both for ornithological studies, particularly of the migratory birds and research into commercial utilisation of the oryx. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Bassett, T.H. (1975). Oryx and addax in Chad. Oryx XIII(1): 50-51. ° Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical Atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social Sciences. 79 pp. ° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary report for the Chad Government on Fauna and its Conservation. FAO, Rome. Newby, J.E. (1978). Scimitar-horned Oryx the End of the Line? Oryx XIV(3): 219-221. Newby, J.E. (1978). The ecological resources of the Ouadi Rimé - Ouadi Achim Faunal Reserve. Report for WWF/IUCN Project 1327. -128- Chad ° Stewart, C.W.R. (1975). A vegetational survey of the Ouadi Rimé-Ouadi Achim Faunal Reserve. WWF/IUCN Project 1327. Staff Up to 1978 there were two ’chefs de secteurs’ (of whom one was a Frenchman), an IUCN/WWF expert, and 50 guards. All staff have now left. Budget Prior to 1978, salaries were paid by the government. WWF funded much of the development costs. Local Park or Reserve Administration Before the recent problems, the reserve was administered from the Northern Sector Headquarters, Division of Management and Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves (Biltine Préfecture). Date April 1985 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE SINIAKA-MINIA Management Category No category assigned Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West Africa Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial. The reserve is considered a national controlled hunting area with hunting allowed, except of rhinoceros and greater kudu. Date Established 17 May 1961 by Decree No. 97/PG/EF, and modified 4 April 1965 by Law No. 964/PR/T. Geographical Location In the sub-préfectures of Melfi and Bousso, in Guéra and Chari-Bagurmi prefectures respectively. 10°8’-10°45’N, 17°45’-18°20°E. Altitude 500-1,613m Area 426,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve lies in an immense plain, broken only by some rocky massifs in the east which form the western boundary. They lie along a north-east axis and the highest peak rises to 1,613m. The reserve is based on the hydrological system of the Siniaka and Dorioum rivers, which drain from north to south, finally joining the Minia River which, in turn, flows west in the southern section of the reserve. These meandering rivers flow during the wet season and form waterholes in the dry season. The reserve lies in a transition zone between the Guéra mountains to the north and the floodplain of Chari to the south. The soils are extremely eroded and are principally hydromorphic, halomorphic and ferrous in nature. The climate is tropical with a mean annual rainfall of between 800-950mm in the north, and 950-1100mm in the south. Vegetation To the north, the flora comprises a number of thorny species which grades slowly into Sudanese savanna, dominated firstly by Combretum spp., then by Daniellia spp. and Khaya spp., or dense clusters of Anogeissus spp.. Fauna The reserve is important for its populations of black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T)(six individuals were recorded in 1974 by aerial survey), greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, and giant eland Taurotragus derbianus (T). The mammal fauna is representative of African savanna -129- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas with leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion P. leo, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, kongoni Alcelaphus buselaphus, roan Hippotragus equinus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob K. kob, ouribi Ourebia ourebi, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, African civet Civettictis civetta, genet Genetta sp., and aardvark Orycteropus afer. Birds are abundant around the marshes and along the River Minia. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Lack of staff and equipment is the principal deficiency, especially when the poaching problem is exacerbated by the availability of military arms and vehicles to the hunters. Camping grounds are in need of maintenance. Scientific Research This reserve apparently has potential for botanical studies. There has been no further scientific work done in the park since Gillet and d’Elzius prepared a preliminary report on the reserve’s fauna and conservation for the Chad Government in 1963. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical Atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social Sciences. 79 pp. ° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary Report for the Chad Government on Fauna and its Conservation. FAO, Rome. Stanguennec, B. (1975). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Tchad. Staff Two parks department staff Budget Salaries of two staff members are assured by the government. Local Park or Reserve Administration Eastern Sector, Division of Management and Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves. Date April 1985 -130- COMOROS -131- SOIOWIOZ) (a0ues4 O)}) 9320AeW ajewixoidde sadeys sansasey pesodoid ale ||\7 sealy Bulysiy peyouisay Ey saAsasey FJ BAJBSOY BANEN 39141 |] Kay a10wog apuel5 IuIOAj-lUNOy 10o6ueg ey COMOROS Area 2,274 sq.km Population 385,000 (1983) Parks and Reserves Legislation There is no legislation with respect to most reserves, however, for economic reasons, the Government intends to declare certain sites as protected areas. Mayotte is still administered by France and comes under French legislation: Law 60.708 of 22 July 1960, which applies to the establishment of National Parks, and the law of July 1976 (Loi sur la protection de la nature) which applies to all aspects of conservation, including reserves. The Mayotte lagoon is already protected to some extent as fishing is only allowed with government authorisation. Within the Comoros there is a law protecting coral and sand, but this is not enforced and both are used to produce lime and cement to build houses. National monuments are recognised and although there is no legislation for these sites they are respected by the people of Comoros. Parks and Reserves Administration Environmental problems are dealt with by the Ministry of Equipment, Environment and Urbanisation, and the Ministry of Production, Industry and Art. Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, fauna and flora are managed under this latter Ministry by a Central Federal Directorate for Rural Development (CEFADER). The Forestry Department concentrates on the problem of revegetation to try and control erosion. Exotic species of plant are used due to their rapid growth when compared to native species. The Fisheries Department is managed in conjunction with the Society for Development of Fishing in Comoros (SODEPEC). Address ° Direction général de l’Environment de l|’Urbanisme et de I’Habitat, BP 12, Moroni. Additional Information Demands for use of natural resources are rapidly expanding and although the areas to be protected have been identified, the government lacks the finance and technical expertise to establish these sites or ascertain priorities. SODEPEC intends to create marine parks: at Mohéli on the islands of Nisoumachona (5ha) (a strict nature reserve with fishing prohibited and only opened to scientists, surrounded by a buffer zone where artisanal fishing is permitted); marine areas between Bangoi Kouni and Ivoini, and Chindini and Malé (in the north and south of Grand Comore respectively); and Chirononi on Anjouan. The volcano of Karthala on Grand Comore (5,000ha), has also been suggested for protection by the government. References °* Noman, A.A.B. (1983). Rapport national pour les Comores. Unpublished IUCN report, UNEP Regional Seas Programme. -133- , Yo qoiniM: ont tii shesd om fs dinstheon ee Rey notpainsalitea o) ml pees. =tge. ews h —— At y ' % oe Tae ec Fs hate tevewSd tevises: Se0m of fosgagt iiw noitalaige! 2h out a Mt, oe terre: ber: th pelle migived delice. oF x “ ¢ { 190 P Noire i Qo) 190 290K Cabinda Atlantic Key Ocean [0 National Park Faunal Reserves Hunting Reserves (fi Reserves A approximate * Biosphere Reserve Congo CONGO Area 342,000 sq.km Population 1,740,000 (1984) Parks and Reserves Legislation Law 7/62 of 20 January 1961 controls the exploitation and protection of fauna and gives authority to the Hunting and Wildlife Protection Service (Service des chasses et de la protection de la faune) to protect natural sites and create reserves. In order to maintain sufficient density of game animals throughout the country, the regions and rural communes are required to maintain as ’game reserves’ at least one fifth of their area. Protected areas are of four kinds: Domaines de chasse - areas where hunting is allowed only with a big game hunting permit which limits the number of animals that can be taken; Réserves de chasse - domaines de chasse that have been closed to hunting for limited periods; Réserves de faune - where hunting is totally prohibited but other traditional rights of usage are allowed (other names such as ’réserve totale de la faune’ and ’réserve partielle de la faune’ appear to be loose connotations of the same term); parcs nationaus - areas where all human exploitative activities are excluded. It would appear that the designation of areas as domaines de chasses, réserves de chasse and réserves de faune does not necessarily preclude forest exploitation. Classified Forests and Protected Forests can be set up under the Forest Code (Law No. 4 of 4 January 1974), though both are open to controlled exploitation. Parks and Reserves Administration All problems relating to wildlife and conservation are the responsiblity of the Department of Water and Forestry (Départément des eaux et foréts), and the administrative framework had been the same for many years. Recently this Department has been reestablished as a Ministry. Protection of reserves is the responsibility of the Hunting and Wildlife Protection Service (Service des chasses et de la protection de la faune) in the regions or districts in which the areas are located. This Service is under the direct control of the Division of Hunting, Fishing and Pisciculture (Direction de chasses, péche et pisciculture) who also control the Service de la péche. The Division in Brazzaville is the conceptual’ side of the operation while the regional offices are the ’executors’ (but still generally in a bureaucratic rather than a field sense because of the general lack of field personnel). Address ° Service de la chasse et de la conservation de la nature, Direction de chasses, péches et pisciculture, Ministére des eaux et foréts BP 2153, Brazzaville. ° Direction des eaux et foréts, Ministére des eaux et foréts, BP 98, Brazzaville. Additional Information The legislation regulating hunting and nature conservation is both complete and very complex, but it is not fully implemented and is in need of revision (having been set up before 1970 and in some cases before 1940). In 1982 there were only nine guards working in the field to cover the entire protected area system, and severe shortages of equipment were reported (Verschuren, 1982). There is still a large area of forest in Congo, covering about 60% of the country (Verschuren, 1984), some is much disturbed, but the northern block is one of the least disturbed in Africa. In contrast, the savanna parts of the country are very disturbed and little of the original fauna remains. As a result of a survey in 1981, Verschuren recognised the forest as a resource of importance second only to the country’s oil reserves, and suggested that a ministry especially for water and forests be set up (which has since occured). References ° Spinage, C.A. (1980). Parks and Reserves in Congo Brazzaville. Oryx XV(3): 292-295. ° Verschuren, J. (1982). Relance de la Conservation de la Nature. Report for the Ministry of Water and Forests, Brazzaville, Congo. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelle de Belgique. ° Verschuren, J. (1984). En pays plein d’avenir pour la faune forestiére d’Afrique: la République du Congo. Extract from Chasse et Nature June 1984. -137- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Odzala 126,600 Faunal Reserves Conkouati 300,000 Lefini 650,000 Lekoli-Pandaka 68,200 Mont Fouari 15,600 Nyanga North 7,700 Tsoulou (Km 77) 30,000 Subtotal 1,071,500 Reserves Loudima 6,000 M’boko 90,000 Subtotal 96,000 Hunting Reserves Mount Mavoumbou 42,000 Nyanga South 23,000 Subtotal 65,000 Biosphere Reserves Parc national d’Odzala 110,000 PARC NATIONAL D’ODZALA Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection Total (strict reserve) Date Established First established in 1935 as a strict nature reserve. Gazetted in 1940 as a National Park of 110,000ha by Arrété No. 2243 of 27 July. This law provided for a more precise definition of the boundaries to be established, but this has never been done. Accepted in January 1977 as a Biosphere Reserve. Geographical Location Cuvette Region, M’Bomo District, north-west Congo. 30km east of the Gabon border and 120km south-west of Ouésso on the Cameroon border. 0°35’-1°05’N, 14°40’-15°05’E. Altitude 400-600m Area National park 126,000ha; biosphere reserve 110,000ha. Odzala is part of a continuous 284,800ha conservation area with Lekoli-Pandaka (68,200ha) and M’boko (90,000ha) reserves. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The area comprises an undulating plateau in the south, flattening out to the north. The park contains the blue water Lake Moba and many natural saltpans. Boundaries are defined by the Mambili River from the Odzala-Liouesso trail to the former Zalangoi post, -138- Congo the Zalangoi-Odzala trail, and the trail from Odzala to Liouesso to the Mambili. Mean annual rainfall is 1595mm falling all year round. Monthly rainfall varies between 30mm (July) and 210mm (October), the driest months are January and June to August. Vegetation About 90% of the park comprises dense evergreen forest of partly secondary origin with dense underbrush of Marantaceae species. Vegetation varies with relief and denser forest occurs in the south where the relief is greatest. Savanna occurs on the hilltops. Fauna Typical forest fauna includes leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion P. leo, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), dwarf buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, great forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, gorilla Gorilla gorilla (T), chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, sitatunga T. spekei, duiker species including yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor, and several monkey species. The rare giant African swallowtail Papilio antimachus (R) has been recorded in this area. Population Pygmies occupy certain areas of the park Conservation Management No information Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching has been reported especially of elephant, gorilla and chimpanzee for meat and trophies. Staff are few and stationed outside the park. The park has never been developed and there is no tourism. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research No research has yet been carried out but scientific study should be made of the ecosystems. Access is possible by the Mambili River in the north and east and by track from Mbandza to Sembé in the west. Special Scientific Facilities There are no scientific facilities. Principal Reference Material ° No information Staff One keeper (graduate of the wildlife school at Garoua in Cameroon) and four labourers stationed outside the park in the administrative centre of Mbomo. The labourers are used only to maintain the Mbomo-Camp Caravati track. Budget Presumably covered by the central budget for parks and reserves. Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts for Cuvette-Owando. Date 1983 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE CONKOUATI Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) -139- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Legal Protection Partial, but there is no means of execution. The fauna of the region is supposed to be protected for a period of five years by order 4432/MEF/DEFRN/BC-17-01 of 20 May 1980 but application of this order depends on adequate management. Date Established May 1980 Geographical Location Near the Gabon border, Kouilou Region, 150km from Pointe-Noire on the Atlantic coast. 4°00’S, 11°20’W. Altitude Near sea level Area 300,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve comprises a low-lying area with several lagoons (including Lagune de Conkouati, Lac Kiroka, Lac Tchibenda and Lac Tchimba) connecting with the Atlantic Ocean. There are fine beaches along the coast and mountainous areas inland. Vegetation The main vegetation types include dense humid forest, stunted scrub, and areas of mangrove. Fauna Mammals include: buffalo Syncerus caffer, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), mandrill Mandrillus sphinx (T), waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, forest duikers Cephalophus spp., sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus africanus, and manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T) in Lake Tchibenda. Gorilla Gorilla gorilla (T) have been recorded in the area. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Lack of finance and staff to control poaching has resulted in a noticable decline in animal numbers. It is hoped that a marine section will be added to the reserve, but due to a shortage of funding, no study has yet been made. There is still a sizeable human population in the reserve and timber felling is gradually reducing the forest islands. Oil exploration is being carried out. Visitor Facilities There is potential, especially for sport fishing. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed Staff None Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts, Point Noire. Date 1983 -140- Congo RESERVE DE FAUNE LEFINI Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 26 November 1951. The reserve was established as a hunting reserve, but is now termed a faunal reserve and was originally set up for a period of 30 years, but there is no information on current status. Geographical Location 125km north of Brazzaville between Bateke Plateau and Pool Regions. The reserve stretches east to the Congo River which forms the border with Zaire. 2°30’-3°30’S, 15°05’-16°00°E. Altitude 600-800m Area 650,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is situated on the vast Bateke sandstone plateau dissected by the Léfini and Nambouli rivers and their tributaries which have cut the plateau to depths of 200-300m, forming some spectacular canyons. The plateau is mainly composed of Kalahari sands with generally black soils except for some sandy areas. The southern part is broken, hilly country. There is a heavy rainfall of 1800-2500mm during a nine month wet season. Temperatures range from 22°C to 30°C. Vegetation The reserve is situated in an area of dense, dry forest, but comprises mainly open, fire-induced Trachypogon and Hyparrhenia grassland savanna with islands of forest. The savanna grassland ranges from short to medium height and from open treeless savanna to well-wooded savanna with species including Hymenocardia and Nauclea. Most of the rivers are bordered by gallery forest which is relatively luxuriant and in places impenetrable. Fauna’ The fauna of the plateau is very reduced but species in the gallery forests include elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus (the most common larger mammal in Congo), sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius are present along the Louna and Lesio rivers. The area has a rich diversity of waterfowl. Other birds include francolins Francolinus spp., bustards Eupodotis spp., guinea-fowl, turtledoves, and quail (all protected). The black-chinned weaver Ploceus nigrimentum (K) may be protected by this reserve. The only record of it from Congo is from nearby Djambala and there are only a few other records, all from Angola. Zoning The Blue Lake of Mah area constitutes a buffer zone. Disturbances or Deficiencies There are plans to dam part of the Léfini River at Imboulou which could flood large areas of the reserve. Poaching of elephant and lion in particular has caused the disappearance of these species from the banks of the Nambouti and Ngawonba rivers. The guard posts at Mbé and Mboka-Lefiri are too far apart and the number of guards too few to control poaching. Game was reported to be hunted out in 1980. Bushfires are common. There are five villages in the reserve, but there is no information on their impact. Visitor Facilities The planned development of tourism in the Nambouli sector has been halted due to a shortage of guards, and the closure of the airstrip at Mpoh and tracks from Mpoh and Ibou. Lodges at these sites have also been abandoned. The reserve is however, easily accessible from Brazzaville. Facilities at Mah (159km from Brazzaville) could be upgraded to provide visitor accommodation. The Blue Lake of Mah is considered a prime attraction. -141- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff One control station with four temporary guards Budget Presumably covered by the central budget for parks and reserves. Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1983 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE LEKOLI-PANDAKA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 3 December 1955, by decree Geographical Location North-west Congo about 150km south-west of Ouesso on _ the Cameroon border. Bordered by the Lekoli River in the north, the Mbomo-Mbandza road in the west and the Etoumbi-Mbomo road in the south-west. 0°30’-0°46’N, 14°30°-15°14’E. (The coordinates apply to the combined area with M’boko Reserve). Altitude 200-300m Area 68,200ha. The reserve is part of a continuous 284,200ha conservation area with M’boko Reserve (90,000ha) and Odzala National Park (126,600). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The Lekoli River is very deep in places, but has some saltpans which are important in attracting fauna to the area. The soils are subject to landslides and washaways when saturated during the long rainy season when up to 60% of the reserve is flooded. Storms are fairly common in the short, dry season from June to August/September. Annual rainfall ranges from 2500mm to 3800mm and mean monthly temperature from 23°C to 28°C. Vegetation The reserve is located in the transition zone of two major vegetation types, equatorial rainforest and scattered tree grassland savanna dominated by Andropogon (about one third of the reserve). Fauna Forest fauna include: gorilla Gorilla gorilla (T), bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, sitatunga T. spekei, giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, forest elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis (T), and dwarf buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus. Savanna fauna include lion Panthera leo and various antelope. Zoning None -142- Congo Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching of game and fish, and, in particular, of elephant and buffalo which are poisoned and shot at the saltpans. Access is difficult but is mainly by the Lekoli River. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Two staff who are also responsible for Odzala National Park. There are no control stations. Budget Presumably covered by the central budget for parks and reserves. Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts for Cuvette-Owando. Date 1983 RESERVE DE FAUNE DU MONT FOUARI Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 8 February 1956 by Decree No. 535/CH Geographical Location On the Gabon border in south-west Congo, 200km from Loubomo (formerly Dolisie) on the main road to Libreville. 2°35’-3°00’S, 11°00’-11°40°E. Altitude 100-400m Area 15,600ha. The reserve is part of a continuous 98,600ha conservation area with Mount Mavoumbou Hunting Reserve (42,000ha) and Nyanga North (7,700ha) and South (23,000ha) reserves. Land Tenure Government Physical Features Much of the reserve comprises a plain (sometimes flooded) with numerous marshy areas including Lac Bleu which is supplied from underground water. Mount Fouari is an outstanding feature composed partly of calcareous rocks and is the source of a small river, which sometimes dries up in the dry season. The south-west boundary is formed by the Ngonge River which in places forms the border with Gabon. Red lateritic soils are widespread, but there are areas of black cotton soil on the plains. Hot, humid equatorial climate with a dry season from June to mid October and rainy season from October to May is broken by a short, dry season in January/March. The rainfall averages 1200mm and it is one of the driest parts of the country. Mean temperature range is 23°C-28°C. Vegetation Ninety percent of the reserve comprises tall and short grassland savanna, moderately well wooded. The tall grass Trachypogon savanna is burnt annually. Other -143- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas fire-resistant species include Cymbopogon giganteus, Hyparrhenia spp., and Eragrostis superba. Common tree species are Hymenocardia assida and Hannonia with many species of Cyperaceae typical of the margins of marshy areas and banks of watercourses. The remaining area comprises fairly dense limba Terminalia superba forest on Mount Fouari (made more impenetrable by liberal growth of lianes), and gallery forest. Fauna Mammals include: forest buffalo Syncerus caffer, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, and various monkeys. Forest elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis (T) are nomadic in this region and occasionally occur in the reserve. The avifauna includes pelican Pelecanus sp.. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching. A large number of buffalo were destroyed in 1970 and since then the area has largely been neglected. Visitor Facilities Large animals are more numerous here than in other Congo reserves and the reserve is one of the few areas with motorable tracks and where sightings can be guaranteed. Facilities include a 50km tour, an airstrip (opened in 1966) and a visitor camp near the river (though this is reported to be in poor condition). Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff One conservator and six rangers Budget Covered by a central budget for parks and reserves. Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts, Fouari, BP 2 Loubomo. Date 1983 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE LA NYANGA NORD Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 8 February 1956 by Decree No. 535/CH Geographical Location Divenie District in south-west Congo, on the border with Gabon. 2°20°-3°10°S, 11°30’-12°00°E. Altitude 150-300m -144- Congo Area 7,700ha. The reserve is part of a continuous 88,300ha conservation area with Mount Mavoumbou Hunting Reserve (42,000ha), Mount Fouari Faunal Reserve (15,600ha), and Nyanga South Hunting Reserve( 23,000ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The area is separated from Nyanga South Reserve by the Nyanga River. Lac Tsoubou (resembling Lac Bleu in Mount Fouari Reserve) is a prime feature. It is very deep in one area with blue waters that are in constant circulation. Access to the shore is difficult due to jagged limestone rocks dissected by erosion. The reserve also contains the narrow Mitsoubou Gorge consisting of many natural rock formations. Soils are lateritic. The humid equatorial climate has a main dry season from June to September and long rainy season from October to May with a short break in February/March. Annual rainfall is 2500-3000mm and mean temperature range 22°C-28°C. Vegetation About 70% of the area comprises tall grass savanna in low-lying areas and short grass savanna on_ slopes. The remaining area is gallery forest. Tree species include Hymenocardia assida and Hannonia in the savanna areas and limba Terminalia superba in the forested areas, but most of the species have yet to be identified. Fauna Mammals include: waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Bohar reedbuck Redunca redunca, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), forest buffalo Syncerus caffer, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, and various antelopes. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget Covered by the central budget for parks and reserves. Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts, Fouari, BP 2 Loubomo. Date 1983 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE LA TSOULOU (KM77) Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 7 January 1963, by decree -145- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Geographical Location South-west Congo on the south bank of the Niari River, which forms the northern boundary. East of the road from Loubomo (formerly Dolisie) to Gabon and north of the road to Makabana. 3°15’-3°55’S, 12°15’-12°45°E. Altitude 50-100m Area 30,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve comprises a series of calcareous hills forming a hummocky group over a 3km area. The major watercourses in the area are the Niari River and _ its tributary the Tsoulou (Blue) River. Soils are mainly lateritic. The humid equatorial climate is characterised by a dry season from June to September and a long rainy season from October to May broken by a short, dry period from January to March. Mean annual rainfall is 2,500-3,000mm and mean temperature range 22°C-28°C. Vegetation Most of the reserve lies within the woodland savanna zone with species including Hymenocardia assida, Hannonia and Nauclea. Secondary forest occurs along the Niari and Tsoulou Rivers with stands of Pandanus around the sluggish pools near the source of the Tsoulou. Fauna Mammals include: waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, forest elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis (T), and gorilla Gorilla gorilla (T). Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Surveillance in the area has been reported as very poor and poaching is common. The reserve is threatened by pressure from the surrounding population. There is uncontrolled sport fishing. Visitor Facilities Tracks to the Tsoulou River have been opened and a lodge constructed on the bank. However, two camps with cooking facilities have been abandoned due to lack of personnel. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff One game guard. One control station is now abandoned. Budget Presumably covered by the central budget for parks and reserves. Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts. Date 1983 -146- Congo RESERVE DE LOUDIMA Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection None Date Established 1979 Geographical Location The reserve is near a crossroads between Mossendjo, Sibiti, Nkayi and Loubomo. Altitude No information Area 6,000ha Land Tenure No information Physical Features No information Vegetation Savanna Fauna Mammals include buffalo Syncerus caffer, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, and various monkeys. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Planted eucalypts and pine are harvested. The pine provide shelter for the fauna of the savanna and should be protected. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff One guard to control hunting in the area, but no control post Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration None Date 1983 RESERVE DE GIBIER M’BOKO (AT M’BOMO) Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection Partial, with some controlled hunting allowed -147- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Date Established 3 December 1955 by Decree No. 4220 Geographical Location The north-west area of la Cuvette, west of the confluence of the Oubangui and Zaire rivers. 0°30’-0°46’N, 14°30’-15°14’E. (The coordinates apply to the combined area of M’boko and Lekoli-Pandaka Reserves). Altitude 50-100m Area 90,000ha. The reserve is part of a continuous 284,400ha conservation area with Lekoli-Pandaka Faunal Reserve (68,200ha) and Odzala National Park (126,600ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve comprises the upper floodplain of rivers draining into the Congo/Zaire near Mossaka. Soils are black and usually saturated. The climate is seasonal, with a long, rainy season from September to May and a short, dry season from June to August, often broken by scattered thunderstorms. Annual rainfall is 2500-3800mm and mean temperature range 23°C-28°C. Vegetation The vegetation comprises forest and scattered tree savanna. The forest is characteristic of dense humid equatorial rainforest, but where valuable timber has been extracted there are areas of relatively poor secondary forest. Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caf fer, lion Panthera leo, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, situtunga Tragelaphus spekei, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, and yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching. Access is difficult but there isa 32km track in the reserve. Visitor Facilities One lodge in good condition Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Control station and one conservator Budget The salary of the conservator is presumably covered by the central budget for parks and reserves. Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts for Cuvette-Owando. Date 1983 -148- Congo LE DOMAINE DE CHASSE DU MONT MAVOUMBOU Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection Partial, with some controlled hunting Date Established 8 February 1956 by Decree No. 535/CH Geographical Location In Niari Region in the extreme west, north of the point where the main road to Libreville runs along the border with Gabon. 2°40’-3°10°S, 11°40°-11°12°E. Altitude 200-400m Area 42,000ha. The reserve is part of a continuous 98,600ha conservation area with the Nyanga North (7,700ha) and South (23,000ha) reserves and Mont Fouari Faunal Reserve (15,600ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The most outstanding feature is Mont Mavoumbou, which forms the south boundary along the Gabon border. Some small watercourses flow down from the mountain across the reserve. Soils are generally lateritic and red. The humid equatorial climate is characterised by a dry season from June to September/mid October, and rainy season from October to May. Annual rainfall is 2,500-3,000mm and mean temperature range 22°C-28°C. Vegetation Most of the area comprises tall and medium grass savanna but there are some isolated forest patches. The savanna is more or less wooded and is broadly similar to that of Mont Fouari Reserve. Fauna Mammals are similar to those in Mont Fouari Reserve and include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, and yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Two game guards. Two control stations are now abandoned. Budget Presumably from the central budget for parks and reserves Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts for Niari, BP 2, Loubomo. Date 1983 -149- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas LE DOMAINE DE CHASSE DE LA NYANGA-SUD Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection Partial, with some controlled hunting Date Established 8 February 1956 by Decree No. 535/CH Geographical Location South of the Nyanga River near the point where it crosses the Gabon border. Nyari Region of south-west Congo. 2°40’-3°10°S, 11°30’-11°12°E. Altitude 200-400m Area 23,000ha. The reserve is part of a continuous 98,600ha conservation area with Nyanga North (7,700ha), Mont Mavoumbou (42,000ha) and Mont Fouari (15,600ha) reserves. Land Tenure Government Physical Features. The reserve is separated from Nyanga North Reserve by the Nyanga River. Red lateritic soils occur throughout. The humid equatorial climate is characterised by a dry season from June to September and a long, rainy season from October to May broken by a short dry season in February/March. Annual rainfall is 2,500-3,000mm and mean temperature range 22°C-28°C. Vegetation About 85% of the reserve comprises fairly well wooded savanna. The remaining area is secondary forest noted for stands of limba Terminalia superba. Fauna Mammals include bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, situtunga Tregelaphus spekei, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, lion Panthera leo, and forest elephant Loxodonta africana (T). Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching and unauthorised timber felling, particularly of limba. Scientific Research Some animal surveys Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget Covered by central budget for parks and reserves Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts for Niari, BP 2, Loubomo. Date 1983 -150- a ce = 2) > = =| a ‘sa (e) 1S) Burkina Faso Guinea jaut-Bandama (ia BN rest ane <9 Mt.Nimba*¥* Marahoue G{fl Kossou @ Yamoussoukro Liberia Erotiles Atlantic Ocean Key 1 National Parks €] Strict Nature Reserve EJ Botanical Reserve Partial Faunal Reserve fA Reserve ** World Heritage Site *%*%* Biosphere Reserves & World Heritage Sites Cote d Ivoire COTE D'IVOIRE Area 322,462 sq.km Population 8,500,000 (1984); nearly 14% in or near Abidjan Parks and Reserves Legislation The procedure for declaring areas as national parks or other reserves was fixed by Decree 66-433 of 15 September 1966. Under this Decree, the National Parks Department (Direction des parcs nationaux) of the Ministry of Water and Forests (Ministére des eaux et foréts) presents a study document containing a detailed description of the proposal to the Secretary of State for National Parks. If approved in principle, it is referred to the heads of the prefecture and sub-prefectures concerned for discussion and agreement on the eventual legislative measures required. When agreement has been reached, the area is declared a ’parc national’ or ’réserve’ by Presidential Decree. Classified Forests, where forest exploitation may continue but where agricultural clearance is prohibited, are set up under the Forest Code of 20 December 1965. Parks and Reserves Administration Administration of protected areas is the responsibility of the National Parks Department (Direction des parcs nationaux), within the Ministry of Water and Forests (Ministére des eaux et foréts). Address ° Direction des parcs nationaux, Ministére des eaux et foréts, BP V 178, Abidjan. Additional Information Although hunting was banned in 1973, poaching is now one of the principal threats to parks. Lack of trained and properly equipped staff exacerbates this problem. The other major threat is encroachment from competing land uses; the natural communities in most of the country have been severely affected by timber extraction, forest clearance, uncontrolled fire and agricultural settlement. 90% of the classified forests (forét classée) have disappeared, and if clearance continues at the present rate of approximately 500,000ha/year there will be no forests left by 1991. A programme of intense reafforestation has therefore been recommended. Development of the south-western region of the Ivory Coast within the past 15 years has been one of the fastest in West Africa (Morris, 1979; IUCN/UNEP, 1983). The Ivory Coast invited a WWF/IUCN delegation in June 1983 to discuss the preparation of a National Conservation Strategy for the country. Following the visit, the delegation presented a report to the Ivory Coast authorities, setting out the nature of a national conservation strategy and how it should be prepared, summing up the present situation in the Ivory Coast and recommending measures to follow to prepare the strategy. The report recommends that a pilot demonstration project be carried out at the same time as the national strategy is being prepared. Two examples were put forward as suitable for pilot projects, one focusing on the protection of Tai National Park and the other on the Soubré Dam. References ° Hadley, M. and Lanly, J.P. (1983). Ecosystémes des foréts tropicales, différences et similitudes. Nature et Ressources 19(1): 2-19. ° Morris, D. (1979). Report on a Visit to Ivory Coast, West Africa. Internal Report. Nature Conservancy Council, UK. ° IUCN/WWF Project 3207. Ivory Coast, Development Plan for Tai National Park. ° IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. ° Thiollay, J.M. (1985). The Birds of the Ivory Coast: Status and Distribution. Malimbus 7: 59. -153- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Protected Areas National Parks Azagny Banco Comoe Marahoue Mont Peko Mont Sangbe Tai Strict Nature Reserves Mont Nimba Botanical Reserves Divo Reserves Haut Bandama Partial Faunal Reserves N’Zo Biosphere Reserves Parc national de la Comoe Parc national de Tai World Heritage Sites Parc national de la Comoe Reserve naturelle integrale de Mont Nimba Tai National Park PARC NATIONAL D’AZAGNY Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) Legal Protection Total (hectares) 17,000 30,000 1,150,000 101,000 34,000 95,000 330,000 Subtotal 1,757,000 5,000 123,000 73,000 1,150,000 330,000 Subtotal 1,480,000 1,150,000 5,000 330,000 Subtotal 1,488,000 Date Established 26 July 1926 under Order No. 1.027 as a strict nature reserve. National Park by the President in 1981. Geographical Location An area between the Bandama River (near the mouth) on the west and the Ebrie Lagoon on the east, 75 km west of Abidjan. 5°09’-5°16’N, 4°48’-4°58’W. Altitude Approximately at sea level Area 17,000ha; contiguous to Azagny ’zone de protection’ (2,500ha) on the north and north-east boundaries. -154- Céte d'Ivoire Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park contains the Bandama River, Ebrié Lagoon and the Asagny Canal, which links them. Essentially, it is a waterlogged basin bounded by slightly higher land to the north and west. The area has an artificially maintained water system as well as naturally fluctuating water levels. It lies within the sub-equatorial climatic regime with very high rainfall and no marked dry season. Mean annual rainfall is estimated to be 2,300mm. Vegetation The park includes a small area of mangroves mainly Rhizophora racemosa and Avicennia nitida, various kinds of swamp formations (occupying about two-thirds of the park area), groundwater forest, and coastal savanna. There are many palms including the wild date Phoenix reclinata, borassus Borassus aethiopum, and Raphia. The savannas are dominated by lalang grass Imperata cylindrica. Fauna The area contains many species of monkey including chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T). Other larger mammals include: West African manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T) (only in the lagoon on the boundary), elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (especially characteristic of the park), bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, and dwarf forest buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus (abundant). All three species of crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus (V), Crocodylus palustris (V) and Crocodylus cataphractus (I), are present but in very low numbers. The area has a large avifauna and is possibly of international significance for many migratory species. Conservation Management A management plan has been prepared. Resettlement of N’Gban people has been carried out. Recommendations have been made to increase the visibility and number of animal populations by increasing protection, ameliorating nutritional conditions, re-introducing species such as chimpanzee, pygmy hippopotamus and antelope, and restocking the presently low populations of crocodile. Zoning There is a buffer zone on the north and north-east boundaries in which human habitation is prohibited and no new cultivation is allowed. Maintenance of existing plantations of coffee, cocoa, coconut palms and hevea is permitted. Disturbances or Deficiencies Problems include poaching, forest exploitation and agricultural encroachment. Due to past hunting pressure, animal species are extremely shy and the lack of sightings could discourage tourism. Some populations are at very low numbers. The park is isolated in the middle of developed land and the fauna is cut off from the surrounding dry land when the park area is flooded. There is oil exploration with explosives. Visitor Facilities The World Bank are providing funding for the development of the area for tourism, which includes the establishment of signs, tracks and camps. The area has been reopened to tourists who can fly over to view elephant and buffalo. Scientific Research Between 1976 and 1978, a monitoring study of mammal species was carried out by MATA, using indicitive studies only, such as dung and tracks. There are also studies by the ’Centre Néelandais d’Adiopoudoumé’ to ascertain the best modifications of old plantations and pastures to ameliorate conditions for fauna and forest regeneration. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Bouichou, A. (1978). Etude géographique de la réserve d’Azagny et de son environment anthropique. Masters thesis, Paris University VIII 79 pp plus annexes. Roth, H.H. (1983). Programme d’Aménagement et de Reconstitution de la Faune Sauvage du Parc national d’Azagny. Report for Directions des Parcs et Réserves. Zirimba, S., (undated). Etude du projet d’aménagement de la réserve d’Azagny. Staff No information Budget None -155- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Local Park or Reserve Administration Cantonnement de Grand Lahou Date 1983 PARC NATIONAL DU BANCO Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1953 Geographical Location North bank of the Ebrié lagoon around the mouth of the small Banco River. About 10km west of Abidjan in southern Céte d’Ivoire. Approximately 5°19’N, 4°02’W. Altitude Sea level to 110m Area 30,000ha Land Tenure Classified forest reserve under national ownership. Physical Features An area of dense rainforest traversed by the River Banco. Vegetation A remnant of tropical rainforest. Trees include: mahogany Khaya spp., avodiré Turraeanthus africanus, niangon Heritiera utilis (or Tarrietia), and azobé (or African oak) Lophira alata. An arboretum and a few plantations, especially of teak, have been established in cleared areas. Fauna Fauna not abundant but recorded species include white-nosed monkey Cercopithecus nictitans, black and white colobus Colobus polykomos, African civet Civettictis civetta, genet Genetta genetta, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, and Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus maxwelli. Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (V) were found in this area, but are now reported to be absent. Zoning There is a small zone developed for recreational activities with seats, shelters and an arboretum. Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, and extension of the Abidjan road system. There are plans to use the area for breeding forestry animals. Visitor Facilities There are a number of bitumen tracks within the park. It isa popular area for people from Abidjan. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities The Cdte d’Ivoire forest school is located in the park with an arboretum and experimental centre of silviculture. Principal Reference Material None listed -156- Céte d'Ivoire Staff Insufficient Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration Chef d’Inspection, Abidjan. Date 1983 PARC NATIONAL DE LA COMOE Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve) World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 8 February 1968 by Decree No. 68-81. Originally protected as the ’réserve de faune de Bouna-Komoé’ by Decree 1605 of 4 March 1953 though rudimentary protection existed since 1926. Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve and a World Heritage Site in 1983. Geographical Location Extending from 35km south-west of Bouna, in the north-east préfectures of Bouna and Ferkessedougou, westwards across the Comoé River to the vicinity of Kong. 600km from Abidjan. 8°05’-9°06’N, 3°01°-4°04’W. Altitude 119-658m (Mont Yévelé) Area 1,150,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park comprises an interfluvial peneplain of schist and granite between the Comoé and Volta rivers, with mean altitude of 250 to 300m and a series of ridges and granite inselbergs rising to 600m. The River Comoé and its tributaries form the principal drainage and the Comoé runs through the park for 230km. Watercourses also drain to the Volta in the east. Permanent and semi-permanent water occurs in many places. The soils are infertile and unsuitable for cultivation. There is a Sudan-type humid tropical transitional climate with mean annual rainfall of 1200mm and a single dry season of six months in the south and eight months in the north. Mean annual temperature is 26°C. Vegetation The park contains a remarkable variey of habitats and plant associations found, more often, further south, including savanna, forests and riparian grasslands. It provides an outstanding example of an area of transitional habitat from forest to savanna. Open forest and savanna woodland characteristic of the Sudano-Guinean zone, occupies about 90% of the area, and gallery forest and dense dry forest, about 10%. All types of savanna occur. The forest is composed of many leguminous trees including Burkea africana, Detarium micranthum, Afzelia africana, Daniellia oliveri, and Isoberlinia doka. The savanna grasslands consist mainly of Panicum, Ctenium, Andropogon, Elionurus and Cymbopogon species varied by some Bauhinia spp., Combretum spp. and Gardenia spp. thicket. The gallery forests are dominated by Cynometra vogelii; the patches of dense dry forest by Jsoberlinia doka, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Cola cordifolia, Antiaris africana, Chlorophora excelsa, and the edible *akee’ Blighia unijugata; and the flood plains by Hyparrhenia rufa. Other forest species recorded include: Parkia biglobosa, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Combretum, Terminalia, -157- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas including 7. avicennioides, shea nut Butyrospermum parkii and Uapaca somon, Lophira lanceolata, Protea elliotii, Burkea africana, Borassus aethiopum, Mitragyna inermis and Entada abyssinica, a grassy ground cover of Andropogon spp.. Areas of specialised vegetation occur on the rocky inselbergs and in aquatic habitats. A species list for the park can be found with the biosphere reserve nomination form submitted to Unesco. Fauna Comoé forms the northerly limit for some species including yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor and bongo Tragelaphus euryceros. There are a large number of mammal species with 11 species of monkey including: anubis baboon Papio anubis, green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, diana monkey Cercopithecus diana, mona monkey C. mona, lesser white-nosed monkey C. petaurista, white collared mangabey Cercocebus torquatus lunulatus, black and white colobus Colobus polykomos and chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T); 17 species of carnivore including lion Panthera leo and leopard Panthera pardus (T); giant pangolin Manis gigantea, aardvark Orycteropus afer, and rock hyrax Procavia capensis; and 21 species of artiodactyl including bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, buffalo Syncerus caffer aequinoctialis, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob Kobus kob, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus and oribi Ourebia ourebi. Birds include 10 species of herons such as grey heron Ardea cinerea, goliath heron Ardea goliath, yellow-billed egret Egretta intermedia, ducks (Anatidae), raptors (Accipitridae), plovers and francolins (Phasianidae), hammerkop Scopus umbretta, black winged stilt Himantopus himantopus, four of the six West African stork species, and five of the six West African vulture species. Reptiles include all three species of African crocodile, slender-snouted Crocodylus cataphractus (1) (9%), Nile C. niloticus (V) (90%), and dwarf Osteolaemus tetraspis (I) (1%). A species list for the park can be found with the biosphere reserve nomination submitted to Unesco. Conservation Management A management plan has been produced. 17 patrol posts at 20-30km intervals are planned around the park boundary. Zoning There is a strict reserve zone where tourism is prohibited. The development of a buffer zone encompassing a contiguous game reserve is currently being studied. There are two tourist zones within the park for short and long-term visits. Disturbances or Deficiencies Problems include poaching particularly of elephant, roan and waterbuck, though the threat is less serious since implementation of a vigorous anti-poaching campaign in 1974. There is some agriculture, but the area has been little modified, mainly due to the presence of the black fly Simulium sp., which causes river blindness in man, and which has discouraged agricultural encroachments or settlements. Uncontrolled burning and grazing of cattle from the south still occurs. Visitor Facilities The park is only open during the dry season (November to April) when the 500km of tracks are accessible. There are hotels at Kak pin, Ganse and Kafola (safari lodge), which are popular but expensive. Peak periods for visitors from the Cote d'Ivoire are Christmas and Easter. Scientific Research Research under the MAB programme including work on ungulates was planned to start in 1983. A complete inventory of the natural resources of the park was undertaken in 1974 with further studies financed by bilateral aid in 1977 and 1980. Work on climate, vegetation, soils, hydrology, plant and animal populations and pollution has been completed. Special Scientific Facilities A scientific research station is due to be built in 1985. Limited accommodation is available for scientists. Principal Reference Material ° Feiler. (1981). Memoire, University of Wurzburg 1981: Etudes sur les modifications saisonnieres des preferences d’habitat et des structures sociales del’Antiope Cobe dans le parc de la Comoé. -158- Cote d’Ivoire ° FGU-Kronberg (1979). Etat actuel des parcs nationaux de la Comoé et de Tai ainsi que de la réserve d’Azagny et propositions visant a leur conservation et 4 leur développment aux fins de promotion du tourisme. Tome 2: Parc National de la Comoé, Parties 1 et 2, Abidjan, GTZ. ° Geerling, C. and Bokdam, J. (1973). Fauna of Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast. Biological Conservation 5(4): 251-257. ° Lauginie, F. (1975). Composantes du milieu naturel et environnement socio-economique du Parc National de la Comoé, Propositions de schema d’aménagement. Bureau pour le Développement de la Production Agricole, Abidjan. 97 pp. ° Lauginie F. and Sournia, G. (1977). Essai de zoogéographie d’un milieu naturel protégé, le parc national de la Comoé. Ann. Univ. Abidjan serie G. (Geographie) T 7: 146-188. ° Roth, H.H. et al. (1979). Etat actuel des parcs nationaux de la Comoé et de Tai ainsi que la réserve d’Azagny et propositions visant a leur conservation. FGU-KRONBERG GMBH, Vol. 4, Abidjan. Staff | Eighty-two employees including fulltime staff of one park warden, seven assistant wardens, 26 guards and 34 watchmen. Budget No recent information but known to be insufficient. Local Park or Reserve Administration Chef d’Inspection, Conservateur du Parc National de la Comoé, Bouna. Date 1982 PARC NATIONAL DE LA MARAHOUE Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 9 February 1968 by Decree No. 68-80. Also a ’forét classé’. Geographical Location West-central Céte d’Ivoire, north of the Bouaflé-Daloa road, along the Bandama Rouge (Marahoué River). 7°17’-7°54’N, 5°46’-6°11°W. Altitude 90-320m Area 101,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park comprises a relatively undulating area drained southwards by the Bandama Rouge (Marahoué River) and tributaries. It is separated from the great lake formed by the Bandama Blanc barrage by high ground. There are a number of dome-like hills including Mont Sininglégo and Gobazta. The climate is typical Sudano-Guinean with a mean annual rainfall of 1,100mm. Vegetation In the east and north-east, Guinean savanna woodland occurs with Combretum, Terminalia, and Isoberlinia species and Burkea africana, Daniellia oliveri, Pterocarpus erinaceus, and Uapaca somon predominating (occupying about one-third of the park area). In -159- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas the south and south-west, there is dense deciduous forest and some gallery forest including many good timber trees such as mahogany Khaya grandifolia, tali or ordeal tree Erythrophleum ivorense, iroko Chlorophora excelsa, samba Triplochiton scleroxylon, aiele Canarium schweinfurthii, kapok Ceiba pentandra, Mansonia altissima, Pycnanthus kombo, Terminalia superba, Antiaris welwitschii, Antiaris africana, mulberry Morus mesozygia and Celtis zenkeri. Fauna Both savanna and forest species are represented. Mammals include: olive baboon Papio anubis, white-collared mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, mona monkey Cercopithecus mona, red colobus Colobus badius, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), African linsang Poiana richardsoni, elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(about 50), hippo Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, buffalo Syncerus caffer, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, bay duiker Cephalophus dorsalis, black duiker Cephalophus niger, kob Kobus kob, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, and bubal hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus. Conservation Management The savanna is burnt each year, mainly by poachers. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies There is illegal forest exploitation, plantations and heavy poaching. Pesticide pollution (used to poison fish) has wiped out the aquatic life in "Marigot des Elephants’ (Elephants Marsh). The density of game is low, although herds of buffalo are easily seen, as poachers kill mainly antelopes. Visitor Facilities There has been development of road facilities for visitors and park staff. The town of Yamoussaukros (80km) is being extensively modernised and major tourism facilities have been developed. Officially the park is open all year but the most favourable period is from January to April (dry season). Scientific Research Workers from Wageningen University are monitoring the side-effects of insecticide spraying against tsetse flies (1983), which is being carried out by the World Health Organisation. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Alexandre, D.Y. (1980). La régime des éléphants du centre de la Céte d’Ivoire. La Terre et la Vie 34(4): 655-657. ° Sutterfield, T. (1979). Etude sur les éléphants du parc national de la Marahoué. Miéinistére des Eaux et Foréts. Service d’Aménagement de Bonaflé. °. (Mammal species for the park are listed in a pamphlet produced by the National Parks Service.) Staff Insufficient (Three listed in 1977) Budget Insufficient Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1983 -160- Céte d’Ivoire PARC NATIONAL DU MONT PEKO Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) Legal Protection Total Date Established 9 February 1968 under Decree No. 68-79. Also a ’forét classé’. Geographical Location West-central region, about 120km south-east of Man and west of the Sassandra river. In the sub-préfectures of Duékoué and Bangolo. 6°53’-7°08’N, 7°11’-21’W. Altitude 400-1,002m Area 34,000ha. The ’réserve de faune du N’Zo’ (73,000ha) and ’parc national de Tai’ (330,000ha) are about 60km south of the park. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The region is mountainous, with many summits at or exceeding 1,000m. It is drained by tributaries of the Sassandra River. It has a characteristically Guinean type climate with mean annual rainfall of 1,700mm falling almost entirely between May and October. Vegetation About 80% of the park is covered by dense deciduous forest of species such as white mahogany Khaya anthotheca and _ ilarge-leaved mahogany K._ grandifolia, Entandrophragma sp., Triplochiton scleroxylon, Terminalia superba, iroko Chlorophora excelsa, wild cacao Heritiera utilis and wild rubber Funtumia sp., African oak Lophira lanceolata, and the monotypic Piptadeniastrum africanum. The remaining 20% is savanna woodland of a Guinean type or resulting from degradation of the forest with species such as Terminalia spp., Combretum spp., Pterocarpus erinaceus, Isoberlinia spp., Afzelia africana, Burkea africana, Daniellia oliveri, and Uapaca togoensis. Fauna Mammals include: anubis baboon Papio anubis, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), long-tailed tree pangolin Manis tetradactyla, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), tree hyrax Dendrohyrax arboreus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus maxwelli, and red-flanked duiker C. rufilatus, all relatively abundant. Present, but uncommon, are water chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus and giant pangolin Manis gigantea. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is agriculture, considerable poaching and possibly some threat from mining. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Insufficient (total of 21 reported in 1977). Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration Chef d’Inspection, Mont Peko National Park, Duékoué. Date 1980 -161- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas PARC NATIONAL DU MONT SANGBE Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1975. Also a ’foret classé’. Geographical Location West-central Céte d’Ivoire, on the western bank of the Sassandra River in the departments of Biankouma and Toura. Approximately 8°15’N, 7°20°W. Altitude No information Area 95,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is situated in the Toura Mountains, with 14 peaks over 1,000m. Vegetation Guinean savanna woodland predominates, with a number of endemic species. Fauna The fauna is abundant and varied. Mammals include elephant Loxodonta africana (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, kob Kobus kob, buffalo Syncerus caffer, baboon Papio sp., and patas monkey Erythrocebus patas. Birds include guineafowl, hornbill and eagle. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Problems include forest exploitation and poaching. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1980 PARC NATIONAL DE TAI Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve) World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iv) Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) -162- Céte d’Ivoire Legal Protection Total. The buffer zone has the legal status of a managed fauna reserve. Tai Forest itself is under the responsibility of the Minister of Forests. Date Established Declared as a ’Forest and Wildlife Refuge’ in 1926 by the French administration. National park status on 28 August 1972 by Presidential Decree 75-545. Reduced by 20,000ha (‘réserve de faune du N’Zo’) on 21 March 1973 by Decree 73-132. Redefined by Special Decree 77-348 of 3 June 1977, which added a 20,000ha buffer zone around the park. The area was part of a ’foret classé’ under a decree of 16 April 1926, then part of a 425,000ha ’réserve de faune’ under a decree of 7 August 1956. Accepted in April 1978 as a biosphere reserve and in 1982 as a world heritage site, in November 1984 it was included in the IUCN list of eleven most threatened areas. Geographical Location In south-west Cote d’Ivoire about 200km south of Man and 100km from the coast, in the districts of Guiglo and Sassandra. Between the Cavally River (which marks the western border with Liberia) and the Sassandra River on the east. 5°15’-6°07’°N, 7°25°-7°54°W. Altitude 80-623m (Mount Nienokoue) Area 330,000ha plus 20,000ha buffer zone; contiguous to the ’réserve de faune du N’Zo’ (73,000ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park comprises an ancient sloping granitic peneplain. This is broken by several inselbergs formed from volcanic intrusions, including the Niénkoué Hills in the south. A large zone of schists runs south-west to north-east across the park, dissected in places by tributaries of the watercourses which run parallel to it. The soils are ferralitic of generally low fertility but there are more fertile gleysoils in the-south. There are two distinct climatic zones of an equatorial transitional type. Annual rainfall ranges from a mean of 1700mm in the north to 2200mm in the south, reaching a peak in June with a shorter wet season in September, followed by a marked dry season from December to February. There is only a small temperature range of 24°C-27°C due to oceanic influence and the presence of forests. The relative humidity is high (85-90%). Vegetation The park is one of the last remaining portion of the vast primary forest that once stretched across present-day Ghana, Céte d’Ivoire, Liberia and Sierra Leone. There is a gradation from north to south, with the southern third of the park being the moistest and richest area, especially of leguminous trees. This humid tropical forest has a high level of endemism with over 150 species (16%) identified as endemic to the Tai region. The park contains some 1,300 species of higher plants of which 54% occur only in the Guinea zone. Vegetation is predominantly dense evergreen ombrophilous forest of a Guinean type characterised by tall trees (40-60m) with massive trunks and sometimes large buttresses or stilt roots. Large numbers of epiphytes and lianes form an important element in the lower horizons including Platycerium spp., Nephrolepis biserrata, Drymaria sp. and Asplenium africanum. Two types of forest can be recognized: the poorer soils of the north and south-east support species such as the palm Eremospatha africana, ebony Diospyros mannii, Parinari chrysophylla, Chrysophyllum perpulchrum and Chidlowia sanguinea; and the ’Sassandrian’ forest in the south-west, dominated by water-demanding species such as ebony Diospyros spp. and Mapania spp. with numerous endemic species, especially in the lower Cavally Valley and the Meno and Hana depressions near Mont Niénokoué. Gilbertiodendron spendium occurs in the swamp forest. Plants which were thought to be extinct such as Amorphophallus staudtii have been discovered in the area. Since commercial timber exploitation ceased in 1972, the forest has recovered well. Fauna The fauna is fairly typical of West African forests and the park contains 47 of the 54 species of large mammal known to occur in Guinean rain forest including 5 threatened species. Mammals include: mona monkey Cercopithecus mona, white-nosed monkey C. nictitans and diana monkey C. diana, black and white colobus Colobus polykomos, red colobus C. badius and -163- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas green colobus C. verus (T), sooty mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) of which there are 2,000-2,800 in Tai, giant pangolin Manis gigantea, tree pangolin M. tricuspis and long-tailed pangolin M. tetradactyla, golden cat Felis aurata, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis (T) (the only viable population remaining in the Céte d’Ivoire), water chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, buffalo Syncerus caffer and an exceptional variety of forest duikers including Jentink’s duiker Cephalophus jentinki (T), banded duiker or zebra antelope C. zebra, Ogilby’s duiker C. ogilbyi, black duiker C. niger, bay duiker C. dorsalis, yellow-backed duiker C. sy/vicultor and the royal antelope Neotragus pygmaeus. Forest rodents include Lophuromys sikapusi, Malacomys edwardsi and Graphiurus murinus. Also recorded in the park is Stochomys defua, which is characteristic of secondary forest. Over 230 bird species have been recorded, 143 typical of primary ffrest, including white-breasted guineafowl Agelastes meleagrides (E), Nimba flycatcher Melaenornis annamarulae (I), western wattled cuckoo-shrike Campephaga lobata (V), and yellow-throated olive greenbul Criniger olivaceus (V). More details about birds are given in Thiollay (1985). Almost 1,000 species of vertebrate have been identified. Population There are two main groups of inhabitants in the area, the rural Bakoué and Kroumen on the forest edge with only marginal impact on the forest and the Baoule who are responsible for most of the forest destruction. Conservation Management There is a management plan for the area. Timber concessions have been withdrawn from the large companies. The park was put forward as an example for a pilot project to demonstrate the national conservation strategy being prepared under IUCN/WWF Project 3207. In the light of a major ministerial reorganization in late 1983 and the abandonment of the proposed Soubré dam scheme, further work on this project has been delayed. Tai is also the focus for IUCN/WWF Project 3052, which will provide support towards implementation of the management plan and purchase of a four-wheel drive vehicle, five motorbikes, a motorboat, radio telephones, and other essential equipment. Zoning The park is almost completely surrounded by a buffer zone, the "Tai Zone de Protection’, of about 5km width. Here, agriculture is allowed, but new plantations or any settlement are theoretically prohibited. To the north, the ’réserve de faune du N’Zo’ acts as a buffer. Disturbances or Deficiencies In the northern part, 70,000ha are temporarily ceded for exploitation. There are some cultivation plots in the buffer zone. Timber exploitation remains a potential threat both in the buffer zone and in the park, particularly in the north and along the road bordering the southern boundary where extensive felling is taking place. Theoretically, this is a ’féret classé’, but vast blocks are being clear-felled with an enormous waste of timber. Crops such as cocoa, coffee, maize, coco yam, sweet potato and okra are then planted, with cash crops taking up more and more land. Since independence, this region has become the principal producer of rough timber. A perimeter road designed to define the boundaries and make protection more effective has had the reverse effect, opening up significant portions of the park to timber contractors, shifting cultivators and poachers. In 1977, there were said to be many elephants, conspicuous even in the buffer zone. Now only a few remain, probably due to a combination of disturbance and poaching. There is insufficient staff to deal with the extensive poaching that takes place. The park has also been severely affected by gold panning activities in the central region. The Soubré dam scheme has now been abandoned. This would not only have affected people who would have been uprooted but would also have affected the local economy and the environment, and Tai would have suffered by the displacement and influx of people to which it would give rise. There is a lack of means to carry out effective management, and research has been more theoretical than management-orientated. Visitor Facilities Visitor facilities are proposed in only one zone near Djiroutou which comprises mainly secondary forest resulting from previous forestry and agricultural activities. -164- Céte d’Ivoire Scientific Research The park is the site of a MAB project on the effects of human interference within the natural forest ecosystem. This is a vast research project carried out under the auspices of the University Institute for Tropical Ecology, and there is great international scientific cooperation as exemplified by the Cdéte d’Ivoire, French, Italian, German and Swiss teams presently working together on various research programmes. The site and research project have great potential for training and scientific study. ORSTOM has worked here for a number of years. There is some Ivorian research into forest termites. It is included as a project under IUCN/WWF Plants Campaign 1984-1985. In 1984 there was a Dutch team surveying the area, using an ultra-light aircraft to photograph low altitude in order to identify dying trees for use as timber. From 1979 to 1985, Swiss researchers were studying chimpanzees. Special Scientific Facilities There is an ecological station in Andrenisrou basin in the core zone and the Federal German team base at Fedfo camp in the buffer zone. There is also a MAB station 18km south-east of Tai village, which consists of several prefabricated houses, a communal kitchen, two well-equipped laboratories, and an electric generator. It is controlled and financed nationally and managed by two-three Ivorian personnel. Euncipal Reference Material Ake Assi, L. and Pfeffer, P. (1975). Inventaire Flore et Faune du Parc National de Tai Abidjan, BDPA/SEPN. ° Dosso, M., Guillaumet, J.L. and Hadley, M. (1981). Tai Project: Land Use Problems in a Tropical Rain Forest. Ambio 10(2-3): 120-125. ° FGU-Kronberg, (1979). Etat actual des Parcs Nationaux de la Comoé et de Tai. Tome 3. Parc National de Tai, Abidjan, GTZ. ° Guillaumet, J.L., Couturier, G. and Dosso, H. (1984). Recherche et aménagement en milieu forestier tropical humide: Le Projet Tai de Céte-d’Ivoire. Unesco, Paris. ° IUCN (1982). Rapport de Mission UICN/WWF/PARCS CANADA - Céte d’Ivoire (Parc National de Tai). IUCN, Gland. IUCN (1985). Threatened Natural Area, Plants and Animals of the World. Parks 10: 15-17. IUCN/WWF Project 3052. Ivory Coast, Tropical Rainforest Campaign. IUCN/WWE Project 3207. Development Plan for Tai National Park. Lauginie, F. (1975). Etude de milieu naturel et de l'environnement socio-economique du Parc National de Tai, Abidjan, BDPA/SEPN. ° Rahm, U. (1973). Propositions pour la création du parc national ivoirien de Tai. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN Occ. Paper No. 3. ° Roth, H.H. (1982). We all want trees: Resource Conflict in the Tai National Park Ivory Coast. Proceedings of the World National Parks Congress held in Bali, Indonesia. 11-22 October 1982. ° Thiollay, J.M. (1985). The Birds of the Ivory Coast: Status and Distribution. Malimbus 7: 1-59. World Heritage Nomination submitted to Unesco. Staff About 100 staff from the Ministry of Water and Forest Resources plus members of the University Institute of Tropical Ecology. Budget 1981-1985 - 100 million francs CFA. 1982 WWF Tropical Forest Campaign funding - US$127,350. WWF Funding 1982/1983 (Project 3207) - US$5,098. Local Park or Reserve Administration Ministére des Eaux et Foréts, Direction des Parcs Nationaux et Réserves Analogues, BP V 178, Abidjan. Date 1982 -165- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE MONT NIMBA (COTE D’IVOIRE) RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE MONTS NIMBA (GUINEA) Management Category I and IX (Strict Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve) World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iv) Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) 3.04.04 (West African woodland savanna) Legal Protection Legally protected in Guinea as réserve naturelle intégrale Monts Nimba by decree. Prospecting for minerals is allowed and permits can be acquired for sport-hunting in parts of the reserve. Céte d’Ivoire has continued protection through the State Forestry Service. Date Established Strict nature reserve established by Order No.4190, 1943, in Céte d’Ivorie and by decree in 1944 in Guinea. Cote d’Ivoire nature reserve is a féret classé’ under national ownership. Contiguous nature reserve proposed in Liberian section. Guinean sector accepted as a biosphere reserve in 1980. Both reserves form a world heritage site, gazetted in 1981 (Guinea) and 1982 (Cote d’Ivoire). Geographical Location The massif of Nimba is situated on the border between Guinea, Céte d’Ivoire, and Liberia. Some 20km from the town of Lola and 62km from N’Zérékoré. 7°18’N, 10°35°W. Altitude 450-1,752m (Mont Richard Molard) Area ~ Nature reserve (Guinea) 13,000ha; nature reserve (Cote d’Ivoire) 5,000ha; biosphere reserve (Guinea) 17,130ha. Contiguous to a proposed nature reserve in Liberia. Land Tenure Government Physical Features Mount Nimba is part of the "Guinean Backbone’, rising 1,000m above the even, almost flat, surrounding glacis. It forms an immense barrier, cutting across the country from the south-west to the north-east. This area is unequalled as an illustration of the theory of erosion levels. The sharp relief and striking topography of the mountains, with their grass-covered summits and precipitous slopes, is due to a bar of ore-containing quartzites. Since the end of the Primary Era, erosion through weathering has caused a gigantic sheet of this quartzite to jut out of the softer schists and granitogneiss, which form the piedmont. The softer rocks have been gradually weathered and removed. These hard iron-quartzite crusts cover the vast sub-horizontal glacis of the eastern and northern parts of the piedmont and create very poor soils, which are usually skeletal or non-existent. The soil conditions explain the belt of savanna vegetation at 500-550m around the mountains. The Nimba Mountains contain the sources of the rivers Cavally and Ya (which forms the Mami River of Liberia) and are cut up by deep, richly forested valleys. There is great topographical diversity with valleys, plateaux, rounded hilltops, rocky peaks, abrupt cliffs and bare granitic blocks, and the whole area constitutes a vast water catchment. It is also of archaeological interest. Hewn stone tools and chippings have been discovered in a rock shelter at Blandé at the northern end of the mountain. Mean annual temperature minimum: 15.8°C, maximum: 29.7°C, and mean annual rainfall 2,849mm, occuring over 178.8 days, recorded at 543m. Vegetation There are three major vegetation types: 1) High altitude grassland with Loudetia kagerensis near the summit and endemics including Blaeria nimbana and Dolichos nimbaensis and woody plants such as Protea angolensis on the slopes, which are absent from the ridges. Remnants of forest at high altitudes are likely to be dominated by Mytaceae species and the ravines by the tree fern Cyathula cylindrica var. mannii. 2) Plains savanna varying according to the hardness of the soil and supporting numerous herbaceous plant communities. The savanna is broken by gallery forests which grow between 1000m-1,600m. Parinari excelsa is dominant above 1,000m, and there are abundant epiphytes. 3) Predominantly primary forest, located mainly on the foothills and in the valleys with dominant species including Triplochiton -166- Cote d’Ivoire scleroxylon, Chlorophora regia, Morus mesozygia, Terminalia ivorensis, Lophira procera, Tarrietia utilis, and Mapania spp.. Drier, mid-altitude forests with trees such as Triplochiton scleroxylon, Piptadeniastrum africanum, and Parkia bicolor are found at the northern end of the Mount Nimba chain. Dry forests are rarer than the rainforests because of agricultural pressures, and some of the dry forest species have disappeared from many areas. There are very few endemic plant species at Mount Nimba, probably because altitude is not sufficient for new tree species to have evolved. Montane endemics include a pteridophyte, Asplenium schnelli, two phanerogams, Osbeckia portersi, and Blaeria nimbana. Fauna More than 500 new species of fauna have been discovered in the Mount Nimba Reserve. Species diversity is exceptionally rich because of the variety of ecotones created by the presence of grasslands laced with forest. Mammals include: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus maxwelli and particularly black duiker Cephalophus niger, bay duiker C. dorsalis and forest buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, scaly anteaters such as the white-bellied pangolin Manis tricuspis, pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, golden cat Felis aurata, two-spotted palm civet Nandinia binotata, African civet Civettictis civetta, forest genet Genetta maculata, servaline genet Genetta servalina, Johnston’s genet Genetta johnstoni, cane rat Thryonomys swinderianus, African clawless otter Aonyx capensis, lesser otter shrew Micropotamogale lamottei (a new genus discovered on Mount Nimba), potto Perodicticus potto, western black and white colobus Colobus polykomos, red colobus Colobus badius, diana monkey Cercopithecus diana, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), and lesser bushbaby Galago senegalensis. One of the most noteworthy species is the viviparous toad Nectophrynoides occidentalis (V), which occurs in montane grasslands at 1,200-1,600m and is the only tail-less amphibian in the world that is totally viviparous. There are a number of rare and endemic bird species. Upland invertebrate species include gastropod molluscs and various types of insects belonging to the Carabidae, Gryllidae, Acrididae and the Forciculidae (beetles, grasshopper, crickets and earwigs) families, of which more than 20 are endemic to Mount Nimba. The forests contain numerous reptile and amphibian species including West African toad Bufo superciliaris and frog Cassina lamottei. Population There has probably never been any village on the actual mountains, but there are ten villages in the immediate vicinity of Nimba with several thousand inhabitants, mainly growing crops. Conservation Management The reserve does not have a management plan. Awareness of the value of the area and a better degree of protection seems possible following designation of the reserve as a world heritage site. Zoning The biosphere reserve in Guinea contains a core zone of 10,000ha. Disturbances or Deficiencies The area has similar problems to Tai National Park (Cote d'Ivoire). There is poaching and some cultivation. The main threat is from the massive iron-ore mining activities in the southern part of the chain in Liberia. About 6,000ha are in danger. Roads, wells, and mineshafts have been built and workshops and townships established in what has been a strict nature reserve since 1944. Hundreds of square metres of soil have been removed over large areas and, as a result, many streams for miles around are fouled with heavy metal run-off, particularly ferruginous rock debris. The areas designated as a world heritage sites exclude both the Liberian sector, already badly degraded by mining and intensive poaching, and the northern Guinean part, already disturbed by mining activities and threatened by more. But these two areas could serve as a buffer zone for the world heritage site if hunting were strictly controlled. It is proposed to study the best way of rehabilitating this zone as an artificial park after the exploitation. There is a lack of resources and management. Visitor Facilities Tourism is prohibited within the strict nature reserves. Scientific Research Botanical, zoological, and geological inventories have been completed. More than 500 new species have been described or reported, including several mammals (a new genus of otter shrew), more than 10 amphibians and reptiles, several fish and arthropods (notably centipedes and harvestmen), and molluscs. Research includes phytosociological studies =167= IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas of high altitude grasslands, primate studies, and the collection of meteorological data. Several international research workers in the fields of biology, ecology, geography, primatology, and meteorology are interested in this area and with appropriate facilities, scientific research in Nimba could form the basis of a tropical ecology station of international importance. Special Scientific Facilities _ There are six patrol stations in the reserve which are used to monitor various environmental parameters. The IFAN (French Institute for Black Africa) research station is at the northern tip of the mountain chain. The LAMCOOmining company set up a small research station in the Liberian area (outside the reserve) in 1964. Principal Reference Material ° Adam, J.G. (1971). Flore descriptive des Monts Nimba (Céte d’Ivoire, Guinée, Libéria). Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris) Serie B Vols. 20, 21, 24, 25. ° Adam J.G. (1981). Flore descriptive des Monts Nimba (Cote d’Ivoire, Guinée, Libéria). Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. ° Anon. (1952). La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba. Mémoires de_ l'Institut Francais d’Afrique Noire 19. ° Anon. (1958). La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba. Mémoires de _ I'Institut Francais d’Afrique Noire 53. ° Anon. (1963). La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba. Mémoires de _ I’Institut Francaise d’Afrique Noire 66. ° Biosphere Reserve Nomination submitted to Unesco. ° Mascarenhas, A. (1983). Ngorongoro: A challenge to conservation and development. Ambio XII(3-4): 146-152. ° Schnell, R. (1952). Vegétation et flore de la région montagneuse du Nimba. Mémoires de l'Institut Francais d’Afrique Noire 22. ° World Heritage Nomination submitted to Unesco. Staff Total of 17, with two researchers Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration In Guinea, Station Biologique des Monts Nimba, S/C INRDG, BP 561, Conakry. Date 1986 RESERVE DU HAUT BANDAMA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total except for mining exploration Date Established 21 March 1973 under Decree No. 73-133 (123,000ha). Geographical Location In north-central Céte d’Ivoire on the Bandama Blanc and Bou Rivers. Northwest of Katiola and extending to the sub-prefectures of Dikodougou. 8°13’-8°40’N, 5°17°-5°42’W. Altitude Estimated at 250-500m Area 123,000ha -168- Céte d'Ivoire Land Tenure Government Physical Features The area is generally flat, with very little change in elevation. The climate is typical of the Sudano-Guinean zone with very marked dry season from November to April and mean annual rainfall of about 1100mm. Vegetation The vegetation comprises very open savanna woodland with some gallery forest. Trees are similar to those of the ’parc national de Comoé’ and include many Leguminosae. Fauna The fauna is similar to the ’parc national de Comoé’. The area is considered especially important for elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(savanna form) and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. It is the only refuge for hippos when they leave the lake to the south to graze. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The area was reduced for agro-industrial developments in 1977. There is no management or delimitation of boundaries and paoching is a problem. The Bandama River was dammed in 1974. Scientific Research A survey of elephant status was carried out in 1978. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration Chef d’Inspection des Parcs Nationaux, Bouaké. Date 1984 RESERVE DE FAUNE DU N’ZO Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.1.1 (Guinean Rain Forest) Legal Protection All hunting, pursuit and disturbance of game and clearing and burning of scrub after agricultural cropping is prohibited. Forest exploitation is permitted (Articles 1 and 2 of the Decree). Date Established 28 August 1972 under Decree No. 72-546; 20,000ha was added from the *parc national de Tai’ by Decree 73-132 of 21 March 1973. Geographical Location About 150km south of Man, adjoining the ’parc national de Tai’ on the north. the N’Zo river being a tributary of the Sassandra. Approximately centred 6°08’N, T15°W. Altitude 100-250m Area 73,000ha; contiguous to ’parc national de Tai’ (330,000ha). -169- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is similar to the ’parc national de Tai’, being generally flat except for a few isolated hills resulting from greenstone intrusions. It has an equatorial climate with two rainy seasons, a longer one at its peak in June, a shorter one in September; the marked dry season lasts from December to February. The mean annual rainfall is 1,700mm. Vegetation The vegetation comprises dense ombrophilous evergreen forest of Guinean type similar to the Tai Forest. Trees, with buttresses and stilt roots, reach 40-60m in height and are rich in epiphytes and lianes. Dominant species are ebony Diospyros mannii and Eremospatha macrocarpa palms, and Parinari chrysophylla. Chrysophyllum perpulchrum and_ the monotypic Chidlowia sanguinea are also common. Fauna Again similar to that of the Tai Forest, the fauna includes the pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis (T) and Jentink’s duiker Cephalophus jentinki (T). Other uncommon forest duikers which are found include Ogilby’s duiker C. ogilbyi and the banded duiker or zebra antelope C. zebra. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Forest exploitation which is permitted within the reserve, makes it very difficult to control other disturbing activities, especially poaching. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff The staff of the ’parc national de Tai’ is also responsible for the care of this reserve. Budget Covered by that of the ’parc national de Tai’. Local Park or Reserve Administration Chef de I’Inspection des Parcs Nationaux, Soubré. -170- DJIBOUTI . vo 4 a Pea ai7i= Ethiopia Sea et a oul as Djibouti® -_. Key (1 National Park a shape unknown Djibouti DJIBOUTI Area 21,699 sq.km Population 340,000 (1983); about 39% Afars and 49% Isaas Parks and Reserves Legislation Current relevant legislation includes the Délibération No. 262/7 of 12 May 1972 relating to the protection of natural wealth (richesses naturelles) and prehistoric remains (gisements préhistoriques), Arrété No. 72-1363 of 20 September 1972 fixing measures for the protection of marine fauna and habitats, and Decret No. 80-062/PR/MCTT of 25 May 1980 on the protection of marine fauna and habitats. The Forét du Day and Maskali-Muscha National Parks were apparently classified as such before 1939, and two other areas, Grand et Petit Baras (sandflats) Reserve and the Skoutir and Kourtimale Reserve were at one time proclaimed (IUCN, 1971). Parks and Reserves Administration The Ministry of Agriculture is in general responsible for conservation action within the country. The Ministry of Commerce, Transport and Tourism (Ministére du commerce, des transports et du tourisme) is the main administrative body concerning application of the decree protecting marine areas. Address ° Service de l’agriculture, de l’élevage, des eaux et des foréts, Ministére de l’agriculture et du développement rural, BP 224, Djibouti. Additional Information Threats to natural attributes of the country such as Lake Abbe, Ardoukuoba volcano, and Lake Assal were considered by Hancock (1981) to be minimal with no major development schemes planned for them. However, the Day National Park, containing one of the only two relict forested areas of the country, is disappearing at an alarming rate, apparently due to a combination of man-induced degradation and climatic conditions (Welch and Welch, 1984). The Foret is now further threatened by the planned construction of 30 second homes in one of the less-disturbed parts. A pilot project for the development of natural resources and combating desertification in the coastal plain, near the town of Djibouti, was established mid 1984. Musha (Mouscha) Islands Marine National Park protects an area of coral reef extending from the lighthouse at Musha to the Ile du Large (except the Banc Dankali). The South Maskali Islands Integral Reserve is part of this marine National Park and extends from the Musha lighthouse to a large coastal sandbank. Over-collection of shells has been a problem, but all aquatic and subaquatic activities are now forbidden. References ° Chedeville, E. (1972). La végétation du T.F.A.I. Webbia 26: 243-266. ° Hancock, G. (1981). Djibouti is one of a kind. Africana 8(3): 30-32. ° IUCN (1971). United Nations List of National Parks and Equivalent Protected Areas 2nd Edition. Hayez, Brussels. f ° Tholmier, R. (1981). Djibouti: Pawn of the Horn of Africa. Stanford University Press, Stanford. ° Welch, G.R. and Welch, H.J. (1984). Djibouti Expedition - March 1984. A preliminary survey of Francolinus ochropectus and the birdlife of the country. Privately published. 60 pp. Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Foret du Day -173- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Marine National Parks Musha (Mouscha) Islands Integral Reserves South Maskali Islands (within Musha) PARC NATIONAL DU DAY Management Category No category assigned Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection No information Date Established Declared in the 1950s Geographical Location Southern section of the Goda massif, 25km west of Tadjoura; approximately 11°50’N, 42°30°E. Altitude Approximately 500m Area Less than 3,000ha - originally 10,000ha declared as National Park Land Tenure Commissaire of Tadjoura Sect (local government official) Physical Features The park includes the two small plateaux of Garrab and Adonta on the east face of the Goda Mountains. The mountain slopes are precipitous, weathered into terraces, and are formed of loose grey shaly rock, which supports little vegetation. There are several wadis the principle being Goh. Most contain running water throughout the year and occur in deep ravines. Rainfall is low, between 100 and 200mm per year falling mainly from December to February and from June to September, and temperatures are high. Vegetation The Forét du Day and Malba (very degraded) are the only forested areas in the country. ’Féret du Day’ is a relic of the Goda Mountain forest (approximately 42,000ha). _ It comprises primary forest of about 1,400ha in area, and is of a fairly open character. Juniper forest grows on the plateaux. The dominant tree species is Juniperus procera (growing to a height of 5-8m) with Buxus hildebrandtii and Clutia abyssinica being the main understorey species. Acacia etbaica occurs in more open areas and there is the widespread parasitic Ficus vasta, which is an important food supply for many animal species. The mountain slopes support little vegetation, except on the terraces where grasses grow, with some young junipers occuring in inaccesible areas with relic populations of Olea africana and Sideroxylon buxifolium. There are also areas of secondary forest, where all these tree species are replaced by Acacia seyal and the understorey is more dense. Other tree species, occuring on both the plateaux and the mountain slopes, include Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Acacia etbaica, Teclea nobilis and Pittosporum viridiflorum var. Kruegeria. The shrub layer is dominated by Euryops arabicus, Psiadia arabica, Solanum incanum, Jasminum floribundum, Clematis hirsuta, Clutia abyssinica, and Trema orientalis. The herb layer, which carpets the floor of the forest in March and April after the winter condensation, contains many species, notably Compositae, which are generally rare elsewhere in the country. The wadis comprise a lusher, denser vegetation compared to the juniper forest, with many palms and ferns not seen elsewhere. The wadi at Bankoualé holds a significant proportion of the world’s population of the Bankoualé palm Wissmannia carinensis (V), with occasional trees scattered throughout the secondary forest. It was formerly recorded from seven localities in the Goda Mountains, but now exists -174- Djibouti in very low numbers - there were only 97 trees with no regeneration at the main locality in 1971. There are only about 500 specimens of this species in the world. Fauna The Djibouti francolin Francolinus ochropectus (E) is present in good numbers (1,000-5,000) in the primary forest. Its main requirements are areas of dense cover for roosting and breeding and graminaceous plants for food. Sixty-six other bird species were recorded in this area during a one month survey (Welch and Welch, 1984). Species include rare migrants such as long-legged buzzard Buteo rufinus and imperial eagle Aquila heliaca, as well as many small Palaearctic passerines; scarce residents such as Hemprich’s hornbill Tockus hemprichii, tropical boubou Laniarius aethiopicus, and common residents such as brown woodland warbler Phylloscopus umbrovirens, Bruce’s green pigeon Treron waalia, paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis and white-breasted white-eye Zosterops abyssinica. Species of secondary forest include grey-headed puff back flycatcher Batis orientalis, yellow-rumped seed-eater Serinus artrogularis, grey-backed cameroptera Camaroptera brevicaudata and yellow-billed hornbill Tockus flavirostris. Mammals include: vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, hamadryas baboon Papio hamadryas, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, honey badger Mellivora capensis, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), white-tailed mongoose /chneumia albicauda, and genet Genetta tigrina. The Forét du Day provides three main habitats - primary forest, secondary forest, and wadis - all are important sites for breeding, feeding and roosting by a wide range of species. However, much of the fauna is unstudied. The steep wadi sides provide nesting sites for the African hawk eagle Hieraaetus spilogaster, Verreaux’s eagle Aquila verreauxti, kestrel Falco tinnunculus, and African rock martin Ptyonoprogne fuligula. Conservation Management Blot (1983) has produced a draft management plan for the area, which is already partly implemented. Proposals for protection of this site are now being developed by the International Council for Bird Preservation (ICPB). Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The forest is disappearing rapidly (Welch and Welch, 1984) and needs action to ensure its continued existence. If it disappears, 40% of Djibouti’s floral genetic potential will be lost. The Djibouti authorities report that degradation of the forest is caused by climatic change and is irreversible. Five years ago, it was twice its current size. Now there are many dead junipers, little in the way of understorey vegetation and virtually no juniper regeneration. Other reasons for the disappearance of the forest are: overgrazing and trampling by stock (this is now the principal problem, cows being the major culprits); cutting trees for firewood; fires (no longer a major problem, but occur now and then on a small scale); destruction of trees for honey; and army occupation during summer. There are potential threats from uncontrolled tourism, water extraction from major wadis, and development of the remaining forested area (e.g. there is a plan for housing construction which appears to be going ahead in 1985). Man-induced influences appear to be exacerbating the drying effect of the climate, which leads to desertification. About 2,000 people depend on this area for their livelihood. Scientific Research Jacques Blot, a french ecology graduate, is studying desertification of the park for the Djibouti Government (Blot, 1983). Special Scientific Facilities There is a well-equipped laboratory at Colonie in the Forét du Day. Principal Reference Material ° Blot, J. (1983). Etude et Restauration de la Forest du Day. Compte-Rendu d’Activities. Unpublished Typescript. ° ICBP Field Missions report. ° Welch, G.R. and Welch, H. (1984). Djibouti Expedition-March 1984. A preliminary survey of Francolinus ochropectus and the birdlife of the country. Privately published. 80 pp. Staff None -175- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date April 1985 -176- EQUATORIAL GUINEA 2177= ASZT UY UAIBOFAY OS Budget No EQUATORIAL GUINEA Area 28,051 sq.km, including 2,034 sq.km of Bioko Island (Fernando Poo) Population 398,000 (1984), including 62,000 on Bioko Island (Fernando Poo) Parks and Reserves Legislation No current information. Reserves created prior to independence would appear to have been established by Ministerial Decree. Parks and Reserves Administration No current information Address Direccion Tecnica Forestal, Bata. Additional Information There is apparently no protection of the areas established as national parks and reserves prior to 1970. The natural parks of Spanish Guinea were once reported to be very good, especially the Rio Ekuku Game Reserve (7,500ha) protecting sitatunga and the Mont Raices Park (26,000ha) which had chimpanzee, gorilla and buffalo. There were also gorilla in Mont Alen Partial Reserve (95,000ha) (Guggisberg, 1970). A status survey of primates is being carried out, with support from IUCN/WWF, and various surveys are being carried out on Bioko Island (Fernando Poo). Castroviejo et al. (1986) made a number of recommendations concerning the establishment of a network of protected natural areas for cultural, scientific, educational and aesthetic reasons, although they clearly indicated that these would be conservation areas rather than strictly protected areas, without total eradication of human activity but with an emphasis on research and rational use of the resources. Two of these proposed sites are on the island of Bioko, five in mainland Equatorial Guinea, with one further site the Isla de Annobon. In total, if these sites were to be established they would cover more than 10% of the country. References ° Castroviejo Bolivar, J., Juste Balleste, J. and Castelo Alvarez, R. (1986). Proyecto investigacion y conservacion de la naturaleza en Guinea Ecuatorial. Secretaria de Estado para la Cooperacion Internacional y para Iberoamerica, Secretaria General Tecnica, Madrid. ° Guggisberg, C.A.W. (1970). Man and Wildlife. Evans Brothers Ltd. London. °* IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1I’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1613. Primate Action Fund. -179- (got odbagie't) baalel olold 16 moh, pt 8£0,£ gaibuloni mip moat fas! (oo obavaw'T) basiat oxold cabsies riguesa (ats cos weet oy 1014 bain sive ,noliscolal. iaeriys oh. noliadalgoit a mG id art : { one InivorelaiMeyd bodttidesseneed ovat of wisqge b oe ee “paluimapiel teem ny0 Oo moro ~e Wr Ne dat us badalidahs cadre oc) 9 calhcassie a pox am aawst wh DaNOGé) sono ovsw sentstY Arineg? To Ohwg lian odT Pree vey & sd) Bae ognureiie yabootorg (MM002,T) aviseyl erteO wut ofA gat vl ore sow matT oleTiud bmg. sll/vog sexiequsito. bert Molde: (OOO Ww yoru autaie A (OND ioe, (atOO0,2¢) evioee AT seittet, ; peles oie srt toon bas ania Sad mort Hogque driw net rie | | oo obaaere7) & @ Yo seslepitiesist on PERSE ft ERAS nedeniom ecoantn ditedtesn bas a side \aPitnoioy, evutive 401 eeu: n aioli aarti” wedi gage wiseno> ed binow ets? toch t a ‘dpvanent “ao. elserignay na ihe red elvis nena to soit poy avi? PE gt ary oretanpt dpe demote bud 290th sends", iso al _MogoRnA sb ateh aii siz red? ono dhiw i aveReenan Lacmimonsticdt« axamtti = {Bdet) gi. seak lee) aa tesa Mr lotiee gonad reat ienk Eten the Lopé-Okanda plain. Base rocks are part of the Francevillian peneplaine, and soils are generally argillaceous, shallow and stony, though there are small pockets of seaonally flooded hydromorphous soils. Major rivers bound the reserve to the east, north and northwest. The Lope-Okanda plain is one of the driest areas in Gabon, with mean monthly temperatures of 25.7°C, and annual rainfall of 1598mm (both measured at nearby Booué). There are two dry seasons, and during the longer dry season (June - September) skys are usually overcast. Vegetation Around 80% of the reserve is Congo rain forest (more than half of which is undisturbed), with small pockets of swamp forest. Secondary grassland/forest is the predominant vegetation type in the north, while there are small areas of grassland or fern throughout the centre and south of the reserve which may be natural. Grassland formations have been described by Descoings (1978) and Fontes (1978). Fauna Forty-seven mammal species are found within the reserve, and 150 birds, though both figures are likely to be underestimates. The area is a stronghold of forest buffalo Syncerus caffer and elephant Loxodonta africana (T), and a range of carnivores including the golden cat Profelis auratus. At least 12 primate species are also present, including an estimated 900 gorilla Gorilla gorilla gorilla (T) and 1750 chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes (T)(Tutin and Fernandez, 1983), and the drill Mandrillus sphinx (T)(only recently confirmed in Gabon). Reptiles include at least two crocodile species (both of which are threatened in Africa), the monitor Varanus niloticus, and the forest tortoise Kinixys erosus. Conservation Management The surrounding forest extends for hundreds of kilometres south of the reserve, and is largely undisturbed. The same is true of much of the reserve itself. The presence of protection staff at Lopé village has reduced poaching in this area, and large mammals are gradually recovering from periods of heavy hunting both in this region and around the Trans-Gabon railway. Nicoll and Langrand (1986) make a number of proposals for improved management of the area. Zoning Although the area has been split into various types of conservation unit at one time, it is currently unzoned. Disturbances or Deficiencies Although strictly illegal, forestry is reported to be a major industry in the north of the reserve where high densities of Okoumé occur. There is a small amount of traditional fishing and agriculture, but much more serious is the effect of hunting in certain areas. Visitor Facilities There are no official facilities yet, though the area is visited by tourists. Scientific Research Census of gorilla and chimpanzee (Tutin and Fernandez, 1983), and research on these species and on black colobus is ongoing. All vertebrate species are recorded, and the relative abundance of some monitored. New studies are under-way on grassland management and buffalos, and a permanent study plot is being set up to study diversity in undisturbed forest. -211- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Special Scientific Facilities | There are facilities for research at the Station d’Etudes des Gorilles et Chimpanzés (SEGC), which was established in the reserve in 1983. The centre is run under the auspices of the Centre Internationale de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, and includes laboratory/office and accomodation facilities. Principal Reference Material ° Descoings, B. (1974). Les savanes du Moyen-Ogooué, region du Booué (Gabon). CNRS/Centre d’Etudes Phytosociologiques et Ecologiques Document 69. 76 p. ° Fontes, J. (1978). Les formations herbeuses du Gabon. Ann. Univ. Nat. Gabon 2: 127-153. ° Nicoll, M and Langrand, O. (1986). The Conservation of Forest Ecosystems in Gabon. IUCN/WWE Project 3247, Systems review of protected areas in Gabon. ° Tutin, C. and Fernandez, M. (1983). Recensement des Gorilles et des Chimpanzés du Gabon. CIRMF, Gabon. Staff There are several ’agents forestiéres’, ’gardes-chasses’ and other workers. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction de la faune et de chasse, Ministére des eaux et forets, BP 1128, Libreville Date June 1986 -212- eIqQUeD oY L pasodoid @ BAIBSOY BINJEN =] syegjeuoneny [il Aa> ‘ poco ococctocrrcnsrennn” jeBeuas Pete eid ; VI-F-oY@) onueny HII (Ajuo spue|si) y (pue|s| uoogegNentgelquied — _ y) ¢ _——_ =) 2 ~<—<— jeBauas GAMBIA Area 10,368 sq.km Population 695,886 (1983) Parks and Reserves Legislation The Wildlife Conservation Act was passed by Parliament on 3 February 1977, and repealed the preceeding conservation act, the Wild Animals (Birds and Fish) Preservation Act of 1916, though not the regulations applying that act, some of which continue to be in force. The 1977 act provides for the conservation and rational management of wildlife in the Gambia, for establishment of National Parks and Reserves and Local Sanctuaries, and for a Department of Wildlife Conservation. It also includes the outlawing of hunting, and a ban on the trading and export of animal products. National Parks are defined as areas set aside for the progapagation, protection, conservation and management of vegetation and wild animals, as well as for geological formations of scientific or aesthetic value. Activities disruptive to wildlife are prohibited or strictly controlled. National reserves are areas also set aside for propagation, protection, conservation and management of vegetation or wild animals, where hunting and certain other human activities are prohibited. Local sanctuaries may also be set up to protect particular plants, animals or communities. While national parks are declared (or declassified) by the Minister after approval of Parliament, national reserves or local sanctuaries can be established directly by the Minister. The Director of the Wildlife Conservation Department also has the power to control hunting in areas adjacent to national parks and reserves. The Wildlife Conservation Regulation, 1978, outlines regulations and rules applicable to all national parks and reserves, and conditions attached to the issue of hunting licences. There are a number of Forest Parks, covering in total about 5% of the land area. These reserves have a productive function, and some are forest plantations with exotics, some, however, are protected from human interference. The Banjul Declaration by His Excellency Sir Dawda Jawara, launched 18 February 1977, declared the Government’s commitment to conservation of fauna and flora. Parks and Reserves Administration The Department of Wildlife Conservation operates under the aegis of the President’s office and in particular is the responsibility of the Deputy Secretary-General. The Department of Forests within the Ministry of Water Resources and Environment is responsible for forestry administration. Address ° Forestry Department, Ministry of Water Resources and Environment, 5 Marina Parade, Banjul. ° Wildlife Conservation Department, c/o President’s Office, Abuko Nature Reserve, Abuko. Additional Information Because of the geographical position of the country, it is considered essential that the Gambia co-ordinates its policy on nature conservation with Senegal, particularly with regard to migratory animals. Establishment of the Gambia Saloum National Park as an extention of Senegal’s Saloum National Park is a high priority to this end (IUCN/UNEP, 1983). This area is a major spawning ground for many fish caught off the Gambia and Senegal coasts, and the park would also protect breeding sites of the manatee, four species of turtle and thousands of waterbirds. The Abuko Nature Reserve is Gambia’s first and so far only nature reserve open to the general public. A large number of ’Forest Parks’ cover about five per cent of the total land area, some are forest plantations with foreign tree species, while others are forest reserves intended for protection against human interference. As is to be expected in a small country with such a relatively high population density, a big effort is put into making the general public aware of the importance of nature conservation. As a part of this effort, photographs, films, and various publications are used, as well as organised visits to the Abuko Nature Reserve. The whole of the Gambia River Basin was surveyed in 1983/84 to provide baseline data for a projected construction of a barrage across the river, 160km upstream. -215- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas References ° Diom, M. (1981). Parcs nationaux et aires protégées du Sénégal, de la Gambie et de la Guinée-Bissau. In: Conserving Africa’s Natural Heritage, UCN, Gland. Pp 80-86. Edberg, E. (1982). A naturalist’s guide to The Gambia. J.G. Sanders. IUCN/WWF Project 1078. Gambia, Conservation Education. (Continued by project 3675.) IUCN/WWF Project 3113. Proposed Senegambian Saloum National Park. IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1l’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. ° Wildlife Conservation Department (1985). The Gambia. Abuko Nature Reserve. Wildlife Conservation Department, Banjul. o 0 0 0 Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Gambia River (Baboon Island) 627 Nature Reserves Abuko 113 Proposed areas Gambia Saloum National Park 2,000 Kiangs West National Park 10,000 GAMBIA RIVER (BABOON ISLAND) NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 24 October 1978 by legal Notice 33. (The Wildlife Conservation (River Gambia National Park) Order). Geographical Location A group of islands in a loop of the River Gambia, 240km east of Banjul, 5km south of Kuntaur. Approximately 13°30’N, 15°00’W. Altitude Near sea level Area 627ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park comprises a group of five islands within the River Gambia, with Baboon as the largest. There are red lateritic cliffs on the south bank of the river, which enhance the aesthetic quality of the area. Vegetation Islands comprise high riverine forest with areas of Dracaena, particularly around the small southern coast island. Fauna The most numerous large animals are warthogs Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and savanna baboon Papio papio, however two other primate species have been observed: vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, and red colobus Colobus badius. Unconfirmed reports suggest -216- Gambia that antelope species are well represented - there have been sightings of waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, western sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei gratus, solitary roan antelope Hippotragus equinus and bushbuck T. scriptus. Of particular interest is the presence of aardvark Orycteropus afer. Reliable sightings have been made of manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T), clawless otter Aonyx capensis, and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (threatened in Gambia) in the river close to Baboon Island. There are many species of bird including large flocks of waders during the European winter months and resident pink-backed pelican Pelecanus rufescens, spur-wing goose Plectropterus gambensis, knob-billed goose Sarkidiornis melanotos, white-faced tree duck Dendrocygna viduata, garganey Anas querquedula, fishing owl Scotopelia peli, crowned crane Balearica pavonina, and fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer. Both sacred ibis Threskiornis aethiopica and the hadada ibis Bostrychia hagedash are resident and regularly seen. The day-time bat Lavia frons is also a feature of the river bank. At least one species of crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus (V), has been observed in the area, as well as river turtles. Conservation Management Boat landing facilities have been improved by the Royal Engineer volunteers of the British Army. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Occasional intrusion by local fishermen, though this is not a serious problem. Visitor Facilities The park is not open to the general public. Scientific Research A chimpanzee rehabilitation project was initiated on the second largest island in 1978-1980, and is still in operation (Brewer, 1985). These animals are either confiscated or donated specimens. Special Scientific Facilities | A small base-camp for research workers was established on Baboon Island, and another small building on the second largest island. Only observation cages now remain on the islands, while the base camp has been relocated onto the south bank of the river facing the second island. Principal Reference Material ° Brewer, F.E. (1985). The Gambia Abuko Nature Reserve. Wildlife Conservation Department, Banjul, Gambia. ° Gore, M.E.J. (1981). Birds of the Gambia B.O.U. Checklist No. 3. B.O.U. London. Staff Two national park guards and five research staff Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Conservation Department Date May 1985 ABUKO NATURE RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total -217- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Date Established 1968, as a nature reserve of 78ha. Extention of 35ha in 1978. First established as Abuko Water Catchment Area in 1916. Geographical Location Near the village of Lamin, on the Brikama road, about 20km from Banjul. Approximately 13°15’N, 16°40’W. Altitude Near sea level Area 113ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is transected by the Lamin Stream, which usually flows eastward and has been dammed to form a series of small pools at the lower end of the reserve, the largest of which is known as Bamboo Pool. However, because of the prevailing drought, and the exacerbating effect of vegetation removal around the park, this stream has not flowed for the past few years. The reserve is still used as a water catchment area; ground water is pumped up at a water works by the main road. Vegetation The most interesting part of the reserve is a narrow strip of dense evergreen riverine forest bordering the Lamin Stream. Forest is now very uncommon in the Gambia. The forest gives way to open Guinean savanna some 50-100m from the water course. Fauna The value of the forest at Abuko is evident from, among other things, the records of species whose main distribution is in the rainforest zone further south. Examples are emerald snake Gastropyxis smaragdina, two spotted palm civet Nandinia binotata and _ green turaco Tauraco persa. Other mammal species include bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, sitatunga 7. spekei (introduced, about five individuals), duiker, porcupine, civet Viverra civetta, mongoose Mungos gambianus, genet Genetta sp., serval Felis serval, lesser bushbaby Galago senegalensis, cane rat Thryonomys swinderianus, Gambian sun squirrel Heliosciurus gambianus, striped ground squirrel Xerus erythropus, western red colobus monkey Colobus badius, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas. Some 203 species of bird have been recorded (see Jensen and Kirkeby, 1980). Black crake Porzana flavirostra, lily trotter Actophilornis africana, palm-nut vulture Gypohierax angolensis, squacco heron Ardeola ralloides, pied kingfisher Ceryle rudis, giant kingfisher C. maxima, and hammerkop Scopus umbretta can be seen along the stream. Reptiles include the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), West African crocodile Osteolaemus tetrapsis (I), rock python Python sebae, green mamba Dendroaspis viridis, black cobra Naja melanoleuca, African beauty snake Psammophis sibilans, and Nile monitor. Butterflies are well represented. Conservation Management Abuko Conservation Education Centre (sponsored by WWF/IUCN Project 1078) was completed and inaugurated by the President following launching of the Banjul Declaration in 1977. A 2.5m high double chain-linked fence encloses the reserve to protect it from bush fires, hunters and domestic animals. Water is piped to the north-eastern section. Zoning Visitor facilities are concentrated in the animal orphanage area. The 1978 extension is separated from the older reserve by a fence. Disturbances or Deficiencies Some of the 1978 extension was used for agriculture in the past, but this area is now enclosed by a chain-linked fence and there is no further agricultural disturbance. Visitor Facilities _ No vehicles are permitted. This park is one of the main attractions of Gambia. There is a rest house at Bamboo Pool with an education centre, exhibition and a film room. By the other two pools there are observation hides. The ’Animal Orphanage’ contains cages with chimpanzees, spotted hyenas, lion etc.. There is also a guide book and nature trail, with labelled trees and shrubs. Refreshments are available. A bus service from Banjul stops nearby on the main road and most hotels organise trips to Abuko. -218- Gambia Scientific Research A botanical survey was carried out in 1975. There is some work on chimpanzee rehabilitation. Red colobus have been studied. Special Scientific Facilities Visiting scientists can arrange to utilise access roads to the orphanage and the extension. Principal Reference Material Brewer, F.E. (1985). The Gambia Abuko Nature Reserve. Wildlife Conservation Department, Banjul, Gambia. ° Edberg, E. (1984). A Naturalist’s Guide to The Gambia. J.G. Sanders. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1078. Gambia, Conservation Education. ° Jensen, J.V. and Kirkeby, J. (1980). The Birds of the Gambia. An annotated checklist and guide to localities. Hostrup Film-Grafik, Arhus, Denmark. 284 pp. Staff Fourteen staff (including Watchmen) and eight daily employed personnel. Budget There is no separate budget for the reserve. Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Conservation Department, Lamin. Date May 1985 KIANGS WEST NATIONAL PARK Management Category Proposed Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No information Date Established Proposed in 1977 Geographical Location Bordered to the north by the River Gambia. Approximately 13°15’N, 15°55°W. Altitude Near sea level Area 10,000ha; includes Faba Forest Park Land Tenure No information Physical Features The Ngakingkoi Bolon, tributary to the River Gambia, flows through this area. Vegetation Major vegetation types in the southern part are dry deciduous woodland and Guinean savanna with species such as: Pterocarpus erinaceus, Parkia biglobosa, Terminalia macroptera, Prosopis africana, Ficus spp., Adansonia digitata, Acacia seyal, Cassia sieberana, Crossopteryx febrifuga, and Piliostigma thonningii. There is also a patchy zone of Acacia tree savanna between the two former types, mangrove swamps and lagoons. Fauna Hyena Crocuta crocuta, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, red _ river hog Potamochoerus porcus, Grimm’s duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, West African manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T), red colobus monkey Colobus -219- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas badius, and crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) were recorded from the area in 1975, while roan antelope Hippotragus equinus had been seen prior to 1973. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is deforestation, agriculture and poaching, although manatee, are now too rare to be regularly hunted. Warthog are hunted by farmers, although this is illegal, as they damage crops. Visitor Facilities The reserve has good potential for tourism. A road has been constructed to the area and there are good possibilities for access by boat. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Bijleveld, M. (1975). Report on conservation mission to the Gambia. WWF/IUCN Project 1078. Staff One ranger resident in the area Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Conservation Department Date May 1985 -220- GHANA -221- Burkina Faso el i mes Black Volta R @Tamale Kogya Bo mfobirj, Owabi ShaiHills _ g iNini-Suhien re dl} : Ankasa Atlantic Ocean Key OI National Parks Fi Strict Nature Reserve Wildlife Sanctuaries F=] Game Production Areas * Biosphere Reserve Ghana GHANA Area 238,538 sq.km Population 12,210,000 (1984) Parks and Reserves Legislation Under the Wild Animals Preservation Act No. 43 of 1961, the President is empowered (section 11) to establish reserves within which it is unlawful to hunt, capture, destroy or collect any wild animals except those exempted. Legislative Instrument 710 of 20 September 1971 sets out the Wildlife Reserves Regulations stating that the consent of the Chief Game and Wildlife Officer is necessary for entry into those areas and that conditions for such entry may be determined by him. Any exemption given for capturing, killing or collecting plants or animals is only made for conservation or management purposes. The Chief Game and Wildlife Officer may seize and confiscate equipment which in his view can be used to kill or capture animals, and only with his consent may any cultivation or clearing be carried out in a reserve. Regulations also control lighting of fires, water pollution and litter. This legislative instrument also sets up the first reserves, Mole, Digya, Bui, Shai Hills, Kogyae and Owabi. No separate definition is given for each of the terms (National Park, Game Production Reserve, Strict Nature Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary) in either the 1961 Act or the regulations. Other relevant laws are the Legislative Instruments 1022 of 1975, 1085 of 1976, 1105 of 1977 and 1283 of 1983, PNDC Law 42 and Act 405, the Ghana Forestry Commission Act, 1980. In practise both categories of reserve, Strict Nature Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary, are protected in the same way as national parks. Game Production Areas differ from these areas in that compatible forms of land use such as logging may be permitted, and hunting may also be allowed (though entry into these areas without a permit is still punishable). To establish a conservation area, the land must be compulsorily acquired by the Government with compensation paid to the owner. Regulations within Forest Reserves are contained in the Forest Protection Decree of 1974; traditional hunting rights, access and collection of minor forest products are allowed. Parks and Reserves Administration This is the responsibility of the Department of Game and Wildlife, which is a part of the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources. Forest reserves come under the jurisdiction of the Forestry Department. There are plans to reorganise offices dealing with wildlife and forestry, and to integrate four previously separate departments, Game and Wildlife, Forestry Products Research Institute, Timber Marketing Board and the Forestry Department. Address ° Chief Game and Wildlife Officer, Department of Game and Wildlife, PO Box M.239, Accra. ° Forestry Department, Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, PO Box 527, Accra. Additional Information The Government of Ghana has a specific conservation plan, the aim of which is to protect representative samples of the flora and fauna within the country. The impetus behind conservation has not been based on tourism but rather on a desire to protect the country’s heritage. There is, however, a shortage of trained wildlife personnel and field equipment, and vehicles are also in short supply. The communication problem is aggravated by the lack of a serviceable radio system within the Department of Game and Wildlife. Conservation education has been severely handicapped by a lack of facilities and trained staff (Gartlan, 1982), though in some areas this will be improved by recent initiatives between the International Council for Bird Preservation, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and the Ghana Government. Projects to supply protein have been initiated whereby the general public can appreciate the benefits of conservation, though these efforts are hampered by personnel and equipment shortages. A particular problem affecting the conservation of Ghana’s native habitats is the increasing demand for fuel. The destruction of vegetation for conversion to charcoal is most serious within the transitional zone between forest and savanna. Prospects for conservation of flora and fauna within the forest reserves are not good at present, even though some of these protect -223- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas important water catchment areas. Apparently there is little control over what species are felled and on the size classes of trees taken. The recent drought has increased fire hazards in most conservation areas, including part of some high forest, where primates were serious victims. Animal numbers are generally very low. Human conflicts, mainly with elephants, have been intensified by drought. There is an identified need to develop water points in all wildlife conservation areas and to continue efforts to improve habitat management. References ° ° Arid Lands Information Centre (1980). Draft Environmental Profile for Ghana. Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 172 pp. Asibey, E.O0.A. (1978). Primate conservation in Ghana. In: Chivers D.J. and Lane-Petter, W. (Eds) Recent Advances'in Primatology Vol 2 Conservation. Pp 55-74. Academic Press, London. Cansdale, G.S. (1964). Report to Government of Ghana on establishment of zoological gardens and wildlife conservation. FAO/EPTA No. 1800. Curry-Lindahl, K. (1969). Report to the Government of Ghana on conservation, management and utilization of Ghana’s wildlife resources. IUCN Publications New Series, Supplementary Paper No 18, Morges, Switzerland. Gartlan, J.S. (1982). The Forest Primates of Ghana. Report for International Primatological Society. IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Jackson, P. (1984). Wildife and the Great African Drought. JUCN Bulletin 15(7-9): 73-74. Kaplan, I., et al. (1971). Area Handbook for Ghana. US Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 447 pp. Wildlife Conservation Policy of the Republic Approved by Executive Council, 1974. Ghana Publishing Coorporation, Accra-Tema. 7 pp. Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Bia 7,776 Bui 307,360 Digya 312,595 Mole 492,100 Nini-Suhien 10,427 Subtotal 1,130,258 Strict Nature Reserves Kogyae 32,375 Wildlife Sanctuaries Bomfobiri 7,258 Owabi 5,184 Subtotal 12,442 Forest Reserves Krokosua Game Production Areas Ankasa 20,736 Bia 22,810 Gbele 32,400 Kalakpa (Kolor) 32,400 Shai Hills 5,443 Subtotal 113,789 “3942 Ghana Biosphere Reserves Bia National Park 7,770 Proposed areas Sukusuku Forest Reserve BIA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II and 1X (National Park and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) Legal Protection Total within the national park (only tourism and ecological research permitted). Controlled exploitation of flora and fauna is allowed in the game production area to the south, but fauna is strictly protected at present. The park is protected under Act 43, Wild Animals Preservation Act of 1961, and Legislative Instrument 1105, 1977. Date Established 1974 as a national park of 30,600ha (Legislative Instrument 881); modified 1976 (Legislative Instrument 1084); reduced to 23,000ha in 1979 and further reduced to the present size of 7,770ha in 1980. The 22,800ha excised from the park has been established as a ’Game Production Area’. Approved as a Biosphere Reserve in 1983. First establiished as Bia Tributaries South Forest Reserve in 1935, demarcated between 1937 and 1939, and legally constituted a forest reserve in 1940. Geographical Location In the western region, near the Ghana-Ivory Coast border, in the south-west corner of the Southern Ashanti Uplands. Approximately 240km north-west of Sekondi-Takoradi and 120km west of Kumasi. 6°32’-6°37’N, 3°02’-3°08’W. Altitude 145-230m Area 7,770ha (nation! park and Biosphere Reserve); contiguous to the Bia Game Production Area (22,810ha) and the proposed Bia Tawya Forest Reserve to the south and the proposed Sukusuku Forest Reserve to the west. Land Tenure Government Physical Features Bia lies in the south-west corner of the Southern Ashanti Uplands. Topography is undulating, and the geology mixed, with Lower Birrimian (middle Pre-Cambrian) to the east, granites to the west, and Upper Birrimian forming a north-south strip through the middle. The soils derived from the mixture are acrisols, locally classified as forest ochrosols. The park protects the headwaters of the Panabo and Sukusuku rivers which flow into the Ivory Coast, and the Tawya which is a tributary of the Bia. The climate is humid tropical, with a distinct dry season from December to March. Temperatures are estimated to vary from a maximum of 29-34°C (July/August) to a minimum of 20-22°C (February/March). Rainfall peaks are in June and October and the mean annual total is between 1500-1700mm. At 250m, means of 25°C and 1600mm are recorded. Vegetation In general the vegetation of the park is relatively untouched, this, together with Nini-Suhien, being perhaps the only areas in Ghana where virgin rain forest (0.6% of Ghana’s original high forest) still exists. The park straddles moist evergreen and moist semi-deciduous -225- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas tropical forest. The area was originally described as belonging to the CeltisTriplochiton association of humid semi-deciduous forest, but later found to be a separate unit, dominated by species in families other than the Ulmaceae and Sterculiaceae, such as Tieghemella heckelii, Entandrophragma angolense, Strombosia glaucocense and the two palms Raphia vinifera and R. gigantea. There is a high density of valuable timber species and 627 vascular plants have been recorded, of which 169 are trees reaching heights of more than 8m in the centre of the park. Tallest emergents reach heights of about 70m. Climbers, epiphytic orchids, mosses and liverworts abound. A list of species recorded in the park was produced for the Biosphere Reserve nomination form sent to Unesco. Fauna’ All the mammalian species typical of unencroached Guinean high forest zone are found in the Bia area, including red colobus Colobus badius, western black-and-white colobus C. polykomos and olive colobus Procolobus verus (T)), diana monkey Cercopithecus diana, lesser white-nosed monkey Cercopithecus petaurista, Campbell’s monkey Cercopithecus campbelli, mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, and chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T). Other species include leopard Panthera pardus (T), golden cat Felis aurata, elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis (T), giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, forest buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor, Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus maxwelli, bay duiker Cephalophus dorsalis, royal antelope Neotragus pygmaeus, African giant squirrel Protoxerus stangeri, Beecroft’s flying squirrel Anomalurus beecrofti, long-footed rat Malacomys longipes, giant pangolin Manis gigantea (very rare in the park) and honey badger Mellivora capensis. Dry season concentrations of animals which have been observed in the centre of the area are unusual and give the reserve an added importance. The forest elephant population is one of the few viable groups existing in the eastern part of the Guineo-Congolian Forest Region. There is a diverse avifauna, including white-breasted guineafowl (E) Agelastes meleagrides as well as some forms which may be rare or of limited range, such as the Ghanaian form of the black-collared lovebird Agapornis swinderniana, Chapin’s spine-tailed swift Telacanthura melanopygia and Sharpe’s apalis Apalis sharpii. Bia is also the only known natural site for the newly described lizard Agama sylvanus. A list of species found in the park was sent to Unesco with the Biosphere Reserve nomination. Conservation Management The Ministry of Agriculture Forestry Division produced a working plan for Bia Group Forest Reserve in 1970. The fauna of the park is protected by rangers and technical staff carry out census work on a regular basis. Zoning The areas removed from the park now constitute the Bia Game Production Area, which acts as a buffer zone to the park to the south. The core zone of the biosphere reserve occupies 300ha. Disturbances or Deficiencies Selective logging takes place in the game production area. It has been demonstrated that many of the economically valuable trees are important food species for forest primates. There are unconfirmed reports that large areas of the game production area have been felled. If these reports are true, they are serious as the south of the park is apparently very important for dry season water supplies to elephants. Although exploitation of fauna is allowed, it is strictly controlled at present. Many hunting licenses have now been issued and the police have tightened their control on firearms licences. However, poaching and illegal hunting within the park still continues and has considerably reduced the fauna. Evidence from reconnaissance surveys indicates that in the recent past (most probably between 1940 and 1961) there were timber exploitations in the area. Other indicators of past human disturbances are the plantations of Mitragyna stipulosa, M. ciliata, Entandrophragma angolense, Tectona grandis, Terminalia ivorensis, T. superba and Cedrela odorata found in various parts of the park. The only settlements in the park are the research centre units. Tourism and recreation has also had some impact on the park. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research This reserve is one of the best studied forest areas in Ghana. Research includes work on the status and rehabilitation of chimpanzee and there is currently a survey of other primates within the park (IUCN/WWF Project 1613). Inventories of species have been -226- Ghana produced. Research is proposed in a number of fields, including assessment of changes in the structure and composition of the flora and fauna and the effects of human impact on natural ecosystems. Special Scientific Facilities There are two field research stations, one in the park and one in the game production area, the latter to be developed into a field centre. Only foot trails penetrate the park area with the exception of permanent transect lines for faunal surveys. Sites are ready for park headquarters (including a school for primary education and a clinic) and additional scout camps. The authorities of Ghana propose the establishment of a Bia Ecological Research and Education Centre for which international assistance is needed. A building does already exist, with 40 single rooms for junior staff and two bungalows for senior staff. There is a climatic station, at which rainfall only is currently recorded. It is to be upgraded to a full meteorological station for recording most climatic variables. Principal Reference Material ° Ahn, P.M. (1958). Regrowth and swamp vegetation in the western forest areas of Ghana. Journal of West African Science Association 4(2): 163-73. ° Ahn, P.M. (1959). The principal areas of remaining original forest in western Ghana and their potential value for agricultural purposes. Journal of West African Science Association 5(2): 91-100. ° Asibey, E.O.A. and Owusu, J.G.K. (1982). Environmental Conservation 9(4): 293-304. ° Hall, J.B. and Swaine, M.D. (1981). Geobotany 1. The distribution and ecology of vascular plants in a tropical rainforest. Forest Vegetation in Ghana. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1613. ° Jamieson, R. (1971). Survey of the wildlife resource in the Bia river area. ° Jeffrey, S.M. (1974). Antelopes, duikers and hogs of the Dry Forest of Ghana. Nigerian Field 39(1): 27-33. ° Jeffrey, S.M. (1974). Ghana’s new forest national park. Oryx 13: 34-36. ° Jeffrey, S.M. (1975). Notes on Mammals from the high forest of Western Ghana. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire 37(4): 950-973 Sewfwi District, Ghana. Department of Game and Wildlife, Accra (Mimeo). ° Rucks, M.G. (1973). Faunal dispersion in the proposed Krokosua Hill National and proposed Bia Tawya Production Area. Dept. of Game and Wildlife, Accra. (Mimeo). ° Taylor, I. and Macdonald, M. (1978). Birds of Bia National Park, Ghana. Bull. Nigerian Orn. Soc. 14(45): 36-41. Staff Seventy-seven personnel (two university trained) Budget Provided by the Ghana Government. Additional funds have been provided on two occasions from IUCN/WWFE in support of specific projects. Local Park or Reserve Administration The Senior Game Warden, Bia National Park, PO Box 171, Sef wi-Wiawso. Date 1983 BUI NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, but not yet fully implemented -227- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Date Established 1971, by Legislative Instrument 710 Geographical Location 400km inland, on the Ghana-Ivory Coast border. 8°00’-8°25’N, 2°15’-2°30'W. Altitude 122-244m Area 307,360ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park comprises the undulating catchment of small tributaries of the Black Volta River, which roughly bisects the park. Soils are mainly lateritic. There is a long dry season from October to July and a rather shorter wet season from June to September. Temperature ranges from 10-40°C. Vegetation Guinea savanna woodland with gallery forest along rivers Fauna Mammals include olive baboon Papio anubis, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops,western black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, grey duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Buffon’s kob Kobus kob, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus and hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus. There is a rich and varied birdlife. Zoning Not yet applied Disturbances or Deficiencies Human settlements have still to be moved outside the park boundaries. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed Staff An assistant game warden, two game rangers, a clerical officer, five senior game assistants, four senior game scouts, 20 game assistants, 20 game scouts, ancillary staff and labour force were reported in 1977. Budget No recent information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1983 DIGYA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, but not fully implemented -228- Ghana Date Established 1971, by Legislative Instrument 710 Geographical Location Situated on a peninsula of the west central shore of Lake Volta. 7°05’-7°45’N, 0°10°E-0°45°W. Altitude 91-812m Area 312,595ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is bounded to the north and south by two tributaries of the Volta, the Sene and Obosum rivers, whose lower sections are flooded by arms of Lake Volta, which borders the east of the park. It comprises a fairly level section of the Voltaian (Palaeozoic) system, with a few hills and rocky outcrops. The climate is in the transition area between the single rainy season of the savanna and two wet seasons of the forest zone. The hottest months are between February and April (15-40°C) and and the coolest month is August (mean of 25°C), although colder minima (around 9°C) occur during December-January. Vegetation Guinea savanna woodland predominates with transitional high and gallery forest occuring along major drainage lines. Dominant species of the savanna are Anogeissus leiocarpus, Ceiba and Albizia spp., Ricinodendron heudelotii, Antiaris africana, Sterculia spp., and Triplochiton scleroxylon. Fauna Primates include olive baboon Papio anubis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, mona monkey Cercopithecus mona, spot-nosed monkey Cecopithedus nictitans, the short-haired race of the black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos abyssinicus and _ patas monkey Erythrocebus patas. Also found are elephant Loxodonta africana (T), bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus_ scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, grey duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Buffon’s kob Kobus kob, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus and oribi Ourebia ourebi. Crocodiles have been reported from the area. Zoning None yet applied Disturbances or Deficiencies There are some human settlements (about 1,000 people) which have still to be moved outside the park boundaries. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Asibey, E.O.A. (unknown date). Vale wildlife in the Volta Basin man-made lakes. In Obeng, L.E. (Ed.). Proceedings of the Accra Symposium. Ghana University Press, Accra. ° Cansdale, G.S. (1964). The Volta Dam may help wildlife in Ghana. Oryx 7(4): 168-171. ° Child, G.S. and Manu, C.K. (1970). Survey of the proposed Volta Game Reserve. Dept. of Game and Wildlife, Accra (mimeo). ° Jamieson, R. (1972). Survey of selected sections of the Digya National Park. Dept. of Game and Wildlife, Accra (mimeo). Smith, G.K. (1962). Report on soil and agricultural survey of the Sene-Obosum river basins, east Brong Ahafo and Ashanti regions, Ghana. US State Dept. AID, Washington DC. 168 p. Staff An assistant game warden, two game rangers, a clerical officer, five senior game assistants, four senior game scouts, 20 game scouts, 20 game assistants, ancillary staff and labour force were reported in 1977. Budget No recent information -229- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1983 MOLE NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1971 as a national park by Legislative Instrument 710. First established in 1961 as a game reserve. Geographical Location Northern Region, west of the White Volta. 9°00’-10°13’N, 1°22’-2°20’°W. Altitude 180-360m Area 492,100ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features Geologically, the area is part of the Voltaian system (Palaeozoic). A north-south ridge runs along the eastern side of the park, cut near its southern end by the Mole River. Plateaux and steep scarps give way to the lower Birrimanian system in the central area, and in the west to pre-Cambrian granites in undulating country with gentle slopes. Streams below the eastern scarp show reversed drainage, although in the dry season these and all other water courses cease to flow. Soils are mainly savanna ochrosols, groundwater laterites and lithosols. Average annual rainfall is 1,000mm, with March and April (before the rains) the hottest months (about 30°C); lowest temperatures (about 25°C) occur towards the end of the rains in August. Vegetation Guinean woodland savanna predominates with gallery forest along rivers. Much of the park is of the ‘orchard bush’ type savanna in which the following communities may be recognized: middle slope Burkea africana-Hyparrhenia spp., upper slope Detarium microcarpum-Loudetia simplex, top slope Jsoberlinia doka-Loudetiopsis scaettae, and scarp Strychnos spinosa-Ischaemum hirsutum. The scarps also support a denser woodland community of Diospyros mespiliformis-Monodora tenuifolia. There are significant areas of ‘iron-pan’ grass-savanna Terminalia macroptera-Loudetiopsis thoroldii. Daniellia oliveri-Andropogon tectorum woodland and Berlinia grandiflora-Cola laurifolia forest are the chief riparian communites, the latter constituting gallery forest in which Borassus palms and *sausage trees’ Kigelia aethiopum are noticeable. Fauna Mammals include the Guinea baboon Papio papio, olive baboon Papio anubis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, western black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos, side-striped jackal Canis adustus, wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), and a variety of ungulates such as bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Buffon’s kob Kobus kob, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus and oribi Ourebia ourebi. Reptiles include the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), slender-snouted crocodile Crocodylus cataphractus (1), Nile monitor Varanus_ niloticus, Bosc’s -230- Ghana monitor V. exanthematicus, and several terrapins and river turtles. Birdlife is plentiful. The termite Duplidentitermes furcatidens was discovered in the area in 1983. Zoning Not yet applied Disturbances or Deficiencies None reported Scientific Research Studies of animal populations, habitats and ornithology are being undertaken. Special Scientific Facilities There is a field laboratory at Samoli. Principal Reference Material ° Asibey, E.0.A. (1969). The Mole Game Reserve of Ghana. Department of Game and Wildlife, Accra (Mimeo). ° Hancock, N.J. (1978). Oxford Expedition to Ghana 1968. Bull. Oxf. Univ. Explor. Club 17: 117-137. ° Jamieson, R. (1972). Faunal surveys in Mole National Park, 1970-71. Dept. of Game and Wildlife, Accra (Mimeo). ° Lawson, G.W., Jenik, J. and Armstrong-Mensah, K.O. (1968). A study of the vegetation catena in Guinea savanna at Mole Game Reserve (Ghana). Journal of Ecology 56: 505-522. Pegg, P.J. (1969). Wildlife Management in the Mole Game Reserve. FAO, Rome. University of Aberdeen (1974). Expeditions to Mole National Park, Ghana. ° ° Staff A game warden, three senior assistant wardens, four assistant wardens, two senior game protection officers, two game protection officers, two senior rangers, 15 rangers, five senior game scouts, 65 game scouts, 55 game assistants and 15 guards, making a total of 169, plus labour force of 300 were reported in 1977. Budget No recent information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1983 KROKOSUA FOREST RESERVE Management Category No information Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) Legal Protection No logging, hunting or timber extraction allowed. Date Established No information Geographical Location On the east bank of the River Bia, bisected by the road from Sefwi Wiawso west to the Ivory Coast border. Altitude Up to 549m Area No information Land Tenure No information -231- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Physical Features Steep sided hills. Underlain by rocks of the Birrimian series, classified as phyllites, schists, tuffs and greywackes. Soils include heavily weathered gravelly latosols. There are two peak rainfall periods; May-June and September-October with mean annual rainfall of over 1450mm. Temperatures and relative humidity remain uniformly high throughout the year, with increased diurnal fluctuations on cleared land. Vegetation The reserve is in the CeltisTriplochiton zone (Taylor, 1960) of moist semi-deciduous tropical forest. Commercial timber species include Triplochiton scleroxylon, Entandophragma utile and E. cylindrium with the climbing palms Ancistrophyllum secundiflorum and Calamus deerratus being characteristic of swampy areas. Fauna Mammals recorded include, hammerheaded fruit bat Hypsignathus monstrosus, Veldkamp’s bat Nanonycteris veldkampi, tree pangolin Manis tricuspis, spot-nosed monkey Cercopithecus petaurista, mona monkey Cercopithecus campbelli, black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos, red colobus Colobus badius, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), civet Civettictis civetta, forest genet Genetta genettoides, Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus maxwelli and royal antelope Neotragus pygmaeus. Conservation Management No information Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies The area west of the reserve has been logged since the road was constructed in 1963. Much primary high forest outside the reserve has been cleared and pressure on the reserve is increasing. Human influence is confined to timber extraction, hunting, trapping and snail collection. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research Mammal survey Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Jeffrey, S.M. (1975). Notes on mammals from the high forest of western Ghana. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d’Afrique Noire. 37(4): 950-973. * Taylor, C.J. (1960). Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana. London. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1975 SUKUSUKU FOREST RESERVE Management Category Proposed Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) Legal Protection Hunting allowed -232- Ghana Date Established Proposed Geographical Location The reserve is between Bia National Park on the eastern boundary and the Ghana-Ivory Coast border on the west. Altitude 152-183m Area No information Land Tenure Contiguous with Bia National Park (formerly Bia Tributaries South Forest Reserve) and Bia Tawya Forest Reserve (Proposed) Physical Features Gently undulating country dissected by several tributaries of the Panabo and Sukusuku rivers which drain westward into the Ivory Coast. Area is underlain by rocks of the Birrimian Series, which are classified as phyllites, schists, tuffs and greywackes. Mean annual precipitation of about 1450mm falling mainly during the two peak rainfall periods; May-June and September-October. Vegetation The reserve is classified as lying in the Celtis-Triplochiton zone of the moist semi-deciduous tropical forest (Taylor, 1960). Commercial timber species include Triplochiton scleroxylon, Entandophragma utile and E. cylindrium. In swampy areas the upper canopy is very open with a dense, impenetrable undergrowth characterised by the climbing palms Ancistrophyllum secundiflorum and Calamus deerratus. Fauna Mammals recorded include African giant squirrel Protoxerus stangeri, Derby’s flying squirrel Anomalurus derbianus, brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus africanus, giant ground pangolin Manis gigantea, tree pangolin Manis tricuspis, long-tailed pangolin Manis tetradactyla, white-collared mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, spot-nosed monkey Cercopithecus petaurista, mona monkey Cercopithecus campbelli, black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos, olive colobus Procolobus verus, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, forest genet Genetta genetta, golden cat Felis aurata, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), forst hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus silvicultor, black duiker Cephalophus niger, Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus maxwelli and royal antelope Neotragus pygmaeus. Conservation Management No information Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies The reserve contains new and established villages and farming is spreading rapidly since the area was opened up to settlements by the road from Sefwi Wiawso in 1963. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research Mammal survey Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Jeffrey, S.M. (1975). Notes on Mammals from the high forest of western Ghana. Bulletin de V’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire. 37(4): 950-973 ° Taylor, C.J. (1960). Synecology and silviculture in Ghana. London. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1975 -233- a Nii aia Siege 4 ; ’ i a UES ‘ f tal Featuay sD 8 t bills néderidin by pocks of tho Bigguy a . 1 : i phyllites, schists ‘ts sad ares ; vhs tudo heavily w sie. sda z 4 ‘bas ype ade £ rts} i6o, wa a #89) is ok a +5 he vO tf iP Mind an SSS ~ oe OM weed eee Mee a4 — ony a oo ye ibcis } : , : PW rs x 7 but @ if se { tn rasacve is ne c aliiaT fRHOA- more “Ahi meas iT 3 , Doe ty al fore Somamearcial timber species. include Trig Test Entandu 24 eo wile ant 6. cptir with the climbing palk HNoT A082 “ish inlaitt dre caiictens Sale Tae en ae ( ovy , j Feuer Mascmats recorded dnchede, ban beregpa2) oh ne" ide) saat ae" oar 10 24 isntae! vy “Tetbves we Wisk eit Wiayoy’ ret uta” (Tyr f eh bio; td ililshtehy OF iatn” ‘Saas Viov DAL Cink bie wires Ai in bir vn, Os SASH 3 baa Frit carting ‘netilt? AG ed Bai iicaats Bye i Indy "HAY RS ow! wat Fe Yea griltnY aoe eR . ; sen dirias- “atessny radota-rad . ie . _ t ibe aay pasa “Ab Mootg ae Rie Bh) ni aniyl en beitiaslo a ovisesr poy _ pi i zalosiqe xedeni} IireceioD (O30! ,wlveT) teoro? Insig ay ci att ‘ise volnewe of ewivbnilys A bas sila sa stnd anime sd See Aremsbay eT eet Stl HOSE 4 RECs . eg f mestraced ia (988, Mush rimat RTOS PANS ANT MTR i ie me n eee fsrvibBy Whig” hestPA. Bh: jong i bavoig Yung NA GRA AIR sniquaieg balini-raund pore peri oul poy ool tryin -2noW nilogatq 991? Jainn ubsthidd Ba pallial 8 stutopwe) wdqests> vodegnsm berails adap gite-bastneid ,iVisdqmay tuasiliqgen vednom aye ) pie bagi gosnaqatids wu sadowunat’ led a Ne apa Piet, _fpbdlcs.. mC Ieneg ai ahaa WV Peatesolit By teashteaniis Ni pod “aol (7) ompiip ¢ Er oat PRP vind ta vel fetich = doald. | ,soilunivelig c Mion cel GM (197s sic ase nth wae, binds HSPOPBE aaa | Piesting foadamenial t Afrique Neiroy .93{ 4). “9 hia “* "Faylor, C5.01960). Seuecalagy and Siltteut iaew in ih eh Sta No infarination a te = AL.aniea) bes a snaelliy ¥ bedeildares bas won aniztnoe gvroeet eT Opa Whee "in yi adi yd tinemeizies of qu beneqo sew ae ; Leeal Park or Reenren baministradt ga «No infor win ae 5 ee vides co Ga 1973) - eee ee a Peay . a al : . 1) olen toma do a | nt” sebstiontt of + i Diogtopens ize! Vs avienke raise: CBitorne Rain Forest begat Protection Paatiog etvennd 3 moliamotai of stastiana GUINEA -235- eouIny W400 OOL ) 4 umouyun adeys Ww Savsasay aeyasolg *% yseod As0A} epi eerie e1aqiy ee . aNsesey eunjeNidI4Ig []]) \ -4 hay e— ~~ i eBwei7 jojis' Vv '1Z 40} W aude] e13IS ues9g 91]Ue)}V -—-~ Nee Se eax’ nessig eauiny —<—-<—— ors ~- ~- N= jeBauas GUINEA Area 245,855 sq.km Population 5,410,000 (1983) Parks and Reserves Legislation There are classified forests covering some 4-5% of the country, though their current status is unclear. These areas are, in principal, protected from certain activities such as clearance for agricultural purposes. Other reserves would presumably be protected by separate decrees. A new national park called Badiar has recently been gazetted. Parks and Reserves Administration This is the responsibility of the Department of Water, Forests and Rural Management in collaboration with the National Institute for Research and Documentation (Institut national de recherches et de la Documentation de Guinea, INRDG). Address ° Direction général aux eaux et foréts et a l’aménagement rural, PO Box 624, Conakry. Additional Information According to IUCN/UNEP (1983), the proceedings of a meeting which actually took place in 1980, nature conservation was afforded very low priority in Guinea and there appeared to be little effective protection afforded to any area. However, Kaba and Diallo (1983) report that the protection and rational management of natural resources is now a cornerstone of development policy within the country. Several of the administrative agencies dealing with resource use have been grouped in a new structure to implement this policy and a coordinated education programme has been set up. Measures for improving protection and management of natural resources include reorganisation of agriculture and pasturage (with the aim of reducing land clearance, controlling soil erosion and managing water resources) and further development of forest management activities including forest protection, reafforestation, and development of an inventory of forest resources. References °* IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de 1l’Afrique Centrale et de 1’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. ° Kaba, S. and Diallo, M. (1983). Resumé des rapports nationaux, Guinee. In: Rapport de la Session de formation sur l’aménagement et la gestion des Réserves de la Biosphere en Afrique soudano-sahélienne. Comite National du Programme sur l’Homme et la Biosphére, Mali. Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Badiar Strict Nature Reserves Mount Nimba 13,000 Biosphere Reserves Reserve de la biosphere des Monts Nimba 17,130 Reserve de la biosphere du Massif du Ziama 116,170 Subtotal 133,300 29372 IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE MONT NIMBA (COTE D’IVOIRE) RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE MONTS NIMBA (GUINEA) Management Category I and IX (Strict Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve) World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iv) Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) 3.04.04 (West African woodland savanna) Legal Protection Legally protected in Guinea as réserve naturelle intégrale Monts Nimba by decree. Prospecting for minerals is allowed and permits can be acquired for sport-hunting in parts of the reserve. C6te d’Ivoire has continued protection through the State Forestry Service. Date Established Strict nature reserve established by Order No.4190, 1943, in Céte d’Ivorie and by decree in 1944 in Guinea. Cdéte d’Ivoire nature reserve is a féret classé’ under national ownership. Contiguous nature reserve proposed in Liberian section. Guinean sector accepted as a biosphere reserve in 1980. Both reserves form a world heritage site, gazetted in 1981 (Guinea) and 1982 (Céte d’Ivoire). Geographical Location The massif of Nimba is situated on the border between Guinea, Cote d’Ivoire, and Liberia. Some 20km from the town of Lola and 62km from N’Zérékoré. 7°18°N, 10°35’W. Altitude 450-1,752m (Mont Richard Molard) Area Nature reserve (Guinea) 13,000ha; nature reserve (Céte d’Ivoire) 5,000ha; biosphere reserve (Guinea) 17,130ha. Contiguous to a proposed nature reserve in Liberia. Land Tenure Government Physical Features Mount Nimba is part of the "Guinean Backbone’, rising 1,000m above the even, almost flat, surrounding glacis. It forms an immense barrier, cutting across the country from the south-west to the north-east. This area is unequalled as an illustration of the theory of erosion levels. The sharp relief and striking topography of the mountains, with their grass-covered summits and precipitous slopes, is due to a bar of ore-containing quartzites. Since the end of the Primary Era, erosion through weathering has caused a gigantic sheet of this quartzite to jut out of the softer schists and granitogneiss, which form the piedmont. The softer rocks have been gradually weathered and removed. These hard iron-quartzite crusts cover the vast sub-horizontal glacis of the eastern and northern parts of the piedmont and create very poor soils, which are usually skeletal or non-existent. The soil conditions explain the belt of savanna vegetation at 500-550m around the mountains. The Nimba Mountains contain the sources of the rivers Cavally and Ya (which forms the Mami River of Liberia) and are cut up by deep, richly forested valleys. There is great topographical diversity with valleys, plateaux, rounded hilltops, rocky peaks, abrupt cliffs and bare granitic blocks, and the whole area constitutes a vast water catchment. It is also of archaeological interest. Hewn stone tools and chippings have been discovered in a rock shelter at Blandé at the northern end of the mountain. Mean annual temperature minimum: 15.8°C, maximum: 29.7°C, and mean annual rainfall 2,849mm, occuring over 178.8 days, recorded at 543m. Vegetation There are three major vegetation types: 1) High altitude grassland with Loudetia kagerensis near the summit and endemics including Blaeria nimbana and Dolichos nimbaensis and woody plants such as Protea angolensis on the slopes, which are absent from the ridges. Remnants of forest at high altitudes are likely to be dominated by Mytaceae species and the ravines by the tree fern Cyathula cylindrica var. mannii. 2) Plains savanna varying according to the hardness of the soil and supporting numerous herbaceous plant communities. The savanna is broken by gallery forests which grow between 1000m-1,600m. Parinari excelsa is dominant above 1,000m, and there are abundant epiphytes. 3) Predominantly primary forest, -238- Guinea located mainly on the foothills and in the valleys with dominant species including Triplochiton scleroxylon, Chlorophora regia, Morus mesozygia, Terminalia ivorensis, Lophira procera, Tarrietia utilis, and Mapania spp.. Drier, mid-altitude forests with trees such as Triplochiton scleroxylon, Piptadeniastrum africanum, and Parkia bicolor are found at the northern end of the Mount Nimba chain. Dry forests are rarer than the rainforests because of agricultural pressures, and some of the dry forest species have disappeared from many areas. There are very few endemic plant species at Mount Nimba, probably because altitude is not sufficient for new tree species to have evolved. Montane endemics include a pteridophyte, Asplenium schnelli, two phanerogams, Osbeckia portersi, and Blaeria nimbana. Fauna More than 500 new species of fauna have been discovered in the Mount Nimba Reserve. Species diversity is exceptionally rich because of the variety of ecotones created by the presence of grasslands laced with forest. Mammals include: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus maxwelli and particularly black duiker Cephalophus niger, bay duiker Cephalophus dorsalis and forest buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, scaly anteaters such as the white-bellied pangolin Manis tricuspis, pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, golden cat Felis aurata, two-spotted palm civet Nandinia binotata, African civet Civettictis civetta, forest genet Genetta maculata, servaline genet Genetta servalina, Johnston’s genet Genetta johnstoni, cane rat Thryonomys swinderianus, African clawless otter Aonyx capensis, lesser otter shrew Micropotamogale lamottei (a new genus discovered on Mount Nimba), potto Perodicticus potto, western black and _ white colobus Colobus polykomos, red colobus Colobus badius, diana monkey Cercopithecus diana, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), and lesser bushbaby Galago senegalensis. One of the most noteworthy species is the viviparous toad Nectophrynoides occidentalis (V), which occurs in montane grasslands at 1,200-1,600m and is the only tail-less amphibian in the world that is totally viviparous. There are a number of rare and endemic bird species. Upland invertebrate species include gastropod molluscs and various types of insects belonging to the Carabidae, Gryllidae, Acrididae and the Forciculidae (beetles, grasshopper, crickets and earwigs) families, of which more than 20 are endemic to Mount Nimba. The forests contain numerous reptile and amphibian species including West African toad Bufo superciliaris and frog Cassina lamottei. Population There has probably never been any village on the actual mountains, but there are ten villages in the immediate vicinity of Nimba with several thousand inhabitants, mainly growing crops. Conservation Management The reserve does not have a management plan. Awareness of the value of the area and a better degree of protection seems possible following designation of the reserve as a world heritage site. Zoning The biosphere reserve in Guinea contains a core zone of 10,000ha. Disturbances or Deficiencies The area has similar problems to Tai National Park (Céte d'Ivoire). There is poaching and some cultivation. The main threat is from the massive iron-ore mining activities in the southern part of the chain in Liberia. About 6,000ha are in danger. Roads, wells, and mineshafts have been built and workshops and townships established in what has been a strict nature reserve since 1944. Hundreds of square metres of soil have been removed over large areas and, as a result, many streams for miles around are fouled with heavy metal run-off, particularly ferruginous rock debris. The areas designated as a world heritage sites exclude both the Liberian sector, already badly degraded by mining and intensive poaching, and the northern Guinean part, already disturbed by mining activities and threatened by more. But these two areas could serve as a buffer zone for the world heritage site if hunting were strictly controlled. It is proposed to study the best way of rehabilitating this zone as an artificial park after the exploitation. There is a lack of resources and management. Visitor Facilities Tourism is prohibited within the strict nature reserves. Scientific Research Botanical, zoological, and geological inventories have been completed. More than 500 new species have been described or reported, including several mammals (a new genus of otter shrew), more than 10 amphibians and reptiles, several fish and arthropods (notably centipedes and harvestmen), and molluscs. Research includes phytosociological studies -239- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas of high altitude grasslands, primate studies, and the collection of meteorological data. Several international research workers in the fields of biology, ecology, geography, primatology, and meteorology are interested in this area and with appropriate facilities, scientific research in Nimba could form the basis of a tropical ecology station of international importance. Special Scientific Facilities _ There are six patrol stations in the reserve which are used to monitor various environmental parameters. The IFAN (French Institute for Black Africa) research station is at the northern tip of the mountain chain. The LAMCO mining company set up a small research station in the Liberian area (outside the reserve) in 1964. Principal Reference Material ° Adam, J.G. (1971). Flore descriptive des Monts Nimba (Céte d’Ivoire, Guinée, Libéria). Mémoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) Serie B Vols. 20, 21, 24, 25. ° Adam J.G. (1981). Flore descriptive des Monts Nimba (Céte d’Ivoire, Guinée, Libéria). Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. °* Anon. (1952). La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba. Mémoires de l'Institut Frangais d’Afrique Noire 19. Anon. (1958). La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba. Mémoires de _ I’Institut Frangais d’Afrique Noire 53. Anon. (1963). La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba. Mémoires de_ I’Institut Frangaise d’Afrique Noire 66. Biosphere Reserve Nomination submitted to Unesco. Mascarenhas, A. (1983). Ngorongoro: A challenge to conservation and development. Ambio XII(3-4): 146-152. ° Schnell, R. (1952). Vegétation et flore de la région montagneuse du Nimba. Mémoires de l'Institut Frangais d’Afrique Noire 22. * World Heritage Nomination submitted to Unesco. Staff Total of 17, with two researchers Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration In Guinea, Station Biologique des Monts Nimba, S/C INRDG, BP 561, Conakry. Date 1983 RESERVE DE LA BIOSPHERE DU MASSIF DU ZIAMA Management Category IX (Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) Legal Protection Protected under decree No. 1168/AE of 25 June 1932, No. 3272/SE/F of 12 September 1943, and No. 1215/SE/F of 20 April 1945 (extending the protected area). Core area is strictly protected and hunting is prohibited in the surrounding buffer zone. Date Established Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in November 1980. Geographical Location In the Sérédou Arrondissement, Macenta Administrative Region, 40km from the town of Macenta and 100km from N’Zérékoré. The western boundary is formed by the Liberian frontier, and eastern boundary by the Macenta-N’Zérékoré road. Approximately centred 8°20’N, 9°20’W. Altitude 500-1,387m -240- Guinea Area 116,170ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve lies in an area of mountainous landscape characterised by rugged relief with notable features including the mountain passes of Zombromai and Voroa and a magnificent uninterrupted view from Sérédou of valleys, plateaux, rounded ridges, rocky peaks, sheer cliffs, and bare granite outcrops. Mean annual temperature is 23°C and mean annual rainfall 2,849mm. Vegetation The four principal vegetation types are: primary mountain forest; secondary mountain forest; secondary forest in the valleys, plains and swamps; and savanna on lateritic outcrops of the elephant grass-covered plateaux. Principal species are azobé Lophira procera, fraké Terminalia altissima, framiré Terminalia ivorensis, samba Triplochiton scleroxylon, iroko Chlorophora excelsa, raphia Raphia, rattan palm, and umbrella tree. Fauna Fauna are reported to include elephant Loxodonta africana (T), various species of antelope and monkey, fish Silurus spp., and a rich insect fauna. Population The reserve has a population of 29,000 living in 23 villages and the town of Sérédou. Conservation Management No information Zoning Core zone 60,000ha and buffer zone Disturbances or Deficiencies Timber extraction is permitted in the buffer zone with a forestry concession of 30,000ha containing a forestry station and chipboard factory. There is also a quinine plantation, processing station and an 8ha palm grove. Scientific Research There is monitoring of climate, vegetation, soils, and hydrology. Some experimental plots exist. Further research could be carried out on botany, tree associations, and wood-working technology. The Faculty of Sylviculture has a department within the reserve with a 3-year undergraduate course. Special Scientific Facilities _ There is also an Agronomical Research Laboratory concerned with medicinal plants and the forest station concerned with timber extraction and carpentry activities. Principal Reference Material Various reports, studies and general information on file at the Direction Générale des Eaux et Férets (Conakry), and various reports and technical studies at the Quinine Research Centre. Staff Total of 129, mainly engaged in administration and control Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Centre Forestier de Sérédou, S/C INRDG, BP 561, Conakry. Date 1983 -241- \Cuehe = réniud + ted Are 3 j a - the Collectsoa of te re3: 6 reals, ional f \ ology, ecosdg ye erepti Det matalo logy ara i cod tm this ae sth orogri er wianaan Pune t mye ¢ a ine y “ 1 of interostions? importa qd berxinstomstio sqecebasl sucaibihuneen, to ane aa Al asti ov7se8t it rouse, laslaytt = sq0OY br :terehrd eS ' Ne erccaty omnwog -sdh-paibuian 27yiee) vidas Gi ebles | eioor ipoapbineet Ss mt é =e utat) on » the Toy Tt] he re a : 7 pane es Pe Pwbooos Rete) bag-noizaeus9 vodeil Atiw bemeonos noises $ ben oe a a edt 3@ olf? no nolteanotni ievsnog ban taba BIDET om a . a caibute leotatoal bas eoge: evoke bas.{yeeans), taen0t x 5 RESERVE DEL ‘ BIGSPHERE DU MASSIF DU ‘en ae AN ee tamaos boa poitayes = sei en | = Bice bagrovest Category 1x Ueiphare Keeeevs): ‘ et merit ate st tm apm fst Legale otectioe iT rikpekniisnder dee Ho, 1188/a of 25 $ Juke. 932) Soprember 143. ocd My, 12 with eee eos ih. prot a bs strictly occosetquad wg be ‘is prokibin pate eerrounding base es « ae ae x Tacs j 7 dad a os . ee he Sha te Eets atrs.y | A oS eis “ Seaprgthe tice! Location sina ‘Ave eqent. Macepta ; Abts {r9 ce town af epewand topes from N'Zérakoré: . Farasasits ay \tveorkan, feuntian, and. aestern boxe Gasy by the apemeedl Aeotepee ein erste ania ar Ws r tg i « » Pe . Oe ke $e) 3 tiny, - ‘he we Ep ae eae s . 7" OA - aut reg one sy << * th “hs ‘ ; i eo bs plce ae y By if se = + a “ iy Wo < a, ¥ @-—— i< te q a Peis ah oY chee 7 GUINEA-BISSAU -243- 2278 - AAMBIO / GUINEA-BISSAU Area 36,125 sq.km Population 844,000 (1984) Parks and Reserves Legislation Guinea-Bissau achieved independance from Portugal in 1973, but has not, as yet, developed her own protected area legislation. However, under the hunting regulations (Decree No. 21 of 1980) there are six areas established as hunting reserves where all hunting is "permanently" prohibited. In 1981, it was reported that five people within the Government were trying to establish a national parks programme, however there are as yet no protected areas other than these hunting reserves, and no classified forests. Parks and Reserves Administration Hunting reserves are delimited and controlled by the Directorate of the Service of Forestry and Hunting, within the Ministry of Rural Development and Fisheries. Address ° Diregcao das Florastas e Caga, Ministerio do Desenvolvimento Rural CP 179, Bissau. Additional Information According to Diom (1981), the flora and fauna of Guinea-Bissau still appears to be virtually undisturbed, especially in the south, with the Bijagos Archipelago being of particular interest. There are many wetland areas, and the coastal areas (and islands) are particularly important for migrant birds, and in particular wintering shorebirds. During the winter of 1982/3 many of the areas were surveyed. Results indicated that there were over one million shorebirds using the coastal zone, making it one of the most important wintering areas in Africa for Palaearctic shorebirds. More recently a study of the current uses of mangroves has been initiated, with the aim of preparing proposals for the development of multiple-use protected mangrove reserves. As a result of the general economic situation in the country (Guinea-Bissau is recognised as being amongst the least developed countries) there is an urgent need to develop agriculture, forestry and fisheries. In addition natural resources are threatened by brush-fire, clearance, inappropriate agricultural practice, overgrazing, forest exploitation, and hunting. The situation is potentially fairly serious, and this has led IUCN (Portas and Oliveira Costa, 1985) to stress the importance of developing a more rigorous approach to reconciling conservation with development within the country. This report also indicates the importance of establishing protected areas, and makes particular mention of the Bijagos Archipelago. References ° Diom, M. (1981). Parcs nationaux et aires protégées du Sénégal, de la Gambie et de la Guinée-Bissau. In: Conserving Africa’s Natural Heritage, \UCN, Gland. Pp 80-86. * IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. * IUCN/WWF Project 3096. Conservation of Wetlands. ° Portas, P. and de Oliveira Costa, J.P. (1985). Vers l’élaboration d’une Stratégie nationale de conservation des ressources naturelles.d Rapport de mission 25 mars-2 avril 1985, UICN, Gland. ° WWF Project 3697. Guinea-Bissau, Mangroves, Environmentally Sound Development. Protected Areas Hunting Reserves Arquipelago dos Bijagos Ilha de Cofra -245- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Lagoa de Cufada Mata de Cantanhez Rio Geba/Rio Mansoa Sector Administrativa de Boe -246- KENYA fb472 Ethiopia arsabit FAN arsabit Yeahs! @ Maralai Samburu «Shaba Buffalo Springs L.Bogoria Mt.Keny if Aberdare qr Helf's Gate S.Turkana 12 \{Nasolot 0 / ! Saiwa Swamp V4 / MtElgon Kerid Valle —$ Kakamega / Forest fambweValley Mwea (Ruma) Nairobi Of Doinyo Naor Sabuk Tanzania Key National Parks National Reserves National Marine Parks National Marine Reserve National Marine Reserve incl.N.M.Park Primate Reserve Game Sanctuary Forest Reserve incl.Nature Reserves Biosphere Reserves Proposed Nature Park O0e* BAH OBAEE Shimba Hills N aN Kenya Somali Rep. | | | | I I I | | t | | I I | I | | I 1 XN Indian Ocean \PPoviani® OKisite-Mpunguti 9 100 200km KENYA Area 582,600 sq.km (including 13,530 sq.km of water) Population 19,500,000 (1985) Parks and Reserves Legislation The former National Parks administration set up by Ordinance 9 of 1945 (the Royal National Parks of Kenya Ordinance) was combined with the former Game Department under the Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act 1976 (contained in Kenya Gazette Supplement 8 (Act 1) of 13 February 1976) and Legal Notice 219 (in Kenya Gazette Supplement 57 Legislative Supplement 43 of 22 October 1976). National Parks and National Reserves may be established under the Act on any type of land, and are declared by the Minister for Tourism and Wildlife with the consent of the appropriate authority; or without consent of the authority but through approval by the National Assembly with aquisition of private land or separation of trust land. Within National Reserves, land uses other than nature conservation may be specifically allowed; the conditions controlling such uses are included in regulations agreed to by the authority at the time of gazettement. County Council Game Reserves have the same status as National Reserves except that the County Council (or other local government body) constitutes the competent authority. Such reserves are declared by the Ministry with consent of the appropriate authority. Marine National Parks and Reserves are also legislated under the Wildlife (Conservation and Management Act) 1976. Passage and anchorage of boats is permitted but a free permit must be obtained for the period required. Certain other activities such as swimming, water skiing and sailing are allowed. All fishing in the parks and reserves is illegal although traditional methods have been allowed to continue in the reserves. Government Forest Policy is defined in Sessional Paper 1 (1968) which provides guidelines for the development, management, utilisation and regulation of forest resources. Forest Reserves and Nature Reserves are declared under the Forest Act for the protection of forest, coastal and watershed resources. Nature reserves are separately gazetted. Establishment of Forest Reserves can be initiated at any level from local through the County Council to the Minister in charge of forests. Parks and Reserves Administration National Parks, National Reserves and all other wildlife areas are the responsibility of the Director of the Wildlife Conservation and Management Department (WCMD) of the Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife. National reserves are actually administered by the District Council, with the exception of the Shimba Hills which is managed directly by WCMD. The Wildlife Panning Unit was created in 1979 to develop management plans for the parks and reserves. County Council reserves are administered by a representative of the Director of WMCD assisted by a management committee appointed by the County Council concerned. Nature reserves and forest reserves are managed by forestry staff of the Forest Department within the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. There are four levels of administration, National Headquarters, Provincial Forest Office, District Forest Office and individual Forest Station. Address ® Wildlife Conservation and Management Department, Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, Langata Road, PO Box 40241, Nairobi. ° Marine National Parks, PO Box 109, Malindi. ° Forest Department, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, PO Box 30513, Nairobi. Additional Information The main identified function of national parks in Kenya is to conserve, as far as possible, a representative sample of fauna and flora for educational purposes (particularly through the Wildlife Clubs of Kenya), and for aesthetic and recreational enjoyment by Kenyans and overseas visitors. National parks form the mainstay of tourism economy (Rogalsky, 1981). One of the major constraints on management of existing protected areas in Kenya and other countries of East Africa, is the lack of planning documents (Thorsell, 1983). Deficiencies in -249- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas man-power, scientific information and finances are major difficulties in developing adequate plans and managing new and established areas. However, some management plans have been and are being prepared in Kenya and a preliminary system-planning project has been undertaken by the Wildlife Planning Unit, with additional areas proposed for protection or increased status (Pertet, 1984). As in most parts of Africa, poaching is a considerable problem facing protected areas managers. In 1977 a Kenyan Rhino Action Group (KRAG) was set up (with support from IUCN/WWF Project 1724) to formulate conservation policies and raise funds. The Government established anti-poaching units in 1978 particularly in an attempt to save the black rhinoceros from extinction in Kenya. However, despite success of these units in some areas in reducing poaching of many species, serious concern is still expressed by several conservation groups about adequate protection of rhinoceros. IUCN/WWF Project 3022 was set up in 1982 to protect 60-70 black rhinoceros on a private ranch on the eastern edge of the rift valley. So far this has been successful. A first attempt has been made to use remote sensing techniques to rapidly assess actual forest cover in Kenya, so as to provide an accurate inventory of unconverted forest, to establish a baseline for monitoring, and to provide information for land use managers. The results of this survey are published by the Kenya Range Ecological Monitoring Unit (Doute, Ochanda and Epp, 1981). There are reports of heavy encroachment and over-exploitation of many forest areas and other biotic communities of Kenya. To try and save the natural resources a workshop on ’Plant Communities in Kenya’, was organised by national and international agencies during 1984 to assess the best means of halting the current degradation of plant communities and of co-ordinating dissemination and storage of information on biotic resources. The proceedings of this meeting were published in 1984 under the title Endangered Resources for Development. The recent drought has affected several of the parks and reserves, and in particular Meru, Samburu, Mt Kenya, Sibiloi, Amboseli and Tsavo. However, wildlife has survived well compared with earlier droughts although the mortality of young has been higher, especially of wildebeest, buffalo, kongoni and elephant. References ° Anon. (1984). Endangered Resources for Development. Proceedings of a workshop on the status and options for management of plant communities in Kenya March 6-8, 1984, Nairobi. Cunningham van Someren, G.R. (1982). Review of habitat status of some important biotic communities in Kenya. Report for WMCD and National Museums of Kenya. Doute, R., Ochanda, N. and Epp, H. (1981). Forest cover Mapping in Kenya using Remote Sensing Techniques. KREMU Technical Report series No. 30, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. Hesse, J. (1984). Rapport Preparatoire a l’Etude Comparative des Politiques de Conservation de la Nature et de leurs Implications Economiques dans des pays anglophones d’Afrique de lest (Kenya, Tanazanie) et des pays francophones d’Afrique de !’Ouest (Cameroun, Sénégal). Secretariat d’état a l’environment et 4 la qualité de la vie. Federation des parcs naturels de France. IUCN/WWF Project 1262. Kenya, Hell’s Gate National Park. IUCN/WWF Project 1613. Primate Action Fund. IUCN/WWF Project 1724. Kenya, Rhino Action Group. IUCN/WWF Project 1955. Kenya, Training of Wildlife rangers. IUCN/WWF Project 3022. Kenya, Anti-poaching Unit, Laikipia Ranch. Pertet, F. (1984). Kenya’s experience in established coastal and marine protected areas. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation and Development. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D.C. ° Pertet, F. (1984). Endangered and Critical Habitat Areas in Kenya. In: Endangered Resources for Development. Proceedings of a workshop on the status and options for management of plant communities in Kenya. National Museums, Nairobi. ° Rogalsky, G.R. (July 1981). Cost benefits of tourism. Africana 8(2): 16-19. oo 0 © 8 © -250- ° Thorsell, J. (1984). Eastern Africa. National Parks and Protected Areas, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 1983. ° Williams, J.G. (1981). A field guide to the National Parks of East Africa. Collins, London. (Includes animal species lists for many of the reserves.) Protected Areas National Parks Aberdare Amboseli Central Island Hell’s Gate Kakamega Forest Lake Nakuru Lambwe Valley (Ruma) Meru Mount Elgon Mount Kenya Nairobi Ol Doinyo Sabuk Saiwa Swamp Sibiloi South Island Tsavo National Marine Parks Kisite/Mpunguti Malindi/Watamu Nature Reserves Arabuko Sokoke Nature Reserves Cheptugen-Kapchemutwa Kaimosi Forest Kaptagat Forest Karura Katimok Kabarnet Langata Mau South West Mbololo Nandi North Uaso Narok National Marine Reserves Kiunga Malindi/Watamu National Reserves Arawale Bisanadi Boni Buffalo Springs Dodori Kerio Valley Kora Lake Bogoria (hectares) 76,619 39,206 500 6,800 9,698 20,000 12,000 87,044 16,923 58,800 11,721 1,842 192 157,085 3,880 2,082,114 Subtotal 2,584,424 3,900 1,600 Subtotal 5,500 4,332 31 43,032 3,434 1,575 Subtotal 52,679 60,000 21,309 Subtotal 81,309 53,324 60,600 133,900 33,915 87,739 178,780 10,705 -251- Kenya Some observations on management planning for protected areas in In: Proceedings of the Twenty-second Working Session Commission of IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Losai 180,680 Maasai Mara 151,000 Marsabit 208,842 Mwea 6,803 Nasolot 92,500 Ngai Ndethya 21,209 North Kitui 74,500 Rahole 127,000 Samburu 16,500 Shaba 23,910 Shimba Hills 19,251 South Kitui 183,300 South Turkana 109,100 Game Sanctuaries Maralai Subtotal 1,773,558 Taita Hills 11,340 Subtotal 11,340 Reserves Tana River Primate 16,807 Sanctuaries Lewa Downs Rhinoceros 2,023 Nature Parks Marsabit Biosphere Reserves Kiunga Marine National Reserve 60,000 Malindi-Watamu Biosphere Reserve 19,600 Mount Kenya Biosphere Reserve 71,759 Mount Kulal Biosphere Reserve 700,000 Proposed areas Ras Tenewi Coastal Zone National Park Diani Marine National Park Complex ABERDARE NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Subtotal 851,359 35,000 250 Biogeographical Province 3.21.12 (East African Highlands) Legal Protection Total. Areas at lower altitudes including the so-called ’Treetops Salient’ are closed except to licensed safari companies Date Established 1950 Geographical Location Central highlands, west of Mount Kenya. A corridor of highly -252- Kenya disturbed montane forest (19km by 3-1lkm) connects the main forest area to the salient. 0°08’-0°42’S, 36°32’-36°55’E. Altitude 1,829-3,994m Area 76,619ha; surrounded by Forest Reserve (26,480ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features This isolated range of volcanic mountains forms part of the eastern wall of the Rift Valley. The two main peaks Oldonyo Lesatima (3,994m) and Kinangop (3,906m) are separated by alpine moorland at over 3,000m. Deep ravines cut through the forested eastern and western flanks and there are many clear streams and waterfalls. Heavy rainfall occurs through most of the year. Soils are red and of volcanic origin, but rich in organic matter. Vegetation This varies with altitude, a rich alpine and sub-alpine flora giving way at lower altitudes to bamboo forests and then montane rainforest. The lower montane forests (1,829-2,590m) are dominated by Podocarpus, Olea and cedar Juniperus procera, succeeded at higher altitudes (2,600-3,000m) by Podocarpus and bamboo Arundinaria alpina, and bamboo Hagenia abyssinica, and Erica arborea, Festuca pilgeri and Carex moorland. Other characteristic plants of higher altitude subalpine/alpine floras include tree senecios, giant lobelias such as Lobelia telekii, and L. deckenii, St Johns wort Hypericum, and tussock-grass Eleusine. At lower altitudes in the forest species include cape chestnuts Calodendrum capense, camphor Ocotea usambarensis, tree fern Cyathea deckeni, elder Sambucus adnata, and wild banana Ensete ventricosa. Fauna Mammals of the forest zone include: blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis, Angolan black-and-white colobus Colobus angolensis abyssinicus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, black rhino Diceros bicornis (T), giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis harveyi and suni Neotragus moschatus. The open moorlands have serval Felis serval, eland Taurotragus oryx, bush and black-fronted duikers Sylvicapra grimmia, black-fronted duiker Cephalophus nigrifrons and bongo Tragelaphus euryceros (a species with restricted distribution, and there are reports of a decrease in the number of sightings in the area). Bird life is abundant and varied, with over 200 recorded species including green ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis, cuckoo falcon Aviceda cuculoides, mountain buzzard Buteo oreophilus, scaly francolin Francolinus squamatus, Hartlaub’s turaco Tauraco hartlaubi, silvery-cheeked hornbill Bycanistes brevis, and Mackinder’s eagle owl Bubo capensis in the forest areas. Jackson’s francolin Francolinus jacksoni, white-starred bush robin Pogonocichla stellata, and yellow crowned canary Serinus canicollis occur mainly in the bamboo forest. Montane francolin Francolinus psilolaemus, Montagus harrier Circus pygargus, great snipe Gallinago media, cape grass owl Tyto capensis and tinkling cisticola Cisticola rufilata occur in the moorlands. Mountain chat Cercomela sordida and wing-snapping cisticola Cisticola ayresii occur in the alpine zone. Birds around the waterhole at Treetops include numerous warblers (Sylvinae), shrikes (Lanidae), sunbirds (Nectarinidae) and waterfowl such as little grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis, black-headed heron Ardea melanocephala, and ducks Anas spp. Conservation Management A network of tracks has been developed in the forest zone in the eastern sector of the park to assist fire and poaching control. A light aircraft is used for park management. The subalpine/alpine zones are under a policy of minimum management. There is a trench and fence separating the park from areas of cultivation. Zoning The National Park acts as a core zone surrounded by a Forest Reserve of 26,480ha. Disturbances or Deficiencies The park is bisected by a major road, and exploration of the high moorland on foot and trout-fishing are permitted. There is increasing pressure from surrounding farmland expansion and uncontrolled tree felling. Accidental forest fires may pose a potential threat if not controlled. -253- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Visitor Facilities | Tourism is encouraged in all areas with facilities including access roads (unmetalled), two fully catering night-time wildlife viewing lodges , the Treetops Lodge and the Ark, two banda type lodges for fishermen, 11 public campsites (closed in 1984 due to lions), and five special campsites in the salient. There were 44,500 visitors in 1979. Scientific Research Studies of the alpine flora, and research on bongos. The Ark and Treetops keep a record of the animals visiting the lodge areas each night. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget Capital expenditure 1975/1976: Ksh. 43,500 (US$95,700); recurrent expenditure 1975/1976: Ksh. 60,934 (US$134,000). Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Aberdare National Park, PO Box 22, Nyeri. Date 1984 AMBOSELI NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Total Date Established The park is a remnant of the Southern Game Reserve (27,700,000ha) established in 1906. 326,000ha were established as a National Reserve in 1948 and as a County Council Game Reserve in 1961, administered by the Kajiado County Council. National Park status was given on 1 November 1974 to a 39,206ha area. Geographical Location On the border with Tanzania, north-west of Kilimanjaro. 2°33°-2°45’S, 37°06’-37°24’E. Altitude Up to 1,155m Area 39,206ha Land Tenure Government. Previously administered by Kajiado County Council, which owns the Ol Tukai area. Physical Features Amboseli comes from the Masai word meaning ’salty dust’; it is a dry lake basin of 60,000ha occupied in the Pleistocene by a saline lake. The area is now usually dry with shallow seasonal flooding. Three large swamps in the south-east, Enkongo Narok, Ol Tukai Orok, and Longinye are fed by underground springs from Mount Kilimanjaro. They are the only source of permanent water in the region and constitute major watering points for animals. Most of the Lake Amboseli basin is very flat with alkaline soils but a few prominent hills of volcanic origin rise about 100m above the surrounding area near the southern border, and a noticeable fault line forms the north-east shoreline of the seasonal lake. The climate is generally hot and dry with only 305mm rainfall annually. -254- Kenya Vegetation There are four types of semi-arid vegetation: 1) Commiphora/ Acacia bushland (10%); 2) saline/alkaline plains (50%) with Suaeda monoica and Salvadora persica, 3) Acacia woodland with yellow-barked acacia A. xanthophloea and A. tortilis; 4) and the remaining 10% swampland, which supports sedges Cyperus spp., including Cyperus papyrus. Grasses include needlegrass Aristida, fingergrass Digitaria, the salt-loving dropseed Sporobolus sp. and stargrass Cynodon dactylon. Fauna The park contains 56 species of mammal including: baboon Papio cynocephalus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, lion Panthera lec, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli (several negative’ examples have been observed), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), Maasai giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi, buffalo Syncerus caffer, fringe-eared oryx Oryx gazella callotis, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, gerenuk Litocranius walleri, impala Aepyceros melampus, Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, and bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis. Over 425 recorded bird species include southern banded snake eagle Circaetus fasciolatus and Taveta golden weaver Ploceus castaneiceps with three species of sandgrouse visiting the permanent waters in the dry season. These waters also support waterfowl such as the migrant squacco heron Ardeola idae from Madagascar, which is infrequently seen in Kenya. Taita falcon Falco fasciinucha is widespread but locally scarce and lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus has also been seen. Population Amboseli has a large pastoral Maasai population and the original reserve acknowledged the status quo between wildlife and pastoralists but the economy of the Maasai in this area has undergone some change. Conservation Management An official plan was approved for implementation in 1981. Recommendations include management zones; no expansion of tourist accommodation; introduction of an education/interpretation programme; a new camp ground outside the park; control of off-road driving, stock encroachment and poaching; reconstruction and closure of roads; and training programmes. The pastoralist Maasai group ranch landowners agreed in 1977 to vacate the park area in return for guaranteed water supples outside the park and compensation payments for wildlife grazing on their lands. Zoning The management describes three zones: intensive use, extensive use, and low use. Disturbances or Deficiencies From the 1960s, tourism thrived and harassment of some species such as cheetah occurred. Other species, including vervet monkey, baboon, elephant, and a variety of birds, had access to artificial food from tourist lodges, vehicles and garbage dumps within and around the park. The local Maasai, whose cattle were excluded from a 8,000ha wildlife viewing area, received no compensation or financial benefits from park entrance fees. In protest, they killed rhinoceroses and elephants with spears and were largely responsible for reducing the former population from 120 animals to about eight. In 1977, a new agreement was made (see above). However, compensation has not been paid since 1981, and some livestock grazing has been resumed in the park. Since 1983/84, when the rhinoceros population reportedly numbered 14, three rhinoceroses and over 20 elephants have been killed. Many habitats have changed over the past 25 years, swamp areas have expanded and shifted and many acacia Acacia xanthophloea trees have been replaced by salt-tolerant shrubs, as rising groundwater levels having been responsible for the increasing salinity of the soil, The creation of the park may have altered the balance maintained by pastoralism over thousands of years. Reduction of grazing competition between livestock and wildlife was marked by increases in numbers of zebra, wildebeest and elephant. The population dynamics of predators and other large herbivores may show complex responses to these changes in the large mammal and plant communities. In 1983, a large area of irrigated agricultural land was developed on Maasai group ranches immediately adjacent to the park’s eastern boundary. This has increased the conflict between local people and wildlife and so fencing (expensive to build and maintain) or culling of problem animals will be necessary. Park policies must be integrated with Maasai land use practices, as much of the wildlife uses Maasai grazing areas and depends on local goodwill. -255- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Visitor Facilities Some 79,607 visitors in 1979. Substantial increase in tourism. There is a well developed network of tracks and game viewing areas. Accommodation based in lodges and one campsite. Amboseli is one of the three areas funded by the IBRD Wildlife and Tourism project. The overall objective of WTP is ’to provide support to the government when implementing policies for wildlife-based tourism’ (Development Plan p. 396). Scientific Research Past studies include: ecology of the Amboseli basin by D. Western and tourist use patterns by W. Henry. Current studies include: a monitoring programme by Western of the New York Zoological Society and long-term baboon, vervet and elephant studies by the Altmanns (since 1971), Seyforth and Cheney (since 1976), and Moss (since 1972) respectively. Special Scientific Facilities _ Accommodation for visiting scientists may be arranged at the tourist cottages or campsite. Principal Reference Material ° Lindsay, W.K. (in press). Integrating parks and pastoralists: some lessons from Amboseli. In: Anderson, D. and Grove, R. (Eds) Conservation in Africa: Policies and Practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Thorsell, J.W., Dean, P.B., Kamau, C. and Oguya, B. (1981). Amboseli National Park Management Plan. Western, D. (1982). Amboseli. Swara 5(4): 8-14. Western, D. (1984). Amboseli National Park. Human values and the Conservation of the Savanna Ecosystem. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation and Development. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D.C. * Western, D. and Thresher, P. (1973). Development plans for Amboseli. Report to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. 99 pp. ° WPU Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. Staff Warden, three assistant wardens, accountant, 22 rangers, 13 ranger/guides, and 57 labourers. Budget 1975/1976 - recurrent expenditure Ksh.822,440 (US$90,500), capital expenditure Ksh.750,000 (US$82,500). Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, Amboseli National Park, PO Box 18, Namanga. Date 1984 HELL’S GATE NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.21.12 (East African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1984 Geographical Location Hell’s Gate or Njorowa Gorge is situated south of Lake Naivasha in the Rift Valley. 36°05’E, 1°25’S Altitude 2,777m -256- Kenya Area 6,800ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features Njorowa Gorge or Hell’s Gate is the ancient outlet of Lake Naivasha and there are many stream jets in the lower portion. The park includes Longonot crater near the eastern boundary. Vegetation There is a wide variety of succulents in the area. Fauna The gorge area is particularly notable for birds of prey and swifts and it is possible to observe 25-30 raptor species in one day, including several uncommon large eagles. Species breeding in the cliffs of the gorge are Ruppell’s griffon Gyps rieppellii (seriously reduced since 1950 by indiscriminate killing and poisoning), Verreaux’s eagle Aquila verreauxii, augur buzzard Buteo rufofuscus, and Egyptian vulture Necrosyrtes monachus. Other species present include peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus, lanner F. biarmicus, and an easily observed pair of lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus. During the rains there is a spectacular concentration of swifts breeding in the cliffs mainly Nyanza Apus niansae, mottled A. aequatorialis, white-rumped A. caffer, little A. affinis, and Horus A. horus. Despite constant poaching there is a fair amount of plains game in the gorge area including eland Taurotragus oryx, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, zebra Equus burchelli, Thompson’s gazelle Gazella thomsoni, Grant’s gazelle G. granti, and impala Aepyceros melampus. The steep hilly country contains numerous klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, mountain reedbuck Redunca redunca, and hyrax Procavia capensis. Steinbok Raphiceros campestris is common in surrounding areas. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching occurs and there may be encroachment due to thermo-hydro-electric development. The migration route of mammals is influenced by the condition of the waterholes, and is interrupted by fences. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material * Cunningham, G.R., van Someren (1984). Endangered Mountain Islands. In: Endangered Resources for Development. Proceedings of a workshop on the status and options for management of plant communities in Kenya. Natoinal Museums of Kenya. ° WWE/IUCN Project 1262. Hells Gate National Park. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Conservation and Management Department. Date 1984 KAKAMEGA FOREST NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) -257- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Legal Protection Total; all clear felling activity prohibited Date Established Forest Reserve established in 1933 (23,000ha). Nature Reserve (1,163ha) and Forest Station established in 1967 under Legal Notice No. 22. Reported to have been gazetted as a National Park in 1983, but it would appear that gazettement has yet to be completed. Kakamega National Reserve Order was published in the Kenya Gazette Supplement of 31 May 1985 as Legal Notice 95. Geographical Location Nandi District in western Kenya, directly north of Kisumu. 0°47°N, 34°45°E. Altitude 1,520-1,680m Area 9,698ha; closely associated geographically and biologically with: South Nandi Forest Reserve 19,502ha (south-east, contiguous), Kisere Forest Reserve (600ha, 6km north), Malaba Forest Reserve (800ha, 12km north), and Bunyala Forest Reserve (1,000ha, 14km north-west). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The country is hilly, with scattered seasonal swamps. There are two major rivers, the Isiukhu in the north and the Yala in the south. Each of them has several tributaries particularly in the eastern blocks of the forest. Annual rainfall is 1,600mm. Average temperatures remain similar between 24°C and 28°C. Vegetation This is the easternmost area of the Congo-West African equatorial rainforest. The fairly dense rainforest is interspersed with grassy glades, where the soil is too shallow to support forest trees. There are few endemics, but many species found nowhere else in Kenya including 13 out of a total of 62 recorded species of Pteridophyte. Genera include Renealmia, Pisonia, Pollia, and Voacanga. At least 125 species of tree have been identified with species such as the major (giant) forest trees Aningueria altissima, Cordia millenii, Entandrophragma angolense, and Maesopsis eminii, with an average height of 30-40m and a maximum of 70m. Other central-west African forest trees and shrubs only recorded from this reserve in Kenya are: Bequaertiodendron oblanceolatum, Cassipourea ruwenzoriensis, Chrysophyllum albidum, Leea guineense, Monodora myristica, Uncaria africana, Uvariopsis congensis, Zanthoxylum leprieurii, and Z. mildbraedii. To the east, north, west and south-west is wet Combretum woodland, a secondary succession following the clearing of rainforest. Fauna Some 10-20% of the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals found here occur nowhere else in Kenya. The reserve supports a large and varied primate population which includes Angolan black and white colobus Colobus angolensis and blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis. This is the only known locality in Kenya for brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus africanus, giant water shrew Potamogale velox and hammer-headed fruit bat Hypsignathus monstrosus. The avifauna is unique in Kenya with locally threatened birds including: chestnut wattle-eye Platysteira castanea, red-cheeked wattle-eye P. blissetti and yellow-bellied wattleye P. concreta, Chapin’s flycatcher Muscicapa lendu (R), red-tailed grey parrot Psittacus erithacus, blue-headed bee-eater Merops muelleri, chestnut-breasted negro finch Nigrita bicolor, white-breasted negro finch N. fusconata, Sabine’s spinetail Chaetura sabini, Turner’s eremomela Eremomela turneri (R), and red-chested owlet Glaucidium tephronotum. Kokwaro (1984) lists the unique bird species in this area. The rich Lepidopteran population includes Cymothoe herminia johnstoni, C. sangaris hobarti, swallowtails Papilio spp., and Charaxes spp.. Conservation Management A general purpose working plan was implemented in 1982, which included provisions for strictly monitored selective logging. No exotic species are planted in the forest. A report on the status and values of Kakamega is being prepared by the Botany Department of Nairobi University at the request of the Wildlife Fund Trustees. It will contain recommendations to the government concerning conservation of the forest. Zoning The area contains Yala Nature Reserve 469ha, Kisere Nature Reserve 484ha and -258- Kenya Kakamega Forest Station 210ha (containing a small nature reserve). These Nature Reserves were core zones with exploitation prohibited. Disturbances or Deficiencies Problems include pressure by the local rural community for more agricultural land, firewood collection, illegal extraction of trees for charcoal production, and bark-stripping of particular species including Maytenus buchananii, Olea welwitschii, Warburgia salutaris, and Voacanga sp. for traditional medicines. About half of the reserve area has been cleared. The Forest Department has been under pressure to replace indigenous species with more commercial exotics. Saplings have been over-exploited. There is also illegal cattle-grazing and poaching of game. At the present rate of deforestation the forest will be entirely eliminated by the turn of the century. Scientific Research There has not yet been full botanic exploration of the Forest; there was a sampling survey carried out by the Forest Department in 1966. Special Scientific Facilities The Forest Department resthouse at the administrative centre is available for visiting scientists. Principal Reference Material Anguin, D. (March/April 1980). Natural history notes from Kakamega forest. East African Natural History Society Bulletin. (Includes extensive species lists for mammals, birds and Lepodoptera). ° Cunningham van Someren, G.R. (1978). Komba Term II 41. ° Cunningham van Someren, G.R. (1982). Review of Habitat Status of some Important Biotic Communities in Kenya. Division of Natural Sciences, National Museums, Kenya. March 1982. Unpublished. ° Diamond, T. (1979). Kakamega. Siara 2(1): 25. ° Gillett, J.B. (1978). Komba Term II: 43. ° Kokwaro, J. (1984). The Kakamega Forest of Kenya: the Easternmost relic of the Equatorial Rainforests of Africa. In: Endangered Resources for Development. Proceedings of a workshop on the status and options for management of plant communities in Kenya. National Museums of Kenya. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Chief Forester, Kakamega Forest Station, PO Kakamega. Date 1984 LAKE NAKURU NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total. The lake was recently included in the protected area. Date Established Established in 1960 as a Bird Sanctuary. National Park status in 1967. Expanded in 1974. Proposal by WMCD in 1983 to include Lake Elementaita. -259- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Geographical Location Central Kenya, 140km north-west of Nairobi. 0°18’-0°24’S, 36°03’-36°08’E. Altitude 1,753-2,073m Area 20,000ha (including lake 7,100ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features Lake Nakuru is a shallow alkaline soda lake in the Central Rift Valley bordered to the west by one wall of the Rift Valley and to the east by a salt-dome hill. There is a crater in the north beyond Nakuru Town. To the south is an open plain, which is the bed of a former that lake once joined Lake Nakuru and Lake Elementaita to form a single lake. The rift wall is rugged, with volcanic cliffs rising in steps to 2,743m. Soils are volcanic in origin interspersed with alkaloid deposits. The lake has no outlet and is very alkaline with a pH of 10.5. It supports only limited species of algae and zooplankton, but these are present in great abundance. Annual rainfall is 965mm. Vegetation The normally water-covered surface of the lake occupies about a third of the park and derives its colour from the blue-green algae Sporulina platensis, the major food source of the flamingo. The lake is fringed by swamps and the surrounding areas support a dry transitional savanna with lake margin grasslands of Sporobolus spicatus salt grass and sedge Cyperus laevigatus moving into grasslands of Hyparrhenia hirta and rhodes grass Chloris gayana in the lower areas. More elevated areas have dry forest with Acacia xanthophloea, olive Olea hochstetteri and Croton dichogamus; Euphorbia candelabrum forest; and bushland dominated by the composites, mulelechwa Tarchonanthus camphoratus and Psiadia arabica. Fauna Mammals include: the threatened long-eared leaf-nosed bat Hipposideros megalotis, Angolan black and white colobus Colobus angolensis, spring hare Pedetes capensis, clawless otter Aonyx capensis, rock hyrax Heterohyrax brucei, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T), waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Bohar and mountain reedbucks Redunca redunca and R. fulvorufula, impala Aepyceros melampus, Thomson’s gazelle Gazella thomsoni, striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis, wild cat Felis silvestris, and golden cat Felis aurata. A group of Rothschild’s giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi were successfully introduced in 1977. The park contains over 450 recorded bird species and is one of the few national parks established specifically for the protection of birds, in particular the vast flocks of over 1.5 million greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber and lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor: hence its name ’the lake of a million flamingoes’. Waterbirds include eastern white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, common cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo and_ reed cormorant P. africanus, night heron Nycticorax nycticorax, African spoonbill Platalea alba, 30 species of Charadriidae and Scolopacidae, Cape wigeon Anas capensis, and Maccoa duck Oxyura maccoa. Resident avifauna are augmented in spring by passage migrants from Europe. Birds of prey include secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius and Verreaux’s eagle Aguila verreauxii hunting over the western scarp. The introduced alkali-tolerant fish Tilapia grahami (from Lake Magadi in 1960) is now abundant at high water level. Zoning 5,700ha lake zone and 14,300ha buffer zone Disturbances or Deficiencies The area is extremely vulnerable to pollution due to the closed nature of the lake basin. A lake quality monitoring programme will warn of danger, but there is no preventative system. The park is bordered on the north by Nakuru township and surrounded by farmlands. Fires, started outside the park, are a problem. In 1984 SWARA provided funds for 30km of firebreaks to be cleared. Visitor Facilities The park is an important recreation area for Nakuru, Kenya’s third largest town. Three public campsites are available and a lodge is planned. Hotel accommodation and other facilities are available in Nakuru. There were 72,399 visitors in 1979. Wildlife clubs of -260- Kenya Kenya have established a youth hostel with 40 beds (Nakuru Hostel), which was used by 1,800 groups in 1982. Scientific Research There has been a limnological study, a lake monitoring programme planned, biochemical analysis of the lake and studies of flamingoes and pelicans. A programme of conservation education has been set up by the Wildlife Club of Kenya. IUCN/WWF Project 1985 was set up in 1982 to rebuild the hostel and improve facilities. Special Scientific Facilities There is a research laboratory for limnological and biochemical analyses, a workshop, inflatable boat, housing, and, central sampling platform. An environmental Education Centre (Nakuru Hostel) has been established in the park with dormitory, lecture room, office, and display area to be used by school groups for practical field studies. IUCN/WWF Project 1985 was set up in 1982 to rebuild the hostel and improve facilities. Principal Reference Material ° Brown, L. (1959). The mystery of the flamingoes. Country Life, London. ° Chumo, N.A. (1983). 1982 Annual Report: WCK Lake Nakuru Hostel. IUCN/WWF Project No. 1985. ° Curry-Lindahl, K. (1971). A short-term ecological survey of Lake Nakuru and the surrounding area. Unesco/African Field Science Office, Nairobi. IUCN/WWF Project 1985. Wildlife Clubs, Lake Nakuru Hostel. ° Kenya National Parks (1973). Guide to Lake Nakuru National Park. ° Koeman, J.H. (1972). A preliminary survey of the possible contamination of Lake Nakuru in Kenya with some metals and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Journal of Applied Ecology 9(2): 411-416. Vareschi, Ekkehard (1978). The ecology of Lake Nakuru (Kenya). Oecologia 32: 11-35. Wirtz, P. (May 1979). Checklist of the larger mammals of Lake Nakuru N.P. East African Natural History Society Bulletin. ° ° Staff No information Budget 1975/1976: recurrent expenditure Ksh.32,915 (US$72,400), capital expenditure Ksh.32,400 (US$70,300). US$7,426 since 1982 for IUCN/WWF Project 1985. Local Park or Reserve Administration | Warden, Lake Nakuru National Park, PO Box 539, Nakuru, Kenya. Date 1984 LAMBWE VALLEY (RUMA) NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established Established as a National Reserve in 1966. Upgraded to National Park in 1983. Geographical Location 10 km east of Lake Victoria in west Kenya. 0°35’-0°44’S, 34°12’-34°22’E. -261- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Altitude 1,200-1,600m Area 12,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The flat valley floor is bounded on its south-eastern side by the Kanyamua escarpment. It has black cotton soils. Mean annual rainfall is 1200-1600mm. Vegetation There is a mixture of tall grassland and woodland with extensive thicket vegetation dominated by Acacia spp.. Fauna Roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, and topi Damaliscus lunatus. There are many woodland bird species. Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, zebra Equus burchelli, and ostrich Struthio camelus, have been introduced. Conservation Management To reduce grass and shrub cover, three species: Rothschilds giraffe, common zebra, and ostrich were introduced from the Samburu district. A vegetation inventory is to be drawn up to facilitate visitor interpretation services. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The area is surrounded by high density human settlement, however, people avoid the area because of tsetse fly infestation and uranium deposits. (There have been reports of past inhabitants becoming sterile.) Visitor Facilities None; however,there are bandas in the area. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None Staff Three wardens, 19 ranger, five support staff, three casuals (1980) Budget 1979-1980: KSh.124,802 (US$16,640). Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 420, Homa Bay. Date 1984 MERU NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Total Date Established National Park status in 1966 Geographical Location East-north-east of Mount Kenya. 0°18’N-0°11’S, 38°02’-38°25’E. -262- Kenya Altitude 366-914m Area 87,044ha; contiguous to Kora Nature Reserve (178,780ha), Rahole Nature Reserve (127,000ha), North Kitui Nature Reserve (74,500ha), and Bisanadi Nature Reserve (60,000ha) Land Tenure Government expropriated, under Trusteeship. Physical Features The western area is a hilly upland of volcanic rocks drained by 15 permanent streams with rich black volcanic soil. The east is an open plain with red lateritic soil drained by three rivers with considerable sections drying out seasonally. The Tana river forming the southern boundary, features Adamson’s Falls, where the river passes over basement rocks. The Ura River forms the western boundary, and Bisinadi River the eastern. Several prominent hills of Precambrian rock tower above the surrounding plains. Rainfall is 635-762mm in the west and 305-356mm in the east. Vegetation There is mainly thorn bushland and thicket with Combretum prevailing in the north and Commiphora in the south. To the west the Combretum merges into Terminalia wooded grasslands. The red-flowered parasitic Loranthus grows on the branches of Acacia reficiens trees along the rivers. Dense riverine forests of doum and raffia palms Hyphaene and Raphia spp. grow along the watercourses. There are some riverine swamps with sedges Cyperus sp. and grasses Echinochloa haplacelada and Pennisetum mezianum. On the plains Sehima nervosa, Chloris roxburghiana, and other species of Pennisetum are the dominant grasses. In the north, a small outlier of rain forest, the Ngaia forest, still exists. Fauna Larger mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, Grevy’s zebra E. grevyi (T), black rhino Diceros bicornis (T), some introduced white rhinoceros of the southern race Ceratotherium simum, reticulated giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, oryx Oryx gazella beisa, gerenuk Litocranius walleri, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, and Grant's gazelle Gazella granti. The Somali race of ostrich Struthio camelus molybdophanes is among the 277 recorded bird species, but many other birds of restricted range are to be found including small brown-backed woodpecker Picoides obsoletus and numerous golden-breasted Starling Cosmopsarus regius. Red-necked falcon Falco chicquera and three species of courser including Heuglin’s courser Rhinoptilus cinctus occur in the doum palms. African finfoot Podica senegalensis, Pel’s fishing owl Scotopelia peli, sacred ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus, brown-hooded kingfisher Halcyon albiventris, violet woodhoopoe Phoeniculus damarensis, and scaly babbler Turdoides squamulatus are found along the rivers. Black-bellied sunbird Nectarinia congensis, shrikes (Lanidae), starlings (Sturnidae), and weavers (Ploceidae) inhabit the open scrub woodland. Conservation Management An electrified fence has been erected on the western boundary. Zoning The managed National Park has one section designated as a wilderness area with no developed access roads. Disturbances or Deficiencies Deforestation, although mainly outside the Park, may cause erosion and adversely affect water supply and storage capacity within the Park. There are reports of encroachment of pastoralists with cattle, sheep, goats, and some camels. Visitor Facilities Tourism is encouraged in all areas with a well planned network of roads for game viewing. Accommodation includes a 140-bed lodge with full catering, a 40-bed *banda’ lodge with partial catering, one public, and some private camp grounds. There are good wet and dry access roads and also airstrips. Scientific Research Studies of vegetation have been made by the East African Wildlife Society and there is currently a study of small mammals. Special Scientific Facilities None -263- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Principal Reference Material ° Ament, J. (1972). Assignment Meru. Africana 4(12). ° Ament, J.G. (1975). The vascular plants of Meru National Park, Kenya. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum 154. ° Kenya National Parks (1975). Meru: A Guide to Meru National Park. ° Wateridge, L.E.D. (1960). Meru District Game Reserve. Journal of the Kenya Wildlife Society, June-Sept. Staff No information Budget Capital expenditure 1975/1976 Ksh.60,200 (US$132,400); recurrent expenditure 1975/1976: Ksh.47,525 (US$104,500). Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Meru National Park, PO Box 162, Nanyuki. Date 1984 MOUNT ELGON NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1968 Geographical Location On the western border with Uganda. 01°02’-10°10°N, 34°35’-34°48’E. Altitude 2,336-4,321m Area 16,923ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is shaped like a figure of eight on the east flank of a massive volcanic cone which rises to 4,627m, overlooking a huge caldera which, together with half the mountain, lies in Uganda. Features include a flat-topped basalt column known as Koitobos (Table Rock) at the summit near the edge of the caldera, the ’lava-tube’ caves, some over 60m in diameter, which are visited by elephants in search of salt, and the high basalt cliffs of Endebus Bluffs near the western boundary. Soils are red and lateritic. Annual rainfall is over 1,270mm. Vegetation This has altitudinal zones, changing with increasing altitude from olive Olea hochstetteri and Aningueria adolfi-friedericii wet montane forest, through olive and Podocarpus gracilior forest, a Podocarpus and bamboo Arundinaria alpina zone, and a Hagenia abyssinica zone to moorland with heaths Erica arborea and Philippia trimera, tussock grasses such as Agrostis gracilifolia and Festuca pilgeri, herbs such as Alchemilla, Helichrysum, Lobelia, and the giant groundsels Senecio barbatipes and S. elgonensis. Other tree species include cedar Juniperus procera, pillarwood Cassipourea malosana, elder Sambucus adnata, and pure stands of Podocarpus gracilior. Of the 400 species recorded for the area the following are of particular note as they only occur in high altitude broad-leaf montane forest: Ardisiandra wettsteinii, Carduus afromontanus, Echinops hoehnelii, Ranunculus keniensis, (previously thought endemic to Mount Kenya), and Romulea keniensis. -264- Kenya Fauna Mammals include: Angolan black-and-white colobus Colobus angolensis, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, duiker Cephalophus spp. (black-fronted C. nigrifrons being the least common), and the threatened golden cat Felis aurata. Birds of the forest zone include the crested guinea fowl Guttera edouardi sethsmithi, great blue turaco Corythaeola cristata, and black-and-white-casqued hornbill Bycanistes subcylindricus. The moorland supports most of the species characteristic of such altitudes in eastern Africa and includes the endemic subspecies of chat Cercomela sordida rudolfi and Hunter’s cisticola Cisticola hunteri masaba. Raptors include crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus, African hobby Falco cuvierii, mountain buzzard Buteo oreophilus, and lanner falcon Falco biarmicus. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is severe encroachment into the western section of the reserve as well as into the forests and moorlands surrounding the Park which act as a buffer for the maintenance of these habitats within the reserve. Visitor Facilities Facilities include several all-weather roads, three public camp sites, and a small hotel on the park boundary. There were 3,342 visitors in 1979. Scientific Research An extensive vegetation survey was undertaken in 1976. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Dale, I. (1940). The Forest Types of Mount Elgon. Journal of the East African Natural History Society. ° Hamilton and Perrot, (1981). A Study of altitudinal zonation in montane forest of Mt Elgon. Vegetatio 45: 107-125. Staff No information Budget 1975/1976: recurrent expenditure Ksh.28,005 (US$61,600), capital expenditure Ksh.37,600 (US$82,700). Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, Mount Elgon National Park, PO Box 753, Kitale. Date 1984 MOUNT KENYA BIOSPHERE RESERVE Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.21.12 (East African Highlands) Legal Protection The area above 3,100m has been declared a National Park and the area between 1,600 and 3,100m constitutes Mount Kenya Forest Reserve (142,071ha). Date Established The National Park was established in 1949 and accepted as-a Biosphere Reserve in April 1978. -265- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Geographical Location Mount Kenya straddles the equator about 193km north-east of Nairobi and about 480km from the Kenya coast. The Park boundary is defined by the 3,100m contour line with two salients, Naro Moru and the Sirimon down to approximately 2,600m and centred at 0°10’S, 37°20°E. Altitude 1,600-5,199m Area Biosphere Reserve 71,759ha. National Park 58,800ha. Contiguous to Mount Kenya Forest Reserve (142,07 1ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features Several mountain peaks with isolated glaciers. The entire mountain is deeply dissected by valleys radiating from the peaks, which are largely attributed to glacial erosion. The base of the mountain is approximately 96km wide. There are about 20 glacial tarns (small lakes) of varying sizes and numerous glacial moraine features between 3,950m and 4,800m. The highest peaks are Batian 5,199m and Nelion 5,188m. The salients, comprise 3-5km wide ridges. Vegetation This varies with altitude and rainfall, and there is a rich alpine and sub-alpine flora. Juniperus procera and Podocarpus spp. are predominant in the drier parts of the lower zone (below 2,500m), with rainfall between 875 and 1400mm (Naro Moru and Sirimon tracks on the western slopes). In wetter areas (over 2200mm/year) in the south-west and north-east, Cassipourea malosana predominates. However, most of this lower altitude zone is not within the reserve and is now used for growing wheat. Higher altitudes (2,500-3,000m with rainfall over 2000mm/year) are dominated by a bamboo Arundinaria alpina on south-eastern slopes, and a mosaic of bamboo and Podocarpus milanjianus with bamboo at intermediate elevations (2,600-2,800m), and Podocarpus at higher and lower elevations (2,800-3,000m) and (2,500-2,600m). Towards the west and north of the mountain, bamboo becomes progressively smaller and less dominant. There are also areas in zones of maximum rainfall 2,000-3,500m with up to 2,400mm/year, where Hagenia abyssinica with H. revolutum predominate. Above 3,000m, cold (low temperatures) become a more important factor, tree stature declines, and Podocarpus is replaced by Hypericum spp.. A more open canopy here results in a more developed understorey. Grassy glades are common especially on ridges. The lower alpine or moorland zone (3,400-3,800m) is characterized by high rainfall, a thick humus layer, low topographic diversity, and low species richness. Tussock grasses Festuca pilgeri, and sedges Carex spp. predominate. Between the tussocks there are Alchemilla cyclophylla, A. johnstonii, and Geranium vagans. The upper alpine zone (3,800-4,500m) is more topographically diverse, and contains a more varied flora. Many of the species here are bizarre, especially the giant rosette plants Lobelia telekii and L. keniensis, Senecio keniodendron and Carduus spp.. Senecio brassica is found in both the lower and upper alpine zone. There are a variety of grasses on well-drained ground and along the streams and river banks such as megaphytic Senecio battescombei and Helichrysum kilimanjari. Continuous vegetation stops at about 4,500m although isolated vascular plants have been found at over 5,000m. There are 13 species endemic to Mount Kenya listed in Hedberg,(1951). Fauna _ In the lower forest and bamboo zone mammals include giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, tree hyrax Dendrohyrax arboreus, white-tailed mongoose Ichneumia albicauda, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T)(seldom seen), suni Neotragus moschatus, black-fronted duiker Cephalophus nigrifrons and leopard Panthera pardus (T)(which has also been seen in the alpine zone). Forest birds include green ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis (local Mount Kenya race), Ayre’s hawk eagle Hieraaetus dubius, threatened Abyssinian long-eared owl Asio abyssinicus, scaly francolin Francolinus squamatus, Ruppell’s robin-chat Cossypha semirufa, and numerous sunbirds (Nectariniidae). Moorland mammals include: localised Mount Kenya mouse shrew Myosorex polulus, hyrax Procavia johnstoni mackinderi, and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia altivallis. Birds include: scarlet-tufted malachite sunbird Nectarinia johnstoni, montane francolin Francolinus psilolaemus, Mackinder’s eagle owl Bubo capensis mackinderi, and the locally threatened scarce swift Schoutedenapus myioptilus. The endemic mole-rat Tachyoryctes splendens is common -266- Kenya throughout the northern slopes and the Hinde Valley at elevations up to 4,000m. There have also been reported sightings of the golden cat Felis aurata. Population No information Conservation Management Continued protection is vital for Mount Kenya as it is a significant water catchment area. Initial attempts have been made to redesign the trail system, but with limited success. There are several draft management plans at various stages of implementation. Zoning The central National Park is surrounded by a buffer forest reserve. Disturbances or Deficiencies Human interference is low and mainly confined to the gazetted forest area at lower altitudes. Fire is a threat from humans and lightning is a threat in the dry, lower forest but recovery takes place through natural recolonization. Trail proliferation along the Naro Moru Track has resulted in muddy swathes up to 100m wide in the lower alpine zone, and the destruction of an estimated 10% of the entire valley-bottom habitat in the upper 3km of the Teleki Valley. There is concern that current construction of a high altitude road across the eastern slopes will cause large-scale degradation. Visitor Facilities Mountain safaris are organized by the Naro Moru Lodge and a private safari company, and locally by the Mountain Club of Kenya. The Mountain Lodge is within the Forest. Access to the park is possible by the Sirimon track, the Naro Moru track (officially) and the Chogoria track, which has a control gate. There were 10,637 visitors in 1979. Scientific Research The Mount Kenya ecosystem is an excellent area for studying tropical alpine ecology. Studies of meteorology and palynology have been undertaken, but no rainfall data is available. Most work has been done above 3,800m and more comparative work is needed. Special Scientific Facilities | An environmental monitoring station is to be established on Mount Kenya by UNEP and the Government of Kenya. There is one building with basic facilities, which was originally designated as a research facility. Principal Reference Material ° Biosphere Reserve nomination submitted to Unesco. ° Coe, M. (1967). The Ecology of the Alpine Zone of Mount Kenya. W. Junk, The Hague. ° Hedberg, O. (1951). Vegetation belts of East African mountains. Svensk Bot. Tidskr 45: 140-202. ° Moreau, R. (1944). Mt. Kenya: A Contribution to the Biology and Bibliography. J. East Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. 18(1 and 2): 61-92. Olindo, P.M. (1965-1966). Kenya National Parks Annual Reports. White, F. (1950). The forests of Mt Kenya. J. Oxf. Univ. For. Soc. (series 3) No. 5: 32-38. Williams, J.G. (1981). A field guide to the National Parks of East Africa. Collins. Woodley, B. (1959-1975). Quarterly Reports of Mount Kenya National Park. Unpublished. Young, T. (1984). Status and Potential of Kenya’s High Mountain Ecosystems. In: Endangered Resources for Development. Proceedings of a workshop on the status and options for management of plant communities in Kenya. National Museums of Kenya. Young, T. (in prep). Notes on the Alpine Vertebrates of Mount Kenya. Staff Three wardens and approximately 100 others (1984) Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, PO Box 69, Naro Moru. Date 1984 -267- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas NAIROBI NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1946 Geographical Location About 8km south of Nairobi. 1°21’S, 36°47’-36°55°E. Altitude 1,533-1,760m Area 11,72lha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park includes a sloping plain crossed by several deep river valleys. The western portion towards Ngong is dominated by an upland formed by an old lava flow. The Athi river and tributaries flowing south-eastwards through the Park form part of the southern boundary. Soils are mainly black loamy clay known as ’black cotton’. Rainfall varies from 889mm in the upland area to 635mm on the plains. Vegetation Dry transitional savanna. The upland areas are forested with stands of Olea africana and Croton dichogamus/Brachylaena hutchinsii accounting for about 20% of the park, and Croton/Psiadia arabica bushland for a further 15%. The lower slopes making up the remaining 65% are a grassland composed of such species as: Themeda, Cyperus, Digitaria, and Cynodon with scattered yellow-barked acacia Acacia xanthophloea. There is gallery forest in the valleys, predominantly Acacia spp., and Euphorbia candelabrum. Other tree species include Apodytes dimidiata, Canthium schimperanum, Elaeodendron buchananii, Newtonia sp., Ficus eriocarpa, Aspilia mossambicensis, and Rhus natalensis. Fauna The close proximity of forest cover, pasture and permanent water makes the park the centre of an animal migration area, particularly in drought years, which extends 160km beyond the park boundary to include the Athi Kapiti Plains in the south. The park is noted for concentrations of larger mammals with over 80 recorded species including leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T)(approximately 30 individuals), baboon Papio anubis, lion Panthera leo (the prides being accustomed to vehicles form a particular tourist attraction), zebra Equus burchelli, Masai giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis teppelskirchi, eland Taurotragus oryx, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, Coke’s hartebeest (kongoni) Alcelaphus buselaphus, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, dikdik Madoqua kirki and gazelles Gazella thomsoni and G. granti. This well-studied Park has some 500 bird species ranging from the Masai ostrich Struthio camelus massaicus to the tiny ’kapok bird’ or penduline tit Remiz caroli with its close-woven felt-like nest. The various ponds, small dams and the Athi river attract many waterbirds with the river providing one of the best chances in Kenya of seeing finfoot Podica senegalensis, African darter Anhinga rufa, bitterns Ixobrychus minutus and Botaurus stellaris and sanderling Calidris alba. Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius and crocodiles Crocodylus sp. are also present. Conservation Management Excessive tourist roads have recently been reduced in number. Parts of a management plan written by W. Lusigi (Unesco) have been implemented although the plan itself has not been officially approved. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The major threat to the park is the encroachment of settlement on the southern border; all other sides are fenced. Consequent interruption of the migration patterns of the mammals of the area could have a detrimental effect on the populations -268- Kenya involved, interfering with recruitment and emigration, and the reserve could become a free-range zoo with a decrease in diversity of mammal, and perhaps other, species. There are plans to dam the Mbagathi River at Hippo Pools to provide water for an industrial project at Athi River. This could result in thousands of hectares of the park being flooded. Traces of former encampments of pastoralists and army personnel can still be seen. The buffalo Syncerus caffer has been introduced, although some may also wander in from the Ngong hills. Fire is a problem particularly on the perimeter. Visitor Facilities Tourism is very evident and may present a major management problem if it continues to increase, despite the fact that it is confined entirely to day visitors from Nairobi, some only visiting the small zoo or orphanage’ near the main gate, which has visitor facilities. There is an extensive network of sign-posted tracks and game viewing points. There were 106,910 visitors in 1979. Scientific Research Has been the site for many ecological MSc projects from Nairobi University. Special Scientific Facilities Research in the area includes studies of grassland ecology, tourist impact, and of various species including Coke’s hartebeest, ostrich, and Grant’s gazelle. Principal Reference Material ° Rudnai, J. (1974). The pattern of lion predation in Nairobi Park. E. Afr. Wildlife J. 12: 213-225. (Includes detailed vegetation description.) Staff No information Budget 1975/1976 recurrent expenditure Ksh.83,016 (US$183,000), capital expenditure Ksh.62,903 (US$138,400). Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Nairobi National Park, PO Box 42076, Nairobi. Date 1984 OL DOINYO SABUK NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.21.12 (East African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 22 December 1967 Geographical Location East-south-east of Thika, 50km north-east of Nairobi. 1°07’-1°10'S, 37°13’-37°17°E. Altitude 1,524-2,146m Area 1,842ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park’s main feature is the inselberg rising from the surrounding plains. It is a remnant of a former range and composed of Precambrian granitic rock, which -269- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas has been much eroded. The mountain is almost entirely forested, except for a small bare area around the summit. The local Swahili name Kilima Mbogo means Buffalo Mountain. Vegetation The forest is a remnant of a once-common montane forest type dominated by Olea, Podocarpus and Croton. Fauna This includes: Angolan black-and-white colobus Colobus angolensis, Syke’s monkey Cercopithecus mitis, green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, leopard Panthera pardus (T), black rhino Diceros bicornis (T), bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caf fer, duikers Cephalophus spp., and impala Aepyceros melampus. Bird species include: great blue turaco Corythaeola cristata, forest species such as Ayre’s hawk-eagle Hieraaetus dubius, African goshawk Accipiter tachiro, Verreaux’s eagle Aquila verreauxii, lemon dove Aplopelia larvata, Hartlaub’s turaco Tauraco hartlaubi, Narina’s trogon Apaloderma narina, grey cuckoo-shrike Coracina caesia, Abyssinian crimsonwing Cryptospiza salvadorii and several sunbirds Nectarinia spp.. After the start of the seasonal rains, Lepidoptera are noticably abundant including species of Charaxes, Nymphalidae, and swallowtails (Papilionidae). The threatened Charaxes nandina occurs in the Park. Conservation Management There have been plans to redirect tourists from Nairobi National Park to this area. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies None reported Visitor Facilities There are no hotels or camp grounds, but in two areas camping is permitted. Scientific Research None at present Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget 1975/1976: recurrent expenditure Ksh.11,819 (US$26,000), capital expenditure Ksh.23,000 (US$50,6000) Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, Ol Doinyo Sabuk, c/o Nairobi National Park, PO Box 42076, Nairobi. Date 1984 SAIWA SWAMP NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total -270- Kenya Date Established 1974. There is a proposal to extend the park and land has already been acquired by the government. Geographical Location Situated below the Cherangani Hills, 20km north-east of Kitale in west Kenya. 1°04’-1°07’N, 35°06’-35°07°E. Altitude 1,860-1,880m Area 192ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The swamp lies in a narrow basin of the meandering channel of the Saiwa River and is 6km long and 90-360m wide. Saiwa is a permanent, flowing river. Vegetation Swamp vegetation of tall bullrushes and sedges. The swamp is bordered by a mixture of grassland, riverine forests and Acacia. Fauna Primarily established for the protection of 80-100 sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei. Other mammals include: de Brazza’s monkey Cercopithecus neglectus of which 28 of the 100-200 Kenyan population live in the park, the nocturnal potto Perodicticus potto, spotted-necked otter Lutra maculicollis, giant forest squirrel Protoxerus stangeri, and leopard Panthera pardus (T) have been reported, but are probably spasmodic visitors. Diverse avifauna including eastern grey plantain-eater Crinifer zonurus, great blue turaco Corythaeola cristata, bare-faced go-away bird Corythaixoides personata, double-toothed barbet Lybius bidentatus and black-billed barbet L. guifsobalito, Ovampo sparrow-hawk Accipiter ovampensis, fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, African marsh owl Asio capensis, giant kingfisher Ceryle maxima, malachite kingfisher Alcedo cristata, striped kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti, sunbirds (Nectarinidae), and weavers. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies None reported Visitor Facilities Open for day visitors Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Warden, one assistant Warden, five rangers, eight support staff and six casual workers (projected only). Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, PO Kisauna, via Kitale. Date 1984 -271- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas SIBILOI NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1972 gazetted as a National Park; there has been a proposal by WMCD to extend this area to include Illeret, the area north of the Ethiopian border. Geographical Location Situated on the eastern shores of Lake Turkana (formerly Lake Rudolf), 720km from Nairobi Altitude No information Area 157,085ha Land Tenure No information Physical Features This is the most remote of Kenya’s national parks, and has been preserved as a wilderness in its natural state. The open plains, interspersed with luggas, are flanked by volcanic formations including Mount Sibiloi, the site of the remains of a petrified forest possibly 7 million years old. The park includes a volcanic island, Central Island, in the middle of Lake Turkana. The lake shore is mostly rocky or sandy, with little aaquatic vegetation. The climate is hot and windy with fierce gales. Vegetation Grassy plains with yellow spear grass and doum palms predominate. Scrubby salvadora bush is found on Central Island. Fauna Mammals include: Burchell’s and Grevy’s zebras Equus burchelli and Equus grevyi (T), Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti, Beisa oryx Oryx gazella beisa, harteebest Alcelaphus buselaphus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, lion Panthera leo, and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T). There is a crocodile population of about 12,000 (the world’s largest colony) breeding on Central Island. Lake Turkana is an important flyway for north-bound migrants. Central Island has a breeding population of African skimmer Rhyncops flavirostris which nests in banks. It is also an important staging post for migrating birds including warblers, wagtails and little stints Calidris minuta (Cunningham Van-Someren, 1981). Lake Turkana has over 350 recorded species of aquatic and terrestrial birds including: Egyptian geese Alopochen aegyptiacus, Lichtenstein’s sandgrouse Pterocles lichtensteinii, chestnut-bellied sandgrouse P. exustus, chestnut-headed finch-lark Eremopterix signata, Heuglin’s bustard Neotis heuglinii, glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus, sacred ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus, cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae), pelicans (Pelecanidae), yellow-billed stork Mycteria ibis, and black-winged stilt Himantopus himantopus. Cultural Heritage At Koobi Fora to the north of Alia Bay, extensive palaeontological finds have been made, including the evidence of the existence of a relatively intelligent hominid two million years ago (reflecting the change in climate from that supporting lush forest to present day desert). Conservation Management Local people are allowed to use the area during drought. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The salvadora bush on Central Island has been cut by wandering fishermen for firewood. Efforts to make the island a sanctuary have been unsuccessful. Debris has been allowed to collect at Rocodoni camp site. Visitor Facilities There is no petrol obtainable beyond Nyahururu, so visitors have to bring their own. For visitors to Koobi Fora there are self-help bandas at the Koobi Fora camp or -272- Kenya next to the museum, and it is possible to hire a landrover and guide through the National Museum in Nairobi. There are camping facilities elsewhere in the Park including Rocodoni campsite facing Mount Sibilot, but visitors must bring their own supplies. Scientific Research Extensive archaeological work was carried out by Richard Leakey at Koobi Fora. Special Scientific Facilities Palaeontological museum at Koobi Fora Principal Reference Material * Cunningham Van-Someren, C.R. (1981). Lake Turkana Biological Survey: Birds. Report to the National Museum of Kenya, Nariobi. ° Fitzgerald, M.A. (1981). Sibiloi: The Remotest Park in Kenya. Africana 8(4): 22. Staff One warden, 28 rangers, and 20 additional staff Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Park Headquarters, Alia Bay, Sibiloi National Park. Date 1984 TSAVO NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1948. The portion of the Park north of the main Nairobi-Mombasa road is designated Tsavo Park East and that to the south and west Tsavo Park West. Tsavo West was extended on the northwestern boundary by 4,700ha in 1983, to include the Chyulu Hills. Geographical Location Southeast Kenya, inland from Mombasa; 02°00’-04°08’S, 38°08’-39°15°E Altitude 229-2,438m Area 2,082,114ha; contiguous to Ngai Ndethya National Reserve (21,209ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The topography is varied. In the north of Tsavo East part of the 300m high Yatta plateau, a peneplain capped by protective lava, extends into the park. The south-eastern end of the Chyulu hills comprising recent volcanics rising to over 2,438m obtrudes into Tsavo West. Other older volcanic hills exposed by erosion include Ngulia, Ithumba, Murka and the noted vantage point, Mudanda Rock. The Athi river from the northwest and the Tsavo from the west join to form the Galana River which flows through the centre of the park, and the extreme north of the park is drained by the Tiva river into the Tana. Much of the water of the Tsavo river is derived from the Mzima Springs on the western boundary, although part of the flow is carried by pipeline to Mombasa. Springs emerge where the impervious base rock underlying the sponge-like basalt surface rock is exposed at the edge -273- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas of the lava flow. The Voi River to the south is not permanent. Soils are generally red and lateritic with patches of black cotton and recent volcanic types. Vegetation The park contains a diversity of habitats: bush grassland is dominated by Chrysopogon, Chloris and Eragrostis species with bushes of Cordia sinensis, Premna resinosa and Carphalea glaucesens and occasional Euphorbia robecchii; riversides and Mzima Springs have saltbush Suaeda monoica, Acacia elatior, A. xanthophloea, doum palm Hyphaene coriacea, tamarinds and figs; and there is a mixture of Acacia and Commiphora woodland and bush. Over-browsing has resulted in large areas being dominated by grasses such as Cenchrus ciliaris and Chloris roxburghiana. Tree species include baobab Adansonia digitata, Lannea stuhlmannii, vegetable ivory palm Hyphaene crinita and the climbing Cissus quadrangularis. Fauna Larger mammals include lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhino Diceros bicornis (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, eland Taurotragus oryx, Cape buffalo Syncerus caffer, zebra Equus burchelli, yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, gemsbok Oryx gazella beisa, Coke’s hartebeest (kongoni) Alcelaphus buselaphus, Thomson’s and Grant’s gazelles Gazella thomsoni and Gazella granti and gerenuk Litocranius walleri. The bird life is varied, including fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, Heuglin’s bustard Neotis heuglinii, Scops owl Otus scops and osprey Pandion haliaetus, sacred ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus, glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus, white-faced tree duck Dendrocygna viduata, skimmer Rhynchops flavirostris, open-bill stork Anastomus lamelligerus, black heron Egretta ardesiaca, grey-headed kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala, African pygmy kingfisher Jspidina picta, beautiful sunbird Nectarinia pulchella, d’Arnauds barbet Trachyphonus darnaudii, eight species of hornbill including trumpeter hornbill Bycanistes bucinator, six species of nightjar and 12 species of starling including Fischer’s starling Spreo fischeri which has a farily restricted distribution. The area also a variety of the avifauna of the arid zone of northeastern Africa and is an important staging post for migrant palaearctic birds. Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) live in the pools. Fish in the Mzima Springs include Tilapia spilurus, Labeo gregori, gobies, and catfish Clarias sp. and Clarotes sp. Conservation Management A management plan is being prepared for the area by the Wildlife Planning Unit. Zoning About two-fifths of the park north of the Galana river is a completely protected zone with no development. Disturbances or Deficiencies The Nairobi-Mombasa highway and railway bisect the park. Problems include continuing poaching despite protection measures. Recurrent drought and increasing incidence of fires have resulted in large scale vegetation changes in several areas of the park. The Chyulu Hills, a major water catchment area for the Mzima Springs, is suffering encroachment. Visitor Facilities | Tourism is encouraged except in the totally protected area. Facilities include three fully catering lodges, three partially serviced lodges, several campgrounds and four additional fully catering lodges near the Park boundaries. The waterless area north of Galana River has not yet been developed for visitors. There were 154,546 visitors in 1979. Scientific Research Research includes studies of elephant, birds of prey, vegetation and the effects of human pressure. Studies assisted by outside organizations concern termites, dung beetles, animal distribution and ethology. Special Scientific Facilities The Research Centre has a laboratory, library, offices, workrooms, storage, and housing for six scientists. -274- Kenya Principal Reference Material ° Glover, P.E. (1970). The Tsavo and the elephants. Unpublished: National Parks Library. ° Greenway, P.J. (1969). Checklist of plants of Tsavo East. Journal of the East African Nat. Hist. Soc. ° Kewuko-Lee, H. (1974). Study on human pressures on Kenya’s National Parks. Report for Kenya National Parks. ° Leuthold, W. (1974). Observations on home range and social organization of Lesser Kudu. In: Giest, V. and Walther, F. (Eds) The behaviour of ungulates and its relation to management. IUCN New Series No. 24. ° Leuthold, W. and Leuthold, B.M. (1975). Temporal patterns of reproduction in ungulates at Tsavo East National Park, Kenya. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 13: 159-169. ° Leuthold, W. and Leuthold, B.M. (1976). Density and biomass of ungulates in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 14: 49-58. ° Myers, N. (1973). Tsavo and its elephants, an appraisal. Biol. Conservation, 5(2). ° Powiss, G. (1982). Tsavo East National Park. East African Natural History Society Bulletin. (Includes a bird species checklist.) Staff 17 wardens (various grades), 2 scientists, 11 general administration, 170 rangers and 310 labourers (projected only) Budget 1975-76: recurrent expenditure: Ksh.247,513 (US$545,000), capital expenditure: Ksh.85,000 (US$187,000) Local Park or Reserve Administration Tsavo East: Warden, Tsavo East National Park, PO Box 14, Voi. Tsavo West: Warden, Tsavo West National Park, Private Bag, Mtito Andae. Date 1984 KISITE/MPUNGUTI MARINE NATIONAL PARK (SHIMONI) Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Total Date Established Kisite Marine National Park was established 10 May 1978 under Legal Notice 92, while Mpunguti Marine National Reserve was established 10 May 1978 by Legal Notice 91, both published in the Kenya Gazette 9 June 1978. Geographical Location South of Wasini Island off Shimoni, on the south coast near the Tanzanian border. 4°40’-4°44’S, 39°21°-39°26°E Altitude Sea level to about 5m _ Area 3,900ha (island area approximately 18ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features A trapezoid section of the Indian Ocean encompasses four small waterless coral islands, Kisite, Mpunguti ya juu, Mpunguti ya chini, and Jiwe la Jahazi, with a considerable area of the fringing reefs and surrounding sand. -275- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Vegetation Sea grasses Cymodocea serrulata and Syringodium isoetifolium cover a large area of the sub-littoral zone of the reef. Marine algae include Padina commersonii, Dictyota bartayresiana, Bostrychia binderi, Ulva lactuca, Dictyosphaora sp., Udotea indica, and Halimeda opuntia. Fauna Includes common species such as the corals Balaxea sp. and Porites sp., money cowrie Cypraea moneta, starfish Protoreaster lincki, sea urchin Echinometra mathaei, ghost crabs Ocypode kuhlii, rock crabs Grapsis maculatus, sergeant-major fish Abudefduf saxatilis, butterfly fish Chaetodon lunula, and parrot fish Callyodon guttatus. The off-shore islands support an assemblage of pelagic feeding birds including breeding colonies of roseate terns Sterna dougallii and sooty terns S. fuscata. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Damage to the area by past blasting has caused concern, but present protection has permitted regeneration of coral reefs. Island bird colonies were frequently raided before the area was protected, but the colonies are slowly recovering. There is a fishing village in the park and some illegal fishing. Visitor Facilities Tourist accommodation and boats for hire are available in Shimoni. Cottage hotels have also been established and there are tourist facilities in the fishing village. There were 3,899 visitors in 1980. Scientific Research None at present Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Ray, C. (1969). Marine Parks and Inshore Conservation in Kenya. African Wildlife Leadership Foundation, Nairobi. ° Saw, P. (1974). Sea Sanctuary. Africana 5(5). Staff No information Budget 1975/1976: recurrent expenditure Ksh.20,573 (US$45,300), capital expenditure Ksh.17,500 (US$38,500) Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Kisite/Mpunguti Marine National Park, PO Box 55, Ukunda. Date 1984 MALINDI-WATAMU BIOSPHERE RESERVE Management Category II, VI and IX (National Park, Resource Reserve and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Two Marine National Reserves and two Marine National Parks gazetted under the Wildlife Conservation and Management Act 1976. Protected under Legal Notices 98 and 99. Date Established 1968; accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in May 1979. -276- Kenya Geographical Location A strip of coast and sea 30km long and 5km broad and including Mida Creek; south of Malindi and 88km north of Mombasa. 3°14’-3°25’S, 39°57’-40°11°E. Altitude Sea level Area Marine national reserves 21,309ha and marine national parks 1,600ha; Biosphere Reserve 19,600ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features Three major habitats can be identified: intertidal rock; intertidal sand and mud; and the sublittoral area. Notable features include ’rock platforms’ and cliffs. In the Watamu area there are caves and coral reefs inhabited by fish. There is no continental shelf and the coastline is bordered by fringing reefs on the seaward side with water depth dropping sharply within short distances. Between the limestone cliffs are stretches of beautiful sandy beach. Mida Creek contains tidal mudflats with fringing mangrove swamp. Whale Island is located at the creek entrance. The southern monsoons between April and October create a current up to 4 knots with northern monsoons between November and March. Temperature variation of 34°C maximum and minimum 2°C with mean annual temperature of 26°C. Monthly rainfall varies between 2mm and 390mm. Vegetation The varied marine flora includes algae Padina commersonii, Dictyota bartayresiana and Udotea indica, Microscopic marine plants occur throughout the sublittoral zone but only occasionally on mobile sand or actively growing coral. They are absent from the upper part of the intertidal zone (except the brown alga Bostrychia binderi) and in the extensive mangrove areas of Mida Creek in Watamu. In the intertidal sand and mud the finer sediments below water, which are subject to less wave action, have become fixed by growth of marine angiosperms including Cymodocea rotundata, C. ciliata, Halodule wrightii, Thalassia hemprichii and Syringodium spp.. The mangroves Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Ceriops spp. merge with terrestrial vegetation. Considerable quantities of drifted plant debris, mainly dead leaves shed by C. ciliata, accumulate on the sloping sandy beaches. Palms and casuarina trees indicate the high water mark. Fauna Whale Island is a nesting ground for roseate tern Sterna dougallii and _ bridled tern Sterna anaethetus between June and October. Shore birds include: sanderling Calidris alba, curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea, whimbrel Numenius phaeopus, grey plover Pluvialis Squatarola, greater sand plover Charadrius leschenaultii, and Mongolian plover C. mongolus. Non-breeding visitors include: lesser crested tern Thalasseus bengalensis, Saunder’s little tern Sterna saundersii and sooty gull Larus hemprichii. The intertidal rocks are inhabited by rock crabs Grapsis maculatus and Geograpsis lividus, small rock gobies, anemones, a few Holothuria, and the large flat six-plated barnacle. There are numerous small caves with dripping water which support a dense population of the ghost crab Ocypode kuhlii. Near the foot of the cliffs a red and white xanthid crab is common, and below this the porcelain crab Petrolisthes predominates. Sandy beaches are characterized by talitrid amphipods (four species including Ocypode ceratopthalma), an ippid crab, gastropod molluscs, and some polychaetes and also the hermit crab Coenobita rugosus and occasional Ocypode kuhlii occur. Species comprising the heads of the coral gardens are primarily Porites supplemented by the branching Acropora, ocillopora, colonies of Cyphastrea, Galaxea, brain corals and Millepora. Other species include Ophicoma crinaceus in coral cracks, Echinometra mathaei and Diadema on the surface and Diadema, Echinothrix and the large blue fish Linkia laevigata beneath overhangs. Molluscs include Tridacna squamosa attached to the coral, Barbatia spp. inside the coral, Lithophaga spp. which burrows extensively through it, tiger cowrie Cypraea tigris, large oyster Pinctada margaritifera (1) and numerous species of nudibranchs. Marine worms (Polychaeta) include the sabellid fan worm and serpulids, which are common in the coral. Population No information Conservation Management A management plan for the whole area was prepared by the Wildlife Conservation and Management Department in 1982, but the plan has not been officially accepted. It has been suggested that the adjacent section of Arabuko Sokoke Forest, 277- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas which contains two nature reserves, should be included in reserve. Zoning The Biosphere Reserve comprises the Malindi-Watamu Marine National Parks and Malindi-Watamu Marine National Reserves. The national parks constitute the core areas, and the national reserves form the buffer zone. The management plan identifies three zones: park service zone (land), recreation zone (concentration of water-based recreation) and natural environment zone (coral reef in Malindi Marine National Park and the area of mangrove community of Watamu Marine National Reserve). Disturbances or Deficiencies The most significant human effect on the area at present is the silting of the Sabaki River which carries a heavy load of silt during rainy seasons as a result of uncontrolled cultivation in the Ukambani hills. Corals and shells have been exploited heavily by visitors and local tradesmen for souvenirs. This was prohibited by the gazettment of the protected areas and there has been considerable recovery, but some poaching persists. There is apparent tourist pressure during the peak tourist season. The effects on the ecosystem of permitted activities such as swimming, sailing and snorkelling have not yet been investigated, but there are possible disturbances due to trampling and boat anchorage. Some fishing occured prior to the establishment of the reserve, but this is now prohibited apart from some traditional fishing. It has been noted that the fish populations are smaller in the reserves where fishing is still allowed and when proper monitoring has been carried out it may be necessary to introduce quota fishing systems and controls on fishing methods used. There is no pollution from the city of Malindi as the sewage system is closed but there have been oil spills from tankers in the deep seas. The extent of oil pollution has not yet been investigated. Visitor Facilities There are 50,000 visitors annually, of which half are Kenyans. The major attractions are boat trips, water sports, and coral viewing. Access is mainly through private land belonging to hotels therefore, visitor control and revenue collection is difficult. Scientific Research Some research has been carried out on corals, turtles, ecological zonation and siltation effects on reef ecology. High potential for research. Special Scientific Facilities A government-appointed officer is investigating the possibility of establishing a marine research station. The Marine Park Education Centre was opened in 1968. Principal Reference Material ° Anon. (1982). Malindi/Watamu Marine National Parks and Reserves Management Plan. Wildlife Conservation and Management Department. ° Fraser, J. (1974). Marine Turtle Study. ° Hamilton, H. (1973). Taxonomy and distribution of corals of the East African coast. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Dar-es-Salaam. ° Jachowsky, R.L. (1975). Structure and ecology of coral reefs in Malindi Marine National Park, Kenya. Mimeo report to Kenya National Parks. ° Keech, R., Moore, J., Stafford-Smith, M. and Green, F. (1979). Leopard Reef Expedition Report. (Includes comprehensive coral species list.) ° Pertet, F. (1984). Kenya’s experience in establishing coastal marine protected areas. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation and Development. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. ° Stevenson, S. (1971). A study of the distribution of members of the family Cypracidae on Intertidal Reefs of the Kenya Coast. University of Wales, Bangor. ° University of Newcastle upon Tyne Exploration Society, (1972). Some aspects of ecology of the Malindi-Watamu. ° University of Wales. Bango-Watamu Expedition. (1969). Staff Two wardens, 26 rangers and 17 support staff (1980) Budget 1979-1980: Ksh.301,715 (US$40,200) Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Marine National Parks, PO Box 109, Malindi. Date 1984 -278- Kenya ARABUKO SOKOKE FOREST RESERVE AND NATURE RESERVES Management Category IV and VIII (Managed Nature Reserve and Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Exploitation is prohibited in the two Nature Reserves. There is a quota system for timber extraction in the forest reserves whereby any person or organization engaged in logging must be licensed. All licences are granted from Forestry Headquarters in Nairobi. Date Established Established as a Forest Reserve (41,764ha) in 1943. Within the Forest Reserve are two nature reserves, one of 2,697ha, established under Legal Notice No. 100 in 1977, and the other of 1,635ha, established under Legal Notice No. 180 in 1979. Geographical Location Kilifi district. 3°30°S, 39°30’E. Altitude No information Area 36,000ha;);332ha are Nature Reserves Land Tenure Government Physical Features Soils comprise dark red infertile magarini sand-soil which meets a variety of loose and compact sands and coral rag off the coastal belt. Margarini sand-soilka to the west lie above the 60m contour line and slope steeply at the eastern edge slopes onto the grey-buff sands. This boundary is characterised not only by sharply demarcated vegetation change but by standing water in the form of drainage pools which can be over 2ha in surface area. Rainfall varies with vegetation community and ranges from 600-900mm/per year. Vegetation This area is considered to be one of the most important sites for nature conservation in East Africa. The Arabuko Sokoke Forest is of vital importance as East Africa’s only surviving area of lowland coastal forest of any appreciable size. It is now confined within the boundary of the forest reserve with the exception of a few remnant stands of modified forest in the west and north-west. Brachystegia woodland and lowland rainforest Afzelia forest, are the most common communities. Other associations include Cynometra-Manilkara-Brachylaena forest, in the south-west and north-east with mature trees approaching 15m height and a dense understorey; Cynometra thicket, in the north-west with vegetation mainly comprising a thick shrub and sapling tangle from 3m to 6m tall with emergent trees (10m) of Brachylaena hutchinsii (threatened in Kenya); and white soil Cynometra-Afzelia forest, which borders the Cynometra thicket. Important plants include Phyllanthus kirkianus, P. stolzianus, Nectaropetalum kaessneri, Strychnos_ mitis, Memecylon melindensis and M. verruculosum, Eugenia sp. nov., Angylocalyx braunii, Pavetta uniflora, and Nesogordonia parviflora. Threatened (in Kenya) plant species include: Phyllanthus stolzianus, Nectaropetalum kaessneri, Strychnos mitis, Memecylon melindensis, _Memecylon verruculosum, Angylocalyx braunii, Pavetta uniflora, and Nesogordonia parviflora. Fauna Mammals include: Ader’s duiker Cephalophus adersi (R), blue duiker C. monticola, golden-rumped elephant shrew Rhynchocyon cirnei chrysopygus, bristle-tailed elephant shrew Petrodromus tetradactylus sultan, and coastal races of bushbaby Galago crassicaudatus, and Galago senegalensis zanzibaracus. Threatened birds include Sokoke scops owl Otus ireneae (E), and Clarke’s weaver Ploceus golandi (E) (both endemic to this forest), east coast akalat Sheppardia gunningi (R), Amani sunbird Anthreptes pallidigaster (R), and Sokoke pipit Anthus sokokensis (V). Migratory visitors include pitta Pitta angolensis, and spotted ground thrush Turdus fischeri (R) (breeding ground of this species is unknown). A _ bird species list is included in Kelsey and Langton (1984). The frog Leptopelis flavomaculatus is only known from this forest and Shimba Hills. -279- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Conservation Management Regular patrols by forestry personnel are carried out around the area immediately surrounding the Mida-Gede forest station. Private contracted workers from the area carry out almost all of the timber extraction under forestry licence and remove dead timber from the forest reserve as a source of firewood, mainly from the north-east of the forest (north of Arabuko). Due to its international conservation value, it has been recommended by Kelsey and Langton (1984), that the management policy for the Arabuko Sokoke forest be widened to encompass conservation objectives. Zoning The two nature reserves within the forest reserve are effective as core zones. Disturbances or Deficiencies Forest clearance outside the boundary is a threat as the Forest Reserve is probably of insufficient size to support viable breeding populations of many threatened birds. Tree removal has been reported (Brachystegia spiciformis and Brachylaena hutchinsii, in particular) within the strictly protected nature reserves. Cycads are also being removed. Enforcement of forestry regulations has been limited because of the restricted resources available to the stations at Gedi and Jilore. Access is possible without official monitoring. The reserve is surrounded by settlement. Fire is of concern particularly after the dry season. Scientific Research A University of East Anglia/International Council for Bird Preservation team carried out a study of the area in 1983. Other bird studies have been undertaken. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material * Britton, P.L. and Zimmermanb, D.A., (1979). The Avifauna of Sokoke Forest, Kenya. Journal of E. Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. & Nat. Museum 169: 1-15. Cunningham van Someren, G.R. (1978). Komba Term II: 41 (Wildlife Club, Kenya). Cunningham van Someren, G.R. (1982). Review of Habitat Status of some Important Biotic Communities in Kenya. Division of Natural Sciences, National Museums, Kenya. Unpublished. ° Kelsey, G.M. and Langton, T.E.S. (1984). The Conservation of the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kenya. ICBP/University of East Anglia, Cambridge, England. Staff Forest Officers Budget Lack of adequate funds Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Stations at Gedi and Jilore Date 1984 KIUNGA MARINE NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VI and IX (Resource Reserve and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Partial, under the Wildlife Conservation and Management Act 1976. The boundaries are delineated on Boundary Plan No. 216/39, which is deposited in the Survey Records Office, Nairobi. Date Established 1979 by Legal Notice No. 291 in the official Kenya Gazette. Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in 1980. -280- Kenya Geographical Location North-eastern coastal border of mainland Kenya and the Pate Islands, Indian Ocean. 1°75’-2°00°S, 41°20°-41°2S°E. Altitude 0-30m Area 25,000ha; Biosphere Reserve 60,000ha including the marine area contiguous to Dodori National Reserve (87,739ha), which is itself almost contiguous to Boni National Reserve (124,000ha) Land Tenure The offshore islands and mangrove swamps are state owned and administered by Lamu County Council. The coastal waters are under the supervision of the Fisheries Department and the Wildlife Conservation and Management Department (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources). Physical Features The coast has sandy beaches, some with mangrove swamps, with about 50 calcareous offshore islands and coral reefs paralleling the coastline. The upper part of the reserve on the mainland consists of sand dunes and there is dry coastal shrubby forest. Vegetation Great variation of marine flora. In the sublittoral zone microscopic marine plants are absent only from areas of mobile sand and actively growing coral though sometimes gaining foothold in these unfavourable habitats. Microscopic marine plants are absent from the upper part of the intertidal zone except for areas of Bostrychia bindelia. In the intertidal sand and mud, the finer sediments below water, which are subject to less wave action, have become fixed by growth of marine angiosperms and there are extensive areas of dugong grass (green algae) and Zostera spp.. Dwarf shrub thickets of salt-tolerant plants (halophytes) typical of the Indo-Pacific beach littoral zone are common on the mainland, and species include Jpomoea pes-caprae, Cyperus maritimus, Suaeda, and Tephrosia. Mangrove swamps dominated by Rhizophora mucronata occur in the sheltered tidal waters between Mwanzi and Mkokoni. Fauna The offshore islands are rich in seabirds and there are large nesting colonies of various gulls and terns (particularly numerous in the breeding season from June to August) including: sooty gull Larus hemprichii, roseate tern Sterna dougallii, white-cheeked tern Sterna repressa, and bridled tern Sterna anaethetus. Dugong Dugong dugon (V) and green turtle Chelonia mydas (E) are also common. Several large land mammals frequently visit the mainland buffer area including Hunter’s antelope Damaliscus hunteri (T) and elephant Loxodonta africana (V). Lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis are resident on some of the islands. Extensive coral and reef fish populations occur. Conservation Management No information Zoning Dodori National Reserve, which occupies the mainland area inland of the Kiunga Reserve, is the main buffer zone separating the increasing human activities on the mainland from the coastal beach areas. Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been little human interference in the area and this constitutes one of the main reasons for protection. There has been limited collection of reef coral and shells for selling purposes. The rate of cutting of the mangrove forest for commercial purposes was on the increase before Reserve status was declared, but is now under control. Poaching of green turtle and its eggs is now under the control of the Game Warden from Lamu. There is some poaching of dugong. Certain water sports are allowed within the park including water skiing and the passage and anchorage of boats, and use of the beaches is under the control of the authorities. Kiungu is, however, the least developed of the Kenyan Marine Parks/Reserves. Scientific Research There is a need for basic research. Special Scientific Facilities The Kenyan government has completed the construction of a marine research station at Kiunga consisting of laboratories, junior staff houses and three houses for scientists. The station is equipped, but there are no marine research scientists locally available. There is a need for basic research and the training of local marine scientists, -281- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas which will, in the initial phases, require cooperation and support from international research and financing institutions - Unesco assistance through the MAB programme has been suggested. Staff Currently supervised by the Game Warden from Lamu; staff of 45 proposed Budget Under preparation Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, PO Kiunga, via Lamu. Date 1984 ARAWALE NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Partial but reported to be increasing as this area is now considered important for Damaliscus hunteri, a rare hartebeest. Date Established 1974 Geographical Location 5 km from the Tana River and 130 km north of Malindi in Garissa county. 1°15’-1°34’S, 40°04’-40°20’E. Altitude 85-100m Area 53,324ha Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Garissa County Council. Physical Features Flat plain with sandy-bedded rivers Vegetation Primarily thorn bushland (zone V of Pratt and Gwynne) Fauna MHunter’s hartebeest Damaliscus hunteri (T) (the only area in Kenya where this species is found) and some northern species such as Grevy’s zebra Equus grevyi (T), and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis. There are also elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, and crocodile Crocodylus sp. (V). Conservation Management The boundary has been demarcated and the Water Department has located where to drill bore holes as part of a general purpose reserve plan. Antipoaching outposts outside the park have been set up, and this was the first area where a camel anti-poaching unit was set up (1983). It appears to be successful. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching; grazing of domestic stock, and construction of semi-permanent cattle kraals by nomadic tribes. This area is reported to be insecure. Visitor Facilities The area is completely undeveloped, although campsites are planned. Scientific Research None -282- Kenya Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Bunderson, W.T. (1979). Numbers of wildlife in Garissa and Lamu Districts, report to Research Section, WLMD. Staff One warden, nine rangers, two support staff (1980) Budget 1978-1979 grant of KSh.660,000 (US$88,000) Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 58, Garissa. Date 1984 BISANADI NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 1979 Geographical Location Adjacent to north-east boundary of Meru National Park. 0°05’S-0°17°N, 38°12’-38°35’E. Altitude 320-660m Area 60,600ha, part of a complex which includes Meru National Park (87,044ha), Kora National Reserve (178,780ha), Rahole National Reserve (127,000ha), and North Kitui National Reserve (74,500ha) Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Isiolo County Council Physical Features Open dry plain dissected by seasonally dry luggas Vegetation Mainly thorn bushland and thicket (Zone V of Pratt and Gwynne 1977) with Combretum prevailing in the north and Commiphora in the south. To the west the Combretum merges into Terminalia wooded grasslands. The red-flowered parasitic Loranthus grows on the branches of Acacia reficiens along the rivers. Dense riverine forests of doum palm Hyphaene spp. and raffia palm Raphia spp. occur along the watercourses. Some riverine swamps have sedges Cyperus sp., and grasses Echinochloa haplacelada and Pennisetum mezianum. On the plains Sehima nervosa, Chloris roxburghiana and other species of Pennisetum are the dominant grasses. Fauna _ In the wet season, it is the dispersal area for wildlife from Meru National Park, primarily elephant Loxodonta africana (T) and buffalo Syncerus caf fer. Zoning None -283- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal hunting and livestock grazing Visitor Facilities None Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 239, Isiolo. Date 1984 BONI NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 1976 Geographical Location Centred on the extensive Boni forest on the north-east coast in Garissa District, on the Kenya/Somali border. 1°21’-1°40’S, 41°02’-41°35’E. Altitude 0-100m Area 133,900ha; almost contiguous to Dodori National Reserve 87,739ha to the south, which is itself contiguous to Kiunga Marine Reserve (60,000ha) Land Tenure Trust land vested in Garissa County Council Physical Features The flat coastal plain has a braided drainage system separated by marine sand and clay ridges. The area behind the Mundane Hills is seasonally flooded to a depth of 2m. There are two major flood pan areas (Ziwas). Vegetation Part of the reserve is coastal lowland groundwater forest (the only known area in Kenya) with species of Sterculia, Chlorophora, and Memecylon. In drier areas the primarily lowland dry bushland and bush grassland consists of dense Manilkara with Diospyros, Encephalartos, and Euphorbia. Flood pan grasses are Echinochloa and Setaria. Fauna _ In the dry season it is a concentration area for the east Lamu and southern Garissa elephant Loxodonta africana (T). Other mammals include: Harvey’s duiker Cephalophus natalensis harveyi, and Ader’s duiker Cephalophus adersi (T). It is possible that white-winged apalis Apalis chariessa may still survive in the area. -284- Kenya Conservation Management There is an anti-poaching camel unit at Mkowe. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching Visitor Facilities None Scientific Research Vegetation inventory (Kremu) Special Scientific Facilities Kiunga Wildlife Research Station Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Two wardens and one ranger; two support staff allocated (1980) Budget 1979 grant aid KSh.560,000; no expenditure made in the Reserve Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 58, Garissa. Date 1984 BUFFALO SPRINGS NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.21.12 (East African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established Yet to be gazetted Geographical Location South bank of Ewaso Nyiro River 85 km north of Mount Kenya. 0°31’-0°39°N, 37°31’-37°41’E. Altitude 900-1,000m Area 33,915ha; on the opposite bank of the Ewaso Nyiro river to Samburu National Reserve (22,510ha) and separated from Shaba Nature Reserve (23,910ha) by approximately 9km of road and bush. Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Isiolo County Council Physical Features The gently rolling lowland plain includes basaltic lava fields and several rounded hills. There are seasonally dry luggas and the Ewaso Nyiro River borders the park for 22km. Annual rainfall averages 350mm. Vegetation Various types of community are present, including riverine forest dominated by Acacia elatior and doum palm Hyphaene coriacea; Acacia tortilis woodland; Acacia senegal, A. reficiens, Salvadora, and Commiphora bushland; alkaline grassland of Sporobolus spicatus, and Saloss shrubland. -285- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Fauna This includes 22 large animal species including elephant Loxodonta africana (T), Grevy’s zebra Equus grevyi (T) (important dry season habitat and breeding area for this species), reticulated giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata, Beisa oryx Oryx gazella, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), and crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (T). The avifauna includes approximately 320 species. Conservation Management A road management plan has been developed for the area. Suggestions have been made that any construction should be undertaken during the wet season when less animals use the area (Rainy, 1980). The three reserves are considered too small to constitute a viable ecological unit for many of the larger species. A survey was initiated in 1980 to provide guidelines for enlargement of the areas. Pastoralists are compensated for assumed loss of grazing in surrounding areas. A management plan is being prepared for this area by the Wildife Planning Unit of WMCD. It has been suggested that Samburu, Shaba and Buffalo Springs should be managed as one area. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal grazing and unregulated tourism impact. Elephant density in riverine forest is very high. There have been reports that disturbance of wildlife has not been considered in the plans for construction of roads and bridges in the area. Visitor Facilities The reserve is heavily utilized for tourism with two lodges (148 beds) and five public campsites. In 1979, there were 38,000 visitors. Scientific Research Vegetation and wildlife dynamics of riverine zone; behaviour and ecology of Grevy’s zebra Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Barkham, J.P. and Rainy M.E. (1976). The Vegetation of the Samburu Isiolo Game Reserve. E. Afr. Wildlife J. 14: 297-329. ° Rainy, M.E. (1980). An Ecological Analysis for Road Development purposes of Samburu-Buffalo Springs-Shaba Game Reserve. Consultant report to Wildlife Planning Unit, Kenya. Staff No information Budget The World Bank has funded road construction and development plans in 1980-1981; otherwise no information Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 29, Isiolo. Date 1984 DODORI NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 1976 -286- Kenya Geographical Location Coastal zone of north-eastern Lamu District extending in the north to the Somali border. 1°40’-1°55’S, 40°52’-41°2S’E. Altitude 0-100m Area 87,739ha; contiguous to Kiunga Marine Reserve (60,000ha) to the east and close to Boni National Reserve (124,000ha) to the north. Land Tenure State, under the jurisdiction of Lamu County Council Physical Features The Dodori River flows through an alluvial valley of short grass flood meadows with the estuary of Dodori Creek at the entrance to the Indian Ocean. The Mundani Hills are Pleistocene dune sand ridges which run parallel to the coast. Vegetation The mangrove swamp along Dodori Creek comprises Rhizophora mucronata. Primarily lowland dry forest of dense Manilkara and Cynometra occurs. Some marshes are seasonally flooded glades and groundwater forests. Fauna’ This is a major breeding ground for topi Damaliscus lunatus. Elephant Loxodonta africana (T) and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis are the most common larger species. The tidal mangrove swamps contain a rich avifauna including pelicans Pelecanus sp. and coastal waterbirds, crustacea, and molluscs. There are substantial breeding populations of dugong Dugong dugon (T), and marine green turtle Chelonia mydas (E). Conservation Management Little formal development has taken place but plans are being prepared. Aerial surveys and boundary demarcation have been completed. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Wet season poaching Visitor Facilities Accommodation is at the one public campsite or occasionally at lodges located in the nearby Kiunga Reserve. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities Kiunga Wildlife Research Station Principal Reference Material None listed Staff One assistant warden, nine rangers, two subordinate, and 30 casual workers (1980) Budget 1979 KSh.134,000 expenditure Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Dodori National Reserve, Box 82, Kiunga. Date 1984 KORA NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) -287- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Legal Protection Partial Date Established 1974 Geographical Location On the Tana River, 125km east of Mount Kenya. 0°02’-0°32’S, 38°32’-39°03’E. Altitude 250-440m Area 178,780ha; part of a complex of potential areas, which also includes the Meru National Park (87,044ha); Rahole National Reserve (127,000ha); North Kitui National Reserve (74,500ha); and Bisanadi National Reserve (60,000ha) Complex Land Tenure Government, under the jurisdiction of Tana River County Council Physical Features The bushland is medium altitude with low hills on the northern boundary, which is defined by a 80km stretch of the Tana River. The south-eastern boundary is the Mwitamisyi River. Major landforms are riverine, alluvial with inselbergs of granitoid magmatites. The inselbergs are of great importance for local floral and faunal endemicity. The climate is dry with annual rainfall of 350-500mm falling mainly from March to May and November to December. Vegetation The reserve contains three major habitats: a strip of riverine forest bordering the river Tana with doum palm Hyphaene coriacea, Acacia elatior, and Tana River poplar Populus ilicifolia; rocky outcrops supporting many endemic species; and complex Acacia-Commiphora bushland (Nyika). Fauna Large mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhino Diceros bicornis (T), and hippotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (200). Carnivores include: lion Panthera leo (3 adults in 1984), leopard Pathera pardus (T)(6 in 1984), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T) (normally associated with open grassland and rocky areas rather than bush scrub), serval Felis serval, caracal Felis caracal, wildcat Felis silvestris, genet Genetta sp., spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta and striped hyena Hyaena hyaena. Several antelope species include gerenuk Litocranius walleri. The river edges are important habitats for a wide range of amphibians, lizards, snakes, tortoises including the threatened pancake tortoise Malacochersus tornieri, and crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V). There is a rich avifauna on Tana River including red-billed hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus, and yellow-billed hornbill T. flavirostris. Conservation Management The Government has stopped the bringing in of lions but restocking with leopards is taking place, as these are less dangerous and more suitable to the country. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Livestock grazing by Somalian pastoralists is leading to serious soil erosion in the east of the Reserve. Elephant and rhino in particular are poached. There is a threat of flooding from the Tana River dam scheme. The impact of existing dams is already evident from the appearance of a daily and weekly rhythm of rise and fall in water level according to the demand for electricity. This change from the previous seasonal pattern will inevitably have a profound impact on the local ecology. There are reports of uninvited visitors interrupting the lion and leopard rehabilitation studies. Visitor Facilities No tourism Scientific Research Lion and leopard rehabilitation by George Adamson and Tony Fitzjohn. Kora was the site of a two year comprehensive ecological survey by the Royal Geographical Society in association with the National Museums of Kenya (1983) which included the use of Landsat imagery for geomorphological surveys. The findings are being used as a basis for the management plan for the reserve. -288- Kenya Special Scientific Facilities Adamson’s Kora Trust Camp Principal Reference Material ° Coe, M.J. (1985). Islands in the Bush: A natural history of the Kora National Reserve, Kenya. George Philip and son. 256 pp. ° Jones, D.K. (1983). Kora National Reserve. Swara 6(2). Staff Six rangers and eight support staff (1980) Budget Grant-in-aid KSh. 500,000 (US$66,600) 1978-1979 Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 91, Garissa. Date 1984 LAKE BOGORIA NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1970; in the process of being upgraded to National Park Geographical Location 50km north of Nakuru in the Rift Valley. 0°10°-0°24’N, 36°05’-36°9’E. Altitude 1,000-1,600m Area 10,705ha Land Tenure The waterbody is Government owned, with the remaining land under the jurisdiction of Baringo County Council. Physical Features The shallow soda lake is at the base of the east wall of the escarpment of the Rift Valley with 40km of shoreline. Shallow stony soils with lava boulders occur away from the lake and there is a thermal area with steam jets and geysers. Vegetation The primarily thorn bushland (Balanites and Commiphora spp.) has small patches of riverine forest dominated by Acacia tortilis. Shoreline alkaline grassland dominated by Sporobolus spicatus. Patches of Combretum, Heeria, Loudetia, and Grewia species grow on the rocky slopes of the escarpment. Fauna Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros occurs and the lake shore is seasonally occupied by greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber and lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor. Conservation Management A management plan is being prepared by the Wildlife Planning Unit. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Livestock grazing and settlement within the reserve -289- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Visitor Facilities It is used primarily on a day-use basis from nearby lodges at Lake Baringo, but there are two public campsites in the reserve. In 1979, there were 5,349 visitors. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None Staff One warden, 10 rangers, eight support, 10 casual workers (1980) Budget Expenditure 1979 - KSh.556,175 (US$74,200) Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 53, Kabarnet. Date 1984 LOSAI NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 1976 Geographical Location Situated in the Losai Mountains, south-west of Marsabit National Reserve in North Kenya, 175km north of Mount Kenya. 1°01’-1°52’N, 37°15’-37°58’E. Altitude 625-1,750m Area 180,680ha Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Marsabit County Council Physical Features The Losai Mountains are foothills of the Mathew and Ndotu Mountains. The reserve is a lava plateau, dissected by dry luggas, with scattered volcanic plugs and cones. Vegetation Medium thorn bushland Fauna’ The area is a known former habitat of elephant Loxodonta africana (T) and black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T). It is unlikely that the rhinoceros is still present. Conservation Management Development includes a road network, staff housing, and gates. Demarcation of the boundary has been initiated by the Wildlife Conservation and Management Department (WMCD). Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Problems include illegal hunting, livestock grazing, and threats to security. Visitor Facilities No tourism -290- Kenya Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None Staff One warden, 12 rangers and two support staff (1980) Budget 1979-1980 aid grant of KSh.630,000 (US$84,000) Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, PO Box Marsabit, via Isiolo. Date 1984 MAASAI MARA NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established Established as a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1948 with a smaller area than the present reserve and indefinite boundaries. National Reserve status (167,200ha) in 1974 under Legal Notice 271. There were discussions in 1976 between the Kenyan Government and Narok County Council to reduce the area by 16,200ha. These excisions were gazetted in 1984 and include sections in the north-west, south-west and the mid-north. Geographical Location Southwest Kenya bordering on Serengeti in Tanzania. 1°15’-1°45’S, 34°45’-35°24’E. Altitude 1,500-2,170m Area 151,000ha; contiguous to Serengeti National Park in Tanzania (1,476,300ha) Land Tenure Narok County Council Physical Features The reserve comprises mainly undulating grassland with isolated rocky outcrops (kopjes) and contains the Loita Hills in the north-east, steep hills in the Ngama area, and the Siria Escarpment in the west. The Mara, which is a major international river, bisects the area with Talekand Sand River a significant tributary. Mean annual precipitation at Keekorok (1971-1977 period) was 1,025mm. There is a rainfall gradient increasing from east to west across the reserve. Mean temperatures (1971-77) were minimum 12°C-14°C and maximum 26.5°C-31°C. Vegetation The reserve constitutes the north section of the Serengeti ecosystem. Open grassland has Themeda triandra, Pennisetum, Aristida, and Sporobolus. Olpunyata Swamp and other low-lying areas support a diverse community of the taller grass species. Termite mounds are characterised by distinctive plant communities dominated by Rhus natalensis and Cordia ovalis. There are also dense thickets of Croton dichogamus and Euclea spp., riverine forests dominated by Warburgia ugandensis, Olea africana, Diospyros abyssinica and Ficus spp., and patches of Acacia woodland. -291- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Fauna’ In the dry season (July-October) it is a concentration area for a great number of migratory herbivores including approximately 250,000 zebra Equus burchelli, and 1.3 million wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus. This movement from the Serengeti in the south has occurred on a significant scale only since 1972 as wildebeest numbers increased as a result of control of rinderpest. The 65 mammal species include: Thomson’s gazelle Gazella thomsoni, numerous elephant Loxodonta africana (T), topi Damaliscus lunatus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, lion Panthera leo (largest population in Kenya), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and banded mongoose Mungos mungo. The profuse avifauna includes 53 birds of prey. Birds recorded include African hobby Falco cuvierii, peregrine falcon F. peregrinus, cuckoo-falcon Aviceda cuculoides, open-billed stork Anastomus lamelligerus, osprey Pandion haliaetus, blue quail Excalfactoria adansonii, crested guinea-fowl Guttera edouardi, Ross’s turaco Musophaga rossae, Pel’s fishing owl Scotopelia peli, red-headed quelea Quelea erythrops, and parasitic weaver Anomalospiza imberbis. Conservation Management A development plan for a viewing track was prepared by the Wildlife Planning Unit (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources) in 1980 and a management plan was prepared in 1983 for Narok County Council but neither have been approved. However several recommendations in the plan have been proposed for adoption in the five year development plan for the park. In addition, a World Bank roadbuilding unit has been carrying out road maintainance in the reserve. IUCN/WWF are also assisting in improving protection and management. Zoning Three viewing zones for planning purposes: Triangle south-west, Keekorok south-east and Musiara north-west Disturbances or Deficiencies The main problems are illegal grazing, poaching around the periphery of the reserve (particularly rhinoceros of which there are almost none left), and tourism impact through off-road driving. The combination of uncontrolled fires and elephant destruction of riverine forest and bushland has resulted in reduction in diversity and conversion to open grassland. Peripheral pressures are increasing with an upsurge in cultivation in surrounding areas. The park boundary has not been demarcated, which aggrevates this problem. Potential threat of degradation of the reserve by tourists is increased with the planned increase in capacity by 390 beds. Animal harassment by tourists is a further source of concern. Visitor Facilities It is extensively developed for tourism with facilities including three lodges in the reserve, six tented camps surrounding the reserve (total 680 beds), and 24 campsites on the periphery (totalling 546 beds). There were about 40,000 visitors in 1979/1980. Primary visitor activity is game viewing from vehicles. Other attractions are camping, scenic viewing, walking, and balloon safaris. Scientific Research Only one scientist in 1984, who studied the decline of woodlands and thickets. Earlier studies include baboon behaviour, hyena ecology, bat-eared fox ecology, and vegetation changes. There is no monitoring programme, however, elephant and buffalo counts were planned for April 1984. Special Scientific Facilities Mara Research Station is no longer operational. There have been suggestions to convert the remaining buildings into an educational hostel. Principal Reference Material ° Burney, D.A. (1980). The effect of human activities on cheetah in the Mara Region of Kenya. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Nairobi. ° Costich, B.D. and Popp, S.L. (1978). Mara: A field guide to Masai Mara Reserve. Man and Nature Press, Cambridge. 55 pp. ° Darling, F.F. (1960). An Ecological Reconnaissance of the Mara Plains in Kenya Colony. Wildlife Monograph No. 5. ° IUCN/WWF Project 3142. Kenya, Maasai Mara Reserve. -292- Kenya ° Lamprey, R.H. and Collins, W.G. (in press). Woodland Changes in the Mara Region of Kenya. In: Endangered Resources for Development. Proceedings of a workshop on the status and options for management of plant communities in Kenya. National Museums of Kenya. ° Shorter, C. Kenya Horizons. (Reprint). Taiti, S. 1973. A Vegetation survey of the Mara Game Reserve, M.Sc. Thesis, University Nairobi, Thorsell, J. (1980). Masai Mara National Reserve Viewing Tract Development Plan. Prepared by the Wildlife Planning Unit, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. Wildlife Planning Unit, (1983). Masai Mara National Reserve Management Plan. WPU, Wildlife Conservation and Management Department, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. Staff One senior warden, three wardens, 57 rangers and five support staff employed by Narok County Council (1984) Budget Expenditure 1979 - KSh.367,071 (US$49,000). Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 60, Narok. Date 1984 MARSABIT NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (East African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1962 Geographical Location Northern Kenya, 560km north of Nairobi. 2°06’-2°39°N, 37°46°-38°11’E. Altitude 420-1,700m Area 208,842ha Land Tenure Marsabit County Council Physical Features The reserve comprises a forested mountain oasis rising out of surrounding desert country. The mountain consists of a group of volcanic craters, of which Got Bongoli is the largest, and several are occupied by fresh water lakes (the largest being Lake Paradise). The surrounding area is acacia scrub desert and the lava fields of the Dida Galgalla Desert. Vegetation The upper zone is forest dominated by Brown Olive Middle Zone forest of Olea capensis, Diospyros abyssinica and Teclea sp., with Acacia grassland and Combretum at lower altitudes. The lower zone is arid thorn brushland. Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), greater kudu Tragelaphus Strepsiceros, diademed monkey Cercopithecus mitis, olive baboon Papio anubis, striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, aardwolf Proteles cristatus, caracal Felis caracal, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, suni Neotragus moschatus, Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti petersi, beisa oryx Oryx gazella beisa -293- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas and reticulated giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata. There are 13 recorded bat species and over 350 bird species, including 52 birds of prey. Birds include Somali ostrich Struthio camelus, peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus (T), black-faced Heuglins bustard Neotis heuglinii, swallow-tailed kite Elanoides forficatus, cream-coloured courser Cursorius cursor, Somali bee-eater Merops revoilii, and masked lark Spizocorys personata (locally abundant) in the lowland bush; lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus, mountain buzzard Buteo oreophilus, yellow-billed hornbill Tockus flavirostris, star-spotted nightjar Caprimulgus stellatus, and Narina’s trogon Apaloderma narina in the mountain area; little grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis, purple heron Ardea purpurea, saddle-bill stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis, ibises, and numerous duck species visiting Lake Paradise. Zoning The core area is to be constituted a national park (14,413ha) but gazettment is not yet complete. Areas outside the core area are not managed for protection purposes. Disturbances or Deficiencies There is forest cutting in the area surrounding the reserve. Numbers of greater kudu are recovering following a devastating outbreak of rinderpest in 1960. Visitor Facilities Tourism is encouraged. Accommodation includes a lodge with 30 beds and three public campsites. There were 1,785 visitors in 1979. Scientific Research ~ Unesco are currently funding a project to combat desertification in the area. In this project, camels are being introduced into the area in an attempt to use them as livestock, replacing the cattle that are causing serious habitat degradation. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff One warden, 18 rangers and 10 support staff (1981) Budget Expenditure 1979/1980: Ksh.491,607 (US$7,756) Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, PO Marsabit via Isiolo. Date 1984 MWEA NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 1976; there is a proposal to degazette the most populated areas. Geographical Location 100km north-east of Nairobi. 0°43’-0°51°S, 37°35’-37°00°E. Altitude 1,000-1,100m Area 6,803ha Land Tenure Trust land, but managed by the Central government. -294- Kenya Physical Features Gently rolling bushland. Southern border is on Kamburu reservoir on the Tana River, a drowned portion of the Thiba River. Vegetation Primarily thorn bushland with some Acacia and Commiphora woodland. Scattered baobab Adansonia digitata. Fauna Remnant elephant Loxodonta africana (V) and buffalo Syncerus caffer populations. Lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, crocodile Crocodylus_ niloticus (V), and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. Numbers of individuals in most animal populations low. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal hunting and seasonal livestock grazing. Timber felling. Severe encroachment by irrigation, and settlement schemes. A reservoir seperates populations of elephants; hippo cannot use the reservoirs as they can’t scale the sides to graze at night. Egyptian geese numbers are controlled due to their grazing of rice. There is concern that the incidence of Bilharzia will increase due to reduction in the numbers of this natural predator of the vector snail. Visitor Facilities None Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None Staff No information Budget 1978-1979: aid grant of Ksh.390,000 (US$52,000) Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 264, Embu. Date 1984 NASOLOT NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 1979 Geographical Location Situated 100 km north of Kitale in west Kenya, near the Uganda border. 1°47’-1°56’N, 35°20’-35°28’E. Altitude 750-1,500m Area 92,500ha Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of West Pokot County Council. -295- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Physical Features Flat plain with seasonal water courses, rising to the foothills of the Sekerr Range. Comprises a portion of the gorge of the Turkwell River. Vegetation Primarily thorn bushland (zone V of Pratt and Gwynne). Fauna’ Elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies No information Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Pratt, D.J. and Gwynne, D.M. (1977). Rangeland Management Ecology in East Africa. Hodder and Stoughton, London Staff Not yet operational Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, PO Kapenguria, via Kitale. Date 1984 NGAI NDETHYA NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 1976 Geographical Location South-east Kenya between Tsavo East and Tsaro West National Parks. 2°35°-2°41’S, 38°9’-38°20°E. Altitude 650-750m Area 21,209ha; forms a corridor between Tsavo East and West (total 2,082,114ha) Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Masaku County Council Physical Features It is a migration corridor between Tsavo East and West; open flat thornbush plains are bordered by the Athi River to the east, and the seasonal Kambu and Mtito Andei Watercourses (luggas) to the north and south. -296- Kenya Vegetation Thornbush and thicket (zone V of Pratt and Gwynne 1977), primarily Commiphora with scattered baobab Adansonia digitata Fauna None Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies | Human settlement persists within reserve; there are 10,000 people in the area with the consequence that there is very little left of nature conservation value. Visitor Facilities None although there is a lodge Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff None Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 66, Voi. Date 1984 NORTH KITUI NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 1979 Geographical Location South bank of Tana River adjacent to Meru National Park. 0°03’-0°32’S, 38°18’-38°40’E. Altitude 428-675m Area 74,500ha; is part a complex which includes Meru National Park (87,044ha), Kora Nature Reserve (178,780ha), Rahole Nature Reserve (127,000ha), and Bisanadi Nature Reserve (60,000ha) Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Kitui County Council Physical Features Dense bushland with low hills and seasonal water courses (luggas), which drain north into the Tana River. The northern boundary includes 20km of the Tana River. Vegetation Unsurveyed bushland (Zone V of Pratt and Gwynne 1977); some riverine forest along the Tana River. Dp7= IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Fauna Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) and hippotamus Hippopotamus amphibius occur along Tana River where the avifauna is particularly rich. Conservation Management The boundary has been surveyed as well as sites chosen for the entrance gates, campsites, and boreholes as part of a general purpose plan. There is an anti-poaching unit in the area. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal hunting and livestock grazing Visitor Facilities None Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff There are WMCD staff Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 9, Mwingi via Kitui. Date 1984 RAHOLE NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 1976 Geographical Location 150 km east north-east of Mount Kenya. 0°03’S-0°15’N, 38°41’-39°11’E. Altitude 250-480m Area 127,000ha, part of a complex comprising the Meru National Park (87,044ha), Kora Nature Reserve (178,780ha), North Kitui National Reserve (74,500ha), and Bisanadi National Reserve (60,000ha) Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Garissa County Council Physical Features The open dry plain is traversed by the seasonal Rahole sand river. Vegetation Unsurveyed dry thorn bushland; Zone V of Pratt and Gwynne (1977) Fauna. A few elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (almost gone), and various northern species such as Grevy’s zebra Equus grevyi (T), and beisa Oryx gazella. -298- Kenya Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies [Illegal hunting and livestock grazing occur and the area is invaded by semi-permanent settlers. WMCD have never really established their presence as access is difficult with the river forming a barrier. Staff are stationed at Garissa. A great deal of poaching has been reported, particularly from the north. Visitor Facilities None 5 Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff One warden, nine rangers, three support staff (1980) Budget 1978-1979, aid grant of Ksh.550,000 (US$73,300) Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 58, Garrisa. Date 1984 SAMBURU NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.21.12 (East African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established Gazette notice pending Geographical Location North bank of Ewaso Ngiro River, 90 km north of Mount Kenya. 0°34’-0°40’N, 37°26’-37°39°E. Altitude 800-1,230m Area 16,500ha; on the opposite bank of the Ewaso Ngiro river to Buffalo Springs (33,915ha) National Reserve, and 9km from Shaba National Reserve (23,910ha) Land Tenure Trust land under jurisdiction of Samburu and Isiolo County Councils Physical Features This is a lowland area below the foothills of Mount Kenya. The Ewaso Ngiro river forms the southern boundary for 32km. Away from the river the reserve is characterised by steep gullied slopes and rounded basement hills mixed with lava plains. Annual rainfall is 350mm. Vegetation Several types occur; narrow riverine woodland of doum palm Hyphaene coriacea and Acacia elatior; open Acacia tortilis woodland; bushland dominated by Salvadora, Commiphora spp. and Acacia senegal; shrubland community of Salsola dendroides and Cordia gharaf, and some Cynodon dactylon grassland. -299- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Fauna’ At least 22 large animal species occur including elephant Loxodonta africana (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), reticulated giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata, Beisa oryx Oryx gazella and vervet monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops. The reserve is important to Grevy’s zebra Equus grevyi (T) as it may be located along one of the major migratory routes from north-west to south-east. Rich avifauna. Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) is also present. Conservation Management’ The three reserves are considered too small to constitute a viable ecological unit for many of the larger species. A survey was initiated in 1980 to provide guidelines for enlargement of the areas. Pastoralists are compensated for assumed loss of grazing in surrounding areas. A management plan is being prepared for this area by the Wildife Planning Unit of WMCD. It has been suggested that Samburu, Shaba and Buffalo Springs should be managed as one area. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Livestock grazing encroachment occurs, particularly along the river, and elephant damage to riverine forest where they have become concentrated due to disturbance outside the area. Tourists harass animals, particularly Grevy’s zebra and cheetah. The road plan for this area describes tracks through riverine forest; there is concern that this will irrevocably disturb the area and that there will be further degradation caused by off-road driving. There is also a conflict of interests in the area and divided management between Isolo and Samburu Councils and also WMCD. Visitor Facilities Heavy tourist use occurs with 38,000 visitors in 1979. Facilities include one lodge with 129 beds in the reserve, a lodge with 79 beds adjacent to the reserve, and three public campsites. Scientific Research Biogenetics of vervet monkeys, vegetation surveys; wildlife dynamics, work on gerenuk and behaviour and ecology of Grevy’s zebra Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Barkham, J.P. and Rainy, M.E. (1976). The Vegetation of the Samburu Isiolo Game Reserve. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 14: 297-329. ° Rainy, M.E. (1980). An ecological analysis for road development purposes of Samburu, Buffalo Springs and Shaba Game Reserves. Consultant report to Wildlife Planning Unit, Kenya. ° WWF Project 1762 Report. Staff No information Budget 1978-1979, aid grant of Ksh.520,000 (US$69,000). The World Bank has funded road construction and development plans in 1980-1981. Otherwise no information. Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WMCD, PO Box 239, Isiolo. Date 1984 -300- Kenya SHABA NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.21.12 (East African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1974 Geographical Location South side of Ewaso Ngiro River, 70 km north of Mount Kenya. 0°34’-0°43’N, 37°43’-37°57°E. Altitude 700-1,500m Area 23,910ha; 9km from Buffalo Springs National Reserve (33,915ha), and Samburu National Reserve (22,510ha) on the opposite bank of Ewaso Ngiro river Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Isiolo County Council Physical Features This is mainly a lowland lava plain with an isolated hills area below the foothills of Mount Kenya. The northern boundary includes 34km of Ewaso Ngiro River frontage and there are numerous springs and a large swamp area. Ridges are dominated by the Shaba Massive to the south of the reserve. This area is very different to Buffalo Springs and Samburu National Reserves in its physical aspects. Vegetation There are several types, including riverine plant communities dominated by patches of Acacia elatior and doum palm Hyphaene coriacea; woodland communities of Acacia tortilis. Also bushland communies of Commiphora spp. with Ipomoea, Grewia, Acacia senegal and Salvadora; Sporobolus spicatus alkaline grasslands, and a swamp community. Fauna’ There are 17 recorded large mammal species including gerenuk Litocranius walleri, Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti, oryx Oryx gazella beisa, Grevy’s zebra Equus grevyi (T), reticulated giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T), and lion Panthera leo. Conservation Management A road management plan has been developed for the area. Suggestions have been made that any construction should be undertaken during the wet season when less animals use the area (Rainy, 1980). The three reserves are considered too small to constitute a viable ecological unit for many of the larger species. A survey was initiated in 1980 to provide guidelines for enlargement of the areas. Pastoralists are compensated for assumed loss of grazing in surrounding areas. A management plan is being prepared for this area by the Wildife Planning Unit of WMCD. It has been suggested that Samburu, Shaba and Buffalo Springs should be managed as one area. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal hunting mainly for meat and livestock grazing. The use of the area directly to the north of the reserve, since an army/air force training ground is reported to disturb the area. Visitor Facilities Toursim is limited at present, but the planned road system could increase use. There are three public campsites. In 1979 there were 3,000 visitors. Scientific Research Leopard rehabilitation scheme Special Scientific Facilities The Elsa Trust (Adamson) Camp is now dilapidated and useless -301- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Principal Reference Material ° Rainy, M.E. (1980). An Ecological Analysis for Road Development purposes of Samburu-Buffalo Springs-Shaba Game Reserve. Consultant report to Wildlife Planning Unit, Kenya. Staff No information Budget 1978-79, aid grant of KSh. 520,000 (US$ 69,000). The World Bank has funded road construction and development plans in 1980-81. Otherwise no information. Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 29, Isiolo. Date 1984 SHIMBA HILLS NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Total, except for parts of the reserve that are still managed as a forest resource Date Established Designated as a Forest Reserve (21,740ha) in 1903 and gazetted in 1956. National Reserve status in 1968. There have been proposals since 1938 to make the area a National Park. Geographical Location 30km south-west of Mombasa above the coastal plain in Kwale district. 4°10’-4°20’S, 39°16’-39°30’E. Altitude 120-450m Area 21,740ha Oha Forest Reserve, which includes 19,25lha; National Reserve Land Tenure Central government managed by WCMD Physical Features It includes a dissected plateau consisting of conical hills and steep incised ridges. The Shimba Hills is a low-lying range of hills running parallel to the coastline about 20km inland and constituting a major water catchment for the surrounding area and a large part of the south coast region. There is little surface water on the plateau due to the porous nature of the soils. Water appears at spring lines at the base of the scarp slopes. The main rock types are sandstone, and soils are deep and strongly weathered. The climate is cooler than that at the coast with strong sea breezes and frequent mist and cloud in the early morning. Annual rainfall is 855mm-1682mm. Vegetation Forested scarp slopes and undulating grasslands are interspersed with woodland clumps and ribbons of riverine forest in the steeply cut valleys. Mature forests occur to the south where the plateau drops to a low-lying area. There are five main vegetation types: 1) forest dominated by Chlorophora and Paramacrolobium (one of the last examples of relict forests from an era of much heavier rainfall in Kenya); 2) coastal bushland with Manilkara; 3) scrubland dominated by Lantana and Vernonia; 4) wooded grassland with Syzygium and Hyphaene; 5) and open grassland with numerous species including orchids. -302- Kenya Fauna There are 13 recorded species of large herbivore including sable antelope Hippotragus niger rooseveltii (about 150 individuals and the last population in Kenya), roan antelope Hippotragus equinus (introduced in 1971 but decreased to about 12), buffalo Syncerus caffer (160-180), waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca sp., spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis (four introduced in 1984). Sable feed in the open grassland that has woodland clumps rather than in the open woodland they are usually associated with. There are at least 200 elephant Loxodonta africana (T) in the reserve with a large proportion of young and it seems likely that the population will increase. Mammals also include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus and bush pig Potamochoerus porcus. The area is also noted for its wealth of bird life. Species include: green-headed oriole Oriolus chlorocephalus, broadbill Smithornis capensis, green barbet Cryptolybia olivacea, green tinkerbird Pogoniulus simplex. The southern banded harrier eagle Circaetus fasciolatus (threatened in Kenya) inhabits the woodlands and forests of this area. The hills are important with respect to amphibia, particularly frogs which include Chiromantis xerampelina, Kassina maculata, Hyperolius tuberilinguis and Leptopelis flavomaculatus, which is only found here and in Arabuko Sokoke Forest. Conservation Management There is management conflict between the game department, who advocates non-interference, and the forestry department, which allows timber exploitation and softwood re-afforestation. A high-tensile wire fence was erected in 1980 in an attempt to stop elephant and buffalo straying into the villages. A management plan was prepared in 1983 primarily as a guide for the evolution of a plan for the area. Money has been set aside by a trustee of the African Wildlife Foundation for the construction of an education centre if the area becomes a national park. Zebra Equus burchelli and impala Aepyceros melampus were formerly found in the reserve and their reintroduction has been suggested. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Elephant tree damage, though not serious, may increase as the population increases, but it could benefit the sable herds by opening up bushy and wooded areas. Timber exploitation in the reserve has been discontinued for all species except Pinus caribaea due to slow growth and excessive animal damage. Plantations deprive sable and other grazers of grassland. Uncontrolled bushfires can cause extensive damage, but controlled burning is important to maintain grassland for sable antelope. The reserve is completely surrounded by privately-owned farms, but no extensions are likely. The private land includes the game corridor proposed by Glover (1968) and Kates et al. (1968). Conflicts with the surrounding settlements are small scale poaching for meat (including sable), wood raiding for fuel, and illegal removal of Chlorophora trees from uncut plantation areas. Local villagers frequently walk through the reserve making it difficult to determine the identity of poachers and wood raiders. There are four quarries in the reserve for road building material. Visitor Facilities Visitor utilisation is mainly on a day use basis from Mombasa and coastal hotels. Facilities include two public campsites, a picnic site and a nature trail. The road system is extensive on the plateau, though the rest of the reserve has more difficult access. 13,067 visitors in 1980 brought a revenue of Ksh.266,110 (greater revenue than from forestry). Revenue will increase when campsite improvements are completed. Scientific Research Research has been carried out on tsetse fly, arboreal beetles, locusts, and the ecology of sable antelope. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Anon (1983). Shimba Hills National Reserve Management Plan. WPU. Wildife Conservation and Management Department. ° Glover, P.E. (1968). Report on an Ecological Survey of the Proposed Shimba Hills National Reserve Soil Survey Unit, Department of Agriculture. ° Kates, Peat, Marwick and Co. (1968). A Land Use Strategy for the Shimba Hills. Canadian International Development Agency report. -303- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas ° Owino, F. (1979). Conservation status of the Shimba Hills. Komba. ° Risley, E. (1966). An urgent plea for a National Park to be created in the Shimba Hills. Africana 2(9): 6-8. ° Ross, K., (1981). Vegetation and Land Use changes in the Shimba Hills National Reserve, and its effect on the ecology of the large herbivores. WPU Wildlife Conservation and Management Unit. 56 pp. ° Ross, K. (1982). Ecology of Large Herbivores in Shimba Hills and its significance to their management. Annual report to WWF. ° Ross, K. (1984). Ecology of the sable antelope in relation to habitat changes in the Shimba Hills. Ph.D. Thesis, Edinburgh University. ° Ross, K. (1985). Count of sable antelope in the Shimba Hills National Reserve. January/February 1985. Staff Two wardens, 41 rangers, 52 subordinates, and 21 casual workers (1980) Budget 1979-1980: Ksh.633,072 (US$84,400) Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 30, Kwale. Date 1984 SOUTH KITUI NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 1979 Geographical Location Adjacent to the north boundary of Tsavo East National Park. 01°38’-2°3’S, 38°31°-39°01’E. Altitude 400-675m Area 183,300ha; contiguous to Tsavo National Park (2,082,114ha) Land Tenure Government under the jurisdiction of Kitui County Council Physical Features The reserve includes the seasonal sand Thua River and its floodplain, which is surrounded by dense bushland with low hills. Vegetation The vegetation is unsurveyed, but is similar to the northern area of Tsavo East National Park, with thorn bush and scrub thickets (Zone V of Pratt and Gwynn (1977)). Fauna The fauna is unsurveyed, but similar to the northern area of Tsavo East National Park. The area formerly supported a substantial elephant Loxodonta africana (T) population. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal hunting and livestock grazing Visitor Facilities No tourism -304- Kenya Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Not yet appointed. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 9, Mwingi via Kitui. Date 1984 SOUTH TURKANA NATIONAL RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 16th October 1979 by Legal Notice 290. Geographical Location North-west Kenya, 100 km north of Kitale. 1°40’-2°00’N, 35°31’-35°5S’E. Altitude 900-2,270m Area 109,100ha Land Tenure Government, under the jurisdiction of Turkana County Council Physical Features Two prominent hills are surrounded by plains dissected by seasonal water courses. The boundary includes about 25 km of the north-west bank of the Kerio River. Vegetation There is some riverine forest with Acacia spp. on the Kerio River; the remainder is dense thorn bush, with remnant forest on the hill tops. Fauna Elephant Loxodonta africana (T), and greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros have been recorded. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Encroaching settlement and livestock grazing Visitor Facilities None Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed -305- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Staff No information Budget Expenditure 1979-80 KSh.124,775 (US$16,600) Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 9, Lodwar. Date 1984 TAITA HILLS GAME SANCTUARY Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection No information Date Established 1973 Geographical Location Situated astride the main Voi-Taveta road in south-east Kenya; linked by a game corridor to Tsavo West National Park. 3°30’S, 38°12’E. Altitude Up to 914m Area 11,340ha Land Tenure Hilton International Physical Features It consists partly of plains and partly of Commiphora woodland. The Bura river runs through the area attracting animals from Tsavo National Park. Despite its name, this area is not within the Taita Hills. Vegetation Savanna plains and Commiphora woodland. Fauna Grazing animals attracted to the water in the dry season include: zebra Equus burchelli, buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana, (T) impala Aepyceros melampus, Grants gazelle Gazella granti, eland Taurotragus oryx, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis. Other animals include vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, lion Panthera leo, and black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas. The prolific avifauna includes ostrich Struthio camelus, Bateleur eagle Terathopius ecaudatus, Pangani longclaws Macronyx aurantiigula, purple heron Ardea purpurea, hornbills (Bucerotidae), rollers (Coraciidae), and weavers (Ploceidae). Conservation Management The area south of the Voi-Taveta road has been well developed with game viewing tracks. Controlled seasonal burning of old grasses is carried out on a rotational basis in the southern sector to maintain and improve grazing. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies No information Visitor Facilities The whole complex of the Game Sanctuary and two tourist lodges (Taita Hills and Salt Lick) are run as a tourist concern by Hilton International. Scientific Research No information -306- Kenya Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Cheffings, J. (1983). The Taita Hills Game Sanctuary. Swara 6(1). East African Wildlife Society. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Hilton International Date January 1983 TANA RIVER PRIMATE RESERVE Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1976 Geographical Location Inland from the Indian Ocean, 120km north of Malindi on the Tana River between Hola and Garsen. 1°45’-1°54’S, 40°5’-40°11’E. Altitude 40-70m Area 16,807ha Land Tenure Tana River County Council Physical Features The reserve contains about 50km of the Tana River with its flood-plain and the adjacent dry plains. The alluvial river channel is bounded by sandy levees, which give way to lower-lying areas of black cotton soil containing a variety of old river channels, ox-bow lakes and ponds. The river is highly meandering with good point-bar development. Vegetation The Tana riverine forest is of high diversity with nearly 300 tree species recorded. Important species for the red colobus are Sorindeia obtusifoliolata, Acacia robusta and Ficus sycomorus. Other common trees are of the genera Chlorophora, Sterculia, Albizia, Ficus and Diospyros. Flood-plain bushland of Terminalia, and Acacia with Garcinia. Dry plains are dominated by Dobera and Salvadora. Grasses include Chloris, Sporobolus, and Panicum. The flora includes: Rhus quartiniana, Maerua triphylla, Commiphora riparia, Combretum tanaensis, and Terminalia brevipes. Fauna The seven primates include: the endemic subspecies of red colobus Colobus badius rufomitratus (T) (200-300 in 1985), Tana mangabey Cercococebus galeritus galeritus (T) (800-1100 in 1985), Sykes’ monkey Cercopithecus mitis, and yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus. The populations of both threatened species has shown a decline over the past 10 years. Forty-three other recorded mammals include: a few elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, Peters’ gazelle Gazella granti petersi, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, red river hog Potamochoerus porcus, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, lion Panthera leo, and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Huet’s bush -307- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas squirrel Paraxerus ochraceus, red bush squirrel P. palliatus tanae, and crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) also occur. The 248 recorded bird species include the endemic Tana River cisticola Cisticola restricta (K), and large numbers of breeding heron and other waterbirds. Some 22 species of fish have been indentified. Conservation Management Warden patrols have been effective to some extent against grazing encroachment from nearby settlements and the destruction of forest for firewood, poles and canoes by the local people. Some small crocodile and eggs are removed and taken to Mombasa for a farming project, but crocodiles have increased in number and size over the last decade. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is settlement within reserve although this is legal. Other disturbances include uncontrolled fires, seasonal livestock grazing and illegal hunting. River erosion during the flood season threatens the tourist lodge. The natural ecology of the area is threatened by proposed upstream hydroelectric and irrigation development. A survey in early 1985 showed that some primate populations had declined drastically since a similar survey in 1975. Red colobus had been reduced to a sixth, and crested mangabeys to three-quarters of their previous numbers. This is largely due to the death of many large trees, for unknown reasons, which urgently needs investigating (Marsh 1985). There is some conflict over land in 1984, when some Pokomo tried to assert traditional ownership rights. Infrastructure is incomplete and funds are insufficient to improve this or sponsor urgently needed research. Visitor Facilities Facilities include Baomo lodge (closed at present due to internal management problems), boat trips, dry season dirt tracks, and an airstrip to increase tourist access. One tented camp has 24 beds. Visitor numbers are low. Headquarter buildings have been started at Makere, outside the reserve. Scientific Research Studies on behaviour and ecology of primates and elephants, and on riverine forest ecology in conjunction with the impact of dams. Special Scientific Facilities _ There are two research huts in Mochelelo forest with keys obtainable from the warden, however, they are reported to be falling down. Principal Reference Material ° Allaway, J. (1979). Elephants and their interaction with people in the Tana River region of Kenya. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University. ° Allaway, J. (1981). The African Elephants Drinking Problem. Nat. Hist. April 1981: 30-35. ° Groves, P.G. et al. (1974). The Tana Colobus and Mangabey. Oryx 12(5): 565-75. ° Homewood, K.M. (1976). Ecology and Behaviour of the Tana Mangabey Cercocebus galeritus galeritus. Ph.D Thesis, University of London. ° Homewood, K.M. (1978). Feeding Strategy of the Tana Mangabey Cercocebus galeritus galeritus. J. Zool. 186: 375-391. ° Marsh, C. (1976). A Management plan for the Tana River Game Reserve. N.Y. Zoological Society Report. (Includes a preliminary list of plant species). ° Marsh, C. (1978). Ecology and Social Organisation of the Tana River Red Colobus Colobus badius rufornitratus. Ph.D Thesis, University of Bristol. ° Marsh, C. (1985). A Re-survey of Tana River Primates and their forest habitat. Report to the National Museums of Kenya. ° Pertet, F. (1982). Kenya’s experience in establishing coastal and marine protected areas. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks Conservation and Development. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. Staff A warden and three rangers Budget Sufficient for salaries and transport only Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 4, Hola. New park headquarters -308- Kenya being moved from the village of Wenje, which is outside the reserve, to a location adjacent to the reserve. Date 1984 RAS TENEWI COASTAL ZONE NATIONAL PARK Management Category Proposed II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection No information Date Established Proposed; proposal submitted to the Commission of Lands in 1980 Geographical Location North of the Kipini Tana River Delta on a headland south of the Lamu archipelago. 2°30’S, 40°45’E. Altitude No information Area 35,000ha: 10,500ha land and 24,500ha sea Land Tenure Government Physical Features The area combines marine and terrestrial components and include extensive coral reefs and several rocky islands. The marine section extends 9km offshore. Tidal pool development is extensive along the Ras Biongwe area. The humid tropical climate is affected by monsoon winds. Vegetation There are four vegetation zones in the proposed park area: 1) stable sand dunes bordering the beaches which are a unique habitat type covered with various dune grasses, doum palm Hyphaene parvula, Sideroxylon dispyroides, Cordia somalensis, Croton menyhartii, and Cadaba farinosa; 2) seasonally flooded grass-covered ziwas inland from the dunes; 3) a zone of coastal bushland thicket with a mixture of shrubs including: Annona chrysophylla, Heeria mucronata, Lannea stuhlmannii. Markhamia zanzibarica, and Ziziphus mauritiana; 4) and a lowland forest further inland of larger trees such as baobab Adansonia digitata, doum palm Hyphaene coriacea, Rhodognaphalon schumannianum, Macaranga_ kilimandscharica, Memecylon verruculosum, Chlorophora excelsa, Sterculia africana, and Ficus sp.. Fauna Mammals include: concentrations of elephant Loxodonta africana (T) and topi Damaliscus lunatus. Dugong Dugong dugon (v) occur in the nearby Tana River estuary. The area is an important flyway and feeding range for Palaearctic and Eurasian migrants particularly raptors and Sylviinae. Migratory seabirds breeding on the rocky islands in July and August include sooty gull Larus hemprichii, noddy Anous stolidus, roseatte tern Sterna dougallii, and white cheeked tern Sterna repressa. Tenewi Rocks are the only nesting site in Kenya for sooty tern Sterna fuscata. There are more turtles breeding in this area than on the remainder of the Kenyan coast. These include olive ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea (E), green turtle Chelonia mydas (E), and hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata (E). Cultural Heritage The proposed park area contains three gazetted National Monuments and several ungazetted ruins. The ruins and tomb at Mwana are of particular historic importance and include remains of a very large settlement with houses, mosques and tombs. The ’tomb of the seven virgins’ dates from the 15th century. -309- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Conservation Management Management and development proposals include marking of seaward and land boundaries, two entrance/exit gates, headquarters road connection through the park, viewing tracks, and beach and boat patrols. Future studies are to understand appropriate exploitation of marine resources and an EEC-sponsored development feasibility study of Lamu District. A turtle hatchery has been proposed and it was proposed by IUCN as a marine sanctuary for breeding turtles in 1979. Implementation of the Kenyatta Settlement Scheme would have a variety of benefits including a game-proof fence, encouragement of a local produce market, improved road access and benefits from increased tourism. The park would generate local employment. Zoning There are restricted zones during the birds’ breeding season. The northern area is to be left undisturbed by development. Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching of turtles and their eggs occurs along inadequately patrolled shorelines. The coastal zone in Kenya is undergoing a period of economic development associated with increasing growth of population and tourism. Visitor Facilities Facilities include river launch trips from Kipini along the channels and marshes. An inland viewing track to a waterhole in the inland forest where elephants can be viewed is proposed. The area is part of the Tana River/Lamu tourist circuit. Scientific Research The nature and extent of fishing needs further evaluation. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Pertet, F. (1982). Kenya’s experience in establishing ccastal and marine protected areas. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation and Development. Smithsonian Insititution Press, Washington. ° Pertet, F. and Thorsell, J. (1981). Proposal for the establishment of a coastal zone national park in the Ras Tenemi area, Kenya. Internal Report. Wildlife Planning Unit, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. Staff No information Budget A cost/benefit analysis needs to be undertaken Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1984 DIANI MARINE NATIONAL PARK COMPLEX Management Category Proposed Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection The Chale Islands are currently protected from disturbance. Date Established Proposed Geographical Location South of Mombasa extending from Kaya Kinondo in the north to Chale Island in the south. 4°15’S, 39°37’E -310- Kenya Altitude From sea level Area Approximately 250ha Land Tenure Trust land under the jurisdiction of Kwale County Council Physical Features Comprises Similani, Kaya Kinondo, and Chale Islands and includes the bat caves at Similani Vegetation It lies within the UNESCO vegetation unit (White 1983) of Zanzibar-Inhambane lowland rainforest with mangrove swamps along the seaboard. There are stands of the timber tree Calophyllum inophyllum which has been used in the past by coastal peoples for boat building. Specimens of a rare shrub believed to be a sub-species of Grevea eggelinga are also found here. Fauna Mammals include at least eight species of resident and migratory bats, including the large fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus and the insectivorous Hipposideros commersoni. Red duiker Cephalophus natalensis and suni Neotragus moschatus occur in the coastal forest. The Chale Islands are important nesting sites for several bird species including: spotted ground thrush Turdus fischeri (R), red-tailed ant thrush Neocossyphus rufus, long-tailed cuckoo Cercococcyx sp., and pygmy kingfisher /spidina picta. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies A major threat to the bat population is the loss of critical habitat, which is being destroyed by entrepreneurs who buy local land to build beach houses. Contamination from insecticide toxins is a potential threat. There are feral goats and cattle on the island. Other disturbances are hunting, burning, snaring of animals, cutting of timber on the mainland, and shell collecting on the reefs and islands. Visitor Facilities Beach houses have been built at Leisure Lodge and in the Ngomeni area which are outside the proposed reserve. Scientific Research Dr K. Bock carried out several studies of the fauna of the area prior to 1978. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material °* Pertet, F. (1982). Kenya’s experience in establishing coastal and marine protected areas. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K. (Eds). National Parks, Conservation and Development. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. ° Robertson, A., (1984). The Status of Kaya Forests. In: Endangered Resources for Development. Proceedings of a workshop on the status and options for management of plant communities in Kenya. National Museums of Kenya. ° White, F. (1983). The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Unesco, Paris. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration WMCD, Nairobi Date 1984 -311- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas MOUNT KULAL BIOSPHERE RESERVE Management Category IX (Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07/3.26.14 (Somalian/Lake Rudolf) Legal Protection None Date Established April 1978 as a Biosphere Reserve Geographical Location Situated to the southeast of Lake Turkana (Rudolf) in the district of Marsabit. The western boundary is the centre of the lake and the eastern boundary is defined by the Chalbi Salt Desert. Access from Nairobi is by the main Nairobi-Moyale road or from Maralal to Loiengalani through Baragoi and South Harr. The reserve is 18 hours by road from Nairobi and two hours by air. 2°25’-3°25’N, 36°30’-37°30°E. Altitude 378-2,416m Area 700,000ha; includes South Island National Park (3,880ha) Land Tenure Marsabit County Council Physical Features The reserve is rectangular in shape and includes the saline-alkaline waters of Lake Turkana, the volcanic South Island and hot springs on the lakeshore. There are seasonal watercourses, but no perennial streams. The landscape is volcanic, formed during the Tertiary and Quaternary periods, comprising an extensive lava desert and numerous craters and lava flows. The reserve includes Teleki’s volcano (active in 1899), and Mount Kulal (2,295m), a volcanic mountain with a deep crater capped by a mist/rainforest with deep box canyons on the eastern slopes. There is also a semi-desert of sand dunes and the Chalbi Salt Desert, an ancient lakebed which is occasionally flooded. Annual rainfall is 250-850mm and temperature range 20-40°C. Vegetation The vegetation ranges from mountain forest to desert and includes a montane zone (above 2,000m) with rainforest, mistforest and grassland; a sub-montane zone (1,800-2,000m) with dry evergreen forest of Olea africana and Juniperus procera and shrub layer of Euclea spp. and Carissa spp., and grassland; a sub-humid/semi-arid zone (1,600-1,800m) of Combretum spp. woodland with Euphorbia spp. and Acacia drepanolobium woodland and an understorey of Duosperma eremophilum; a semi-arid zone (900-1,600m) of Acacia mellifera and Commiphora spp. bushland with an understory of succulent Euphorbia spp. and Plectranthusus spp.; and a semi-arid/arid zone (400-900m) with bushland of Acacia reficiens on sandy soils and woodland of Acacia tortilis with an understorey of Duosperma spp. and/or Indigofera spinosa on drainage lines. Evergreen shrubland of saltbush grows on saline alluvial soils bordering Chalbi. The lava desert supports sparse sub-shrubs and succulents. There are also desert communities induced by man and livestock, and salt desert. Fauna The montane zone has one small antelope and a sub-species of bird endemic to Mount Kulal, the montane white-eye Zosterops poliogaster kulalensis. The lower zones have a population of greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros. The semi-arid and arid zones have fauna representative of the semi-arid areas of northern Kenya and Ethiopia including: Beisa oryx Oryx gazella beisa, gerenuk Litocranius walleri, reticulated giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata, Grevy’s zebra Equus grevyi (T), dik-dik Madogua guentheri, Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti, rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and ostrich Struthio camelus. The population of Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (T) in Lake Turkana is still relatively intact and fish communities adapted to brackish conditions include the Nile perch. Cultural Heritage Long but probably discontinuous history of human occupation. There is archaeological evidence of pastoral and fishing populations near the old Chalbi Lake. -312- Kenya Pastoralism continues but emphasis has apparently shifted during the past 300 years from cattle to sheep, goats and camels. Population There are about 1,000 Samburus on Mount Kulal, 1,000 Turkana around Loiyangalani, and 300 El Molo on Lake Turkana. Conservation Management The NEP-MAB Integrated Project in Arid Lands (IPAL) has produced comprehensive management guidelines for the use of the area’s resources (including water, grazing, woodlands, water catchments, wildlife, soils, fish, livestock and human) and made recommendations on an infrastructure of roads, settlement centres, markets, education, and health services. The central consideration of the plans is the human element. The District Development Committee (DDC) has agreed to form a sub-committee to oversee implementation of the management plans. Zoning The core area occupies about 1,100ha near the centre of the reserve. Disturbances or Deficiencies Alteration of grazing practices due to restriction of movement of nomadic peoples has resulted in overgrazing with replacement of perennial grasslands by annual and ephemeral vegetation and locally by desert. Due to the long history of human settlement, it is not possible to ascertain the original or ’natural’ vegetation. The major and increasing human impact is tree felling for fuel and construction of houses and enclosures for livestock. The montane and sub-montane forests on Mount Kulal have been reduced and forest regeneration is hindered in several areas by removal of the understorey. Grass fires started by pastoralists erode the forest edge. Other problems are periodic droughts and the concentration of people and livestock into settlements. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research IPAL are concerned with the causes of desert encroachment. The main objective is to produce recommendations on land-use strategies and alternative economies which will permit rehabilitation of degraded lands and provide a living for the expanding human populations of the region. The first priority is to conserve existing resources and prevent further ecological and sociological degradation. It is anticipated that the present research programme will create the framework for an institution to monitor the Mount Kulal area as an example of the arid zone of East Africa. Such an institution is expected to be significant as a centre for survey, monitoring, and arid zone research, and as a training and orientation centre. Special Scientific Facilities Facilities include a small research station on the southern slopes of Mount Kulal with laboratory and housing for six scientists and ancillary staff, smaller field Stations in the working area and fenced experimental plots for the study of succession, protection from animal and human exploitation, grazing trials, productivity, plantation, and the demonstration of the results of management. The access road is rough and only suitable for cross-country four-wheel drive vehicles. The IPAL research station on Mount Kulal has an airstrip and there are more at several other field stations in the area. Principal Reference Material IPAL has produced over 20 recent articles and reports on the Marsabit area, most of which are published as IPAL Technical Reports. Some of these are noted below. ° Bake, G. (1983). An analysis of Climatological data from the Marsabit District of Northern Kenya. IPAL Technical Report B-3, Unesco, Nairobi. ° FAO (1971). Range development in Marsabit District, Kenya. AGP: SK/KEN 11. Working paper No. 9. FAO, Nairobi. ° Field, A.C., Field, C.R. and Wachira, J.G. (Eds) (1977). Man and the Environment in Marsabit District II. Meeting held at Sokorte Dika Lodge, Marsabit, 24-26 October 1977. ° Grum, A. (1976). Rendille Habitation, Nairobi. ° Hepper, F.N., Jaeger, P.M.L., Gillet, J.B. and Gilbert, M.G. (1981). Annotated check-list of the plants of Mount Kulal, Kenya. IPAL Technical Report D-3, Unesco, Nairobi. ° Herlocker, D.J. (1979). Implementing a forestry programme for local community development. South-western Marsabit District, Kenya. IPAL Technical Paper. -313- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Lamprey, H.F. (1977). Desertification in northern Kenya: some preliminary observations. UNEP-MAB IPAL Paper for the National Seminar on Desertification, 6-8 July 1977. Lusigi, W.J. (Ed.)(1983). Proceedings of the IPAL Scientific Seminar, Nairobi 1-2 December 1981. IPAL Technical Report A-5, Unesco, Nairobi. Lusigi, W. (Ed.) (in press). Resource Management guidelines for West Marsabit District or Northern Kenya. UNEP-MAB IPAL Technical Paper. Marsabit District Development Plan. (1976). Republic of Kenya (mimeo). Sobania, N.W. (1979). Background History of the Mt. Kulal Region of Kenya. IPAL Technical Report A-3, Unesco, Nairobi. Spencer, P. (1973). Nomads in alliance. Oxford University Press, New York. UNEP-MAB IPAL. Quarterly reports of the UNEP-MAB Integrated Project in Arid Lands (IPAL), Mount Kulal Field Station. UNEP-MAB IPAL (1977). Draft final report Phase II]. Regional Office for Science and Technology for Africa, Unesco. (mimeo report). Staff One forester, three forest rangers and 20 police officers for administration and maintenance; two drivers, one foreman and one warden for research and monitoring: and one senior ecologist in charge of research, five field scientists and 10 field and laboratory technical assistants. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Director, National Environment Secretariat, Office of the President, PO Box 30510, Nairobi. Or: Unesco/IPAL, PO Box 30592, Nairobi. Date 1983 -314- fe} cw Ee fo) n a = @Butha Buthe Sehlabathebe National Park Rep. of South Africa Lesotho LESOTHO Area 30,344 sq.km Population 1,470,000 (1984) Parks and Reserves Legislation The Game Preservation Proclamation No. 33 of 1951 provides for the creation of Wildlife Sanctuaries, though these are only vaguely defined. Areas can also be set aside under the Historic Monuments, Relics, Fauna and Flora Act 1967 if they have distinctive or beautiful scenery or geological formations or if they contain rare, distinctive or beautiful flora or fauna. A National Parks Act was gazetted in 1975. The Land Husbandry Act 1969 also places a number of controls on cultivation and grazing, including prohibition or restriction in designated land (including vleis, sponges, marshes, swamps and reed beds). Parks and Reserves Administration This is the responsibility of the Conservation Division within the Ministry of Agriculture. This division is also responsible for forestry. Address ° Lesotho National Parks, Conservation Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Marketing, PO Box 92, Maseru. Additional Information Much of Lesotho lies above 2,000m and agricultural development is often impracticable. The lowlands are easily accessible but have poor soil and periodic drought. There is also a shortage of male labour. Tourists are attracted to Lesotho, but unfortunately to forms of entertainment until recently unavailable in South Africa, rather than to the natural attributes of the country (Crush and Crush, 1983). The Government of Lesotho commissioned a report on nature conservation in Lesotho (McVean, 1977) which made recommendations about improving national parks organisation and giving more areas protected status. The report suggested that a large area, Lesotho National Park, be set aside, to include Sehlabathebe Nature Reserve. Three other proposed national parks were reviewed, two new reserves suggested, and five smaller sites considered. In particular, it was emphasised that national parks in the usual Africa style would not be appropriate in Lesotho as the country has neither the wide unihabited spaces, the big game, nor much of the necessary communications (also Lesotho parks would never be able to outcompete South African parks in this regard). References ° Crush D. and Crush, J. (1983). A State of Independence. The Geographical Magazine 55(1): 24-29. ° Hilty, S.L. (1982). Draft environmental Profile of the Kingdom of Lesotho. Office of Arid Land Studies, University of Arizona, Tuscan, Arizona. Prepared under contract between USAID and the U.S. Man and the Biosphere Program. ° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in southern Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria. ° McVean, D.N. (1977). Nature Conservation in Lesotho. IUCN/UNEP Report, Morges, Switzerland. ° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa. Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Sehlabathebe 6,805 3317- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas SEHLABATHEBE NATIONAL PARK Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands) Legal Protection Some fishing is allowed under licence in certain rivers. Date Established Established on 27 February 1970 in Lesotho Government Gazette Notice No. 34. as Sehlabathebe Wildlife Sanctuary and "National Park" (under the Game Preservation Proclamation). Geographical Location In the Qacha’s Neck District of south-eastern Lesotho, bordering on Transkei, Natal and Rast Grigualand in the Drakensberg Range. 29°55’S, 29°08’E. Altitude Approximately 2,200-2,600m, with average elevation 2,400m. Area 6,805ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is characterised by mountains and grassveld with striking outcrops of sandstone, which occur at the contact between the Cave Sandstone and the Drakensberg Basalts at 2,380m. This junction occurs at a considerably higher altitude here than elsewhere in Lesotho and the greater exposure of the rock probably results in increased weathering into caves, pillars, arches, and potholes. The park is dissected by the Tsoelikana river and there are numerous small streams and pools. Much of the park is snow and ice-covered in winter. Vegetation The area consists of a species-rich highveld of subalpine grasslands. There are also patches of wet meadow and marshland at all altitudes and small areas of dwarf shrub heaths on steep and rocky ground. Aquatic vegetation is well represented in the Tsoelikana River and its oxbow lakes, in rock pools produced by differential weathering of the Cave Sandstone where Aponogeton ranunculiflorus (discovered in 1970) is present, and in shallow ephemeral pans. There are scattered tall shrubs of Polemannia montana, Rubus ludwigii, Rhus spp., Leucosidea sericea, Euryops spp. and Helichrysum spp. on cliff ledges, rocky ground and other sites protected from fire and browsing animals. However, these form actual open scrub only on one or two high ledges on Thaba Ntso outside the park boundary. Only two small plants of Protea spp. survive in the park area, although near the park there is Protea savanna grassland. Fauna There are few game. Mammals include a resident population of a few black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou and rhebok Pelea capreolus, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula and occasional eland Taurotragus oryx and oribi Ourebia ourebi which stray into the area from Natal and leave when the winter snow arrives, baboon Papio sp., black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas, wildcat Felis silvestris and otter Lutra sp. Birds include southern bald ibis Geronticus calvus (R), white stork Ciconia ciconia, black-headed heron Ardea melanocephala, bald ibis Geronticus calvus, cape vulture Gyps coprotheres and lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus (largely confined to the Drakensberg Mountains in Southern Africa). The Tsoelikana river harbours the threatened minnow-like fish Oreodaimon quathlambae, once thought to be extinct. Cultural Heritage Some of the sandstone caves and arches contain Bushman paintings. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Construction of dams and roads in the 1970s interfered with tock pools, blocked the Tsoelikana River, induced erosion, and increased siltation in the river. Incised cattle tracks, kraals and built-up cave shelters are scattered widely throughout the -318- Lesotho park. Attempts at cultivation in some areas have resulted in locally severe erosion. Tall shrub communities have virtually been eliminated by past over-grazing and removal, and the dwarf shrub heaths have been seriously damaged by past burning. Visitor Facilities | Visitor access is encouraged. Access is by horse or four-wheel drive vehicles. Accommodation is available at the park lodge. Horses can be hired. Landing strip at Ha Paulus is for light aircraft. Scientific Research A soil survey was carried out by the Conservation Division in 1976. Other studies have been a check-list of plant species, taxanomic studies of plants and invertebrates, and research on the endemic minnow and the effect of clipping and burning small grassland plots. Special Scientific Facilities Field Research Station with laboratory near the park entrance Principal Reference Material ° Crush D. and J. (1983). A State of Independence. The Geographical Magazine 55(1): 24-29. ° McVean, D.N. (1977). Nature Conservation in Lesotho. IUCN/WWF Report. ° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa (1983). Readers Digest Publication, Cape Town. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Park Administrator, Sehlabathebe, COMRUDEV, PO Box 686, Maseru.. Date 1983 -319- Vea s°: ifectropicn! Prado Arees ay yr “3h ac ee Sire RTT Line 2 Pad: giiatot ok batlaess aver ensre 97n02 Ai ncivavitlus 18 equal” hee hawb-etr bie ,ievdod: has gaiserg-rovo kag ¥d bwlenimile-ooed Yleutiv svad 4d ash goigtud esq ud begameb yizuoinse aeed ood sted @ WAteptagernt Categers: I Mi Ate Re Noture Reserve i sviad- betiw-wol 10 ened “€d eh eeeOsA - beginuosns pl-ez208 whey. SR RA BOOT init ad. seh nh amdialievs a aoitebom be fae Bh efor ds Letal Peotacits heres (Sin iL teopder fa cnod ta Deesaié TR hi F atet ni a id noliatidenc?) aie ur jug belvies « exw yovowe Hod A’ ibets, saaste ote, valbuit: simon omy Pa ee ee aohty nepal no ith eaianiie e. re Stik daeaaey wets TF ahem cP a6 wed Pricer = — Fe ae grr EH riba woik Aitpate Hine: a kz a Reo Otiqueleag an the SrekemiGerg, Bi 5 Ses, 20°00) AABokS (Ahh onlangads Lobia you 92%: ‘sorta sqeat Tete ies FERet) iE noged IWW\MOUT orttenst ai solevisand> sated ATTSR} Raghan 0 (GSC t) ani iain? (o taste ® wowiny bus aha ead AERELY, ’ f = ayer > raid and Tenave ai vo f ~~ Physical Féntures he perk is chericncised by mounniios Ope = ovicroft Of tan ssn, witich Oper core centact Beleedn “thie = at Drekensberg’ Bacaltt 9199, 385m.-' TH junctions oscars. at a ons ney O% VRCAMOY saderinedeldsd camteneintinbsk weet Pisenineerign ec wonibeTing. MMtG cuxee- pales, oF yt ‘ De pair ta Liane “is river aod thee are nomeious sesell eden ina pook: Muth of the — brehogvertd) bi wlaser) ; , Te f i + 1 aes Vege erhen Tos aio coossis Af & spe ciet-Tich- Bagh veld af suk nip jie at Se MmES ol Wel sneckere Sod ciereang ai Al) Misecna’ Sued | Bo avead"? Réecht ot tleep add iocey gad SEC VEQERTIOA WA 2 ver esr, Aon See’ tech. gan G py Saath ns kero Apaeeran iver? Sor (dveoree ephedwtral pone “Yhese eS sonata heer: of Prtexanaly mueredia Reba A Spo. Lendnitdis sopmbtar, Fie pays ager. WO eteaks peer Uy © F ledges, oxy tthercites peotehied from fire and Beowitlk antes Rratverst Mere Torm antval, ere GR one Or (et mgd Sigel <4 Th bo . We ca te ie ‘ ie lute of Proven epg: kervive io Chee wie ewan Shnodps beer Way a7 PAS ; ~ Pune Thace urd fee Sen.’ Moaerinale jatudie 4 sealichuiat pepuinias “at i PEGE? <1 Conmmpghanee gro ead shebok Maa 2aprt nt ena taht #1 ; Yaloqrafide sod octestonal eine Pcorotragns arse. arb arbi O ssrebin caval we area fram Natal aad leave wherteihe: wisler, mow arrives, baboon Pugio jecket Cates Yrevonchas, wihdeat Fefis rilecstd; and otes Cara ah Bide re “ei, Gerastive: cofvas GR), whimccsork Crome qe blacks Heise maida reilc, eid IRs Cermpicel | cabin rape ~rateene! Gaines . Soikemtpelet Gyecens oolbneys Sarge! som ined to vie Diakensherg one oD a . fiftica). The Tepplikana “diver ey the tnregianed atin He ish gonblamnirde, dar ‘ Hheuniet 10. ‘pe 23 Lane. -" : b ‘ nated Bievitinus & ae of = sons cave and haruies contain chm Cancelagy - Pre mit tae os a A Divito tenes yt Designs Pde ot Aerts oat era am ry Aeoht. i the Teostiimes Rie, fdle-ag crotuw, ned tne ksi barely tts reku, hd aol al pete tars wlioss <0 youttered vay | Shes ‘i ies eae» ik iy ies + as nee 5 4y GF ’ eke nt “ : ty a . 4 x - eal i i) ho -321- LIBERIA Nem NN Sierra ais ied," N Leone ! Wonegezi Mountain Range ~ BO 7” gee Pg ‘ <““. {“Mt.Nimba . V- Cestos-Sankwen Atlantic Ocean Key M National Park E] Proposed National Parks 3 Proposed Nature Reserves Liberia LIBERIA Area 111,370 sq.km Population 1,900,000 (1984) Parks and Reserves Legislation In 1953 presidental declarations classified a number of forests as National Forests, but without actually making provision for their protection. The Act for Conservation of the Forests of the Republic of Liberia, April 1958, declared the policy and programme of conservation for wildlife reserves and establishment of national parks; however, the Act was not implemented by the authorities of the time. The Forestry Development Authority was approved by an Act of 1 November 1976 (published 20 December 1976). The first national park, Sapo, was finally established in 1983. Parks and Reserves Administration During the reorganisation of the forestry resource agencies in 1976, the newly created Forestry Development Authority established a Division of Wildlife and National Parks, which was to be concerned principally with developing plans to conserve wildlife and habitat resources. Three areas (including Sapo) were formally proposed for national park status and four sites for protection as nature reserves (Verschuren, 1983) - these are listed below. Three other areas were under consideration as national parks (Wologiza, Tumpo and Bokumu). Address ° Division of Wildlife and National Parks, Forestry Development Authority, PO Box 3010, Monrovia. Additional Information The long range conservation goals in Liberia are protection of prime catchment and watershed lands, preservation of the diverse biotic communities of tropical lowland rainforest, conservation of critically endangered populations and or species, and establishment of a nationwide system of habitat protection (Forestry Development Authority/IUCN, 1986). Five basic approaches are considered necessary for achievement of these goals, ecological surveying of the country, public awareness and education campaigns, staff development programmes, increased public involvement, and development of appropriate wildlife regulations. Work is under way on all but the last approach (Forestry Development Authority/IUCN, 1986). The establishment of the Sapo National Park is seen as a key step in the framework of Liberia’s conservation strategy, as is clear from the stated objectives for the area, which include: research into maintenance and development of the wildlife resource; investigation of the sustainable resource development and management in areas outside the park; encouragement of an educational role, and as a base for training, research, management planning etc; and focussing the interest and efforts of government agencies and other organizations on a cooperative management programme for the forests and associated natural resources (Forestry Development Authority/IUCN, 1986). In addition to the Sapo National Park and other proposed areas, eight National Forests existed 1978-79 covering some 1,566,300 hectares, though these areas still require further protection from forest and wildlife destruction. These areas are Krahn Bassa (514,000ha), Grebo (251,000ha), Gola (207,000ha), Kpelle (174,800ha), North Lorma (100,000ha), Gbe (61,000ha), Gio (33,000ha), East Nimba (29,000ha). References ° Curry-Lindahl, K. (1969). Report to the Government of Liberia on Conservation, Management and Utilization of Wildlife Resources. IUCN Publications, New Series No. 24. ° Forestry Development Authority/IUCN (1986). Integrated management and development plan for Sapo National Park and surrounding areas in Liberia. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. -323- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas p18) s.8)- © IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de | conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1l’Ouest. Workin Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. IUCN/WWF Project 1567. Conservation of Tropical Rainforests. IUCN/WWF Project 1613. Primate Action Fund. IUCN/WWF Project 3216. Liberia, Establishment of Sapo National Park. Kundaeli, J.N. (Ed.) (1985). Report of the workshop on integrated management anc development planning for Sapo National Park and surrounding areas. Juazon 14-19 January 1985. WWE/IUCN Report. Robinson, P.T. and Peal, A. (1981). Liberia’s Wildlife - the time for decision. Zoonoo: 54(10): 7. Verschuren, J. (1982). Hope for Liberia. Oryx 16(5): 421-427. Verschuren, J. (1983). Conservation of tropical rain forest in Liberia. Recommendations fo: wildlife conservation and national parks. IUCN/WWF Project 1567. Report to the Government of Liberia. Gland, Switzerland. Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Loffa-Mano 230,000 Sapo 130,700 Subtotal 360,700 Proposed areas Cestos-Sankwen National Park 145,000 Cape Mount Forest Nature Reserve Cavally Forest Nature Reserve Mount Nimba Nature Reserve Wonegizi Mountain Range Nature Reserve Subtotal 145,000 SAPO NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) Legal Protection Hunting or tree felling is prohibited under the 1958 Act for Conservation of Forests Date Established 19 May 1983, by Decree 73 Geographical Location Eastern Liberia between Sinoe and Grand Gedah counties. Centred approximately at 5°20’N, 9°15’W. Altitude Approximately 400m, with Mount Putu rising to 640m Area 130,700ha (Over 1% of the country) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is bounded on the west by the Sinoe River and in the north by the Putu Mountain Range. Much of the topography is flat with fairly extensive marshlands, -324- Liberia crossed by numerous streams and rivers, of which the largest is the Sinoe River (navigable by canoe during the dry season). Some of the area is more undulating, including Mount Putu. Vegetation The Sapo Forest is one of the last remaining blocks of tropical lowland forest in Liberia and one of the richest areas in the country for flora and fauna. Verschuren (1982) describes it as "luxuriant, with trees 70m tall, the ’forest cathedral’ in all its splendour and the most impressive the author has seen in 20 years surveying equatorial regions". About 20% of the park area is swamp. Fauna’ The forest area is one of the richest in West Africa for wildlife. The park contains most of the prominent mammalian species characteristic of Liberia including forest elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis (T), pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis (T), zebra duiker Cephalophus zebra and Jentink’s duiker Cephalophus jentinki (T). Mammals also include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, West African forest buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni rimator and many species of West African primates including chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus (T) and red colobus Colobus badius. The avifauna is rich and varied, though little studied, and the 200 species include a variety of large forest hornbills and birds of prey, as well as the white-breasted guinea-fowl Agelastes meleagrides (E). Conservation Management Park boundaries have been surveyed and Forestry Development Authority (FDA) field crews demarcated the southern boundary in 1979/80. In late 1982, a pilot wildlife conservation education programme was initiated in the towns and villages around Sapo. Its aims were to publicise the new status of the park area and the restriction of activities within its boundaries; to create awareness and understanding of the environment; to field-test educational materials and to develop a programme to fit the needs of Liberia; and to determine the feasibility and requirements of a long-term conservation education programme within the Department of Wildlife and National Parks. So far, more than 5,000 inhabitants have been reached. During 1983, the project received seven tents and two motorcycles from WWF/IUCN for use in drawing up an inventory of natural resources within the park, in preparation for a management plan. Future goals are to further develop the management plan, to open access routes to the park interior and select sites for patrol posts and to demarcate boundaries. The conservation education programme will be extended to other parts of Liberia. Equipment, including a Toyota vehicle and motorcycles have already been provided by the FDA. The US Peace Corps has assigned two volunteers to the wildlife conservation education programme. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The park was originally saved from logging because of the low grade commercial timber quality found there during the German Forestry Mission’s forestry inventory of Liberia from 1960 to 1967. However, the park still faces tremendous pressure on all sides of its boudaries from timber concessions, farming and hunting. Population pressures and shifting agriculture are evident, especially along the Sinoe River boundary. The staff levels are far below the required administrative and manpower needs. Another problem is the communication and mobility of the park staff. Very thinly spread out around the park, the staff remains unequipped with basic materials. Their identity is difficult without proper uniforms. Although totally uninhabited, the whole forest appears to be completely divided into concession blocks. Several logging concessions existed in 1978, though they had not been exploited. Verschuren (1983) reported enormous concessions in the south-east forest area. There is some illegal hunting and confined logging along the road, to the north-west corner, which was constructed in 1981. Apart from this road, and the river, only footpaths enter the park and this has, to some extent, protected the remaining area from exploitation. The Putu Mountain Range to the north of the park is probably one of the richest game areas of the country, but several villages and mining projects prevent the inclusion of this range within the park. Visitor Facilities None, though there are hotel facilities in nearby towns, and access to the edge of the park is possible on foot at three locations. Scientific Research No information -325- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Special Scientific Facilities Research accomodation near the park at Japoken Principal Reference Material ° IUCN/WWF Project 1567. Liberia, Conservation of Tropical Rainforests. ° TUCN/WWF Project 3216. Liberia Establishment of Sapo National Park. ° Kundaeli, J.U. (1985). Report of the workshop on integrated management and development planning for Sapo National Park and surrounding areas. Juazon 14-19 January 1985. WWE/IUCN Report. ° Peal, A.L. (1985). The Sapo National Park and its surroundings, a profile. Paper presented at the Workshop on Integrated Management and Development Planning for Sapo National Park and Surrounding Areas. Juarzon, Sinoe County, Liberia, 14-20 January 1985. ° Robinson, P.T. (1982). Sapo Forest to be Liberia’s first National Park. WWF Monthly Report October: 285-288 ° Robinson, P.T. (1982). The proposed Sapo National Park in Liberia - a field survey of prospects and problems. Field Survey, Zoological Society, San Diego. ° Verschuren, J. (1982). Hope for Liberia. Oryx 16(5): 421-427. ° Verschuren, J. (1983). Conservation of tropical rain forest in Liberia. Recommendations for wildlife conservation and national parks. IUCN/WWF Project 1567 Report to the Government of Liberia. Gland, Switzerland. Staff One warden, two rangers and eight guards and two US Peace Corps volunteers under the Director of the Wildlife and National Parks Division, FDA. Budget 1984 - IUCN/WWF Project 3216 grant of US$70,000 towards the establishment of the park, supplemented by government expenditure of US$ 67,000 (including salaries and operational funds). Local Park or Reserve Administration Park Warden, c/o Peace Corps, PO Box 707, Monrovia. Date 1985 CESTOS-SANKWEN NATIONAL PARK Management Category Proposed Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Highlands) Legal Protection Hunting or tree felling is prohibited under the 1958 Act for Conservation of Forests Date Established Proposed Geographical Location Between the coastal towns of Grand Bassa (Buchanan) and Sinoe (Greenville) in Sinoe County. Access by road from the north through the Jo River concession, Bolowehn, or from Juarzon or Sinoe in the south. The Cestos River has no bridge or ford and can be crossed only by boat. 5°10’-6°00’N, 9°28’W. Altitude Up to 300m Area 145,000ha Land Tenure Government -326- Liberia Physical Features Proposed limits follow a long north-south section of the previous limits of the extension of Krahn-Bassa National Forest, westwards to the Cestos River. It is a lowland area with occasional hills. The park would include the spectacular Cestos River and Senkwen River estuary with its extensive mangrove swamps. Vegetation The proposed park lies in the transition zone between inland forest, littoral forest, mangroves, and undisturbed coastal vegetation. Fauna The area reportedly contains a wide variety of Liberian fauna. Zoning A ’Wilderness Area’ is proposed for the coastal area which would have less strict legislation. Disturbances or Deficiencies Shifting cultivation, upstream from the confluence of the Shani and Senkwen Rivers, is developing rapidly with associated riverside settlements along the Cestos River, though these are still outside the proposed park boundaries. There are few human settlements in the proposed area, except along the coast and near the middle Senkwen. Some concessions for forestry or mining exist (less than Sapo National Park). Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Verschuren, J. (1983). Conservation of tropical rain forest in Liberia. Recommendations for wildlife conservation and national parks. IUCN/WWF Project 1567 Report to the Government of Liberia. Gland, Switzerland. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Liberian Wildlife and National Parks Division, Forest Development Authority (FDA), Box 3010, Monrovia. Date 1983 -327- me ye) ge $ 2.2 7 a cee = GWA (Afro 2 wh ve ae i Givwetia P doa at : nt ¢thulon: blgow aaog saT wild tamoteageo Aiiw edi oe TW Ie eect, Corser vagiamwh dover i Reseed edi dhiw ramets nevis Lie ( Foiky realy’ py iavional, Park ah w: ‘peop teks hd tate baba ono ‘aes 03 nity ee attt! rag ania it Ta Hiargs - ui 5.5 ; vat ark. au. air elagy pogsdmtes Poth rns nar eae ota o WER, oH , oe oat, ALL. { osc vist rs qiettny ebiw' ex oon eteelatges: 3 b the Wer} ori ieewl OM * nates Vinee jafhtek teak bvest tidww, doltho.. a ¥ tenor nt oP Deobatre, -a | er - zi) Rotts 947>. Sapo it) é t Park, es ORF Ltd ade“) vinektthed of lexan: eeracte noMevmie gai de / ebbsalets of8: wants stedmetisehe mei iew + Seepaisonks Mae bilge | we DIM? ei wh ote ewed T Oitabaidode after teangorg et ‘ditt’ life ae seeds iforaiete? vet bilat | eft nase bes Thine sth ‘eral ge ae | Pat nas WUT e Soper en “4 hotoiegtn: gee fettimai) tevind iat Ms % 2 ylianot Love setyt F Lite ». Grand Sweauteevian 1 alias “oh ockzagareitedh Dal . Sate. Ce: warded, two capeer atbeigin guards and two aie wage ¢ the Derectd# of the idlife bat i] heateapal Parkes Div nl Yeal ito! ot tudeot_ 1984 + MICN/ WWF Project 3)6 grant of WSS'°G.400 ow aw? sioapbiemn ce 9) eeeetct aicrebrot eae’ instqom a! Avbne St atts aoe RUM? 12 ane sosiort AWRWAMOUL .cttaq denoiten bee om : baal seca we baad aise Loc 1. Park be Bevery Admisisttetiog Park Warden, cf [ares Corps tend aviv one Soni bax ahitbsnwe axis} mab xR eo ) wUer. not - CESTOL-SANAR WEN PATIO? a . CoA ek .- i 1 ~ ¥ a nt = wienage meu! Lapgery Fs Pere oa : A ¥ ine Diegeogcaphi: ot Pr plage. 301.0) (Guidionn ightedeiie) Pal beget Prete: tion subi on-cree foittng w pr ‘aided aac! ot the 1%: Cetepes ul us a eat ay ; ia “ 5 Ode Baten d = Mropondd ; me g ne: ies ide -4c aT BT enact! i map yom “ Beotveae the oe = ~r af Geand: lveuas ine jva'% a at RL Fa AsGte bite Vee din ; ern beter Jaarnéa dr Biaow Cat mat, 1 eich camry a anes te . o Me ae Awa. “tl SCO: : "eget! Tate ‘ i x a a os ' ony MADAGASCAR -329- Key (1) National Parks E21 Integral Nature Reserves HH Special Reserves [| Private Reserve ) ) shape unknown Diégo Suarez ; wre Forét d‘Ambre 7 ontagne d’‘Ambre 7] fo D 2Analamerana Lokobe nkara Tsaratanana ® a Manongarivoy"4~ Marojejy d B A jandhenbe-Sid Bora@ “™ Nosy Mangabg Ankarafantsika 4 ; Tsingy de Namoroka Tampokets dAnalamitso @kKasijy bar owalky f Maningozo Bemarivo Zahamena Marotandrano Ammonirancaly Betampona (a3) , Ambohijanahary Mangerivola@? Antananarivo® Perinet- Analamazaotra Tsingy de Bemaraha @Andranomena ba cig Isalo Pic d'lvohibe ® Indian Ocean Manombq, Tuléar @ Kalambatritra anenainpetsatsa ait i) 100 200km Berenty © Fort Dauphin Cap Sainte Marie Madagascar ee MADAGASCAR Area 587,042 sq.km Population 10,012,000 (1985) Parks and Reserves Legislation Five different categories of protected area are recognised, National Parks, Integral Nature Reserves, Special Reserves, Classified Forests and Areas of Reafforestation and Restoration. There are also privately owned protected areas. Parks and reserves are established under individual decrees but governed by general hunting, fishing and protection regulations (Ordinance 60-126 of 3 October 1960). Integral nature reserves are sanctuaries mainly governed by Decree No. 66-242 of 1 June 1966, in which all human activity is prohibited. The first reserves were established in 1927, though one area (Masoala) has subsequently been degazetted (1964). National parks legislation is contained in Decrees 58-07 (28 October 1958) and 62-371 (19 July 1962). The 21 special reserves are regulated by a series of decrees and have less strict regulations. Their aim is the conservation of specific plant and animal species or habitats. Access is not restricted and although use of the land and _ its products is generally prohibited, there are areas where local communities can use secondary forest products. Within national parks, local people are allowed to collect secondary forest products with appropriate authorization. There are about 158 classified forests, covering an area of about 2,671,000ha, established by individual ministerial declarations. These areas are closed to forest exploitation, but this protection is not permanent. Some use may be made of secondary forest products by local communities. The Minister responsible for Water and Forests can also declare ’areas of reafforestation and restoration’ for the protection of watersheds and the prevention of soil erosion by careful management of the various landuse activities within the area. There are about 77 such areas declared, covering some 823,978ha. There are also more than 30 forest stations practising reafforestation. The original definitions for parks and reserves were based on the 1933 London Convention (which was accepted in Malagasy law on 25 January 1937), and the African Convention of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1968) is applied for the protection and conservation of all protected areas. Finally, there are four areas set up solely for protection of the two turtle species, where turtles under a certain size may not be taken. Parks and Reserves Administration This is the responsibility of the Direction des eaux et foréts which comes under the Ministére de la production animale (élevage et péche) et des eaux et foréts. The Direction des eaux et foréts is also responsible for forests and freshwater fisheries, while other departments within the same Ministry deal with marine fisheries and agriculture. Each integral reserve comprises a station for a deputy forester and each station is divided into two or three sectors under the responsibility of auxiliaries. The special reserves have less strict regulations than the strict nature reserves and do not have supervisory personnel. Permits for entry to the parks and reserves are obtained from the Direction des eaux et foréts in Antananarivo. Address ° Service de la protection de la nature, Direction des eaux et foréts, Ministére de la production animale (élevage et péche) et des eaux et foréts, BP 243, Anosy, Antananarivo. Additional Information All protected areas are reportedly threatened by fire, poaching and shifting agriculture, and traditional conservation measures are becoming weaker. The Forest Service generally lacks equipment and urgently requires vehicles, field equipment and uniforms for its staff, as well as large increases in its field staff (currently each ’agent’ covers some 25,000ha). Protection of ‘classified forests’ and ’areas of reafforestation’ is particularly uncertain because of the lack of resources. W\WF and IUCN are giving support for improving the management of parks and reserves. In October 1970 a conference, organized by the Madagascan government and sponsored by several international organizations, was held in Tananarive (Antananarivo) on conservation of nature and resources, at which plans were made to conserve the particularly interesting flora -331- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas and fauna of the island. Of over 8000 plant species, 60-85% are endemic. Seventy-three of the 76 native terrestrial mammal species are endemic, as are nine of the 28 bats. Of the 197 native breeding bird species recorded, 54% are endemic and 28 are threatened. Reptiles and amphibians are particularly diverse, with over 400 species, 90% of which are endemic. A follow-up conference entitled "Conference de Madagascar sur la conservation des ressources naturelles au service du développement’ was held in Antananarivo, November 1985. Its principal aim was to develop projects for international funding within the framework of a national conservation strategy. Considerable emphasis was placed on protected areas, in particular the necessity for full biological inventories of existing protected areas and investigation of ways of increasing their value to local people. In June 1979, a decree was issued authorising the establishment of a WWF representation in Madagascar to promote conservation. Up to 1986, the Representation was mainly concerned with education and public opinion, and to a lesser extent with implementation of field activities. Activities included organisation of lectures, debates, educational visits to study ecosystems, radio and television broadcasts and the preparation and distribution of brochures and posters. Its activities have helped establish the Association for the Protection of the Environment at Ansteranana (Diego Suarez), the Association for the Protection of Nature at Toamasina (Tamatave) and the Association for the Understanding and Conservation of Nature in Madagascar. For practical measures, a list has been drawn up of suitable themes to be studied in Madagascar. 1984/85 central themes were ’The Tree’ and Medicinal Plants’. Since mid-1986 an additional officer has been appointed with responsibility for the implementation of field activities, particularly with respect to improving management of protected areas. Another IUCN/WWF sponsored project aims to establish a preliminary conservation programme for lemurs, and a survey of lemur populations in the eastern rainforest. All conservation projects are undertaken by various Governmental services, such as the Direction des eaux et férets or the University, in close collaboration with WWF. Research by foreigners is encouraged and under the aegis of the Direction de la Formation Post-Universitaire (DFPU) in the Ministére de l’Enseignement Supérieur (MES). References ° Andriamampianina, J. (1981). Les Réserves Naturelles et la Protection de la Nature a Madagascar. In: Oberlé, P. (Ed.) Madagascar, un sanctuaire de la nature. Lechevalier S.A.R.L. ° Andriamampianina, J. (1984). Traditional Land Use and Nature Conservation in Madagascar. Workshop paper, World National Parks Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 11-22 October 1982. ° Conférence de Tananarive (1972). Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la Nature et de ses Ressources 4 Madagascar. Tananarive, Madagascar. 7-11 October 1970. Publication UICN Nouvelle Series Document supplémentaires No. 36. ° Griveaud, P. and Albignac, R. (1972). The Problems of Nature Conservation in Madagascar. In: Battistini, R. and Richard-Vindard G. (Eds) Biogeography and ecology of Madagascar. Junk, The Hague. IUCN/WWF Project 1368. Madagascar, Promotion of Conservation. IUCN/WWF Project 1613. Primate Action Fund. IUCN/WWFE Project 1951. Madagascar, Provision and equipping of a mobile education unit. IUCN/WWF Project 1952. Madagascar, Establishment, promotion and equipment for reserves and parks. ° Jenkins, M.D. (Ed.) (in press). An environmental profile of Madagascar. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom. ° Jolly, A., Oberlé, P. and Albignac, E.R. (Eds)(1984). Key Environments - Madagascar. Pergamon Press, Oxford. ° Martin, C. (1982). Rapport de la mission technique WWF/IUCN a Madagascar 1981. IUCN/WWF, Gland. ° Razafimbelo, E. (1983). Inventaire des Ecosystemes: Rapport national pour Madagascar. Report to IUCN, UNEP Regional Seas Programme for East Africa. -332- Protected Areas National Parks Isalo Montagne d’Ambre Integral Nature Reserves Andohahela Andringitra Ankarafantsika Betampona Lokobe Marojejy Tsaratanana Tsimanampetsotsa Tsingy de Bemaraha Tsingy de Namoroka Zahamena Special Reserves Ambatovaky Ambohijanahary Ambohitantely Analamerana Andranomena Anjanaharibe-Sud Ankara Bemarivo Beza-Mahafaly Bora Cap Sainte Marie Foret d’Ambre Kalambatritra Kasijy Mangerivola Maningozo Manombo Manongarivo Marotandrano Nosy Mangabe Perinet-Analamazaotra Pic d’Ivohibe Tampoketsa d’Analamaitso Private Reserves Berenty Reserve Madagascar (hectares) 81,540 18,200 Subtotal 99,740 76,020 31,160 60,520 2,228 740 60,150 48,622 43,200 152,000 21,742 73,160 Subtotal 569,542 60,050 24,750 5,600 34,700 6,420 32,100 18,220 11,570 600 4,780 1,750 4,810 28,250 18,800 800 7,900 5,020 35,250 42,200 520 810 3,450 17,150 Subtotal 365,500 265 -333- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas PARC NATIONAL DE L’ISALO Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.09.04 (Malagasy Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 19 July 1962 by Decree No. 62-371 Geographical Location Situated west of Ihosey, in the province of Fianarantsoa. 22°10’-22°41°S, 49°10°-49°21’E. Altitude 800-1,082m Area 81,540ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park consists of a highly dissected massif with steep escarpments, deep gorges and incised canyons. The region has a dry climate, with seven or eight months without rain. Vegetation Endemic species include Pachypodium rosulatum and Ravenea rivularis. Also present is Uapaca bojeri (Euphorbiaceae). Fauna Information is generally scanty. Lemurs include the ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta, brown lemur Lemur fulvus and Verreaux’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi. The fossa Cryptoprocta ferox and the widespread tenrec Tenrec ecaudatus are reportedly present. The recently described rock-thrush Monticola bensoni is found in the northern part of the massif and the endemic Madagascan boa Acrantophis madagascariensis also occurs. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is some cattle grazing and fire. Visitor Facilities _ The park contains constructions, ’Grottes des Portugais’, dating from the 16th century, which are of considerable interest to visitors. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Revue de l’Office du Tourisme de Madagascar No. 33 (La Grotte des Portugais by P. Ginther and V.C. Herbert). Staff One agent and one auxiliary Budget Salaries are paid by the Government Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters are at Ranohira Date 1986 -334- Madagascar PARC NATIONAL DE LA MONTAGNE D’AMBRE Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.09.04 (Malagasy woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 28 October 1958 by Decree No. 58-07 Geographical Location At the northern point of Madagascar near the town of Antseranana. 12°28’-44’S, 49°04’-137E. Altitude 1,000-1,475m Area 18,200ha Land Tenure Government land Physical Features The park lies within a volcanic massif which is composed essentially of basaltic rock of origin ca 14 myBP., and consists of a line of summits some 30km long, oriented north-south, the tallest being the Pic d’Ambre (1,475m). The park contains a crater lake and cascades, and is a place of great beauty. The region of Antseranana has a tropical climate with a marked dry season from May to December during which a strong south-east trade wind blows (the ’Varatraza’) and a wet season from January to April with less than 1000mm rainfall. The Montagne d’Ambre, however, has a microclimate characteristic of the eastern rainforest with very high rainfall (3585mm per year has been measured) throughout the year, with a maximum in January- February. The area thus serves as an important rain catchment area for Antseranana. Vegetation Vegetation is principally upland tropical moist forest, with trees reaching 30m height and including species such as Canarium madagascariense, Gluta tourtour, Terminalia mantali and Dalbergia sp.; palms (e.g. Neodypsis Chrysalidocarpus spp.) and tree-ferns (Cyathea spp.) are abundant in the understorey and there is a very diverse epiphytic flora, including ferns (e.g. Platycerium, Drynaria and Asplenium) orchids (e.g. Bulbophyllum, Angraecum and Aeranthes) and lichens. Around the Station Forestiére des Roussettes there are plantations of introduced species including pines, Eucalyptus and Araucaria. Fauna There are at least 54 species of birds endemic to the Madagascar region; seven amphibians including one, Mantipus laevipes, only known from this area; and 11 reptiles, including five presumed endemic to the mountain: Uroplatus alluaudi, Brookesia tuberculata, Androngo alluaudi, Paracontias brocchi, and Pseudoxyrhopus ambreensis. The area is important for molluscs, with over 20 recorded species (nine endemic to the region), and butterflies, including two threatened taxa, Graphium endochus (R) and Amauris nossima dijuncta (R). Five, possibly six, lemur species occur, namely fork-marked lemur Phaner furcifer, diadem sifaka Propithecus diadema, crowned lemur Lemur coronatus, russet mouse-lemur Microcebus rufus, brown lemur Lemur fulvus, and possibly Lepilemur septentrionalis. Conservation Management In 1985, 23km of the park boundary were re-cleared - previously the park’s limits had been badly marked on the ground; the path giving access to the park was renovated, as was the ’gite d’étape’ which provides accommodation at the Station Forestiére des Roussettes situated on the northern boundary of the park (Langrand and Lenormand, 1985). Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Both deforestation and grazing have been reported in the area and fires have damaged forests on the southern and western flanks of the mountain. In 1984 it was reported that a new commercial timber company, the Société des Bois du Nord’, planned to extract 20,000 cubic metres of wood per year outside the park but still on the slopes of the -335- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Montagne d’Ambre; they intended to export 90% of the wood. The plan had been opposed by the local authority, the Comité Exécutif du Conseil Populaire de la Ville de Diégo (Antseranana), who argued that it would threaten their water resources. The more recent fate of this scheme is unknown. Visitor Facilities | Access is relatively easy from Antseranana along an asphalt road. The *jardin botanique’ path passes numerous different trees that have been identified and labelled for visitors. There is accomodation in the form of a ’gite d’étape’ at the Station Forestiére des Roussettes (Langrand and Lenormand, 1985). Scientific Research There have been numerous collecting trips to the area since 1893. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Langrand, O. and Lenormand, B. (1985). Presentation sommaire du Parc National de la Montagne d’Ambre. Unpublished, 9 pp. Staff An auxiliary, and from 1982 six additional local staff financed by WWF. Budget Salaries paid by the government. WWF Tropical Forest Campaign (1982) grant of US$150,000 over three years, to help restore and mark the park boundaries, survey the park’s flora and fauna, and draw up a management plan. Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters is at Roussettes. Date 1986 RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE D’ANDOHAHELA (NO. 11) Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.03.01 (Malagasy rain forest) Legal Protection Total Date Established 11 June 1939. The area of the reserve was increased from 30,000ha on 1 June 1966 by Decree 66-242. Geographical Location 40km north-west of Taolanaro in the extreme south of the country. 24°30’-58’S, 46°32’-52’E. Altitude 100-1,956m Area 76,020 ha, in three noncontiguous blocks, one (Parcel 1) 63,100ha, one (Parcel 2) 12,420ha and the third (Parcel 3) 500ha. Land Tenure Government Physical Features Parcel | varies in altitude from 100m to 1,956m (Pic d’Andohahela); Parcel 2 from ca 110m to 1,005m (Pic de Vohidagoro); Parcel 3 is at ca 125m. Climate in parcel 1 is humid, with rainfall of 1500-2000mm, no dry season and mean annual temperature of about 23°C; that in parcel 2 is much drier, with rainfall usually lower than 500mm per annum and a dry season of five-six months. Parcel | is an important watershed, containing the source of -336- Madagascar over ten rivers, including the Mananara, rising at Anpamosira and flowing westward and the Manampanihy flowing east from Vohibe (O’Connor et al., 1985). The Mananara, which flows along the northern boundaries of Parcel 2, is the only permanent water source for that part of the reserve. Vegetation Each of the three parcels has a distinct vegetation type. Vegetation in Parcel 1 is typical of submontane tropical rainforest, of which it constitutes the southernmost extension in Madagascar. Buttressed trees of up to 35m occur, though generally tree height does not exceed 25m. Genera characteristic of this forest type include Tambourissa, Symphonia and Dalbergia, with members of the families Lauraceae, Compositaceae and Rubiaceae represented on the higher slopes. The endemic family Humbertaceae is found within the reserve. Orchidaceae and Cycathaceae are common, and the epiphytic cactus Rhipsalis occurs. Epiphytes in general are abundant, and at higher altitudes mosses and lichens are found. Parcel 2 consists mainly of spiny thorn forest with some bush and scrub and also some gallery forest along the Menanara River in the northern part of the reserve. The highest hills have no forest cover and are generally covered with tussock grass and other herbaceous vegetation, with Aloe and Pachypodium spp.. In the thorn forest, the endemic genera Alluaudia and Didierea are well represented; one species of the former (A. ascendens) is endemic to the Mandrare region, as is the baobab Adansonia za (Bombaceae). Species of Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae and Crassulaceae are also abundant. Parcel 3 has a high density of the endemic palm Neodypsis decaryi and was originally set up specifically to protect this species. It also has a belt of vegetation transitional between the spiny forest and the eastern rain forest. Leguminosae, particularly Acacia spp., are well represented as are Cucurbitaceae and Euphorbiaceae. There is some deciduous forest with Tamarindus indica along one of the non-permanent rivers, the Andehamara, and introduced Eucalyptus has become established along the eastern end of the parcel. Fauna’ The avifauna is rich, with over 50 species to the Madagascan region present. Five amphibian species appear to be endemic to the Anosyenne Hills (Anodonthyla rouxae, Madecassophryne truebae, Microhyla palmata, Mantidactylus grandisonae, and Boophis microtis) and can be expected to occur in the reserve. Fifteen lemurs are reported to occur the greatest number for any Madagascan reserve, including the aye-aye Daubentonia madagascariensis (E), woolly lemur Avahi laniger, fork-marked lemur Phaner furcifer, ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta, Verreaux’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi, and diadem sifaka P. diadema. Two lepilemurs, L. mujstelinus and L. leucopus also occur. At least four, possibly six, carniovres occur, including the fossa Cryproprocta ferox and the Malagasy civet Fossa fossa. Conservation Management Principal management at present is in the north-east of Parcel 1, near the village of Vohibaka, where a scheme to prevent fires spreading into the reserve has been started by the Chef de Cantonnement Forestier. Villagers have been using back fires to clear a 20m wide firebreak which also deliniates the boundary of the reserve. Payment for this work up to the present has been in the form of food provided personally by the Chef de Cantonnement Forestier. O’Connor et al. have made several suggestions for improving management of the reserve: 1. Review of the present boundaries; there are large areas of the reserve which are devoid of forest and it is suggested that these be excluded from the reserve in exchange for equal areas of forest. This is particularly advocated for the thorn forest, of which there are considerable intact areas around parcel 2, as it is perceived as under increasing pressure for charcoal production and exploitation of Alluaudia wood. The boundaries of parcel 1 are in question at present as the original markers were incorrectly placed. 2. Clear delineation of boundaries, involving extension of the firebreak scheme around Vohibaka. The possibility of fencing parcel 3 should be investigated - its small size makes fencing feasible and its proximity to the main road makes it desirable. 3. An increase in the number of guards to ten, preferably employing local villagers, and provision of uniforms. 4. Provision of transport for the Chef de Cantonnement Forestier. 5. Promotion of local agricultural development schemes to alleviate pressure on the reserve. The critical need for funding for these activities is stressed. Zoning None apart from the three defined areas. -337- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Disturbances or Deficiencies All three parcels have deforested areas; in parcel 1 these are presumed to be largely the result of bush fires, in parcel 2 a product of wood-cutting and in parcel 3 a combination of the two. The lower, flat areas are used to cultivate rice while the higher areas are used as cattle pasture, and are burned annually to provide new growth for grazing. In parcels | and 2 these areas are extensive, though few are of recent origin; in parcel 1, however, bush fires are likely to be a problem near border villages, particularly near Eminiminy on the eastern side of the reserve. Slopes within the reserve here were noted by O’Connor et al. (1985) to be devoid of forest and it was thought likely that the villagers no longer considered them part of the reserve. There was also some evidence that the extent of cultivated land in the reserve was expanding in the southern end of parcel 1, north of the village of Isaka Ivondro; houses were noted within the reserve and new clearings were observed along the Ambahibe River. Fires have been recorded in the vicinity of Parcel 3 and could pose a serious threat to the area if not controlled. Livestock habitually graze within the reserve boundaries and wood-cutting is a problem where villages occur near to forested parts of the reserve. Wood taken from Parcel | is used mainly for fuel in homes whereas that taken from Parcel 2 is used for fuel and house building and is also taken for sale to markets in Ambovombe, Amboasary and Taolanaro. There is, however, as yet no evidence for large-scale logging within the reserve. Hunting is generally not a major problem, though may be of some importance in the north and east of Parcel 1 where cattle thieves hide and in parcel 3 where the Lemur catta population has been reduced as a result of hunting for food. Elsewhere such hunting as occurs appears to be mainly as a pastime rather than to provide a significant supply of protein. It is thought likely that some animals, particularly lemurs, are caught alive for sale as pets. The reserve is seriously understaffed, with only two guards and a Chef de Réserve covering over 76,000ha. Visitor Facilities None. Access to Parcel 1 is difficult, although a road runs from Ranomafana to Isaka Ivondro on the eastern boundary. There are four paths, three of which follow the boundaries of the parcel with the fourth cutting through from east to west (Andonabe to Evasia). Parcel 2 is more accessible, from the road from Amboasary to Hazofotsy which continues to Ambatoabo, crossing the northern boundary of the parcel; this road is passable for most of the year and from it a path cuts south to Bevilany. Parcel 3 is easily accessible from R.N.13 which runs from Fort Dauphin to Amboasary. Scientific Research The area has been surveyed in the past (Paulian et al., 1973); Propithecus has been the subject of a brief study by Richard at Hazafotsy (Parcel 2). There area is at present the subject of study by O’Connor. Special Scientific Facilities None, although there is a hut at Hazafotsy owned by the government agronomy service which has been used by visiting scientists. Principal Reference Material ° Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la Nature et de ses Ressources &@ Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970. IUCN, Switzerland. ° O’Connor, S., Pidgeon, M., and Randria, Z. (1985). A conservation program for the Andohahela Reserve (Réserve Naturelle No. 11). Paper given at ’Seminaire Scientifique international sur l’etat de recherche sur l’equilibre des ecosystémes forestiers de Madagascar.’ Antananarivo, October 1985. ° Paulian, R., Blanc, C., Guillaumet, J-L., Betsch, J-M., Griveaud, P. and Peyrieras, A. (1973). Etude des écosystemes montagnards dans la région malagache. II Les chaines Anosyennes. Géomorphologie, climatologie et groupments végéteaux. Campagne RCP 225 1971-1972. Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris 3° sér. no. 118 Ecol. 1: 1-40. Staff A Chef de Réserve (i.e. the Chef de Cantonnement Forestier et Poste R.N. 11), a Chef de Poste Est and a second guard, posted at Hazafotsy (see below). Budget Salaries paid by the government -338- Madagascar Local Park or Reserve Administration Protection of the reserve is coordinated by the Chef de Cantonnement Forestier et Poste R.N. 11, who is located at Amboasary-Sud. There are two guardposts, one at Eminiminy on the eastern side of Parcel 1 (Poste Est), the other at Hazafotsy on the northern boundary of Parcel 2. Date 1986 RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE L’ANDRINGITRA (NO. 5) Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.03.01 (Malagasy rain forest) Legal Protection Total Date Established 31 December 1927 Geographical Location South of Ambalava in the Province of Fianarantsoa. The village of Antanifotsy is situated on the edge of the reserve. 22°07’-21°S, 46°47’-47°02’E. Altitude 1,200-2,658m Area 31,160ha Land Tenure Government land Physical Features The Andringitra mountain chain which constitutes the reserve is a very hilly, granitic massif in the form of a V with unequal length branches; where these meet the massif forms a plateau at about 2,500m with very uneven relief. The massif contain the sources of many streams and has the coldest climate of any of the Madagascan mountains, with severe frosts recorded at high altitude and several snowfalls at above 2,500m in the last 40 years; lower altitudes in the reserve generally have the characteristic cool climate of the high plateaux with three or four dry months. Annual rainfall is 1500-2000mm. On the eastern slopes, the climate is rather more equable. Vegetation Part of the reserve is characteristic of the high plateaux and part is the same formation as the eastern province. In the early 1970s it was reported that much of the natural vegetation of the massif below 1,800m had long been destroyed by fire, apart from that on the south-east slopes and in some ravines and other sheltered areas. Where destroyed, the vegetation has been replaced by grassy steppe. The south-east slope contains mid-altitude evergreen rain forest. The surviving vestiges of the original vegetation suggest that the western slopes must have carried moss forest with herbaceous undergrowth and, up to 1,700m, a woodland containing the endemic palm Ravenea glauca. Above this ericaceous scrub is found, with scattered peaty depressions (notably carrying the remarkable Restio madagascariensis) and *xerophytic lawn’. On the crags is a xerophytic flora with Aloe, Kalanchoe and Helichrysum. The whole area is rich in endemics: 80% of the flora of the humid depressions and the rocks is endemic to the massif. Fauna At least 23 species of amphibian (all anurans) have been recorded from the massif. Most or all of these can be expected to occur in the reserve. These include seven believed to be endemic to the massif: Anodonthyla montana, Mantidactylus bipunctatus, M._ blanci, M. bourgati, M. madecassus, Boophis brygooi, and B. laurenti. Two molluscs are also believed endemic to the massif, Tachyphasis milloti and Imerinia fischeri. Lemur species reported to -339- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas occur include: ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta (at the limit of its range), mongoose lemur Lemur mongoz, diadem sifaka Propithecus diadema, ruffed lemur Varecia variegata and russet mouse-lemur Microcebus rufus; the reserve is also within the range of Lepilemur microdon. Two little-known endemic rodents, Brachyuromys betsiloensis and B. ramirohitra, have been collected. Information on birds is scanty. Conservation Management The boundaries were fixed in 1966; in 1971 it was reported that they were annually maintained by local inhabitants. The principal conservation measure is firefighting. It is reportedly one of the best protected reserves, and local inhabitants are said to be well aware of its value. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Little human occupation but there is a serious fire problem. Fires are usually started by lightning though are sometimes the result of spread from the firing of pasture-land outside the reserve. Scientific Research Study of highland ecosystems in 1970 for RCP 225 (Paulian et al., 1971). &k Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la Nature et de ses Ressources a Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970. IUCN, Switzerland. ° Paulian, R., Betsch, J-M., Guillaumet, J-L., Blanc, C. and Griveaud, P. (1971). RCP 225. Etude des écosystems montagnards dans la région malgache. I. Le massif de 1’Andringitra. 1970-1971. Géomorphologie, climatologie et groupements végéteaux. Bulletin de la Société a’Ecologie II(2-3): 189-266. Staff One agent and two full-time auxiliaries Budget Salaries paid by the government Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters at Ambalavo and a guardpost at Ivohibe. Date 1986 RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE L’ANKARAFANTSIKA (NO. 7) Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.09.04 (Malagasy woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established The integral reserve was established by a decree of 31 December 1927, and updated by decree 66-242 of 30 June 1966. Geographical Location In Mahajanga Province 40km north-west of Ambato-Boéni. 15°59°-16°22’S, 45°56’-47°12’E. Altitude 75-390m -340- Madagascar Area 60,520ha, bordering a Réserve Naturelle to the west which covers some 20-30,000ha. Land Tenure Government Physical Features Very rugged relief to the east, with a cliff which makes access difficult. Towards the west and north, the plateau descends gently. The soils of the plateau are very sandy. Precipitation is between 1000 and 1500mm a year with a marked dry season of five-six months (May-November). Mean annual temperature is c. 26°C, with maximum 35°C and minimum 17°C. The reserve protects a sample of habitats typical of the arenaceous soils of western Madagascar, and also protects the catchment of one of Madagascar’s most important rice growing areas. Problems occur in the paddy fields downstream when sand eroded from cleared areas is carried by the rivers. Vegetation Still largely covered in the original forest vegetation. Forest is dense and dry of the series Dalbergia-Commiphora-Hildegardia. Numerous Leguminosae and Myrtaceae. Some species adapted to dry environments such as Pachypodium, and members of the families Ampelidaceae and Passifloraceae. Numerous lianes, but epiphytes are virtually absent. The forest is deciduous, and contains a wide variety of trees and shrubs at a high density (about 170 species of 35 families). Fauna. There is a diverse avifauna, with some 90 recorded species; around 30 of these are endemic to Madagascar, including the white breasted mesite Mesitornis variegata (R), Van Dam’s vanga Xenopirostris damii (R), and the Madagascar little grebe Tachybaptus pelzelnii (K). The highly endangered Madagascar Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vociferoides (E) is also reported. Seven lemur species occur, namely: Verreaux’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi, woolly lemur Avahi laniger, brown lemur Lemur fulvus, fat-tailed dwarf lemur Cheirogaleus medius, mongoose lemur Lemur mongoz, lesser mouse-lemur Microcebus murinus, sportive lemur Lepilemur. The fossa Cryptoprocta ferox, two rodents, Macrotarsomys ingens (only known from the Ankarafantsika forest) and M. bastardi, and two insectivores, the tail-less tenrec Tenrec ecaudatus and the greater hedgehog tenrec Setifer setosus have also been recorded. At least two swallowtail butterflies occur, Papilio morondavana and P. grosesmithi. Information on reptiles and amphibians is sparse, though reptiles are believed to be abundant and two chameleons, Brookesia decaryi and Chamaeleo angeli, and one skink Pygomeles petteri are apparently endemic to the area. Conservation Management WWF/IUCN are assisting in the development of the reserve. The present project is aimed principally at improving the protection of the reserve, including the cutting of limited paths, seen as essential for the patrols of the Guard Force, and restoration of the deteriorated boundary markers and the forest station in the adjacent natural reserve. Allocation is made for the provision of equipment both for scientific study and for the better management of the reserve. The project covers an inventory of the flora and fauna by the University of Madagascar, and many other scientific studies including conservation-orientated research to be done on the vegetation of the reserve. It has been suggested that the Ampijoroa lake and the hills to the north of the lake should be included in the reserve, as it is here that tourists from Antananarivo and Mahajanga can best observe the typical fauna of the region. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Undermanning, frequent fires during the dry season and penetration by cattle; in 1972 it was reported that poaching was frequent. The reserve was burned over three-quarters of its area in 1966-67 and burned again in 1968, and it was at that time thought to be in a very degraded state. The area was surveyed by air in June 1981 and found not to have suffered major deterioration, except in the north and east where access is easy. Some regeneration is taking place over areas burned or cut. The borders of the reserve are not marked on official maps, and a review of the boundaries has become necessary. Visitor Facilities No information -341- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Scientific Research Some primate studies have been made in the reserve, particularly on range sizes and diet; the University of Madagascar also has study areas here. Entomological research has been carried out in the area. Special Scientific Facilities The forestry station at Ampijoroa is used by research workers in the area. Principal Reference Material ° Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la Nature et de ses Ressources a Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970. IUCN, Switzerland. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1911. Protection and development of the Ankarafantsika Nature Reserve. ° Martin, C. (1982). Rapport de la mission technique WWF/IUCN 4 Madagascar 1981. IUCN/WWFE, Gland, (contains-a list of birds and mammals found within the reserve). Staff Two full-time auxiliaries Budget Salaries paid by the government. WWF allocated budget: US$17,649 to 1981; US$81,900 in 1982 and US$20,000 in 1983. WWF Tropical Forest Campaign grant of US$50,000 over 3 years from 1983. Local Park or Reserve Administration The headquarters is at Bevazaha. Date 1986 RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE BETAMPONA (NO. 1) Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.03.01 (Malagasy rain forest) Legal Protection Total Date Established 31 December 1927. The area of the reserve was fixed by Decree 66-242 of June 1966. Geographical Location The reserve is situated 40km to the north-west of Toamasina in Toamasina Province. 17°51’-55’S, 49°12’-15°E. Altitude 275-650m Area 2,228ha Land Tenure State land Physical Features The reserve occupies a rocky spur which dominates the coastal plain and consists of a family of ridges varying in height from 320m to 650m above sea level. It is a rugged zone where numerous streams have their sources. Climate is humid tropical with precipitation over 2000mm a year and no dry months. Mean annual temperature is between 21° and 24°C, though in the colder months mean temperature can be as low as 12°C. The reserve is an example of the natural low altitude biotope of the eastern region of Madagascar. -342- Madagascar Vegetation Betampona is the sole forested massif in a vast deforested area, and although the sides of the massif have been deforested, the vegetation has re-established itself to some degree (see below). The undegraded vegetation is low altitude dense evergreen rain forest which is extremely rich floristically and is the type locality for many species. It is characterised by species of Myristicaceae and Anthostema (Euphorbiaceae); other notable species are Canarium madagascariensis (Burseraceae), Sideroxylon sp., Faucherea ursii (both Sapotaceae), Rhopalocarpus sp. (Sphaerosepalaceae), Hirtella sp. (Chrysobalanaceae). Also present are members of the tribe Areceae (Palmae) and the families Rubiaceae, Araliaceae, Ebenaceae, Sapindaceae, Loraceae, Myrtaceae, Flacourtiaceae and Leguminosae. Local dominance of Uapaca thouarsii and glades of the bamboo Cephalostachyum madagascariensis occur. Much of the central southern edge of the reserve, notably along the Fontsiamavo River and its tributaries, is composed of the colonising Eugenia jambos. Secondary forest has considerably advanced, especially along the central track from Sorintsandry to Marovato, an area which had not been cleared in 1947. Fauna Information on many groups is lacking, though mammals appear to be particularly diverse, with nine species of Lemur, namely woolly lemur Avahi laniger, ruffed lemur Varecia variegata, grey gentle lemur Hapalemur griseus, russet mouse-lemur Microcebus rufus, indri Indri indri, greater dwarf lemur Cheirogaleus major, diadem sifaka Propithecus diadema, brown lemur Lemur fulvus and a Lepilemur, probably L. mustelinus, the weasel lemur. Four viverrids, ring-tailed mongoose Galidea elegans, fassa Cryptoprocta ferox, Malagasy civet Fossa fossa, and falanouc Eupleres goudotii also occur. The endangered aye-aye Daubentonia madagascariensis has been reported, but this needs confirmation. Birds are also reported to be abundant, with many endemic species, and one frog Plethodontohyla coudreaui is apparently known only from this reserve. Conservation Management The reserve is clearly delimited by a 3-metre wide band cleared around the perimeter and has a good internal path network. Insufficient funds and staff are available at present for further management. Zoning There was formerly a 200m protective zone around the reserve, set up in 1935; Pollock reported in 1985 that it had recently been reclaimed by local villagers for residential and exploitative purposes. Disturbances or Deficiencies A degraded zone some 1,000-1,500m wide lies within the reserve boundaries, consisting largely of 20-25 year old growth of Ravenala madagascariensis and other ’savoka’ species. This represents an area of regeneration following cultivation: the existence of tavy cultivation and the corresponding threat to the forest edges was first remarked in 1908. The situation had not markedly improved in 1931 and although the Reserve Intégrale was first declared in 1932 and the protective zone in 1935, real protection was not initiated until 1949; the regeneration presumably dates from then. Forest cover within the reserve thus totals some 1,000ha. It is surrounded by numerous villages, situated within lkm of the reserve and often less, and there are incursions into the reserve: Pollock noted in 1984 that there were clear signs of crayfish catching in the upper Fontsiamavo River within the reserve, and that a local merchant had recently been arrested for shooting lemurs in the central part of the reserve. Visitor Facilities None. Access to the reserve is on foot (90 minutes walk) from the village of Fontsimavo, which is 90 minutes by car from Toamasina (Pollock, 1985). Scientific Research None appears to have been carried out recently. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material * Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la Nature et de ses Ressources a Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970. IUCN, Switzerland. -343- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas ° Pollock, J.I. (1985). Preliminary report on a mission to Madagascar by Dr. J.I. Pollock in August and September 1984. Unpublished. 10pp. Staff One agent and two auxiliaries, full-time Budget Salaries paid by the government Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters at Rendrirendry. This village consists of the dwelling quarters of two families, the local office of the Direction des Eaux et Foréts and a *gite d’étape’ or rest-post for the guardian of the reserve, who lives in Toamasina. Date 1986 RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE LOKOBE (NO.6) Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.9.4 (Malagasy Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 31 December 1927, though the Forét de Lokobe was constituted as a reserve in 1913 Geographical Location On the south-eastern side of the island of Nosy-Bé with the coast forming the southern and eastern borders of the reserve. 13°23’-13°25°S, 48°18’-48°20°E. Altitude 0-430m (the highest point on the island) Area 740ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The island of Nosy-Bé is formed of a neogenous basaltic block and marine sediments of the upper Lias. The relief is steep and rugged in places. The reserve is an important water catchment area for the island. There is a ’sambirano’ type climate, similar to eastern Madagascar (moist sub-equatorial) but with a lower rainfall and more marked dry season. Vegetation The reserve contains most of the island’s remaining forest, a dense humid forest with species of the family Chlaenaceae (endemic to Madagascar) and numerous species of the genus Anthostema. Biologically and physionomically, it resembles the eastern rain forest, but is distinguished by the presence of numerous endemics. Fauna’ The fauna is reportedly less rich than that on adjacent mainland areas, but it is still diverse, with a number of species apparently endemic to the island. Seven species of amphibian and 34 species of reptile have been recorded from the island; most or all of these can been expected to occur in the reserve. One amphibian, Platypelis milloti, is only known from the reserve and seven reptiles have been recorded only from Nosy Bé, namely Lygodactylus heterurus, Brookesia legendrei, B. minima, Chamaeleo boettgeri, C. parsonii, Amphiglossus stumpffi, Typhlops madagascariensis, and T. reuteri. Thirty-six non-marine molluscs endemic to Madagascar have also been recorded from Nosy Bé, including four which are apparently endemic to the island, Tropidophora felicis, Sitala brancsiki, S. filomarginata and Ampelita stumpffi. Of the lemurs, an important colony of black -344- Madagascar lemur Lemur macaco occurs in the reserve, as well as Lepilemur dorsalis, brown lemur Lemur fulvus, russet mouse-lemur Microcebus rufus, and lesser mouse-lemur M. murinus. There is little information on bird species. Conservation Management There are proposals to increase the effectiveness of the reserve both by increasing its size, and by providing vehicles for the staff. Use of surrounding areas for tourism could be a valuable source of income. Support under IUCN/WWF Project 1952 will help to buy motorcycles and assist in the protection of a 150-200ha buffer zone planned in the north-east. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies The reserve is very vulnerable because of its small size. The proposed buffer zone, which is not yet formally protected, is being cut down for cultivation of rice and manioc. Scientific Research Prospecting and inventory work has been carried out (IUCN/WWF Project 1952). Much work has been done on the island of Nosy Bé generally and the sea area around it by scientists at the O.R.S.T.O.M. research station (ORSTOM, 1975). Special Scientific Facilities The Centre National de Recherches Océanegraphiques owns a laboratory close to the reserve, but the work has always been marine-orientated. Principal Reference Material ° TUCN/WWF Project 1952. Support and equipment for reserves and national parks. °* ORSTOM (1975). Publications de la mission ORSTOM de Nosy-Bé du 1.1.1972 au 31.12.1974. ORSTOM, Paris. Staff One agent Budget Salaries are paid by the government. WWF Funding (1982) - US$22,000 over two years Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters are at Hell-ville on the island of Nosy-Bé. Date 1986 RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE MAROJEJY (NO. 12) Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.03.01 (Malagasy rain forest) Legal Protection Total Date Established 3 January 1952 Geographical Location To the north-west of Andapa in the province of Antseranana in the northern part of the country. 14°18’-39°S, 49°33°-52’E. Altitude 90-2,137m Area 60,150ha -345- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Land Tenure Government Physical Features The massif is, perhaps, the most important of the whole island on account of its spectacular scenery, its floristic richness and, above all, its appearance of being virtually untouched throughout, including the foothills (though some damage has been done at low altitude). Its slopes are protected by the frequency of rains and storms. It includes the massif of Marojejy, and its principal foothills, notably Ambatosoratra, Ambodilahitra and Beondroka. Very rugged massif chiefly composed of gneiss, which is divided into three main blocks. At around 1,100m, the mid-slopes become increasingly steep, leading up to narrow quartzite ridges which precede the rocky escarpments encircling the west slopes of the massif. There is a wide range of microclimates, Rainfall on the eastern and south-eastern slopes is thought to reach or exceed 3000mm a year, which would be the highest rainfall in Madagascar. Vegetation Overall, plant species diversity is very high, with over 100 genera and 2000 species recorded, several apparently endemic to the massif. Humbert (1955) has given a detailed description of the vegetation of the Marojejy Massif, divided into four altitudinal zones. The lowest zone, from 50m to ca 800m is high, dense, closed canopy rainforest, with a canopy height of 25-30m and relatively clear horizontal stratification. Species diversity is very high. The most commonly represented families in the canopy are: Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Araliaceae, Ebenaceae (Diospyros), Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Anacardiaceae, Elaeocarpaceae (Echinocarpus), Lauraceae (Ocotea, Ravensara), Clusiaceae (Ochrocarpus), Myrtaceae, Burseraceae (Canarium), Moraceae, Bignoniaceae, Apocynaceae, Tiliaceae, Malpighiaceae, Monimiaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Loganiaceae. The intermediate stratum consists of small trees and large shrubs, mostly of the families Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Ochnaceae, Erthryoxylaceae, Myrsinaceae, Celastraceae, Violaceae, Flacourtiaceae. The ground layer is generally patchy, consisting of grasses and herbs, generally of the families Labiaceae, Acanthaceae, Gesneraceae, Melastomaceae, Balsaminaceae. Epiphytes are abundant. Transition from this stage to mid-altitude rainforest is made gradually, at around 800-900m. This zone is characterised by a lower canopy height (18 to 25m), with canopy trees generally branching lower down their trunks; the intermediate stratum tends to disappear, while the ground layer becomes denser and more varied. Although the species represented are generally different from those in the lower altitude forest, the families, and to some extent the genera, tend to be the same. Trees which are notably abundant or considered characteristic include species of Weinmannia, Apodocephala, Brachylaena and Podocarpus. Pteridophytes, particularly members of the Cyathaceae, are also abundant. Lichen or moss forest is best developed between 1,450 and 1,850m, although it can be found as low as 1,200m altitude. Tree height is up to 6-10m (max. 12m), with trees often branching extensively from their bases. There is no intermediate stratum, but a dense and varied ground layer. Trees and shrubs mostly belong to the families Compositae (Vernonia, Senecio, Apodocephala, Psiadia), Lauraceae, Rubiaceae, Cunoniaceae (Weinmannia), Araliaceae (Cussonia), Euphorbiaceae (Uapaca, Acalypha, Croton), Rutaceae, Verbenaceae (Vitex, Clerodendron), Ericaceae (Agauria, Philippia), Sterculiaceae (Dombeya), Taxaceae (Podocarpus), Myricaceae (Myrica). Virtually monotypic stands of the bamboo Arundinaria marojejyensis are found on the least developed soils. Mosses and lichens are very abundant, both as ground cover and festooning trees and shrubs. Other epiphytes include ferns, species of Peperomia and orchids such as Bulbophyllum. Above 1,850m altitude is found vegetation which, depending on soil conditions and microclimate, has the appearance either of maquis or of heath. Shrubs chiefly belong to the families Compositae, Ericaceae, Rubiaceae, Melastomaceae, Clusiaceae, Araliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae; less numerous are members of the Cunoniaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Sapotaceae, Pittosporaceae, Sterculiaceae, Rutaceae, Verbenaceae, Vacciniaceae. Arundinaria marojejyensis forms scattered dense stands and tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) are found to ca 2,000m altitude. Herbaceous plants consist largely of sedges (Cyperaceae) and grasses (Gramineae) and there are small marshes and swampy depressions with a distinctive floral community. Fauna The reserve is an important area for birds; around 30 species endemic to Madagascar have been’ recorded, including four threatened species, the rufous-headed ground-roller Atelornis crossleyi (R), short-legged ground roller Brachypteracias leptosomus (R), scaley ground-roller B. squamigera (R), and Pollen’s vanga Xenopirostris polleni (R). The endangered Madagascar Serpent Eagle Eutriorchis astur (E) is also reported to occur. Seventeen amphibia (all endemic to Madagascar) are recorded from the massif, including seven endemic -346- Madagascar to the region (Mantipus minutus, M. serratopalpebrosus, Stumpffia grandis, S. roseifemoralis, S. tridactyla, Mantidactylus klemmeri and M. pseudoasper). Thirteen reptiles (including eleven chameleons) have been recorded; several of these are of uncertain taxonomic status, while two are believed endemic to the massif (Brookesia griveaudi and B. karchei). Lemur species recorded include: diadem sifaka Propithecus diadema, brown lemur Lemur fulvus, grey gentle lemur Hapalemur griseus and russet mouse-lemur Microcebus rufus. The fossa Cryptoprocta ferox and ring-tailed mongoose Galidea elegans also occur. Eleven molluscs have been recorded, including two endemic to the massif (Ampelita gaudens and Malagrion paenelimax). Conservation Management Because of the climate and the severity of the terrain, pressure from the surrounding population is limited, as is the extent of clearing for tavy. Special attention must be made to protection of the high summits, whose vegetation remains as yet unburnt, and which represents one of the last vestiges of the original high altitude vegetation surviving intact in Madagascar. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies [Illicit cultivation at low altitudes which must be stopped as soon as possible, as deforestation of the lateritic slopes would have disastrous consequences for the economy of the Lokoho basin. Visitor Facilities None, though the reserve is relatively easily accessible from Manantenina. Scientific Research One of the best studied massifs, first surveyed in 1933. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material * Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la Nature et de ses Ressources &@ Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970. IUCN, Switzerland. * Guillaumet, J-L., Betsch, J-M., Blanc, C., Morat, P., Peyrieras, A. and Paulian, R. (1975). Etude des ecosystemes montagnards dans la region malgache. III. Le Marojezy. IV. L’Itremo et Il’Ibity. Géomorphologie, climatologie, faune et flore (Campagne RCP 225, 1972-1973). Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. (3). 309. (Ecol. generale): 25, 27-67. °* Humbert, H. (1955). Une merveille de la nature 4 Madagascar. Premiére exploration botanique du Massif de Marojejy et de ses satellites. Mém. Inst. sci. de Madagascar. Série B. Tome VI. P.271. Staff An agent and three auxiliaries full-time Budget Salaries paid by the government Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters at Andapa, and guardposts at Doany and Ambalamanasy. Date 1986 -347- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE TSARATANANA (NO. 4) Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.09.04 (Malagasy woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 31 December 1927 Geographical Location To the south-east of Ambanja in the province of Antseranana. 13°49’-14°05’S, 48°44’-59°E. Altitude 700-2,876m (Mt. Maromokotra, the highest summit in Madagascar). Area 48,622ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features Large mountain group of crystalline rocks and volcanic formations of the Miocene. Mont Maromokotra, the highest mountain in Madagascar, is found in this reserve. The climate has the same characteristics as the Malagasy rain forest and is extremely wet. During summer, especially the monsoon season (end of November to the beginning of May), there are virtually daily torrential rainstorms. From May to October, the summits are covered with fog accompanied by drizzle and fine rain. October and November are relatively dry. Vegetation In general, the vegetation consists of primary and secondary tropical evergreen forests of both high and low altitude with both lichens and ericaceous species common. The flora is rich in endemics especially at high altitude. From 1,000 to 2,200m, the principal plants found are: Podocarpus madagascariensis, Canarium, Aphloia theiformis, Ruvensara, Ocotea, Beilschmiedia oppositifolia, Malleastrum, Noronhia, Erythroxylum corybosum, Dichaetanthera, Eleacarpus, Coffea tsaratananae, Gardenia, Peddiea involucrata, Buddleia, Sennecio, Vernonia, Oncostemum, Acanthaceae, Labiaceae (Coleus), Urticaceae (Pilea), Panicum uvulatum, Poecilostachys tsaratananensis, Oplismenus, Leptaspis cochleata. Tree ferns of the family Cyatheaceae do not seem to be very abundant; however this appears to be optimum habitat for epiphytes such as Peperomia, Kalanchoe, Medinilla, Viscum, Rhipsalis and numerous ferns and orchids. From 2,000 to 2,200m there is a belt of virtually pure giant bamboo. Above 2,200m there is moss forest with Araliaceae, Cunoniaceae (Weinmannia), Compositae, Ericaceae (Agauria, Philippia), Sterculiaceae (Dombeya), and Taxaceae (Podocarpus_ rostratus and P. madagascariensis). Chrysalidocarpus (Palmae) is also found. Ephiphytes are very common. Understorey, when it exists, is composed of small trees: Schismatoclada, Helichrysum, Philippia. Around 2,600m there is a second band of bamboos, then shrubby and herbaceous vegetation on the summits, secondary and depauperate through fire, of blackened Philippia in a _ grassy lawn (Danthonia, Bromus, Anthoxanthum, with scattered Helichrysum). Fauna Around 50 bird species endemic to Madagascar have been recorded, including Crossley’s ground roller Atelornis crossleyi (1). Three amphibians are believed endemic to the massif: Mantipus guentherpetersi, Platyhyla alticola and P. tsaratananaensis, as are two reptiles: Chamaeleo tsaratananensis and Amphiglossus tsaratananensis. The massif is the most important area on Madagascar for molluscs, with 45 species recorded; 30 of these are apparently endemic to the massif. Lemurs are represented by: black lemur Lemur macaco, brown lemur Lemur fulvus, fork-maked lemur Phaner furcifer, grey gentle lemur Hapalemur griseus, greater dwarf lemur Cheirogaleus major, a Lepilemur species (possibly L. flavifrons), and red-bellied lemur Lemur rubriventer. Zoning No information -348- Madagascar Disturbances or Deficiencies Some illicit cultivation; however, apart from the burned summits, the reserve is largely intact, as the very cold winter temperatures and the steepness of the terrain limit attempts at planting. Formerly, parts of the reserve were adversely affected by illicit plantations of tobacco and indian hemp. In 1968 and 1969, a police operation was organised to destroy the plantations and arrest the miscreants. These people were sufficiently well organized to make entry to the reserve dangerous If unarmed and unaccompanied. Outside the plantations were found herds of zebu cattle belonging to the same people. It is not known if this has been a problem more recently. Scientific Research Numerous collecting trips have been carried out. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Albignac, R. (1970). Mammiferes et oiseaux du Massif de Tsaratanana. Mem. ORSTOM 37: 223-229. ° Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la Nature et de ses Ressources @ Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970. IUCN, Switzerland. ° Milon, P. (1957). Etude d’une petite collection d’oiseaux du Tsaratanana. Naturaliste Malgache 3(2): 167-183. Staff Two full-time forest agents. Budget Salaries paid by the government Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters are at Ambanja with a guard post at Mangindrano. Date 1986 RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE TSIMANAMPETSOTSA (NO. 10) Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.10.04 (Malagasy thorn forest) Legal Protection Total Date Established 31 December 1927 Geographical Location 100km south of Toliara in the province of Toliara. 24°02’-11’S, 43°36’-S1’E. Altitude 10-160m Area 43,200ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The western part of the reserve comprises the shallow, brackish Tsimanampetsotsa lake (20 x 3km), saturated with sulphates of lime. The lake, which has shores of virtually unvegetated arenaceous soil, is aligned north-south and lies about 7km from -349- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas the west coast. To the east of the lake is xerophytic forest on calcareous bedrock. There are numerous underground caves. The climate is dry with precipitation below 400mm a year and 9-11 dry months. Amount and timing of rainfall can be very variable. Other forms of precipitation are likely to have a significant impact on the vegetation. The minimum temperature in the coolest months is between 15°C and 20°C. Vegetation Xerophtyic scrub on the calcareous plateau, and typical south-western brush formation on the arenaceous soils. The vegetation is a remarkable assembly of Didiereaceae (an endemic family of trees or shrubs with the habit of cacti or cactiform euphorbias) and Euphorbiaceae. Tree species 10-12m high dominate a stratum of impenetrable scrub, rich in lianas. The ground stratum is sparse. Generic endemism in the southern flora has been estimated at 48%. The reserve covers a part of the very restricted distribution of Alluaudia montagnacii. Plants show a wide variety of adaptations to xerophytic conditions. Numerous species of Leguminosae, Combretaceae, Tiliaceae and Liliaceae are found. Fauna The reserve’s avifauna includes at least 28 species endemic to the Madagascar region, including the plover Charadrius thoracicus (R). There are numerous other waterbirds, including the flamingoes Phoenicopterus ruber and Phoeniconaias minor. There is little information on reptiles and amphibians, though the radiated tortoise Geochelone radiata (V) (endemic to the southern Didierea forests) and probably the spider tortoise Pyxis arachnoides (I) occur. The lemurs Lepilemur leucopus, ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta, and Verreaux’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi are all present. Conservation Management The boundaries are not marked on the ground, though the reserve was apparently, at least up to 1972, still well respected, as a local ’fady’ (taboo) acted on local villagers in conjunction with the official protection, and the villagers did not like accompanying visitors into the reserve. The particular characteristics of the site (calcareous plateau surrounded by very rocky hillsides covered with an uninflammable xerophytic bush and lakesides of practically bare soil) also shelter it from bush fires. The reserve is reportedly the only one without feral zebu cattle as there is apparently no, or very little, fresh water. There being no fish in the lake, there is no human disturbance for fishing. Overall, the reserve is therefore reported to be little disturbed and in good condition. The area in which it is situated is one of very low population density, and efficient surveillance could easily be carried out by controlling the exit to Androka and that to Toliara. The plateau which borders the lake should be included in the reserve and it would be advisable, for example, to protect the potholes facing Itampolo in which lives Typhleotris madagascariensis, a legally protected blind fish. Zoning None. Disturbances or Deficiencies Apparently relatively few (see above) Visitor Facilities None Scientific Research Little recent research appears to have been carried out. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la Nature et de ses Ressources a4 Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970. IUCN, Switzerland. ° Germain, L. (1935). Etude du reserve naturelle du lac Manampetsa [sic]. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. XVII: 421-481. ° Milon, P. (1950). Deux jours au lac Tsimanampetsoa [sic]. Observations ornithologiques. Naturaliste Malgache 2(1): 61-67. -350- Madagascar Staff One full-time auxiliary Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration None Date 1986 RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DU TSINGY DE BEMARAHA (NO. 9) Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.09.04 (Malagasy woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 31 December 1927 Geographical Location To the east of Antsalova in the region of Antsingy, 18°13’-19°07’S, 44°34’-57°E. Altitude 75-700m Area 152,000ha, the largest natural reserve in Madagascar Land Tenure Government land Physical Features The reserve forms a part of the Antsingy region, a limestone karst area of very dissected relief with many caves and springs. Much of the eastern edge of the region is delimited by the Bemaraha cliff, several tens of kilometres long and 300 to 400m high. To the east of the reserve there are three north-south flowing rivers separated by successive ridges, while the whole western region of the reserve forms a plateau with rounded hillocks which slopes away, with decreasing steepness, to the west. The climate is generally dry and there are seven or eight dry months. Temperatures decrease from north to south but are always above 20°C. Vegetation Vegetation is characteristic of the calcareous karst regions of the west, with many species unique to this formation, such as Diospyros perrieri (the ebony of the west coast), Delonix regia, and other species of the genus Delonix, and Musa perrieri (the only wild banana in Madagascar). Also baobabs Adansonia, and xerophytic plants such as Aloe. Other notable families include Flacourtiaceae, Orchidaceae, Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae, Bombacaceae and Moraceae. Climate and vegetation are very similar to that of the R.N.I. du Tsingy de Namoroka (No. 8), and the main vegetation types are dense, dry forest and savannah, but the much larger area and the greater height of the karst relief make the vegetation richer here. Fauna A number of animals endemic to the region are found in the reserve, though published information is scanty. Particularly noteworthy is Brookesia perarmata, one of the strangest Malagasy chameleons. Various lemurs have been reported including: Verreaux’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi, brown lemur Lemur fulvus, grey gentle lemur Hapalemur griseus, lesser mouse-lemur Microcebus murinus, Coquerel’s mouse-lemur M. coquereli, fork-marked lemur Phaner furcifer, and Lepilemur edwardsi. The area has greater species diversity than the similar though smaller Tsingy de Namoroka reserve. -351- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Conservation Management There appears to be no active conservation management at present. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Access to much of the reserve is very difficult, resulting in many areas being naturally protected. However, a track crosses the reserve from east to west and accessible valleys are populated with zebu cattle; there are also reportedly illegal settlements within the reserve. Poaching has occurred, though it is not known if this continues to be a problem. Scientific Research Very little. The area was apparently surveyed in the 1930s, though it is not known if the results have been published; in 1972 it was reported that a recent evaluation of the vegetation had been carried out, though further details are lacking. The reserve is of considerable archaeological interest, containing numerous ancient cemeteries. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de lc Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la Nature et de ses Ressources &@ Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970. IUCN, Switzerland. Leandri, J. (1938). La forét d’Antsingy. La Terre et la Vie: 18-27. Staff One agent and two full-time auxiliaries Budget Salaries provided by the government Local Park or Reserve Administration Reserve headquarters is at Antsalova with a guard post at Bekapaka Date 1986 RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DU TSINGY DE NAMOROKA (NO. 8) Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.09.04 (Malagasy woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 31 December 1927 Geographical Location To the south of Soalala in the province of Mahajanga. 16°19’-30’S, 45°16°-25°E. Altitude 180-370m Area 21,742ha Land Tenure Government land -352- Madagascar Physical Features The area comprises a calcareous massif (karst) with many cliffs and numerous caves and springs. Average rainfall is between 1000 and 1500mm a year, with a distinct dry season between May and November. Mean temperature in the coolest month is above 20°C. Vegetation Like the Tsingy de Bemaraha (R.N.I. no 9), the reserve is a mosaic of dense dry forest, savanna and vegetation adapted to the calcareous karsts, belonging to the Dalbergia-Commiphora-Hildegardia association. The mean height of the trees is 12-15m. Adansonia rubrostipa is especially frequent. Many xerophytic and crassulacean plants. The area has a spring-fed stream with a remarkable aquatic flora. This reserve has lower species diversity than Tsingy de Bemaraha, whilst containing essentially the same biotopes. Fauna Detailed information for most groups is lacking; birds are reported to be diverse, with records of around 20 Madagascan endemics, including at least four species of coucal Coua present. There are many reptiles and at least one species, the chameleon Brookesia bonsi is believed endemic to the area. Nine molluscs have been recorded, including one, Bathia madagascariensis, which is apparently endemic to the area. Four lemurs are known to occur: Lepilemur edwardsi, lesser mouse lemur Microcebus murinus, Verreaux’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi, and brown lemur Lemur fulvus. Conservation Management Some 14km of footpaths are delimited within the reserve as passable at all times of the year. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Fires are frequent during the dry season. The human population around the reserve is fairly low and there is only one important village - Vilanandro. In 1972 it was noted that the local inhabitants were largely indifferent to the laws protecting the reserve, which was inadequately guarded; no fady (local taboo) protected the animals or plants of the region. Plantations of indian hemp have been found in the interior of the reserve and zebu cattle also occur within the reserve. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research No research appears to have been carried out recently. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material °* Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la Nature et de ses Ressources @ Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970. IUCN, Switzerland. Staff One agent and a full-time auxiliary Budget Salaries paid by the government Local Park or Reserve Administration Reserve headquarters at Vilanandro Date 1986 -353- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE ZAHAMENA (NO. 3) Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.03.01 (Malagasy rain forest) Legal Protection Total Date Established 31 December 1927 Geographical Location To the east of Ambatondrazaka in the Province of Toamasina, bordered to the south by the Onibe, to the east by the Ihofika River, to the west by the Vohimahery and to the north by the track running from Sahatavy to Imerimandroso. 17°26’-44’S, 48°56’-49°00°E. Altitude 500-1,500m Area 73,160ha, essentially divided into two blocks Land Tenure State land Physical Features The reserve consists of two zones well separated by a large piece of enclosed land. Relief is very uneven with steep-sided valleys; large landslides were recorded in the 1950s. Climate varies with altitude from an equatorial or tropical humid type, to one with a two or three month dry season (August to October). Mean annual rainfall is 1500-2000mm but may be considerably higher in the east. Average temperature of the coolest month is between 10°C and 15°C at higher altitudes. Vegetation Generally characteristic of the eastern escarpment, with primary and secondary tropical evergreen forest, changing from forest with Myristicaceae and Anthostema typical at low altitude to forest with Tambourissa and Weissmannia between 800 and 1,300m. With increasing altitude, plants with temperate affinities appear, and there are notable deciduous species and belts of bamboo; the higher altitude forest when degraded transforms into ericaceous scrub with Philippia, Agauria and Helichrysum. Fauna The fauna is typical of the eastern moist forest region. Nine lemur species have been recorded, namely indri /ndri indri, diadem sifaka Propithecus diadema, ruffed lemur Varecia variegata, greater dwarf lemur Cheirogaleus major, woolly lemur Avahi laniger, grey gentle lemur Hapalemur griseus, russet mouse lemur Microcebus rufus, brown lemur Lemur fulvus, and a Lepilemur, possibly L. mustelinus, the weasel lemur. Typical carnivores of the east coast found here are the fossa Cryptoprocta ferox, falanouc Eupleres goudotii and ringtailed mongoose Galidea elegans. Nearly 60 bird species endemic to the Madagascar region have been recorded in the reserve or the central enclave, as have 14 endemic amphibians and eight reptiles, although the number of reptile species occurring is certainly much higher. Conservation Management Relatively little at present as the reserve is undermanned; the 1985 University of London Expedition financed the construction of a 2km firebreak along the western edge of the reserve. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Most of the western half and south-eastern parts of the reserve were noted in 1985 as having an unbroken canopy of good forest; a trail through the the south-centre of the reserve passed through an abandoned clearing which was reverting to forest. Other than this, only a few trees had been selectively felled. However, the north-eastern corner of the reserve (near the enclave - see below) was under greater threat: the trail there was heavily used, an area of ca Isq.km had been cleared for tavy and three lemur traps were found. The western edge of the reserve adjoined eucalyptus plantations and cultivated land, and faced threats from logging and fire. The central enclave was part of the -354- Madagascar reserve as it was originally gazetted; the continued presence of several villages there led to the area being degazetted in 1966 (Decree 66-242). These villages were reported in 1971 as growing in size and representing a long-term threat to the integrity of the reserve; cultivation (by tavy), livestock grazing and poaching apparently occurred around the edges of the enclave (in the north-east corner of the reserve). In 1985, it was noted that the enclave had been cleared for agriculture except for some secondary scrub and a tiny area of relict forest. Visitor Facilities None. Much of the reserve is virtually impenetrable and lacks trails. Scientific Research Important entomological work has been conducted in the area. In 1985 a five person expedition from the University of London spent 32 days in the reserve, primarily surveying the avifauna, though also collecting amphibians and making observations on mammals and plants (particularly pteridophytes). Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la Nature et de ses Ressources @ Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970. IUCN, Switzerland. ° Preliminary Report of the 1985 University of London Expedition to Madagascar. Staff One agent and two auxiliaries full-time Budget Salaries paid by the government Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters at Manakambahiny Est Date 1986 RESERVE SPECIAL BOTANIQUE AMBOHITANTELY Management Category IV (Managed Native Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.09.04 (Malagasy woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No information Date Established 12 February 1982, upgraded from Forét classée to a Réserve Spéciale Botanique. Geographical Location On the Tampoketsa d’Ankazobe close to Antananarivo Altitude 1,200-1,650m Area 5,600ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve consists of ’tampoketsa’, that is levelled off remains of ancient erosion surfaces at high altitude, generally forming highly dissected plateaux bordered by steep escarpments. The formation is assumed to be late Cretaceous in origin. Altitude of the -355- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas tampoketsa is 1,600m, though the forest descends to around 1,450m. Rainfall averages around 1,500mm per annum, with a marked wet season from November to March. Mean maximum temperature is 26°C, minimum 12°C. Vegetation The area contains one of the few remaining vestiges of the central plateau forest, the rest having been destroyed, almost certainly largely by fire, over the past 1,000 years. In 1964, the forest consisted of a single tract of some 2,000ha on the eastern slope of the tampoketsa, with an additional 1,000ha of small scattered fragments mainly at the heads of valleys on the tampoketsa itself. The forest has very close floristic affinities with the eastern rain forest, especially at lower altitudes, where it appears to be more or less primary. Fauna Virtually no information, although four amphibians and the widespread brown lemur Lemur fulvus have been recorded. Conservation Management Ambohitantely is the focus for IUCN/WWF Project 1912, Protection and Management of Ambohitantely Forest Reserve. The reserve was first set up on the initiative of the Directorate of Water and Forests, with the support of WWF. This project, under the responsibility of the Plant Biology and Biochemical Service of Antananarivo University, is mainly scientifically orientated in support of management. Work is in progress on an inventory of the flora. The Plant Biology and Biochemical Service made two visits to the area in 1982 and three in 1983, with the aid of the WWF Representation, which provided the vehicle and fuel. WWF will also support the development of this newly established reserve. The area could be particularly valuable as a training area because of its proximity to Antananarivo. Studies made here will help in developing plans to reafforest the tampoketsa region using native trees, and will form the basis of a public conservation education campaign. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The most serious danger is fire, but boundaries also need to be marked, guards installed, access controlled, and paths maintained. Scientific Research Studies of the fauna and flora, carried out by Antananarivo University, under IUCN/WWF Project 1912, concentrate on plants of medicinal, ornamental, or possible economic use, and on endangered or rare species. Studies also concentrate on the effect of fire on the vegetation. Special Scientific Facilities There are no facilities within the reserve, but there are nearby facilities at Antananarivo. Principal Reference Material ° Bastian, G. (1964). La forét d’Ambohitantely, Madagascar. Revue de Géographie 5: 1-42. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1912. Protection and Management of Ambohitantely Forest Reserve. Staff No information Budget WWF/IUCN funding 1982/1983 - US$37856 Local Park or Reserve Administration There is a forest station at Manankazo Date 1986 -356- Madagascar RESERVE SPECIALE DE BEZA MAHAFALY Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province Legal Protection Total Date Established 1979; inaugurated November 1985. Geographical Location Just west of the Sakamena River, about 35km north-east of Betioky-Sud; 23°30’S, 44°40’E. The reserve is divided into two non-contiguous parcels, one lying along the Sakamena River, the second some 5km west of the Sakamena. Altitude Approximately 100-200m Area 600ha in two parcels (one of 100ha, the second of 500 ha) Land Tenure Government land Physical Features The first (100ha) parcel borders the Sakamena River, which normally contains water during the rainy season, from November or December to March; for the rest of the year it is a dry sandy river bed (Richard et al., 1985). Vegetation The first parcel consists of low gallery forest, dominated by Tamarindus indica; the second consists of spiny forest dominated by Alluaudia procera with other members of the Didiereacae and Euphorbiaceae (Richard et al., 1985). Fauna Four lemur species are present, namely Verreaux’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi, the ring-tailed lemur, Lemur catta, the white-footed sportive lemur Lepilemur leucopus and the grey mouse lemur Microcebus murinus; the fossa Cryptoprocta ferox, an endemic Madagascan viverrid has also been recorded as well as an endemic shrew Suncus madagascariensis, and four species of tenrec, Echinops telfairi, Setifer setosus, Geogale aurita, and Tenrec ecaudatus. This is the only known site where Geogale aurita is common (M. Nicoll, in litt., 28.10.86). Thirty-eight bird species endemic to Madagascar or the Madagascan region have been recorded, including three Coua species and five Vangas. At least 18 species of reptile have been recorded, including the Radiated tortoise Geochelone radiata (V), the Madagascar side-necked turtle Erymnochelys madagascariensis (I), and Acrantophis dumerilii, an endemic boa confined to the south and south-west. Conservation Management The smaller parcel is bounded by a barbed-wire fence, erected in 1979; the larger has a 3m swathe cut around it to delineate the boundaries. Opuntia has been planted to provide an effective barrier. Grids of trails have been cut within the reserve, these being 100m-to-a-side in the smaller parcel and 500m-to-a-side in the larger (Richard ef al., 1985). Zoning None apart from the two defined areas. Disturbances or Deficiencies The reserve appears to be well protected at present. Cattle and goats formerly ranged throughout the forests at Beza Mahafaly; since 1979 these have been excluded from the smaller parcel by the boundary fence, though it is not clear if they still enter the larger (Richard et al., 1985). Scientific Research The Beza Mahafaly project is based on an Inter-University Accord between the University of Madagascar, Yale University and Washington University. One of its principal roles is to provide a site for research on the flora and fauna of the south-west of Madagascar, and on the relations between the Madagascan people and the natural environment. The importance of baseline survey work as a preliminary to more detailed studies has been emphasised (Richard ef al., 1985). Up to the present, more or less detailed inventories of primates, insectivores and rodents, birds and insects, particularly Hymenoptera, have been -357- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas carried out (see Fauna) along with a study of the structure and composition of the vegetation inside and outside the reserve. This last study is intended to give information on the regeneration of the natural vegetation and the impact of livestock grazing on this, with the reserve, being fenced, effectively acting as a large scale exclosure. A more detailed study of the demography and behaviour of Propithecus verreauxi in the larger parcel of the reserve was begun in 1984. Plans for further research include: a study of the ethnomedicine of the region, to be expanded to a general ethnobotanical survey of the area; extending the study of forest structure, diversity and regeneration to the second parcel; establishment of an on-site herbarium; exploration of the phenology and pollination ecology of dominant tree and shrub species in the two parcels; a study of the behavioural ecology of Lemur catta; research on the reptile community of the reserve with a detailed study of Geochelone radiata (Richard et al., 1985). Special Scientific Facilities Huts for equipment and cooking. Principal Reference Material ° Rakotomanga, P., Richard, A.F. and Sussman, R.W. (1985). Beza Mahafaly. Formation et Mesures pour la conservation. Paper given at ’Seminaire Scientifique international sur |’etat de recherche sur l’equilibre des ecosystemes forestiers de Madagascar.’ Antananarivo, October 1985. ° Richard, A.F., Rakotomanga, P. and Sussman, R.W. (1985). Beza Mahafaly: recherches fondamentales et appliquées. Paper given at ’Seminaire Scientifique international sur |’etat de recherche sur l’equilibre des ecosystemes forestiers de Madagascar.’ Antananarivo, October 1985. Staff One chief warden, five permanent guards plus auxiliary guards. Budget The Beza Mahafaly project has received financial support from WWF-US since 1980. Local Park or Reserve Administration Reserve headquarters are at Betioky-Sud. Date RESERVE SPECIALE DE NOSY MANGABE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.3.1 (Malagasy Rain Forest) Legal Protection Total. Access is not restricted by the establishing decree. Date Established 14 December 1965 by Decree No. 65-795. Geographical Location A small island situated to the east of Maroantsetra, 6 km off the coast of Madagascar, in the Bay of Antogil. 15°25’S, 49°45’E. Altitude From sea level to 331m Area 520ha (the whole island) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The island is composed of Cretaceous limestone, with a very rugged topography and rapid changes of altitude over relatively short distances. -358- Madagascar Vegetation The vegetation comprises typical east coast rain forest, including species of Canarium, Ocotea and Ravenala, along with many palms and ferns. Much of the forest is secondary. Fauna The reserve was established to protect the aye-aye Daubentonia madagascariensis (E), which has recently been introduced to the island. Amphibians in the reserve include the Antongil frog Dyscophus antongili, a scarlet frog confined to a small area in the Antongil Bay region, and Boophis leucomaculatus known only from the type specimen collected from the island. One chameleon Brookesia peyrieresi is also only known from Nosy Mangabé. Four other lemur_ species occur, namely _ruffed-lemur Varecia variegata, russet mouse-lemur Microcebus rufus, greater dwarf lemur Cheirogaleus major, and brown lemur Lemur fulvus. Conservation Management. The island is the focus for IUCN/WWF Project 1953 which will help to ensure the protection and survival of the aye-aye together with its habitat through the provision of a boat and the construction of a building for the warden. A laboratory had already been built before the WWF Representation was established. It needs repair and some interior arrangement. Work has not yet begun (1984) because of difficulties on the road from Tamatave to Maroantsetra as well as a shortage of building materials. A boat with outboard motor has arrived. A guard to patrol the island will be recruited by the "Direction des Eaux et Forets’. Native plant species may be planted to enhance the habitat for the aye-aye, and other endangered lemurs may be introduced. Funds will also cover the maintenance of paths and provide a small rest hut for visitors. In association with the project is an environmental education programme; a film has been made on Nosy Mangabé and will be shown in cinemas and on television. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The island can only support limited tourism, which should be strictly controlled. There is a manned lighthouse on the island, and a ’public works’ shop. Visitor Facilities The reserve will opened to the public if authorisation is obtained from the *Direction des Eaux et Foréts’ at Tananarive. Scientific Research Several attempts have been made to introduce the aye-aye to the island; nine individuals were released in 1967, and 12 in 1971, and the most recent sighting was in March 1983, when a female and her young were seen. Introduction of aye-aye. Censuses of the aye-aye and Antongil frog have been recommended. Special Scientific Facilities _ There is a small laboratory on the island which is undergoing repair. Principal Reference Material ° IUCN/WWF Project 1953. Study and protection of the aye-aye, Nosy Mangabé. Staff Two agents and two auxiliaries Budget Salaries are paid by the Government. WWF Funding 1982/1983 - US$2,219. Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1986 -359- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas RESERVE DE FAUNE DE PERINET ANALAMOZAOTRA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.03.01 (Malagasy rain forest) Legal Protection Protection of all resources within the reserve is total. Access is not restricted by the establishing decree. Date Established 21 June 1970 Geographical Location 100km east of Antananarivo to the east of Moramanga. 18°30’S, 48°20°E. Altitude 930-1,000m Area 810ha Land Tenure Government land Physical Features A mountainous massif with winter temperatures which fall as low as 10°C. Rainfall of 1721mm per annum. Vegetation Medium altitude tropical moist forest characteristic of the eastern escarpment region. The area was a logging concession which was never exploited, and the flora and fauna is hence much richer than in the surrounding areas which have suffered from logging and hunting. Fauna’ The area has representative species of the mid-altitude eastern moist tropical forest. At least 70 birds endemic to the Madagascan region have been recorded, including eight threatened species: the slender-billed flufftail Sarothrura watersi, Madagascar red owl Tyto soumagnei (I), short-legged ground roller Brachypteracias leptosomus (R), Crosley’s ground roller Atelornis crossleyi (R) (this species occurs at least seasonally), Pollen’s vanga Xenopirostris polleni (R), Madagascar yellow-brow Crossleyia xanthophrys (1), brown mesite Mesitornis unicolor (K), and dusky greenbul Phyllastrephus tenebrosus (R). Twenty-five amphibian species, including six not recorded elsewhere (Paracophyla tuberculata, Mantella aurantica, Mantidactylus acuticeps, M. eiselti, Boophis reticulatus, and B. viridis) are recorded and at least five reptiles, including three possibly endemic to the area (Lygodactylus guibei, Phelsuma flavigularis, Brookesia therezieni). The reserve was originally set up to conserve an important population of indris /ndri indri (E); other mammals in the reserve include eight other species of lemur, namely mouse-lemur Microcebus sp., greater dwarf lemur Cheirogaleus medius, Lepilemur sp., woolly lemur Avahi laniger, brown lemur Lemur fulvus, ruffed lemur Varecia variegata, and gentle lemur Hapalemur sp.. The diadem sifaka Propithecus diadema previously occurred but reportedly no longer does so. The aye-aye Daubentonia madagascariensis and the red-bellied lemur Lemur rubriventer have recently been recorded nearby. Several species of tenrec occur. Conservation Management The reserve is well marked on the ground; there are numerous well used trails. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The reserve is too small to protect this forest type adequately and has now become largely isolated from previously contiguous forest blocks. There is some evidence of hunting and exploitation of hardwoods within the reserve. Visitor Facilities The reserve is easily accessible from Antananarivo, either by rail or by road; the latter passes alongside the reserve. -360- Madagascar Scientific Research Many studies have been carried out on the fauna and flora of the reserve. Special Scientific Facilities The forest station associated with the reserve has accommodation, though this is in a poor state of repair. Principal Reference Material None listed Staff A forest agent and a technical assistant Budget 1983: WWF Tropical Forest Campaign grant of US$ 75 000 over years for the purchase of essential equipment and a local education campaign. Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1986 BERENTY RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.10.04 (Malagasy thorn forest) Legal Protection The reserve is privately owned, though is held in a trust which should ensure long-term protection. Date Established 1930s; precise date unknown Geographical Location Near Amboasary and 80km from Taolanaro (Fort Dauphin). 24°50’S, 46°20°E. Altitude No information Area Berenty Reserve is composed of five parcels, comprising some 250-265ha in total. Parcel 1 (known as Malaza) is 200ha, parcel 2 ca 20ha, parcel 3 ca 12ha, parcel 4 ca 2ha, parcel 5 (Anjapolo) is 20-30ha. In addition the 97ha forest of Bealoka some 7km north of Berenty is to be incorporated into the reserve system. Land Tenure Owned by the de Heaulme family Physical Features The reserve is situated in a sisal plantation and is bordered by the Mandrare River. Vegetation Parcel 1 consists of a corridor of spiny forest dominated by Euphorbiaceae, Didiereacae and crassulids, with gallery forest with Acacia and Tamarindus close to the river; parcels 2 and 5 consist of spiny forest; parcel 3 is a planted forest of Pithecelobium dulce mixed with old Acacia and Tamarind trees; parcel 4 is a 2ha sacred spiny forest with tombs. Bealoka consists of degraded gallery forest. Fauna Six lemurs occur in the reserve, namely ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta, red lemur Lemur fulvus rufus, Verreaux’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi, weasel lemur Lepilemur mustelinus, fat-tailed dwarf lemur Cheicogallus medius and rufous mouse lemur Microcebus rufus. Over 40 endemic bird species have been recorded. There is also a captive group of the radiated tortoise Geochelone radiata and a large colony of the giant fruit bat Preropus rufus. -361- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Conservation Management Reportedly well protected, being fenced and guarded. Little active management takes place at present. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Principal problems are: river flooding and river bank erosion, with areas of river bank up to 20m wide having been lost from parts of the reserve since the 1960s; mature tree die-off, mainly affecting Tamarindus, Acacia and Nestina, the causes of which are unknown; poor regeneration in many parts of the forest, due to invasion of the rubber vine. Visitor Facilities There are guest houses and a museum. A small entrance fee is charged. Scientific Research Work has been carried out on the lemurs since the early 1960s, most recently by O’Connor. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Jolly, A. (1966). Lemur behaviour. Chicago University Press. ° Jolly, A., Oliver, W.L.R. and O’Connor, S.M. (1982). Population and troop ranges of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus at Berenty, Madagascar: 1980 census. Folia primatologica 39(1-2): 115-123. ° Jolly, A., Gustafson, H.L., Mertl, A.S. and Ramanantsoa, G., (In press). Population, espace vital, et composition des groups chez le maki (Lemur catta) et le sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) 4 Berenty, République Malagasy. Bull. Acad. Malgache. ° Mertl-Millhollen, A.S., Gustafson, H.L., Budnitz, N., Dainis, K. and Jolly, A. (1979). Population and territory stability of the Lemur catta at Berenty, Madagascar. Folia primatol. 31: 106-22. Staff The whole reserve is under the control of the manager of the sisal concession in which it is situated. There are four guards in parcel 1, two in parcel 2, one each in parcel 3 and 5, and two at Bealoka. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration See ’staff’ above. Date 1986 -362- MALAWI -363- Tanzania Key (1 National Parks [=] Game Reserves ~. 7 ~ANkhotakota Mozambique Kasungu L None MALAWI Area 94,276 sq.km Population 6,100,000 (1981) Parks and Reserves Legislation The Land Act authorizes acquisition of customary land and its declaration as public land which is then available for gazettement as national park by order of a motion passed by the National Assembly. The National Park Act 1969 provides for control of all activities within national parks. Game reserves are established under the Game Act 1954 which identifies prohibited activities within the reserves. All park and reserve lands are under government control and there is no private land use within them. No national park may be reduced in area without a specific resolution of Parliament. A new comprehensive Flora and Fauna Act is in preparation designed to supercede the Game Act and make provision for stricter protection of wildlife resources outside the parks. It will rationalise protection by identifying categories of land, wildlife and interaction and is given in full in Clarke (1983). Parks and Reserves Administration Prior to 1973, national parks and game reserves were the responsibility of the Game Divison of the Department of Forestry and Game. In April 1973, as directed by the President, a separate Department of National Parks and Wildlife was established within the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources. This department now manages the five national parks and four game reserves. The Chief Parks and Wildlife Officer, who is responsible to the Secretary for Forestry and Natural Resources, has three subordinate Senior Parks and Wildlife Officers. Each national park is managed by a Parks and Wildlife Officer (see Clarke 1983). The forest estate in the responsibility of the Department of Forestry. Address ° Department of National Parks and Wildlife, PO Box 30131, Lilongwe 3. Department of Forestry, PO Box 30048, Lilongwe 3. Additional Information Soil and water conservation are the basic concerns in the establishment and management of the parks and reserves, and scientific research is considered a priority use for all areas. Game and timber exploitation is possible in all game reserves providing that: the resource is able to support harvesting; permissible harvest levels have been established and quotas set at no more than sustainable yield levels; and the Parks Department is able to monitor and regulate any offtake. The main threats to the integrity of the reserves are poaching and wildfire, but there is also heavy pressure from encroachment by the expanding population. It has been suggested by Kombe (1982) that to overome these pressures, production should be increased on agricultural land. An integrated approach to conservation has been successful in improving the habitat of a mountain immediately north-west of Blantyre, which was being seriously degraded. The Michiru Mountain Conservation Area was set up for water catchment protection, recreation, to conserve some of the remaining moist tropical forest and to provide poles and firewood for the local population by planting pine and eucalypts (Hough 1984). References ° Bell, R.H.V. and McShane, E. (Eds) (1984). Conservation and Wildlife Management in Africa. Peace Corps: Washington D.C. ° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Principal master plan for National Parks and Wildlife Management. Department of National Parks and Wildlife. Lilongwe, Malawi. ° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas master plan for Northern Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife. Lilongwe, Malawi. ° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas master plan for Central Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife. Lilongwe, Malawi. ° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas master plan for Southern Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife. Lilongwe, Malawi. ° Croft, T.A. (1980). Around the National Parks and Game Reserves. Nyala 6(1): 53-54. ° Department of National Parks and Wildlife. National Land Use Atlas. -365- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas ° Hayes, G.D. (1977). A guide to Malawi’s National Parks and Game Reserves. Government Printer, Zomba, Malawi. 118 pp. Hayes, G.D. (1983). A Guide to Malawi's National Parks and Game Reserves. Montfort Press, Malawi. Hough, J. (1984). An approach to an Integrated land use system on Michiru Mountain, Malawi. Parks 9(3/4): 1-3. Kombe, A.D.C. (1982). The role of protected areas in catchment conservation in Malawi. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation and Development. The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. Mossman, A.S. and Hall-Martin, A. (1969). Report to the Government of Malawi on a wildlife survey of Malawi. FAO, Rome. Unpublished. Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Kasungu 231,600 Lake Malawi National Park 9,400 Lake Malawi 9,400 Lengwe 88,700 Liwonde 54,800 Nyika 313,400 Game Reserves Subtotal 707,300 Majete 78,400 Mwabvi 10,400 Nkohota-Kota 180,200 Vwaza Marsh 100,000 Proposed areas Michiru Mountain Conservation Area KASUNGU NATIONAL PARK Management Category Biogeographical Province Legal Protection Total Date Established Geographical Location the Zambian border. Declared a forest reserve in 1922 as an anti-tsetse fly measure; Game reserve status in 1930 and national park status in 1970 13°00°S, 33°10°E. Altitude 1,000-1,330m Area 231,600ha Land Tenure Government II (National Park) West of Kasungu, about 175km north of Lilongwe, -366- Subtotal 369,000 4,600 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) extending along Malawi Physical Features The park comprises a relatively flat plateau embracing much of the higher catchment of the Dwangwa River. The river and its tributaries are seasonal, but usually have water in deep pools during the dry season. Several prominent inselbergs break the plateau surface. Soils are leached and relatively infertile. The climate is typical of central Malawi with the daily maximum often exceeding 29°C from September to May anda daily minimum of 4-7°C from June to August. The mean annual rainfall is 750-1000mm, but may vary significantly between years. Vegetation The vegetation comprises a mosaic of open country and medium height ’miombo’ woodland dominated by Brachystegia spp. and Julbernardia globiflora. A more varied woodland dominated by Combretum spp., Acacia piliostigma and Terminalia sp. occurs along the Dwangwa River and some larger tributaries. An area of moderately dense Hyparrhenia spp. grassland borders the rivers in places. Fauna Mammals include: about 800 elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(conspicuous but thought to be decreasing), sable antelope Hippotragus niger, roan antelope WHippotragus equinus, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, eland Taurotragus oryx, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, impala Aepyceros melampus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, grey duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, Sharpe’s grysbok Raphicerus sharpei, Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, chacma baboon Papio_ ursinus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, side striped jackal Canis adustus, serval Felis serval, wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), and black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T). There is also a wide variety of other wildlife typical of Brachystegia woodland including many small mammals. Three hundred bird species have been recorded including wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern). Zoning The area is zoned according to five land-use classes developed by the Canadian National Parks Service: Class I Special Areas; II Natural Environment Areas; III Lower Category Natural Environment Areas; IV General Outdoor Recreation Areas; and V Intensive Use Areas. A buffer zone of about 16,000ha has been added to the south-eastern boundary and was gazetted in 1977. Disturbances or Deficiencies The eastern boundary adjoins an expanding project based on tobacco grown by smallholders. Even though a buffer zone has been added to the parks’ south-eastern boundary, conflicts with wildlife still persist. In order to control movements of large herbivores from the park into adjacent farmland, the 8km solar-powered electric fence in the buffer zone should be extended along the entire southern and eastern park boundaries. There is some poaching of elephant for ivory. Visitor Facilities There are about 4,000 visitors annually. Facilities in the park include accommodation at Lifupa Lodge or a fixed-tent site, and about 120km of game-viewing tracks. There is a landing strip for light aircraft near the administration camp. There are rock paintings at two sites in the Solonje Hills. Scientific Research A survey, supported by WWF/IUCN Project 1665, was carried out in 1981/82 to assess the status of elephant populations in the park, in Nkhotakota Game Reserve and Malawi in general. The project formed part of the general research programme of the Wildlife Research Institute of the Malawi Department of National Parks and Wildlife. Research involved population dynamics as well as monitoring mortality from poaching, crop protection, shooting and natural factors. Additional research looked at spatial distribution changes and social organisation within the population. Methods were also tested on the use of elephant droppings to estimate numbers, distribution and age structure. Such methods are cheaper and more suitable than aerial surveys in forest or mountainous country. Research on elephant browsing on Brachystegia woodland was carried out in conjunction with the Wildlife Research Unit Woodland Monitoring programme. The main current research is in archaeology. Special Scientific Facilities None -367- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Principal Reference Material Bell, R.H.V. (1981). An outline of a management plan for Kasungu National Park, Malawi. In: Problems in management of locally abundant wild mammals. Jewell, P.A., Holt, S. and Hard, D. (Eds). Academic Press, New York. Pp. 69-89. ° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas master plan for the Central Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe. ° Elephants of Malawi. WWF Monthly Report January 1983: 377-379. ° IUCN/WWF Project No. 1665. Ecology of the Elephant in Kasungu National park, Malawi. ° Savory, R. and Moore, G. (1972). A survey of the possibilities of sward improvement in Kasungu Game Park. Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi. Staff 1984 - 28 full-time and 41 temporary workers Budget 1976/1977 financial year: US$78,500 allocated by the Government for development and a similar amount for recurrent expenditure. WWF Funding in 1982 - US$873 (total since 1981 - US$11,862). 1983/1984: about US$50,000 Local Park or Reserve Administration Parks and Wildlife Officer, Kasungu National Park, PO Box 43, Kasungu. Date 1985 LAKE MALAWI NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) World Heritage Site (criteria: ii, iii, iv) Biogeographical Province 3.29.14 (Lake Malawi) Legal Protection The park protects several disjunct terrestrial areas and all lake waters within 100m of these areas. Date Established 24 December 1980, under the National Parks Act. Most of the area was previously classified in forest reserves; some of the islands have been protected since 1934. Geographical Location On and around Nankumba Peninsula at the southern end of Lake Malawi, including Boadzulu, Maleri and other offshore islands, Mwenya and Nkhudzi Hills, and Nkhudzi Spit and including a 100m strip of water around these land areas. Approximately centred 14°02’S, 34°53’E. Altitude Up to 1,140m Area 9,400ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The Nankumba Peninsula, projects into Lake Malawi, and has poor soils susceptible to erosion. Cape Maclear at the north of the peninsula is an area of steep wooded rocky hills, predominantly composed of biotite-granite. In general, the hills rise steeply from the lakeshore but there are a number of sandy bays including a fine beach in the Chembe-Otter Point area. The lake is unique, forming a separate biogeographical province. It is estimated to be between one and two million years old. By virtue of its tropical setting, Lake Malawi is permanently stratified, having a warm epilimnion overlying a cooler -368- Malawi hypolimnion. Lake water is remarkably clear. The lake experiences marked seasonal variations in wind, temperature and rainfall. Water level fluctuates according to season with a long-term cycle of fluctuation over years, recent years having seen increases to the highest levels since recording began (probably due to increased rainfall and forest clearing on the high plateau). All islands are entirely, or mainly, of rock separated from one another and from the mainland by sandy plains and deep water. Habitat types vary from rocky shorelines to sandy beaches and from wooded hillsides to swamps and lagoons. Mean annual temperature is 27°C. Annual rainfall averages 500mm, but is very variable. Vegetation The terrestrial areas of the park, excluding the smallest islands, were once heavily wooded. Originally, this was a characteristic community containing baobab Adansonia digitata and several species of Ficus, Sterculia, Khaya, and Albizia . The ground flora has not been studied in depth. Due to clearing of the forest, some woodland areas have been altered to shrubby vegetation.The upper slopes are covered by escarpment Brachystegia dominated by B. glaucescens. Fauna Lake Malawi contains the largest number of fish species of any lake in the world - probably over 500 from ten families with perhaps half occurring in the park area. Endemism is high (thought to exceed 90%) and adaptive radiation and speciation within the lake is remarkable. Particularly noteworthy are the Cichlidae of which all but five of over 400 species are endemic to Lake Malawi. The lake contains 30% of all known cichlid species (Ribbink et al. 1983). Of particular interest are the ’mbuna’ rock fish. More than 70% of the mbuna are undescribed and the taxonomic affinities of many are uncertain. Other fish species include 28 endemic to the lake. Mammals include: hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, leopard Panthera pardus (T), greater kudu Tragelaphus Strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, zebra Equus burchelli, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, impala Aepyceros melampus, grey duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus occasional elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(reported as coming down to the lake between the Mwemya and Nkhudzi Hills). The varied birdlife includes: fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer along the shoreline. The islands, especially Mumbo and Boadzulu, are important nesting areas for several thousand white-breasted cormorant Phalacrocorax lucidus. Reptiles include: crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) and abundant water monitor lizards Varanus niloticus on Boadzulu Island. A list of snakes is given in Tweddle (1984). Conservation Management The management plan is being implemented. As part of the preparation of the plan, a special study of the area was carried out to assess the impact of the park on the local population, including a comprehensive review of the resources. There are plans to plant trees in a 1,200ha section in the south of the peninsula to supply fuelwood and poles to local people. Zoning A managed fishing zone is to be established off the mainland incorporating some islands within the park, but trawling will be prohibited. Conservation zones are proposed around the park. The management plan details four zones within the park: Special Zone, Wilderness Zone, Natural Zone and General Zone. Most of the terrestrial area is in the Natural or Wilderness Zones and the lacustrine area is in the Special Zone. Disturbances or Deficiencies Although there are no human settlements within the boundaries, much of the lakeshore is heavily populated. Villages on the peninsula (population of about 5,400 in 1977) are cut off between the park and the lake and local people are dependent on fishing for a livelihood as the soil is poor and crop failure frequency is about 50%. The brightly coloured ’mbuna’ provide a substantial export trade to collectors. The clearing of timber for building, firewood and cultivation has increased (particularly on Nankoma Island, part of Mumbo Island, around Chembe village and the Mwenya and Nkhudzi Hills). The unsightly and unplanned visitor shacks at Cape Maclear will be removed when a new lodge is built. The lake is polluted by powerboats at Cape Maclear. Because of the limnological aspects of the lake, should it be contaminated, the renewal time would be in the order of 1,700 years. The size of water area of the park is only 700ha (0.04% of total lake area) and it is recognised that the integrity of the park can only be ensured by the proper management of the whole lake. -369- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Visitor Facilities There is some tourist development within the boundaries. Several small hotels are planned which will be designed to blend in with the environment. The recreation site at Cape Maclear is heavily used and includes a resthouse, bar, caravan and camping site. Scientific Research There are research and monitoring programmes. Research has concentrated on the fish, mainly by the Department of Fisheries which has its research headquarters near the park at Monkey Bay. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas masterplan for the Southern Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe. ° Croft, Trevor A. (1981). Lake Malawi: A Case Study in Conservation Planning. Parks Vol 6, No. 3. Pp. 7-11. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1983. Malawi, Conservation of threatened island community in the Lake Malawi National Park. ° Lake Malawi National Park Master Plan, August 1981. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe. ° Ribbink, A.J. Marsh, A.C., Ribbinck, A.C. and Sharp, B.J. (1983). A preliminary survey of the cichlid fish of the rocky habitats of Malawi. African Journal of Zoology Vol. 18 (3): 149-310. ° Tweddle, D. (1984). Snakes of the Lake Malawi National Park. Nyala 10(1): 43-44. Staff 1984 - five full-time and seven temporary workers Budget Annual budget of US$ 50,000 Local Park or Reserve Administration Parks and Wildlife Officer, Lake Malawi National Park, PO Box 48, Monkey Bay. Date 1985 LENGWE NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established | Established as a game reserve in 1928. National park status in 1970. Extended in 1975. Geographical Location About 80km south of Blantyre, west of the Shire River, extending along the Mozambique border. Centred at 16°15’S, 34°45’E. Altitude 130-393m Area 88,700ha; near Majete Game Reserve (64,000ha) to the north Land Tenure Government -370- Malawi Physical Features The park is composed of three physiographic units: a gently undulating area sloping up to the watershed between the Shire and Zambezi Rivers; extensive plains of alluvial deposits; and seasonally flooded depressions or ’dambos’ along drainage lines. Late in the dry season, water is only available at four artificial waterholes (Main, North Thicket, Joss and Makanga) and even these dry up at times. The extension includes an area of rough stony country. Daily temperatures often exceed 35°C during September to May and may occasionally be experienced in cooler months. Annual rainfall is about 800m, but extremely variable. Vegetation The vegetation is dominated by mopane woodland Colophospermum mopane in the south and ’miombo’ woodland of Brachystegia and Combretum spp. in the north with tall grasses. The most important plant communities for wildlife are the dry deciduous thickets of Pterocarpus antunesii and Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius, particularly for nyala antelope. Only a small area of this forest, which once extended intermittently from Chiromo in the south to Mangochi in the north, now remains. Several sandstone ridges support a taller woodland of Pterocarpus angolensis and Afzelia quanzensis. Fauna Mammals recorded include: samango monkey Cercopithecus albogularis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, side-striped jackal Canis adustus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and bush pig Potamochoerus porcus. The park is one of two areas in Malawi in which nyala antelope Tragelaphus angasi occur at their northern limit of distribution. Other ungulates include buffalo Syncerus caffer, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, Livingstone’s suni Neotragus moschatus_ livingstonianus, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, Sharpe’s grysbok Raphicerus sharpei, impala Aepyceros melampus, and some sable antelope Hippotragus niger. The park contains a striking assortment of lowland tropical birds, including crested guineafowl Guttera edouardi, Rudd’s apalis Apalis ruddi (the subspecies caniciridis is endemic to Malawi) and Woodward’s batis Batis fratrum (both uncommon and may become threatened), crested francolin Francolinus sephaena, and mouse-coloured sunbird Nectarinia veroxii (both confined within Malawi to this park). Conservation Management Before 1975, emphasis was on the conservation of nyala. The park extension should make adequate provision for many other species. Population growth of nyala is such that culling is necessary. Several artificial waterholes were constructed in 1967 and 13km of fencing has been erected but more will be necessary. Zoning The area is zoned according to the five land-use classes developed by the Canadian National Parks Service: Class I Special Areas; II Natural Environment Areas; III Lower Category Natural Environment Areas; IV General Outdoor Recreation Areas; and V Intensive Use Areas. Disturbances or Deficiencies The park is almost surrounded by agricultural schemes including a major sugar production project and there is no buffer zone. Poaching is a problem in certain areas. Fires and overgrazing by nyala are destroying the habitat of thicket birds like Woodward’s batis and Rudd’s apalis. Visitor Facilities An educational field centre was established in 1976/77 by the National Fauna Preservation Society of Malawi. Game-viewing hides have been built overlooking the artificial pans. Scientific Research There is a permanent research officer working on the nyala and _ their effect on habitats and other species. The National Fauna Preservation Society began a ’census’ of nyala and other species in 1967. An annual count is now carried out which provides an index to population changes. Special Scientific Facilities No information -371- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Principal Reference Material Anon. (1982). The Lengwe National Park Game Count. Nyala 8(2): 102. ° Bell, R.H.V. (1981). Notes on Nyala and discussion of management options. Report to the Malawi Government. 35 pp. ° Bell, R.H.V. and Dudley, C.O. (1982). Two methods of estimating nyala Tragelaphus angasi populations in Lengwe National Park, Malawi. Nyala 8(2): 63-68. ° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas masterplan for the Southern Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe. ° Habgood, F. (1963). The geology of the country west of the Shire River between Chikwawa and Chiromo. Geol. Survey Dept, Bull. 14. ° Hall-Martin, A.J. (1970). Report on the Lengwe and Mwabvi Game Reserves in relation to land use of the Lower Shire Valley. Wildlife Research Unit, Kasungu. Unpublished. ° Hutson, J. (1977). The Lengwe Game Counts 1967-1977. Nyala 3(2): 14-25. Staff 1984 - 24 full-time and up to 4] temporary workers Budget 1983/1984: About US$28,400 Local Park or Reserve Administration Parks and Wildlife Officer, Lengwe National Park, PO Box 25, Chikwawa. Date 1985 LIWONDE NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established May 1973 Geographical Location Located on the upper Shire River plain, east of the river, 140km north of Limbe. 14°50’S, 35°20’E. Altitude 472-961m Area 54,800ha; there is a 7,450ha extension (1972) which provides a corridor for elephant to Mangochi Forest Reserve Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is geographically well defined, being bounded on the west by the Shire River and Lake Malombe, and on the other sides by hills and ridges. The topography is a gentle slope upward from the river, broken only by two isolated groups of hills. Mean annual temperature on the plain is 13°C, with extremes of 7°C and 39°C. Mean annual rainfall is 650-2250mm. Vegetation A series of seven main vegetation types occurs up the gentle slopes of the Shire River, the most widespread being mopane woodland Colophospermum mopane with short grass. There are also areas of mopane, Acacia and Albizia with high quality tall grasses. The shore of Lake Malombe and the margins of the Shire have typical riverine and floodplain vegetation -372- Malawi intergrading with small areas of gallery forest, palm savanna of Hyphaene ventricosa, and woodland savanna. Fauna’ Early reports suggested an abundance of game in the area, but this is now much reduced although nearly all species are still present. Mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(about 200 recorded in 1983 but thought to be declining), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (stable population), greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, impala Aepyceros melampus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus _ lichtensteini, oribi Ourebia ourebi, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, grey duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, Sharpe’s grysbok Raphicerus sharpei, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, and large numbers of sable antelope Hippotragus niger. There are now only a few crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) in the river. It is proposed to reintroduce the race of wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus johnstonii which used to occur in Malawi although the area is outside this species’ past distribution and the habitat may be unsuitable. A preliminary bird checklist records 207 species including the Nyasa lovebird Agapornis lilianae (rare in Malawi), and many aquatic species (Stead, 1979). Zoning The area is zoned according to the five land-use classes developed by the Canadian National Parks Service: Class I Special Areas; II Natural Environment Areas; III Lower Category Natural Environment Areas; IV General Outdoor Recreation Areas; and V Intensive Use Areas. Disturbances or Deficiencies The park originally included only the east bank of the Shire River and was vulnerable to insensitive use. However, it is planned to extend the boundary to include the entire river. Periodic closure of Liwonde Barrage, immediately downstream of the park, floods substantial areas for varying periods but the ecological impact of this is not yet clear. Visitor Facilities It is planned to open the park to the public for day visits only. There is (1980) a visitor’s camp near Makanga. Scientific Research The Liwonde Research Project was set up in 1974 by the University of Malawi to carry out a detailed survey of the plants and animals with descriptions of population dynamics. Special Scientific Facilities An Ecological Research and Monitoring field station is planned. Principal Reference Material * Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas masterplan for the Southern Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe. ° Hall-Martin, A.J. (1969). An ecological review of the Liwonde area, Kasupe District and recommendations on the proposal to create a National Park in the area. Unpublished Departmental typescript. * IUCN/WWF Project No. 1665. Elephants of Malawi. WWF Monthly Report January 1983: 377-379. * Stead, D.E. (1979). Liwonde National Park Part II - the birds. Nyala 5(1): 12-27. * Stead, D. and Dudley, C. (1977). Liwonde National Park Part II - the mammals. Nyala 3(2): 29-38. * Sweeney, R.C.H. (1959). A checklist of the mammals of Nyasaland. Nyasaland Society, Malawi. Staff 1977 - 10 full-time and up to 30 temporary workers Budget 1976/1977 financial year - US$41,000 allocated by the Government to the park development and a similar amount to cover recurrent expenditure. Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Game Warden, Liwonde National Park, Private Bag 18, Kasupe. Date 1983 878: IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas NYIKA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1 January 1966 under the Game Ordinance (also known as Malawi National Park). Part of the area was previously a non-hunting area. Extended from 93,000ha on 5 June 1978. Geographical Location On Nyika Plateau in northern Malawi, about 480km by road north of Lilongwe and 35km west of Livingstonia. Extending along part of the Zambia border. 10°20’-11°00’S, 33°30’-34°00’E. Altitude 600-2,606m Area 313,400ha. About 10km from Vwaza Marsh Game Reserve. Borders some 20km of the Nyika National Park, Zambia (8,000ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park lies on a roughly ovoid plateau, with a long north-east to south-west axis, which forms part of the western margin of the East African Rift Valley system. Structurally, the plateau comprises a large intrusion of granite forced into sediments of the Malinga series with several blocks of metamorphosed sediments and younger dolerite intrusions. The area is one of the most important water catchments in Malawi and contains the sources of four large rivers which drain into Lake Malawi, including the North Rukuru which enters the lake at Karonga. Soils are rather poor and tend to be acidic. Temperatures range from below 0°C in winter (June/July) to over 21°C in summer. Mean annual rainfall is 1140mm. Vegetation Ninety percent of the plateau over 1,800m is covered by short open grassland dominated by Loudetia simplex, red oat grass Themeda triandra and Exotheca abyssinica. Relict evergreen forest covers an estimated 2-4% occurring mainly on valley heads, valley slopes and in hollows. Lower elevations are dominated by mixed Brachystegia woodland and some game migrates to these areas during the cold dry season. The Nyika is one of several highland areas in Central Africa which are remarkable for the high level of local plant speciation. Fifteen endemic species have been reported in the area, but this is thought to be an underestimate. A genus of orchid Cardiochilos is thought to be endemic to the plateau. Several species which occur here are at the extreme south of their range, including Hagenia abyssinica. Fauna Mammals in the park include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, side-striped jackal Canis adustus, samango monkey Cercopithecus albogularis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, zebra Equus burchelli, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, greater kudu Tragelaphus_ strepsiceros, eland Taurotragus oryx, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis harveyi, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, and puku Kobus vardoni (only vagrants). Fewer than 50 elephants Loxodonta africana (T) have been recorded in the park and numbers are decreasing. Birds include red-winged francolin Francolinus levaillantii, wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern), Denham’s bustard Neolis cafra jacksoni and seven species rare in Malawi, including churring cisticola Cisticola njombe, mountain yellow warbler Chloropeta similis and mountain marsh wydah Euplectes hartlaubi psammocromius. More details of the birds are given in -374- Malawi Dowsett-Lemaire (1983). The upper South Rukuru contains several fish Barbus and Clarias spp., which do not occur elsewhere in Lake Malawi rivers. There are also several sub-species of reptiles, amphibians and butterflies endemic to the area. Conservation Management There is a management plan, but staff and resources are below that required. The park was extended and more effectively patrolled to enable the Malawian Government to execute control over the large network of waterways, inhibit erosion, and reduce poaching. Burning is used as a management tool. Zoning Zoning is proposed in the 1975/1976 Master Plan according to the five land-use classes developed by the Canadian National Parks Service: Class I Special Areas; II Natural Environment Areas; III Lower Category Natural Environment Areas; IV General Outdoor Recreation Area; and V Intensive Use Areas. Not yet implemented. Disturbances or Deficiencies The greatest threat is wildfire originating in and outside the park. Protection of the remaining forest patches from these annual burns is a critical problem. There is poaching, especially in the dry season. Four major streams (Chilinda, Rumphi, Runyina and North Rukuru) and three dams near Chelinda have been stocked with rainbow trout and fishing is permitted under licence from 1 September to 30 April. Scientific Research There is a permanent wildlife research officer and a general monitoring programme. Special Scientific Facilities An office with minimal equipment, reference books and specimens was reported in 1977, but no recent information is available. A research laboratory was planned at Chilinda. Principal Reference Material ° Chapman, J.D. and White, F. (1970). The evergreen forests of Malawi. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford. ° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas master plan for the Northern Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe. Dowsett-Lemaire, F. (1983). Ecological and territorial requirements of montane forest birds on the Nyika Plateau, south-central Africa. Gerfaut 73: 345-378. ° Lemon, Paul C. (1964). Natural Communities of Malawi National Park (Nyika Plateau). Government Printer, Zomba., Malawi. 70 pp. ° Lemon, Paul C. (1964). The Nyika Wildlife. Nyasaland Journal 17 (July): 19-41. ° Mill, T.A. (1979). Resource inventory and management plan for Nyika National Park, Malawi. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Calgary. ° Tweddle, D. (1981). The fishes of the Malawi northern region Game Reserves. Nyala 7(2): 99-108. ° Wye College (1973). Final Report on area north of Nyika Plateau. Wye College, Malawi Project 1972, London University. 151 pp. Staff 1984 - 38 full time and 48 temporary workers Budget 1983/1984 - US$42,512 Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Parks and Wildlife Officer, Nyika National Park, Private Bag 6, Rumphi. Date April 1985 -375- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas MAJETE GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1955 (Boundaries extended in 1976 to present area) Geographical Location Southern Malawi on the west bank of the Shire River, just north of Chikwawa. Approximately 16°00’S, 34°45’E. Altitude 150-856m, average 300m Area 78,400ha. Near Lengwe National Park (12,800ha; extension to 90,720ha planned). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve lies on a sloping area of the rift valley floor at the point where the rift descends from the middle Shire Valley at about 450m to the lower Shire Valley at 100m. The western half of the reserve is hilly, with large rocky outcrops and steep faulted valleys. The eastern half slopes gently towards the south-east towards the Shire River and is dissected by small sand rivers and gullies. Surface water is very scarce in the dry season, being confined to a few small seepages and the Shire and Mkurumadzi Rivers at the eastern boundary. At the south-east corner of the reserve the Shire River goes over the spectacular Kalpichila (Livingstone) Falls. Vegetation The western hills are covered by tall closed woodlands dominated by Brachystegia boehmii and Julbernardia globiflora with narrow riverine forest strips in the larger valleys. The eastern slopes support a short open woodland of Terminalia, Combretum and Sclerocarya, leading to a tall parkland of SclerocaryaAdansonia near the Shire. The grass is tall throughout the reserve and is subject to fierce fires which are not followed by regrowth because of the stony soils. Fauna’ There are small populations of elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (about 100 use the reserve at times and this population is probably stable), eland Taurotragus oryx, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, and occasional Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini. There are some leopard Panthera pardus and crocodile Crocodylus sp. Conservation Management There is a waterhole in the Pwadzi stream by a sub-surface dam which was constructed by the National Fauna Preservation Society in 1952. Zoning Different zoning schemes have been suggested by Bell (1964) and Carter (1985). At present the river frontage is zoned for tourism and wilderness trails and the eastern slopes are used for hunting. Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a high level of trespass and minor illegal activity, but poaching of major species such as elephant is slight. Visitor Facilities There is an unfurnished chalet available at Mkurumadzi camp, overlooking the Shire and a picnic and camp site at the Kapichila Falls. The system of tracks is limited and can only be used in the dry season and plans to extend these are given in Carter (1985). Scientific Research A comprehensive preliminary survey was carried out by Bell (1984) in 1983. A study is now being made of the impact of elephant on woodland by Brian Sherry. Special Scientific Facilities No information -376- Malawi Principal Reference Material ° Bell, R.H.V. (1984). Majete Game Reserve; report of an ulendo (trek) and suggestions for management and utilisation. Report to the Malawi Government. 63 pp. ° Carter, J.R. (1985). Tourism master plan. ° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas masterplan for the Southern Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe. ° IUCN/WWF Project No. 1665. Elephants of Malawi. WWF Monthly Report January 1983: 377-379. Staff 1985 - seven game scouts plus four porters stationed at four camps, plus a game ranger stationed at Lengwe camp 30km away. Budget About US$5000 plus occasional funds from the National Fauna Preservation Society. Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Parks and Wildlife Officer, P.O. Box 5599, Limbe. Date 1985 MWABVI GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 1951. Reduced in size by about 60% in 1982. Geographical Location In the extreme south of Malawi, just north of Chiromo and west of the Shire River. Centred 16°40’S, 35°05’E. Altitude 100-300m Area 10,400ha (originally declared as 34,000ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve lies on the edge of the rift valley. The terrain is very broken with gullies, small hills and steep sided rock outcrops. There are some relatively flat dambos, and the reserve is drained by tributaries of the Thangadzi River, which is seasonal. Several waterholes persist in the dry season. Rainfall is about 750mm per year. Mean monthly temperatures vary between 20°C (June and July) and 28°C (October and November). Vegetation This includes dry deciduous thickets, Colophospermum mopane woodland, woodlands on fertile areas with species including Adansonia, Cordyla and Acacia, and Acacia nigrescens woodland/savanna with high quality tall grasses. Fauna_ The reserve is one of only two remaining areas in Malawi for nyala Tragelaphus angasi. Other mammals include sable antelope Hippotragus niger (reported to be decreasing), greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (possibly decreasing), reedbuck Redunca arundinum, suni Neotragus moschatus (rare in Malawi), a small population of impala Aepyceros melampus and occasionally Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), and samango monkey Cercopithecus albogularis. -377- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been de-gazettement of 60% of the reserve with return of settlement. There is poaching, and law enforcement is difficult due to lack of funds. Visitor Facilities The road system is poor, but research groups occasionally visit and there are limited facilities. Scientific Research Limited studies by the Department of Fisheries and some outside agencies. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Bell, R.H.V. (1981). Notes on Nyala and discussion of management options. Report to the Malawi Government. 35 pp. ° Bell, R.H.V. and Dudley, C.O. (1982). Two methods of estimating nyala Tragelaphus angasi populations in Lengwe National Park, Malawi. Nyala 8(2): 63-68. ° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas masterplan for the Southern Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe. ° Ridding, C.J. (1975). Report on Mwabvi Game Reserve, Southern Malawi. Report to the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe. Staff 1984: seven full-time and five temporary workers Budget Managed within the budget of Lengwe National Park Local Park or Reserve Administration Parks and Wildlife Officer, Lengwe National Park, P.O. Box 25, Chikwawa. Date April 1985 NKHOTA-KOTA GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1930; extended in 1970 Geographical Location Central Malawi, on the escarpment west of Lake Malawi. Approximately 13°00’S, 34°00°E. Altitude 550-1638m Area 180,200ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is on the escarpment between the Kasungu plain on the pre-Cambrian Central African Plateau and the plain around Lake Malawi. This fualt scarp runs the whole length of the reserve from north to south.The upper part of the reserve consists of a dissected plateau with deep faulted valleys. There are some large hills, including Chipata -378- Malawi Mountain (1,638m), an ancient igneous plug. The lower part of the reserve consists of rugged topography with many small valleys and streams. The reserve is bisected by the rocky valley of the Bua River and the northern boundary is marked by the steep gorge of the Dwangwa River. There is a plentiful supply of water by many clear permanent rivers, streams, and springs. Vegetation The vegetation is predominantly miombo Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland of the escarpment variety, taller and closed in the uplands, shorter and more open in the lowlands. The major valleys contain tall grass savanna with Terminalia, Combretum, Piliostigma etc. with montane forest on the slopes of Chipata. Fauna Mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(about 300 recorded in 1983 but thought to be decreasing), zebra Equus burchelli, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, bushbuck Tragelaphus Scriptus, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, eland Taurotragus oryx, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, impala Aepyceros melampus, and samango monkey Cercopithecus albogularis. Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) have not been recorded since the 1960s and are probably extinct. Conservation Management Firebreaks have been maintained around Chipata mountain. Zoning Plans for zoning are given in Clarke (1963) and Carter (1985). Disturbances or Deficiencies There is some poaching, particularly of fish. Development has been delayed by lack of funds. Visitor Facilities | There is an unfinished rondavel house available to visitors on request at Chipata camp. Sport fishing for mpasa Opsaridium microleptis (a migratory fish which spawns in the Bua river) has been opened on a trial basis. Scientific Research In 1980, a study to examine the basic ecology of the area was initiated. There has also been work done on the impact of elephant browsing on Brachystegia woodland. The Wildlife Research Unit, based at Kasungu National Park, has carried out a number of surveys since 1980 on a wide variety of topics including an elephant census by counting droppings in 1981 (Jachmann, 1984), Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Carter, J.M. (1985). Tourism Master Plan. ° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas master plan for the Central Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe. ° TUCN/WWF Project No. 1665. Elephants of Malawi. WWF Monthly Report January 1983: 377-379. ° Jachmann, H. (1984). Assessment of elephant numbers by means of droppiung counts on tracks and its use in the Nkhotakota Game Reserve, Malawi. Nyala 10(1): 33-38. Staff 1985 - one game ranger, 15 game scouts, and eight porters Budget About US$10,000 per annum Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Parks and Wildlife Officer, PO Box 65, Lilongwe. Date April 1985 -379- ’ VWAZA MARSH GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1977 by Government Notice 33. Previously a controlled area. Geographical Location Northern Malawi on the border with Zambia, south-west of Nyika Plateau. Approximately 11°00’S, 33°20°E. Altitude About 1,000m Area 100,000ha; about 10km from Nyika National Park (304,385ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is at the foot of Nyika Plateau, from where the marsh derives most of its waters. Vegetation Vwaza marsh occupies about 10% of the reserve. It consists of swamp grassland with woody plants restricted to thickets on termite mounds perched above seasonal floodlevels. Surrounding the marsh are extensive Brachystegia woodlands with Colophospermum mopane (at the extreme northern limit of its range). There is also deciduous thicket, Piliostigma/Acacia tree savanna and some areas of secondary immature woodland, particularly along the pediments facing the South Rukuru river. There are also large areas of dense Landolphia thicket in the south-east of the reserve. Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (about 300 recorded in 1983 but thought to be decreasing), lion Panthera leo and leopard Panthera pardus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus _ lichtensteini, eland Taurotragus oryx, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, impala Aepyceros melampus a few waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, and puku Kobus vardoni. Species composition of fish fauna is listed by Tweddle (1981). Conservation Management There has been a recent upgrading of law enforcement in the reserve. Zoning Plans for zoning are given in Clarke (1983) and Carter (1985). Disturbances or Deficiencies Since the reserve was gazetted in 1977, the majority of the human population has been relocated with compensation. However, a number of small settlements remain within the reserve, notably in the Mowa salient in the west. Negotiations are in progress to complete their removal. There is considerable pressure on the eastern boundary and there are negotiations to re-align the boundary to reduce pressure points. Vwaza is subject to a great deal of illegal activity, including hunting of elephant and other wildlife, fishing and timber extraction. Previously, about 25 elephant were killed per year, but in 1984, this had declined to 15. There is a dense tsetse fly population and is a focus of human sleeping sickness as well as bovine trypanosomiasis. Scientific Research A preliminary ecological survey of the reserve was carried out in 1979 by Bell and Mphande (1980). Since 1982 there has been a wildlife research unit at Vwaza headed by a Peace Corps volunteer. Preliminary results of their work are given in McShane and McShane-Caluzi (1985). The response of woodland to elephant damage is given in Bell and McShane (1985). -380- Malawi Special Scientific Facilities _ There is a well-maintained field unit which will continue to Operate under a Malawian PWO from October 1985. The research unit and offices are at Thazima, the headquarters of Nyika National Park, 10km from the reserve’s boundary. Principal Reference Material ° Bell, R.H.V. and Mphande, J.M.B. (1980). Vwaza Marsh Game Reserve; report of survey and recommendations for management. Report to the Malawi Government. 101 pp. ° Bell, R.H.V. and McShane, T.O. (1985). Tree response to elephant damage. In: Bell, R.H.V. and McShane-Caluzi, E. (Eds) Conservation and Wildlife Management in Africa. Proceedings of a workshop organised by the U.S. Peace Corps at Kasungu National Pasrk, Malawi, October 1984. ° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas master plan for the Northern Region. Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe. ° IUCN/WWF Project No. 1665. Elephants of Malawi. WWF Monthly Report January 1983: 377-379. ° McShane, T.O. and McShane-Caluzi, E. (1985). Wwaza Marsh Game Reserve, Malawi. In: Bell and McShane-Caluzi (as above). ° Tweddle, D. (1981). The fishes of the Malawi northern region Game Reserves. Nyala 7(2): 99-108. Staff One senior game ranger, six game scouts, and four porters. Patrols from Nyika also work in Vwaza. Budget About US$10,000 per annum, including salaries Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Parks and Wildlife Officer, Thazima Camp, Private Bag 6, Rumphi. Date 1985 -381- we yale VWAZA MARSH (2AM SERVE — 0, N oa ee : iiaoh Liw doidw tine blot) benierciam-lisw o ei-oredT eolsilisnt s00imaie® fabosg2 a of BL fe orm atic ban Ting df TEDEV edT 280! wdoieO: movi OWT agiwsigM &-sebaw -eigrege-— Alanage a iain 25 Var egor) ide Pat teinie miiyV to mistiaspband ont. panies ee si part. be tiogengrapbier! Pro: 4.20.12 (Centea) Africam Hig hands) InivstaM aeanahatitandine ht «| baw cowie Yo ot ovIe8A emeD mah ataw¥ (08C!) GM. .sdeediqh Das, VAS Mel "= Legal vee ws T6ts| Janmesov0D iwaleM on ob TrogoA .:ckmagerem 30} RTT Raa NALA Sted. ogamal thadqels of Semaqgest serT (28@L) O.T \enad@oM bane V¥ 08° “4 Laghidovts i obi TUR i tasters yee AA idtetine, wbaaeryeng Sie Dey aby ~O0 iba - a vale tized aaeisen’ OB" nee R ‘a ee) comet 2. ait? xd beciaagye OW sth pues ._ Geagraphiral, " Ne To Matawi om the be nr wit) rer ae Pd (anemrdeerad | waitouat ie BU Hot malq sstene gavie boiostort a ; wks s— r ewegdolit oiibiw it atdetders feeb OGRA ACPA AH \ divest wo ainedigna 2091.04 olor ) + Nake iditeht erate obi tog giiw FeO foc GhieteD-emgl2oM bas . >" (overts ea) nstl2 Oe Slaw Bovieeteeme) GOB) medion jweleM od) Yo coteitadT (Ue Physical Feeterrs The rewmewe wt the Knot of Myihe Plann, from where. tha pe Noehe okie thier alo eat FINI TOR wot bee .2lvcor siag xiz ene nag, ry Vegetation Veurs marsh Gocupies chown 10% of the reserve It pror gh : with woody plant rertricted 4 hackers gebratienecy tui botoasl <3 pleats Aric ales Surroending the aparsk.are extensive Brochysiegio woodlands with OPE ese ee Om te tse vcknet~o dusthinsabel aie fe res s0anG2 (206 poms areas of yroondary Emeagtare woolen, oartioulerigiggy feckng thé Shuth!Rukerv civer: There ere also darge ertas of dame Landol ptria sont! - eget of the reserve. ae es i nen \ ae 14 Faved © Wiamsls-iecloie: elephant Losmd: ante - Speetni Sra tit ke Pag tes ; R CaaS oh r] wlio COT ERG Mo Dy it Pelyiechtagoe of Kattsageu.. f ; Se ne = Pelocipal Reisrmce ayes Dg ol iniolgse wero? ,gritorot ant “Betas. $ Divarget b. (6 studies Cae p8itus patenoe § 10 Gees: bie par) Yo BS ohRHS he’ aden ‘Sra Hee x14 Yt 6p a a aR UG GAA ema ‘h¢y Sees AUC pI? , Ky.3 8 peptember- 2V Osu FRO & oar iO (WS) Les srobimes former nu Wtlred sire 6 sia Lemarclt; 2. (790). Adselcommonite des since i Mids (Port i. Me > hasearche,.B. isk Linke oommamtée des ofsea.» Bandit ah fie * RURGE (Recheshe:, pans ‘iriisetion,. Rativnn pnt oat ~ sméuegzemen! do ik zane ae Deoult. Propesitions prou nial M1 _, University, Netherlands. , * Saver, BA 0192S) Nasional Park Planting and Prectiet - Cas Qe hilt. Careus/Ibadan Confereace os Wildlife Maragecent ib Sava ns | ate exe co himpiinl Pal ‘nS itttootet rach aa Ain 6H q'= cat 7 om of 49 certo) work ea the park sadibdjecent ais There are cleo. visiting ecieattimdacey the RORGS J 2 a © Meatn z, sticeo- ie du (piven a Sehol). ; | f & .. ‘pet ' Mem inhowaeether, ee - = Loum Part or fanes yee SAMiiaion Cywration Parg Matloasl 4 _— Beaated, Benake, BP 27S ( chied Ming engages sine mtjac eon © nes any ‘ y sup Qere Juae 182 ' in at: ” | p oy ¥ RESERVE DE EENIBAOLLS ee ea > gh . | Bi ; re oy a cal 3 Momaggmment Lalegyey or ‘Mase Natece Reser vey fe 7 Ns oe “teerngrnpnice! Prastnon > ay ; b Pre de eciewe, ie semi MAURITANIA Morocco Atlantic Ocean Banc d‘Arguin National Park Cap Timiris Diaouling Nature Reserve —<2-075 @kiffa Mauritania Algeria a mately . MAURITANIA Area 1,118,604 sq.km Population 1,830,000 (1984) Parks and Reserves Legislation No information, except for the decree of 1976 to establish the Parc national Banc d’Arguin Parks and Reserves Administration This is the responsibility of the Directorate of Nature Protection within the Ministry of Rural Development. The Parc national Banc d’Arguin is directly controlled by the government and is managed by an Administrative Council. Address ° Direction de la protection de la nature, Ministére du développement rural, BP 170, Nouakchott. Additional Information Mauritania in general needs to develop programmes to conserve desert fauna. Immediate concerns, however, are protection of the last population of elephants using southern Mauritania; wetlands in the lower Senegal valley on the Senegal-Mauritania border; and Banc d’Arguin (IUCN/UNEP, 1983). IUCN/WWFE are assisting in the elaboration of a management plan for the Banc d’Arguin National Park, and with the provision of logistical support contributing to the development and management of the park. They are also working with other groups towards the creation of the Diaouling Reserve in the Delta of the River Senegal. References ° IUCN/UNEP (1983). Le répartition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l'Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1333. Mauritania, Banc d’Arguin National Park. ° IUCN/WWF Project 3404. Mauritania, Establishment of Diawling Reserve. ° Scott, D.A. (1980). A Preliminary Inventory of Wetlands of International Importance for Waterfowl, in West Europe amd Northwest Africa. IWRB Special Publication No. 2. ° Verschuren, J. (1984). Republique Islamique de Mauritanie Parc National du Banc d’Arguin Plan, Directeur Preliminaire. Published by WWF/IUCN in collaboration with the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. Bruxelles, Belgique 1984. Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Banc d’Arguin 1,173,000 Integral Reserves Baie du Levrier 310,000 Las Cuevecillas Subtotal 310,000 Faunal Reserves El Agher Partial 250,000 Other Reserves Adrar Mouflon Reserve Tilemsi Reserve Proposed areas Diaouling Reserve 13,000 -393- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas PARC NATIONAL DU BANC D’ARGUIN Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel) Legal Protection Total Date Established August 1976, by Decree No. 76-147/PR; designated as a Ramsar site in 1982 Geographical Location On the West Africa coast, midway between Nouakchott and Nouadhibou. 19°21’-21°51’N, 16°00’-16°45’W. Altitude From sea level to 15m Area 1,173,000ha; 50% marine and 50% terrestrial environment; contiguous to two reserves; at Cap Blanc (Baie du Lévrier Integral Reserve); and on the Céte des Phoques (Las Cuevecillas Integral Reserve). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is a vast area of islands and shore, composed mainly of sand blown in from the Sahara, together with a large expanse of coastal seas and mudflats. The arid terrestrial component mainly comprises areas of sand, sand hills, and cliffs. The coastal waters between Cap Blanc and Cap Timiris are very shallow, and only in places more than 5m deep up to 60km offshore. Maximal tidal range at spring tides is 2m and at some neap tides is 0.6m. The park provides a unique example of a transition zone between the Sahara Desert and the Atlantic Ocean. A summary of the geology of the area can be found in Elouard (1976), and Rosso et al. (1977). Extrapolations from the weather stations at Nouakchott and Nouadhibou are difficult due to the large difference in latitude. The area is of great interest meterologically with a contrast between the coastal, ’desert cold’ and hot continental climates. Strong winds up to 8m/sec, have been reported. Rainfall is irregular and very low with an average of 34mm per year. Temperatures are fairly similar all year, with a mean monthly minimum in December of 8°C and maximum in September of 34°C. Vegetation Islands and coastline are dominated by Avicennia africana with shrubs of Spartina maritima and species of Chenopidaceae; mudflat vegetation comprises Zostera noltii, Cymodocea nodosa, Halodule wrightii, and various seaweeds. The terrestrial component of the park is dominated by an African-type of Saharen vegetation although there is a mediterranean influence; there are tree species such as Acacia tortilis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Maerua crassifolia, Capparis decidua, and herbacious species Panicum turgidum, Cassia _italica, Pergularia tomentosa, and Heliotropium bacciferum. The dunes are dominated by Stipagrostis pungens, Cornulaca monacantha, Euphorbia balsamifera, and Calligonum comosum. On the southern fringe of the park, Euphorbia balsamifera predominates. There is a two-way gradient; littoral between the marine and continental flora; and north-south with many species at the extreme limits of their distributions. Fauna The Banc d’Arguin is situated in the Atlantic flyway used by approximately seven million waders breeding in northern Europe and the USSR which winter along the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Approximately 30% spend the winter in this particular area. Species include broad-billed sandpiper Limicola falcinellus, ringed plover Charadrius hiaticula, grey plover Pluvialis squatarola, knot Calidris canutus, curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea, dunlin Calidris alpina, and bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica. The area is one of the most important wintering grounds for the European spoonbill Platalea leucorodia leucorodia, of which the West European population is particularly threatened. Thousands of aquatic birds of several species or subspecies with an African distribution breed on the islands. They include: white pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus, endemic subspecies of heron Ardea cinerea monicae and spoonbill Platalea leucorodia balsaci, reed cormorant Haliétor africanus, western reef -394- Mauritania heron Egretta gularis, slender-billed gull Larus genei, several species of tern Sterna spp., Hydroprogne caspia, and Gelochelidon nilotica, and flamingoes Phoenicopterus ruber. Mammals include Dorcas gazelle Gazella dorcas, jackal Canis aureus, fennec fox Fennecus zerda, sand fox Vulpes rueppelli, sand cat Felis margarita, wild cat Felis silvestris, Saharan striped weasel Poecilogale albinucha, ratel Mellivora capensis, striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, and in the marine section, several species of dolphin, such as the killer whale Orcinus orca, Atlantic hump-backed dolphin Sousa teuszii, common dolphin Delphinus delphis, rough toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis, bottle-nosed dolphin Tursiops truncatus, and Risso’s dolphin Grampus griseus. The fin whale or common rorqual Balaenoptera physalus, and common porpoise Phocoena phocoena have also been recorded. There is a small population of monk seal Monachus monachus (E) in the reserve at Cap Blanc, near Nouadhibou. There are four species of threatened turtle frequenting the area Chelonia mydas (E), Caretta caretta (V), Eretmochelys imbricata (E), and Dermochelys coriacea (E). Fish are one of the most important components of the fauna. The shallow tidal flats are important breeding and nursery areas for most of the fish offshore. Further details can be found in the Bulletin de la Laboratoire des Peches de Nouadhibou. Conservation Management Two reserves have been established outside the park boundaries at Cap Blanc and on the Cote des Phoques (Las Cuevecillas) in order to protect the Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus (E). These are administered by the park. There was an international meeting held in Paris, April 1982, to discuss future research and management of the park. As a result, a preliminary management plan was published by the World Wildlife Fund and IUCN with the collaboration of the Royal Institute of Natural Sciences in January 1984. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Much of the area has had little or no disturbance by man. The principal deficiency is that there is no organised protection or supervision as yet. There is a population of 300 Imragens who live and fish in the area, although they need to go outside the boundaries for freshwater. However, nomadic herdsmen also use the area and overgrazing by several hundred camels and goats has been reported, although this has become less common as the area becomes increasingly subject to desertification. There is illegal hunting of gazelle (by motorcycle) and marine turtles (particularly for tourist demand in Dakar). Non-biodegradable waste is found along the shore-line. Fishing nets could interfere with the monk seals, but this has not been studied. The status of the monk seal population is critical after the collapse of their breeding caves in 1982. Overfishing by international fishing fleets in the waters just off the Banc d’Arguin may cause a decline of the breeding colonies of fish-eating bird species such as cormorants and pelicans. Visitor Facilities The area is unsuitable for large-scale tourism Scientific Research Ornithology and oceanography includes inventories of species, study of the phytoplankton biomass, and studies on the reproductive biology of the white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus. The Netherlands Ornithological Mauritanian Expedition 1980 gathered comprehensive data on waders, crustacea, and other fauna (NOME, 1982). Special Scientific Facilities There is a station inside the park (Iwik) equipped for six persons with three Zodiacs, one motor launch, and three radio stations for both broadcasting and receiving. It is accessible by four-wheel drive, motor launch or light aircraft. Principal Reference Material ° Dick, W.J.A. (Ed.) (1975). Oxford and Cambridge Mauritian Expedition 1973 Report. ° Elouard, P. (1976). Applications de la palaléoécologie des mollusques 4 un problém de Sstratigraphie: la differenciation de deux étages du Quaternaire marin de Mauritanie. Notes Africaines No. 151: 65-73. ° Gee, J.P. (1984). Birds of Mauritania. Malimbus 6: 31-66. ° IUCN/WWF Project No. 1333. Banc d’Arguin National Park. * NOME (1982). Wintering waders on the Banc d’Arguin. Waddensee Working Group Communication No.€ Groningen, Netherlands. -395- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas ° Rosso, J.C., Elouard, P. and Monteillet, J. (1977). Mollusques du Noukchottien Mauritanie et Sénégal septentrional. Inventaire systématique esquisse paléoécologique. Bull. de l’IFAN., Dakar, 39A: 465-486. ° Scott, D.A. (1980). A Preliminary Inventory of Wetlands of International Importance for Waterfowl in West Europe and North-west Africa. JWRB Special Publication No. 2. Verschuren, J. (1984). Replublique Islamique de Mauritanie Parc National du Banc d’Arguin Plan Directeur Preliminaire. Published by WWF/IUCN in collaboration with the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. Bruxelles, Belgique, 1984. ° A comprehensive reference list is given in NOME, 1982. Staff Some 14 Mauritanians and three French, although only two members of staff are stationed within the park Budget Seven million UM (ougiyas) (FF700,000). Much of the equipment has been supplied by the World Wildlife Fund. Local Park or Reserve Administration Parc national Banc d’Arguin, BP 124, Nouadhibou. Date August 1980, with supplementary 1983 information DIAOULING STRICT NATURE RESERVE Management Category Proposed I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel) Legal Protection Total protection recommended Date Established To be gazetted. Establishment of reserves is in the hands of the Ministry of Rural Development. Geographical Location Delta of River Senegal. 16°26’N, 16°21°W. Altitude Near sea level Area 13,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The Senegal delta is one of the major wetlands of Sahelian Africa and provides a staging point and wintering area for many birds that breed in Eurasia. It consists of a vast basin of impermeable halomorphic soils forming saline flats, which are subject to annual flooding. The development of various dyke systems over the last 20 years on the Senegalese bank of the river has allowed the retention of water in some areas of the basin longer than they would normally have persisted, whilst in other areas the effect has been to desiccate the fragile soils and enhance desertification. Salinity varies with water level from nearly fresh during autumn inundations, to brackish as the water levels fall. The climate is Sahelian with alternate wet and dry seasons. Mean annual rainfall is 300mm and mean annual temperature 27°C. The reserve receives fresh water from distributaries of the River Senegal from August to November. During the dry season, the basin is the wettest area in the region, but recent rainfalls have been very low, and the reserve, which usually begins to dry out in January, has not retained its moisture for as long. -396- Mauritania Vegetation The vegetation reflects the three habitat types found in the lower delta: dunes, alluvial plains and an interconnecting network of rivers, lakes and pools. Tree cover on the dunes comprises Acacia tortilis, A. senegal, Euphorbia balsamifera, and Balanites aegyptiaca. Herbaceous cover comprises Cenchrus biflorus, Chloris prieurit and Schoenefeldia gracilis, amongst others. Towards the edge of the dunes, tree cover is more varied and abundant, with Borassus aethiopum, Acacia nilotica, A. seyal, and some Parkinsonia aculeata. There is little tree cover on the alluvial plain, but Tamarix senegalensis and Arthrocnemum glaucum occur on sandy knolls and Acacia nilotica beside creeks and pools. Herbaceous cover on the lower zones of the plain is dominated by halophiles, with Saisola baryosma being replaced by Sporobolus robustus in the most frequently flooded-areas. Grasses are more important in less saline areas, with Echinochloa colonum or Vetiveria nigritana in depressions, and Schoenefeldia gracilis on higher ground. Tree cover is well developed on the network of rivers and pools, with Tamarix senegalensis and dense stands of Arthrocnemum glaucum. The reed Paspalum vaginatum is found along river banks. There is a 5ha mangrove swamp mainly composed of Avicennia nitida, but with some specimens of Rhizophora racemosa. All of the vegetation has been significantly affected by drought and overgrazing, and trees have been cropped for firewood. Sand dunes are beginning to form in areas where grass has failed to regenerate. The mangrove swamp is receding owing to the incursion of sand and some felling. Fauna The lower delta of the River Senegal is an important collecting and breeding ground for waterfowl. Together with the Senegalese part of the delta, where the Parc National des Oiseaux du Djoudj is situated, this area provides an important feeding and watering site for numerous Palearctic migrants. Fewer birds breed or gather on the Mauritanian part of the delta, owing to a poorer supply of fresh water, but it provides feeding grounds for birds breeding on the opposite bank. In this respect, the proposed nature reserve will be an important complement to Djoudj which has insufficient feeding grounds. The mangrove swamp supports breeding colonies of purple heron Ardea purpurea, night heron Nycticorax nycticorax, african spoonbill Platalea alba, cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, and white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus. Away from the water, small numbers of bustards (Otidae), guinea fowl Guttera sp., and francolins Francolinus sp. are present. The warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus is the predominant mammal, with jackal Canis sp. and smaller carnivores also found. Elephant Loxodonta africana, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, gazelles Gazella sp., and the larger carnivores are no longer present. The brackish water, where the river water meets the sea, provides an important breeding ground for fish such as Ethmalosa fimbriata, bass Dicentrarchus punctatus, the mullets Mugil curema and Liza falcipinnis, and for marine crustacea such as prawn Penaeus duorarum and blue crab Callinectes sp.. These provide an important source of food for the breeding birds. The West African manatee Trichechus senegalensis and the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus have almost disappeared, both being formerly abundant. Conservation Management The Mauritanian government is well aware of the conservation interest of its delta wetlands and a proposal includes the creation of an artificial estuary to maintain the highly productive mixing of fresh and salt waters, a process condemned to end once the Diama dam (see below) is finished. An area has been earmarked for reserve creation and the Mauritanian government has requested help in equipping the protected zone. The Ministry of Rural Development, with the help of a resident FAO wildlife expert, is drawing up plans for this reserve and a series of others, including the creation of an international protected area. This would incorporate Diaouling Reserve, Djoudj National Park in Senegal, and the area between the right and left banks of the Diama dam. It is recommended that Diaouling reserve employs a permanent conservator who is trained in wildlife management and who would be in charge of controlling public access, permit distribution, poaching and forest exploitation, prohibiting pastoralism and human activity, and providing guided tours for visitors (Prévost, 1983). Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies The area has undergone considerable ecological modification because of hydro-agricultural development over the last 20 years, which has had the effect of intensifying agriculture in some areas whilst causing desiccation, deforestation, overgrazing, and desertification in others. This process has been aggravated by the droughts which have -397- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas struck this region in the last 15 years. The governments of the surrounding countries regard dams as the solution to the problems of supplying food and water to the human population. The Senegalese bank of the river has been subject to damming since the 1960s to control the annual flood and to permit irrigation and agricultural development, notably rice and sugar cane, but the Mauritanian bank so far remains relatively untouched. The major threat now comes from the constrution of the Diama dam 30km upstream of St Louis, due to be completed by about 1986, which would affect both banks of the river. It will block the river completely, preventing the summer incursion of saltwater. Low water levels due to lack of rain in recent years have affected breeding birds. White pelicans abandoned breeding in 1983 because of this. Less moisture has also meant that dunes have become destabilised and even blocked river channels. Visitor Facilities Restricted access Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Gee, J.P. (1984). Birds of Mauritania. Malimbus 6: 31-66. ° IUCN/WWF Project 3404. Mauritania, Establishment of Diawling Reserve. ° Prévost, Y. (1983). Avant-Projet de Plan d’Aménagement de la Réserve du Diawling. Projet MAU/80/503, Etude sur la Faune, FAO, Nouakchott. Staff Conservator, deputy conservator, three wardens, and a driver are recommended. Budget Some Mauritanian funds available for Mauritanian personnel and part of running cost. Outside finance is necessary for equipment and training. A Budget of US$50,000 sought from WWF. Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date October 1984 -398- MAURITIUS “4 ™ ee | 2M wy -399- UII Mle aux Serpents lePlate OFoundi. Oo allot Gabriel aT} Key Nature Reserves Proposed Marine Park Fishing Reserves Biosphere Reserve a@Coin de Mire Indian Ocean Riviere du Rampart- Poudre d’Or \Trou d’Eau Douce @Corps de Garde p @Cabinet -Perrier Hot Marianne |II| Grand Port-Mahebourg II-eBois Sec YFcombo Les Mares MM lleaux Sables—4 [0 lle aux Cocos) t ai Mauritius MAURITIUS Area 1,843 sq.km (or 2,085 sq.km inclusive of dependencies) Population 969,191 (1983) Parks and Reserves Legislation The Forests and Reserves Act 1983 amends and consolidates the law governing forests, reserves and related matters. Under this act the Nature Reserves Board (previously the Ancient Monuments Board) was:set up to advise the Government on protected areas and preservation of the flora and fauna. All existing nature reserves were created under the Ancient Monuments Act of 1944, and jurisdiction and restrictions are outlined in the 1983 Act. The 1944 Act defines a nature reserve as meaning “any forest, park, garden or other open space, the preservation of which is, in the opinion of the Board, a matter of public interest by reason of the aesthetic, geological, historical, archaeological, or scientific interest attaching thereto". A nature reserve can be in private ownership and include inhabited buildings. Private nature reserves must still comply with the regulation laid down by the 1983 act, but the primary aim of these areas is not nature conservation per se. New areas must first be approved by the board, then submitted for the Government’s approval. The Government also has authority to declare any forested Crown land as National Forest. The total area of such Crown forest lands was 21,027ha in 1980. The Fisheries Act 1980, defines reserved areas where large net or gill net fishing is prohibited. These reserves are detailed in Government Notice No. 18 of 1983. Restrictions in these areas are rarely enforced. It is also worth noting that under the Maritime Zones Act (1977) the Prime Minister can create a ’designated area’ for, amongst other possible reasons, protection of the marine environment. Mountain Reserves and River Reserves can be established under the Forests and Mountain and River Reserves Act (1971) but these areas are not intended primarily for nature conservation. In a similar way, additional control is maintained over Crown Land and the reserved lands along the sea coast. The Four Year Plan for Social and Economic Development is the definite statement of Government Policy for the years 1981-1985. It contains outline proposals for the establishment of one land national park (the Black River Gorges and adjacent areas) and three marine national parks. Parks and Reserves Administration The Nature Reserves Board is advisory in function and has the duty of recommending to the Government areas for the creation of nature reserves, or buildings or other structures as ancient monuments. The board provides a means for the participation of local people and other conservation orientated groups in the selection and management of protected areas. Actual management is the responsibility of the Forestry Service which has a policy that concentrates on sustained utilization of forests and their use for the protection of water supply and soils. The marine environment is the concern of the Fisheries Division. Both the Forestry Service and the Fisheries Division come under the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources. The management of protected areas does not yet involve the use of elaborate management plans, and provisions of the relevant acts governing the protected areas are merely enforced by the various agencies concerned. Address ° Forestry Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources, Curepipe. Additional Information Unfortunately many reserves still receive little management, although there are hopes that the situation will improve. Under IUCN/WWF Project 3149 proposals are being made for improving the management of some of the existing reserves and establishing new areas. In the first phase of this project, an inventory of areas of the highest plant endemicity will be compiled. Emergency propagation of critically endangered species will be carried out where feasible. The second phase of the project will entail in situ and ex situ plant conservation and the establishment of garden reserves. It is hoped that reserves will be declared on Rodrigues since there is little protection for plants there. The principle causes of habitat decline on Mauritius and Rodrigues are introduced plants and animals that outcompete or predate the native species. Top plant offenders are the guava Psidium guajava from Brazil, privet from Sri Lanka and Rubus alaeifolius, Hiptage benghalensis and Furcraea foetida. -401- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Control of these species is difficult and eradication impossible. Exotic monkeys Macaca fascicularis, deer, pigs and birds are also decimating the flora. So far, several new locales and new information on threatened and endemic plants have been gathered under the project. The privately-owned reserves which occupy the upper slopes of mountains are rocky and bare in parts but many areas are densely covered with native forest of the exotic traveller’s palm Ravenala madagascariensis. However, increasing use is being made of these areas for deer ranching, and the deer are reported to be inhibiting natural regeneration as well as weed infestation. River reserves (3-16m) along the edges of streams are patrolled by forest officers, but demand for firewood in both these and mountain areas is intense and many areas are degraded. Forest recreation is becoming more and more popular among the local public and tourists and there is a need for education programmes to make people more fully aware of the problems concerning adequate nature conservation. Mauritius is also the focus for a project which aims to provide help and advice to the Mauritius Government on the conservation of endangered bird species. Mauritius kestrels Falco punctatus have been reared in captivity from eggs taken from the wild and pink pigeons Nesoenas mayeri have also been bred in captivity. The echo parakeet Psittacula echo, however, continues to decline in numbers. In March 1984, an agreement was signed by the Government of Mauritius with ICBP and JWPT (Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust) for a comprehensive wildlife research programme for Mauritius. Legislation involving the protection of wild birds has evolved since 1869, when they were afforded some protection under the Game Ordinance. Laws of 1922 and 1939 were specifically for the protection of birds. They were replaced in 1967 by the Bird Protection Ordinance, which is currently in force. Reptiles are protected under Proclamation No. 13 of 1973. These laws are purely protective and do not cover the management of the animals’ habitat. It is an offence to damage trees under the Forests, Mountains and River Reserves Act of 1971. References ° Brouard, N.R. (1963). A history of the woods and forests of Mauritius. Mauritius. 86 pp. ° Curry-Lindahl, K. (1971). Comments on the conservation management, utilization of the renewable natural resources of Mauritius. Unesco. 6 pp. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1082. Mauritius, Conservation of Endangered Bird Species. ° TUCN/WWF Project 3023. Mauritius, Education Books for Children. ° TUCN/WWF Project 3149. Mauritius, Plant Conservation. ° Jehanger, M.I. (1983). National Report for Mauritius. Unpublished IUCN Report, UNEP Regional Seas Programme. ° Odwally, A.W. (1981). Annual Report of the Forestry Service of the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources and the Environment for the year 1980. Pt. Louis, Mauritius. ° Procter, J. and Salm, R. (1975). Conservation in Mauritius 1974. IUCN/WWF Report to the Government of Mauritius. Unpublished. ° Robertson, I.J.B. (1974). A draft report on the Mauritius marine parks. A report to FAO, Rome ° Scott, P. (1973). Conservation in Mauritius. IUCN Report to the Prime Minister of Mauritius. ° Staub, F. (1973). Oiseaux de I’Ile Maurice et de Rodrigues. Mauritius Printing Company, Port Louis. ° Temple, S.A., Staub, J.J.F. and Antoine, R. (1974). Some background information and recommendations on the preservation of the native flora and fauna of Mauritius. Typscript. 37 pp. ° Vaughan, R.E., (1968). Mauritius and Rodriguez. In: Hedberg, O. and Hedberg, I. (Eds) Conservation of vegetation in Africa south of the Sahara. Acta Phytogeographica Snecica 54: 265-272. Vaughan, R.E. and Wiehe, P.O. (1937-1947). Studies of the Vegetation of Mauritius. Journal of Ecology 25(2), 28(2), 29(1), 34(1). -402- Mauritius Protected Areas (hectares) Nature Reserves Bois Sec 6 Cabinet 18 Coin de Mire (Gunner’s Quoin) 76 Combo 207 Corps de Garde 90 Gouly Pere 11 Tle aux Aigrettes 25 Tle aux Cocos 15 Ile aux Sables 8 Ile aux Serpents 31 Ile Plate 253 Ilot Gabriel . 42 Ilot Marianne 2 Les Mares 5 Macchabee/Bel Ombre 3,611 Perrier 1 Pouce 69 Round Island 159 Subtotal 4,629 Fishing Reserves Black River 900 Flacq 600 Grand Port - Mahebourg 2,200 Port Louis 500 Riviere du Rampart - Poudre d’Or 3,500 Trou d’Eau Douce 700 Subtotal 8,400 World Heritage Sites Macchabee/Bel Ombre Nature Reserve 3,594 Proposed areas Baie de |’Arsenal 100 COIN DE MIRE (GUNNER’S QUOIN) Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection Total. Protected under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983. Date Established 14 January 1970 Geographical Location About 4km north of Cap Malheureux, between the Cape and Flat Island. 19°56’S, 57°37’E. Altitude Sea level to 162m Area 76ha -403- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Land Tenure Government Physical Features The island comprises a mass of volcanic rocks, forming a wedge-shaped cliff with stratification dipping on one side towards Mauritius and the other towards Ile Plate (Flat Island). The top of the cliff is flat with a layer of volcanic soil. The island is composed of tuff, though this is overlain by basalt flows in the eastern part. The coast is rugged, and the surrounding rough sea prevents reef formation. Rainfall averages 900mm per year, and falls mainly between November and April during the warm, wet summer. Mean temperature during February is 27.8°C, and during July 21.9°C. The islands are subject to cyclones in winter. Vegetation Seventy species of plant are found on the island, with eight species being endemic to the Mascarenes. These form four basic vegetation types, Zoysia grassland, Padanus/Latania scrub, Heteropogon thorn scrub, and coastal communities. There are extensive colonies of the endemic liliaceous aloe-like plant Lomatophyllum tormentorii (a species endemic to Gunners Quoin and Round Island) in the Zoysia grassland, and a few individuals of Dracaena concinna, and the endemic shrubs Scutia myrtina and Eugenia lucida is the thorn scrub. The fan pine Latania loddigesii is now rather less common than the screw pine Pandanus vandermeerschi. The islet is much invaded by exotic weed species (there are some 36 introductions), and thicket of introduced Santalum album has become established over a large area on the top of the cliff. Fauna’ The island is a breeding site for three species of seabird, the white-tailed tropic bird Phaethon lepturus, the red-tailed tropic bird Phaethon rubricauda rubricauda, and the wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus chlororynchus. Four species of reptile are also found, two skinks Scelotes bojerri and Ablepharus boutonii, and two geckos Phelsuma ornata and Nactus coindemirensis sp. nov. (the last endemic to Gunner’s Quoin), although three further species were known to be present before the introduction of exotic mammals. Conservation Management According to North and Bullock (1986), effective control of invasive plants and rats in necessary before any reintroduction of native plants and animals could be reasonably contemplated. However substantial resources, currently beyond the Mauritian authorities, would be required. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The effects of various exotic species, both plant and animal, have had very severe effects on the native vegetation. For example, rats are reported to be contributing to the low regeneration rate of fan palm and screw pine. Also contributing to this is the invasion by exotic ruderal species such as Santalum album. The black-necked hare Lepus nigricollis is also found as an exotic, though numbers are reported to be low. (This was introduced following an abortive attempt to introduce rabbit.) Scientific Research A survey of the islet was recently carried out (Bullock et al., 1983), as part of an expedition to this islet and Round Island. One aim was to assess the suitability of Gunner’s Quoin for the introduction of Round Island reptiles, which have been captive bred by the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. The island was considered unsuitable because of the presence of black rats Rattus rattus. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Ayres, P.H.B. (1860). Geology of Flat and Gabriel Islands. Trans R. Soc. Arts and Sci. Mauritius, New Series Vol. I, part II: 220-232. ° Bullock, D., North, S. and Grieg, S. (1983). Round Island Expedition 1982. Final Report. ° Bullock, E.J., Arnold, E.N. and Bloxham, Q. (1985). A new endemic gecko (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from Mauritius. J. Zool. Lond. 206: 591-599. ° Bullock, D.J. (1986). The ecology and conservation of reptiles on Round Island and Gunner’s Quoin, Mauritius. Biological Conservation 37: 135-156. -404- Mauritius ° Cheke, A.S. (in press). A review of the ecological history of the Mascarene Islands with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates. In: Diamond, A.W. (Ed.) Studies of the Mascarene avifauna, Cambridge University Press. ° North, S.G. and Bullock, D.J. (1986). Changes in the vegetation and populations of introduced mammals of Round Island and Gunner’s Quoin, Mauritius. Biological Conservation 37: 99-117. Staff Periodic visits are made by Forestry and Fisheries Department staff. Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources, Curepipe. Date 1984 ILE AUX AIGRETTES Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection Total. Protected under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983. Date Established 30 November 1965 Geographical Location About l1km east of Pte. d’Esny in Mahebourg Bay. 20°25’S, 57°43’E. Altitude Sea level to 4-5m Area 25Sha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The island is composed of calcarenite (coralline dune rock) with a jagged eroded coastline subjected to the eastern trade winds. Soil consists of coral sand enriched by plant debris. Vegetation This is one of the best examples of the original coastal plant communities of calcarenitic substrates. The island harbours some 40 native species of plant, of which ten are endemic to Mauritius and a further six to the Mascarenes. There is a typical strand salt-spray zone scrub with Suriana, Pemphis and Scaevola well represented. Inland flora comprises endemic coastal trees and shrubs which have now mostly disappeared from the island’s coastal belt due to human settlements in the past and, more recently, illegal wood-cutting. Native indigenous species are represented by ebony Diospyros egrettarum, Gastonia cutispongia (endemic), and Dracaena concinna. The orchid Qeniella aphrodite is noteworthy and requires additional protection. More rare on the island are the endemics, Sideroxylon boutonianum (only 2 or 3 left on the island), and the screwpine Pandanus vandermeerschii. Fauna The name ’Ile aux Aigrettes’ was probably derived from the reef heron, ’egrettes’. Reptiles include Phelsuma ornata. Conservation Management None -405- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Rats are now plentiful on the islet. The easy accessibility of this islet, together with the fact that there is no watchman posted there, has led to the virtual decimation of most indigenous trees. There is no natural freshwater source. Several introduced exotic plant species, for example Flacourtia indica, Lantana camara, and Leucaena glauca, are seriously threatening the survival of some of the rare endemic plants. Scientific Research Vegetation mapping is planned for 1985. Special Scientific Facilities None on the island Patinetpal Reference Material Johnston, H.H. (1894). Report on Flora of Ile aux Aigrettes. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh pp 317-331. ° Staub, F. (1973). Oiseaux de I’Ile Maurice et de Rodrigues. Mauritius Printing Company, Port Louis. ° Vaughan, R.E. and Wiehe, P.O. (1937-1947). Studies of the vegetation of Mauritius. Journal of Ecol. 25(2), 28(2), 29(1), 34(1). Staff Occasional visits by Forest Service and Fisheries Department Officer. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources, Curepipe. Date 1985 ILE AUX COCOS Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection Total. Protected under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983 Date Established 30 May 1981 Geographical Location 3.7km off the west coast of Rodrigues within the lagoon. 19°43'S, 63°17’E. Altitude Sea level to 4m Area 15ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features This island comprises a sand cay, with coarse granular sand and other debris of marine organisms accumulated by sea currents and tides lying in shallow lagoon waters. The more protected shores merge into extensive sand flats which are largely exposed at low tide. -406- Mauritius Vegetation The island is largely under mixed plantation of Casuarina equisetifolia and coconut Cocos nucifera trees. There are large expanses of grassy sward with Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Desmanthus virgatus, and Achyranthes aspera. Dense Pisonia grandis thicket occurs along part of the western littoral and inland as isolated clumps which are sharply delimited from the cultivated tree plantation. A fairly extensive inland salt marsh supports a lush vegetation of Sesuvium ayresii (Mascarene endemic) with patches of Bacopa monnieri. Fauna Small colonies of between 400 and 700 noddy Anous stolidus pileatus and lesser noddy Anous tenuirostris tenuirostris are present, and the favourite nesting sites are the Casuarina trees and Pisonia thickets. The white tern Gygis alba is now almost extinct here. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Bird eggs are extremely vulnerable. Indiscriminate collecting has caused considerable disturbance and damage to bird life. Visitor Facilities _ Government Notice No. 157 of 1982 requires all visitors to obtain prior authorization from the Resident Commissioner before visiting the islet and all visitors must be taken there by Government boat. Scientific Research The vegetation of the island has been surveyed by Gueho (1980). Special Scientific Facilities None = as Reference Material ° Gueho, J. (1977). Guide des principales plantes indigenes de I’Ile Rodrigues. Rev. Agric. Sucr. Ile Maurice 56(1): 6-23. ° Gueho, J. (1980). A survey of vegetation of the lagoon islets of Rodrigues. Rev. Agric. Sucr. Tle Maurice 59(1). ° Staub, F. (1973). Birds of Rodrigues Islands. Proc. R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius. 4(1): 17-59. ° Staub, F. (1977). L’avifaune de Rodrigues. Rev. Agric. Suc. Ile Maurice 56(1): 24-26. Vinson, J. (1956). Quelques remarques sur I’Ile Rodrigues et sur sa faune terrestre. Proc. R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius 2: 263-277. Staff The island is visited as often as possible by Fisheries and Forestry Service officers from the main island of Rodrigues. One watchman is posted on the islet, but is ineffective against egg collecting. Budget Virtually nil Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisherie and Natural Resources, Curepipe. Date 1985 ILE AUX SABLES Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection Total. Protected under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983 Date Established 30 May 1981 -407- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Geographical Location 3.7km north-west from Pointe La Fouche in the west of Rodrigues within the lagoon. 19°42’S, 63°18’E. Altitude Sea level to about 2m Area 8ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The island comprises a sand cay with coarse granular sand and other debris of marine organisms. Extensive sand flats merge with the sandy west coast. Vegetation The islet has been mostly under Casuarina cultivation. Flora consist of less common exotic and native species than those of Ile aux Cocos, including Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Desmanthus virgatus, and Achyranthes aspera. A few isolated individuals of the native Pisonia grandis can be found inland. Thespesia populnea is scantily represented on higher ground. Fauna There are small colonies of noddy Anous stolidus pileatus, lesser noddy Anous tenuirostris tenuirostris, and a few white tern Gygis alba. Casuarina trees are the favourite nesting sites for these birds. There is a colony of roseate terns Sterna dougallii. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Birds eggs are extremely vulnerable. Indiscriminate collecting has caused considerable disturbance and damage to bird life. Due to inadequate transport, surveillance cannot be carried out and increasing tourism and the supply of illegal cheap transport threaten the integrity of the reserve. Visitor Facilities Government Notice No. 157 of 1982, requires all visitors to obtain prior authorization from the Resident Commissioner before visiting the islet and all visitors must be taken there by Government boat. Scientific Research The vegetation of the islet has been surveyed by Gueho (1980). Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Gueho, J. (1977). Guide des principales plantes indigenes de I’Ile Rodrigues. Rev. Agric. Sucr. Ile Maurice 56(1): 6-23. ° Gueho, J. (1980). A survey of vegetation of the lagoon islets of Rodrigues. Rev. Agric. Sucr. Tle Maurice 59(1). ° Staub, F. (1973). Birds of Rodrigues Islands. Proc. R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius. 4(1): 17-59. ° Staub, F. (1977). L’avifaune de Rodrigues. Rev. Agric. Sucr. Ile Maurice 56(1): 24-26. ° Vinson, J. (1956). Quelques remarques sur I’Ile Rodrigues et sur sa faune terrestre. Proc. R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius 2: 263-277. Staff Visited as often as possible by Fisheries and Forestry Service officers from the main island of Rodrigues. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources, Curepipe. Date 1985 -408- Mauritius ILE AUX SERPENTS Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection Total. Protected under the Forests and Reserves Act 1983. Date Established 1983 Geographical Location 26.8km to the north-east of Cap Malheureux. 19°49’S, 57°48’E. Altitude From sea level to 177m Area 3lha Land Tenure No information Physical Features Dome-shaped volcanic islet, with many precipitous rock overhangs Vegetation The islet is guano covered and bare of vegetation except for patches of Portulaca and Brachiaria, which grow in rock crevices. Fauna About two million birds use the islet. There are about a million sooty tern Sterna fuscata nubilosa, 200,000 noddy Anous stolidus pileatus, 500,000 lesser noddy Anous tenuirostris tenuirostris, and 20-40 masked booby Sula dactylatra melanops (Feare 1984). These tern and noddy colonies are some of the biggest in the world for these species. The rock overhangs are particularly favoured by birds as egg laying sites. The only reptiles on the islet are skink Gongylomorphus bojerii (fairly large numbers) and the Serpent Island gecko Nactus serpensinsula (E). Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Considerable disturbance is caused by people sounding boat sirens on purpose so that they can watch huge flocks of birds taking off. Visitor Facilities Landing by boat is almost impossible Scientific Research The islet has rarely been visited by scientists, as access is so difficult. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Bullock, D. and North, S. (1975). Report of the Edinburgh University Expedition to Round Island. ° Feare, C.J. (1984). Seabird status and conservation in the Tropical Indian Ocean. In Status and Conservation of the World’s Seabirds. ICBP, Cambridge. Pp 457-472. ° Lloyd, J.A. (1846). Relation d’un voyage a l’Ile Ronde et a I’Ile aux Serpents en December 1844. Proc. Soc. Hist. Nat. Maurice pp 154-162. ° Vinson, J. (1950). I’Ile Ronde et I’Ile aux Serpents. Proc. R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius 1(1): 32-52. ° Vinson, J. (1953). Some present data on fauna of Round and Serpent Island. Soc. Art & Sci. Mauritius (13): 253-257. Staff None Budget Nil -409- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources, Curepipe. Date 1985 ILE PLATE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection Total. Protected under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983. Date Established 15 July 1972 Geographical Location About 11km north-north-east of Cap Malheureux, off the northern most point of Mauritius. 19°53’S, 57°39’E. Altitude Sea level to 116m Area 253ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The islet is roughly circular, about 2km in diameter, comprising a rocky hill, 116m high, and a volcanic plateau which stretches northward over more than half of the islet. The eastern and western sections of the plateau are composed of sand ridges, some of which rise 9m above mean sea level. Towards the coast, the ridges degrade into a mass of loose coral and finally into loose volcanic blocks. The slopes below the hill are covered with a thin layer of volcanic soil and volcanic sand. There is a pocket of basaltic foreshore on the southern side of the islet, near Palisade Bay. A continous peripheral fringing reef joins the northern points of Ile Plate and Ile Gabriel to form a lagoon. Surf piles in over this reef, building up the level of lagoon water which pours back out to sea through a channel to the south. The entire north-western arm is a series of calm pools with patches of coral. A reef to the south of the islet has elements of spur and groove structure, but this is only poorly developed. Vegetation There is a coastal strand flora along part of the sandy eastern coast. The inland native flora has almost completely been destroyed by man, periodic fires and establishment of exotic tree plantation. The spinose shrub Lantana camara is widespread. A few Pandanus vandermeerschii trees persist on the basaltic foreshore near Palisade Bay. A few Latania and Pandanus trees still occur inland fixing themselves in rock crevices. Open ground is sparsely covered by grass and shrub savanna with Cassytha, Tylophora, and Graminae. The coral colonies have a dense cover of green, red, and brown seaweeds. Fauna The skink Gongylomorphus bojerii bojerii has been observed on coral and open ground. The lizard Phelsuma ornata is often seen on rocks near the sea. Only a few migratory bird species nest on the islet. The lagoon floor is almost entirely covered by coral. Acropora spp., exhibiting digitate, tabular and staghorn growth forms, are the dominant corals over most of the lagoon. The reef flat exhibits three stages of formation - a young zone of dead stagshorn coral on the lagoon side, a zone of loose coral rubble with small coral colonies outside the stagshorn, and an outer algal zone of coral rubble consolidated by calcareous algae and brown algae. The patches of coral vary in structure, mainly being large tabular colonies -410- Mauritius of Acropora and covered by stands of foliaceous Montipora. Fish include tiger cowrie Cypraea tigris and Cypraea lynx, blue spotted boxfish Ostracion cusicus, and Acanthurus nigronis in large schools. There are numerous nudibranchs, aplysiids and blue-green sea cucumbers Stichopus chloronotus. The fore reef slope is particularly interesting for populations of large fish (Carengids, Lutjanids, Nasinids, Scarids). Altogether 150 species of fish have been recorded from the Ile Plate reefs (Procter and Salm, 1975). The abundant and beautiful blue coral Heliopora coerulea is a feature that is unique (among Mauritian reefs) to this area. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Both feral cats and rats exist on the islet. Periodic fires often cause enormous damage to vegetation. Scientific Research There have been studies on flora and fauna Special Scientific Facilities There are no facilities on the islet, except for a lighthouse. Principal Reference Material ° Ayres, P.H.B. (1860). Geology of Flat and Gabriel Islands. Trans R. Soc. Arts and Sci. Mauritius, New Series Vol. I (II): 220-232. ° Horne, J. (1887). Notes on flora of Flat Island. Trans R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius, New Series Vol. 19: 116-151 (Annex G). ° Procter, J. and Salm, R. (1974). Conservation in Mauritius 1974. IUCN/WWF Report to the Government of Mauritius. Unpublished. Staff Visited as often as possible by Forestry Service, Fisheries, and Port Officers Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources, Curepipe. Date 1984 ILOT GABRIEL Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection Total. Protected under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983. Date Established 4 December 1972 Geographical Location 12km to the north-north-east of Cap Malheureux, close to Ile Plate. 19°53’3S, 57°40°E. Altitude Sea level to 28m Area 42ha Land Tenure Government -411- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Physical Features The centre of the volcanic islet is broken into ridges and boulders and covered with a thin layer of volcanic soil. This is bounded by low sand banks, except to the south-east where the beach is composed of long spurs of volcanic rock projecting into the sea. Toward the centre, the shore sand intermixes with coral blocks and volcanic detritus in a narrow belt. Vegetation The islet is covered with shrubby vegetation mainly comprising Psiadia trinervia, the ’Baume de I’Ile Plate’ of renowned medicinal value. There is also a coastal scrub of Suriana, Scaevola, and Tournefortia. Fauna The presence of two species of reptile, Gongylomorphus bojerii and Phelsuma ornata is noteworthy. The islet does not appear to be an important nesting site for seabirds now, though Newton (1956) reported that white-tailed Phaethon lepturus and red- tailed tropic birds Phaethon rubricauda bred here at one time. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Rabbits and rats have become numerous on the islet. Erosion is still at a moderate level but increasing. Scientific Research Vegetation surveys are carried out occasionally. Special Scientific Facilities None on the islet Principal Reference Material Ayres, P.H.B. (1860). Geology of Flat and Gabriel Islands. Trans. R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius, New Series Vol. I, Part II: 220-232. ° Horne, J. (1887). Notes on flora of Flat Island. Trans. R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius, New Series Vol. 19: 116-151 (Annex G). ° Newton, R. 1956). Bird islands of Mauritius. [bis 98: 296-302. ° Procter, J. and Salm, R. (1974). Conservation in Mauritius 1974. IUCN/WWF Report to the Government of Mauritius. Unpublished. Staff Visited occasionally by Forest and Fisheries Service Officers Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural resources, Curepipe. Date 1985 MACCHABEE-BEL OMBRE NATURE RESERVE Management Category IV and IX (Managed Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection Total Date Established Various nature reserves were established in 1951 and united in 1974 by the addition of the Black River Gorges area (Les Mares and Plaine Champagne), which joined Macchabée, Petrin, and Bel Ombre reserves. It was accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in October 1977. -412- Mauritius Geographical Location Composed of Petrin, Ste. Marie and Cocotte, Bel Ombre, Macchabée and Mare Longue, Petites Gorges, Florin, Desgranges, Les Mares, Mesliers, Plaine Champagne and Black River Gorges. Centred at 20°25’S, 57°26’E. Altitude 50-650m Area 3,61lha (Biosphere Reserve listed as 3,594ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The area comprises a plateau in the north, the deep Black River Gorges in the middle sector, and, towards the south, a gentle southerly slope below a steep scarp. The soil is variable; at Petrin and Plaine Champagne it is either ground water laterite with lateritic concretion, or low humic gleys. At Macchabée/Mare Longue, the soils are humic ferrogineous latosols, and at Bel Ombre, a brown forest soil predominates. Vegetation At Petrin, the various series in vegetation succession leading to climax forest are evident. The marshy spots are characterised by Lycopodium spp., Pandanus spp., Sphagnum spp. and sedges such as Cyperus; the dry areas are characterised by Philippia/Phylica heath. Some of the plants found in this dry area are Blechnum attenuatum, Astelia hemichrysa (rare), Coffea spp., and Trochetia spp.. In the Macchabée/Mare Longue area, there is upland evergreen climax forest dominated by Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae and Sapotaceae, of which about 20-25% are endemic. Most orchid species such as Phaius spp. and Jumellea fragrans are threatened. Tree species of concern due to their lack of regeneration and endemic status are Sideroxylon grandiflorum, Ocotea cupularis, Tambourissa sieberi, and Canarium paniculatum. In Petites Gorges, Florin, Desgranges, Les Mares, Mesliers and Black River Gorges, about 900ha are covered with evergreen forest, extensively invaded by exotics. The remainder is composed partly of low native scrub, marshy vegetation, and heath vegetation. These are mixed with the exotic, aggressive Psidium cattleianum, and Rubus alcaefolius. There are various rare endemic plants, including some Pandanus spp., and Trochetia spp.. At Ste. Marie and Cocotte, mossy forest has been badly degraded as a result of successive cyclones. It has many species of orchids, ferns and mosses. In Bel Ombre, mid-altitude forest composed mainly of Labourdonnaisia glauca, Mimusops petiolaris and various Diospyros spp. predominates. A single tree of Olax psittacorum, previously known only from old collections, was found in Black River Gorges in the 1960s, and Gaertnera longifolia, only collected once, was also recently found in the area (IUCN/WWF Project 3149). Also occuring in the Black River Gorges is a small stand of the beautiful Hibiscus columnaris. This species, endemic to Mauritius and Réunion, is only known from a few scattered individuals. Fauna No information Conservation Management Several very small areas have been cleared of gregarious exotic weeds in order to free native plants which were being smothered. It is proposed that parts of the area should be fenced as weeded reserves. Hibiscus columnaris is being propagated by the Forestry Department and grows easily from cuttings, although it is almost extinct from the wild. Under the sponsorship of ICBP, WWF and the New York Zoological Society (IUCN/WWF Project 1082), an intensive programme of captive breeding has been initiated for the Mauritius kestrel, parakeet and pink pigeon. A reduction in introduced species, such as exotic birds and macaques Macaca sp., may be necessary to ensure the safety of the kestrels, parakeets, pink pigeons and cuckoo-shrikes. Translocation of fodies to Réunion has been proposed by the British Ornithologists Union (BOU) (Procter and Salm, 1975). The Forestry Service has already started planting nectar-producing flowers along the roadsides to improve the habitat for white-eyes. Zoning None, apart from the partitioning into numerous smaller reserves. Disturbances or Deficiencies Parts of the reserve are leased for the shooting of deer, which have free access to the reserve and which are inhibiting regeneration. Several forest roads -413- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas bisect the area and tourism is increasing. The forest is badly invaded with exotics like Psidium cattleianum, Rubus alcaefolius and Ligustrum robustum var. walkeri. There are four main threats to the bird species in the reserve: (1) Reduction in the area of mature evergreen forest. (2) Nest predation by introduced macaques and rats. (3) Shooting by careless or uninformed hunters. (4) Possible competition for nest holes by the aggresive introduced rose-ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri, and common mynah Acridotheres tristis with the Mauritius parakeet. These two introduced species and the red whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus are invading the native forests. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research Research in the area dates from the 1930s. Future research could investigate the total ecological effects of exotic plant establishment. Special Scientific Facilities Herbarium facilities are available. Principal Reference Material ° Owadally, A.W. (1976). Annual Report for the Forestry Service for the year 1974. Port Louis, Mauritius: L. Carl Achille Government Printer. ° Owadally, A.W. (1973). Les foréts natdrelles de I’Ile Maurice, Info-Nature. Bulletin de Liason de la S.R.E.P.N. Numéro special La Forét. Pp 88-94. ° Owadally, A.W. (1969). International biological programme check sheets on the nature reseves of Mauritius. Prepared for the International Coucil for Scientific Unions of Nature Conservancy, London. ° Procter, J. and Salm, R. (1974). Conservation in Mauritius 1974. IUCN/WWEF Report to the Government of Mauritius. Unpublished. ° Staub, F. (1976). Birds of the Mascarenes and Saint Brandon. Organisation normale des enterprises Ltee, Labama House, Mauritius. ° Staub, F. (1973). Oiseaux de I’Ile Maurice et de Rodrigues. The Mauritius printing Company, Mauritius. ° Vaughan, R.E. and Wiehe, P.O. (1937-1947). Studies of the vegetation of Mauritius. Journal of Ecology Vol. 24(1), 25(2), 28(2), 34(1). Staff Ten forest officers Budget Approximately US$500 (1982) Local Park or Reserve Administration Conservator of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources and the environment, Forestry Service, Curepipe. Date 1985 ROUND ISLAND Management Category IV (Management Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1957 Geographical Location About 24km north-east of Cap Malheureux, the northernmost point of Mauritius. 19°51’S, 57°47’E. -414- Mauritius Altitude Sea level to 280m Area 159ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is part of a tilted volcanic cone which rises from a coastal shelf at about 50m depth. Most of the island is composed of volcanic tuff, weathered into an extremely rugged landscape with numerous cliffs, and curious horizontally ridged pillars and deep gullies up to 15m deep. Blocks of basalt and deposits of coral detritus occur at various levels. Vegetation Early descriptions of the vegetation relate that both screw pine Pandanus vandermeershcii and fan palm Latania loddigesii were common in ravines, with two other palms, the bottle palm Hyophorbe lagenicaulis and hurricane palm Dictyosperma album, also in abundance. This vegetation was similar to that of north-west Mauritius, in the coastal regions. The vegetation has been greatly reduced by rabbits and goats, which were introduced by 1830 and 1865 respectively. Few natural specimens survive of the endemic bottle palm and hurricane palm though the species are now found naturally only on Round Island, and only in cultivation on the mainland. Scattered fan palm and the screw pine form small clumps, and in a few places there is moderately dense ground cover of grasses, herbs, and widespreed ruderal species. A single specimen of Gagnabina pterocarpa is the only survivor from former hardwood forest. North and Bullock (1986) reported that of 63 vascular plant species recorded for Round Island, only 51 were observed during 1975 and 1982 expeditions, of which 12 were species endemic to the Mascarenes and at least 16 exotic. Fauna The island still provides a breeding place for fairly large populations of four species of seabirds. About 120 pairs of the Round Island petrel Pterodroma arminjoniana (elsewhere known to breed only on Trinidad/Martin Vaz islands off the south-east coast of Brazil, and only discovered on Round Island in 1948) breed there annually, and the population of red tailed tropic bird Phaethon rubricauda and the white-tailed tropic bird P. lepturus was estimated in August 1982 to be up to 300, with 100 breeding pairs. The total population of wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus was between 3,500 and 4,000 pairs (Feare 1984). The island is also visited by migrant turnstone Arenaria interpres, and several species of tern feed close in to its shores. Reptile species constitute the most notable element of the fauna with five threatened species - the Serpent Island gecko Cyrtodactylus serpensinsula (T), the Round Island day-gecko Phelsuma guentheri (T) (population declining), the Round Island or Telfair’s skink Leiolopisma telfairii (T), the Round Island boa Bolyeria multocarinata (T) and the keel-scaled boa Casarea dussumieri (T) (of which the last four are only now found on Round Island). In addition, the ornate day-gecko Phelsuma ornata and two more skinks, Scelotes bojerii and Alepharus boutonii, are present in larger numbers. The keel-scaled boa Casarea dussumieri and Round Island boa Bolyeria multicarinata are the most extraordinary of the reptiles to inhabit the island. They are the sole surviving members of the sub-family Bolyerinae, a group of primitive boas of particular scientific interest. Conservation Management Goats have been eliminated from the island, and it is suggested that priority should now be given to eliminating rabbits. The unauthorised landing and slaughter of birds will only be controlled with the establishment of a warden. Although the vegetation of the island is degraded, North and Bullock (1986) suggest that some areas retain the potential for rapid recovery when herbivore populations are reduced. Palm savanna is also an important habitat for continued survival of the herptofauna (Bullock, 1986). Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Round island is badly eroded because of over-grazing and browsing by goats and rabbits and the vegetation, particularly the palm savanna, is now seriously degraded. There is continued soil erosion and lack of regeneration, and between 80-90% of the island is now bare rock. The number of mature bottle palm trees has declined from 15 to eight and the number of hurricane palms from five to one. Some regeneration of the former was detected, with eight young trees. It is believed that goast are now extinct on -415- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas the island, but extermination of rabbits is still a priority. Both the Round Island day-gecko and the ornate day-gecko have declined in numbers and the former may only be represented by 200 individuals. The keel-scaled boa population has remained stable since 1975. The Round Island boa could not be found in 1982 and may be extinct. Shearwaters compete with rabbits for burrowing space in the remaining areas of soil, leaving them bare and unstable. Many shearwaters, unable to find burrowing space, lay their eggs on bare rock. There, they bake in the sun when the heat drives the adults to fly out to sea. Procter and Salm (1975) found 100 eggs abandoned in this way. Due to physical conditions, wardening of the island is difficult and poaching continues - mainly of petrel and red-tailed tropic-bird adults and chicks. The Trinidad petrel may be seriously threatened due to DDT poisoning. The reefs around Round Island are not well developed and show signs of damage which could be attributed to the deposition of silt, eroded from the island, and reef dependent fish are few. Visitor Facilities Due to the difficulty of effecting a landing except for the period September to mid-December, visitors to the island have been very limited in number; no water or shelter is available on the island, and the heat may be considerable. Landing or evacuation by helicopter has been effected occasionally but is expensive and disturbs the birds. Scientific Research The northern islets of Gunner’s Quoin and Round Island were visited by a group of scientists in July and August 1982. One aim was to assess the suitability of Gunner’s Quoin for the introduction of Round Island reptiles, which have been captive bred by the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Bullock, D. (1977). Round Island - a tale of destruction. Oryx 14: 51-58. ° Bullock, D.J. (1986). The ecclogy and conservation of reptiles on Round Island and Gunner’s Quoin, Mauritius. Biological Conservation 37: 135-156. ° Bullock, D. and North, S. (1976). Edinburgh University Expedition to Round Island, Mauritius, 1975. Final Report. Edinburgh (unpublished). Bullock, D. and North, S. (1984). Round Island in 1982. Oryx 18: 36-41. Bullock, D., North, S. and Grieg, S. (1983). Round Island Expedition 1982. Final Report. St. Andrews (unpublished). ° Cheke, A.S. (in press). A review of the ecological history of the Mascarene Islands with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates. In: Diamond, A.W. (Ed.) Studies of the Mascarene avifauna, Cambridge University Press. ° Feare C.J. (1984). Seabird status and conservation in the Tropical Indian Ocean. In: Status and Conservation of the World’s Seabirds. ICBP, Cambridge. Pp 457-472. IUCN/WWF Project 1082. Conservation of Endangered Bird Species. Johnston, H.H. (1894). Report on the flora of Round Island, Mauritius. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 20: 237-264. ° North, S.G. and Bullock, D.J. (1986). Changes in the vegetation and populations of introduced mammals of Round Island and Gunner’s Quoin, Mauritius. Biological Conservation 37: 99-117. ° Procter, J. and Salm, R. (1974). Conservation in Mauritius 1974. IUCN/WWF Report to the Government of Mauritius. Unpublished. ° Vinson, J. (1964). Sur la disparition progressive de la flore et de la faune de I’Ile Ronde. Proc. R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius 2(3): 247-261. ° Staff Visited by Forest Service officers when accompanying visiting scientists. Budget Virtually nil Local Park or Reserve Administration Enquiries to: Conservator of Forests, Forestry Service Headquarters, Curepipe. Date 1985 -416- Mauritius BLACK RIVER FISHING RESERVE Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection The Fisheries Act 1980 prohibits the use of large net or gill net fishing. Date Established 2 February 1983 by Government Notice No. 18 Geographical Location Off the West coast of Mauritius around the estuary of the Black River. Boundaries are marked by high water mark, Petit Vacoas and Point Lascars. From Point Lascars, the boundary goes straight to Grand Pointe and from there in a straight line to the southern extremity of Point des Requins. 20°22’S, 57°20°E. Altitude Sea level Area 900ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve includes both Black River and Case Royale. The marine area comprises a lagoon environment, coral patches and reefs, and sandy areas. The terrestrial zone is covered by sandy beaches, rocky shores, and mangrove stands. Vegetation There are various species of seaweed, notably Ulva cuchemia, Enteromorpha, and sea grass Gracilaria and Chaetomorpha. There are mangrove stands along the coast. Fauna All commercially exploited species are well represented. It is a good nursery area for mullet Mugil cephalus and M. sebeli, crab and oysters. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is hotel development along the coast, boating activities and illegal fishing. Silt deposit appears to be extensive. Scientific Research Fish stock assessment (not restricted to reserve) Special Scientific Facilities The Fisheries Research Centre is situated a few kilometers to the north. Principal Reference Material ° Fisheries Act 1980. ° Fisheries Regulations in Government Notice No. 18 of 1983. Staff Three fisheries assistants are based at an adjacent fisheries post. Enforcement is carried out as part of the general duties of the Fisheries Protection officers. Budget No specific budget is allocated; recurrent expenditure and salaries are met from a budget allocated to both Fisheries Research and Protection Service i.e. Rs.8.3 million. Local Park or Reserve Administration Protection Service, Fisheries Division Date July 1983 -417- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas FLACQ FISHING RESERVE Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection The Fisheries Act 1980 prohibits large net or gill net fishing. Date Established 2 February 1983 by Government Notice No. 18 Geographical Location Off the eastern coast of Mauritius. Boundaries are marked by high water mark and a line drawn from point La Brise at Post Lafayette to Pointe de Flacq. 20°9’S, 57°45’E. Altitude Sea level Area 600ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve comprises a lagoon, with a sandy and rocky bottom, and coral reefs. There are numerous mud flats and sand banks, some with rocky outcrops and the reserve also includes a barachois (fish pond). Vegetation Vegetation comprises mangroves along much of the coast, and on islets, some marshy areas, and sea grass and algal beds on the shallow edges of the lagoon. Fauna All commercially exploited species are well represented. The reserve provides large nursery areas for mullet Mugil cephalus and M. sebeli, siganids, letrinids, and goatfish (Mullidae). The crab Scylla serrata and many species of prawns also occur. Knowledge of smaller taxa is generally lacking. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Hotel development, boating activities, illegal fishing Scientific Research Fish stock assessment (not restricted to the reserve) Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Fisheries Act 1980. ° Fisheries Regulations in Government Notice No. 18 of 1983. Staff Three fisheries assistants are based at an adjacent fisheries post. Enforcement is carried out as part of the general duties of the Fisheries Protection officers. Budget No specific budget is allocated; recurrent expenditure and salaries are met from a budget allocated to both Fisheries Research and Protection Service i.e. Rs.8.3 million. Local Park or Reserve Administration Protection Service; Fisheries Division Date July 1983 -418- Mauritius GRAND PORT-MAHEBOURG FISHING RESERVE Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection The Fisheries Act 1980 prohibits the use of large net or gill net fishing. Date Established 2 February 1983 by Government Notice No. 18 Geographical Location South-east coast of Mauritius around the port of Mahebourg. Boudaries are marked by high water mark and a straght line drawn from Old Grand Port to the eastern point of Ile aux Aigrettes, then along the reefs to the islet of Le Broudou. 15°23'S, 57°42’E. Altitude Sea level Area 2,200ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve comprises a lagoon with a sandy and rocky bottom, coral patches and reefs, inter-tidal zone covered by sandy beaches, and rocky shores. In some areas, the inter-tidal zone is occupied by cliffed shores and eroded eolianite deposits. Vegetation There are patches of mangroves and ferns in some areas and dense stands of mangroves on mud flats near the upper limits of the inter-tidal zone. Various species of seaweeds and algae occur, e.g. Ulva, Cuchemia, Entomorpha, and Chaetomor pha. Fauna All commercially exploited species are well represented. The reserve provides large nursery areas for mullet Mugil cephalus and M. sebeli, rabbitfish (Siganidae), scavenger fish (Lethrinidae), and goatfish (Mullidae). The crab Scylla serrata and many species of prawns also occur. Knowledge of smaller taxa generally lacking. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies During heavy rains and cyclones, there is siltation of lagoon. Illegal fishing is a problem. Scientific Research Fish stock assessment (not restricted to the reserve) Special Scientific Facilities Mahebourg Fish Farm (83ha) has a laboratory and aquaria facilities. Principal Reference Material ° Fisheries Act 1980. ° Fisheries regulations in Government Notice No. 18 of 1983. Staff Three fisheries assistants are based at an adjacent fisheries post. Enforcement is carried out as part of the general duties of the Fisheries Protection officers. Budget No specific budget is allocated; recurrent expenditure and salaries are met from budget allocated to both Fisheries Research and Protection Service i.e. Rs.8.3 million. Local Park or Reserve Administration Protection Service; Fisheries Division Date July 1983 -419- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas PORT LOUIS FISHING RESERVE Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection The Fisheries Act 1980 prohibits large net or gill net fishing. Date Established 2 February 1983 by Government Notice No. 18. Geographical Location Off the north-west coast of Mauritius around Port Louis. Boundaries are marked by high water mark and a line drawn from the Martello Tower at Pointe aux Sables to a point due west on the reefs and from Point Tortue in a straight line to the most westerly point at Fort George. 20°09’S, 57°23’E. Altitude Sea level Area 500ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve encloses the harbour of Port Louis and includes an estuary at the entrance to the Grand River North West and River St. Louis. It comprises a lagoon with a muddy to sandy bottom and coral patches of mostly dead communities. A deep channel leads to the main harbour of the island from a wide pass in the reef of mostly dead communities. Vegetation Seagrass communities are extensive on the southern part with some eutrophication, and seaweeds at the entry of sewage outfalls include Ulva lactuca, Enchemia sp., and Enteromorpha sp.. Fauna Lagoon fishes, particularly siganids and parrot fishes are present. All commercially exploited species are well represented. The reserve provides large nursery areas for mullet Mugil cephalus and M. sebeli, rabbitfish (Siganidae), scavenger fish (Lethrinidae), and goatfish (Mullidae). The crab Scylla serrata and many species of prawns also occur. Knowledge of smaller taxa generally lacking. However, in some areas many of the corals are dead. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Effluents (including industrial waste) from two sewage outfalls flow into the reserve. There is solid waste dumping around Northern Point and the presence of the harbour causes some disturbance. There is also illegal fishing. Scientific Research Fish stock assessment (not restricted to the reserve) Special Scientific Facilities The Fisheries Research Centre is situated 10km to the south. Principal Reference Material ° Fisheries Act 1980. Fisheries regulations in Government Notice No. 18 of 1983 Staff Three fisheries assistants are based at an adjacent fisheries post. Enforcement is carried out as part of the general duties of the Fisheries Protection officers. Budget There is no specific budget; recurrent expenditure and salaries are met from a budget allocated to both Fisheries Research and Protection Service i.e. Rs.8.3 million. Local Park or Reserve Administration Protection Service; Fisheries Division Date July 1983 -420- Mauritius RIVIERE DU RAMPART-POUDRE D’OR FISHING RESERVE Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection The Fisheries Act 1980 prohibits large net or gill net fishing. Date Established 2 February 1983 by Government Notice No. 18 Geographical Location On the north-east coast of Mauritius. Boundaries are marked by high water mark and a line from Pointe Grand Courant to the nearest shore of Ile d’Ambre and along the shore of that island to Pointe Dejeuner, then to the southern side of Passe St Geran, and along the reef to Point Roches Noires. 20°05’S, 57°42’E. Altitude Sea level Area 3,500ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve comprises a lagoon with sandy and rocky bottoms, and coral reefs. Rocky shores predominate on the inter-tidal zone, which also has small stretches of sandy beaches. The reserve also includes two barachois (fish ponds). Vegetation Mangroves are found interspersed in rocky shores; in some areas they form dense stands. There are numerous rocky islets covered in mangroves. Fauna’ The area is particularly rich in mullets (Mugilidae), rabbitfish (Siganidae), goatfish (Mullidae) and scavenger fish (Lethrinidae). Rich oyster beds are present, and all the commercially exploited species are fairly well represented. There is also part of the reef fringing communities. Knowledge of smaller taxa is generally lacking. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies [Illegal fishing and fish and oyster farms Scientific Research Fish stock assessment (not restricted to reserve) Special Scientific Facilities None. Principal Reference Material ° Fisheries Act 1980. ° Fisheries regulations in Government Notice No. 18 of 1983. Staff Three fisheries assistants are based at an adjacent fisheries post. Enforcement is carried out as part of the general duties of the Fisheries Protection officers. Budget No specific budget is allocated; recurrent expenditures and salaries are met from the budget allocated to both Fisheries Research and Protection Service, i.e. Rs.8.3 million. Local Park or Reserve Administration Protection Service; Fisheries Division Date 1985 -421- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas TROU D’EAU DOUCE FISHING RESERVE Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection The Fisheries Act 1980 prohibits large net or gill net fishing. Date Established 2 February 1983 by Government Notice No. 18 Geographical Location Off the east coast of Mauritius. The boundaries are marked by high water mark and a line drawn from Le Morne to the extreme western point of Ile aux Rats, along the inner shore of Isles aux Cerfs to Pointe Petit Vacoas, and to the extreme point of Ilot Lievre and Point Saint Lain (Pointe Cassis). 20°16’S, 57°47°E. Altitude Sea level Area 700ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The shallow water, including the estuaries at the Grand River South East, is brackish. Vegetation There are extensive mangrove areas in the inter-tidal zones and around the many small islets of the Iles aux Cerfs region. The area is rich in seagrass communities. Fauna The fauna comprises varied coral communities. The brackish water provides habitats for oyster communities, which settle on the mangrove roots. The area provides a nursery ground for many species and is particularly rich in mullet species. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There are large amounts of silt deposited in the reserve during heavy rain. Pollutants from a sugar mill are carried via the Deep River Beau Champ into a part of the reserve. There is also illegal fishing. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Fisheries Act 1980. Fisheries Regulations in Government Notice No. 18 of 1983. Staff Three fisheries assistants are posted in an adjacent fisheries post. Enforcement is carried out as part of the general duties of the Fisheries Protection officers. Budget There is no specific budget; recurrent expenditure and salaries are met from a budget allocated to both Fisheries Research and Protection Service, i.e. Rs.8.3 million. Local Park or Reserve Administration Protection Service; Fisheries Division Date July 1983 -422- Mauritius BAIE DE L’ARSENAL MARINE PARK Management Category Proposed Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands) Legal Protection No information Date Established Not yet gazetted Geographical Location 20°06’S, 57°30°E Altitude No information Area 100ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features Baie de 1|’Arsenal is unique in Mauritius for its remarkable diversity of habitats and species, and their unusual intactness within such a confined area. It consists of a peripheral fringing reef, lying 30-60m offshore, which is cut at frequent intervals by surge channels and narrow passages scoured out by strong rip currents. Sheltered fringing reefs border these channels. The peripheral reefs are exposed to oceanic swell, but there is no surf over the sheltered reefs and the current is weak. Consequently the sheltered reefs are easily accessible and extremely vulnerable. There are also lagoonal patch reefs between the peripheral fringing reefs and the shore, with a depth of 1-4m. The brackish lagoon has a substrate of coral fragments, blocks of dead corals, patches of sand and sand consolidated by beds of sea grass or patches of living corals. The bay has much of geological interest including its different rock formations (basalt, beach rock, raised beach and raised reef), its three types of beaches (coral and shell coarse sand, grey sand flats, and gravel) and the dunes at Pointe aux Piments which form a more or less continuous series of arcs parallel to the shore. There is a well-preserved earthen fort at the southern point of the bay. Towards the lagoon to the east are 13 rocky outcrops, large slabs of compacted back-reef coral exposed 2m above sea level and deeply undercut at their seaward faces. These rocks are studded with small colonies of boulder corals (Porites, Astraeopora). Vegetation The vegetation can be divided into two basic types: (1) Plant-based algal beds behind the surf zone with abundant species of Sargassum, Turbinaria, and sea grasses with beds of Syringodium isoetifolium and Halodule uninervis. (2) Sand-based (sand flats, bay floor sediments, sandy beaches) and rock-based (shore-line basalt boulders, intertidal beach rock-reef rock) plant species (including seaweeds). Fauna The sheltered reefs are characterised by a dense cover of fragile colonies which are remarkably intact, large and varied, comprising tiers of stagshorn, tabular Acropora and foliaceous Montipora. Extensive patches of stagshorn are established in the deeper lagoon waters. In shallower areas the Acropora patches are generally small, frequently dead or replaced by fields of hardy Pavona coral. The lagoonal patch reefs are especially vulnerable because their principle constructors - the brittle stagshorn and tabular Acropora are so fragile. Boulder reef with Porites features in areas with erratic salinity, turbidity, and temperature. With such a wide range of habitats, this area supports a good variety of other animal species including many wrass and parrotfish (notably Halichoeres kawarin, Thalliurus chlorurus, Leptoscarus vaigiensis, and Xanothon marmaritus). The sea grass beds provide habitat for the molluscs Pinna kraussi, Cassis cornuta, and Dolabella spp., the crab Calappa hepatica, various annelids and the juveniles of some important economic fish including Lethrinus harak and Siganus spp.. Donax faba is relatively abundant inshore from the Halodule uninervis beds. Sand flats are important habitats for the sea cucumber Synapta, other holothurians, Numerous molluscs and the commercially important goatfish (Mullidae) and mullets (Mugilidae). The sandy beaches were previously used by nesting turtles, and the hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata (E) has been seen around the mouth of the bay. The beaches -423- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas support a population of ghost crabs Ocypoda sp.. There is a remarkable echinoid-dominated community on the base of a raised reef rock, which includes Echinometra mathaei, Heterocentrotus mammillatus, H. trigonarius, Echinostrephus molaris, Tripneustes gratilla, Stompneustes variolaris, Diadema setosum, and Echinothrix diadema. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies The Mauritian coral reefs are comparatively poorly developed and hence are easily destroyed. The area may be threatened by a plague of sea urchins (probably resulting indirectly from over-fishing), which is destroying sea grass beds and the reef on the east coast, and is causing the silting up of once productive lagoons. There are also reports of dense concentrations of the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci, which may indicate a plague of these reef-destroying animals. There is a need to relocate three fishermen who are currently based in this bay. Visitor Facilities The proposed construction of a hotel at Balaclava does not pose a threat to the marine park and will enhance its recreational value. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Procter, J. and Salm, R. (1974). Conservation in Mauritius 1974. IUCN/WWF Report to the Government of Mauritius. Unpublished. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date January 1983 -424- MOZAMBIQUE -425- Tanzania --- a | | Rovuma(Niassa) Zambezi ; Indian > Ocean Zimbabwe SS ANNE y, - } arromeu /Gorongosa ar, \ . ? é 4 Key 4 amy 4 {1 National Parks Dh Zinhave Bazaruto fl Reserves “ mu EJ Wildlife Utilization Aree 4 shape unknown Pomené () incl. Game Reserve ~ proposed Rep. of os South Africa H %0 i] \ Q 100 290kKm t ’ ~ Wapuig 7 nol { MW Viaputo Swaziland z___ me t ! Mozambique MOZAMBIQUE Area 784,961 sq.km Population 13,140,000 (1983) Parks and Reserves Legislation All parks and reserves are established under Decree No. 40040 of 20 January 1955. Hunting was banned in 1974, but hunting by village co-operatives under a quota system has been authorised since 1979. Protected conservation areas in Mozambique fall into six categories: Parques nacionais (national parks), Reservas especiais (game _ reserves), Reservas parciais (partial reserves), Regimen de vigilancia (faunal reserves), Coutadas, and Reservas florestais (forest reserves). Within parques nacionais natural resources are managed for ecological, cultural, aesthetic and socio-economic objectives, all national parks having some settlement, agriculture or cattle. In the early 1970s, there was interest in the creation of multi-purpose wildlife resource-use areas, especially where there was fragile substrate and vegetation cover, and tsetse fly Glossina moristans. This lead to the establishment of the Reservas especiais category. Within these Reservas especiais the objectives are similar to national parks but exclude the socio-economic objectives. Within the Regimen de vigilancia, one or more species are protected while others may be exploited. Coutadas are hunting and photographic safari areas usually run on a private concession basis. Forest reserves are areas intended to protect representative examples of vegetation-types. A "multiple use area’ is a recently defined category. These areas are managed with the aim of utilising wildlife on a sustainable basis, One reserve, the Ilhas da Inhaca e dos Portugueses, is managed by the University Eduardo Mondlare for both conservation and education purposes. Parks and Reserves Administration The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for administration of reserves and recent reorganization has led to the creation of an office, the *"Unidade de Direcgao da Fauna Bravia’, to deal with wildlife matters including parks and reserves. In addition, the State Secretariat for Physical Planning is charged with ensuring coordination and interrelationship of the different organisms (sic) involved in the use of natural resources in order to guarantee the preservation/restoration of ecological balance. Forest Reserves come under the control and protection of the Forestry Department (Unidade de Direcgao Florestas). A parastatal organization known as Emofauna E.E. was established in 1981 under the Department of Wildlife and Forestry which at that time was responsible for administration of parks and reserves. The main objective of Emofauna E.E. is to make full economic use of natural resources to ensure their future conservation. Several areas have been set aside as wildlife utilisation and production areas, and these come under the control of Emofauna E.E. Address ° Unidade de Direcgao da Fauna Bravia, CP 1072, Maputo. ° Unidade de Direcgao Florestas, CP 3652, Maputo. ° Emofauna E.E., CP 2706, Maputo. Additional Information The wildlife and forestry departments have persevered for many years under extreme shortages of equipment and manpower. In 1980, Mozambique had no comprehensive wildlife policy and with the exception of Gorongosa and Maputo National Parks and Marromeu Game Reserve, no wildlife area or park had any permanent field staff. The northern region was of particular concern as it was not well known due to its inaccessibility, remoteness and a history of security difficulties. There was, and still is, an urgent need for protection of representational sites in this area (Rodgers, 1980). The guerilla war is considered to be by far the most serious problem facing nature conservation in Mozambique. Virtually every conservation area has been fairly severely affected, with the work of local administration being particularly badly disrupted, or even abandoned. Drought has had an affect on the region (in some cases exacerbated by upstream damming of rivers), which, in combination with the guerilla warfare has led to increased hunting both inside and Outside protected areas. Also, the gradual drying in combination with wildfire is gradually 2497, IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas changing the character of the vegetation in some parts of the country. In an effort to alleviate problems within nature conservation, a National Meeting of Wildlife held in December 1981 approved a draft re-evaluation of some existing areas of conservation concern. However, lack of skilled staff and adequate equipment, and human settlements within the reserves, are still major problems (Marques, 1984). Although Tello (1983) does report a change in attitude in provincial governments and rural people (particularly of the Zambezi delta) towards conservation, with the establishment of Emofauna and the success of the Zambezi Wildlife Utilisation Area, he also stresses the pressure of human populations, cattle and farming developments, industries and poaching which threaten the intregity of the national parks and game reserves. However, such advances are being compromised by the continuing political difficulties. A review has recently been carried out which assesses the current status of wildlife and protected areas in the country, and a series of recommendations aimed at improving the situation (Tello, 1986). This should be published by UNEP during 1987. References ° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in southern Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria. ° IUCN/WWF Projects 1988/9. Mozambique. Field Force Vehicles. ° Kaplan, I. (1977). Area Handbook for Mozambique. US Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 240 pp. ° Marques, M.R. (1984). Protected Areas in Mozambique. In Proceedings of the 22nd meeting of IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 22-27 May 1984. ° Rodgers, W.A. (1980). WWEF/IUCN Advisory Mission to the Government of the Popular Republic of Mozambique. Report to IUCN/WWF and the Government of Mozambique. ° Tello, J.L. (1983). Mozambique’s cropping scheme in the Zambezi Delta Area. Report presented to 59th SSC Meeting, Harare, Zimbabwe, 16 April 1983. ° Tello, J. (1986). Survey of protected areas and wildlife species in Mozambique with ‘* 7! recommendations for strengthening their conservation. Report to WWF, Gland, Switzerland. ° Tinley, K.L., Rosinha, A.J., Tello, José L.P., and Dutton, T.P. (1974). Wildlife and Wild places in Mozambique. Oryx XIII(4): 344-349. ° Smithers, R.H.N. and Tello, J.L.P.L. (1976). Check list and Atlas of the mammals of Mozambique. Museum Memoir No 8. Trustees of National Museum and Monuments of Rhodesia, Salisbury. ° WWF Project 3701. Mozambique, Review of Conservation Situation. Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Banhine 700,000 Bazaruto 15,000 Gorongosa 375,000 Zinave 500,000 Subtotal 1,590,000 Marine National Parks Paradise Island Faunal Reserves Ilhas da Inhaca e dos Portugeses Game Reserves Niassa 1,500,000 ae Mozambique Reserves Gile 210,000 Maputo 90,000 Marromeu 1,000,000 Pomene 10,000 Subtotal 1,310,000 Wildlife Utilization Areas Zambezi 1,000,000 Proposed areas Primeira and Segunda Islands National Park Quirimba Islands National Park Rovuma National Park 1,500,000 San Sebastian Peninsula National Park Nacala-Mossuril Marine National Park Subtotal 1,500,000 PARQUE NACIONAL DO BANHINE Management Category Under Review Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No information Date Established 1972 Geographical Location In the Gaza Province, north-east of the Limpopo River. Approximately 23°00’S, 32°30’E. Altitude No information Area 700,000ha Land Tenure No information Physical Features Mainly open plains, with some slightly elevated areas. The park lies in Mozambique’s most arid zone with under 400mm annual rainfall. Vegetation Mainly open grassland plains with slightly elevated areas where baobab Adansonia digitata, mopani Colophospermum mopane, Sclerocarya caffra, and Terminalia species occur. Fauna Mammals include: sable antelope Hippotragus niger, brown hyena Hyaena brunnea (T), caracal Felis caracal, black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas and _ side-striped jackal Canis adustus, and genet Genetta mossambica. Banhine, Zinave and the surrounding hunting areas contain Mozambique’s largest populations of elephant Loxodonta africana (T) and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus, (T) and the only populations of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, and ostrich Struthio camelus. Sizable populations of reedbuck Redunca redunca, impala Aepyceros melampus, and wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus also occur. Topi Damaliscus lunatus and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus were once common in the area, but no longer seen by the time the park was established. Arid zone birds include -429- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas kori bustard Choriotis kori and buffalo weaver Bubalornis albirostris. However, there are reports of excessive and uncontrolled hunting in the area, and it is unclear what the current situation is. Conservation Management In 1980, the Government planned to create a mobile ranger team to undertake field surveys and anti-poaching, conservation extension and educational activities, but there were still problems in the initiation of these activities in 1984 and there are as yet still no wildlife staff within the area. Zoning There is a buffer zone or fauna protection zone 5km wide, in which it is intended all wildlife should be protected. Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a permanent settlement within the park, an extensive cattle population, and poaching. At the time of establishment of the park numbers of animals were reduced for most large species, largely due to hunting, but probably also as a result of the general drying of the region five to ten years earlier. Poaching by well organised gangs was a serious problem during the first few years of existence. Subsequently the area has been seriously affected both as a result of the war in Zimbabwe and by internal disturbances in Mozambique. No staff have been based in the area since 1975. Drought problems are also increasing within the area. Visitor Facilities None Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° IUCN/WWF Project 1988. Mozambique. Field Force Vehicles. Staff Not staffed by wildlife staff since 1975. Three workers based outside the park in Xai-Xai. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1986 PARQUE NACIONAL DO BAZARUTO Management Category Under Review Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No information Date Established May 1971 by Legislative Diploma 46/71 Geographical Location On the islands of Bangué, Santo Antonio and Santa Isabel (the last two also being known as Benguerua and Magarugue), 10km off the coast near Vilanculos. Contiguous to the unprotected Bazaruto Island. Approximately 22°00’S, 35°30°E. Altitude 0-50m -430- Mozambique Area 15,000ha Land Tenure No information Physical Features The area includes three islands between Bazaruto Island and the Santo Sebastian Peninsula, and a 5km marine zone around them with extensive coral reefs. Vegetation Vegetation cover is sparse with /pomoea pes-caprae spp. brasiliensis, and Scaevola plumieri. Fauna There are reported to be extensive coral formations, dugong Dugong dugon (T) and five species of marine turtle (all of which are threatened). Terrestrial habitats support samango monkey Cercopithecus albogularis and red bush duiker Cephalophus natalensis. Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus occur in a lake on Benguerua Island. The unprotected Bazaruto Island to the north is important as a feeding area for dugong and a nesting area for marine turtles, and has been proposed as a reserve. Zoning None. Bazaruto Island to the north of the park was proclaimed as being under a *special vigilance regime’, with total exclusion of hunting. Disturbances or Deficiencies Turtle and dugong hunting continues, as does fishing. Only Bangué Island is uninhabited, though fishermen from the mainland are freqent visitors. There are over 200 sheep and goats on Benguerua Island. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No field staff have been appointed since the establishment of the park. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1986 PARQUE NACIONAL DA GORONGOSA Management Category Under Review Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No information Date Established 23 July 1960 as a National Park of 553,000ha by Diploma Legislativo No. 1993, and reduced to its present size in 1966. First protected as a game reserve of 100,000ha under regulations of 1921, and enlarged to 320,000ha in 1935. Geographical Location North-west of Sofala on the Pungue River, central Mogambique. Approximately 19°00’S, 34°30’E. -431- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Altitude Up to 600m Area 375,000ha; contiguous to the partially protected Zambezi Wildlife Utilisation Area. Land Tenure State Physical Features The park is situated at the southern limit of the Great Rift Valley with sharply rising inselbergs, an extensive floodplain, and associated lakes. Marshy areas are inundated by the rains. The climate is of a tropical moist savanna type, with most rains falling between November and April. Mists are common in winter months. Vegetation Piliostigma, Sclerocarya, Trichilia, Kigelia, and Acacia type savanna woodlands occupy fairly extensive areas, as do some patches of dry forest with species such as Dalbergia, Afzelia, and Pterocarpus on the old sand river beds. Pure Combretum savanna also occurs, but is fairly limited in extent. There are several areas of Colophospermum, both in the park and just north of it in a controlled hunting area, which forms part of the ecological system. There are some areas adjoining the flood plain with a savanna of short Hyphaene palms. Hyphaene, Borassus and some Phoenix occur in riverine areas. Fauna Ungulates are typical floodplain species, such as elephant Loxodonta africana (T), wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus (one of the main floodplain species), buffalo Syncerus caf fer, zebra Equus burchelli, reedbuck Redunca redunca, and impala Aepyceros melampus. In the elevated woodland and savanna, there are good populations of eland Taurotragus oryx, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, suni Neotragus moschatus, Sharpe’s grysbok Raphiceros sharpei, bushbuck, and duiker. Black rhino Diceros bicornis (T) are very rare indeed. Other mammals include klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus (common on rocky outcrops), hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and hyena Hyaena brunnea There are good numbers of lion, leopard and hyena. Hippopotamuses are plentiful - it has been suggested that they are too plentiful. Land and waterbirds are prolific and include heron Ardea sp., pelican Pelecanus sp., wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern), and secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius. However, there are reports of excessive and uncontrolled hunting in the area, and it is unclear what the current situation is. Conservation Management There was a well-developed road network, guard post system, several anti-poaching units, and a wildlife training school in the area. However, it would appear that no staff are currently working in the area, and all development projects have had to be stopped until the security problems in the area are alleviated. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The integrity of the park is threatened by a severe lack of equipment and manpower, however more serious at present is the pressure along the boundaries from legal and illegal settlements, and security problems within the area which have resulted in the park being abandoned by staff. Field patrols are restricted to small areas where security can be guaranteed. Most park facilities have been destroyed. There are unconfirmed reports that a high percentage of the game has been shot. The park limits still exclude several important areas, including Gorongosa Mountain, the primary water source for the park and surrounding area. Visitor Facilities There was accommodation at Chitengo lodge, and guided tours were available, but all tourist activities have ceased. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information -432- Mozambique Principal Reference Material ° IUCN/WWF Project No. 1989. Mozambique, Field Force Vehicles, Gorongosa National Park. ° Tinley, K. (date unknown). Framework of the Gorongosa Ecosystem. Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. ° Tinley, K.L. (1969). Os limites écologicos do Parque Nacional da Gorongosa (Mocambique): E a Manutengao da natureza bravia. Report to the Mocambique Government, Fauna Branch of the Veterinary Services of Mocambique. ° Tinley, K.L. (1971). Sketch of Gorongosa National Park, Mocgambique. In: Proceedings of a symposium on Nature Conservation as a form of land use, Gorongosa National Park, Mogambique 13-17 September 1971. Staff In 1980/1981, staff consisted of a chief warden, three rangers and some 50 game guards. The park is now administered by one of the three rangers, and there are an additional 30 guards. Staff are no longer based in the park, however, and the administration is based in Beira. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1986 PARQUE NACIONAL DO ZINAVE Management Category Under Review Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No information Date Established 1972. First proclaimed as a private safari hunting area in 1962. Geographical Location Southern Mozambique. The Save River defines the northern boundary of the park. Approximately 21°30’S, 33°30°E. Altitude No information Area 500,000ha; with hunting areas to the north and a game ranch to the east. Land Tenure No information Physical Features The area represents a transitional zone between moist tropical and arid tropical environments. The annual rainfall is 800mm or less. Vegetation Major vegetation types are Brachystegia species and mopani Colophospermum mopane, Acacia-Combretum tree savanna, and sandy grasslands. Fauna Zinave, together with Banhine and the surrounding hunting areas, contains Mozambique’s largest populations of elephant Loxodonta africana (T) and cheetah Acinonyx jJubatus (T) and the only populations of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, and ostrich Struthio camelus. The northern boundary (Save River) marks the northern distribution limit of the southern African race of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis and spring hare Pedetes capensis. Sizeable populations -433- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas of reedbuck Redunca redunca, impala Aepyceros melampus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, nyala Tragelaphus angasi, and wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus also occur. However, there are reports of excessive and uncontrolled hunting in the area, and it is unclear what the current situation is. Conservation Management In 1980, the Government planned to create a mobile ranger team to undertake field surveys and anti-poaching, conservation extension and educational activities, but there were still problems in the initiation of these activities in 1984. Some staff have now been assigned to the area, however. Zoning There is a buffer zone to the east, west and south of the park, providing a 5km_ wide fauna protection zone (regimen de vigilancia) in which all wildlife is protected. Disturbances or Deficiencies There is permanent settlement and extensive cattle population, and poaching by local people, guerillas and soldiers. The area has suffered from military activity since 1976, including an attack on Zinave camp in 1982. All camps in the park have been severely damaged. Drought has been a serious concern for several years. Visitor Facilities None operative Scientific Research No current research Special Scientific Facilities None operative Principal Reference Material ° IUCN/WWFE Project No. 1988. Mozambique, Field Force Vehicles. Staff The park has been staffed 1972-4 and 1980-2. In 1985 two rangers and eight game guards were assigned to the park, based at the main camp. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1986 NIASSA GAME RESERVE AND PROPOSED ROVUMA NATIONAL PARK Management Category Under Review Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial Date Established 1960 as a Game Reserve of 2,000,000ha, reduced to its present size in 1969. There are proposals to develop the area into a national park and possibly form an international park with Tanzania. Formerly known as Rovuma Partial Reserve. Geographical Location In the extreme north of the country, with its northern boundary the Rovuma River in Tanzania. Approximately centred 12°00’S, 37°00’E. Altitude No information Area 1,500,000ha -434- Mozambique Land Tenure No information Physical Features No information Vegetation The dominant vegetation is Brachystegia spp. and Baikiaea spp. intersected by numerous rivers and associated ’dambos’ (open grass plains). East of Niassa is the only area of Combretum-Terminalia savanna in Mozambique. Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), lion Panthera leo, buffalo Syncerus caffer, zebra Equus burchelli, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini and Alcephalus buselaphus, impala Aepyceros melampus, eland Taurotragus oryx, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus kondensis, oribi Ourebia ourebi, reedbuck Redunca redunca, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. Black rhino Diceros bicornis (T) is recorded occasionally. Conservation Management The Niassa Province Agricultural Development Plan specifically excludes the reserve and Lugenda River and there are no agricultural development plans for the area. Zoning Niassa is seen as a core zone to the proposed national park with a multiple land use buffer zone to be implemented in the future. Disturbances or Deficiencies There is inadequate knowledge of the area. It is politically difficult to move settlements, which were specifically created during the Frelimo war of liberation (1968-1975), from within the area. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research The reserve was surveyed in the mid 1970s and in 1981 by Emofauna E.E. to assess the potential for wildlife production. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° IUCN/WWF Project No. 1568. Mozambique, Ecological Survey. ° Rodgers, W.A. (1980). WWE/IUCN Advisory mission to the government of the Popular Republic of Mozambique. Report to IUCN/WWFE and the Government of Mozambique. ° Tello, J. and Dutton, P. (1979). Report of an aerial survey of the proposed Rovuma National Park. Government of Mozambique, Ministry of Agriculture. (In Portugese) Staff One senior ranger, 10 rangers, three game guards and eight workers. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Provincial Forest Officer, Niassa. Date 1985 -435- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas RESERVE DE GILE Management Category Under Review Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established First proclaimed in 1940, with an area of 500,000ha. Reduced to its present size in 1960. Geographical Location In Zambézia Province. Approximately 16°30’S, 38°30°E. Altitude No information Area 210,000ha; contiguous to the ’Area do Gile’ (fauna protection area) Land Tenure No information Physical Features Plains with inselbergs and numerous rivers Vegetation The dominant vegetation type is Brachystegia miombo woodland with associated *dambos’ (open grass plains). Some inselbergs have endemic cycads. Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), lion Panthera leo, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus johnstoni, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini and hartebeest A. buselaphus, impala Aepyceros melampus, eland Taurotragus oryx, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck T. scriptus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, buffalo Syncerus caf fer, zebra Equus burchelli, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, reedbuck Redunca redunca, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. The flying squirrel Anomalurus derbianus, which does not extend south of the Zambezi, is a common crepuscular animal of the woodland and riverine habitats. Conservation Management’ The reserve is largely unexplored with only minimal physical development. It has potential for development as a national park and proposals have been made for its transformation. Construction of park headquarters and a road network are under way. Zoning Forms the northern boundary buffer zone of the ’Area do Gile’. Disturbances or Deficiencies Until recently there have been few disturbances apart from an increase in poaching in the mid 1970s. Lack of resources, particularly means of transport, has however been a problem. In December 1984 the reserve came under attack, and camps have been destroyed. Visitor Facilities There is no infrastructure as yet, although the area was planned to be developed as a national park. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° JUCN/WWF Project 1988. Mozambique, Field Force Vehicles. -436- Mozambique Staff Staff did comprise some 100 people, with five game rangers, 20 game guards and 75 workers, but the numbers of both game guards and workers has been reduced (to 10 and 6 respectively). Reserve staff have been based in Pebane, outside the reserve, since December 1984. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1986 RESERVA ESPECIAL DO MAPUTO Management Category Under Review Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial Date Established Created in 1932, but many boundary changes up to 23 July 1960 when it was officially gazetted under Decree Law 1994. Enlarged from 70,000ha in 1969. Proposal to extend the protected coastal zone to the South African border. Geographical Location 70km south of Maputo; the only conservation area in the extreme south of the country. Borders the Indian Ocean to the east for about 45km and again to the north on the Bay of Maputo for 19km. The Maputo River is on the western boundary. Approximately 26°30’S, 33°00’E. Altitude 2-104m Area 90,000ha; contiguous to Area do Maputo and Limbombos Mountain Reedbuck Park fauna protection areas. (It is unclear as to whether these areas are still recognized. They are possibly still on statute and were proposed as a wildlife utilisation zone at one time.) Land Tenure No information Physical Features The terrain is undulating and is mainly of sand dunes origin with beaches, freshwater and saline lakes, salinas, and floodplains. Vegetation Coastal dune forests, swamp forest, mangrove forest, sandy open grassland, and sand ridges with savanna Fauna Mammals include: serval Felis serval, selous mongoose Paracynictus selousi, reedbuck Redunca sp., common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, nyala Tragelaphus angasi, blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis, aardwolf Proteles cristatus (doubtfully present in 1981), and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. One of the world’s southernmost large populations of elephant Loxodonta africana (T) occur here. There are white rhino Ceratotherium simum (T), but they are reported to be again nearing extinction in the area. Some 337 bird species have been recorded including the Stanley bustard Eupoditis denhami stanleyi (but doubtfully present in 1981) and Pel’s fishing owl Scotopelia peli. Reptiles include the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), and leather-back turtle Dermochelys coriacea (E) and loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta (V) occur along the coast. -437- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Conservation Management Three major types of field operation were being carried out within the reserve, intensive anti-poaching patrols, the attempted evacuation of people living in the reserve to nearby communal villages and the construction of game posts. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies | Many animal species are only represented by a few remnant endangered populations. This is a consequence of bush fires, poaching, competition from domestic stock, and general harrassment from people living within the reserve. The situation within the reserve has been gradually deteriorating, largely due to the combined effects of inadequate staffing and the antagonism of the local people (various attempts to move people out of the area have so far failed). Other serious problems are drying up of the Futi River and its flood plains, and uncontrolled wildfire. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° TUCN/WWF Project 1988. Mozambique. Field Force Vehicles. Staff Reported to number 32, including one senior ranger, 15 game rangers, eight game guards. However, since 1984 wildlife staff have not actually been stationed in the park, but in a village some miles away. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1986 ZAMBEZI WILDLIFE UTILISATION AREA, INCLUDING MARROMEU RESERVE Management Category Under Review Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial Date Established The wildlife utilisation area was established in 1981, comprising the Marromeu Reserve (proclaimed in 1961 with subsequent legislation in 1969), and four safari hunting blocks. Geographical Location South bank of the Zambezi River on the delta and surrounding area. Approximately centred 19°00’S, 35°00’E. Altitude Less than 500m Area About 1,000,000ha; contiguous to Gorongosa National Park (377,000ha) to the west Land Tenure No information -438- Mozambique Physical Features The reserve is situated in the Zambezi River delta and comprises floodplains, mangrove swamps, rivers and areas of higher ground. There are rocky, sandy and muddy intertidal zones, and sea‘ grass beds. Mean annual rainfall is 1,000mm, and mean annual temperature is 24°C-27°C. Vegetation The area includes about 7,500ha of coastal habitat, the most important being the dune scrub and very dense tall mangrove forest along both the coast and lower estuary. Other vegetation types include broad-leaf and palm savannas, Brachystegia and scattered transitional forests, lowland evergreen forests, riverine and papyrus swamp forests. Fauna The area is particularly famous for a large population (c. 50,000) of buffalo Syncerus caffer. Other mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, reedbuck Redunca redunca, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx, oribi Ourebia ourebi, suni Neotragus moschatus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola and red duiker C. natalensis, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and bush pig Potamochoerus porcus. In the east corridor adjoining the rift valley, there are good populations of nyala Tragelaphus angasi, greater kudu fT. __ strepsiceros, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, impala Aepyceros melampus, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T), sable antelope Hippotragus niger, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, and Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini. Black rhino Diceros bicornis (T) also occurs. The avifauna is rich in terms of numbers and species. Waterbirds are common and include greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber, wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern), East coast akelat Erithacus gunningi (R), and a large nesting colony of white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus. The swamps and rivers are well populated by crocodile and fish species including Clarias spp., Tilapia spp., and tigerfish. The estuaries are rich in species of marine fish. Conservation Management Between 1976 and 1980, the Ministry of Agriculture carried out a buffalo cropping operation, with the result that commercial and organized poaching decreased. New roads and camps were built and 400 jobs created (200 permanent; 200 dry season) in association with the project. All products and by-products of buffalo cropping are used. Hunting safaris were started again in 1981. Other activities included agriculture to feed the workers; fishing in the fresh waters, a small crocodile farm, and an artisanal to use horns, bones, hoofs and skins. Anti-poaching activities were conducted throughout the year using amphibious tractors and small boats during the wet season. Much poaching has been stopped and many poachers are now employed as hunters or game guards. Captive breeding of certain birds, reptiles, and frogs was planned. The whole unit was in fact economically self sufficient. Guerilla activity has, however, seriously disrupted management of the area. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies The area has a population of less than 4,000 people with under 100 permanently based in the lowland or coastal belt. There was severe poaching prior to 1960 and post 1974, when all hunting was banned. Between 1960 and 1974, government wardens carried out successful anti-poaching measures aided to some extent by professional hunters who organized safaris. There has been degradation of floodplains due to a change in flooding regime caused by the Kariba and Cabora Bassa dams and related changes of watertable, probably assisted by wildfire. Since 1982 there have been increasing problems within the unit, with attacks on administrative camps and increased poaching. The area is reported to by still with problems, and much of the unit is still uncontrolled. Visitor Facilities Canoe, bird-watching, and walking safaris are planned. Scientific Research There were large mammal aerial counts in 1968 and 1978-1979, and studies on sustainable yield of buffalo populations. A survey of crocodiles was carried out in 1981 by FAO. Research was continuing, mainly on conservation and utilisation of other species, especially forest ungulates. However, research is limited by the serious lack of experienced ecologists, and now be security difficulties. Special Scientific Facilities No information -439- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Principal Reference Material ° Tello, J.L. (1983). Mozambique’s cropping scheme in the Zambezi Delta Area. Report presented to 59th SSC Meeting, Harare, Zimbabwe, 16 April 1983. Staff Some 400 were employed, 180 of them for the whole year. The current situation is less clear, but it would appear that staff are returning to the area and that there is now a director and 90 workers (10 of them trained). Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1986 RESERVA DE POMENE Management Category Under Review Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No information Date Established 16 October 1972 by Legislative Diploma 104/72 Geographical Location Approximately 23°00’S, 35°00’E. Altitude 0-100m Area 10,000ha Land Tenure No information Physical Features Includes coastal littoral and estuarine areas. Vegetation Dune forest, acid grassland, mangrove swamps, and associated estuarine environment Fauna Marine species include dugong Dugong dugon (T), dolphin, and five species of marine turtle (all of which are threatened). Terrestrial species include red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, samango monkey Cercopithecus albogularis, and the chacma baboon Papio ursinus. Reintroduction of several antelope species, and buffalo, was at one time considered but not followed up. Conservation Management No information Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is some military activity in the area. Visitor Facilities The reserve had a good camp, and was a relatively important tourist area (mainly because of the fishing). Tourist activities stopped in 1982. Scientific Research No information -440- Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Field staff have never been stationed in this reserve. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1986 -441- Mozambique ol teen ll } va? pres ¢cte? A q , . 225 — a bial tae Relerence Maréciat noiiamyolai oA veltitieant anata labo Morembi; spoiling * tine. Im the Zadih nti: Dette oe * pi preset C Masting, Herere. Ziibabve, Uatalignen vhs taiaabi, if - Some 400 were employed i téer Rime boateMesoed UE ts uppear Hint Bt retiraing t6 the nits ant oat, s ‘ s¢ he 4) 7. ~ a { = . [> a Budeet Neo ibformation. ~ F : sj is , ¥ 7 tal a a Vizier! 2 veda The eed com, ad was 4 Bias ousslt§ te sure of the Cisiehiygy. fe mm cupoee is ORL ia Vial £ vw, 1 eS we eae, ‘ie f fic ratise Merigrcd ive information - i + a * . - : y —— Soh whee came at ; * i“ rd © 10 ’ » < Lal is) = = —< Z Bdljsy YyINOS jo ‘day umouyun adeys Ww depiey \ uee99 YNpNensqiwey o1jUesiW s}uswnuoyw jeuonen < 4edoa]-Ssiqoes Pay IsIuNO] Ky P RH Peel uaofjiAuee S41ed y8OYPUIM\ S@A19SAY SaA1BSBY 34NJeN yseg jeuolneNy hay, euemsiog = ee neaielq Biaqiazyeny oF eyso}3 / { ‘ ca 7% Sia ee map: SE 1Aludes t \ eee ee ee ee ee N ‘ eiquez SOUTH WEST AFRICA/NAMIBIA Area 824,293 sq.km Population 1,039,800 (1982 estimate) Parks and Reserves Legislation Parks and reserves are declared under the Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 4 of 1975. Definitions used within the country include National Park, Park, Game Reserve, Reserve, National Recreation Area, Nature Reserve and Recreation Resort. A new ordinance, setting up the Directorate of Nature Conservation and Recreation Resorts has yet to be promulgated, and for this reason Game Reserves have also yet to receive legal protection. The Directorate is, however, already set up in practice. The terminology used in defining areas is confusing, and is reportedly under review. In practice there would appear to be little difference in legal status between these areas. Parks and Reserves Administration The state owned protected areas come under the jurisdiction of the Directorate of Nature Conservation and Recreation Resorts, Department co: Agriculture and Nature Conservation. This office was established de facto in 1980, effectively bringing all conservation activity within the country under one directorate. The stated aims of this directorate are: care of the animal population and administration of licensed hunting; combating wildlife-carried animal epidemics; ensuring clean water supplies in protected areas; studing the environment and animals; running recreation facilities. Address ° Directorate of Nature Conservation and Recreation Resorts, Department of Agriculture, Nature Conservation and Veterinary Services, Private Bag 13306, Windhoek 9000. Additional Information Namibia has suffered drought since the 1979/80 rainfall season with Damaraland, Kaokoland, Owamboland and Etosha National Park most affected. Coupled with this there has been a loss of topsoil through hoof and wind erosion, particularly in Damaraland and Kaokoland. The eastern states of Kavango, Bushmanland and Caprivi are suffering lower water tables, and in East Caprivi, flood plains are dry and perennial swampland desiccated. Red lechwe Kobus letche, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei and puku K. vardoni are subject to poaching in eastern areas, especially in Caprivi, with low river levels enabling motor vehicles to negotiate dried out wetlands. In addition, most tribal people, pastoralists and nomadic, are causing serious competition for drinking water and grazing between livestock and wildlife in arid and semi-arid areas. There may be local extinctions of black rhino Diceros bicornis (T) in Damara and Kaokoland (maximum of 40-50 survive) and sitatunga and puku in eastern Caprivi. Warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus are declining drastically throughout Namibia, with the southern population particularly at risk, and decreases of 40% have been reported for the elephant population of the Kaokoland due to poaching during 1981/82. To alleviate drought effects, boreholes have been sunk both to provide water, and to spread out the animals more widely over available grazing. Animals have also been culled to reduce overgrazing. References ° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in southern Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1962. African Elephant Coordinating Office. ° Jackson, P. (1984). Wildlife and the Great African Drought. JUCN Bulletin 15(7-9): 73-74. ° Readers Digest, (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa. ° Relevant papers are also published in MADOQUA, the Journal of Nature Conservation and Desert Research in South West Africa, published quarterly by the Department of Agriculture, Nature Conservation and Veterinary Services. -445- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Etosha 2,227,000 Nature Reserves Fish River Canyon 46,100 Omaruru 1,000 Tsaobis-Leopard 35,000 Game Reserves Subtotal 82,100 Caprivi 530,000 Reserves Cape Cross Seal 650,000 Hardap 25,000 Natural Monuments Ais Ais Hot Spring Lake Otjikoto Subtotal 675,000 Subtotal Parks Daan Viljoen 3,953 Namib/Naukluft 4,976,800 Skeleton Coast 1,639,000 Waterberg Plateau 40,500 Tourist Areas National West Coast ETOSHA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Namib) Legal Protection Total Subtotal 6,660,253 Date Established In 1958 as a National Park under section 37 of the Nature Conservation Ordinance 31 of 1967 (Art. 37, Para. 1, 2 and 3). The park area was reduced in 1967 to provide land for tribal homelands. Originally established as a game reserve in 1907. Geographical Location About 400km north-west of Windhoek and 120km south of the Angolan border. 18°30’-19°28’S, 14°20’-17°10°E. Altitude 1,000-1,500m (mean 1,200m) Area 2,227,000ha. Etosha Game Reserve originally covered 9,952,600ha. -446- South West Africa/Namibia Land Tenure Government, under jurisdiction of the Division of Nature Conservation and Tourism Physical Features The park comprises an area of inland drainage on the great African plateau with Atlantic drainage in the west and a system of interlaced channels (omurambas) with small water-holding pans draining towards the Etosha Pan in the east. The pan is about 480,000ha and up to 129km long and 72km wide. Owambo tribesmen named the pan ‘Etosha’ meaning *the big white place’ because of the pan’s mirage. During most of the year, the pan appears barren and desolate, but during the wet season water drains from Ovambo and southern Angola. In exceptional years, the pan becomes a very shallow lake averaging a few centimetres in depth. Geologically, the area is composed of calcareous sand, gravel, and limestone with dolomite outcrops in the west. Soils are shallow and alkaline. The temperature range is from below freezing at night in winter to a summer maximum of 43°C. The patchy, convectional rainfall is about 300mm, falling mainly from January to March, and September to December. The three seasons of Etosha’s year are four cold and dry months, four hot and dry months, and four hot and wet months. Vegetation Arid savanna vegetation tending towards tree savanna occurs in the east and shrub and thorn-shrub in the west. Species include: acacias Acacia tortilis, A. reficiens and A. nebrownii, mopane Colophospermum mopane, and Combretum. All these species can vary in form from shrub to tree and occur throughout the park. Dominant grass species are Anthephora, Enneapogon, and Aristida. Fauna Most of the larger mammals of the southern savanna plains of Africa occur in the park including: leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), numerous elephant Loxodonta africana (T), distinctive races of Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli antiquorum and mountain zebra Equus zebra hartmannae (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, eland Taurotragus oryx, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, gemsbok Oryx gazella, springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, topi Damaliscus lunatus, black-faced impala Aepyceros melampus petersi (T) (limited to this region with declining numbers), and some Damara dik-dik Madoqua kirki. The pan supports over 300 recorded bird species and the area is a wetland of international importance. Birds include: ostrich Struthio camelus, greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber roseus (largest known breeding area) and red-crested korhaan Lophotis ruficrista. Conservation Management Veld fires were controlled until recent research showed that large herbivores were declining because vegetation was not being renewed. Policy is now to leave fires started by lightning to burn as far as the firebreaks. Thriving lion populations are competing with cheetah and the cheetah population has been declining. An experiment is now in progress (the first of its kind in the world) with 10 lionesses on contraceptive injections. This method of population control is considered preferable to shooting as no genetic material is destroyed. Zoning About 80% of the park is closed to tourism. A predator-free zone is maintained at Otjovasandu in the west for threatened species such as black rhinoceros, black-faced impala, roan antelope, and tssesebe. Disturbances or Deficiencies Boundary fences, primarily to keep domestic animals out of the park, have resulted in serious disturbance of migratory patterns. In particular, the path of wildebeest was blocked by the northern fence and the population has decreased in 25 years from 25,000 to 2,300. Many deep limepits were dug to provide gravel for tourist roads. These pits filled with water after the rains and many became infected with anthrax, a disease fatal to herbivores (mainly wildebeest and zebra), that drink the water. The sick and dead animals have contributed towards the increase in lion and other carnivores, whose environment was further improved by the construction of artificial watering points. The control of veld fires in the past altered the environment from savanna towards woodland and elephant, subsequently increased from under 100 in 1955 to 2,500 at present. The area has been particularly affected by drought since 1979-1980, with rainfall about 30-75% on average, leading to a reduction in vegetation, especially grass cover. Mountain zebra have moved east from Damaraland and -447- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Kaokoland into Etosha, putting pressure on water points. Many have been killed by lions because their hooves, no longer subject to the wear of normal mountain habitat, grow abnormally, so reducing agility. Elephants in west Etosha doubled from 872 in 1982 to 1819 in 1983 because of immigration from drought areas. Kudu have been drammatically reduced by rabies in east Etosha. One thousand, two hundred and sixteen Hartman’s and Burchell’s zebra, springbok, gemsbok, and eland have been culled in west Etosha and sent to meat canning factories. Visitor Facilities There are three restcamps with airstrips in the west, centre, and east of the park, each with full facilities. Eight hundred kilometres of gravel tourist roads link the camps to over 30 waterholes. A floodlit waterhole at Okaukuejo and rudimentary rest-stops in the park surrounded by game-proof fences. Scientific Research The park has two permanent resident staff (ecologist and veterinarian) and eight visiting research scientists. The solution of managerial problems is often the main objective, but priorities are fixed by the director of the park in consultation with the research workers. Special Scientific Facilities Facilities were enlarged and improved in 1972 at a cost of US$375,000. There is a small natural history museum at Okaukeujo. Principal Reference Material ° Barry, H.H. (1982). The Wildebeest Problem in Etosha: a synthesis. Madoqua 13 No. 2: 151-158. ° Jackson, P. (1984). Wildlife and the Great African Drought. JUCN Bulletin Vol 15 No. 7-9: 73-74. ° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa. Staff Some 219 units were employed in 1972. A team of nature conservators is based at the park headquarters at Okaukuejo Camp. Budget US$1,014,000 annually Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13267, Windhoek 9000. Date 1983 FISH RIVER CANYON Management Category IV and III (Managed Nature Reserve and National Monument) Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Karroo) Legal Protection No information Date Established 1962. Fish River Canyon itself is a national monument. Geographical Location The lower reaches of the Fish River in southern Namibia, north of the confluence with the Orange River. Access is via the main Vioolsdrif-Keetmanshoof road. 272307S; W7°35°E% Altitude No information -448- South West Africa/ Namibia Area No information Land Tenure Government, under jurisdiction of the Division of Nature Conservation and Tourism Physical Features To the east lie the plains of Namaqualand and the Kokerboom Forest, and to the west is the Sperrgebiet diamond-mining area. The area contains Ai-Ais hot springs in the south, and a permanent pool heated by hot springs about 65km upstream. The canyon is up to 27km wide, but is much narrower for most of its length, meandering between steep cliffs that bisect the flat Namib plateau. The northern 65km comprises a deep channel in the bed of the original trough. The canyon floor is more than 500m below the plateau level in places. The lowest strata were laid down over 2,500 million years ago. The canyon floor is made up mainly of placid pools and huge boulders, but occasionally the river comes down in flood. Vegetation Vegetation in the canyon is sparse, though some plants have gained a foothold on the rocky slopes. Reeds and rushes grow in the riverbed on slack stretches of the river. Camelthorn Acacia erioloba and Karoo thorn trees Acacia karroo grow on the river banks and aloes such as Aloe gariepensis cling to the canyon walls. Fauna Mammals include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), Hartmann’s mountain zebra Equus zebra hartmannae (T), klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, baboon, Papio sp., and rock hyrax Procavia capensis. Birds include: fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, hammerkop Scopus umbretta, grey heron Ardea cinerea, and Egyptian goose Alopochen aegyptiacus. The black spitting cobra Hemachatus haemachatus has been recorded. Zoning The central national monument is surrounded by the nature reserve. Disturbances or Deficiencies No information Visitor Facilities There are extensive tourist accommodation facilities at Ai-Ais Hot Springs Resort including caravan and campsites. More campsites are situated near the canyon lookout, north of the springs. Other facilities include a scenic drive from the springs to the lookout point and extensive hiking trails. Hiking is strictly regulated. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13267, Windhoek. Date 1983 TSAOBIS-LEOPARD NATURE RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Namib) -449- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Legal Protection Private Date Established Established in 1969 by a Swiss conservationist (Dr August Juchli). Geographical Location In the Chuos Mountains, 78km by road, south of Karibib in central Namibia. 22°35’S, 15°52’E. Altitude No information Area 35,000ha Land Tenure Private Physical Features No information Vegetation No information Fauna Twenty-five to 30 leopard Panthera pardus (T) (elusive and difficult to sight) occur in the park as part of a leopard breeding programme. Other animals encouraged in the reserve are giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, and springbok Antidorcas marsupialis. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies No information Visitor Facilities The reserve is open throughout the year. Facilities include a restcamp with accommodation and swimming pool, organized horse treks and guided four-wheel drive tours. Scientific Research There is a leopard breeding and study programme. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Park guides Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Tsaobis-Leopard Nature Reserve, PO Box 143, Karibib 9000. Date 1983 CAPRIVI GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.16.07 (Kalahari) Legal Protection No information Date Established 1963 -450- South West Africa/Namibia Geographical Location Western end of the Caprivi Strip, which extends between Angola, Zambia and Botswana. Access is along the east-west gravel road from Mukwe to the Zambian border. 17°10’-18°15’S, 21°32’-23°20°E. Altitude No information Area About 530,000ha Land Tenure Government, under jurisdiction of the Division of Nature Conservation and Tourism Physical Features The reserve comprises dry flat savanna bushland on poor soil. It is dissected by the Okavango River, which flows from Angola to Botswana, and tributaries of the Kwando River, which flows into Angola. The reserve includes the scenic Popa Falls. Vegetation Open savanna occurs throughout most of the reserve, with scattered groves of Rhodesian teak Baikiaea plurijuga, Acacia and wild fig Ficus sp.. Individual trees may be parasitised by the strangler fig Ficus sp. Fauna Mammals include: lechwe Kobus leche, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, topi Damaliscus lunatus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, and roan antelope Hippotragus equinus. Birds include lappet-faced vulture Torgos tracheliotus and carmine bee-eater Merops nubicus. Population The area has been allocated as a homeland for indigenous Bushman hunter-gatherers. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been political unrest from the late 1960s to mid 1970s, and the area is still classified as a military ‘operational zone’. Visitor Facilities The area is technically open to tourists, but visitors require a permit from the South African Defence Force and are not permitted to leave the toad. There is no accommodation and camping is severely restricted. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13306, Windhoek 9000. Date 1983 -451- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas HARDAP NATURE RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.16.07 (Kalahari) Legal Protection Sport fishing is allowed Date Established Opened as a recreation resort in 1964. The nature reserve surrounding the dam was established in 1968 by the merging of several farms. Geographical Location Centred on the artificial Hardap Dam, 21km south of Windhoek. 24°45’S, 17°50°E. Altitude No information Area 25,000ha Land Tenure Government, under jursidiction of the Division of Nature Conservation and Tourism Physical Features The area of Hardap Dam was flooded in 1963. The surrounding landscape is rugged, with cone-shaped kopjes (rocky outcrops) and dongas (deep eroded gulleys) created by heavy flooding in the past. The climate is dry. Vegetation Open thorn scrub with camelthorn Acacia erioloba and hardy succulents such as wildgrape Cyphostemma juttae. Fauna There are good populations of red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus caama, eland Taurotragus oryx, kudu Tragelaphus_ strepsiceros, gemsbok Oryx gazella, springbok Antidorcas marsupialis and mountain zebra Equus zebra (T). Other mammals include: cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T) and black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas. Over 100 bird species have been recorded including: black-headed heron Ardea _ melanocephala, ostrich Struthio camelus and large numbers of the marine white-necked cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (nesting on the branches of the semi-submerged camelthorn). Reptiles include the Cape wolf snake Lycophidion capense capense. The dam _ contains numerous fish species including: tilapia Tilapia sp., mud mullet Labeo umbratus, Orange River mudfish Labeo capensis, barbel Clarias gariepinus, yellow-fish Barbus marequensis and Barbus holubi, carp Cyprinus carpio, black bass Micropterus salmoides and a popular sport fish, bream introduced from northern Namibia. Zoning The reserve contains a recreation area on the north side of the dam. Disturbances or Deficiencies There is extensive sport fishing on the dam. Fishermen have been known to illegally destroy cormorant eggs on the incorrect assumption that cormorants deplete fish stocks. The introduced fish present a dilemma and it is yet to be decided whether the ecosystem will be restored to its original state. Visitor Facilities | The recreation resort provides extensive accommodation with facilities. Eighty-two kilometres of dirt road in the reserve provide access for game viewing. There is sport fishing on the dam by permit. The resort is the main tourist attraction and there are few visitors to the game areas. Scientific Research Studies of the white-necked cormorant breeding colonies and their effect on fish stocks have taken place. Research has been undertaken to assess the market for bream and other introduced fish. -452- South West Africa/ Namibia Special Scientific Facilities The Freshwater Fish Research Institute is based in the recreation area. Principal Reference Material None listed Staff One conservator and two assistants Budget Income from small-scale selling of bream to local restaurants is used for management purposes. Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13267, Windhoek. Date 1983 DAAN VILJOEN GAME PARK Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Namib) Legal Protection Fishing is allowed by permit Date Established 1967, under Section 38 of the Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 31 Geographical Location Located in the Khomas Hochland, 21km west of Windhoek. 22°29°-31°S, 16°59’-17°01’E. Altitude 1,800-2,000m (mean 1,900m) Area 3,953ha Land Tenure Government, under jurisdiction of the Division of Nature Conservation and Tourism Physical Features The park comprises the eastern flank of the Khomas Hochland (Highlands), an area of rolling hills and deep ravines deeply dissected by the perennial Augeigas River that runs along the eastern boundary and is dammed and landscaped at the rest camp. The Augeigas and tributaries form part of the upper reaches of the Swakop River. These drainage lines are well marked, forming a series of parallel ravines with northerly alignment, each with lesser side ravines running east and west. Geologically, the area is composed of weathered mica schists of the Damara system of Precambrian age. The maximum summer temperature is 39°C; winter temperatures are near freezing with marked diurnal fluctuation. There is about 375mm of convectional rainfall in summer. Vegetation The park is the only nature reserve in the Khomas Hochland classified as one of the 15 major vegetation zones in Namibia. There are patches of thorn scrub, but the area is predominantly montane open savanna on the hills with scattered trees of Acacia hereroensis, averaging four metres in height. Species favouring the ridges are Ozoroa crassinervia and Combretum apiculatum. Elsewhere, most tree growth is restricted to drainage channels and is dominated by Acacia species. The perennial grass species are mainly Anthephora, Enneapogon, and Stipagrostis. Rare and endemic species include Lithops sp. and the green-flowered aloe Aloe verdiflora. -453- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Fauna The game species are those common in the Khomas Hochland, some having been reintroduced. Mammals include: chacma baboon Papio ursinus, rock hyrax Procavia capensis, mountain zebra Equus zebra hartmannae (T), kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, eland Taurotragus oryx, gemsbok Oryx gazella, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, steenbok MRaphicerus campestris, and springbok Antidorcas marsupialis. Over 200 bird species have been reported, including breeding populations of: black eagle Aquila verreauxii and African hawk-eagle Hieraaetus spilogaster, ostrich Struthio camelus, crimson-breasted shrike Laniarius atrococcineus and uncommon endemic species such as Monteiro’s hornbill Tockus monteiri, Damara rock-jumper Sphenoeacus pycnopygius, short-toed rock thrush Monticola brevipes, and chat shrike Lanioturdus torquatus, Introduced fish species include tilapia Sarotherodon sp., black bass Micropterus salmoides and barbel Barbus sp.. Zoning There is a fenced rest camp and 3,400ha wilderness area closed to vehicles. Disturbances or Deficiencies Human impact in the park includes the rest camp, 15km of road, 60km of firebreak, and three dams, There is fishing by permit in Augeigas Dam for tilapia, black bass, and barbel. Visitor Facilities The restcamp facilities include 58-bed accommodation, restaurant, caravan and campsite, shop and swimming pool. Tourist roads are confined to 600ha of the park, but tourists are not restricted to vehicles and are free to wander throughout the park. Scientific Research The park is considered to be well suited to research on animal behaviour and for physiological studies. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Thirty-one units Budget US$25,500 annually Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13267, Windhoek 9000. Date 1983 NAMIB-NAUKLUFT PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Namib) Legal Protection Traditional use of the area is allowed. Date Established 1967 as Namib Desert National Park, under Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 31 (Art. 38 1964). Amalgamated with Naukluft Mountain Zebra Reserve in 1979 by a 30km wide corridor. Namib Desert National Park was first established as a game reserve in 1904. Size increased from 2,401,000ha to present size in 1984, though official proclamation will take place in 1986, -454- South West Africa/ Namibia Geographical Location Stretching from the central coastal area of Namibia inland some 170km to the Naukluft Mountains. 24°12’-24°17’S, 16°05’-16°10°E. Altitude Sea level to 2,000m Area 4,976,800ha Land Tenure Government, under jurisdiction of the Division of Nature Conservation and Tourism Physical Features The Namib is the only true desert in southern Africa. The park contains the gravel plains of intensely weathered schists, marbles, quartzites, and granites, with some gypsum crusts, calcrete and desert pavement. Soils are shallow with evaporitic horizons and a buried fossil red-brown layer. River canyons are intermittent and sand-filled, sun-surface flow continuing in some sections and forming waterholes where impeded by impervious barriers. Extensive sand dunes run parallel to the coastline for up to 120km inland. The park also contains Sandvis (formerly Sandwich Harbour) which is an internationally important wetland formed by water seeping through the surface of the Kiuseb river bed. The annexed Nauklauf Mountains lie astride the western escarpment. They overlook the Namib Desert plains, 1,000m below, and form part of a large traingular plateau which is higher than the main plateau and separated from it by almost unbroken cliffs, 500m high. They are geologically part of the Nama system and composed of successive horizons of quartzite, limestone, dolomite, and shale which have been folded by pressure and gravitation to produce a south-east inclination. Soils are shallow except on less pronounced slopes. Mean daily temperature in the desert is 16-18°C with almost no frost; mean annual rainfall is 23mm, but fog precipitation, which occurs on an annual average of 60 days, accounts for a further 31mm. The mountains have hot summers with mean maximum temperature of 35°C and summer storm precipitation 200mm; and cool winters with occasional frosts. Vegetation Algae and lichens dominate on inselbergs and pegmatite dykes making use of moisture in dew and succulent plants. Lichens include Parmelia hottentotta, P. namaensis and Caloplaca elegantissima. Succulent genera include Hoodia, Lithops, Sarcocaulon, Euphorbia and Aloe spp. and the less common Aloe namibensis, and Mesembryanthemum spp.. Sandy wastes support halophytes such as Zygophyllum stapfii, Z. simplex, and Aizoon dinteri. The riverbeds near the coast are colonized by Tamarix, Lycium and Salsola and inland by a denser growth of Acacia giraffae and Acacia albida with some Orange River ebony Euclea pseudebenus, and Salvadora persica. Acanthosicyos horridus, which occurs in the Kuiseb Valley, is a valuable source of water in the desert. The most unusual single species is the unique gymnosperm Welwitschia bainesii, first discovered in 1863 beside the Swakop river course and still the only known species of its family. There is a complex and varied vegetation on the mountains due to the wide variation in aspect and edaphic conditions. The plateau surface peneplain is a mosaic of smaller communities dominated by low scattered scrub interspersed with bare ground or clumps of perennial grass. The southern slopes of the mountain massif are covered mainly by grass and short shrub species including Commiphora, Euphorbia, Boscia albitrunca, Maerua schinzii, Aloe dichotoma, and Moringa ovalifolia. Riparian vegetation contains a large variety of taller trees including Ficus and Acacia spp.. Uncommon species include Aloe sladeniana, Lithops, Huernia, Hoodia, Stapelia, Aloe karasbergensis, Cyphostemma spp., and the endemic resurrection plant Myrothamnus flabellifolius. Fauna Desert mammals include: three species of elephant shrew, the desert golden mole Eremitalpa granti, three species of gerbil, black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas, bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis, hyena Crocuta crocuta, and springbok Antidorcas marsupialis. Birds include: ostrich Struthio camelus, high breeding concentrations of lappet-faced vulture Torgos tracheliotus and red-necked falcon Falco chicquera (at Tsondabvlei Lake on the Tsondab River), martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus, large colonies of the endemic Bradfield’s swift Apus bradfieldi, and the endemic Gray’s lark Ammomanes grayi. On the gravel plains, there are local races of Karoo lark Certhilauda albescens, the dry country chats Cercomela tractrac and Cercomela schlegelii, and the localised Herero chat Namibornis herero ( first described in 1931, but the nest undiscovered until 1969). Resident birds at -455- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Sandvis include herons, egrets, gulls, terns, some 20,000 Cape cormorant Phalacrocorax capensis, and several unusual species of palaearctic shore-birds in winter. Sandvis is the breeding ground for large numbers of fish and the birds are attracted by the large numbers of young fish trapped in the shallow waters by the outgoing tide. Reptiles include Palmatogecko rangei, Aporosaura anchietae, and the sidewinder Bitis peringueyi. The invertebrate fauna is of great interest and includes the beetles Onymacris unguicularis and Lepidochora spp., which have evolved methods of condensing fog as a source of water. Mountain mammals include: baboon Papio ursinus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), mountain zebra Equus zebra hartmannae (T), gemsbok Oryx gazella, rock hyrax Procavia capensis, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, and klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. Mountain birds include black eagle Aquila verreauxii preying mainly on the rock hyrax. Population The Topnaar Hottentots have lived in the river valley for generations. They farm goats and cattle and are a permanent population in the park. Part of their rich heritage is evident in many place-names, such as Gobabeb meaning ’the place of the fig tree’. Conservation Management Illegal nomadic farming in the Kuiseb floodplain is _ being removed. There are 265km of game-proof fences along the inland boundary and _ three boreholes operated by wind-driven pumps. Zoning The Tsondabvlei area is only open to scientific researchers. Sandvis is a fenced bird sanctuary with visitor access prohibited. Disturbances or Deficiencies There are three small gypsum mining concessions in 40,000ha of the park, dating back before existing legislation. Prospecting in the area between the Swakop and Kuiseb rivers causes visible damage. Visitor Facilities There is no limit on access except to the Naukluft section, which is only open to one group of 3-40 campers at a time. Accommodation in the park is only available at official overnight campsites including Homeb, Ganab and Sesriem. Other facilities include the one day hiking trail in the Naukluft section where further trails are planned, but water shortage in the mountains is posing a problem. Permits are required to enter the coastal area of the park. There are over 500km of tourist roads. Scientific Research Studies by resident scientists and conservators mainly concern physiological and behavioural adaptations to extreme desert conditions and the ecology of the mountain zebra and_ klipspringer. There have been studies of desert ants, particularly Camponotus detritus. Researchers from other countries include geologists studying the dunes, entomologists studying the rich insect life of the three ecosystems, and archaeologists. Special Scientific Facilities At Gobabeb, there is the Namib Research Institute which was established in 1963 with offices, accommodation facilities and laboratories; the Desert Ecological Research Unit, established in 1966; and a permanently monitored weather station. Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Total of 28 staff units with 13 units attached to Naukluft Mountain Zebra Reserve, and 15 units in the desert area Budget US$16,000 annually Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13267, Windhoek 9000. Date 1983 -456- South West Africa/ Namibia SKELETON COAST PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Namib) Legal Protection Protected under the Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 31 of 1967. Sport fishing is permitted on some sections of the coast. Date Established 1971 as a park. An addition, in 1971 it doubled its area. Established as a game reserve in 1966. First protected in 1916. Geographical Location A stretch of the northern coast of Namibia from Ugab north to the Kunene River on the Angola border. 19°25’-21°15’S, 12°50’-13°5S’E. Altitude Sea level to 500m (mean 200m) Area 1,639,000ha Land Tenure Government, under jurisdiction of the Divison of Nature Conservation and Tourism Physical Features A relatively regular shoreline of sandy beaches and isolated rocky stretches is backed in the north by high dunes which stretch from the shore to 40km inland. This is the only area south of the Sahara with true barchan dunes. Large areas of white sands with sparse vegetation occur near the shore with gravel plains further inland. Several rivers, from the mountains of Damaraland and Kaokoland to the east, flow through the park to the coast, where their mouths are usually blocked by dunes. This results in the formation of freshwater pools, some of which are perennial. The park is in the fog belt with little temperature range and low rainfall. Precipitation from fog contributes a high proportion of the water balance. Offshore cold and warmer water masses overlap to create marine conditions which are only paralleled off the west coasts of South America and Australia. Vegetation The vegetation comprises mainly Zygophyllum stapfii with some Z. simplex, Aizoon dinteri, and stands of Salsola sp.. Endemic plants include: Barleria solitaria, Indigofera cunensis, Merremia multisecta, Petalidium giessii, and Stipagrostis ramulosa. Fauna Species present along the shore include: black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas, brown hyena Hyaena brunnea (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), lion Panthera leo, and occasional seal species. The dry riverbeds provide passage routes from inland for elephant Loxodonta africana (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), springbok Antidorcas marsupialis and gemsbok Oryx gazella. There is a Damara tern Sterna balaenarum (R) colony in the reserve. The rivermouth freshwater pools are used by migrating shorebirds. Particularly noteworthy is the overlap of cold temperate marine fauna and warm tropical marine fauna due to the conjunction of cold and warm currents offshore. Zoning Visitors to Terrace Bay are restricted to a zone 30km long by 5km wide stretching 15km above and below Terrace Bay. Disturbances or Deficiencies A portion of the area has been allocated as a mining concession. Other human impacts are the gravel roads and visitor facilities. Sport fishing is permitted at Terrace Bay and Torra Bay. Visitor Facilities The park is open to tourists all year. Park entrances are at Ugab and Springbokwasser. Facilities include accommodation, shop and airstrip at Terrace Bay and caravan and campsite at Torra Bay. Scientific Research Dunes and dune communities have been studied, but inaccessibility has, until now, hindered study. The park is periodically visited by scientists from Gobabeb. -457- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Detailed study of the intertidal zone has started. The overlap of cold and warm currents provides ideal conditions for zoogeographical research. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Bird checklist for Kaokoland and Skeleton Coast. Madoqua 11 (3). ° Readers Digest, (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa. Staff Eight units Budget US$8,000 annually Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13267, Windhoek 9000. Date 1983 WATERBERG PLATEAU PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.16.07 (Kalahari) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1972. Originally established as an Eland Game Reserve. Geographical Location In central Namibia, 30km east of Otjiwarongo. 20°25’S, 17°13°E. Altitude No information Area 40,500ha Land Tenure Government, under jurisdiction of the Division of Nature Conservation and Tourism Physical Features The region comprises a typical Karoo formation similiar to the Orange Free State’s Golden Gate National Park. A hard sandstone plateau rises 100m above the surrounding plain with near vertical cliffs on the east and west, which form natural boundaries. In the north of the park, the plateau gradually widens and dips to join the plain. Vegetation The plateau features typical savanna vegetation with groves of Lonchocarpus capassa and herbaceous plants such as Hibiscus calyphyllus. Vegetation is more wooded below the plateau. Fauna Plateau mammals include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), caracal Felis caracal, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, eland Taurotragus oryx, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and reintroduced giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (now breeding successfully), buffalo Syncerus caffer, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, impala Aepyceros melampus, and duiker Cephalophus spp. -458- South West Africa/Namibia Below the plateau, mammals include: kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, dik-dik Madoqua sp., warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and rock hyrax Procavia capensis. The rich avifauna includes Bradfield’s hornbill Tockus bradfieldi, paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis and Hartlaub’s francolin Francolinus hartlaubi. The sandstone cliffs accommodate the only breeding population of Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres (R) in Namibia. Zoning The park contains a quarantine camp (12ha) and acclimatisation camp (1,000ha) for re-introduced animals. Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been some severe bush encroachment due to disturbance of the natural fire pattern, but this is now being reversed through controlled burning. Visitor Facilities | Most of the plateau is closed to visitors. A caravan and campsite was established in 1980 below the plateau and three small hiking trails have been opened in the south of the park. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13267, Windhoek. 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Leral Pooweedes Toul oan P <= Oaie Brtayicrnd t972,-Orig sweaty estebilene sd at an Elana Grom Reverse, A a ray Sf ai ee TE + Ceagraphical faci en to comeMieebia, Wk mast Of Oijpraroager, es Betis ‘ea Axitude Majafeemetion ‘ft <1 a, Z Ave 05 Ors 4 1 rh HAY Lasd Yerkes ‘Governrgent, under juriodiciiow oF te Conall Toprian Pteysica! Frawmeas J fotiwn compensa 5 tyeiew & State’s Galtee Gare Wanton PgG. A bard pedi @lein with see vertical clon the eb end wea, 48 Re Vegetation The sr sae typical severe vtartedisn with if pepe sg, Aur ine sehen vere eee the peewee. a aay \ hae Piatoon ane i twee Fu mares” , + fAeb ak | Cigrere nate nai: > chiperoee Ayala a) * * 104, re spur 7 wi - NIGER -461- IOSIN, e14906IN \ —sA ead @oioyeg © i[paqepes evably 002 dAJasay ainjeN jeuoney pesodoiy FHA 8AJaSay aINIeN FA aAjasay jeuney yueqjeuonen [] Aa> NIGER Area 1,267,000 sq.km Population 6,270,000 (1984) Parks and Reserves Legislation Before a reserve is officially designated and legally gazetted, the scientific aspects of a proposal must be approved by the administration’s technical services and be studied by national and regional governments, and by the traditional authorities in the region of the reserve. Comments and criticisms made at these levels are evaluated and amendments or modifications made as and where necessary. After approval by the Council of Ministers, a decree is prepared for signature by Head of State. Parks and Reserves Administration Vested in the Direction des eaux et foréts, which is within the Ministére de I’hydraulique et de l’environnement. At national level, the central directorate is helped by four subsections, of which two are concerned with faunal matters: the Service aménagement de la faune and the Service protection de la nature et du contentieux. These are represented at regional levels by various departmental and district services and by Forest Department sections. The Service aménagement de la faune is responsible for conservation, management and administration of existing reserves, the creation and management of new reserves, and research. The Section protection de la nature et du contentieux is responsible for guarding against infractions of hunting and forestry legislation as well as the deliverance of various permits and authorisations. Address ° Direction des eaux et foréts, BP 578, Niamey. Additional Information Wildlife experts from all over Niger met in March 1986 for the country’s first seminar on wildlife management, to plan safeguards for the area’s rapidly vanishing wildlife. The seminar was organised by the Forest and Wildlife Service, with the support of WWF, World Bank and USAID. The meeting’s report outlined Niger’s general policy towards wildlife, proposed a strategy for wildlife management, and made a number of specific recommendations concerning the threats to ’W’ National Park, and the establishment of the Air and Ténéré national reserve. The strategy proposed by the seminar involved inventorisation of the remaining refuges for wildlife within the country, increasing public awareness and involvement, strengthening of staff and material resources, development and implementation of a wildlife management master plan, a legislative review, and improvement of national and international tourism. Despite the fact that all hunting in Niger has been banned, hunting is widely practised in the absence of law enforcement. Traditional hunting, devoid of modifying factors such as modern weapons, vehicles and changing land-use patterns, probably does not have a significant effect on wildlife numbers. Commercial and armed forces hunting is of more concern, and considering its widespread nature, is almost impossible and very expensive to control. References ° IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1624. Niger-Addax/Oryx. ° Newby, J. (1984). The role of protected areas in saving the Sahel. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation and Development: the role of protected areas in sustaining society. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. ° Newby, J. (1986). Niger plans for wildlife protection. WWF Monthly Report for July. WWE Project 1624. -463- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks W du Niger 220,000 Nature Reserves Dosso Partial Reserve 306,500 Tamou 76,000 Faunal Reserves Gadabedji 76,000 Proposed areas Air and Tenere National Nature Reserve 7,736,000 PARC NATIONAL DE ’W’ Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1954 as a National Park; originally classified as a faunal reserve and state forest on 25 June 1953 by Decree No. 4676. Geographical Location 150km south-south-east of Niamey, on the right bank of the River Niger and extending to the point where the borders of Niger, Burkina Faso and Benin intersect, Niamey Départment. 11°55’-12°35’N, 2°05’-2°50°E. Altitude 180 to 338m (Yeriyombou), with an average height of 250m Area 220,000 ha; contiguous to ’W’ in both Burkina Faso (190,000ha) and Benin (502,050ha), and the réserve de faune de Tamou (75,600ha) to the north. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park takes it’s name from the double bend of the Niger between the points where two tributaries from the west, the Tapoa and the Mékrou, flow into it. The valleys of both tributaries are deeply incised and, together with the Barou rapids, are the principal scenic attractions. Geologically, the park consists of a lateritic peneplain at a ruling level of about 250m, with rock outcrops of quartz, schists and gneisses. The oldest rocks are of Precambrian age, and the park is cut from south-west to north-east by the Atakora quartzite chain. Climatically, the area is typically Sahelo-Sudanian; the temperature ranges from a maximum of 36.1°C to a minimum of 21.6°C and the rainfall, although averaging between 600 and 700mm, is very unreliable. Vegetation The predominant vegetation type is Sudanese wooded savanna, and the park lies in the transition zone between Sudan and Guinea savannas. Secondary forest, which occupies a low altitude zone and approximately 70% of the park, is composed of a mixture of grassland ~-464- Niger and rather stunted savanna woodland with such species as Celtis integrifolia, Boscia senegalensis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Parkia biglobosa, Diospyros mespiliformis, Bauhinia reticulata, Adansonia digitata, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia avicennioides, Prosopis africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Piliostigma reticulatum, shrubland species such as Combretum spp., Guiera senegalensis, Acacia spp. and Lannea spp., and grasses such as Andropogon gayanus. Many of these species are also present in the gallery forests, which occupy much of the remaining 30% of the area, and which also have Anogeissus leiocarpus, Borassus aethiopum, Mitragyna inermis, Vitex chrysoclada, and good stands of Cola laurifolia and Kigelia aethiopum. Although it is forbidden to harvest trees within the park, B. aethiopum is used throughout Niger for construction purposes. Fauna This area contains the only remaining populations of the country’s Sudanese savanna fauna such as elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, and kob Kobus kob. Other larger mammals include: a number of carnivores such as spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, common jackal Canis aureus, serval Felis serval, caracal Felis caracal, lion Panthera leo, and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), Anubis baboon Papio anubis, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, and ungulates such as warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, Defassa waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca redunca, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons. The avifauna is varied and abundant, and migratory aquatic birds are common in the period between February and May. Guinea-fowl (Numididae), bustards (Otididae), hornbills (Bucerotidae) and francolins Francolinus sp. are found throughout the park, and raptors such as vultures (Accipitridae), fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus, and Gobar goshawk Melierax gabar are also common. The waterbirds most frequently encountered include goose and duck (Anatidae), waders (or shorebirds), ibis (Threskiornithidae), stork (Ciconiidae), heron and egret (Ardeidae). Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) occurs in the river. Conservation Management In 1977, 12 waterholes were constructed to attract wildlife and 20 were redug in 1984. Annual burning of grass in the months following the rains has been successful in reducing rank grass, but in the long-term this depletes the desired perennial grasses, which are outcompeted by shrubs. Late dry season fires would enhance perennial grasses which are the basic food of many indigenous large herbivores. There has been development of fire management and park management plans, all carried out by US Peace Corps volunteers assigned to the park. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, illegal grazing and annual migrations of Fulani cattle, uncontrolled bush fires, fishing, and cultivation within the park still occur. There are proposals for phosphate mining, damming of rivers, and railroad construction within the park. Visitor Facilities The park road system totals about 470km providing good access for game and bird viewing. Around 1700 visitor permits were sold in 1982. Hotel facilities are being developed in Tapoa village. Scientific Research Projects include ecology of the African elephant, and vegetation ecology. Special Scientific Facilities None, apart from a small museum with a nearly complete herbarium and reference library near park headquarters. Principal Reference Material ° Grettenberger, J.F. (1984). ’W’ National Park in Niger. A case for urgent assistance, Oryx 18(4): 230-236. * Koster, S. (1977). The ecology of Parc National du 'W’ du Niger, M.Sc. Thesis, Michigan State University. -465- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas ° Newby, J. et al. (1981). Plan d’aménagement du Parc National du ’W’ du Niger. Foréts et Faune, Niamey. ° Poché, R. (1973). Niger’s threatened park ’W’. Oryx 12(2): 216-222 (and other articles by Poché in the Journal of Applied Ecology, Mammalia and Journal of Mammalogy, and a report submitted to IUCN in 1974). Staff | Administered jointly with Tamou, which is staffed by one park conservator, two mid-level foresters and 10 guards at Tapoa. two guards are also stationed at Tamou but in practise, little control is exerted in the reserve. Budget US$10,000 shared with the ’Réserve de faune de Tamou’ Local Park or Reserve Administration Le Conservator du Parc National du ’W’, S/C Direction des Eaux et Foréts, BP 578, Niamey. Date April 1985 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE TAMOU Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel) Legal Protection Total, but many areas of settlement and cultivation persist within the reserve boundaries. Date Established 8 August 1962, under Decree No. 62-118/MER Geographical Location About 10lkm from Niamey, to the immediate north of the Parc National de ’W’ and west of the River Niger. 12°30’-12°55’N, 2°10’-2°30°E. Altitude 206-277m, averaging about 240m Area 75,600ha; contiguous to the ’W’ National Parks which, in total, covers nearly a million hectares in Niger, Burkina Faso and Benin. Land Tenure Government Physical Features Like the nearby Parc National de ’W’, the reserve is geologically part of a lateritic peneplain which has been deeply incised by rivers. The soils are shallow and infertile laterites on the upland areas, with deeper sandy loams along drainage channels. The Niger River forms part of the eastern border and the Dyamangou River, which is seasonal, flows through a small portion of the reserve on the northern side. Climatically, it is of a Sahelo-Sudanian type with a temperature range of 21°C-36°C and rainfall averaging 600-700mm falling largely between May and September, but very variable. Vegetation The area is mainly covered by savanna woodland largely created by the practise of shifting cultivation. Three associations can be recognised: 1) Combretum shrub savanna, found on dry, shallow soils and dominated by Combretum nigricans, C. micranthum, Guiera senegalensis and Acacia ataxacantha, with a grass cover of annual species such as Loudetia togoensis, Ctenium elegans, and Andropogon fastiagatus; 2) Combretum wooded savanna on deeper soils, dominated by Combretum nigricans, C. glutinosum, C. collinum and Terminalia avicennioides, with a grass cover of annuals such as Hyparrhenia involucrata, Diheteropogon hagerupii, and the perennial Andropogon gayanus; 3) and riparian forest along the drainage -466- Niger channels, dominated by Vitex chrysocarpa, Mitragyna inermis, Tamarindus indica, Anogeissus leiocarpus, and Diospyros mespiliformis. Andropogon gayanus is used for housing and is thus of economic importance. No endemic species. Fauna_ This reserve contains some cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), which are becoming rare. Other dominant species include: African elephant Loxodonta africana _ (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, kob Kobus kob, reedbuck Redunca redunca, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, red fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, oribi Ourebia ourebi, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Anubis baboon Papio anubis, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, side-striped jackal Canis adustus, and lion Panthera leo. This reserve only covers part of the regular seasonal movements of several of the park species. Among birds recorded are white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, egrets Egretta spp., saddle-bill stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis, marabou stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus, and secretary bird Sagittarius Serpentarius. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There are still many homesteads and areas of cultivation inside the reserve, with illegal expansion of agriculture, over-grazing, burning, intensive poaching and destruction of woody vegetation. Prospecting for phosphates has also been authorised and was in active progress in 1975. Visitor Facilities _ There is a hotel at the nearby parc national de ’W’, which borders this reserve, with accommodation for 100 people. Visits to the reserve are limited. At present, there is low touristic potential as the large animal populations are limited to the area bordering "W’. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Administered jointly with ’W’, which is staffed by a park conservator, two mid-level foresters and 10 guards at Tapoa. Two guards are also stationed at Tamou but in practise, little control is exerted in the reserve. Budget Combined with that of the parc national de ’W’; total US$10,000 Local Park or Reserve Administration Le Conservateu du Parc National du ’W’, S/C Direction des Foréts et de la Faune, BP 578, Niamey. Date April 1985 RESERVE DE FAUNE DE GADABEDJI Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel) Legal Protection No information -467- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Date Established 25 April 1955, by Law No. 3120/S.E. Also a ’féret classée’ Geographical Location 76km north of Dakoro in Maradi Départment. 14°59’-15°21’N, 7°01’-7°19-E. Altitude 405-478m Area 76,000ha Land Tenure Government, with limited public rights Physical Features The area comprises fixed dunes with intermediate plains between dunes and a drainage system of wadis, run-off channels, pans and temporarily flooded pools. There is no permanent surface water. Wadis include Tafassaoua, Tougoutou and Aza. Major temporary pools are Mecca Rakouma, Altema and Tchigira. Soils are mostly soft to compact sands, with a mud admixture in the depression, and temporarily inundated pools and pans. Mean annual rainfall is 327mm (118-507mm), with the rainy season occuring between May and September, August being the wettest month. Vegetation North Sahelian wooded steppe and grassland predominates. Grassland species are mostly annuals including Aristida mutabilis, Cenchrus biflorus, Brachiaria spp., with perennials including Panicum turgidum and Chrozophora. Wooded steppe species include Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia tortilis, A. senegal, and Sclerocarya birrea. Wooded depressions and run-off channels comprise species such as Bauhinia reticulata, Guiera senegalensis, Combretum glutinosum, and Acacia nilotica. Grasses and annual forbes are economically important to the region’s nomadic population. Fauna A number of threatened species have been recorded including cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T) (very rare within the reserve, probably not resident), Dorcas gazelle Gazella dorcas, and red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons. Scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah (T) and dama gazelle Gazella dama (T) are already extinct in this area and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis has disappeared since 1970. Predators include jackal Canis aureus, striped hyena Hyaena hyaena (very rare within the park, probably not resident), and sand fox Vulpes pallida. Patas monkey Erythrocebus patas is also present. Smaller more common species include honey badger Mellivora capensis, zorilla Ictonyx striatus, and aardvark Orycteropus afer. Bustards, especially Saville’s pygmy bustard Lophotis ruficrista and white-bellied bustard E. senegalensis, are not uncommon. The ostrich Struthio camelus totally disappeared from the reserve about 1972-1973, but is now returning in small numbers. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching and intensive livestock rearing. Both activities are not only specifically forbidden within the reserve in accordance with its decree, but the former is also banned nationally. Some cutting of large trees for livestock browsing and also local consumption of wood products is evident. Lack of funds and manpower make permanent or effective control of the reserve impossible. Visitor Facilities There are no visitors or facilities and the reserve is currently closed to the public. It has a very small potential for tourism until wildlife is reconstituted. Scientific Research A programme of ecological monitoring was initiated in 1981 (IUCN/WWF Project 1624). Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Avant-Projet de Classement - drawn up 30 September 1954. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1624. Niger, Addax and Oryx. ° Rapport de Mission Eaux et Foréts - August, 1979. -468- Niger Staff None specifically employed within the reserve, but some surveillance and repression. Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration Station des Eaux et Foréts at Dakoro Date April 1985 RESERVE NATURELLE NATIONALE DE L’AIR ET DU TENERE Management Category Proposed as a IV (Managed Nature Reserve) with core of I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 2.18.07 (Sahara) Legal Protection None yet Date Established Legislation is being prepared Geographical Location In the Air Mountains. The town of Iferouane lies on the on western boundary. Approximately centred at 18°40’N, 8°30°E. Altitude 1,998m maximum Area 7,736,000ha (6.1% of Niger) Land Tenure To be Government with some public rights retained Physical Features The area can be described as a Sahelian oasis within a Saharan environment. It is predominantly desert (65%) with mountains (20%) and basins (15%) and great habitat diversity. Geographically, the desert corresponds to the western part of the ergs of Fachi-Bilma and of Ténéré. These are fixed and moving sand dunes, and ’regs’, extensive flat areas of sand, gravel or stones often devoid of vegetation, surround the ergs. The mountainous regions include nine massifs and 13 large rocky areas. Three important water basins, Zagado, Tafidet and Zilalet, comprise wadis and seasonally dried up water courses. There are also several other large wadis and temporary which are important to the ecology of the area. The desert climate with a tropical influence is characterised by hot and cold seasons and one rainy season from July to September. Rainfall is highly unpredictable and may only be a few milimetres, but because of intensive run-off, it is equivalent to a much higher precipitation. The mountain ranges affect the amount and abundance of rain locally. Temperatures range from -1°C to 50°C at Iferouane. Vegetation The vegetation is predominantly Sahelian with several areas typical of the Sahara and some relict Sudanese enclaves. The Sahel element is found around the wetter areas, such as wadis and temporary pans. The principal species are Balanites aegyptiaca, Salvadora persica, Ziziphus spina-christi, and Acacia laeta. A. albida was once widespread according to the nomads of the area, but its distribution has been reduced largely through degradation by man. The grasses Panicum laetum, Eragrostis pilosa, Cenchrus biflorus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Pennisetum violaceum occur. In the drier Sahel-Saharan transition zone, species include Panicum turgidum, Lasiurus hirsutus, Aerva javanica, and the trees Maerua crassifolia, and Leptadenia pyrotechnica. The Saharan element has trees typical of a sand habitat, such as Acacia tortilis. On the stony, clay soils, this is replaced by A. ehrenbergiana. Elsewhere on the sand the vegetation is very scattered with Fagonia bruguieri, Zygophyllum simplex, Cornulaca monacantha, and the herbs Stipagrostis vulnerans and S. plumosa. A particularly -469- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas important plant for the fauna is Schouwia thebaica which has green and fleshy leaves at the end of the cold season. On the sands of Ténéré, the annual plants comprise an ephemeral pasture. The relict Sudanese element is found in sheltered, wetter areas such as beds of wadis and ravines of mountains above 1,000m. Species include Grewia tenax, G. villosa and Cordia sinensis. Species of North African origin are the wild olive Olea laperrinei (above 1,500 on scree slopes of the Tamgak and Gréboun massifs), Rhus tripartita (on the Sahara massifs), and Salvia aegyptiaca (in the beds of wadis). Fauna This region is the last stronghold of Sahelo-Saharan wildlife in Niger. Of particular concern are the addax Addax nasomaculatus (T) and oryx Oryx dammah (T). Addax rarely visit the reserve now; other areas where it may occur are Chad, Mali and Mauritania. The Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia (T) occurs on the mountains. Other threatened species include the slender-horned gazelle Gazella leptoceros (T), dama gazelle Gazella dama, dorcas gazelle Gazella dorcas and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus. Other predators are the caracal Felis caracal, striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, golden jackal Canis aureus (probably the commonest of the scavengers), and small foxes such as Ruppell’s sand fox Vulpes riippelli, and fennec Fennecus zerda. The sand cat Felis margarita also occurs. Ostrich Struthio camelus are well represented although severely threatened by poaching in all other areas of the Sahel. Population The people within the region are virtually all Tuaregs, (of Berber origin) and there are approximately 2,500 within the reserve. They are semi-nomadic pastoralists raising camels and goats. The caravans between the Air Mountains and the oases to the east, across the Ténéré Desert, used to be very important but this caravan trade is now disappearing through competition with motorised transport. The Tuaregs recognise certain trees for their fruit-bearing potential - for example Acacia albida and A. tortilis - and they are specially protected. There is a respect for certain animals, such as the ostrich which are not hunted. Unfortunately, the influx of people from different areas are breaking the traditions. Several generations ago a highly revered religious leader of one of the Sherifan tribes pronounced that no-one should cut trees, harm gazelles or kill ostriches. As a result a wadi area has been protected by this edict. There is an abundance of palaeolithic and neolithic remains as well as recent historical and cultural remains. Conservation Management With technical and financial assistance from IUCN/WWF Project 1624, the Government of Niger is planning the establishment of this area to help conserve endangered large mammals of the Sahelo-Saharan region, particularly the addax, scimitar-horned oryx, barbary sheep and species of gazelle. The Government aims to maintain traditional forms of land use, and plans are to include the local population in the management of the area and also in planning policies. The project’s long term objective is to rehabilitate the arid land fauna and flora to provide adequate living conditions to the local people and nomads. The field trips associated with the development of the reserve and subsequent analysis of data, have provided technicians from Niger with valuable training in ecological survey, practical conservation and game management. Zoning Zoning needs to be flexible to allow for scope in management as factors such as resource abundance and local imperatives change. A 1,280,500ha Strict Nature Reserve core zone is planned. Disturbances or Deficiencies Hunting is traditional and has no major impact on the area. The biggest problem is the conservation of the vegetation in the face of pressure from nomads. The combination of drought in the late 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s and over-utilization of Acacia trees by browsing livestock of the nomads, has degraded the area. Expoitation tends to be intensive, mainly by camels, goats and sheep. Traditional hunters take a few Barbary sheep every year but their impact on the population is probably negligible. Cheetah are hunted because they are accused of stock damage. Strychnine is used to kill jackals and hyenas, and other animals are therefore killed as well. The Wildlife Department in Niger has recently issued a strong statement on the use of strychnine, reiterating that its use is illegal without authorisation from the wildlife authority and other authorities concerned with natural resources. Visitor Facilities Good potential for tourism but this could pose a major threat to wildlife from harassment and hunting. -470- Niger Scientific Research The area is the focus for IUCN/WWF Project 1624. Between 1980 and 1982, WWF and the Government of Niger initiated a regular programme of ecological monitoring and wild life census. During 1982, fieldwork produced vital information on gazelle and Barbary sheep populations and the first sightings of the extremely rare slender-horned gazelle. Special Scientific Facilities Small laboratory Principal Reference Material ° TUCN/WWF Project 1624. Niger, Addax and Oryx. °* Newby, J. (1984). A Desert Reserve for Niger. WWF Monthly Report October 1984. Pp. 263-267. ° Newby, J. (1982). Avant-Projet de Classement d’une Aire Protégée dans L’Air et Le Ténéré (Republique du Niger). IUCN, Gland. Switzerland. Staff Director, five foresters, three drivers, one guide, one mechanics, and two Peace Corps biologists Budget US$368,000 from 1982-1985 under WWF Project 1642 Local Park or Reserve Administration IUCN/WWF Field Headquarters at Iferouane Date April 1985 -471- I 2 ’ h Pe ~ s 4 * . — ISB Dire : ow waoded Ares , ~ .. ~ Z ‘ a G8 {i noawl oG 1) POR: todo F Me EI 20 bees eat: BS ene: eit Tits eb sevrs geNba st. LoS: Rego «Ite: OIMINST_O sy. wage eT sew ibetagihés Toitvwsmesy oo get) ¢ Dae Sy ateste- 69 soitemmetsa ee Dot owitiehy S22 | erita(h: carers S18 hte naa ganetinge ~ To bested- webiste usems-s ylemosl xa ett Ao Senititgidinetit! aDrimt 2ectetyqedg qantas bilie | preeeh Aty origia arpcthe wild olive Olga Laperestidé (a 39 bows mnesri(s), lite tom the. Siieies soaasifsss ‘eto rosa lem? Shen Sean | = Addex. iosemastaeee Bins cnaata anion (S28 . i; 5G iat 1 moanll abies Bf. dace Mee code er vihestO. rf epfiel i ; 4 uj erns oi 4 USE. mite Ads ena Ma grt yh: wate lee o/attebkuatat 7 0s ‘yniort AN 3 , ; 2 itopetypesree: 5 may: aes e 9 gY rare: t ; Ph ns APGKNS, BOTGRS Wer i iets (ove mbiy Wre> somvion baa \ednnlvenkeno ahd = eae evs fhotesto? : —e rin. The toms cat Fcjix warrarinc we! poe, Ob ee } vetieant hough sevarcly cticwnter ‘ pomiong 8 aM Diner arenes ae Zs hat fooler AWW whow 28C1-S8et raovt 000 Populstian 4 ‘Tre tes ole. withia’ the’ region ate. vir tual 2 Therege; ba « hate are asi é razsenclee nal AIAIS eee a 7 iF rT cumtels and goats. he cathvam botwien ihe Alr Movateyn snd the Téoéee Desert, vest 16 he very maportent bur thls canty vas trede iv a demporition’ With motorited transport The ‘Toarbgs, recog nina: +5 ay ; ; 2 etit- % :* j Gy ' ray ~ “. L eel ~ ig si dy f % +o bal “ — _ ‘oe Pe “\ ow - ¥ ™ “ > 7 ; fh. ; cea es = " h . ray Pal REORE: ae, a ~" att ny Ahk + ay “ ——} “i : Rese A ees =~ f.> » ] y © SENEGAL eaten alae -517- [esouas eauin is | | | h &qo>\-0/0}01 xe JOAOIN epunosequel@® umouyuNedeys ¥ aS e6e198}H PLHOM aAsesoy asaydsoig *¥* alls eBeqw49H POM +% saAjasoy ssaydsoig saAsasoy Pilg saAsasoy jeune Sieg JeUONeN Aa> nessig-esauiny ae so See ae aouewese)-asseg aAessije> aan e = 4 p77 7 eique U ueadg o1juUe es aul O Ue] roccccc ens! | FINI le e1aq el equie Wx 1d Ss 4eyeg Oo Sulajapew e|apsal| alieqieg ap enbue7/ |8e!PN (> ay f {pnolq me Blueqine|| SENEGAL Area 197,160 sq.km Population 6,300,000 (1984) Parks and Reserves Legislation A Forest Code and the Code of Hunting and the Protection of Nature (1967) form the principal conservation legislation in force, and are currently being improved. Areas defined by this legislation are National Parks, Réserves de faune, Réserves naturelles intégrale, Réserves spéciales, Zones d’intérét cynégétique and Classified Forests (foréts domaniales classées). Each national park is established by Presidential Decree, and has its own set of rules and regulations, but essentially all use of natural resources within such areas is prohibited, and they are closed to all activities except scientific research, education and tourism. Within strict reserves, all activities are banned, without special authorisation of the Minister. Within special reserves, protection varies depending on the reasons for establishment, and may range from fairly wide protective measures to protection for a few species, and can be temporary (or presumably seasonal). Réserve de faune is basically the definition applied to all land classified under the Forestry Code other than national parks, strict reserves, and special reserves. All hunting is forbidden except under certain circumstances. Hunting and other forms of exploitation are therefore banned within classified forests (which cover over 10,000 sq.km), though this has not prevented encroachment. Zones d’intérét cynégétique are areas where hunting is permitted under certain controls which are detailed in the individual pieces of legislation setting up each area. There are nine such areas, covering nearly 20,000 sq.km. Presidential Decree 69-858 of 22 July 1969 made the National Parks Office responsible for all parks, under the direct control of the Prime Minister. The Department of National Parks (Direction des parcs nationaux) was set up a by Parks Directorate of April 1973. Parks and Reserves Administration The National Parks Directorate now comes under the responsibility of the Ministry of Nature Protection. There is also a National Committee to deal with poaching, and a Council of Hunting. Protected areas other than national parks are administered by the Direction des eaux, férets et chasses. Address ° Direction des parcs nationaux, Ministére de la protection de la nature, Point E, BP 5135, Dakar Fann. ° Direction des eaux, foréts et chasses, BP 1831, Dakar. Additional Information The principal problems concerning nature conservation in Senegal are persistent drought, mining exploration (particularly for iron in the north), the dam at Kereti and other water removal projects, and poaching of species such as marine turtles, sea-birds, crocodiles, and elephant. Prior to 1972 the government responded to the perceived loss of natural heritage by reorganising parks, creating a National Parks Service and six new reserves, and establishing anti-poaching committees at all levels. Legislation and consequent control was also reviewed and improved. However, there was an upsurge in poaching in 1973, and the Government took even stricter measures (including shooting poachers after a legal summons). Senegalese parks are perhaps amongst the most heavily guarded in the world, yet poaching is still a serious problem due to the large financial incentives. Conservation education has been organised by the National Parks Directorate since 1976 in conjunction with IUCN/WWF. There are seven Amis de la Nature Clubs, and a mobile education unit. References ° Diom, M. (1981). Parcs nationaux et aires protégées du Sénégal, de la Gambie et de la Guinée-Bissau. In: Conserving Africa’s Natural Heritage, IUCN, Gland. Pp 80-86. ° Dupuy, A.R. and Verschuren J. (1977). Wildlife and Parks in Senegal. Oryx XIV(9): 36-46. ° Dupuy, A.R. (1982). Anti-poaching efforts in Senegal’s National Parks. Workshop paper. World National Parks Congress. Bali, Indonesia, 11-22 October 1982. -519- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas ° ° ° ° ° Hesse, J. (1984). Rapport Preparatoire a l’Etude Comaparative des Politiques de Conservation de la Nature et de leurs Implications Economiques dans des pays anglophones d’Afrique de l’est (Kenya, Tanzanie) et des pays francophones d’Afrique de l'Ouest (Cameroun, Sénégal). Secretariat d’état a l’environnment et a la qualité de la vie. Federation des parcs naturels de France. Lariviére, J. and Dupuy, A.R. (1978). Sénégal: Ses Parcs, Ses Animaux. Editions Fernand Nathan, Paris. IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1l’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. IUCN/WWF Project 1238. Senegal, Conservation Education. IUCN/WWF Project 1552. Senegal, Education Centre. IUCN/WWF Project 1774. Senegal, Conservation of Elephants. IUCN/WWF Project 1814. Senegal, Conservation of Coastal and Marine Resources. Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Basse-Casamance 5,000 Delta du Saloum 73,000 Djoudj 16,000 Iles de la Madeleine 450 Langue de Barbarie 2,000 Niokolo-Koba 913,000 Subtotal 1,009,450 Faunal Reserves Gueumbeul 750 Ferlo-Nord 487,000 Ferlo-Sud 633,700 Subtotal 1,121,450 Reserves Kalissaye Bird 16 Ndiael Bird 46,550 Subtotal 46,566 Biosphere Reserves Delta du Saloum 180,000 Foret classee de Samba Dia 756 Parc national du Niokolo-Koba 913,000 Subtotal 1,093,756 World Heritage Sites Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary 16,000 Niokolo-Koba National Park 913,000 Subtotal 929,000 -520- Senegal PARC NATIONAL DE BASSE CASAMANCE Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1 April 1970. Appropriated by Law 64-46 of 17 June 1964. Geographical Location South-west of Ziguinchor in Casamance region in the south-west of the country, near the border with Guinea Bissau. 12°24’N, 16°35’W. Altitude 0O-11m Area 5,000ha; adjacent to the classified forest of Diantheme Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is in part of the Casamance delta. The western part has numerous meandering tidal channels, fringed with mangroves, which grow in compacted clay soils. Salt collects in the higher tidal zones in the dry season, creating seasonally bare areas. The eastern part of the reserve is higher, but very flat. The wet season is from May to October. Vegetation The park was set up to preserve an area of Guinean flora and fauna which iss only found in this part of Senegal. There are three types of vegetation, tropical forest, wooded savanna, and mangrove. The southern part is covered with degraded forest or secondary brush. The forest contains Guinean species, such as Parinari excelsa, with Pithecolobium altissimum, Chlorophora regia, Detarium senegalense, and numerous Treculia africana in the lower canopy. These islands of forest are in the Santiaba-Mandjak forest. The mangrove community fringing the estuarine channels is zoned. From the water’s edge, these are: mangroves Rhizophora racemosa; a thick band of Rhizophora mangle with Paspalum vaginatum; Avicennia africana with Rhizophora mangle and an understorey of either Scirpus littoralis or Sesuvium portulacastrum and Philoxerus vermicularis; and the areas of bare soil described above, which are colonized by Eleocharis mutata and Eleocharis geniculata. Fauna More than 50 species of mammal have been recorded, including: a few leopard Panthera pardus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, and manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T). Particularly obvious amongst the mammals are the monkeys, including mona monkey Cercopithecus campbelli, Demidoff’s galago Galagoides demidoff, bay colobus Colobus badius temmincki, also giant pangolin Manis gigantea and serval Felis serval occur. Beecroft’s flying squirrel Anomalurus beecrofti occurs nowhere else in Senegal. There are many antelope species. Birds are well represented with over 200 species, including Palaearctic migrants particularly waders. There are two nesting pairs of crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus. Large numbers of reptiles include royal python Python regius, rock python Python sebae, and spitting cobra Naja nigricollis. Conservation Management Some animals including kob Kobus Kob have been reintroduced. Zoning There are administrative sectors coordinated by a conservator. Disturbances or Deficiencies No information Visitor Facilities Cap Skirring airport is 20km away, or road access is through Ziguinchor. There are vehicle tracks, paths and observation hides; canoes can be hired. There are bungalows at the campment and hotels nearby in Ziguinchor. Scientific Research A small amount of research has been sponsored for a number of years by the Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire. -521- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Dupuy, A. (1971). Le parc national de Basse-Casamance. Science et nature 105 (May-June): 16-21. ° Lariviére, J. and Dupuy, A. (1978). Sénégal: Ses parcs, Ses animaux. Editions Nathan: Paris. ° Marius, C. (1979). Bulletin de l’Institute Fondamental d’Afrique Noire 41(4): 669-691. Staff Some 20 personnel directed by a conservator Budget Personnel: 11,943,000 francs CFA. Maintenance: 5,664,000 francs CFA Local Park or Reserye Administration Parc Conservator, Parc National de Basse-Casamance, Oussouye. Date April 1985 DELTA DU SALOUM Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Law 64-46 of 17 June 1964 on state land; law 72-02 of 1 February 1972 relating to territorial organisation; law 72-25 of 19 April 1972 relating to rural communities. Code of hunting and protection of fauna. Date Established Established as a National Park by Decree no. 76-577, 28 May 1976. An international park with the Gambia is being planned. Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in 1980 and listed as a Ramsar site in 1984. Geographical Location The reserve is located 150km from Dakar, on the main road between Dakar and Banjul, and 80km from the town of Kaolack. 13°35’-13°55’N, 16°27’-16°48’W. Altitude 0-10m Area The Biosphere Reserve is 180,000ha, with a core zone of 73,000ha (the National Park). Four-fifths of the national park is marine, whereas the biosphere reserve comprises a 72,000ha marine sector, 23,000ha of flooded areas, and 85,000ha of terrestrial islands. Land Tenure The core area (the National Park) and part of the buffer zone are government-owned. The remainder belongs to the local community. Physical Features The park and biosphere reserve are in the Delta of the seasonal Sine and Saloum rivers, and the area includes many sand islands and lagoons, the Sangomar point and coastal waters, and the forests of Fathala. Most of the terrestrial area of the park is covered by mangroves, sand dunes, and open forest on sandy soils, and the distributaries of the delta at the coast are almost exclusively saline. The climate comes between the sudanese and the sudano-sahelian types characterised by a rainy season in July-October (maximum in August). The mean annual temperature is 28°C and mean annual precipitation 800mm. -522- Senegal Vegetation The dominant element is mangrove, made up principally of four species: Rhizophora racemosa, R. mangle, R. harrisonii and Avicennia nitida. Behind this zone of mangroves are open flat areas: the tanns, denuded of all vegetation. There are, moreover, islands of herbaceous populations of halophiles of varying importance: Sesuvium portulacastrum, Philoxerus vermicularis, and Paspalum vaginatum. Fathala has a dry forest. Fauna Large mammals have probably never been abundant here. The fauna is, however, sudano-sahelien, and very varied, with many small mammals in the dry forest of Fathala. There are also bay colobus Colobus badius temmincki present. On the coast of particular note are the manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T) and hump-backed dolphin Sousa teuszii. Many seabirds nest on the deserted islands, including about 1,000 pairs each of lesser flamingo Phoenicopterus minor and greater flamingo P. ruber, 4,000 grey pelicans Pelecanus rufescens, and there are ten pairs of goliath heron Ardea goliath. Many wintering waders use the area. Reptiles are also well represented predominately by marine turtles, including olive ridley turtle Lezidochelys olivacea (E), green turtle Chelonia mydas (E), and loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta (V). It is an important fish spawning ground. Conservation Management There is an environmental education programme. The inhabitants of the biosphere reserve participate in its running and management through a rural council in liaison with national park and forest service authorities. Radios have been provided by IUCN/WWF Project 3113 to help safeguard the fish spawning grounds. Zoning The core area of national park is surrounded by a buffer zone (which gives a total of just over 73,000ha). The classified forest zone, where exploitation is forbidden, comprises the forests of the islands of Saloum, Béhtanti, Sangako, and Fathala (around 70,000ha). Part of the groundnut lands and Point Sangomar and its fishing cooperative (around 90,000ha) are included in the buffer zone. A special faunal reserve has been establihed at Palmarin. Several administrative sectors are co-ordinated by a Park Conservator. Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a permanent threat to the mangroves by extension of rice culture and exploitation of forest in the Fathala area. Protection does not extend to the salt flats, or to the whole of the Fathala forest. There are, however, proposals to include the whole of the latter within the park. Other threats include: fire in the forest zone, excessive fishing, destruction of bird colonies, projects on reintroducing species such as antelope Hippotragus sp., and conflicts with industrial and agricultural development. Visitor Facilities Access is prohibited onto the sandy islands, but small motor boats can be hired to tour around them. There is tourist potential as the park is close to Dakar and the region of Sine Saloum is a centre for tourism. On the borders of the park, there are two campements, one near park headquarters with excellent facilities. Scientific Research There have been studies of birds and mammals, vegetation and water pollution, but little published. Special Scientific Facilities There is a meteorological station. Principal Reference Material ° IUCN/WWF Project 3113. Proposed Delta du Saloum International Park. ° Lariviére, J. and Dupuy, A. (1978). Sénégal: Ses parcs, Ses animaux. Editions Fernand Nathan, Paris. Staff Some 37 personnel directed by a coordinator Budget Personnel: 19,585,000 francs CFA. Materials: 7,995,000 francs CFA. Local Park or Reserve Administration Park warden, BP 307, Kaolack. Date April 1985 -523- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas PARC NATIONAL DES OISEAUX DE DJOUDJ Management Category II (National Park) World Heritage Site (Criteria: iv) Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel) Legal Protection Total, with only ’educational tourism’ and scientific research allowed Date Established 14 April 1971 by Decree No. 71-411. Nearby area (3ha) was first classified as a nature reserve by Decree 62-065 of 26 February 1962. Enlarged in 1975 by Decree No. 75-1222 (from 13,000ha to 16,000ha). Listed as a Ramsar Site in 1980 and accepted as a World Heritage site in 1981. Geographical Location Ina low valley 15km north of Ross-Bethio and about 60km north-east of Saint-Louis on the Delta of the Senegal River, Region du Fleuve, in the extreme north of the country. 16°30’N, 16°10°W. Altitude From near sea level to about 20m Area 16,000ha; adjacent to the proposed Diawling National Park in Mauritania Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is in a vast basin of impermeable halomorphic soils forming saline flats in the Senegal River Delta between the main channel to the north, the Djoudj bayou and the Gorom, or bayou to the south. This delta, of which Djoudj is a small part, has been subject to flooding and to the development of dyke systems for many years, the latest in 1963. These dykes have allowed the retention of fresh water in the Djoudj basin longer than normal, which benefits the waterbirds. Salinity varies, from nearly fresh during the winter inundations to brackish as the water levels fall. The climate is Sahelian with alternate wet and dry seasons. Mean annual precipitation is 300mm and mean annnual temperature 27°C. During the dry season, it is the wettest area in the region, but in recent years rainfall has been less than a fifth of the average and Djoudj has been much dryer. Vegetation Vegetation reflects a low rainfall on unfavourable halomorphic soils. The Sahelien type savanna is dominated by spiny bushes, acacias such as Acacia nilotica, A. tortilis, A. seyal, tamarisk Tamarix senegalensis, and Balanites aegyptiaca. During the rains dense populations of Typha and waterlily Nymphaea spp. species appear in the flooded zones. Halophytic plants, particularly Salicornia, cover much of the area. Fauna The park was mainly established as the area is so important for birds supporting three million waterfowl, and is one of the main west African sanctuaries for Palaearctic migrants. It is one of the first fresh water sources they reach after crossing 200km of the Sahara. From September to April, an estimated three million migrants pass through, including garganey Anas querquedula, shoveller Anas clypeata, pintail Anas acuta, ruff Philomachus pugnax, and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa. Thousands of flamingoes Phoenicopterus ruber nest here regularly as well as 5,000 white pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus, white-faced tree duck Dendrocygna viduata, fulvus tree duck Dendrocygna bicolor, spur-winged goose Plectropterus gambensis, purple heron Ardea purpurea, night heron WNycticorax nycticorax, various egrets Egretta spp., spoonbill Platalea leucorodia, African darter Anhinga rufa, common cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, white-breasted cormorant Phalacrocorax lucidus and Sudan bustard Otis arabs. Mammals include: warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and West African manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T), and several species of crocodile and gazelle have been successfully reintroduced into the area. -524- Senegal Conservation Management National Park wardens are stationed in five watch posts, one in the centre and four on the boundaries. The park is closed three months of the year for park management. A dyke has been built right around the park as well as a dam system so that water levels will not be affected by the alternating flow of the River Senegal after the barrages have been built. Zoning Various administration zones co-ordinated by a ranger Disturbances or Deficiencies Rainfall has been too low in the past few years for water levels to be normal. The Compagnie Sucriére Sénégalaise built a temporary dam just upstream of Djoudj at Kheune to prevent salt water flowing up the Senegal River in the dry season. This had the effect of reducing the supply of fresh water to Djoudj. The river’s 1984 flood swept this away and Djoudj was replenished normally. In the 1984/1985 dry season, Djoudj was connected by canal with fresh water above the Kheune barrage in an attempt to stop it drying out. Water supply in this region is a problem, and permanent dams are being built to regulate the flow of the Senegal River. Completion of the dam of Diama in 1986 would improve water supply for Djoudj although the effects of another dam at Monatali in Mali (expected 1984) are as yet unknown. However, the habitats at Djoudj are adapted to changing water levels, which may be altered by these dams. Djoudj was put on the list of World Heritage Sites in Danger because of this threat (Thorsell 1985). Visitor Facilities There is a campement open from mid-November to mid-April and hotels in St Louis nearby. There are a dozen bird observation points on the borders of the most important waterbodies. Canoes can be hired. Scientific Research Research includes rodent studies, bird ringing to investigate migration routes, and population dynamics. O.R.S.T.O.M. has sponsored research in this area since 1955. Studies of waders were carried out in 1983-1984 by Station Biozofique de la Tour du Valat, France. Special Scientific Facilities Museum and observation hut etacipal Reference Material CNPPA Summary Status Report (1984). Threatened Protected Areas of the World. (draft). ° Dupuy, A. (1971). Les oiseaux et les mammiféres de la cuvette du Djoudj (delta du fleuve Sénégal). Bull. IFAN 33, A(1): 237-248. ° Dupuy, A. (1971). Contribution 4 l’étude de l’avifaune du delta du Sénégal. Bull. IFAN 33, A(3): 737-753. ° Dupuy, A.R. (1971). Mission au nouveau parc national des oiseaux du Djoudj. Notes Africaines 132. ° Dupuy, A.R. (1972). Le parc national des oiseaux du Djoudj. Bull. IFAN 34, A(3): 775-81. ° Lariviére, J. and Dupuy, A.R. (1978). Sénégal: Ses parcs, Ses animaux. Editions Fernand Nathan, Paris. ° Roux, F., Jarry, G., Maheao, and Tamisier, R. (1976). Importance, structure et origine des populations d’Anatides hivernant dans le delta du Sénégal. L’Oiseau R.F.O. 46: 299-336 and 47: 1-24. Secretariat d’Etat charge de la nature. (1974). Le parc national des oiseaux du Djoudj, Dakar. ° Thorsell, J. (1985). World Heritage Report - 1984. Parks 10(1): 8-9. World Heritage Nomination submitted to UNESCO. Documentation submitted to the Ramsar Convention Secretariat. Staff Some 35 personnel directed by a conservateur Budget Personnel: 17,857,000 francs CFA. Maintenance: 10,823,000 francs CFA Local Park or Reserve Administration Conservateur, Parc national des Oiseaux de Djoudj, Saint Louis BP 80. Date April 1985 -525- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas PARC NATIONAL DES ILES DE LA MADELEINE Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total; no access allowed Date Established Ornithological Reserve since 1949; appropriated by Law 64-46 of 17 June 1964; established as a National Park on 16 January 1976 by Decree No. 76-0033. Geographical Location About 4km west of Dakar in the Atlantic Ocean; Approximately 14°40’N, 17°40°W. Altitude 0-35m Area 450ha; the marine section includes the peripheral area 50m from the beach Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park consists of three islands of volcanic origin, composed mainly of basanite. The largest island, Sarpan, is 15ha, and has a central plateau which slopes gently down to a cove on the southern side. There is a natural basin 40 x 10m and 4m deep, on one side of this plateau. Two sources of water exist during part of the year. Vegetation To date about 100 species of plant have been reported, including baobabs Adansonia digitata. The most evident plants are Jatropha curcas, jujuba trees Opuntia tuna and tamarind trees Cissus quadrangularis. Andropogon gayanus is found at higher altitudes. Fauna’ The varied avifauna is the main feature, with nesting colonies of pied crow Corvus albus, black kite Milvus migrans, crested lark Galerida cristata and red bishop Euplectes orix. Some 300 pairs of common cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo breed on five sites in the park. The osprey Pandion haliaetus, peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus, 40 breeding pairs of red-bellied tropic bird Phaethon aethereus mesonauta, brown booby Sula _ leucogaster, northern gannet Morus bassanus, and bridled tern Sterna anaethetus are also present. The marine fauna is rich and varied with many species of fish including Pomatomus saltatrix and Katrumonus pelamus. Three species of dolphin, common dolphin Delphinus delphis, rough toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis, and striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba have also been recorded. The loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta has bred on a small beach. Conservation Management In 1976 a fast sea-going vessel was supplied under IUCN/WWF Project 1232 for carrying out protective patrols and research. Its speed and stability enabled poaching to be completely eradicated. Zoning No subdivision Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrolled development of sport activities, in particular sport fishing Scientific Research Protection of archaeological sites and artifacts; biological research by IFAN (1982). Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° IUCN/WWF Project 1232. Iles de la Madeleine, Senegal. ° Lariviére, J. and Dupuy, A. (1978). Senegal: Ses parcs, Ses animaux. Editions Fernand Nathan, Paris. -526- Senegal Staff 10 personnel directed by a conservator (1980) Budget Personnel: 6,525,000 francs CFA, Materials, 3,300,000francs CFA (1980) Local Park or Reserve Administration The Conservator, Parc national des Iles de la Madeleine, BP 5135, Dakar-Fann. Date April 1985 PARC NATIONAL DE LA LANGUE DE BARBARIE Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel) Legal Protection Total; access not allowed without the authorities’ approval Date Established Established January 1976 by Decree No. 76-0016. Appropriated under Law No. 64-46 of 17 June 1964. Geographical Location At the mouth of the Senegal river, 25km from Saint Louis; 15°55 N, 16°30’W Altitude Near sea level Area 2,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park includes a 20km long area of intertidal flats and sand dunes forming a spit across the mouth of the River Senegal and includes both marine and riverine waters. The major terrestrial part of the park is composed of three islands of the Langue de Barbarie, Gandiole Island (2ha), and two smaller ones. There are very infertile sandy soils. Annual rainfall is about 300mm and mean annual temperature 27°C. Vegetation This is Sahelian, composed of herbaceous species such as Ipomoea pes-caprae, Alternanthera maritima, Sporobolus spicatus, and Sesuvium portulacastrum. No trees are found in the area. Fauna The park supports an interesting maritime avifauna including: many pink-baked pelican Pelecanus rufescens, white pelican P. onocrotalus, 3,000 pairs of grey-headed gull Larus cirrhocephalus, Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia, royal tern Thalasseus maximus, 2,000 pairs of slender-billed gull Larus genei, gull-billed tern Gelochelidon nilotica (southern breeding limit), sooty tern Sterna fuscata and little tern Sterna albifrons (southern breeding limit), all of which nest in the area. The park is also an important sanctuary for migratory ducks and waders. Ospreys Pandion haliaetus can be seen in the area. The marine fauna includes the green turtle Chelonia mydas (E), leather-backed turtle Dermochelys coriacea (E) hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata, loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta, and common dolphin Delphinus delphis. Zoning The park is divided into a number of sectors co-ordinated by a conservator. Disturbances or Deficiencies Insufficient funding -527- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Visitor Facilities Access is by road or boat from St Louis. Visitors are not allowed to land on the islands as this would scare the large numbers of birds, but boats can be hired at the information bureau. St Louis has hotels and an airstrip. Scientific Research Project to re-introduce gazelles Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Fifteen personnel directed by a conservator Budget Personnel: 9,300,000 francs CFA. Materials: 3,375,000 francs CFA. Local Park or Reserve Administration Conservator, Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie, Saint Louis BP 305. Date April 1985 PARC NATIONAL DU NIOKOLO-KOBA Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve) World Heritage Site (Criteria: iii, iv) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established Created as a Hunting Reserve in 1926, Forest Reserve in 1951 and a Fauna Reserve on 19 April 1953 and enlarged by Decrees of 1962, 1965, 1968 and 1969. Accepted as Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site in 1981. Geographical Location Lying across the border between administrative regions of Sénégal-Oriental and La Casamance, on the River Gambia, close to the Guinea border in south-eastern Senegal. 12°30’-13°20’N, 12°20’-13°35’W. Altitude 16-311m (Mont Assirik) Area 913,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is a relatively flat region, with small lines of hills reaching about 200m, separated by wide floodplains which become inundated during the rains. The whole area has superficial formations of laterite and sediments over Cambrian sandstone beds, which outcrop in places, and some metamorphic rock. The park is crossed by the River Gambia and its two tributaries, the Niokolo Koba and the Koulountou. The climate is of a soudanien type with a rainy season from June to October. The average annual rainfall is 1000-1100mm. Vegetation Vegetation varies from a southern-Soudanien type to Guinean with savanna predominant, more luxuriant vegetation along the course of the rivers and a varying cover of trees and bushes. This vegetation changes its character according to topography and soils. In the valleys and plains, there are vast areas of Vetiveria and herbaceous savannas dominated -528- Senegal by Andropogon gayanus, occasionally associated with Panicum anabaptistum. Seasonally flooded grassland is typically composed of Paspalum arbiculare and Echinochloa. Dry forest is made up of Soudanien species such as Piliostigma thonningii, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Pericopsis africana, Bombax costatum, Burkea africana, Prosopis africana, Sterculia setigera, Ficus ingens, and Anogeissus leiocarpus. There are also areas of bamboo Oxytenanthera abyssinica. In the ravines and gallery forests are species indicative of a south Guinean climate, with lianes very abundant, and species such as Raphia sudanica, Baissea multiflora, Nauclea latifolia, Dalbergia saxatilis, and Landolphia dulcis. On the slopes and hills, the rock outcrops, the alluvial sands and iron pans, the vegetation is different. On the edges of rivers occur semi-aquatic species such as Rotula aquatica, Hygrophila odora, Cyperus baikiei, and annuals, which disappear when the water level rises, are found in the periodically flooded sands. In and around the marshes, most of which are situated in abandoned riverbeds or behind the levées, the vegetation is very variable, depending on the height of the depression, water level, origins, soil structure and sub-soil. Certain ponds are bordered by dry forests, or herbaceous savannas, with species such as Arundinella ecklonii, Eriochrysis brachypogon, Hemarthria altissima, Hyparrhenia amoena, Vetiveria nigritana, and Andropogon gayanus depending on dampness and the compaction of the soil. Occasionally, the centre of a marsh is occupied by thick thorn bushes of Mimosa pigra. Marshes on higher ground have a reduced surface area and scanty soil, very acid and peaty, and vegetation includes Oryza brachiyantha (a wild rice), Bryaspis lupulina, Adelostemma senegalense, Berchemia discolor, and Genlisea africana. On high banks Acacia nilotica, Crateva religiosa, Diospyros mespiliformis and Ziziphus mucronata are dominant, localised species occur on the constantly humid low banks, such as Christiana africana, Cola laurifolia, Croton scarciessii, Cynometra vogelii, Diospyros elliotii, Syzygium guineense, Symmeria paniculata, and Ziziphus amphibia. River bank species also include Khaya senegalensis, Erythrophleum guineense, Ceiba pentandra, Detarium senegalense, Syzygium guineense, Afzelia africana, and Borassus. Some 1,500 plant species have been recorded and the listing continues. Fauna There are about 80 species of mammal, 330 species of bird, 36 reptiles, 20 amphibians, and 60 species of fish recorded, as well as numerous invertebrates. Carnivores include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, and hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T). There are also buffalo Syncerus caffer, roan Hippotragus equinus, giant eland Taurotragus derbianus (about 1,000), Guinea baboon Papio papio, green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, bay colobus Colobus badius temmincki, all three African crocodiles: Nile Crocodylus niloticus (V), slender-snouted Crocodylus cataphractus (I) and dwarf Osteolaemus tetraspis (I), four tortoise species, and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, which is present in all three large watercourses in the park. The park is the last refuge in Senegal for giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis and elephant Loxodonta africana (T). About 150 chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) live in the gallery forest of the park and on Mont Assirik (the north-western limit of their distribution). Birds include: Denham’s bustard Neotis cafra denhami, ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus, violet turaco Musophaga violacea, spur-winged goose Plectropterus gambensis, white-faced tree duck Dendrocygna viduata, martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus and bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus. Conservation Management There is a general plan for management and restoration of natural ecosystems. Regional development plans recognize strict protection of the park. Some controlled burning is done to preserve savanna areas. WWF Project 1774 has supplied a land rover and radios to combat elephant poaching. Zoning There is a buffer zone 1km wide and six administrative sectors, each of which contains surveillance posts. Disturbances or Deficiencies The number of leopard and elephant in the park are decreasing because of the poaching over a number of years. The park is threatened by dams planned for the Gambia and Niokola-Koba Rivers, the creation of an artificial lake and increase accessiblity associated with industrial exploration including mining and quarrying. When the park was established, it was inhabited by people practising agriculture, cattle raising, and some hunting and bush fires were used to control the vegetation which resulted in degraded soils, the emergence of savanna vegetation, and the disappearance of large animals in some areas. -529- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas However, all inhabitants were relocated outside the park area a decade ago, but areas outside and within the park are still burnt. Visitor Facilities There is a luxury hotel at Simenti, which is the most visited part of the park. There are also bungalows and an hotel at Niokolo-Koba, lodgings at Badi, and several camping grounds. Animals can be watched from hides or on guided safaris. Animals disperse in the rains, so best viewing times are from the end of October to the end of June, when tours are most organized. There is an airstrip at Simenti. Scientific Research Research is regarded as important with further details within the Memoirs of the IFAN of Dakar, particularly 1956, 1961, 1969, and 1982. An elephant survey was conducted in 1981 under IUCN/WWF Project 1774. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material Dekeyser, P.L. (1955). Les Mammiféres de l’Afrique noire francaise. IFAN. ° Dekeyser, P.L. (1956). Le Parc National du Niokolo-Koba III: Mammiféres. Memoires I.F.A.N. Dakar 48: 35-77. ° Dupuy, A.R. (1969). Le Parc National du Niokolo-Koba. XXXII: Mammiferés. (deuxiéme note). Memoires I.F.A.N. Dakar 84: 443-460. ° Dupuy, A.R. (1971). Le Niokolo Koba, premier grand parc national de la république du Sénégal. GIA, Dakar. ° Dupuy, A.R. (1973). Guide touristique du Parc National du Niokolo-Koba. Direction Eaux et Forets, Dakar. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1774. Elephant Conservation, Senegal. ° Lariviére, J. and Dupuy, A.R. (1978), Sénégal - Ses Parcs, Ses Animaux. Editions Fernand Nathan, Paris. 144 pp. ° Le Tallec, J. (1979), La grande faune du Sénégal. ° Verschuren, J. (1976). Les Parcs Nationaux, joyaux du Sénégal. Zoo 41(4): 150-157. ° Verschuren, J. (1983). Ecologie du Parc National du Niokolo-Koba (Senegal). Grands mammiféres et remarques sur la conservation. Bull Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg. 55. Staff Over 200 personnel directed by a conservator and assistant Budget Personnel 116,570,000 francs CFA, maintenance 31,201,000 francs CFA. Local Park or Reserve Administration Parc Conservateur, PN Niokolo-Koba, Tamba-Counda, BP 37. IUCN/WWF Project 1774. Date July 1981 RESERVE DE FAUNE FERLO NORD/RESERVE DE FAUNE FERLO SUD Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserves) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Complete, except that grazing is permitted Date Established Appropriated by Law No. 64-46 of 17 June 1964. Ferlo Nord was established 21 March 1971 by Decree No. 72.327, and Ferlo Sud on 21 March 1972 by Decree of Classification No. 72.347. -530- Senegal Geographical Location Central north-eastern Senegal. 14°20’-16°0’N, 13°20’-14°30’W. Altitude Less than 100m Area Ferlo Nord (487,000ha) and Ferlo Sud (663,700ha) Land Tenure Government created by law no. 64-46 of 17 June 1964. Physical Features The area is low-lying although over 300km inland. It has a flat sandy terrain, with pockets of clay. The area is crossed by several intermittent rivers, including the Ferlo. In the rainy season, the waters of streams form backwaters and basins which leads to large concentrations of animals. In recent years, rainfall has been very low, vegetation cover sparse, and strong winds have caused much erosion. Vegetation Both areas are grassland and bushy savanna, with Bombax costatum, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Combretum glutinosum and Acacia spp., Balanites aegyptiaca, and Boscia spp.. However, recent low rainfalls and overgrazing are turning the area into desert. Fauna This is declining in numbers and variety. Remaining but rare mammals include: red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, golden jackal Canis aureus striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, aardvark Orycteropus afer, and patas Erythrocebus patas. Smaller mammals are more common, including crested porcupine Hystrix cristata, bush hare Lepus whytei, African civet Civettictis civetta, zorilla Ictonyx striatus, ratel Mellivora capensis, pale fox Vulpes pallida, and wild cat Felis sylvestris. Testudo sulcata also occur. Ostrich Struthio camelus are probably extinct in Senegal, there being no nests and only two birds in 1984, due to hunting. This whole area is an important wintering ground for many Palaearctic migrants, particularly raptors. Other birds include ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus, Sudan bustard Otis arabs, and bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus. Zoning Both reserves are divided into zones of surveillance for administrative purposes. There are six such zones in Ferlo Nord. There are proposals to establish a further zone within Ferlo Sud. Disturbances or Deficiencies Some hunting and tree-cutting occurs, but the worst problem is overgrazing, aggravated by years of low rainfall. Many areas are bare sand and grass that does sprout after rain is eaten before it seeds. Strong winds erode bare areas and cause dust storms. There is no control on habitat destruction. Scientific Research O.R.S.T.O.M. has done a lot of work in this area on birds (Morel and Morel, vegetation changes (Valenza), and social geography (Benoit). Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Barral, H. (1982). Le Ferlo des Forages. Gestion ancienne et actuelle de l’espace pastorale. O.R.S.T.O.M., Dakar. ° Morel G.J. and Morel M.Y. (1978). Recherches écologiques sur une savane sahélienne du Ferlo septentrional, Sénégal. Etude d’une communauté avienne. Cahiers O.R.S.T.O.M. Série Biol. Vol. XIII, No. 1, 3-34. * Santoir, C. (1982). Contribution 4 l’étude de l’exploitation du du cheptel region du Ferlo Sénégal. O.R.S.T.O.M., Dakar. ° Santoir, C. (1983). La vallée du Sénégal: Raison pastorale et développement. Travaux et Documents de 1’O.R.S.T.O.M. No. 166 O.R.S.T.O.M. Paris. Staff Provided by the Direction des Eaux, Foréts et Chasses, apart from the one man in charge -531- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Budget Variable annual budget, allocated from a central budget Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des Eaux-Foréts et Chasses, BP 1831, Dakar. Date April 1985 SANCTUAIRE ORNITHOLOGIQUE DE LA POINTE DE KALISSAYE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Integral Date Established 28 July 1978 by Decree No. 78-809. Appropriated by Law No. 64-46 of 17 June 1964 Geographical Location Sankoye Point is in the department of Bignona (Casamance). 12°40’N, 16°45’W. Altitude Near sea level Area 16ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is at the mouth of the Kalissaye. There are two sandy islands in the reserve. Changing currents alter the mobile sandy substrate continually, removing and accreting islands. Vegetation There is herbaceous vegetation of sand-loving species of a littoral type. The vegetation of Sankoye Point is mainly of a bush type, contrasting with that of the islands, which is represented by such species as Jpomoea pes-caprae, Sporobolus spicatus, and Alternanthera maritima. Fauna’ The sanctuary was set up to protect the breeding colonies of seabirds and breeding sites of marine turtles. There are at least 10,000 pairs of Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia; many royal terns Thalasseus maximus and a large colony of white pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus. Other bird species to be found in the reserve area include: gull-billed tern Gelochelidon nilotica, slender-billed gull Larus genei, grey-headed gull Larus cirrhocephalus, reef heron Egretta gularis (500 pairs), and osprey Pandion haliaetus. The marine fauna includes common dolphin Delphinus delphis. Crocodiles Crocodylus niloticus (V) and manatees Trichechus senegalensis (T) occur in the river areas of the reserve. Many marine turtles breed here, including green turtle Chelonia mydas (F) and loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta (V). Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies The island, which forms the pelican colony, and a small sand bar, is suffering some erosion by currents. Scientific Research The staff attempt to keep records of bird counts and unusual sightings. Special Scientific Facilities A small, but very remote museum. -532- Senegal Principal Reference Material None listed Staff A conservateur, based at Diouloulou, and four guards who have a camp near the sanctuary. Budget Administration: 2,580,000 francs CFA Local Park or Reserve Administration Bignona (Casamance). Date April 1985 FORET CLASSEE DE SAMBA DIA Managemeuat Category IX (Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Traditional human intervention is allowed, but strictly supervised to avoid direct or indirect damage to the fauna. Date Established Protected as classified forest since 1936. Approved as a Biosphere Reserve in 1979 Geographical Location Located in the Fatick district in the Sine-Saloum region, 6km from the Atlantic Ocean. Centred 14°08’N, 16°45’W. Altitude 5-10m Area 756ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features This forest is situated close to the sea and is subject to the influence of Atlantic trade winds. The climate is cool and humidity high. Mean annual rainfall is approximately 800mm. Vegetation The coastal zone forests are similar to those of the Casamance, with species of the genera Elaeis, Daniellia, and Pterocarpus. The vegetation is dominated by Borassus aethiopum, but important species are: Acacia seyal forming pure stands in the lowest zones; Combretaceae, normal in this zone, are represented by Combretum glutinosum and Anogeissus leiocar pus; large trees of the sahelo-sudanian savanna are present. The most common species are: Borassus flabellifer, Acacia seyal, Combretum glutinosum, Detarium microcarpum, D. senegalense, Acacia senegal, A. albida, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Khaya senegalensis, Sclerocarya birrea, Prosopis africana, Sterculia setigera, Parinarium macrophyllum, Tamarindus indica, Cordyla africana, Parkia biglobosa, Cassia sieberana, Grewia bicolor, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Daniellia oliveri, Mitragyna inermis, Dichrostachys cinerea, Annona glabra, Terminalia macroptera, Piliostigma reticulatum, Ficus sp., Elaeis guineensis, Phoenix reclinata, Tamarix senegalensis, Chloris prieurii, Gloriosa simplex, Asparagus pauli-guilelmi, Aristida sp., Hibiscus asper, Cenchrus biflorus, Sesbania pachycarpa, Cassia obtusifolia, Cyperus podocarpus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, and Nymphaea micrantha. Fauna Mammals include: patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, palm rat Xerus erythropus, red mongoose Herpestes sanguineus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, civet Civettictis civetta, red-flanked jackal Canis adustus, common jackal Canis aureus and bush hare Lepus whytei. -533- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Birds include: ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus, red-billed hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus, black dwarf-hornbill Tockus hartlaubi, grey plantain-eater Crinifer piscator, green pigeon Treron calva, red-eyed dove Streptopelia semitorquata, common francolin Francolinus bicalcaratus, Namaqua dove Oena capensis, long-tailed glossy starling Lamprotornis caudatus, Senegal fire-finch Lagonosticta senegala, Senegal coucal Centropus senegalensis, chestnut-bellied sand grouse Pterocles exustus, rose-ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri, black kite Milvus migrans, pied crow Corvus albus, African pygmy kingfisher Ispidina picta, white-backed vulture Gyps africanus, hooded vulture Necrosyrtes monachus, cattle egret Bubulcus ibis, speckled pigeon Columba guinea, Abyssinian roller Coracias abyssinica, hoopoe Upupa epops, palm-nut vulture Gypohierax angolensis, laughing dove Streptopelia senegalensis, spur-winged plover Vanellus spinosus, grey kestrel Falco ardosiaceus, intermediate egret Egretta intermedia, and little egret Egretta garzetta. Reptiles include: rock python Python sebae, Nile monitor Varanus niloticus, green mamba Dendroaspis viridis, tortoise Geochelone sulcata, Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), and puff adder Bitis arietans. Conservation Management The preservation of the typical Borassus landscape necessitates the continuation of traditional human intervention and the management plan for the reserve takes this into account by allowing traditional collection of dead wood, wild fruits, medicinal herbs, gums and resins of Borassus plant parts by the local population who live outside the reserve. The peripheral areas of the reserve are farmed under contractual agreement, one of the clauses stipulating that a certain number of Borassus palms be left per hectare of cultivated land. Moderate grazing is practised in these areas in the dry season after harvesting. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Farming and grazing in peripheral areas. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research The reserve offers great potential for research on man-environment interactions, particularly with Borassus palm use. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° None listed Staff One Engineer and one Technician from the Forestry Service Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspecteur des Eaux, Foréts et Chasses, Kaolack, Sine Saloum. Date 1985 -534- -535- SEYCHELLES _ — ee ee - pee Seychelles National Parks (Terrestrial sections) “ National Parks (Marine sections) e P A @ Nature Reserves a ne La Digue *%* Special Reserves Cees Mahé ne) ,50km % Etiole® e Boudeuse oe eo e Almirante Islands * Aldabra °° = . Farquhar Group ¢ Les Mamellés * ° : Cousin : : Praslin Seychellois NP “Gousine (including Vallée La Digue Vaches 9 dena SEYCHELLES Area 444 sq.km Population 64,718 (1984) Parks and Reserves Legislation The National Parks and Nature Conservancy Ordinance 1969 and its various amendments (Ordinances, No. 14 of 1970 and No. 7 of 1973, Statutory Instrument No. 95 of 1975, and Act 19 of 1982), and the National Parks and Nature Conservancy Regulations, Statutory Instrument of No. 110 1971, provide the basis for the network of protected areas in the Seychelles. Section 2 of the Ordinance defines four types of protected area. An Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty would be an area set aside by reason of its natural beauty or other special characteristics for its preservation and maintenance for the benefit, advantage and enjoyment of the general public. National Parks are areas set aside for the propogation, protection and preservation of wildlife, or the preservation of sites of aesthetic, geological, prehistoric, historical, archaeological or other scientific interest, for the benefit of the general public. Special mention is made of Marine National Parks. It should be noted that designation of an area as a national park does not necessarily preclude agriculture, forestry or residential development. Special Reserves are areas set aside for the protection of characteristic wildlife, with all other interests subordinate to this aim. Strict Nature Reserves are areas set aside to permit free interaction of ecological factors without outside interference (except that necessary in safeguarding the reserve). The 1969 Ordinance also set up the National Parks and Nature Conservancy Commission, renamed the Seychelles National Environment Commission in 1982. The Forest Reserves Ordinance 1955 provides for the creation of Forest Reserves, though no clear definition of what such a reserve would constitute is given. Complete protection is given to woody vegetation and forest produce. The Wild Animals and Birds (protection) Ordinance 1961, as well as protecting most birds, the Giant Land Tortoise and the Seychelles pond turtle, allows for the establishment of Nature Reserves. The Wild Birds Protection (Nature Reserves) Regulation (S.1. 27 of 1966) created nature reserves on the islands of Beacon (Ile Seche), Booby (Ile aux Fous), Boudeuse, Etoile, King Ross (Lamperiaire), Les Mamelles, Cousin and Vache Marine, and the Vallée de Mai on Praslin. The emphasis is on protection of the species, however, with little direct provision in the Act for conservation of habitat. Nevertheless, the owner is charged with ensuring that no activity in the reserve adversely affects bird life. The Marine Mammals Sanctuary Decree (No. 28 of 1979) provides for the establishment of a sanctuary within the Seychelles territorial waters and exclusive economic zone, where the killing or harassment of any marine mammal is prohibited. Woodlands can be protected under the Town and Country Planning Ordinance, for the "interests of amenity", river reserves under the Government Land River Reserves Act, and certain beaches on Mahé, Praslin and La Digue have been designated Protected Beaches. Four areas are declared Shell Reserves in a schedule to the Conservation of Marine Shells Act (No. 4 of 1981) where collection of shells (with the exception of a number of specifically exempted species), disturbance of their natural environment and the possession of explosives is an offence. It should be finally be noted that some of the Seychelles Islands are privately owned; for example the International Council for Bird Preservation owns Cousin Island and manages it as a Strict Nature Reserve. Parks and Reserves Administration The functions of the Seychelles National Environment Commission (SNEC) are: development and review of policy matters relating to the environment; review of relevant legislation; review of conservation and management; coordination of all activities relating to conservation and management of the environment; promotion of education; and international issues related to the environment. The Forestry and Conservation Division of the recently created Ministry of National Development (comprising the former Ministry of Agriculture and Land Use, the Physical Planning Division, Environmental Division, Lands Division and the Survey Division) is the main executive for the conservation policy and is responsible for the creation and management of all protected areas in Seychelles apart from Aldabra (SIF), Cousin (ICBP) and Aride (RSNC). Each protected area -537- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas has a management plan prepared by consultants. The Royal Society for Nature Conservation (RSNC) prepared plans for Aride, the International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP) for Cousin, while Roger Wilson, as conservation advisor, prepared plans for the remaining areas. All plans have been approved by the Council of Ministers, but the Praslin, Morne Seychellois, Port Launay and Baie Ternaie parks’ plans have yet to be properly implemented, due to lack of personnel, funds and equipment. Most of the protected areas are manned by senior park rangers, park wardens, park rangers grade I & II, Assistant park rangers and labourers from park ranger grade II upwards (all of whom are sworn special police constables with the powers of arrest). The Seychelles Island foundation (SIF) is an international group which manages Aldabra Atoll as a strict nature reserve. Organisations associated with the foundation include the Royal Society (U.K. based), Organisation recherche scientifique et technique outre-mer (ORSTOM), Smithsonian Institute, World Wildlife Fund and the Royal Society for Nature Conservation (U.K. based). Address ° Conservation Office, Ministry of National Development, Independence House, PO Box 199, Victoria, Mahé Additional Information In 1982, SNEC set up sub-commissions to produce reports covering topics such as pollution, legislation, education, and national parks. These reports are to be used in structuring a National Conservation Strategy which will replace the 1971 White Paper on the Conservation Policy of the Seychelles. The White Paper was based on a report by a conservation advisor from the U.K. Ministry of Overseas Development (Procter, 1970). Salm (1978) reviewed the conservation of marine resources in the Seychelles, and emphasised the low priority given in the past to marine and coastal conservation. The subsequent establishment of one marine reserve and two marine national parks has since improved the situation. The National Parks and Nature Conservancy (Amendment) Act 1982, as well as detailing the functions of the Seychelles National Environment Commission, adds a second schedule to the 1971 Ordinance fully accepting the three major objectives of environmental conservation as identified in the World Conservation Strategy. The 1971 White Paper previously defined conservation as "the wise use or management of renewable natural resources so that at the end the resource is no poorer nor less able to renew itself than at the beginning". References ° Chongseng, L. (1983). National Report for Seychelles: Management policies, ecosystems, endangered species and protected areas. Unpublished IUCN report, prepared by the Ministry of National Development for the UNEP Regional Seas Programme. ° Government of Seychelles (1971). Conservation policy in the Seychelles. | Government Printer, Mahé, Seychelles. 10 pp. ° IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (1985). IUCN directory of coral reefs of international importance. Volume 2. Indian Ocean. Draft version. ° Procter, J. (1970). Conservation in the Seychelles. Government printer, Mahé, Seychelles. 35 pp. ° Robertson, I.J.B. (1972). Seychelles Marine National Parks. IUCN/WWF Report No. 726, Morges, Switzerland. ° Salm, R.V. (1976). The Seychelles and neighbouring islands: existing and potential marine park sites. Papers and proceedings of the Regional Meeting. Teheran, Iran, 6-10 March 1975. IUCN Publications New Series 35. Pp. 129-132. ° Salm, R.V. (1978). Conservation of Marine Resources in Seychelles: Report on current status and future management. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland. ° Stoddart, D.R. (Ed.) (1984). Biogeography and Ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Dr W. Junk Publishers, the Hague. -538- Seychelles Protected Areas National Parks Morne Seychellois 3,045 Praslin 675 Subtotal 3,720 Marine National Parks Baie Ternaie 80 Curieuse 1,470 Port Launay 158 St Anne 1,423 Subtotal 3,131 Strict Nature Reserves Aldabra 35,000 Vallee de Mai 18 Reserves Aride Island Special 70 Cousin Island Special 28 La Digue Veuve 8 Subtotal 106 World Heritage Sites Aldabra Atoll 35,000 Vallee de Mai Nature Reserve 18 Subtotal 35,018 MORNE SEYCHELLOIS NATIONAL PARK Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Reserve) Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands) Legal Protection Morne Seychellois National Park only protects terrestrial biota, the two bays which flank Ternay Bluff (Baie Ternay and Port Launay) are designated separately as marine national parks. The birds are protected under the Wild Animals and Birds Protection ordinance, No. 37 1961. Date Established Designated as a national park in 1979 by Statutory Instrument No. 53, Morne Seychellois National Park (Designation) Order. Geographical Location Covers most of the West and central massif of Mahé Island south of Victoria. 4°37’-4°40’S, 55°22’-55°28°E. Altitude Sea level to 905m Area 3,045ha, contiguous to Baie Ternay Marine National Park (80ha) and Port Launay Marine National Park (158ha). Land Tenure Mostly government although the entire north-west section is private land and there is a complex ownership pattern along the Forét Noire road, particularly in the Sans Souci-L’Exil area. -539- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Physical Features A very rugged part of the largest granitic oceanic island, rising from sea-level at the south coast of Mahé, to 905m (Morne Seychellois Peak) within the park boundaries. Contains a variety of habitats with a relatively rich biota and high degree of endemicity, including the best area of montane moss forest on Mahé and a number of key sites rich in endemic species. Numerous rivers drain the rugged upland region including the Mare aux Cochons which flows southwards, the Boulay flowing north-west into North West Bay and the Grande Anse flowing south into Grand Anse Bay. The climate is determined by two alternating monsoons, or seasonal winds, the strong dry winds of the south-east monsoon blow from May to October and the erratic north-west monsoon, alternating between periods of calm, terrific squalls and torrential rains, blows from December to March; November and April are the transitory months. The mean annual temperature varies from 24°C to 30°C and the relative humidity is always high, averaging 75-80%. Vegetation All the endemic plants known from Mahé are present within the park. At least one species, Balsamine Impatiens thomassetii is limited to a single locality only. Although largely invaded by exotics, such as Albizzia falcataria and Cinnamomum zeylanicum, it still contains some relic communities of native Randia sericea, Nepenthes pervillei, and Northea seychellarum. The largest known populations of two of the four species listed for the Seychelles in the IUCN Plant Red Data Book, ’Bois de Fer’ Vateria seychellarum and ’Bois meduse’ Medusagyne oppositifolia, are also found in the area. Other threatened species present are the palm Rocheria melanochaetes, which is well represented in the park, and Toxocarpus schmiperianus, only recently discovered at two sites. Fauna _ Several large roosts of endemic fruit bat Pteropus seychellensis survive here, and the endemic sheath-tailed bat Coleura seychellensis, has been seen, and all the endemic bird species known for Mahé have been recorded from the park; it is assumed that other taxa are also fully represented. The greater part of the known populations of two of threatened birds limited to Mahé, the bare-legged scops owl Otus insularis (R) and the Seychelles white-eye Zosterops modestus (E), exist in the park. Of the 15 other species of terrestrial birds recorded, nine of them are occur in particularily large numbers, especially the blue pigeon Alectroenas pulcherrima, thick-billed bulbul Hypsipetes crassirostris, swiflet Collocalia francica and Seychelles sunbird Nectarinia dussumieri. A significant number of white-tailed tropic bird Phaethon lepturus still breed on the mountains. Many of the native Seychelles reptiles are present, such as Seychelles house snakes Boaedon geometricus, Seychelles wolf snake Lycognophus seychellensis, Brahminy blind-snake Ramphotyphlops braminus and the lizards Chamaeleo tigris, Phelsuma astriata and P. longisulae. All known species of caecilians native to the Seychelles are to be found, including the very uncommon Prastinia cooperii (in fact only rediscovered in June 1983). Population There are a few small farms and settlements within the boundaries of the park and some areas of cultivation are quite extensive (Republic of Seychelles, 1978). Conservation Management A draft management plan drawn up in 1979 has yet to be implemented. Other areas principally degraded are being reafforested, mostly with Meliaceae such as Sandoricum ratiatum and Swietenia macrophylla. An additional small area is under tea plantation. Zoning Certain areas are administered as strict nature reserves where only scientists accompanied by forest rangers are allowed. Since 1983, even the traditional cinnamon pickers have been instructed to stay clear of these areas. Disturbances or Deficiencies Past exploitation of timber and forest fires has done irreparable damage. Since 1950, the reafforestation work has resulted in the vegetation cover being re-established to some extent. Exotic species like Albizzia, cinnamon Ochorosia, Psidium, and Lantana are encroaching on a large scale. There has been some tree felling for the erection of a 33kv powerline. The Forét Noire Road from Victoria to the south coast passes through the western portion of the park. Ternay Bluff is separated from the rest of the park by a track and a strip of pasture/cultivation. Army exercises are carried out in the park occasionally. -540- Seychelles Visitor Facilities | Tourism development consists primarily of provision of viewing points, refreshment facilities, paths, interpretive facilities, and literature. Scientific Research Studies of the systematics and ecology of the reptiles and amphibians; some surveys on the distribution of rare endemic plants; estimates of the various fruit bat colonies; preliminary work on the Seychelles white-eye and the scops owl; and a doctoral study on the Seychelles kestrel. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Collar, N.J. and Stuart, S.N. (1985). Threatened Birds of Africa and Related Islands. ICBP/IUCN Red Data Book, 3rd edn. Part 1 p. 324 and p. 597. ° Republic of Seychelles (1978). Mahé, 1:10,000 scale map prepared by the British Governments Ministry of Overseas Development (Directorate of Overseas Surveys. Series Y851 (D.O.S 204). ° Wilson, J.R. (1980). The Morne Seychellois National Park, A preliminary Management Plan. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date June 1983 BAIE TERNAY MARINE NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands) Legal Protection It is illegal to disturb marine turtles in any way (Mortimer, 1985), and the area is a declared fishing reserve. Date Established Designated as a marine national park in 1979 by Statutory Instrument No. 54, Baie Ternay Marine National Park (Designation) Order. Geographical Location A sheltered bay on the extreme western tip of Mahé Island. 4°38’S, 395°22°E. Altitude Sea level down to 37m depth Area 80ha, contiguous to the wholly terrestrial Morne Seychellois National Park (3,045ha) and on the other side of Ternay Bluff to Port Launay Marine National Park (158ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features A shallow lagoon approximately 800m wide lies between the continuous fringing reef at the head of the bay from the shore. It is grooved and cut by numerous surge channels and this section of reef offers a valuable refuge to a host of large and small reef fishes. The climate is determined by two alternating monsoons, or seasonal winds, the strong dry winds of the south-east monsoon blow from May to October and the erratic north-west -541- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas monsoon, alternating between periods of calm, terrific squalls and torrential rains, blows from December to March; November and April are the transitory months. The mean annual temperature ranges from 24° to 30°C and relative humidity is always high, averaging 75-80%. Vegetation The shallow reef-flat is covered by a variety of seaweeds including stalked Turbinaria. Fauna Hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata (E) breed here and there is an abundant reef fish fauna. Pillai et al. (1973) have described some of the corals found in this area; Salm (1977) also gives a brief description of the reefs. Reef development is not extensive and there are few living corals. The deeper reefs fringing the rocky headlands are in very good condition, comprising soft corals (Alcyonaria) anchored on dead Porites colonies (Salm, 1977 and UNEP/IUCN, in prep.). Salm (1977) describes these soft coral communities found in the bay as the best on Mahé. Conservation Management This park was primarily established both for maintenance of an area of natural beauty for the benefit of the general public, including tourists, and to protect the reef to maintain its value for tourism. A draft management plan covering both Baie Ternay and Port Launay has been drawn up (Wilson, 1980) and lays increased emphasis on other aspects of nature conservation, but this plan has yet to be fully implemented. The park boundaries currently exclude the beaches to allow recreational activities to continue. It has been proposed (Salm, 1977) that they be incorporated into the park and provisions for recreation developed. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies To date, lack of trained personnel, equipment and houses has meant that there is no enforcement of park regulations. There is some poaching of corals, shells and hawksbill turtles, though numbers taken within the protected area are lower than outside the boundaries (Mortimer, 1985). Since early 1983, the second and largest National Youth Service camp has been sited next to the Bay which has effectively closed the bay to the general public. There is some fishing with handlines and traps and some seine netting of mackerel by staff and students. The treated sewage (stored in three oxidation ponds) from the settlement is discharged into the enclosed bay; the precise impact of this has yet to be assessed. Some of the existing mangrove swamp has been lost to reclaimation. Visitor Facilities Popular for swimming and snorkelling, being easily accessible from Beauvallon. Glass bottomed boats are available for hire. Scientific Research General survey by a group from Galway University. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Mortimer, J.A. (1985). Marine turtles in the Republic of the Seychelles, status and management. IUCN/WWF, Gland, Switzerland. ° Pillai, C.S.G., Vine, P.J. and Scheer, G. (1973). Bericht uber eine Korallensammlung von den Seychellen. Zool. Jb. Syst. 100: 45-465. ° Salm, R.V. (1977). A guide to snorkelling and diving in Seychelles. Octavian Books, London. 60 pp. ° Salm, R.V. (1978). Conservation of Marine Resources in Seychelles. IUCN/WWF report, Morges, Switzerland. ° Wilson, R. (1980). Baie Ternay National Park, Port Launay National Park and the La Plaine intertidal swamp - a draft management plan (mimeo). ° UNEP/IUCN (in prep.). Directory of Coral Reefs of International Importance. Volume 2. Indian Ocean. Staff None -342- Seychelles Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date June 1983 CURIEUSE MARINE NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands) Legal Protection The collection of seashells is prohibited under the protection of shells Ordinance (Cap.138) of 1965. Curieuse is also listed as a protected breeding site under the Turtle Protection Act, under which it is illegal to hunt turtles in the sea area 1,000m from the high water mark. Date Established Declared a marine national park in 1979 by Statutory Instrument No. 55, Curieuse Marine National Park (Designation) Order. Protective regulations under this act have been drafted and will be introduced when designation is complete. Geographical Location Comprises the irregular-shaped Curieuse Island and its surrounding waters, including the outlying St Pierre Islet and the channel between the island and Anse Boudin, up to high water mark along the north-east coast of Praslin. 4°16’-4°18’S, 55°43’E. Altitude 30m below sea level to 172m Area 1,470ha total (of which 283ha is marine) Land Tenure Government Physical Features Comprises the rugged granitic island of Curieuse (2.83 ha), which rises to Curieuse peak (172m); St Pierre Islet at the south-west extreme of the park; the northern coastline of Praslin from Chevalier Point in the west to Pointe Zanguilles in the east; and the marine channel between the islands. The marine part of the park ranges from shallow water reefs, exposed at low tide, to a 30m drop-off. The major habitats are, deep patch reefs, algal reef flats, mangrove swamp, intertidal rocky shore and sandy beaches, and wooded slopes. The low-lying area on the eastern side of Curieuse has been cultivated and there are several coconut plantations there. A causeway has been constructed across the mouth of Larai Bay on Curieuse, creating a small enclosed lagoon known as Turtle Pond. Vegetation The island is significant as one of only two islands where the coco-de-mer Lodoicea maldivica grows naturally (the other locality is Vallée de Mai on Praslin Island where it is much more extensive). It is also the principal locality for the endemic vine Toxocarpus schimperianus. Some of the finest specimens of the Northea seychellarum are to be found behind Baie La Raie. In the lagoon formed behind the causeway, a patch of Mangrove swamp is developing, characterised by Rhizophora mucronata, Lumnitzera sp., Sonneratia sp. and Xylocarpus sp.. A new species of banana Gastonia sp. was discovered on the island in 1982. Fauna Land birds common to the Seychelles which are known from the park include: Seychelles sunbird Nectarinia dussumieri and thick-billed bulbul Hypsipetes crassirostris, together with certain seabirds, such as fairy tern Gygis alba. A population of some 300 giant tortoises Geochelone gigantea (R) introduced from Aldabra breed successfully on the island. -543- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas About 20 to 40 female hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata (E) regularly use the beaches on Curieuse during the breeding season. Brahminy blind-snake Ramphotyphlops braminus and at least one species of caecilian can be found. Lizards include Phelsuma astriata, P. sunbergi, Gehyra mutilata, Mabuya sechellensis and Scelotes gardineri. The marine section has good coral growth, especially around St Pierre Islet, which is well known for its tubular coral colonies, and Anse Petit Coeur on the west side of Pointe Zanguilles on Praslin. Most noticeable are colonies of blue-tipped Acropora, mauve or brown staghorn and pink Pocillopora. The fish life is remarkably rich and varied. Many large angelfish and groupers lurk with the soldierfish Holocentrus sp. around the caves in the pitted bases of larger boulder corals. Curieuse was once well-known for its abundant molluscs, octopi and lobsters, but there numbers have declined and the crab population in the mangrove areas are only now recovering; the land crab Cardiosoma is still abundant on the coastal strip. Population Curieuse is still inhabited and cultivated, though the number of people living here has fallen. Conservation Management Much management activity has been directed towards rehabilitation of burnt over and severely eroded slopes. A draft management plan was prepared in 1979. Zoning Divided in to three main zones, Conservation, by far the most extensive including the badly burnt hillsides which are being restored; Agricultural, including commercial forest (the fertile land by the ex-leper colony has been earmarked for a fruit farm and piggery); and Tourism, there is a proposal to turn the old doctor’s house into an information centre and to have some chalet-style hotel development. Disturbances or Deficiencies Some areas of the island have been badly burnt and extensive anti-erosion work in the form of contour drains, and Casuarina plantations are visible. The eastern Peninsula was particularly badly damaged by a fire in 1967, the vegetation was decimated and there were no signs of regeneration four years later (Procter, 1971) as the native plants appear insufficiently resilient to recover. It is probable that in their search for boat building material, the government will want to exploit the fine stands of takamaka Callophyllum inophyllum. There have been various proposals to drain the marshes and develop them for vegetable farms. If this happens, the most suitable site for starting a second colony of Seychelles paradise flycatcher will be lost. Some of the families living on the Praslin side continue to illegally hunt hawksbill turtle, but the numbers lost are lower than from areas outside the park boundaries (Mortimer, 1985). Visitor Facilities Facilities are planned, particularly in the Anse St. Jose/Caiman plateau area. Two areas are also designated swimming zones. Scientific Research The introduced giant tortoise Geochelone gigantea population is being closely monitored as well as its impact on the vegetation. A tagging programme for female hawksbill turtles during the breeding season was initiated in 1981 (Mortimer, 1985). Some preliminary terrestrial plant surveys have also been carried out. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Frazier, J, (1974). Sea turtles in Seychelles. Biol. Conserv. 6: 71-73. ° Mortimer, J.A. (1985). Marine turtles in the Republic of the Seychelles, status and management. IUCN/WWF, Gland, Switzerland. ° Republic of Seychelles (1978). Praslin 1 and 3, 1:10,000 scale map prepared by the British Governments Ministry of Overseas Development (Directorate of Overseas Surveys). Series Y851 (D.O.S. 204). ° Salm, R.V. (1977). A guide to snorkelling and diving in Seychelles. Octavian books. London. 60 pp. ° Salm, R.V. (1978). Conservation of marine resources in Seychelles. Report on current status and future management. JUCN/WWF report, Gland, Switzerland. ° Wilson, J.R. (1979). The Curieuse National Park, A Draft Management Plan. -544- Seychelles Staff One senior park ranger, one park ranger grade 11, and eight labourers Budget Curieuse is within the park system administered by the Conservation Division, which has a total annual budget of 600,000 SR (US$90,000) Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date June 1983 PORT LAUNAY MARINE NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands) Legal Protection The Port Launay Marine National Park Regulations 1981 detail how the park may and may not be used. Damage of sandbank, reef, rock or area of seashore or foreshore, or the killing, capturing or damaging of wildlife (alive or dead), or the removal of any material from the seabed is prohibited. It is illegal to disturb marine turtles in any way, and the area is also a declared fishing reserve. Date Established Designated as a marine national park in 1979 by Statutory Instrument No. 56, Port Launay Marine National Park (Designation Order). Geographical Location A cove on the south-west coast of Mahé Iland. 4°39’S, 55°23’E. Altitude From sea level to 20m depth Area 158ha contiguous to the wholly terrestrial Morne Seychellois National Park (3,045ha) and on the other side of Ternay Bluff to Baie Ternay Marine National Park (80ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features A sheltered cove with a primarily rocky shoreline with sandy beaches. Reefs fringe the rocky shores at either end of the beach, comprising boulder type coral, with Porites spp. dominant; characteristic of areas of calm sea and erratic temperature and salinity. The back-reef zones are shallow and covered by the stalked seaweed Turbinaria. The climate is determined by two alternating monsoons, or seasonal winds. The strong dry winds of the south-east monsoon blow from May to October and the erratic north-west monsoon, alternating between periods of calm, terrific squalls and torrential rains, blows from December to March; November and April are the transitory months. The mean annual temperature varies from 24°-30°C, while the relative humidity is always high, averaging 75-80%. Vegetation Mangrove forests characterised by genera such as Avicennia, Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Xylocarpus, and Ceriops fringe the steep forested coastal slopes. Turbinaria spp. cover the back-reef zone. Fauna Seychelles blue pigeon Alectroenus pulcherrima occurs in the coastal mangroves (Feare, 1973). Reef development is not extensive and living corals are few. Pillai et al. (1973) have described some of the corals found in this area. Salm (1977) also gives a brief description of the reefs. The deeper reefs fringing the rocky headlands are in very good condition, comprising soft corals (Alcyonaria) anchored on dead Porites colonies (Salm, 1977 and UNEP/IUCN, in prep.). According to the management plan, however, coral growth is poor in comparison with Baie Ternay and Ste. Anne. -345- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Conservation Management This park was primarily established to maintain an area of natural beauty for the benefit of the general public, including tourists. A draft management plan covering both Baie Ternay and Port Launay has been drawn up (Wilson, 1980) and lays increased emphasis or other aspects of nature conservation, but this plan has yet to be fully implemented. Since the establishment of the first National Youth Service (NYS) camp at Port Launay, access to the area by the general public has been limited. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Some fishing with handline and traps and even some seine netting (mostly mackerel) is carried out by the NYS staff and students. Poaching of marine turtles is still a problem (Mortimer, 1985). According to the management plan, because the bay is sheltered from the prevailing winds it is frequently used as an anchorage. The mangrove area receives no formal protection. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Feare, C.J. (1973). The utilisation of mangroves by Seychelles birds. Short communication. Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Oxford. ° Mortimer, J.A. (1985). Marine Turtles in the Republic of the Seychelles, status and management. IUCN/WWF, Gland, Switzerland. Pillai, C.S.G., Vine, P.J. and Scheer, G. (1973). Bericht uber eine Korallensammlung von den Seychellen. Zool. Jb. Syst. 100: 45-465. ° Salm, R.V. (1977). A guide to snorkelling and diving in Seychelles. Octavian Books, London. 60 pp. ° Salm, R.V.(1978). Conservation of marine resources in Seychelles. JUCN/WWF Report. Gland, Switzerland. ° Wilson, R. (1980). Baie Ternay National Park, Port Launay National Park and the La Plaine intertidal swamp - draft management plan (mimeo.). UNEP/IUCN (in prep.). Directory of Coral Reefs of International Importance. Volume 2. Indian Ocean. ° Staff None Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1983 SAINT ANNE MARINE NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands) Legal Protection The Ste. Anne Marine National Park Regulations 1973 details how the park may and may not be used. For example areas are demarcated for swimmers, and water-skiing within the park is prohibited. The regulations make it unlawful to kill or disturb "living things -546- Seychelles or their habitats", with a few exceptions for residents and management needs. These regulations were brought into force in 1975 by the Ste. Anne Marine National Park (Commencement) Notice. It is illegal to disturb marine turtles in any way. Date Established Declared a marine national park in 1973 by Statutory Instrument No. 21, the National Park (Ste. Anne Marine) Designation Order. Geographical Location A group of six granitic islands, some five kilometres due east of Victoria, the Capital of Seychelles, on Mahé Island. 4°35’S, 55°30°E. Altitude 30m below sea level to 250m A Area 1,423ha, all the surrounding reefs and seas between the islands forming part of the park. Land Tenure The islands of Saint Anne, Round, and Long are government owned, while the islands of Moyenne, Cerf and Le Cachée are privately owned; the marine area is part of the Seychelles Territorial Sea. Physical Features A group of six small rugged granitic islands (Saint Anne, Round, Long, Moyenne, Cerf and Le Cachée), together with adjacent reefs and sea. The Saint Anne channel is the deepest part, down to about 30m, while Saint Anne island rises to some 250m above sea-level. Habitats to be found within the park include: exposed and fringing reefs, patch reefs, coral encrusted granite boulders, sandflats and seagrass beds, intertidal rocks and sandy beaches. Vegetation Among some of the dead reefs are fairly extensive beds of Sargassum seaweeds. The seagrass Thalassia hemprichii is to be found between Round Island and Cerf. The islands are mainly covered by secondary vegetation, with coconut Cocos nucifera the most common tree. On the north-east side of Saint Anne, there is a very steep and rocky area which still has fine stands of the native palm Phoenicophorium and various Pandanus species. Fauna No information Conservation Management There are seven areas of delicate shallow water coral reefs which were to be administered as viewing areas only, anchoring and fishing being prohibited. However, it has not been easy to demarcate these sites, even though most of the glass bottom boat operators (the main park users) know these areas well. Zoning Shallow water reef areas, defined in a schedule to the regulations, are set aside for viewing only. Two of the areas are on the coast of Saint Anne, one to the north west, and the other southeast. The other five areas are on the north western side of the other group of islands. Disturbances or Deficiencies In the past, shell collecting caused some damage to the corals. Many of the reefs have been killed by unknown causes in addition to siltation resulting from the dredging in Port Victoria and the construction work at Seychelles International Airport on Mahé. The planned construction of a fisheries harbour, combined with the east coast road scheme, will aggravate the problem. The main problem is persistent poaching by two or three families from the Les Mamelles area on Mahé. The ranger staff are youthful and have not been formally trained, hampering efficient protection. Due to the strong south-east monsoon winds, the park boundary buoys have to be renewed every year, which can be quite a major exercise. Visitor Facilities The reefs attract numerous visitors and there are several glass bottom boats available for hire. For a long time there have been plans to construct an oceanarium. This seems unlikely to be realised for many years. Scientific Research Some studies on the growth rate of sea urchins. The Fisheries Division has monitoring the fish catches from the licensed fishermen in the past. Since 1981, a -547- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas programme has been underway to tag~ hawksbill turtles and to count tracks. The starfish Acanthaster population is being monitored. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Mortimer, J.A. (1985). Marine Turtles in the Republic of the Seychelles, status and management. IUCN/WWF, Gland, Switzerland. ° Robertson, I.J.B. (1972). Seychelles Marine National Parks. IUCN/WWF report No. 726, Gland, Switzerland. Salm, R.V. (1978). Conservation of marine resources in Seychelles. IUCN Publication Salm, R.V. (1976). A guide to snorkelling and diving in Seychelles. Octavian Books, London. 60 pp. ° Salm, R.V. (1978) Conservation of Marine Resources in the Seychelles. IUCN/WWF Report ° Stoddart, D.R. (Ed.) (1984). Biogeography and ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. Taylor, J.D. (1968). Coral reef and associated invertebrate communities (mainly molluscan) around Mahé, Seychelles. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (8)254: 129-206. ° UNEP/IUCN (in prep.). Directory of Coral Reefs of International Importance. Volume 2. Indian Ocean. Staff Two park rangers grade I, and two park rangers grade II. The two labourers formerly attached to the park have since been transferred to the National Youth Service village. Budget Falls within the budget of the Conservation Section, which has a total budget of 600,000 SR (US$90,000) per annum. On average, about 150,000 SR (US$22,000) are collected as entrance fees to the park every year. Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date June 1983 ALDABRA ATOLL Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iii, iv) Biogeographical Province 3.24.13 (Comores Islands and Aldabra) Legal Protection Protective regulations under the 1971 act have been drafted (Aldabra Special Reserve Regulations, 1981) and signed, and will be introduced when designation is complete. Previously, only partial protection for specified animals was provided. The reserve extends to 1km below the high water mark. Date Established 17 February 1976 as a Strict Nature Reserve under the Protection and Preservation of Wild Life Ordinance, 1970 (BIOT). Designated as a Special Reserve by Designation of Special Reserve (Aldabra) Order, 1981. Accepted as a World Heritage Site in 1982. Geographical Location An atoll north of the Mozambique Channel, 420km north-west of Madagascar and 640km east of the East African mainland. 9°25’S, 46°25’E. Altitude Most of the reserve is less than 3m above sea level. -548- Seychelles Area 35,000ha (18,800ha land, 2,000ha mangrove, and 14,200ha sea) Land Tenure Government, administered by the Seychelles Island Foundation. The Royal Society acquired a 14 year lease in 1976 from the Government of the British Indian Ocean Territory. This was then taken over in 1980 by the Seychelles Islands Foundation, a charitable trust established under the Seychelles Islands Foundation Decree 1979. Physical Features Aldabra is a classic coral atoll, 34km long by maximum of 14.5km wide, which has been built up from the seabed. It consists of four main islands of coral limestone separated by narrow passes and enclosing a large shallow lagoon. Most of the land surface comprises on ancient coral reef (about 125,000 years old) now raised above sea-level, the rest being even older reef limestones. The lagoon, which covers some 15,000ha, contains many smaller islands and the entire atoll is surrounded by an outer reef. Geomorphological processes have produced a varied topography, generally rugged, which supports a variety of habitats with a relatively rich biota for an oceanic island, and a high degree of endemicity. Over much of the surface of the islands, weathering has led to dissection of the limestones into holes and pits, though at the eastern end the surface is more continuous on upraised lagoonal sediments. Along the coast are undercut limestone cliffs, with a perched beach and sand dunes on the southern (windward) coast. Marine habitats range from coral reefs to mangrove mudflats with minimal human impact. Tidal range is more than 3m, which can lead to strong channel currents. The climate is semi-arid with a pronounced wet season from November to April. Average annual rainfall 1200mm, though this is very variable. Vegetation The terrestrial flora is exceptionally rich for a small coral island, with 273 species of flowering plant and fern. Much of the land is covered with dense Pemphis acidula thicket and other shrubs. There are 19 endemic species including Peponium sublitorale (R), which is only known on the south island. A further 22 species are shared only with neighbouring islands. Many of these plants are considered to be threatened. Mangroves surround the lagoon, and inshore waters also support sea-grass meadows. Fauna This island group is one of the few areas of the world where reptiles dominate the terrestrial fauna, with the largest world population (152,000) of giant tortoise Geochelone gigantea (R), which appears to be self-sustaining. Green turtle Chelonia mydas (E) breed here, with approximately 1,000 females laying annually. There are 13 species of terrestrial birds including the last representative of the western Indian Ocean flightless birds - the Aldabran rail Dryolimnas cuvieri aldabranus (about 5,000 individuals) with two endemic Aldabran forms. There are two endemic birds, the Aldabra warbler Nesillas aldabranus (E) (restricted to 10ha of coastal tall scrub and possibly the most endangered bird in the world, as only five birds have been seen since its discovery in 1968 (Collar and Stuart, 1985), and the Aldabran drongo Dicrurus aldabranus (1,500 birds inhabit the scrub, mangrove and Casuarina on Aldabra), and some endemic subspecies including the Aldabra white-throated rail. There is a population of about 8000 birds of this flightless race, which does not seem seriously threatened by the feral cats. The islands are important breeding grounds for thousands of seabirds, including several thousand each of red-tailed tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda and white-tailed tropicbird P. /epturus, hundreds of masked booby Sula dactylatra, several thousand red-footed booby S. sula, some Abbott’s booby S. leucogaster, and thousands each of greater frigatebird Fregata minor and lesser frigatebird F. ariel. There are also thousands of nesting terns (Feare, 1984). The only endemic mammal is a flying fox. So far about 1,000 species of insect have been recorded, many of them new and endemic forms. Conservation Management The atoll is managed by four subcommittees (Management, Scientific Advisory, Finance and Appeal) set up under the Seychelles Island Foundation. The history of conservation at Aldabra is fully described in Stoddart (1971). The present requirement is to maintain the policy of minimum human interference while continuing the research/monitoring programme. Particular attention must be directed towards the ecology of exotic species to provide a basis for future management. Successive national development plans stress provision for the economic development of the outer islands of the Seychelles. The Seychelles Islands Foundation/Royal Society document ’A management plan for Aldabra’, has been accepted by the Government of Seychelles as a guideline for the future management of the atoll. -549- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Zoning 1km coastal protection zone Disturbances or Deficiencies The mangroves and populations of turtles, fish and tortoises have recovered from past exploitation, however, the difficulties of effective patrolling of the atoll and easy access by sea threatens the integrity of the reserve through unauthorised export of tortoises and turtles, disturbance of seabird colonies and other wildlife, and the hazard of fire. Rats, cats and goats have been introduced and established. Goats increased fourfold between 1977 and 1982 and their eradication from Middle Island is urgently needed, as they are destroying habitat, particularly of the highly endangered Aldabra warbler. Prys-Jones (1979) recommeded that no east-west paths should be cut on this island, to try and limit goat or tortoise encroachment. Attempts have been made to control the spread of exotic plants. The maintenance of conservation interest, and realisation of full scientific value of the site, is dependent upon the ability of the Foundation to support adequate wardening staff and a functioning research station. The Foundation is wholly dependent upon subscription and donation income, and shortage of funds, is therefore, a potential danger. Development is restricted to small-scale tourism, deep-sea fishing and limited exploitation of some natural resources. Scientific Research An intensive research effort covering the whole atoll has been in operation since 1967. Particular mention should be made of the survey and monitoring of the tortoise and turtle populations initiated in 1982 (funded by WWF), and the study made on the Aldabra warbler by Prys-Jones (1979). Special Scientific Facilities A fully-equipped research station was established by the Royal Society in 1971, and is maintained by the Foundation to whom they donated it in 1980. The Seychelles Government maintains a meteorological station. Accommodation and a network of field stations is available for a maximum of 15 scientists. Principal Reference Material Two main sources for bibliography are: Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 260 (1971), and Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 286. (1979). (The latter volume contains a map at approximately 1:100,000 with place-names.) ° Directorate of Overseas Surveys Print Laydown (1969). 1:25,000. West sheet and East sheet DOS (PL SEY) 3099A and 3099B. ° Feare, C.J. (1984). Seabird Status and Conservation in the Tropical Indian Ocean. In: Croxhall, J.P., Evans, P.G.H. and Schreiber, R.W. (Eds) Status and Conservation of the World’s seabirds. ICBP, Cambridge. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1784. Seychelles, Aldabra Island. ° Prys-Jones, R.P. (1979). The ecology and conservation of the Aldabra_ brush warbler Nesillas aldabranus. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 286: 211-224. ° Stoddart, D.R. (1971). ’Settlement, development and conservation of Aldabra’, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 260: 611-628. ° Stoddart, D.R. (1976). Publications resulting from the Royal Society Research Programme at Aldabra and nearby islands, 1967-1976. Aldabra Research Committee, the Royal Society ALD/13(76). 10 pp. (List of over 140 references). ° Stoddart, D.R. and Ferrari, J.D. (1983). Aldabra Atoll. Nature and Resources 19(1): 20-28. ° Stoddart, D.R. and Morris, M.G. (1980). A management plan for Aldabra. (Draft, 59 pp including many diagrams and maps). ° World Heritage Nomination (1981). Aldabra Atoll. Staff Warden appointed by the Seychelles Island Foundation in 1982 and funded by WWF, with 10-12 resident Foundation employees. Budget 1981 - US$534,000 raised in the 1979 appeal. 1982 - £45,000 annual grant one-third of which was provided by the Seychelles Government. Local Park or Reserve Administration The Chairman, Seychelles Islands Foundation, c/o Department of Agriculture and Land Use, PO Box 54, Mahé. Date 1984 -550- Seychelles VALLEE DE MAI NATURE RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) World Heritage Site (Criteria: i, ii, iii, iv) Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands) Legal Protection Well protected within reserve Date Established 18 April 1966 as a nature reserve under the Wild Birds Protection (Nature Reserves) Regulation S.I. No. 27. Further protection under the National Parks and Nature Conservancy Act (Cap. 159) S.I. No. 57 of 1979, Praslin National Park (Designation) Order of 1979, and the Coco-de-mer Management Decree 1978. Inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1983. Geographical Location Within Praslin National Park on Praslin Island, 50km north-east of Mahé in the Seychelles. 4°19’S, 55°44’E. Altitude Close to sea level to approximately 500m Area 18ha, within Praslin National Park (675ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features A valley close to sea-level in the north-eastern portion of Praslin National Park on the granitic island of Praslin. The streams originating in the valley feed into Nouvelle De-Couverte River which flows eastward through the national park, joining the sea to the north of Fonde de |l’Anse. The other principal river in the park, Fond B’Offay, flows westward into Baie Sainte Anne. This area survived untouched until the 1930’s and still retains some palm forest in a near natural state. Vegetation Four principal vegetation types have been identified from Praslin, three of which occur in the Vallée de Mai area. 1) Lowland forest (30-180m) once dominated by large timber trees such as Mimusops sp. and Eugenia spp. but, following human settlement, now comprises well developed secondary forest with the endemic palm Phoenicophorium borsigianum, cinnamon Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Dodonaea viscosa, mango Mangifera indica, Sideroxylon ferrugineum, and Randia lancifolia; 2) intermediate palm forest (30-500m), unique within the Seychelles being the only area where five of the endemic palm species occur together. 3) Vallée de Mai, with the monospecific palms Deckenia nobilis, P. borsigiana, coco-de-mer Lodoicea maldivica (V) (bearer of the largest seed in the Plant Kingdom), Verschaffeltia splendida and Nephrosperma vanhoutteana (all endemic to the Seychelles), together with Pandanus spp., Dillenia sp., and Adenanthera pavonina; 4) eroded land (100-500m), resulting from burning and subsequent soil erosion, has been recolonised by Randia lancifolia, P. borsigiana, Dodonaea sp., and Dillenia ferruginea, or planted with *coco plum’ Chrysobalanus icaco, mahogony Swietenia sp., and lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus in an attempt to stabilise the substrate - it previously supported intermediate and lowland forest. In addition to the palms, a further 28 endemic species of plants have been identified on the island, including Toxocarpus schimperianus (E), a species of vine once thought extinct and then believed to exist only on Curieuse island. Takamaka Callophyllum inophyllum and calice du pape Tabebuia pallida are two of the species introduced to the island. Fauna The most noteworthy bird (with a population of 90 in 1976) is the endemic subspecies of black parrot Coracopsis nigra barklyi (E), restricted to Praslin Island and totally dependent on the Vallée de Mai and surrounding palm forest. Other birds include: African barn owl Tyto alba affinis, Seychelles bulbul Hypsipetes crassirostris, blue pigeon Alectroenas pulcherrima, sunbird Nectarinia dussamieri, and cave-nesting swiftlet Collocalia francica elaphra. There are few mammal species on the island, apart from the endemic Seychelles flying fox Pteropus seychellensis (which roosts in the reserve), Coleura seychellensis (seen regularly) and the -551- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas insectivorous tenrec Tenrec ecaudatus, introduced to the Seychelles from Madagascar. Reptiles include the endemic chameleon Chamaeleo tigris, Seychelles house snake Boaedon geometricus, Seychelles wolf snake Lycognathophis seychellensis and blind snake Ramphotyphlops braminus, green geckos Phelsuma sundbergi and Phelsuma astriata, bronze gecko Ailuronyx sechellensis, skinks Mabuya sechellensis, Scelotes gardineri, and Scelotes braueri. Six species of caecilians are known to occur in the deep beds of moist humus, but they are only rarely seen. The stream contains freshwater crab Dekenia allaudi, the large freshwater prawn Macrobacium lar, shrimp Caridina sp. and the only species of freshwater fish endemic to the Seychelles, the gourgeon Pachypanchax playfairi. The two endemic snails known to occur are brown snail Stylodonta studeriana and blackfish snail Pachnodus arnatus. Population None within the Vallée de Mai, but a settlement has grown up beside the road bisecting the national park from east to west. Conservation Management The Nature Reserve is completely surrounded by the Praslin National Park, a multiple use management area mainly devoted to timber production and rehabilitation of eroded land. Access within the reserve is restricted to a carefully designed system of paths. Policies are decided by the Seychelles National Environment Commission and a draft management plan, which includes the reserve, has been prepared for the Praslin National Park. Under present conditions, the palm forest must be maintained by direct human manipulation with the collection and planting of the coco-de-mer seeds before they are stolen to be sold. Zoning The reserve itself is a strictly protected zone within Praslin National Park. Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been exploitation of timber and planting of exotics such as coffee, patchouli Pogostemon cablin, Albizzia falcataria, Cinnamomium zeylanicum, Psidium cattleianum and Philodendron sp., but much of the Vallée has been replanted with endemic palms. Attempts to remove dead vegetation have led to erosion but remaining litter is suggested to constitute a fire hazard. Collection of coco-de-mer nuts needs to be controlled so that a certain proportion are allowed to germinate, and the registration system now implemented for selling nuts seems to facilitate this. The national park enclosing the valley constitutes a multiple-use zone; a road bisects it providing a transport route for the tea plantation in the south of the park, and there is a village settlement within the boundaries. In 1984 there were intentions to construct a government road through the valley, but the plans have been shelved (Willis, 1984). A potential problem is that the area does not include the whole water catchment and the human population of Praslin is growing rapidly. Visitor Facilities | Access to the valley is on foot along marked trails from the road, which divides the national park in two, where it passes the mouth of the valley. Scientific Research Some work has been done by individuals on the black parrot and on palm geckos and a University Expedition to the island (Ascroft 1976 and 1977) studied forest regeneration, Seychelles fruit bat, tenrecs and black parrot. The palm forests are of great botanical interest. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Ascroft, D.R. et al. (1976). Aberdeen University Expedition to Praslin Island, Seychelles, Summer 1976. Preliminary Report. Lionnet, G. (1956). The Vallée de Mai and the coc-de-mer Palm. Principles 19: 134-138. Lionnet, G. (1974). The Romance of a palm: coco-de-mer. 3rd ed, Victoria. Procter, J. (1975). The Vallée de Mai information leaflet. Willis, D. (1984). The wild sanctuaries of the Seychelles. Swara 7(4): 24-27. Wilson, J.R. (1980). The Praslin National Park, A Draft Management Plan. Staff Staff of the Forestry and Conservation Division -552- Seychelles Budget Included in Forestry and Conservation Divisions recurrent budget Local Park or Reserve Administration Conservation Officer, c/o Ministry of National Development, PO Box 53, Mahé. Date June 1983 ARIDE ISLAND SPECIAL RESERVE Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Island) Legal Protection The Aride Island Special Reserve Regulations 1979 (S.I. No. 92) define what is allowable within the reserve. Also listed as protected breeding site under the Turtle Protection Act, under which it is illegal to hunt turtles in the sea area 1,000m from the high water mark. Date Established Aride was purchased in 1973 by Christopher Cadbury for the Royal Society for Nature Conservation (formerly the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves). Declared a Special Reserve 17 June 1975 by the National Parks and Nature Conservancy (Designation of Special Reserve) (Aride Island) Order. Geographical Location Aride is the northernmost granitic island of the Seychelles group some nine kilometers north-north-east of Praslin Island. 4°08’S, 55°40’E. Altitude Sea level to 134m Area 70ha Land Tenure Royal Society for Nature Conservation (RSNC), United Kingdom. Physical Features Some 90% of the crescent-shaped island is occupied by a rugged hill rising to 134m, while the remaining area is a flat coastal plain (plateau) not more than 4m above high tide level. The fairly exposed fringing coral reefs around the island, notable for the spur and groove formations found near the landing stage, have been proposed for inclusion in the park. Vegetation The vegetation of the Aride hill is largely free of exotic plant species and is the most natural and undisturbed of any of the small islands in the Seychelles. Since the coppicing of Pisonia grandis stopped in 1975, it has grown quickly to become the dominant species. Aride is reknowned as the only known locality of Wright’s gardenia Rothmania annae. Other significant species include various Ficus species, "Bois du Lait’ Euphorbia pysifolia and *Liane sans famille’ Tatsia bijuga, Hernandia ovigera, Morinda citrifolia, Barringtonia asiatica, Tournefortia argentea and Hibiscus tiliaceus. There is also an extensive stand of cultivated banana Musa sp. and the small freshwater swamp is dominated by coco yam. Fauna Aride is the home of over a million pairs of seabirds comprising 11 species and boasts the world’s largest colonies of both the lesser noddy Anous stolidus and roseate tern Sterna dougalli. It is the only place in granitic Seychelles where the red-tailed tropic bird Phaeton rubricauda is still breeding, though only in low numbers. Among the other seabirds to be seen are: fairy tern Gygis alba, black noddy Anous tenuirostris, bridled tern Sterna anaethetus, sooty tern Sterna fuscata, white-tailed tropic bird Phaeton lepturus, wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus, Audubon shearwater Puffinus iherminieri, Lesser frigate bird Fregata ariel, and greater frigate bird Fregata minor. It also has a single male magpie -553- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas robin Copsychus sechellarum, the sole survivor of two attempts to establish a second breeding population from Fregate Island. Its marsh and plateau are the best sites for observing the endemic moorhen Gallinula chloropus seychellarum; apart from this, there are no other native land birds surviving on the island (Diamond and Feare, 1980). A small number of hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata (E) nest on the beach. At least two species of skink are known from the island, occuring in large numbers. They are the principal predators of the sea birds’ eggs and young chicks. Lizards include: Mabuya sechellensis, Mabuya wrightii, Scelores gardineri, Ailuronyx sechellensis, Phyllodactylus inexpectatus, Phelsuma astriata, and snake species include Lycognathophis seychellensis. Aride is also noted for a particularly brightly coloured variety of the ultra-marine surgeon fish Acanthurus sp. and fine groves of staghorn corals. Population The area immediately surrounding the bay is cultivated, interspersed with small plantations of coconut and banana. The small farm workforce is also housed in the vicinity of the bay. Conservation Management A management plan has been enforced since 1975, but it does not cover the reefs just outside the currently protected area. The principal management objectives are to all development of the island’s ecosystems to increase diversity of habitats, maintain the island’s importance for seabirds, conserve native trees, protect coral reefs and marine life, education and research. No agriculture is carried out on the hills and certain areas such as the Frigate bird colony and red-tailed tropic bird nest are out of bounds. A network of footpaths is maintained. It has been proposed that the marine area up to a distance of 300m from the shore be declared a marine park. Zoning Access to some areas on the island is restricted. Disturbances or Deficiencies Aride is one of the few islands in the Seychelles which has remained free from rats, cats and dogs, though since Mus musculus are unfortunately common, and the reefs are reported to be undamaged. Wildlife protection is hampered by the lack of trained and motivated staff and there is still some poaching of turtles, though fewer than are taken from outside the boundaries (Mortimer, 1985). Large numbers of birds eggs are also collected, both for consumption by the farm employees and for sale on other islands, this has affected bird numbers. Two plant species, the wild pineapple and the cactus (Opuntia sp.), are encroaching on the sooty tern colonies. Visitor Facilities _ The majority of visitors come to the island to see the bird colonies and considerable revenue is generated through tourism. Bathing is permitted and snorkelling and diving are considered excellent (Salm, 1977). Scientific Research There have been studies carried out on the vegetation and the seabird colonies (summarized by Chongseng, 1985), but there is no programme of continuous monitoring. Steven Warmer has done a brief survey of the reefs. Tagging of turtles. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Betts, F.N. (1940). The birds of the Seychelles II. The seabirds more particularly those of Aride Island. Ibis 14(4): 489-504. ° Diamond, A.W. and Feare, C.J. (1980). Past and present biogeography of central Seychelles birds. Proceedings of the Fourth Pan-African Ornithological Congress: 89-93. ° Mortimer, J.A. (1985). Marine Turtles in the Republic of the Seychelles, status and managment. IUCN/WWFE, Gland, Switzerland. ° Procter, J. and Feare, C. (1972). Preliminary report on a visit to Aride Island, Seychelles, 28 February to 3 March 1972. Mimeo. ° Salm, R.V. (1977) A guide to snorkelling and diving in the Seychelles. Octavian Books, London. 60 pp. ° Society for the Promotion of Nature Conservation, Aride Island Nature Reserve, Seychelles Management Plan (1978). -554-: Seychelles ° Stoddart, D.R. (Ed.) (1984). Biogeography and Ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. ® UNEP/IUCN (in prep.). Directory of Coral Reefs of International Importance. Volume 2. Indian Ocean. Staff One manager, six labourers, one boatman, one tourist guide Budget 1982 - expenditure 191,465SR; income 67,800SR Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1983 COUSIN ISLAND SPECIAL RESERVE Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands) Legal Protection The Cousin Island Special Reserve Regulations (S.I. No. 93) were gazetted in 1979. The marine turtles are further protected under The Turtle Act, which lists Cousin as a protected breeding site. No turtles to be caught, killed, etc., within 1,000m of the high water mark. The collection of sea shells is prohibited under the protection of seashells Ordinance (Cap.138) of 1965. Date Established Designated as a special reserve by the Seychelles Government in 1975 by the National Parks and Nature Conservancy (Designation of Special Reserve) (Cousin Island) Order. However, administered as a bird sanctuary since 1968 under the Wild Animals and Birds Protection Ordinance 1966. Geographical Location A small island on the shallow Seychelles Bank, 2.35km west-south-west of Miller’s Point on Praslin Island. 4°19°S, 55°39°E Altitude Below sea level to 69m Area 27ha land area, extends 400m offshore from the high water mark (the former bird sanctuary only included the island down to high water mark). Land Tenure Purchased by the International Council for Bird Preservation, British Section in 1968. Responsibility has recently been transferred to ICBP International. Physical Features The island is approximately rectangular in shape with a group of rocks (Roche Cannon) located some 200-300m off the north-west point, linked with the main island by a natural stony causeway which is exposed at low tide. About 80% of the island comprises a flat, coastal plain of phosphate sandstone on the northern and eastern flanks of the granite hill, which rises to 69m. The southern and western slopes are rocky and barren, right down to the shore, while the northern and eastern slopes support dense stands of trees. The north-west, north, and north-east shores are characterised by beaches of fine white sand, making up some 80% of the shoreline. The seasonal change in wind direction (north-west/south-east) leads to the constant movement of sand between the east and north coasts, which affects the strand line vegetation and littoral beach organisms, as well as the marine turtle nesting grounds. During the north-west monsoon the North Beach is eroded out, exposing banks of beach rock, while the East Beach develops a wide beach platform; the south-east monsoon reverses this and North Beach develops a supralittoral beach flat, up to 100m wide. There is also a fringing coral reef -555- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas surrounding the island which extends, on average, some 200m out from the high water mark. The only running fresh water on the island is a small, seasonal rivulet carrying run-off from the hill down the northern slope to the depression near some wells. The climate is humid and tropical, with a mean annual rainfall of 1,620mm. The highest monthly rainfall occurs between December and February (north-west monsoon), while May to July is the driest season. Monthly temperatures range from 24°C to 26°C, being lowest from April to October/November when the south-east trade winds are at their strongest. Vegetation The island supports a variety of vegetation types: coastal herb communities maintained by wind-blown salt-spray, characterised by Boerhavia repens, Passiflora suberosa and Stenotaphrum dimidiatum; mature Pisonia grandis forest; regenerated Pisonia/Morinda citrifolia woodland emerging under the abandoned coconut Cocos nucifera plantations on the coastal plain; Panicum maximus, Cyperus polyphyllus and Fimbrystylis/Bulbostylis communities on the north and east hillside; Cyperus ligularis and the halophyte Portulaca oleracea on the south and west hill slopes; dense Euphorbia pyrifolia and Pandanus bal fouri thickets and open sedge/herb communities on the granite slopes; substantial areas of mangrove Avicennia marina swamp in the shallow depression, flooded by high spring tides, between Anse Fregate and Ilot (SW), and a small freshwater marsh. Other notable species include the halophytes Carica papaya and Scaevola taccata found on the _ beach crests, Casuarina equisitifolia fringing the beaches, Pandanus multispicatus, Guettarda speciosa, Ficus mantarum, Ficus avi-avis and Lagresia madagascariensis (previously thought confined to Roche Cannon, but now recorded on the main island). More than 125 plant species have been recorded, over half of which are believed to be introduced (Fosberg, 1970), such as paw paw Carica papaya and castor oil Ricinus communis. By restricting the clearing of undergrowth, ICBP is hoping to re-establish the original island vegetation, which was thought to comprise forests of tall Pisonia grandis on the plateau; thickets of Scaevola taccada and Suriana maritima along the coast, backed by a dense hedge of Cordia subcordata, Guettarta speciosa and Morinda citrifolia; and dense woods of Morinda and Ficus spp. (Fosberg, 1970). Fauna Cousin was acquired mainly because it was the home of three threatened endemic land birds namely: Seychelles brush warbler, Acrocephalus seychellensis (formerly Bebrornis) (R), Seychelles fody Foudia sechellarum (R), and Seychelles turtle dove Streptopelia picturata rostrata (E). This latter endemic race is believed to be extinct through hybridisation with the introduced race. By far the largest biomass is represented by large seabird colonies, including what is probably the largest breeding colony of the white fairy tern Gygis alba (10,000 in 1980) in the Seychelles, together with Audubon shearwater Puffinus therminiera (1,000 in 1980), wedge-tail shearwater P. pacificus (35,000 in 1980), white-tailed tropic birds Phaethon lepturus (1,000 in 1980), and bridled terns Sterna anaethetus nesting on the hill, while black noddy Anous tenuirostris (200,000 in 1980) and common noddy A. stolidus (3,000 in 1980) prefer the coastal plain for their nest sites. In all, some 52 species of bird have been recorded from Cousin. Other notable species not already listed are, Madagascar fody Foudia madagascariensis, barn owl Tyto alba, and Indian mynah Acridotheres tristis (introduced species), Seychelles sunbird Nectarina dussumieri (endemic), great frigate bird Fregata minor (regular visitor), lesser frigate bird F. ariel, and European hobby Falco subbuteo (migrant). The only residential mammal is the hare Lepus nigricollis, which was introduced from India in the 1920s, but fruit bat Pteropus seychellensis commute from neighbouring Praslin to feed on ripe fruit. All domestic animals surviving from the days when the island was inhabited have been eliminated. There is an abundance of the skinks Mabuya wrightii, and Scelotes gardineri, and brown "loose skin" gecko Ailuronyx sechellensis are also fairly common. Cousin is acknowledged as having one of the largest populations of breeding hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata (E) in Seychelles and green turtle Chelonia mydas (E) also breed here occasionally. Other reptiles are: Seychelles terrapin Pelusios subniger, small green gecko Phelsuma astriata a small number of reintroduced giant tortoise Geochelone gigantea (R), Mabuya sechellensis, at least one species of Caecilian and Phyllodactylus inexpectatus. Over 230 fish species have so far been identified from the reefs (checklist in Frazier and Polunin, 1973). The most conspicuous invertebrates are the crabs, with three species of ghost crab Ocypode spp., and hermit crabs Coenobita spp.. Interesting terrestrial invertebrates include: the giant millipede Scaphiostreptus madcassus, scorpion Isometrus maculatus, an uncommon species of tail-less whip scorpion Amblypygi which is confined to Cousin, Cousine and Aride islands, and the Madagascar termite Nasutitermes migricans. Butterflies are -556- Seychelles extremly scarce with only six species recorded including painted lady Cynthia cardui and Parallelia torrida. The coral reefs were surveyed in detail by Frazier and Polunin (1973) (includes species checklists of reef fish and corals) and UNEP/IUCN (in prep.) contains a summary of the reef structure and coral communities found encircling the island. The Acropora assemblage is most common, other characteristic coral species are: Millepora platyphylla and M. dichotoma in exposed areas, Pocillopora and Stylophora, Porites at the base of reef slopes. Conservation Management ICBP manages the island as a nature reserve, integrating the interests of conservation, scientific research and limited tourism. The management objectives defined in the revised management plan (Diamond, 1980) are as follows (in order of priority): maintain the maximum possible number of the three endemic land birds; within this framework to restore the original habitat of the island, except when this conflicts with the primary objective; maintain the maximum possible population of hawksbill turtle on and around the island; maintain the maximum possible populations of seabirds breeding on the island; and make full use of the island’s educational and research potential. The staff live on the island and buildings include the main house, three stores, three labourers’ cottages and two boatsheds. The staff are in radio contact with nearby Praslin Nature Park and have three boats for transport. Undergrowth is no longer cleared in the coconut plantation to allow the natural regeneration of native vegetation. All domestic animal species have been eliminated and a strict ban on their import is maintained. The numbers of such introduced species as the Indian mynah and barn owl are controlled to avoid competition and predation with the indigenous species. There are regular beach patrols by reserve staff (reinforced by the Curieuse Patrol and Praslin Police) organised to protect the nests and breeding females of hawksbill turtle from poaching. In 1972, I. Robertson briefly surveyed the island. Zoning There are certain very dense bird colony sites where the visitor access is prohibited; apart from this the island is too small for proper zoning. Disturbances or Deficiencies Its past history as a well-maintained coconut plantation means that it is only now that the native vegetation is making a comeback. Many exotic species, such as papaya, castor oil and cotton, were introduced in the past. A patch of rangoon creeper is a persistent problem as it continually grows back vigorously despite repeated pruning and applications of weed killers. In an effort to encourage the return of native vegetation all coconuts that fall down are collected and shipped to Praslin. Occasional visits by the introduced African barn owl have to be watched as they prey on the fairy terns and have been responsible for the decline in their numbers on other islands in the Seychelles. Before 1968, the reefs were exploited for shells. Some of the Praslin fishermen have persisted in poaching hawksbill turtles, though numbers taken within the protected area are lower than outside the boundaries (Mortimer, 1981). Visitor Facilities Tourism is restricted to daytime visitors, who are ferried during the daytime from nearby islands in staff boats, not more than 20 at a time and only on three specified days a week. There is no overnight accommodation. Scientific Research A fairly intensive research effort covering most of the flora and fauna has been carried out by the successive scientific administrators and is still being continued. Special attention has been given to the ecology, behaviour and population size of the brush warbler. Various ringing programmes have been carried out. Another long-term study has been the tagging of female hawksbill turtles; the hawksbill turtle population is probably the most studied in the world. F.R. Fosberg surveyed the vegetation in 1971. However, the full potential for research on the island has not yet been realised an few of the research priorities identified in the management plans (Diamond, 1975; 1980) have been achieved. Special Scientific Facilities A fully-equipped research station with room for two or three visiting scientists was built from a donation by Ciba-Geigy. -557- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Pr ° ° ° incipal Reference Material Anon. (1980). Cousin - the small island with a big conservation success. Nation 4(96). Friday 25 April Bathe, G.M. and Bathe, H.V. (1982). Territory size and habitat requirements of the Seychelles brush warbler Acrocephalus (Brebornis) sechellensis. Cousin Island Technical Report. Diamond, A.W. (1975). Cousin Island Syechelles 1975-9. ICBP Report. Diamond, A.W. (1985). Cousin Island Nature Reserve Management Plan revision 1980-1984. ICBP (British Section), London. Diamond, A.W. (1985). Multiple use of Cousin Island Nature Reserve, Seychelles. JCBP Technical Publication No.3. Fosberg, F.R. (1970). Cousin Island Report. ICBP internal report. Frazier, J.G. and Polunin, N.V.C. (1973). Report on the coral reefs of Cousin Island, Seychelles. Manuscript. WWF library reference: 696-551.351.5 Garnett, M.C. (1979). The breeding biology of hawksbill turtles (Enetmochelys imbricata) on Cousin Island, Seychelles. Mimeographed. ICBP, London. Mortimer, J.A. (1981). IUCN/WWF Project 1809 - Seychelles marine turtles. WWF Monthly Report February 1981. Percy, R. (1970). Cousin Island Nature Reserve in the Seychelles, Indian Ocean. Biological Conservation 2: 225-227 (bought by ICBP in 1968; an account of its possibilities, with recommendations). Phillips, J. (1981-1983) Report of the scientific administrator of Cousin Island, Seychelles No.44-49. ICBP (British Section) Republic of Seychelles (1978). Praslin 2. 1:10,000 scale map prepared by the British Government’s Ministry of Overseas Development (Directorate of Overseas Surveys. Series Y851 (D.O.S 204). Ripley, S.D. (1973). Promotion of bird preservation in the Seychelles. Outline IUCN/WWF Project 1083. Stoddart, D.R. (Ed.) (1984). Biogeography and Ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Dr. W. Junk Publishers. The Hague. UNEP/IUCN (in prep.). Directory of Coral Reefs of International Importance. Volume 2. Indian Ocean. Staff Formerly one expatriate scientific administrator plus five Seychellois workers. In 1982, the staff structure was reorganized, replace the post of scientific administrator by the posts of warden and research officer. Budget 1981 - expenditure 161,133.44 Rs. (£4,632.02); income 115,110.85 Rs (£5,497.07). The maintainance costs have over the years come from the original capital raised to by the island, grants from WWF and the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society, and income from landing fees and the sale of coconuts. In 1985, funds were becoming harder to raise, possibly at the expense of conservation priorities (Diamond, 1985). Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date June 1983 LA DIGUE VEUVE RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Bi ogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands) -558- Seychelles Legal Protection The collection of sea shells is prohibited under the Protection of Shells Ordinance (Cap. 138) of 1965. Date Established Declared a nature reserve in 1982 under the National Parks and Nature Conservancy Act, 1971. Geographical Location On the western plateau of La Digue, some three hours by boat from Mahé Island. 4°21’S, 55°50’E. Altitude Up to 20m Area 8ha Land Tenure The property belongs to Mrs Rene Payet of La Digue. She has leased the property to Mr Christopher Cadbury of the Royal Society for Nature Conservation who has agreed to let the Forestry and Conservation Division of the Ministry of National Development manage it. Physical Features A low-lying plateau bordered on two sides by a public dirt road. Part of a large freshwater marsh is contained in the north-western portion of the reserve. Vegetation The dominant woodland vegetation comprises mature and juvenile trees of takamaka Callophyllum inophyllum and badamier Terminalia catappa. There are also some old coconut trees Cocos nucifera and large Casuarina equisitifolia. When specimens of this latter species fall down in the high winds, they open considerable gaps in the closed canopy. Fauna Seven to nine pairs of the threatened Seychelles black paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone corvina (R) survive in the reserve, which is also a good site for the Seychelles pond turtle Pelusios subniger and a species of caecilian abundant in the humus layer. The flycatcher, which is endemic to the Seychelles, is only found on La Digue and on neighbouring Praslin. Other indigenous birds to be found here inlcude Seychelles bulbul Hypsipetes crassirostris and Seychelles sunbird Nectarinia dussumieri. Conservation Management The draft regulations drawn up in 1979 are being enforced. Visitors are asked to keep to the paths and some care was given to the siting of the paths. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The land still belongs to Mrs Payet, but it has been recommended that the Seychelles Government should buy it. The marsh in the north-west corner is only a part of a larger marsh system, an essential habitat requirement for the paradise flycatcher. This means that the reserve is vulnerable to both marsh drainage and uses of pesticide outside the reserve boundaries. The reserve is the smallest in the Seychelles, and is on one of the most densely populated islands. Visitor Facilities The reserve is open to the public who are requested to remain on a marked path preferably in groups. Scientific Research Dr J. Watson has done some work in 1977-1978 on the distribution and ecology of the paradise flycatcher under IUCN/WWF Project 1590. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Beamish, T. (1972). The paradise flycatcher, Seychelles. Biological Conservation 4: 311-313. ° Fayon, M. (1971). The plight of the paradise flycatcher. Seychelles Soc: 7: 8-11. ° King, W.B. (1977). Seychelles - endangered birds. Outline IUCN/WWF Project 1590. ° Watson, J. (1977). The Seychelles paradise flycatcher, Terpsiphone corvina. ICBP Progress Report 2. -559- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas ° Watson, J. (1981). The Seychelles black paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone corvina) on La Digue. WWF Project 1590: Endangered land birds, Seychelles, final report (unpublished). Staff In 1977, ICBP were funding a local Seychellois warden on La Digue (IUCN/WWF Project 1590). Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date June 1983 -560 - SIERRA LEONE -561- Guinea ye Hilis:FORU ea = 5 =i ae Ney XN Ww N & NS saya < a-Kilimi a “) \ ~ Loma Mts. ? Tonkolili e @Makeni Sankan : Biriwa 1 @ Magburaka FoR 5 Tama 1 Freetow. a Mamunta-Mayoso i Swamp , a o-yo-" Wastern Kangaff Hills \ ra Z r= ok ? ] eae / ‘ J ' ' ! ae (i y Liberia Atlantic Ocean Q v2) 5p 75km Key M1] National Park FA] Nature Reserve Forest Reserves Sierra Leone SIERRA LEONE Area 72,326 sq.km Population 3,350,000 (1982) Parks and Reserves Legislation The Forestry Department was set up in 1911 to protect the remaining forest in Sierra Leone. However, the basis for conservation legislation was set out in the otherwise ineffectual ordinance for the Preservation of Wild Animals, Birds and Fish to which most colonial powers were signatories in 1900. The Wildlife Conservation Act No. 27 of 1972, provided a more solid framework for species preservation and habitat protection, placing restrictions on hunting and trapping (though these are apparently seldom enforced). In terms of the legal provision of this Act, the primary management goal for nature conservation areas is to conserve the existing flora and fauna for scientific, educational and cultural reasons. Secondary commercial utilisation is only permissable if compatible with the primary management goal. The act identifies National Parks, Strict Nature Reserves and Game Reserves, though definitions of the terms are not specifically made. The Act also lists a number of activities prohibited or controlled in these areas. Definition of each category is made however, in the Wildlife Conservation Act No. 31 of 1967. Article 8 of the 1972 Act provides for buffer zones to nature reserves and national parks where forestry and agriculture are allowed, but no settlement or hunting. Forest Reserves and Protected Forests were Originally set up under the Forestry Ordinance (now Act) of 1912 (amended in 1942). Four forest reserves, Western Gola, Loma and Kangari, are also non-hunting areas, though at least Gola has undergone some commercial logging activity. In 1978 the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources commissioned a report on Wildlife Conservation and Management by Phillipson but, although his report was accepted as Government policy by Parliament, few of his recommendations have yet been implemented. Parks and Reserves Administration The Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources is charged with administering the Act and has created a Wildlife Conservation Branch to the Forestry Division. Staff from this office are posted in each of the prospective reserve sites. Address ° Wildlife Conservation Branch, Forestry Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tower Hill, Freetown. Additional Information The greatest threat to the native flora and fauna of Sierra Leone is environmental degradation through uncontrolled forest clearance and agricultural expansion; in 200 years the country has lost over 97% of its primary forest. Large scale digging for diamond and gold along river courses has also greatly increased soil erosion. Other threats include natural resource depletion by overfishing rivers, and hunting for food and for export, which has led to the disappearance of the lion and threatens the remaining populations of forest elephant, pygmy hippo, leopard, chimpanzee, crocodile and python. A mammal survey carried out in 1979 showed that wildlife distributions and habitat conditions had altered drastically in only a few years, and that all wildlife populations and wilderness areas were now in jeopardy. The creation of a qualified and efficient administrative unit for National Parks and Wildlife was considered by Roth and Merz (1983) to be a key issue for the improvement of conservation action. Shortages in manpower and finance mean that management and control are currently difficult to implement. Njala University college, a part of the University of Sierra Leone, had planned a programme of wildlife biology and applied ecology for people entering a career in resource management and conservation, but this has been postponed due to lack of staff and finance. The recently established Sierra Leone Nature Conservation Association undertook a media campaign in 1980 to increase public awareness of conservation problems and priorities. IUCN/WWF Project 1633 has been allotted $14,825, including a vehicle, to strengthen conservation education but this is limited to a few schools in the capital, Freetown. -563- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas References Ayodele Cole, N.H. (1980). The Gola Forest in Sierra Leone: A remnant primary tropical rainforest in need of conservation. Environmental Conservation 7(1): 33-40. Clarke, J.I. (1969). Sierra Leone in Maps. Hodder and Stoughton: London. IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. IUCN/WWF Project 1633. Sierra Leone, Support for Sierra Leone Environment and Nature Conservation (SLENCA). IUCN/WWF Project 1993. Sierra Leone, Establishment of the Outamba-Kilimi National Park. Phillipson, J.R. (1978). Wildlife Conservation and Management in Sierra Leone. Special Report to MAF, Freetown. Roth, H.H. and Merz, G. (1983). Conservation of elephants in Sierra Leone with Special Reference to the Management of the Gola Forest Complex. Final Report to IUCN/WWF Project 3039 supported by Frankfurt Zoological Society Kronberg, Heidelberg. (Includes fauna and timber species list.) Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Outamba-K ilimi 98,000 Nature Reserves Mamunta-Mayoso Swamp 1,500 Forest Reserves Gola 75,000 Kangari Hills 12,950 Kuru Hills Loma Mountains Sankan Biriwa Tama 16,200 Tonkoli 43,800 Western 17,870 Subtotal 165,820 Proposed areas Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 1,200 OUTAMBA-KILIMI NATIONAL PARK Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection The protection was partial, with very little control of hunting, tree-felling and cultivation. Hopefully establishment of the area as a national park will improve the situation. Date Established Provisional legislation passed in 1981, but actually designated in January 1986 by Government Notice No. 76 (Kilimi National Park) and Government Notice No. 77 (Outamba National Park). -564- Sierra Leone Geographical Location There are two separate units in the Tambatcha Chiefdom of Bombali district in north-west Sierra Leone. The western park boundary is the Great Scarcies River which is the border with Guinea. 9°35’-9°55’N, 11°55’-12°30’W. Altitude 50-300m Area 98,000ha Land Tenure Land donated by Tambakha Chiefdom to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Physical Features There are broad river plains with large seasonally flooded areas (bolilands) and isolated hills. The park encloses the prime watershed area of the Great Scarcies (Kolenten) and Little Scarcies (Kaba) Rivers which supply irrigation water to 20% of the country’s agricultural land. The park lies on Birrimian granites with richer soil along the riverine forest slopes. There is a tropical savanna climate with mean annual rainfall of 2,300mm, 95% falling from June to December. March is the hottest month with mean temperature of 28°C and diurnal range of 22°C. Wet season mean monthly temperatures are about 21°C, with a diurnal range of 14°C. Vegetation Within the sourthern guinea savanna is a mosaic of different habitats; short grasses on lateritic hardpans, boli grasses in seasonally flooded areas, sedge grasses on granite outcrops and savanna woodland of Lophira and Daniellia species on the plains; riverine forest along the Great Scarcies typified by Parinari, Pseudospondias, Spondias, and Dialium species; and small remnant forest along streams and on the top of several small hills. Fauna Primates recorded are: Campbell’s monkey Cercopithecus campbelli, green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, lesser white-nosed monkey Cercopithecus petaurista, sooty mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, western black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos, red colobus Colobus badius, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), and guinea baboon Papio papio. Mammals also include: buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, bay duiker Cephalophus dorsalis, Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus monticola, black diuker Cephalophus niger, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus silvicultor, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, cape clawless otter Aonyx capensis, side-striped jackal Canis adustus, african civet Viverra civetta, brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus africanus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and elephant Loxodonta africana (T). Nile crocodile (V) and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius have been recorded and it is thought possible that the pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis (V) may occur (though there is little or no evidence for this). Over 130 species of birds have been recorded, including wetland species of the bolilands. Conservation Management A five-year management plan was prepared following a 1980 wildlife survey. Park Headquarters were established at Kaba with access roads under development, and VSO and U.S. Peace Corp volunteers started to train staff in maintenance and conservation management. However, resettlement of 23 villages had not occured by 1985, due to lack of the necessary legislation to enforce this and lack of money for compensation, so that expatriate staff left. Zoning None (though the park is split between two sites). Disturbances or Deficiencies Susu villagers slash and burn and there is commercial exploitation of certain animal species for food. Exploitation for export is now prohibited, but not enforced. Hunters from Liberia cause significant damage to wildlife with their sophisticated weapons, but the government is now attempting to control this cross-border movement. Scientific Research In 1979/1980 a wildlife survey was sponsored by the New York Zoological Society, Fauna and Flora Preservation Society and WWF. A vegetation map has been prepared from infra-red aerial photographs. In 1982, a botanical and mammal survey was made of the Kilimi area by Njala University College and the University of Pennsylvania. In -565- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas 1983, local farming techniques and land productivity were surveyed as baseline data for the government resettlement scheme. In 1983/1984, a small mammal survey and fieldguide compilation was attempted by the Smithsonian Institution. Special Scientific Facilities Camping may be available at Park Headquarters. Principal Reference Material ° Harding, D.P. and Harding, R.S.O. (1982). A preliminary checklist of birds in the Kilimi area of north-west Sierra Leone. Malimbus 4: 64-68. ° Harding, R.S.O. (1982). Large mammals of the Kilimi area, Sierra Leone. University of Pennsylvania. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1993. Outamba-Kilimi National Park. ° Teleki, G. and Bangura, I. (1981). Outamba-Kilimi National Park. Zoonooz 54(10). Staff This originally included a park director with 25 permanent staff, four visiting overseas advisors, and 10 temporary labourers, but now only a reduced staff from the Wildlife Department remains. Budget Solarex Corporation supplied solar power and WWF supported the establishment of Park infrastructure. Local Park or Reserve Administration The information and business office is in Kamakwie and park headquarters are at Kaba. Date April 1985 MAMUNTA-MAYOSO SWAMP NATURE RESERVE Management Category Proposed Nature Reserve Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) Legal Protection Protective status given by the local chiefdom council in 1981 but awaiting official government protection. Date Established Established in 1980 as a chiefdom reserve. Geographical Location Near Magburaka in central Sierra Leone. 8°40’N, 11°55’W. Altitude About 70m Area 1,500ha Land Tenure Local Chiefdom Physical Features Much of the area is low-lying swamps (or bolilands), interspersed with slightly higher hills and minor terraces. The area of water varies considerably, many parts being flooded from July to December. About 90% of the annual rainfall of 3000mm-3500mm occurs from April to November and mean daily termperatures vary from 21°C in the wet season to 28°C in the dry season. Vegetation A varied mosaic includes areas of Raphia swamp, Anadelphia-Rhytachne grassland, Lophira, and other types of savanna forest regrowth and high forest remnants. -566- Sierra Leone Fauna Mammals include: chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (V), dwarf galago Galago demidovii, potto Perodicticus potto, red colobus Colobus badius, western black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos, green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, lesser white-nosed monkey Cercopithecus petaurista, sooty mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, and several duiker Cephalophus spp.. The swamps are important for frogs (Anura), of which 15 species have been identified, Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), and broad-nosed crocodile Osteolaemus tetrapsis (I). Over 240 birds have been recorded, including many wetland species. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a Fula encampment inside the reserve with several hundred cattle. The Fulas burn some areas of savanna annually to improve grazing and the cattle pollute the swamps, altering the character of their vegetation. Annual fishing, woodcutting, and shifting cultivation occur on a small scale. Visitor Facilities None exist in the reserve but there is a small hotel nearby in Magburaka Scientific Research Faunal surveys have been carried out and the avifauna is well recorded. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Armstrong, G. (1984). An ecological survey of Mamunta-Mayoso Wildlife Reserve Sierra Leone: Lethbridge College, Alberta, Canada. ° Phillipson, J.R. (1978). Wildlife Conservation and Management in Sierra Leone. Special report to MAF, Freetown. Staff Three game guards Budget Game guards’ salaries paid by MAF Local Park or Reserve Administration Based in Mayoso village Date April 1985 GOLA FOREST COMPLEX Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) Legal Protection Settlement is prohibited and logging is by concession. Hunting is governed by the Wildlife Conservation Act 1972, although not implemented. Date Established Gola West and East were declared Forest Reserves in 1926 and Gola North in 1930. Increased status was proposed in 1978 and again in 1983 for Gola East and West (National Park) and Gola North (Game Reserve). Geographical Location Three separate forests near the eastern border with Liberia. 7°13?-7°5S’N, 10°35’-11°25’W. Altitude Up to 472m (Sangie Mountain, Gola North) -567- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Area 75,000ha; Gola North (45,000ha), Gola East (22,800ha), and Gola West (6,200ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The topography of the Gola Forests varies. Whereas, the Gola West and East Reserves are relatively flat, except for the northern hilly part of Gola East, the Gola North Reserve is undulating. The greater part of this reserve lies above 300m and 9.3% of its total surface comprises steep slopes. Temperature fluctuates more daily than seasonally. Temperatures are highest during the dry season from December to April and lowest during the rainy season from May to November. Average seasonal temperatures 26° and 29°C. Annual rainfall averages between 2,800mm (Gola North) and 3,200mm (Gola East). Vegetation The reserve constitutes the last large remnant of near primary rain forest in Sierra Leone which extended historically over 70% of the country. In undisturbed forest, the canopy is dominated by the emergent tree species Heritiera utilis-Lophira alata in Gola North and Nesogordonia papaverifera-Lophira alata in Gola East and West. Other species include Tieghemella heckelii, Klainedoxa gabonensis and Sacoglottis gabonensis, and the non-emergent Protomegabaria stapfiana. There have been at least 180 species of tree recorded in the reserves. The shrub-layer includes Napoleona hendelotii, Memecylon afzelii, Diospyros spp., Jasminum sp., Agelaea trifolia, Strychnos sp., some Trichilia patens, and the small bamboo Guaduella oblonga. The forest is typical of climax upper guinean rainforest, with emergent canopy species of massive size and unusual height (up to 60m). Tree species composition is similar to the rain forests in Congo and the Nigerian Shasha forest. The relatively undisturbed state of the forest is indicated by the high-proportion of large diameter trees of the high degree of stratification. The proportion of rare trees is high and many of the emergents belong to rare families. There is one endemic tree Didelotia idae. Fauna’ The original diversity of the typical rainforest wildlife is still eveident, including at least 78 species of mammal, although many populations have been severely reduced in number. This refers particularly to the primates, such as, sooty mangabey, Cercocebus torquatus, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) lesser bushbaby Galago senegalensis, potto Perodicticus potto, three species of Cercopithecus, three of Colobus, and forest duikers Cephalophus spp.. Conservation of the forest elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis (T), in Sierra Leone depends largely on the conservation of the Gola Forest complex, and 90-130 remain in Gola East and North. Gola is also one of the two most valuable lowland primary rain forests for Upper Guinea forest birds. Several threatened species are known to occur: white-breasted guineafowl Agelastes meleagrides (E), western wattled cuckoo-shrike Campephaga lobata (V), yellow-throated olive greenbul Criniger olivaceus (V) and Gola malimbe Malimbus ballmani (1), and others almost certainly occur in Gola: rufous fishing owl Scotopelia ussheri (R), white-necked picathartes Picathartes gymnocephalus (V); Nimba flycatcher Meleanornis annamarulae (1) and yellow-footed honeyguide Melignomon eisentrauti (K). Conservation Management Compatibility of forest activities with wildlife conservation relies upon the intensity and control of logging. The Forest Industries Corporation (FIC) log Gola North according to a management plan. The mode and intensity of timbering in Gola West and East was controlled by Sierra Leone Timber Industry and Plantation Company (SILETI) until 1982, but now West German companies have taken over. Reforestation depends on the volume of timber produced and is financed by concession returns. Both Phillipson (1978) and Cole (1980) recommend that at least part of Gola should be made a Bioshpere Reserve, partly because of its genetic resources. Zoning Buffer zones have been proposed Disturbances or Deficiencies There are plans to dam the Mano and Maro Rivers for HEP with resettling of people around the reserves. The inaccessibility of the area had prevented exploitation, but since the construction of a road in 1950, some 40% of the area has been logged. Timber concessions were granted in 1978 in Gola North (partially logged by FIC in the early 1960s). Logging activity began in 1984 and this exploitation is to include up to 78 different tree species, severely jeopardising the original diversity of the forest. Concessions were granted in Gola West and East in 1977, and although logging has not been extensive, Gola -568- Sierra Leone west has been logged-over once and has the south-western part of Gola east. Timber over-exploitation remains a threat in these areas. All three sites are also affected by shifting cultivation, particularly on boundaries, poaching by professional hunters, and indiscriminate hunting to supply timber labour forces (particularly of monkeys and duiker). Scientific Research Ecological study was made in 1971 by the University of Sierra Leone (Freetown), of forest enclaves in accessible hills and valleys. Phillipson and Teleki briefly surveyed the area in 1978 and 1981. A survey of elephant in 1982 under IUCN/WWF Project 3039. A faunal survey is currently being conducted (IUCN/WWF and NYZS sponsored). Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material * Ayodele Cole, N.H. (1980). The Gola Forest in Sierra Leone: A remnant of primary tropical rain forest in need of conservation. Environmental Conservation 7(1). Fox, J.E.D. (1968). Exploitation of the Gola Forest, J. West Afr. Sci. Asso. 13: 185-210. IUCN/WWE Project 3039. Survey of Elephant Population, Gola Forest complex, Sierra Leone. Phillipson, J.R. (1978). Wildlife Conservation and Management in Sierra Leone. Special report to MAF, Freetown. Robinson, P. (1971). Wildlife trends in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Oryx 11: 117-122. Roth, H.H. and Merz, G. (1983). Conservation of elephants in Sierra Leone with Special Reference to the Management of the Gola Forest Complex. Final Report to IUCN/WWF Project No. 3039 supported by Frankfurt Zoological Society Kronberg, Heidelberg. (Includes fauna and timber species list). Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration District Forest Office, Kenema Date April 1985 PROPOSED TIWAI ISLAND WILDLIFE SANCTUARY Management Category Proposed Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) Legal Protection Hunting banned by chiefdom authorities. Game Sanctuary status would ban hunting permanently under the terms of the Sierra Leone Wildlife Conservation Act 1972. Date Established Legislation pending December 1985: paper awaits approval by Cabinet. Geographical Location An island in the Moa River in Pujehun District, southeastern Sierra Leone, about 15km northeast of the town of Potoru and 60km inland from the Atlantic Ocean. Access by rural road from Potoru (headquarters of Barri Chiefdom) to the village of Kambama on the west bank of the Moa, then by boat across the river. 7°33°N, 11°19°W. Altitude 80-110m Area 1,200ha -569- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Land Tenure Local Government (Barri Chiefdom) Physical Features The sanctuary comprises the entire island of Tiwai, a low-lying river island with sandy soils underlain by schists and lateritic duricrust’. The channels of the Moa River on either side of the island are perennnial, with abundant rapids produced where the river cuts through the Kambui Schist. Smaller islands downstream may eventually be incorporated into the sanctuary. Ecologically, Tiwai can be regarded as part of the Gola Forest system; the western boundary of the Gola West Forest Reserve lies close to the southern tip of Tiwai, while to the north is the Kambui Hills South Forest Reserve. Mean temperature is 27°C and annual rainfall is around 3,000mm, with most rain falling in a May - October wet season, in which June - September are usually the wettest months. Very little rain falls in December - March. At the end of the dry season it is possible to walk across the eastern branch of the Moa. Vegetation Original vegetation would have been a mixture of lowland rain forest (similar to that in Gola) and Raphiapalm swamp. Tiwai has been extensively farmed, so most of the vegetation (except by the river bank) is of secondary nature. About half the island carries old secondary forest, much of it believed to be 40-60 years old (and with some individual trees almost certainly older). In this forest, many individual trees reach to about 40m in height. More than 150 tree species are present, of which the dominant species (in terms of biomass) are Piptadeniastrum africanum, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Uapaca guineensis, Funtumia africana and Cynometra leonensis. The rest of the island is a mixture of palm swamp, riverine forest, young secondary forest ( farmbush ), and active farms (the chief crop is upland rice). Fauna Riwai supports the typical forest and river fauna of the area, only notably lacking the largest mammals (there are no elephants, bushcow or bongo). There is a significant population of pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis, and a diverse and abundant population of nonhuman primates - 11 species, including the threatened red colobus Procolobus badius and diana monkeys Cercopithecus diana and the western chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus. 115 bird species have been recorded so far, including the white-breasted guinea fowl Agelastes meleagrides. Conservation Management US Peace Corps have assigned a volunteer to Tiwai to develop an Environmental Education programme focussed on local schools and a Visitor Centre at Tiwai. Zoning Management plans being developed call for a central area of the island of at least 600ha to be protected from disturbance and used for faunal and floral protection and baseline ecological research. In other areas traditional slash-and-burn farming on a long rotation will be combined with plantation forestry using native tree species. Apart from a small research station there is presently no permanent human settlement on Tiwai and none will be permitted; farmers reside in mainland villages. Disturbances or Deficiencies There is distrubance by slash-and-burn farming, but the extent of the farming is controlled. This disturbance helps to maintain habitat diversity, and therefore species diversity. The small size of Tiwai makes some of the larger animals potentially vulnerable to extinction as a consequence of small population size in an isolated area. However, most of these species are believed to survive upon the mainland and can cross the Moa River in the dry season. In the long run, the Tiwai sanctuary should be made contiguous with a better-managed Gola West Forest Reserve. Visitor Facilities None at present. Simple accommodation for small parties planned, and an education centre. Scientific Research Intensive ecological studies of rain-forest primates have been in progress since 1982, combined with studies of vegetation and soils. These studies have been a collaborative effort between Nijala university College of the University of Sierra Leone, the City University of New York (USA), the University of Miamai (USA) and the University of Strathclyde (UK). -570- Sierra Leone Special Scientific Facilities The research project maintains a tented base camp on the island, and an extensive trail grid through the protected forest area. In two areas of intensive research, serveral thousand large trees have been identified, and labelled with numbered tags. A simple laboratory and office building is planned. Principal Reference Material ° None yet available on Tiwai itself. For the area generally see: ° Clarke, J.E. (Ed.) (1976). Sierra Leone in Maps. Hodder and Stoughton, London. ° Cole, N.H.A. (1980). The Gola Forest in Sierra Leone. Environmental Conservation 7: 33-40. Staff None yet allocated specifically to sanctuary. Manager, maintenance and patrol staff to be recruited. Manager likely to be expatriate volunteer (Peace Corps or VSO) Budget None yet finalized. Funds needed for laboratory building, visitor centre, vehicle and operating costs (including staff and fuel). Local Park or Reserve Administration Board of Trustees to be established, to act on behalf of the land owners, Barri Chiefdom. Date January 1986 -571- | (Oe onew'’: Pikes lar ot Phtonled Areas ; ag hoes hte. Piptedeniasttun $ afrittiwn: Pbrifectottra , eunrooels Fiamaaney. spe ; fore ov vowag, won teehee *iptien thas, & epee Li iy SO: parma pat revert warily stiveort an nt na con es ropa, t ny NaN, awit, on ‘“qeotadie taaiiee ey + Rutiineis Ain Tinie ath : A ea ahd add: 2%, erpaluc one tints ean Be “path ores tomhorg dornaee: att avizitton't oiMavie’ letoon2, : ‘evitoninl Yo gees ow! al nerd $2970), berwerig od) dyoond) bing Hew a 0 oi " +) apatb seme nee dit we Detied a ia dpi teach shed redo) Higrel bnaeeodt hes ii | pint Ay aod faerie ant obit ten earn peu. Le pi ee Ter hel 1h abe eda, repxts pordaced wi t Syst Rawat val iceiths: Soko treet, ening ove aenyo ge Le cele toll er screeds. eid: Hon raanamerte eee eet Ny oitityte: TOG HO ys nneTbArra yeh the as aienieanaiien Lenapaerunngen pre —eneee af 2 i _ a in 0. MiSs Oc bobo Mt. # j “4 Me relorte phan: , eocansneinatveaianelly aggagetvinns on ri i er stecte: te At the ond of the dy asian rhodes onan}: NMR Iker ceitiel chine hye pron lentes ware Pi ray rot ine if 4 \ vi Rae ) oe rf athe > fs. of poe ah ry » ARH obo: ‘Aednd an ms epesbettinanaine soptruntt Ap behets eanegpe i= stn ost wetnety bider..« ta this foro, wade indian) wees ceobty le a HS) ree wp in “lang, papienk, of whi: Is: FU TC LOLA specine Gee BCL om oneit: ‘ fae, tia Is me Aotii Ly ae bust Ser rF, une rata. Tye eeut ot she Hehtied Siew siatite at ome 4 | lanl ip sn aura ~ RGwai opporis ther ty pleas forest.and cived f mh wi arpest roapampanls { ftheviach @> ela} phates: tumhoow or bv aE o redte my y¥ ipo: potannies. : hogrepet Mowe eusit, acde divers sey, - Vt peecies,, incheding tho throateseal sodl, 7 sa p eoaktaeh POL sitheces diene 30 Othe wertars chimppcizs es Part area “Read eperptien, Wieite: baam rdenrdod. a Tie, ine weting thie witeltet vetted or ogg pig nth ; , wilt we My } TT mn ines & +h ad, oe Ae y ape my , pot, iv Orcgmmannts Gente OF. eT ge tocde amg Quah f Mirnelebaene: er theing IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Disturbances or Deficiencies Proper control of wild fires lacking. Invasive plant species such as Pinus pinaster, P. radiata, Hakea sericea, Acacia mearnsii, and A. longifolia need to be controlled. Visitor Facilities Facilities are limited to access points and hiking trails. Numbers: 1,000 per annum. Potential: undetermined. Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by management and research staff. Special Scientific Facilities None of site, but the area is served by the Jonkershoek Forestry Research Station, Stellenbosch. Principal Reference Material ° Policy Memorandum: Groot Winterhoek Mountain Catchment Area. Directorate of Forestry, Cape Town Staff One professional, one technical, one first level supervisor, and 20 labourers Budget R186,250 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000. Date August 1983 LANGEBERG WEST MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.6 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection 19% Government owned and 81% private land Date Established 1914. Government Notice 196 of 1914, Government Notice 2418 of 1979, and Government Notice 242 of 1981. Geographical Location 0.5km from Montagu in Cape Province. 33°35’-34°01’S, 19°39°-20°44’E. Altitude 122-1,710m (Misty Point) Area 77,096ha Land Tenure 14,688ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs and 62,408ha private, but managed in terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970. Physical Features The area is scenically beautiful and dominated by sandstone mountains of the Cape folded belt with very rocky terrain, narrow kloofs, steep cliffs, and the tributaries of the Breede River. Soils are highly leached acid sands with small pockets of sandy loams. Annual average temperature range minimum: 6°C, maximum: 19°C. Annual rainfall 130mm (foothills) to 2,500mm (high mountain peaks), falling all year round in the eastern parts and winter rainfall in the western parts. -738- South Africa Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Macchia (Veld Type 69), False Macchia (Veld Type 70), Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4), Coastal Renosterbosveld (Veld Type 46), Mountain Renosterbosveld (Veld Type 43) and Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 26). The most western occurrence of relatively large remnants of indigenous evergreen forest with more than 90% of the area is dominated by mountain fynbos. Characteristic families are Ericaceae, Restionaceae, and Proteaceae. Economically important species: various Proteaceae, Ericaceae and Restionaceae and others which are harvested for the flower trade. Endemic species: endemics which are numerous in the Cape floral kingdom are well represented. Fauna Caracal Felis caracal, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, grysbok Raphicerus melanolis, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, and chacma baboon Papio ursinus. Threatened mammals: leopard Panthera pardus (V); reptiles: geometric tortoise Psammobates geometricus (V), Cape mountain lizard Lacerta australis and Fisk’s house snake Lamprophis fiskii; fish: Burchell’s redfin Barbus burchelli (R); birds: Booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus, protea canary Serinus leucopterus, peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus (V), martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus, Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres (V), forest buzzard Buteo oreophilus, Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis, and Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini. Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Certain areas are intensively harvested for flowers. Zoning State Forest (3,259ha); State Forest Nature Reserve; (11,429ha) and private land (62,408ha) Disturbances or Deficiencies The proper control of wild fires is lacking. Invasive plant species such as Hakea sericea and Pinus species occur on slopes and Acacia mearnsii and Acacia longifolia along water courses, and need to be controlled. There is limited grazing. Visitor Facilities Facilities include the Swellendam Hiking Trail with six huts. Numbers: 1,722 per annum. Potential: undetermined. Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities is ongoing by management and research staff. Special Scientific Facilities None on site, but served by the Jonkershoek Forestry Research Station, Stellenbosch Principal Reference Material ° Policy, Memorandum: Langeberg West Mountain Catchment Area. Directorate of Forestry, Cape Town. Staff One professional, one technical, one first level supervisors, and 20 labourers Budget R100,000 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000. Date August 1983 27382 IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas LANGEBERG EAST MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll), 3.22.12 (South African Highlands) and 3.17.07 (Karoo) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1896. Government Notice 459 of 1896, Government Notice 112 of 1978, and Government Notice 2121 of 1981. Geographical Location 10km from Riversdal in Cape Province. 34°44’-34°02’S, 20°37’-21°41’E. Altitude 61-1,637m (Lemoenshoek Peak, Grootberg) Area 71,300ha Land Tenure 30,369ha (43%) State, administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs and 40,93lha (57%) private, but managed in terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970. Physical Features Features are dominated by sandstone mountains of the Cape folded belt with a very rocky terrain that has narrow narrow kloofs and steep cliffs derived from sandstone and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group, also from shales of the same group and of the Bokkeveld Series. Tributaries of the Gouritz and Breede Rivers pass through the area. Annual average temperature range minimum: 11°C, maximum: 24°C. Annual rainfall 130mm (foothills) to 2,500mm (high mountain peaks), falling mainly in all year round. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4), Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 26), Coastal Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 46), Valley Bushveld (Veld Type 23), Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43), Macchia (Veld Type 69), and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). More than 90% of the area is dominated by mountain fynbos. Characteristic families are Ericaceae, Restionaceae and Proteaceae. Economically important species: various Proteaceae, Ericaceae, Restionaceae, and other species which are harvested for the flower trade. Endemic species: endemics which are numerous in the Cape floral kingdom are well represented. Fauna Mammal species include grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, caracal Felis caracal, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, chacma baboon Papio ursinus and grysbok Raphicerus melanotis. Threatened species: Mammals: leopard Panthera pardus (T); reptiles: armadillo lizard Cordylus cataphractus; fish: small-scale redfin Barbus asper (V), Burchell’s redfin Barbus burchelli (R) and slender redfin Barbus tenuis (R); birds: protea canary Serinus leucopterus, Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres (V) peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus, forest buzzard Buteo oreophilus, Knysna warbler Bradypterus sylvaticus and Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini. Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Zoning State Forest Wilderness Area (14,200ha) Disturbances or Deficiencies Proper control of wild fires lacking. Invasive plant species such as Hakea sericea and Pinus species on slopes and Acacia mearnsii, and A. longifolia along water courses need to be controlled. Visitor Facilities Pristine wilderness. Facilities are limited to access points and hiking trails. Numbers: 700 per annum. Potential: unknown. -740- South Africa Scientific Research A resource inventory and monitoring activities are ongoing by management and research staff. Special Scientific Facilities There are none on site, but the area is served by the Jonkershoek Forestry Research Station, Stellenbosch. Principal Reference Material ° Policy Memorandum: Groot winterhoek Mountain Catchment Area. Directorate of Forestry, Cape Town Staff One professional, two technical, two first level supervisors, and 40 labourers Budget R61,000 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000. Date August 1983 RIVIERSONDEREND MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection 38% Government-owned and 62% private land Date Established 1900. Government Notice 285 of 1900 and Government Notice 2121 of 1981. Geographical Location On boundary from Greyton in Cape Province. 33°52’-34°07’S, 19°17’-20°05S’E Altitude 200-1,654m (Pilaarkop) Area 69,453ha. Contains the Greyton Nature Reserve (2,220ha). Land Tenure 26,416ha Government, administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs, and 43,037ha private, but managed in terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970. Physical Features The terrain is dominated by sandstone mountains of the Cape folded belt; it is very rocky with narrow kloofs and steep cliffs. Scenically beautiful. Tributaries of the Breede River flow through the reserve. Soils are highly leached acid sands with small pockets of sandy loams. Very rocky. Annual average temperature range minimum: 6°C, maximum: 19°C. Annual rainfall 300-2,000mm, falling mainly in winter (April-September). Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Karroid Broken Veld (Veld type 26), Macchia (Veld Type 69), False Macchia (Veld Type 70) and Coastal Renosterbosveld (Veld Type 46). Most of the area is dominated by mountain fynbos. Characteristic families are Ericaceae, Restionaceae and Proteaceae. Economically important species: various Proteaceae, Ericaceae and Restionaceae and other species which are harvested for the flower trade. Endemic species: Endemics, which are numerous in the Cape floral kingdom, are well represented. -741- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Fauna Grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, caracal Felis caracal, chacma baboon Papio ursinus and grysbok Raphicerus melanotis. Threatened mammals: leopard Panthera pardus (T); Burchell’s redfin Barbus burchelli (R); birds: Booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus, Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres (V), peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus (V), martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus, forest buzzard Buteo oreophilus, Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis, Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini, and protea canary Serinus leucopterus. Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Zoning State Forest 26,416ha, private land 43,037ha Disturbances or Deficiencies Proper control of wild fires is lacking. Invasive species such as Hakea sericea, H. gibbosa, Acacia saligna, A. longifolia, and A. mearnsii need to be controlled. Visitor Facilities No facilities; visitors use management footpaths. Numbers: around 300 per annum. Potential: undetermined. Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by management and research staff. Special Scientific Facilities None on site, but the area is served by the Jonkershoek Forestry Research Station, Stellenbosch. Principal Reference Material ° Policy memorandum: Riviersonderend Mountain Catchment Area. Directorate of Forestry, Cape Town. Staff One professional, one technical, two first level supervisors, and 35 labourers Budget R220,000 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000. Date August 1983 WALKER BAY STATE FOREST Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1895. Government Notice 525 of 1895 Geographical Location On the boundary from Hermanus in Cape Province. 34°23’-34°48’S, 19°17°-19°44’E. Altitude 0-40m Area 7,118ha -742- South Africa Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features The area comprises low sand dunes, partly covered with vegetation and partly open drift sands and undeveloped coastline. It borders on the estuaries of the Klein and Uitenkraal Rivers. Soils are pure white, calcareous drift sands with a very low nutrient content. Annual average temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 22°C. Annual rainfall 450-700mm, falling mainly in winter (May-September). Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Macchia (Veld Type 47). Characteristic families are Ericaceae, Restionaceae, and Proteaceae. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: endemics which are numerous in the Cape floral kingdom are well represented. Fauna Common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, caracal Felis caracal and grysbok Raphicerus melanotis. Threatened species: none. Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Zoning No zoning, all State Forest Disturbances or Deficiencies Control of Acacia cyclops. Control of four-wheel drive recreational vehicles entering the area illegally. Control of drift sands. The area is very sensitive to wind erosion if the vegetation is disturbed. Visitor Facilities There is no provision for visitors. Numbers: nil. Potential: undetermined. Scientific Research Drift sand reclamation experiments are undertaken Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Walsh, B.N. (1968). Some notes on the incidence and control of drift sands along the Caledon, Bredasdorp and Riversdale coastline of South Africa. Bulletin 44, Department of Forestry, Government Printer, Pretoria. ° Policy Memorandum: Walker Bay State Forest. Directorate of Forestry, Cape Town. Staff Two professionals, one technical, two first level supervisors, and 20 labourers Budget R165,000 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000. Date August 1983 SANDVELD STATE FOREST Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection Total =748- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Date Established 1966. Government Notice 2753 of 1979. Geographical Location On the boundary from Ysterfontein in Cape _ Province. 32°13’-33°20°S, 18°05’-18°25’E. Altitude 0-20m Area 3,624ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features Features include low sand dunes, partly covered with vegetation, and partly open drift sands. Soils are comprised of white calcareous drift sands with a very low nutrient content. Annual average temperature range minimum: 12.5°C, maximum: 21.5°C. Annual rainfall 360mm, falling mainly in winter (May-September). Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Macchia (Veld Type 47). Characteristic species are ericoid low evergreen shrubs, restioid reeds, and proteoid medium to tall shrubs with broad leathery leaves. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: endemics, which are numerous in the Cape floral kingdom are well represented. Fauna Common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, and ostrich Struthio camelus. Threatened species: none. Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Zoning No zoning, all State Forest Disturbances or Deficiencies Control of drift sands. Control of four-wheel drive recreational vehicles entering the area illegally. Visitor Facilities There is no provision for visitors. Numbers: nil. Potential: unknown. Scientific Research Drift-sand reclamation experiments are undertaken Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Policy Memorandum for drift sand reclamation at Ysterfontein and Elandsbaai. Directorate of Forestry, Cape Town. Staff One professional, one technical, two first level supervisors, and 33 labourers Budget R169,180 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000. Date August 1983 -744- South Africa GROOT SWARTBERG/SWARTBERG EAST MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection 81.8% Government. 18.2% private. Date Established 1912. Government Notice 334 of 1912 and Government Notice 1938 of 1978. Geographical Location 8km from Prince Alfred in Cape Province. 33°16°-33°28'S, 21°38’-23°19°E. Altitude 650-2,085m (Blesberg) Area 121,002ha Land Tenure 99,010ha (81.8%) Government administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs and 21,992ha (18.2%) private, but managed in terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970. Physical Features The basic structure of the mountains comprises oval domes, formed by strong north-south orientated pressure, which folded the rocks of Cape Super Group with the Meirings and Gamkaspoorte river canyons. The most outstanding features of the reserve are the tributaries of the Olifants River. The soils are predominantly shallow, rocky, poorly developed, sandy soils overlying rock. Generally, they are structureless, acid and have a low base saturation. Annual average temperature range minimum: 5-15°C, maximum: 18-30°C. Annual rainfall Groot Swartberg 572 mm; Swartberg East 480mm, falling all year round. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 26), Spekboomveld (Veld Type 25), Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43) and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Approximately 80% of the area is covered by fynbos communities, while Karoo communities occur over the remaining area. Fynbos communities are dominated by Protea shrublands, and Karoo communities by a heterogeneous mosaic of medium to sparse shrublands (high number of succulents), and renosterbosveld. Economically important species: honey tea Cyclopia spp., and flowers for the floral trade on a limited scale. Endemic species: Protea venusta, P. montana, and Leucadendron dreget. Fauna’ The typical large mammal spectrum of the southern Cape mountains occurs here including: common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and grysbok Raphicerus melanotis. The vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops occurs in wooded kloofs on the Swartberg East. Population densities: klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, (0.49/sq.km) and grey rhebok Pelea capreolus (0.75/sq.km, but 4.6/sq.km after a fire). Key species are pollinators belonging to the families Nectariniidae (Nectarinia spp.) and Promeropidae (Cape sugar bird Promerops cafer) and seed dispersers (ant species). Threatened mammals: Cape spiny mouse Acomtys subspinosus, Verreaux’s mouse Praomys verreauxii, spectacled dormouse Graphiurus ocularis, leopard Panthera pardus (T) and _ honey badger Mellivora capensis; birds: booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus, martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus, Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis, Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini and protea canary Serinus leucopterus; fish: slender redfin. Conservation Management Actively managed for water and nature conservation Zoning Demarcated State Forest, (99,010ha); private land proclaimed; and Mountain Catchment Area (21,992ha). Disturbances or Deficiencies Very limited grazing on private land -745- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Visitor Facilities None Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by regional management and research staff. Special Scientific Facilities None on site, but the area .is served by Saasveld Forestry Research Station, George. Principal Reference Material ° Seydack, A.H.W. and Horne, I.P. (1980). Bestuursplan Swartberg-Oos. Directorate of Forestry, Knysna. Unpublished. ° Seydack, A.H.W., Horne, I.P. and Gehrmann, R. (1982). Bestuursplan Groot-Swartberg. Directorate of Forestry, Knysna. Unpublished. Staff Resident forester, assistant resident forester, two first level supervisors, and 50 labourers at Swartberg State Forest. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer in Knysna. Budget R340,000 per annum, jointly for this area and for a portion of the Outeniqua Mountain Catchment Area (including salaries). Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X12, Knysna, 6570. Date July 1983 OUTENIQUA MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection 14% Government-owned and 86% private land Date Established 1936. Government Notice 294 of 1936 and private land pending declaration under the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970. Geographical Location 10km from George in Cape Province. 33°46’-33°55’S, 21°39’-23°26’E. Altitude 400-1,521m (Engelseberg) Area 158,515ha (see also point 14 below) Land Tenure 72,761ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs and 85,754ha private, but to be administered in terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970. Physical Features The Outeniqua Mountains are formed by a series of anticlines and synclines forming mountains and valleys of decreasing elevation extending to the Karoo. Gouritz and Keurbooms Rivers and tributaries of the Kammanassie River flow through the area. Derived from sandstones and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group, soils are moderately deep, rocky, loamy sands overlying hard rock or saprolite, and are very acidic. Annual average temperature range minimum: 8-15°C, maximum: 19-21°C. Annual rainfall 860 mm, ranging from 1,100mm on high peaks to 400mm on northern foothills, falling mainly all year round. -146- South Africa Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Gouritz River Scrub variation of Valley Bushveld (Veld Type 23), Mountain Renosterbosveld (Veld Type 43), and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Gouritz River Scrub is an extremely dense, semi-succulent, thorny scrub, about 2m tall. Rhenosterbos veld is a shrubland dominated by Elytropappus rhinocerotis (renosterbos). Most of the area is covered by proteoid shrublands, heathlands and_ restiod-shrublands. Economically important plant species: various Proteaceae are harvested for the florist trade on a small scale. Endemic species: a good representation of endemics which are numerous in the Cape floral kingdom. Fauna The typical mammal spectrum of the southern Cape mountains occurs here and includes: klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and grysbok Raphicerus melanotis. Key species are pollinators belonging to the families Nectariniidae (Nectarinia spp) and Promeropidae (Cape sugarbird Promerops cafer) and seed dispersers (ant species). Threatened mammals: Verreaux’s mouse Praomys verreauxii, Cape spiny mouse Acomys subs pinosus, honey badger Mellivora capensis and leopard Panthera pardus (T); birds: Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini and protea canary Serinus leucopterus; fishes: eastern cape redfin Barbus afer (R), small redfin Barbus asper (V) and Burchell’s redfin Barbus burchelli (R). Conservation Management No management plan. Prescriptions for the eradication of invasive weed species are contained in the annual plans of operation for State land. Zoning Demarcated State Forest, (13,409ha), undemarcated State Forest, and (34l1ha), proposed Mountain Catchment Area, (85,754ha) Disturbances or Deficiencies The invasive alien species Pinus pinaster and Hakea sericea cover large areas of the Outeniqua Mountains. Burning and grazing of veld is carried out on private land. Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: nil. Potential: unknown Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by regional management and research staff Special Scientific Facilities None on site, but the area is served by Saasveld Forestry Research Station, George Principal Reference Material °* Bond, W. (1981). Vegetation gradients in Southern Cape Mountains. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Cape Town. ° Southwood, A.J. (1983). Policy Memorandum, Outeniqua Catchment Area. Directorate of Forestry, Knysna. Unpublished. Staff Swartberg, two resident foresters, two first level supervisors, and 53 labourers. Towerkop, one resident forester, two first level supervisors, and 50 labourers. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer in Knysna. Budget R276,000 per annum, jointly for this area and the Kammanassie Mountain Catchment Area (including salaries). Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X12, Knysna, 6570. Date July 1983 -747- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas ANYSBERG/KLEIN SWARTBERG MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection 40.7% Government-owned and 59.3% private land Date Established 1912. Government Notice 334 of 1912 and Government Notice 1938 of 1979. Geographical Location 3km from Ladismith in Cape Province. 33°19°-33°28’S, 20°52’-21°38’E; Anysberg MCA, 33°29’-33°32’S, 20°32’-20°45’E. Altitude 670-2,325m (Seweweekspoortpiek) Area 58,785ha Land Tenure 23,010ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs and 35,775ha private, but managed in terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970. Physical Features This area is located in the drainage system of the Gouritz River and comprises Ooal, dome-shaped, asymmetrical folded mountains with Towerkop, a _ high mountain peak. Soils are derived from sandstones and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group and are shallow, rocky, poorly developed sandy loams, leached and acid. Annual average temperature range minimum: 5-15°C, maximum: 18-32°C. Annual rainfall 654mm (Klein Swartberg) and 370mm (Anysberg), falling all year round. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43), Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 26), Spekboomveld (Veld Type 25), and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Two major communities can be identified: fynbos and Karoo communities. Karoo communities are located on rocky, lower southern and northern foothills. A complex mosaic of small trees, shrubs and succulents is characteristic. The remainder of the mountains is covered by fynbos, dominated by Protea spp., Erica spp., and Restio spp.. Economically important species: flowers, especially Protea spp., are picked for the florist trade. Honey tea (Cyclopia spp.,) is harvested on a limited scale. Endemic species: local speciation has occurred in the area and a number of endemic species are present, namely, Protea pruinosa and Leucospermum secundifolium. Fauna Mammals: baboon chacma Papio ursinus, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, and grey rhebok Pelea capreolus. Key species: pollinators belonging to the families Nectariniidae (Nectarinia spp.), Promeropidae (Cape sugar bird Promerops cafer) and seed dispersers (ant species). Threatened mammals: Cape spiny mouse Acomys subspinosus, Verreaux’s mouse Praomys verreauxii, spectacled dormouse Graphiurus ocularis, leopard Panthera pardus (T) and honey badger Mellivora capensis; fish: slender redfin Barbus tenuis (R); birds: booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus, martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus, Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis, Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini, protea canary Serinus leucopterus. Conservation Management There is a management plan for the area and it is actively managed for water and nature conservation. Zoning Demarcated State Forest (23,010ha); private land proclaimed a Mountain Catchment Area (35,77Sha) Disturbances or Deficiencies Sporadic emergency grazing with large and small stock -748- South Africa Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: nil. Potential: unknown Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by regional management and research staff Special Scientific Facilities None, but the area is served by Saasveld Forest Research Station, George. Principal Reference Material ° Seydack, A.H.W., Horne, I.P. and Gehrmann, R. (1981). Bestuursplan, Klein-Swartberg/Anysberg. Directorate of Forestry, Knysna. Unpublished. ° Seydack, A.H.W. and Odendaal, P.B. (1980). Beleidsmemorandum Anysberg, Klein-Swartberg, Groot-Swartberg, Swartberg-Oos. Department of Environment Affairs, Knysna. Unpublished. Staff Two resident foresters at Towerkop State Forest Station, one first level supervisor, and 41 labourers. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Knysna. Budget R258,000 per annum jointly for this area and the Rooiberg Mountain Catchment Area (including salaries). Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X12, Knysna, 6570. Date July 1983 KAMMANASSIE MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection 47% Government-owned and 53% private land Date Established 1923. Government Notice 1531 of 1923 and Government Notice 1938 of 1978. Geographical Location 8km from Uniondale in Cape Province. 33°34’-33°41°S, 22°27°-23°01’E. Altitude 700-1,965m (Mannetjiesberg) Area 45,508ha Land Tenure 22,464ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs, and 23,044ha privately owned, but administered in terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970. Physical Features The area is located in the Cape folded belt, and is structurally a long, oval dome, asymmetrical with steep southern slopes, in the drainage region of the Olifants and Kammanassie Rivers. Soils are derived from sandstones and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group; shallow, infertile, acid, minimal B-horizon development, and low water retention capacity (lithosols). Annual average temperature range minimum: 5-15°C, maximum: -749- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas 18-32°C. Annual rainfall 276mm-815mm, increasing with increasing altitude, falling mainly in late summer, autumn, and spring. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43) and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Valley thicket occurs on foothills and in large valleys: a mosaic of Acacia karroo, Olea africana, other trees or tall shrubs, dense thicket, and shrubveld. The remainder of the mountain is predominantly covered by Protea shrublands and knee height shrub-restio-grassveld. Economically important species: various Protea species harvested for the florist trade. Fauna’ The typical mammal spectrum of the southern Cape mountains occurs here. Two breeding herds of five and three animals each and also one stallion and one more of the rare Cape mountain zebra Equus zebra zebra (T) occur in the area. Population densities: klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus (1,41 per sq.km), and grey rhebok Pelea capreolus (1 per sq.km). Key species are pollinators belonging to the families Nectariniidae (Nectarinia spp.), Promeropidae (Cape sugarbird Promerops cafer), and seed dispersers (ant species). Threatened species: Cape mountain zebra Equus zebra zebra (T), Cape spiny mouse Acomys subspinosus, Verreaux’s mouse Praomys_ verreauxii, spectacled dormouse Graphiurus ocularis, leopard Panthera pardus (T) and honey badger Mellivora capensis; Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini and protea canary Serinus leucopterus. Conservation Management A management plan exists, and the area is actively managed for fire control and watershed protection. Zoning Demarcated State Forest 17,66lha, undemarcated State Forest 4,803ha, and Mountain Catchment Area 23,044ha Disturbances or Deficiencies Burning and grazing veld on private land Visitor Facilities None Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by regional management and research staff Special Scientific Facilities None on site, but the area is served by Saasveld Forestry Research Station, George. Principal Reference Material ° QOdendaal, P.B., Horne, I.P. and Barnard, W.H. (1979). Beleidsmemorandum, Kammanassie Bergopvanggebied. Directorate of Forestry, Knysna. Unpublished. ° Southwood, A.J. (1983). Bestuursplan, Kammanassie Bergopvanggebied. Directorate of Foresetry, Knysna. Unpublished. Staff Resident forester and staff at Swartberg State Forest. Two first level supervisors and 53 labourers. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Knysna. Budget R276,000 per annum, jointly for this area and the Outeniqua Mountain Catchment Area (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Privare Bag X12, Knysna, 6570. Date July 1983 -750- South Africa KNYSNA INDIGENOUS FORESTS Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection 62% Government-owned and 38% private land Date Established 1894. Government Notice 1049 of 1894, Government Notice 316 of 1900 and Government Notice 714 of 1901. Geographical Location 10km from Knysna in Cape _ Province. 33°46’-34°06’S, 22°01’-23°24’E. Altitude Sea level-1,000m (Spitskop Peak, Outeniqua Mountains) Area 44,230ha Land Tenure 27,388ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs and 16,842ha private. Physical Features Severe north-south orientated compressive stresses produced the Cape Fold Belt with the resistant strata forming the prominent Outeniqua Mountain Range running from east to west. Outstanding features of the area are the southern Cape coastal lakes. Kaaiman and Touws River and many others flow through the area. Quartzite and sandstones of the Table Mountain Group have weathered from light textured, leached, acid sandy loams to sandy clayey loams. The shales have generally weathered deeply. Several superficial deposits have been laid down on the plateau area such as clay deposits, dune sands, fluvial washes, ferricrete, stonelines, talus beds, and loess. Annual average temperature range minimum: 11°C, maximum: 20°C. Annual rainfall 650mm at coast to 1,200mm towards the mountains. Falling all year round with peaks in February/March and August to October. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4). Sites are generally ecologically complex and the following six forest types are approximate, artificial groupings of sites with similar features: (i) Very dry Scrub-Forest occurs on shallow soils and on hot, dry aspects with thorny shrubs such as Maylenus heterophylla, Carissa bispinosa, Scutia myrtina, and Dovyalis rhamnoides. (ii) Dry High-Forest occurs on well-drained or shallow soils with warm aspects and especially on steep slopes, with Cassine peragua, Rhus chirindensis, Maytenus acuminata, and Canthium inerme. (iii) Medium- moist High-Forest occurs on a _ generally poorly drained soils, with Olea capensis ssp. macrocarpa, Podocarpus latifolius and P. falcatus, Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus, and Apodytes dimidiata. (iv) Moist High-Forest occurs on moist, deep loamy soils on southerly aspects with Ocotea bullata, Maytenus peduncularis, Ilex mitis, and Platylophus trifoliatus. (v) Wet High-Forest occurs on cooler aspects with wet soils, often shallow, but with relatively good drainage where Cunonia capensis and Ocotea bullata form a main canopy. (vi) Very wet Scrub-Forest occurs on steep, wet slopes with shallow soils where Cunonia capensis is the dominant species, while Ocotea bullata, Podocarpus latifolius and Virgilia oroboides also occur. Economically important species: various species are harvested for the furniture trade, the most important being Ocotea bullata, Podocarpus latifolius, P. falcatus, Platylophus trifoliatus, Rapanea melanophloeos, and Olinia ventosa. Rumohra adiantiformis is harvested for the florist trade. Endemic species: Strelitzia alba occurs between Knysna and Humansdorp, especially in the Grootrivier Pass. Fauna The estimated three remaining Knysna elephants Loxodonta africana (T). Other conspicuous large mammals include: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, and caracal Felis caracal. Threatened mammals: leopard Panthera pardus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, and lesser woolly bat Kerivoula lanosa; amphibians: Arum lily frog Hyperolius horstockii; birds: Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis, Knysna warbler Bradypterus sylvaticus, and Victorin’s warbler B. victorini. -751- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Conservation Management A management plan exists but is presently under revision. Zoning Undemarcated State Forest (466ha); demarcated State Forest (26,922ha); private land (16,842ha) Disturbances or Deficiencies Indigenous forest vegetation is threatened primarily by invasive Acacia melanoxylon and, to a limited extent, by A. mearnsii which occurs mainly in the river courses. Visitor Facilities Facilities include the Outeniqua Hiking Trail and various day walks. Numbers: hiking trail (visitor nights) 10,000 a year. Potential: day walks 4,400 visitors a year, fishing 330 visitors a year, hiking trail 97,200 visitor-nights a year. Data for day walks and numbers of visitors picnicking a year at the many picnic sites are not complete. Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by regional management and research staff Special Scientific Facilities Saasveld Forestry Research Station, George is situated within the area Principal Reference Material ° Phillips, J.F.V. (1931). Forest succession and ecology in the Knysna region. Government Printer, Pretoria. ° Von, Breitenbach F. (1974). Southern Cape Forests and Trees. Government Printer, Pretoria. Staff Nineteen resident foresters and ten labourers. The area is the responsibility of three District Forest Officers at Knysna. Budget R345,000 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X12, Knysna, 6570. Date August 1983 ROOIBERG MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll), 3.22.12 (South African highlands), 3.17.07 (Karoo) Legal Protection 51% Government-owned and 49% private land Date Established 1934. Government Notice 289 of 1934 and Government Notice 1938 of 1978. Geographical Location 15km from Ladismith in Cape Province. 33°35’-33°43’S, 21°20°-21°40°E. Altitude 600-1,490m (Trigonometrical Beacon number 54) Area 25,344ha (see also point 14 below) -752- South Africa Land Tenure 12,928ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs and 12,416ha privately owned, but managed in terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970. Physical Features Extensively folded mountains dominate the area. The reserve falls in the catchment area of the Groot and Gamka Rivers. Derived from sandstones and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group, dominant soils are shallow and sandy, with minimal B_ horizon development (lithosols). Annual average temperature range minimum: 5-15°C, maximum: 18-32°C. Annual rainfall 200mm, increasing to 500mm with altitude falling all year round. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43), Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 26), and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Fynbos is characterised by sclerophyllous and small-leaved shrubs of the Ericaceae, Rutaceae, etc., relatively broad-leaved proteoid shrubs (mostly Proteaceae), and sclerophyllous cylindrical or tufted or rhizomatous herbs, mostly Restionaceae. Karroid vegetation is characterised by narrow-leaved shrubs, succulents and small clumps of evergreen trees. Economically important species: honey tea (Cyclopia spp.) is harvested on a limited scale. Endemic species: Paranomus roodebergensis is endemic to this mountain range. Fauna The typical large mammal spectrum of the southern Cape mountains occurs here and includes: klipspringer Oreotragus oreoltragus, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and grysbok Raphicerus melanotis. Key species: pollinators belonging to the families Nectariniidae (Nectarinia spp.), Promeropiidae (Cape sugar bird Promerops cafer,) and seed dispersers (ant species). Threatened mammals: leopard Panthera pardus (T), Verreaux’s mouse Praomys verreauxii, Cape spiny mouse Acomys subspinosus; birds: booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus, martial eagle Polemactus bellicosus, Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis, Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini, and protea canary Serinus leucopterus. Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area and the reserve is actively managed for water and nature conservation. Zoning Demarcated State Forest (12,928ha); private land, proclaimed a Mountain Catchment Area (12,416ha) Disturbances or Deficiencies Very limited grazing on private land Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: nil. Potential: unknown Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by regional management and research staff Special Scientific Facilities None, but the area is served by Saasveld Forest Research Station, George. Principal Reference Material ° Odendaal, P.B. (1979). Policy Memorandum: Rooiberg Mountain Catchment Area. Directorate of Forestry, Knysna. Unpublished. ° Seydack, A.H.W. (1980). Management Plan, Rooiberg Mountain Catchment Area. Directorate of Forestry, Knysna. Unpublished. Staff Resident forester and staff at Towerkop State Forest, one first level supervisor, and 41 labourers. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Knysna. Budget R258,000 per annum, jointly for this area and the Anysberg/Klein Swartberg Mountain Catchment Area (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X12, Knysna, 6570. Date July 1983 -753- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas KOUGA/BAVIAANSKLOOF MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1923. Government Notice 1973 of 1923. Geographical Location 10km from Patensie in Cape Province. 33°28’-33°50’S, 21°50’-23°25’E. Altitude 400-1,758m (Cockscomb and Smutsberg) Area 172,208ha; (with 157,829ha a proposed wilderness area). Land Tenure State. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features The topography of the area is extremely rugged; that of rejuvenated, maturely dissected mountain land. Both ranges arose from anticlinal folding, which originated from the south. The outstanding feature of the reserve is the Baviaanskloof, a deeply eroded valley, in places virtually a canyon. The Cockscomb consists of tall rugged sandstone peaks. Paul Sauer Dam on Kouga River is in the area as well as Baviaanskloof, Groot, Duraas and Wit Rivers, and various tributaries. Soils are derived from sandstones and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group and mainly leached and acid. Annual average temperature range minimum: 5°C, maximum: 32°C. Annual rainfall 547mm (Kouga) and 451mm (Baviaanskloof), falling all year round. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Valley Bushveld (Veld Type 23), Spekboomveld (Veld Type 25), Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43), Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 26), and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Valley Bushveld an extremely dense, semi-succulent, thorny scrub about 4m high, Euphorbia grandidens; Spekboomveld, a dense scrub dominated by Portulacaria afra; Mountain Renosterbosveld scrub dominated by Elytropappus rhinocerotis; Karroid Broken Veld characterised by narrow-leaved shrubs, succulents and small clumps of evergreen trees; Fynbos (False Macchia) is characterised by sclerophyllous and small-leaved shrubs of the Ericaceae and Rutaceae, relatively broad-leaved shrubs, mostly Proteaceae, and sclerophyllous cylindrical or rhizomatous herbs, mostly Restionaceae and Poaceae. Economically important species: Aloe ferox leaves are harvested for the sap and Cyclopia subternata used as tea. Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, greater kudu Tragelaphus_ strepsiceros and __ lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, and chacma baboon Papio ursinus. Threatened mammals: honey badger Mellivora capensis, aardwolf Proteles cristatus, leopard Panthera pardus (V), striped weasel Poecilogale albinucha, Cape spiny mouse Acomys subspinosus, Verreaux’s mouse Praomys verreauxii, and spectacled dormouse Graphiurus ocularis; birds: 18 species are rare or endangered; reptiles: water monitor Varanus niloticus. Cultural Heritage Bushman paintings in various caves Conservation Management A management plan is being drafted. Zoning Demarcated State Forest, 155,323ha; undemarcated State Forest, 16,885ha Disturbances or Deficiencies Disturbances include: lack of fences, and uncontrolled grazing of veld by stock from neighbouring farms. Invasive alien species include Opuntia ficus-indica, Opuntia aurantiaca, Hakea sericea, Acacia mearnsii, and Nerium oleander. Wild donkeys -754- South Africa Overgraze the area, causing erosion. Visitor Facilities Facilities are very primitive. There is some hiking on jeep tracks and footpaths (not marked), and fishing at undeveloped sites. Numbers: 1,000 per annum. Potential: 6,000 per annum. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None Staff Two resident foresters, two foremen, and 59 labourers at Willowmore, Joubertina and Patensie for Baviaanskloof and Cockscomb Forest Stations respectively. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Humansdorp. Budget R660,000 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X537, Humansdorp, 6300. Date August 1983 TSITSIKAMMA MOUNTAINS Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.6 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection 61% Government-owned and 39% private land. Date Established Not yet proclaimed. Proposals to declare this area a Mountain Catchment Area are being compiled. Geographical Location 3km from Joubertina in Cape Province. 33°45’-34°03’S, 23°20’-24°30°E. Altitude 1,300-1,675m (Formosa Peak, Tsitsikamma Mountains) Area 80,000ha Land Tenure 39,869ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs and 40,13lha private and, in future, to be managed in terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970. Physical Features Features are dominated by anticlinal, folded mountains, folding forces originated in the south. The Krom, Krakeel and Louterwater Rivers flow through the area. Sandstones and quartzites derived from the Table Mountain Group, produce sandy soils, which are leached and acidic (lithosols). Annual average temperature range minimum: 10°C, maximum: 26°C. Annual rainfall 800mm falling all year round. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4) and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Afromontane forest occurs in most protected valleys and include Podocarpus, Ocotea and Cunonia forests. The remainder of the area is covered by proteoid shrublands, which vary -755- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas from open, tall Protea mundii-Leucadendron eucalyptifolium shrublands. Economically important species: Protea neriifolia and Protea cynaroides. Fauna’ The typical faunal spectrum of the southern Cape mountains occurs here. This includes a few klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus and grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, as well as various small mammals. Birds include: black eagle Aquila verreauxii and jackal buzzard Buteo rufofuscus as well as various Nectarinia spp. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T) and blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, and Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini. Conservation Management A management plan is being drafted. Management consists primarily of the preparation of fire breaks and the control of Hakea spp. and Pinus pinaster. Zoning State Forest 39,869ha; private land, to be proclaimed Mountain Catchment Area of 40,131ha. Disturbances or Deficiencies Extensive areas are covered by the invasive plant Pinus pinaster and Hakea sericea. Limited burning by private landowners, also some uncontrolled grazing. Visitor Facilities None Scientific Research Resource inventory activities and monitoring of biological control of Hakea spp.. Special Scientific Facilities _ None on site. The area served by Saasveld Forestry Research Station, George. Principal Reference Material Unpublished departmental records Staff One resident forester, one clerk, two foremen, and 50 labourers at Formosa State Forest, Joubertina. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Humansdorp. Budget R100,000 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X537, Humansdorp, 6300. Date August 1983 GROENDAL WILDERNESS AREA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1896. Government Notice 869 of 1896 and Government Notice 212 of 1976. Geographical Location 15km from Uitenhage in Cape Province. 33°43’S, 25°18’E. Altitude 90-1,180m (Strydomsberg) Area 25,047ha -756- South Africa Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features The northern portion of the area forms part of the eastern outliers of the Groot winterhoek Mountains, which fall steeply south to a plateau intersected by deep ravines. The Groendal Dam falls within the wilderness area. Swartkops River flows through the area. Soils are derived from sandstones and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group, mostly sandy, acid, and leached. Annual average temperature range minimum: 11°C, maximum: 26°C. Annual rainfall 500-800mm, falling all year round. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Valley Bushveld (Veld Type 23) and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Valley Bushveld is restricted to lower lying areas and is a dense thicket from 1.5m to 6m in height. Euphorbia coerulescens is dominant. Fynbos can be divided into three groups: (i) high moist fynbos, occurring on steep moist slopes and dominated by Leucadendron eucalyptifolium; (ii) Protea neriifolia tall fynbos adjacent to moist high fynbos and valley bushveld; (iii) Leucadendron cuneiforme short fynbos, the most common fynbos, distinguished by L. cuneiforme and L. salignum and a ground layer dominated by grasses. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: no information available. Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, mountain reedbuck Redunca_ fulvorufula, chacma baboon Papio_ ursinus, and samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (V) and blue duiker Cephalophus monticola. Cultural Heritage Bushman paintings in cave Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area. Zoning State Forest Wilderness Area (2!,793ha); demarcated State Forest (1,063ha); and undemarcated State Forest (2,191ha) Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a lack of fences, resulting in leopards causing problems by catching stock on neighbouring farms. There is also some poaching. Visitor Facilities Facilities include showers and toilets at office, and three hiking trails of 18km, 8km and 10km respectively. There are no overnight huts. Numbers: 3,645 per annum. Potential: 4,000 per annum. Scientific Research Monitoring activities are carried out by a forester in collaboration with the University of Port Elizabeth, and by Saasveld Forestry Research Station. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Kruger, F.J. (1974). Report on conservation management proposals. Groendal State Forest. Directorate of Forestry, unpublished report. Staff Resident forester and staff of one clerk and 14 labourers. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Humansdorp. Budget R70,000 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X537, Humansdorp, 6300. Date August 1983 957= IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas TSITSIKAMMA INDIGENOUS FOREST Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection 86% Government-owned and 14% private land Date Established 1890. Decree number: Government Notice 701 of 1890 and Government Notice 116 of 1902. Geographical Location 10km from Plettenberg Bay in Cape Province. 33°48’-34°-5’S, 23°24’-24°25°E. Altitude Sea level-1,000m (Formosa Peak, Tsitsikamma Mountains) Area 15,615ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features Severe north-south orientated compressive stresses produced the so-called Cape Fold Belt with the resistant strata forming the prominent Tsitsikamma Mountain Range, running from east to west. Keurbooms, Bobbejaans, Groot, Bloukrans, Elandsbos, Kleinbos and Storms Rivers flow through the area. The Table Mountain Sandstone has weathered to sandy loams in the mountainous areas and the higher altitudes of the upper plateau and to loam soils throughout the lower plateau. These soils are acidic. Clayey soils are found in the lower plateau where the parent material belongs to the Bokkeveld Series. Annual average temperature range minimum: 11°C, maximum: 20°C. Annual rainfall from 650mm (on the coast) to 1,200mm (in the mountain range), falling all year round with peaks in February/March and from August to October. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4). Sites are generally ecologically complex and the following six forest types are approximate, artificial groupings of sites with similar features: (i) Very dry Scrub-Forest occurs on shallow soils and on hot, dry aspects with thorny shrubs such as Maytenus heterophylla, Carissa bispinosa, Scutia myrtina, and Dovyalis rhamnoides. (ii) Dry high-forest occurs on well-drained or shallow soils with warm aspects and especially on steep slopes, with Cassine peragua, Rhus chirindensis, Maytenus acuminata, and Canthium inerme. (iii) Medium- moist high-forest occurs on a generally poorly drained soils, with Olea capensis ssp. macrocarpa, Podocarpus latifolius and P. falcatus, Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus and Apodytes dimidiata. (iv) Moist high-forest occurs on moist, deep loamy soils on southerly aspects with Ocotea bullata, Maytenus peduncularis, Ilex mitis and Platylophus trifoliatus. (v) Wet high-forest occurs on cooler aspects with wet soils, often shallow, but with relatively good rainage where Cunonia capensis and Ocotea bullata form a main canopy. (vi) Very wet scrub-forest occurs on steep, wet slopes with shallow soils where Cunonia capensis is the dominant species, while Ocotea bullata, Podocarpus latifolius and Virgilia oroboides also occur. Economically important species: various species are harvested for the furniture trade, the most important being Ocotea bullata, Podocarpus latifolius, P. falcatus, Platylophus trifoliatus, Rapanea melanophloeos, and _ Olinia ventosa. Rumohra adiantiformis is harvested for the florist trade. Endemic species: Strelitzia alba occurs between Knysna and Humansdorp especially in the Grootrivier Pass. Fauna Conspicuous large mammals . include: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, and caracal Felis caracal. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola and lesser woolly bat Kerivoula lanosa. Arum lily frog Hyperolius horstockii; Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis, Knysna warbler Bradypterus sylvaticus, and Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini. Birdlife is prolific and some restricted forest species occur. -758- South Africa Conservation Management’ There is a management plan, but this is presently under revision. Natural area with low density tourism. Zoning Undemarcated State Forest 220ha, demarcated State Forest 14,289ha, private land 2,35lha Disturbances or Deficiencies Indigenous forest vegetation is threatened primarily by invasive Acacia melanoxylon and to a limited extent by Acacia mearnsii, which occurs mainly in the river courses. Visitor Facilities Facilities include the Tsitsikamma Hiking Trail, a camp site anda day walk at Groot River. Numbers: hiking trail (visitor nights) 12,163 per annum. Potential: camping (visitor nights) 11,392 per annum, Walks (visitors) 15,659 per annum, Fishing (visitors) 1,403 per annum, Mountain climbing (visitors) 365 per annum, Picnic (visitors) 845 per annum, Hiking trail (visitor nights) 54,000 per annum. Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by regional management and research staff Special Scientific Facilities | None on site, but the forest is served by Saasveld Forestry Research Station, George. Principal Reference Material ° Phillips, J.F.V. (1931). Forest Succession and Ecology in the Knysna Region. Government Printer, Pretoria. ° Von Breitenback, F. (1974). Southern Cape Forest and Trees. Government Printer, Pretoria. Staff Resident foresters and staff at each of the six forest stations. The area is the responsibility of two District Forest Officers at Humansdorp. Budget R78,500 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X537, Humansdorp, 6300. Date August 1983 STORMS RIVER NATURE RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1925 Geographical Location 90km from Plettenberg Bay in Cape Province. 33°51°-33°58’S, 23°50°-24°07°E Altitude 275-1,232m (Bakonkop) Area 13,700ha -159- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features The terrain is comprised of the foothills and southern slopes of the folded Tsitsikamma Mountains with high peaks, long radiating ridges, and the Kruis and Elands Rivers. The soils, derived from sandstone and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group, are mainly leached, sandy and acid. Annual average temperature range minimum: 5°C, maximum: 18°C. Annual rainfall 1,200mm, falling all year. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4) and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Podocarpus, Ocotea, and Cunonia forests. Tall mid-dense Leucadendron-Berzelia shrubland. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none. Fauna Mammal species include chacma baboon Papio ursinus, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, and caracal Felis caracal. Bird life is prolific and includes various Nectarinia spp. Threatened mammals: honey badger Mellivora capensis, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and blue duiker Cephalophus monticola; birds: Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini and protea canary Serinus leucopterus. Conservation Management A management plan is being drafted. Zoning None, all demarcated State Forest Disturbances or Deficiencies Presence of invasive plants such as Hakea sericea and Pinus pinaster. Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: nil. Potential: unknown Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Unpublished departmental reports Staff Nine foresters, 12 foremen, and 227 labourers at Storms River, Blue Lilliesbush and Witelsbos, all spending only a portion of their work time in this area. The areas are the responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Humansdorp. Budget R25,000 per annum (excluding salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X537, Humansdorp, 6300. Date August 1983 OTTERFORD STATE FOREST Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection Total -760- South Africa Date Established 1896. Government Notice 869 of 1896 and the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970. Geographical Location 20km from Hankey in Cape Province. 33°40’S, 25°00’E. Altitude 100-1,106m (Stinkhoutberg) Area 11,467ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features A fairly low mountain range, the Elandsberg, which arose from folding, is the easternmost extension of the Baviaanskloof Mountains: the Noagas, Boskloof, Heuningkloof, Diepkloof, Klein, Maartens and Loerie Rivers flow through the area. Soils are mainly sandy, acid and leached (lithosols) and are derived from sandstones and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group.. Annual average temperature range minimum: 10°C, maximum: 27°C. Annual rainfall 700mm, falling mainly in all year round. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of False Macchia (Veld Type 70). This is the most easterly remnant of typical fynbos, ie characteristic fynbos genera unmixed with grassy subtropical elements, especially in mesic proteoid communities. The dominant community is a Protea neriifolia shrubland. Economically important species: Protea neriifolia, P. cynaroides, P. repens and P. eximia. Endemic species: Paranomus reflexus, a member of the Proteaceae family. Fauna’ A comparatively rare lacertid lizard of the Nucras spp. occurs. Also occurring are chacma baboon Papio ursinus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, and caracal Felis caracal. Threatened reptiles: chameleon Bradypodion taeniobronchum (possibly endemic). Conservation Management A management plan is being drafted Zoning The area comprises State Forest, a Mountain Catchment Area, and a plantation. Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been a limited invasion by Pinus pinaster and lack of fences allows illegal grazing in areas. Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: 5 per annum. Potential: 2,500 per annum. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Bond, W. (1981). Conservation areas in Longmore State Forest and vicinity. Directorate of Forestry, unpublished report. Staff Four resident foresters, five foremen, two clerks, and 126 labourers at Otterford Forest Station. Area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer in Humansdorp. The Forester and staff are also responsible for a plantation area of 6,000ha adjoining this conservation area. Budget R6,000 per annum (excluding salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X537, Humansdorp, 6300. Date August 1983 -761- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas DE VASSELOT NATURE RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection Total Date Established 21 June 1974. Decree number: Government Notice 1053 of 1974. Geographical Location 2km from Nature’s Valley in Cape Province. 33°58’-34°00’S, 23°29?-23°35°E. Altitude Sea level-120m Area 2,560ha Land Tenure State. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features Soils are strongly influenced by deposits of marine clay on the coastal plateau with duplex soils. Sout, Brak and Groot Rivers flow through the area. Seasonally waterlogged soils (Nestleigh, Kroonstad) are dominant on the plateau, associated with dry soils on the verge of the plateau, with clay (often structured) sub-soils (Estcourt, Sterkspruit, Swartland). Annual average temperature range minimum: 5°C, maximum: 18°C. Annual rainfall 1,011mm, falling all year, with peaks in March, August, and October. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4), and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Indigenous forests occur in lower lying areas and kloofs, with the following dominant species occurring: Virgilia oroboides, Podocarpus latifolius, Podocarpus falcatus, Olinia ventosa, Rapanea melanophloeos, and Sideroxylon inerme. Proteaceae, Ericaceae and Restionaceae are typical of the fynbos and include Protea neriifolia, P. cynaroides, Leucadendron salignum, and Erica densifolia. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: various. Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis and klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. A number of pairs of African fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer occur, and many bird species typical of the forest and fynbos habitats. Threatened mammals: leopard Panthera pardus (T) and blue duiker Cephalophus monticola; birds: Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini. Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Boating activities in the Sout River mouth prove difficult to control as the Directorate of Forestry has no jurisdiction between the high and low water marks. Visitor Facilities Facilities include a Hiking trail (day trips). Numbers: 500 per annum. Potential: undetermined. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Unpublished management plan for the area. Staff Two resident foresters, three foremen and 50 labourers at Bloukrans and Keurbooms Rivers. The area is under the control of the District Forest Officer at Humansdorp. -762- South Africa Budget R30,000 per annum (excluding salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X537, Humansdorp, 6300. Date August 1983 ALEXANDRIA STATE FOREST Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1896. Government Notice 869 of 1896 and Government Notice 346 of 1915. Geographical Location 8km from Alexandria in Cape Province bordered in the east by the Bushmans River and in the west by the Sundays River. 33°37’-33°48’S, 25°52’-26°42’E. Altitude 0-362m Area 23,566ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features A system of ancient and recent both mobile and fixed dune ridges, some of which have been transformed into cliffs and sheets of dune rock. A portion of area consists of a vast mobile dune system (possibly the best example of such a system in the world). The dune rock cliffs at Cape Padrone and Woody Cape are impressive. Several blind streams end against the main barrier dune. Mobile sand, Tertiary limestone and aeolianite overlies the Cape System. Annual average temperature range minimum: 9.2°C, maximum: 25.5°C. Annual rainfall 392mm from (Sundays River mouth) to 934mm (Alexandria Forest Station), falling every month with three peaks in March, May, and September/October. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Alexandria Forest (Veld Type 2) and Eastern Province Thornveld (Veld Type 7). Predominant community is Alexandria Forest, the structure of which varies between thicket and forest proper. Community in younger dunes is dune thicket with isolated patches of coastal fynbos. The dune slacks support a characteristic dune slack community made up of 10 to 20 different species. The hummock dunes inland of high water mark are colonized by dune pioneers. A plant species list is available. Economically important species: not applicable. Endemic species: no information available. Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, large-spotted genet Genetta tigrina, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis, and black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas. Breeding colony of Damara terns Sterna balaenarum (R) found in Alexandria dunefield. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T). Conservation Management A drift sand reclamation plan exists for problem areas in the main dunefield. There is no management plan for the indigenous forest areas. Zoning Demarcated State Forest -763- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Disturbances er Deficiencies The area is largely unspoilt in spite of many potential management problems. The department does not have control over the intertidal zone with the result that beach vehicles cause a certain amount of disturbance. Registered Rights of Access of neighbours is a problem. Acacia cyclops is a major plant invader. Visitor Facilities No facilities have been developed, but fishermen make considerable use of the beach and unmarked forest paths are used by the public. There is also a picnic site in the forest. A section of the National Hiking Way System is being planned for the Alexandria State Forest to include both forest and beach. Numbers: 500 per annum. Potential: 750 per annum. Scientific Research Research projects include dunefield studies undertaken by the Zoology Department, of the University of Port Elizabeth, and an archaeological investigation done by the Albany Museum, Grahamstown. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° McLachlan, A., Sieben, P.R. and Ascaray, C. (1982). Survey of a major coastal dunefield in the eastern Cape. Zoology Department Report No 10., University of Port Elizabeth. ° Stehle, T.C. (n.d.). Waaisandbestuursplan vir die Alexandriakusstaatsbos. Unpublished departmental report. Staff One District Forest Officer, one resident forester, two foremen and 72 labourers Budget Approximately R350,000 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X432, King William’s Town, 5600. Date August 1983 SUURBERG STATE FOREST Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established Government Notice 869 of 1896 Geographical Location 20km from Addo in Cape Province. 33°17’-33°23’S, 25°17’-25°58’E. Altitude 250-970m (Olifantskop) Area 21,12lha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features Major geological formations are the folded quartzite, sandstone and shales of the Witteberg Series and the tillite and shales of the Dwyka Series. The mountain folds are the most outstanding physical feature of the area. The Kabouga and Wit Rivers flow through the area. Soils comprise sandy and clayey loams - shallow on the ridges and deeper in the -764- South Africa valleys and on the lower slopes. Annual average temperature range minimum: 4.7°C, maximum: 30.3°C. Annual rainfall 722mm, falling throughout the year, peaks in early and late summer. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of False Macchia (Veld Type 70). The following communities have been identified: Tristachya-Themeda veld on_ ridges above 800m, Festuca-Myrsine veld on southern moist slopes, Cliffortia veld on southern slopes, dry scrub forest on southern slopes and sheltered valleys, Themeda-Setaria veld on northern, drier slopes, Bobartia-Trachypogon veld on the broad ridge plateau, and very dry scrub forest on the southern Suurberg foothills (northern and western aspects). Economically important species: none. Endemic species: no information available. Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, caracal Felis caracal, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and lesser kudu T. imberbis, grey thebo Pelea capreolus and vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T) thought to occur. Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Efforts being made to declare the area a Wilderness Area. Zoning Ordinary Demarcated State Forest Disturbances or Deficiencies Prickly pear Opuntia aurantiaca, jointed cactus Opuntia ficus-indica and Acacia mearnsii are the most important invasives. Visitor Facilities Facilities include two marked day walks and picnic site. The main section open for hiking with no marked routes. Numbers: 1,654 per annum. Potential: underutilised at present. Scientific Research Limited botanical survey by Department of Plant Sciences, Rhodes University. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Stehle, T.C. (1979). Suurbergstaatsbos Brandbeskermings-en Beheerdebrandplan. Unpublished departmental report. Staff One District Forest Officer, one resident forester, and 12 labourers Budget Approximately R57,500 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X432, King William’s Town, 5600. Date August 1983 BATHURST STATE FOREST Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) -765- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Legal Protection Total Date Established 1897. Government Notice 182 of 1897. Geographical Location 5km from Bathurst in Cape Province. 33°16’-33°33’S, 26°42’-27°07’E. Altitude 0-827m (Governorskop) Area 5,315ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features The major geological formation is the Bokkeveld Series, with pronounced dipping and folding. The terrain is hilly with steeply sloped valleys. Witteberg quartzite is evident at Beggar’s Bush. There are both mobile and fixed coastal dunes with dune rock in places. The oxbow in the tidal Kowie River is visible from the viewpoint in the Waters Meeting Nature Reserve; various other rivers flow through the reserve. The dunes consist of unconsolidated aeolian sand with little profile development. The soils of the other areas of Bathurst consist of weakly developed stony soils on the slopes with deeper, well-drained alluvial soils in the valleys. Annual average temperature range minimum: 12.7°C, maximum: 23.3°C. Annual rainfall 650mm falling mainly in autumn and spring. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Alexandria Forest (Veld Type 2), Valley Bushveld (Veld Type 23) and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Most of the vegetation is Valley Bushveld, represented by two basic variations - that of the hill tops and slopes and that found along the river and stream courses (defined as mesic woodland and thicket or Kaffrarian Succulent Thicket). Beggar’s Bush, located on quartzite shale, supports a fynbos community with forest pockets. The dune vegetation contains typical pioneer, intermediate and climax dune thicket species (drift sand reclamation has been carried out using indigenous species; invasives are being eradicated). A plant species list available. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: little information available. The following are south-east Cape endemics: Aloe ciliaris, Asparagus crassicladus, Combretum caffrum, Euphorbia grandidens, Scadoxus puniceus, and Strelitzia reginae. Fauna’ Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, and vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T) thought to occur. Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area. Zoning Nature Reserve (986ha); demarcated State Forest (3,824ha) and undemarcated State Forest (505ha) Disturbances or Deficiencies Suspected poaching and stock trespassing create certain problems. Opuntia aurantiaca and Acacia cyclops are major plant invaders. The construction of a dam within Waters Meeting Nature Reserve is expected to cause major environmental disturbance. Visitor Facilities | Facilities include unmarked walks and three picnic sites in the Waters Meeting Nature Reserve. A trail is being planned for the area. Numbers: 3,545 per annum. Potential: close to desired limit. Scientific Research Brief botanical survey of Waters Meeting Nature Reserve by the Department of Plant Sciences, Rhodes University Special Scientific Facilities None -766- South Africa anal Reference Material ° Heydorn, A.E.F. and Grindley, J.R. (1982). Estuaries of the Cape, Part II. Synopses of Available Information on Individual Systems. Report No 10, Kowie, CSIR Research Report, 409 pp. ° Lubke, R.A., Court, G.D., Palmer, A.R., Wilken, St.E. and Lang, C. (1983). Report on the Conservation of the Riparian Woodland of the Valley Bushveld, (with specific objections to the construction of an off-channel reservoir on the Bathurst Stream to augment the fresh water supply to Port Alfred Municipality). Unpublished representation to the Minister of Environment Affairs. Staff One District Forest Officer, one resident forester, one foreman, and 42 labourers. Budget R155,000 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X432, King William’s Town, 5600. Date August 1983 EAST LONDON COAST STATE FOREST Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1887. Government Notice 1029 of 1887 and Government Notice 1108 of 1904. Geographical Location 5km from East London in Cape Province. 32°42’ -33°18'S, 27°26’-28°23’E. Altitude 0-349m Area 4,369ha Land Tenure Government owned, administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features The coastal strip consists of both mobile and fixed dune ridges aligned parallel to the coast with vegetation. Ruins of Fort Grey and Fort Pato are located within the so-called coastal belt. Several kilometres of unspoilt coastline are a feature of the Border Region. Geological formation is mainly Beaufort Series of the Karoo System, which has been cut by the Buffalo River valley. Keiskamma River mouths and various other rivers are also in the area. Soils along the coast consist of unconsolidated dune sand with very limited profile development. Other soils (such as at Fort Grey and Fort Pato) are derived from Beaufort Sandstones and shales and doleritic intrusions. These soils can be grouped as red doleritic clays, black doleritic clays, and gray sandy loams. Annual average temperature range minimum: 10,2°C, maximum: 25,6°C. Annual rainfall 862mm, falling in all months. Peaks in March and October. Vegetation Coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type 1) and Valley Bushveld (Veld: Type 23). The area is dominated by coastal vegetation and consists of pioneer dune communities and -767- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas the various successional stages towards climax dune forest or dune thicket. The vegetation of Fort Pato and Fort Grey is a mixture of grassland, invasive thornveld, and dry forest. A plant species list is available. Economically important species of plants: none. Endemic species of plants: Umtiza listerana. Fauna Mammals: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis, caracal Felis caracal, and antbear Orycteropus afer. Birds are numerous and include a breeding pair of crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus. Threatened species: Samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis and tree dassie Dendrohyrax arboreus, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola. Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area. Zoning Nature Reserves (Fort Pato and Fort Grey, 889ha); demarcated State Forest (2,023ha); undemarcated State Forest (1,457ha). Disturbances or Deficiencies Beach vehicles cause a certain amount of disturbance. Usual problems in dealing with the public are encountered; trespassing, making of fires, littering, etc. Invasive plants include Acacia cyclops, A. cyanophylla, A. mearnsii, Lantana spp. and Sesbania spp.. Visitor Facilities Walks in Nature reserves, picinic sites along coast, caravan park at Double Mouth. Numbers: 1,450 per annum. Potential: maximum almost reached. Scientific Research Dune studies by regional management staff, and limited study on birdlife by the East London Museum. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Board, C. (1962). The Border Region, Natural Environment and Land Use in the Eastern Cape. Edited by E.D Mountain and J.V.L. Rennie, Oxford University Press, 238 pp. Staff One District Forest Officer, one resident forester, two foremen, and 47 labourers Budget Approximately 225,000 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X432, King William’s Town, 5600. Date August 1983 THE DRAKENSBERG STATE FORESTS Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1930. Gazette Notice 781 of 1973 and Gazette Notice 1563 of 1979. -768- South Africa Geographical Location From north to south: 40km from Winterton, 50km from Mooi River, 40km from Nottingham Road, 13km from Himeville, 50km from Underberg in Natal. 29°40’-30°55’S, 28°55’-29°45’E. Altitude 1,350m-3,377m (Champagne Castle) Area 190,000ha; Cathedral Peak State Forest (31,500ha); Monk’s Cowl State Forest (20,500ha); Highmoor State Forest (30,500ha), Mkhomazi State Forest (41,000ha); Cobham State Forest (39,000ha); Garden Castle State Forest (27,500ha). Together with the Natal Parks Board areas and Sehlbathebe National Park, a composite natural area of over 2,000km exists. The State forests and the Natal Parks Board areas together consititute the largest natural area in Natal. Land Tenure Government owned, administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs Physical Features It comprises a mountain range of horizontally bedded strata. The underlying sedimentary layers (Molteno, Elliot and Clarens formations) rise in clearly defined steps, constituting the foothills and the Little Berg. These are covered by basalt layers nearly two kilometers thick. The scarps of the Little and Main ’Berg were formed by valley head erosion, resulting in landscapes not found in any other mountain system. The Drakensberg escarpment forms one of the major natural spectacles of the sub-continent. All the major tributaries of the Tugela, Mkhomazi and Mzimkulu Rivers flow through the areas. Soils are principally dystrophic, highly weathered, shallow ferriferous oxisols, highly acid, with low fertility, and is characterised by high (near toxic) levels of aluminium and manganese in the B horizon. Seepage and wet areas contain gleyed or organic soils. Detrital and valley bottom areas carry a variety of transported soils. Annual average temperature range minimum: 9.3°C, maximum: 16.4°C. Annual rainfall 1,300mm, falling mainly in summer rainfall (80%), but with snowfalls and some rain in winter (20%). This is the most important catchment area in Natal. Vegetation Highland Sourveld (Veld Type 44(a)), Themeda-Festuca Alpine Veld (Veld Type 58), and Southern Tall Grassveld (Veld Type 65). The only alpine vegetation to be found in southern Africa is found in the high-altitude areas of the Drakensberg and the Maluti mountains. A narrow belt of alpine vegetation occurs throughout the high areas of these reserves, with a wider belt of sub-alpine vegetation below this. The vegetation of the Alpine and Sub-alpine Belts consists of tussock grasslands, heathland and extensive watersource wetlands consisting of bogs and vleis. The Afro-montane region vegetation is composed of forests and associated savannas, shrublands and both fire-climax and edaphic grasslands, and related communities such as vleis and shallow-soil areas. The Drakensberg mountain archipelago has been identified as an important regional centre of endemism, while the entire area is a localised centre of speciation of outstanding importance, with an estimated 300 endemics out of a total of about 1,800 plant species present. The Passerina, Erica, Cliffortia dwarf alpine heathlands found at between +/- 2,900 and 3,400m are dominated by Erica and ericoid species, and contain a number of endemic species not yet identified. The Passerina, Philippia and Widdringtonia heathlands are found at altitudes of between +/- 1,800 to 2,900m. The high elevation Afro-alpine grassland communities lie at altitudes above 1,800m, and occur on very shallow soils which frequently freeze, even in summer. The veld is characteristically short and dense. The Highland Sourveld dominants include: Themeda triandra, Tristachya leucothrix, Heteropogon contortus, and Diheteropogon filifolius. Podocarpus forest dominants include: Podocarpus latifolius, Pterocelastrus echinatus, Celtis africana and Curtisia dentata. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: the approximately 300 endemic plants include a number of ericoid and asteraceous species. These are principally found in the alpine and sub-alpine communities. There are also a limited number of Afro-montane endemics present. Fauna Porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, common reedbuck Redunca arundinum, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas, red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O), and eland Taurotragus oryx. About 100 species of birds -769- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas have been recorded in the area. Threatened species: fourteen species of rare and endangered birds occur in the area; mammals include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), (T) serval Felis seryal and oribi Ourebia ourebi. Cultural Heritage Caves along the length of the Drakensberg are home to some important Stone Age rock art, in the form of Bushman paintings. Localised concentrations, such as in the Ndedema, and the high quality of the art work make these paintings a heritage of world significance. Conservation Management Yes. Area is actively managed with a burning programme, control of wildfire, and for protection of the water resources and natural communities. Zoning Existing areas: Mdedelelo Wilderness Area (27,000ha); Mkhomazi Wilderness Area (48,600ha); Mzimkulu Wilderness Area (28,400ha); and Mzimkulwana Nature Reserve (23,000ha); Proposed areas: Mlambonja Wilderness Area (5,000ha); and new nature reserves (58,000ha). Disturbances or Deficiencies Frequent wildfire of natural and human origin in the past, now mainly prescribed burns occur. Invasive plant species include Acacia mearnsii, Rubus cuneifolius and some Pinus species, mainly Pinus patula. Visitor Facilities | Primitive wilderness and related facilities include mountaineering. The Giant’s Cup Section of the National Hiking Way provides a total of 60km of trail with four overnight huts. Camp facilities with ablution blocks are available at two forest stations (Cathedral Peak and Monk’s Cowl). Primitive camp sites are also available at three other stations. There are many hotels and hutted camps adjacent to the state forests from which visitors may undertake walks or hikes. Access is through a number of entry gates. Many popular day or part day walks are available. Numbers: 70,000 per annum. Potential: 150,000 per annum. Scientific Research Intensive long-term research programmes are undertaken to provide a sound scientific basis for management of the catchments and the natural communities. A part of the programme provides intensive monitoring of water yield and quality from a number of gauged catchments. Ecological programmes investigate a variety of grassland and woody communities, to provide information for management prescriptions of the burning programme. An environmental monitoring programme is currently being designed. Special Scientific Facilities There are streamflow and rainfall gauges in the research catchments at Cathedral Peak, supplemented by a meteorological station. Meteorological measurements are also undertaken at each forest station, for the fire model. Principal Reference Material ° Hilliard, O.M. (1978). Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, 36(2): 407-425. Edinburgh. ° Hilliard, O.M. (1980). A preliminary list of plants endemic to the Drakensberg or, in Natal, confined to the Drakensberg. University of Natal. ° Killick, D.J.B. (1963). Ecology of Catheral Peak Area. Botanical Survey of South Africa Memoirs No 34, Pretoria, Botanical Research Institute. ° Killick, D.J.B. (1978). Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. In: Werger M.J.A. (Ed). The Hague, W. Junk. ° White, F. (1978). Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. In: Werger M.J.A. (Ed). The Hague, W. Junk. Staff The office of the Regional Director, Natal Forest Region, Pietermaritzburg houses resource management and planning staff (five professional and three technical officers). One at each of the six stations, one or two technical management staff control approximately 25,000 to 30,000ha each. A force of six to 12 guards per station and approximately 25 labourers is also maintained on each station. At Cathedral Peak, a permanent research staff of three professional officers and three technical staff are maintained. -710- South Africa Budget R750,000 per annum (including research and salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X9029, Pietermaritzburg, 3200. Date April 1984 PORTION OF WEZA STATE FOREST Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1904. Government Notice 60 Geographical Location 20km from Kokstad in Natal. 30°31°’-30°41°S, 29°34’-29°43°E. Altitude 960-2,268m (iNgeli Peak in iNgeli Mountain Range) Area Approximately 9,000ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features The geological formations of Weza State Forest are classified as the Karoo System, Ecca Series, which consist of sandstones and shales. Numerous doleritic dykes and sills have intruded into the area to form the iNgeli Mountain Range and eastward-running ridges of the foothills. There are various streams of which the Mtamvuna is the largest. On the slopes and foothills of the iNgeli Mountain Range, the soils are doleritic and of good depth, except along ridges and certain areas of sheet rock, where they are shallow. Soils are typically yellow and apedal, freely drained and dystrophic. Soils of the Southern Tall Grassveld Veld Type are of doloritic nature, shallow and tend to be very erodable. Annual average temperature range minimum: 9°C, maximum: 19°C. Annual rainfall 1,000mm, increasing to 1,500mm on iNgeli Mountain Range, falling mainly in summer (October to May). Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Highland Sourveld (Veld Type 44(a)), Natal Mist Belt ’Ngongoni Veld (Veld Type 45), and Southern Tall Grassveld (Veld Type 65). Dominant species of the Highland Sourveld include Themeda triandra, Tristachya hispida, Trachypogon capensis, Heteropogon contortus, Eragrostis chalcantha, and Eragrostis capensis. The Natal Mist Belt *"Ngongoni Veld is Themeda dominated sourveld, relatively sparse, and today largely replaced by Aristida junciformis. Dominant species include: Trachypogon capensis, Tristachya leucothrix, Eragrostis chalcantha, and Heteropogon contortus. The Southern Tall Grassveld is dominated by Themeda and Hyparrhenia, typical in an open savanna of Acacia sieberana var. woodii, with plentiful patches of Hyparrhenia hirta. Two major and a complex of minor Podocarpus forests also occur on the reserve. Afromontane forests are dominated by Podocarpus falcatus, P. latifolius, P. henkelii, Calodendrum capense, and Ocotea bullata, etc. Economically important species: Podocarpus spp., Ocotea bullata, and others. Endemic species: Dioscorea brownii and Macowania conferta. Streptocarpus johannis is endemic from Port St Johns to the iNgeli area. -771- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus (750), common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia (750), caracal Felis caracal, large spotted genet Genetta tigrina, large grey mongoose Herpestes ichneumon, water mongoose Alilax paludinosus, Cape clawless otter Aonyx capensis, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, and grey rhebok Pelea capreolus. Birdlife is abundant and includes a number of interesting raptor and forest species. Threatened species: serval Felis serval and samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis (large populations in each main forest area). Various species of endangered birds occur in the area, including the Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres, and several raptor species. Conservation Management There is no management plan and the reserve is only serviced by the Weza State Forest fire protection plan for the plantation as a whole. Zoning Ordinary demarcated State forests inclusive of proposed protected natural area cover 21,703ha. The proposed nature reserve will cover about 9,000ha, which will include most of the iNgeli Mountain plus two of the largest forests in south-west Natal (the iNgeli and the Mpetyene). A high proportion of the latter is in near pristine condition. Disturbances or Deficiencies Natural fire caused mainly by lightning is frequent in grassland areas. Encroachment of alien weed bramble Rubus spp., setting of snares and poaching of wildlife in indigenous forests, ringbarking of stinkwood Ocotea bullata and other species in indigenous forests by local tribesmen for medicinal purposes, unlawful grazing by domestic cattle, and the Ingele National Hiking Way which passes through area. Exotic trout Salmo spp. were introduced in the 1920s. Deposits of bauxite were discovered in the area, but it is not known whether or not they are economically exploitable. Visitor Facilities Facilities include 92km of National Hiking Way trail, which includes four overnight huts. There is no visitor access during fire season (June to August) to the adjacent Weza plantation. Numbers: 2,100 per annum. Potential: 25,000 per annum. Scientific Research A forest inventory was undertaken in 1979. The biology and management of bushbuck and common duiker are being studied at present. Special Scientific Facilities Temporary laboratory for latter research programme Principal Reference Material ° Cyrus, D.P. and Robson, N.F. (1980). Bird Atlas of Natal. Pietermaritzburg, University of Natal Press. ° Various unpublished departmental reports. Staff One special grade control forester, seven foresters, 18 foremen, and 450 labourers at Weza Forest Station. The area is the responsibility of a District Forest Officer at iNgeli, Pietermaritzburg. Budget R2,000,000 per annum for the entire plantation area (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag 9029, Pietermaritzburg, 3200. Date July 1983 -772- South Africa SODWANA/CAPE VIDAL STATE FORESTS Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total. The Defence Force has rights to the area and uses it for weapons testing and training. Date Established 1956. Decree number: Government Notice 1408 of 1956 Geographical Location 40km from St Lucia in Natal. 27°32’-28°08’S, 32°25’-32°40°E. Altitude 5-172m Area 57,954ha (Cape Vidal State Forest, 10,684ha and Sodwana State Forest, 47,270ha) Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Natal Parks Board have permanent rights as well as responsibility for administration of a 0.8km strip bordering on Lake St Lucia. Physical Features The reserve comprises a large coastal barrier dune system with spectacular high forested dunes reaching a height of 172m and separating the sea from a coastal lake-estuarial system. It borders on the largest estuarial system in Africa, which includes Lake St Lucia, an inland fresh water lake. Soil survey is being undertaken at present. Annual average temperature range minimum: 17°C, maximum: 25°C. Annual rainfall 1,157mm, falling mainly in summer (67% of rainfall from October to March). Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type 1). This area contains one of the three prime dune conservation sites on the Natal coast as well as large expanses of hygrophilous grassland and a large undisturbed Phragmites-Cyperus papyrus swamp system. Dune forest on coastal dune with Mimusops caffra, Diospyros natalensis and Ziziphus mucronata. Coastal grassland dominated by Themeda triandra, Aristida junciformis, and hygrophilous species such as Sporobolus subtilis and Acroceras macrum. Swamp forest dominants include Barringtonia racemosa and Syzygium cordatum. Pans, reed and sedge swamp dominated by Eleocharis dregeana and Fuirena spp.. Economically important species: Juncus kraussii (reedmats). Endemic species: not known. Fauna Reedbuck Redunca arundinum (5,000), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus and vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops. Threatened mammals: samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis, and large grey thick-tailed bushbaby Galago crassicaudatus; reptiles: veld monitor Varanus exanthematicus albigularis, water monitor Varanus niloticus, crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), Southern African python Python sebae natalensis and gaboon adder Bitis gabonica. Threatened birds include: pink-backed pelican Pelecanus rufescens, white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, woolly-necked stork Ciconia episcopus, Ayres’ eagle Hieraaetus dubius and southern banded snake-eagle Circaetus fasciolatus, as well as various forest species, not rare within the forest, but threatened by loss of habitat elsewhere. Conservation Management There is a preliminary management plan. Zoning Central section proposed as Wilderness Area under the Forest Act and the remainder as a nature reserve. Disturbances or Deficiencies A portion of the area is used for the testing of military missiles, which has led to problems with wild fires. Military use in the northern area has damaged the vegetation. =H13- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Visitor Facilities There are no visitor facilities in the State Forest as such. Some developments may be carried out in the future. Numbers: none. Potential: unknown. Scientific Research Hippopotamus, reedbuck and ecology of the coastal dune systems. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Taylor, R.H. (1980). A land capability study for hippopotamuses at Lake St Lucia, Zululand. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Natal. Staff Three professional, three technical and 20 labourers a combination of a Forestry and Natal Parks Board personnel. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Eshowe, and is served by a professional planning team from Pietermaritzburg. Budget R50,000 per annum (excluding salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Private Bag 506, Eshowe, 3815. Date July 1983 PORTION OF DUKUDUKU STATE FOREST Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Not fully protected. Only 85% Government-owned. The remainder is on lease and will revert to Government control in 1989. Date Established 1930. Government Notice 1479 of 1930. The indigenous forest area will probably be declared a nature reserve in 1984/1985. Geographical Location 16km from Mtubutuba in Natal. 28°17’-28°27°S, 32°14’-32°24’E. Altitude 4-70m Area 15,055ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. A portion of the forest is at present being leased from the Government by a private farmer. This area will revert to Government control in 1989, when the lease expires. Physical Features The area consists of a number of parallel dune ridges and troughs. Clayey soils occur on the eastern dunes and in the troughs. The rest of the soils are grey to red sands. Water bodies include the Mfutululu Lake, Umfolozi River and Mpate stream (on borders). A soil survey is presently under way. Annual average temperature range minimum: 13.4°C, maximum: 30°C. Annual rainfall 1,000mm, falling mainly in summer (60% of rainfall from October to March). Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Typical Coast-belt Forest (Veld Type I(a)). The area is dominated by coastal Lowland Forest with natural grassland tongues in between the forest patches. The average canopy height ranges between 12 and 18 metres. Dominant -774- South Africa canopy species in the various forest communities are, Strychnos decussata, S. madagascariensis, Celtis africana, Trichilia dregeana, Harpephyllum caffrum, Hymenocardia ulmoides, and Apodytes dimidiata in places. A very limited patch is dominated by Chrysophyllum viridifolium and Cavacoa aurea. Other species of interest are Manilkara discolor, Tapura fischeri, Croton sylvaticus, Balanites maughamii, and Podocarpus falcatus. Swamp forest has limited distribution in the area and it is dominated by Ficus trichopoda, Schefflera umbellifera, Voacanga thouarsii, and Syzygium cordatum. Economically important species: Phragmites spp., and Juncus kraussii for reed mats. Endemic species: unknown. Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, nyala T. angasi, porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. This forest is an important breeding area for long-crested eagle Lophaetus occipitalis, crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus, southern banded snake eagle Circaetus fasciolatus, black sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus, broadbilled roller Eurystomus glaucurus and white-eared barbet Smilorhis leucotis. These birds have been recorded nesting or displaying in the area. Threatened mammals: red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis, thick-tailed bushbaby Galago crassicaudatus; birds: forest species, many of which appear in the South African Red Data Book (Brooke, 1984), are well represented. Conservation Management A mangement plan is in the process of being drawn up. Zoning Wilderness Area and proposed nature reserve under the Forest Act Disturbances or Deficiencies Disturbances include poaching, cutting of saplings, alien plant invasion, and the presence of timber research plots in between indigenous forest patches. Visitor Facilities There is a picnic site only. Numbers: undetermined. Potential: unknown. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Gordon, I.G. (1983). 4th year report, College for Foresters, Saasveld, typescript. ° Henkel, J.S., St Ballenden, S.C., and Bayer, A.W. (1936). An account of the plant ecology of the Dukuduku forest reserve and adjoining areas of the Zululand coast belt. Annals of the Natal Museum 8: 95-125. ° Brooke, R.K. (1984). South African Red Data Book - Birds. South African National Scientific Programme Report No. 97. Staff There is one District Forest Officer, one resident forester, and six forest guards, who spend a portion of their time in the natural area and the rest in the forestry plantation. Budget R20,000, 00 per annum (excluding salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag 503, Eshowe, 3815. Date July 1983 HIS IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas NTENDEKA WILDERNESS AREA Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1905. Government Notice 53 of 1905 Government Notice 1870 of 1975. Geographical Location 62km from Vryheid in Natal. 27°47’S-27°54’S, 31°21’E-31°27’E. Altitude 500-1,200m Area 5,230ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features Dolerite and sandstone cliffs bisect the area. The Landscape above and below the cliffs is undulating. Cliffs are subject to parallel retreat through ~ granular disintegration and rock fall. The cliffs are spectacular and produce waterfalls. The headwaters of Umfolozi River flow through the reserve. Soils are red ferriferous, highly leached and deeply weathered acidic soils of mixed dolerite and sandstone origin. Annual average temperature range minimum: 14°C, maximum: 23°C. Annual rainfall 1,500mm, falling mainly in summer (October to March). Vegetation Vegetation types consist of North-eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8). Cooper, who has just completed a survey of the forests of Natal, regards Ngome as an excellent example of a transitional forest from the Indian Ocean Coast Belt Type (Coastal Escarpment sub-type) to the Afro-Montane type (Mist Belt Mixed Podocarpus sub-type. Trees are more typical of the Coastal Escarpment forests. The following have been recorded at Ngome Protorhus longifolia, Croton sylvaticus, Trichilia dregeana, Eugenia natalitia, Schefflera umbellifera, Rauvolfia caffra, Trema orientalis, Anastrabe integerrima, Harpephyllum caf frum, Trichocladus grandiflorus, Cassinopsis tinifolia and Dalbergia armata. On the other hand, trees more typical of the Mist Belt Mixed Podocarpus forests, which occur at Ngome include: Xymalos monospora, Cryptocarya myrtifolia, Rinorea angustifolia, Ficus craterostoma, Podocar pus latifolius, Indigofera natalensis, and Olea capensis var. macrocarpa. The six most abundant large forest trees at Ngome are: Syzygium gerrardii, Combretum kraussii, Brachylaena discolor spp. transvaalensis, Cryptocarya myrtifolia, Rhus chirindensis, and Zanthoxylum davyi. Highland Grassland of Acocks Veld Type 8 includes Themeda triandra, Loudetia simplex, Tristachya leucothrix. Dominant Lowland Savanna Grasslands: Themeda triandra, Eragrostis capensis, and Cymbopogon excavatus. Economically important species: local people utilised many of the plants found here for medicinal and other purposes. Valuable timber trees include species such as Podocarpus latifolius. Endemic species: Helichrysum ngomense, Schizochilus gerrardii, and Brachystelma ngomense. Fauna Threatened mammals: red duiker Cephalophus_ natalensis, samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola. Birds: white stork Ciconia ciconia, martial eagle Polemactus bellicosus, mountain buzzard Buteo oreophilus, wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern), Gurney’s sugarbird Promerops gurneyi, bald ibis Geronticus calvus (R) and various others included in the South African Red Data Book (Brooke, 1984). Vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis, and bushpig Potamochoerus porcus. Conservation Management Investigations are under way to identify suitable land surrounding the area for acquisition and subsequent enlargement of the wilderness area. A_ policy memorandum is to be completed by December 1984. -776- South Africa Zoning Entire 5,230ha is gazetted Wilderness Area under the Forest Act. An additional area is proposed as a nature reserve. Disturbances or Deficiencies Overgrazing and injudicious burning practises in the past cause problems. Erosion scars are clearly visible. Invasive plants Acacia melanoxylon, Caesalpinia decapetala, Solanum mauritianum, and Rubus spp. are present. Visitor Facilities Management trails are used by visitors. Numbers: 100 per annum. Potential: 300 per annum. Scientific Research Resource inventory Special Scientific Facilities None available Principal Reference Material ° Brooke, R.K. (1984). South African Red Data Book - Birds. South African National Scientific Programme Report No. 97. Staff One professional, one technical and 15 labourers. The area falls under responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Eshowe. The area is served by a professional conservation planning team from Pietermaritzburg. Budget R31,100 per annum (excluding salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag 506, Eshowe, 3815. Date 1984 MAPHELANA NATURE RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total (100% Government-owned) Date Established No information. Undemarcated State Forest, to be declared a Nature Reserve during 1984. Geographical Location 50km from Kwambonambi in Natal. 32°24°-32°26’S, 28°24’-28°29°E. Altitude 0-188m (188m) Area 1,102ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features Maphelana consists of a very high coastal barrier dune system separating the sea from a large coastal wetland area and is one of only three macro-dune areas on the Zululand coast. The area includes the highest forested dune in South Africa. The Mfolozi River flows along the western boundary. The soils consist of unconsolidated white to grey-brown sand with a topsoil pH of between 6.7 and 7. Annual average temperature range i IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas minimum: 17.5°C, maximum: 25.4°C. Annual rainfall 1,288mm, falling mainly in summer (October to March) 60% of rainfall. Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type 1). The forest exhibits two clearly distinguishable communities due to the influence of salt sea spray, is thought to be one of the best preserved dune forests in Natal and exhibits a high species richness. The most extensive of these is the Diospyros natalensis community, which covers the lee dune. The other occurs on the foredune, where the salt spray damage is intense. Mimusops caffra and Strelitzia nicolai are the most conspicuous trees in the foredune. Economically important species: small quantities of Phragmites australis, but otherwise none recorded. Endemic species: none recorded. Fauna Vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops and bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus. Birdlife is prolific and includes many forest species. Threatened mammals: thick tailed bushbaby Galago crassicaudatus and samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis; birds: cuckoo hawk Aviceda cuculoides, long crested eagle Lophaetus occipitalis, Ayres’ eagle Hieraaetus dubius, crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus, southern banded snake-eagle Circaetus fasciolatus, African fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, crested guineafowl Guttera pucherani, green coucal Ceuthmochares aereus, Rudd’s apalis Apalis ruddi, Woodward’s batis Batis fratrum, wattle-eyed flycatcher Platysteira peltata, and green twinspot Mandingoa nitidula. Conservation Management A policy memorandum is to be completed in mid 1984. This area originally formed a part of a dune mining lease but, due to public pressure, the mining companies agreed not to mine the area. Zoning Area not zoned Disturbances or Deficiencies The only real disturbance is due to off-road vehicles on the beach and sand dune area. This is not a major problem at this stage. Visitor Facilities There are none within the area, but Natal Parks Board camp on northern border. Numbers: not applicable. Potential: low. Scientific Research A description of the forest has been completed and a dune vegetation inventory and ordination is being undertaken at present. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Weisser, P.J. (1978). A vegetation study of the Zululand dune areas. Natal Town and Regional Planning Commission Report No. 38, Pietermaritzburg. ° Venter, H.J.T. (1976). An ecological study of the dune forest at Mapelana, Cape St Lucia, Zululand. Journal of South African Botany 42(2): 211-230. Staff One District Forest Officer, one forester on a part-time basis, and two forest guards. The area is served by a conservation planning team from Pietermaritzburg. Budget R13,000 per annum (excluding salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag 503, Eshowe, 3815. Date July 1983 aie South Africa NELSHOOGTE/BERLIN STATE FORESTS Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1923. Government Notice 1958 of 1923 and Government Notice 756 of 1936. Geographical Location 40km from Nelspruit (Berlin), 42km from Barberton (Nelshoogte) in Transvaal. 25°30’-25°55’S, 30°40’-30°5S’E. Altitude 855-1,717m (Nelsberg) Area 3,500ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features The escarpment provides scenic viewpoints on the escarpment and there is a cave system on Berlin State Forest. Tributaries of the Elands River on Berlin and catchments for the Queens and Suidkaap Rivers on Nelshoogte flow through the area. Avalon and Hutton forms. Hornblende granites of the Cape Valley type comprise the geology of the area. Annual average temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 21°C. Annual rainfall from 1,144mm (Berlin) to 1,099mm (Nelshoogte), falling mainly in summer (September-April). Vegetation Vegetation types consist of North-Eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8), Lowveld Sour Bushveld (Veld Type 9), and Lowveld (Veld Type 10). Lowveld bushveld on the lower areas passing into Lowveld Sour Bushveld on the slopes. Patches of indigenous forest in the cooler wet kloofs with dry scrub forest in the warmer dry kloofs. Montane grassveld on the higher slopes and on top of the escarpment. Dominant plant species include Nuxia floribunda, Celtis africana, Fagara davyi, Acacia caffra, Curtisia dentata, Cussonia spicata, Faurea galpinii, Diospyros whyteana, Ficus ingens and F. sycomorus. Various scarce plants are found in higher lying areas, such as Encephalartos laevifolius, and E. humilis. Economically important species: no information available. Endemic Species: Encephalartos humilis, Protea roupelliae ssp. hamiltonit. Fauna Mammals: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, caracal Felis caracal and small spotted genet Genetta genetta. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T), serval Felis serval, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and red duiker Cephalophus natalensis. Conservation Management’ There is a management plan for this area. It is managed at this stage for species protection and fire protection. Zoning Nelshoogte Nature Reserve (21]1ha); D.R. Hamilton Protea Nature Reserve (25ha); Starvation Creek Nature Reserve (353ha); and demarcated State land (2,91 lha) Disturbances or Deficiencies Frequent burning may lead to degradation of the vegetation. Burning is carried out in blocks to combat this problem. Part of a planned road threatens Ngodwana kloof on the Berlin plantation. Visitor Facilities There is one picnic site at Nelshoogte. Numbers: less than 50 per annum. Potential: can be developed. Scientific Research Population dynamics research on Encephalartos laevifolius. -779- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Special Scientific Facilities _ None on site; research is done from the D.R. de Wet Research Station, Sabie. Principal Reference Material Various unpublished departmental reports Staff One professional forest officer doing planning from Regional Office at Nelspruit and four plantation foresters who carry out burning on a rotational basis Budget No figures available Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag 11201, Nelspruit, 1200. Date August 1983 UITSOEK STATE FOREST Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) and 3.22.12 (South African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1953. Government Notice 361 of 1953. Geographical Location 55km from Nelspruit in Transvaal. 25°13’-25°22’S, 30°32’-30°39’E. Altitude 975-2,135m (Makobolwane) Area 2,270ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features Facilities include an escarpment with rocky krantzes, patches of indigenous forest, kloofs, waterfalls and the Houtbosloop River, a tributary of the Crocodile River. Annual average temperature range minimum: 14°C, maximum: 28°C. Annual rainfall 895mm, falling mainly in summer (September-April). Vegetation Vegetation types consist of North-Eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8), Lowveld Sour Bushveld (Veld Type 9), and Lowveld (Veld Type 10). Three veld types follow one on the other up the kloof to the top of the escarpment. A wide variety of species occur in this area, of which Encephalartos humilis is the most important. Prominent trees include Pterocarpus angolensis and Faurea speciosa. Indigenous forests are found in kloofs along the escarpment. Economically important species: no information available. Endemic species: Encephalartos humilis. Fauna Include the above endangered species, and also bushbuck TJragelaphus scriptus, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, caracal Felis caracal, and small spotted genet Genetta genetta. Birds: 97 species have been recorded. Two pairs of blue cranes Anthropoides paradisea breed in the area. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus, serval Felis serval, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and red duiker Cephalophus natalensis. -780- South Africa Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Zoning Wonderkloof Nature Reserve (723ha); Flora Nature Reserve (47ha); Demarcated State land (1,500ha) Disturbances or Deficiencies None Visitor Facilities Facilities include a picnic site. Numbers: 50 per annum. Potential: high potential for development Scientific Research Hydrological research Special Scientific Facilities None on site, but the forest is served by the D.R. de Wet Forest Research Station, Sabie Principal Reference Material Various unpublished departmental reports Staff | One professional forest officer at the Regional Office in Nelspruit responsible for planning two plantation foresters who carry out rotational burning Budget No figures available Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag 11201, Nelspruit, 1200. Date August 1983 CEYLON STATE FOREST Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1935. Government Notice 485 of 1935 and Government Notice 856 of 1936. Geographical Location 10km from Sabie in Transvaal. 25°00’-25°10’S, 30°37’-30°43’E. Altitude Approximately 1,525-2,285m (Mount Anderson) Area 3,500ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features Features include waterfalls and Sabie and Blyde Rivers. Annual average temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 21°C. Annual rainfall 1,183mm, falling mainly in summer (September-April). Vegetation Vegetation types consist of North-Eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8). Indigenous forests in kloofs, but the vegetation is mostly open grassland. Dominant species -781- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas include: Rapanea melanophloeos, Xymalos monospora, Podocarpus latifolius, Syzygium gerrardii, Combretum kraussii, and Cussonia spicata in the forests. The grassland is Themeda triandra dominated with Loudetia simplex and Rendlia altera. Economically important species: no information available. Endemic species: no information available. Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, caracal Felis caracal, and the spotted genet Genetta genetta. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T), oribi Ourebia ourebi, and red duiker Cephalophus natalensis. Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. An investigation to have this area proclaimed a Nature Reserve is under way. Zoning Open grassland (3,250ha); indigenous forest: (250ha) Disturbances or Deficiencies Potato Board lands on top of the mountain destroy oribi habitat. Some areas are leased to farmers for winter grazing. Visitor Facilities Facilities include a hiking trail with an overnight hut. Numbers: 5,500 per annum. Potential: 10,950 per annum. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None yet Staff | One professional forest officer at the Regional Office in Nelspruit responsible for planning and three plantation foresters who carry out rotational burning Budget No figures available Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag 503, Sabie, 1260. Date August 1983 MORGENZON STATE FOREST Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1978. Government Notice 2186 of 1978. Geographical Location 20km from Pilgrims Rest in Transvaal. 24°44’-24°50’S, 30°41’-30°46’E. Altitude Approximately 1,300-2,035m (Eldorado Peak) Area 1,264ha -782- South Africa Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features No information is available on the topography and geomorphology of the area. The Blyde River and Ohrigstad River flow through the reserve. Annual average temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 21°C. Annual rainfall 773mm, falling mainly in summer (September to April). Vegetation | Vegetation types consist of North-Eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8); small patches of indigenous forest, but mostly open grassland. Dominant species include: Rapanea melanophloeos, Xymalos monospora, Podocarpus latifolius, Syzygium gerrardii, Combretum kraussii, and Cussonia spicata in the forests. The grassland is Themeda triandra dominated by with Loudetia simplex and Rendlia altera. Economically important species: no information available. Endemic species: no information available. Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, mountain reedbuck Redunca_ fulvorufula, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, caracal Felis caracal, and small spotted genet Genetta genetta. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T), serval Felis serval, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and red duiker Cephalophus natalensis. Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Zoning None, all a natural area Disturbances or Deficiencies None specified Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: no visitors in thisarea. Potential: undetermined. Scientific Research Monitoring of grassveld burning Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None Staff One professional forest officer at the Regional Office in Nelspruit responsible for planning and two plantation foresters who carry out rotational burning Budget No figures available Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag 503, Sabie, 1260. Date August 1983 SERALA STATE FOREST (INCLUDING WOLKBERG WILDERNESS AREA) Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands) Legal Protection Total; this reserve is very scenic and has the highest possible conservation status according to the Forest Act. 7852 IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Date Established 28 October 1977. Government Notice 5789 of 1977 (Section 7a of the Forest Act). Geographical Location 80km from Pietersburg in Transvaal. 23°58’-24°11’S, 30°0’-30°10’E. Altitude 795-2,050m (Serala Kop) Area 21,998ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features The reserve is at the Junction of northern Drakensberg and Strydpoort Mountain Ranges with mountains, deep valleys, and high peaks. Outstanding features include caves and Tufa formation, and many waterfalls and the Mohlapitze River (tributary of the Olifants River) and its tributaries. On a higher elevation, shallow soils of quartzitic material originating from Black Reef Series, can be found. The rest are derived from granite- gneiss formation and very little dolomite. Annual average temperature range minimum: 7°C, maximum: 21°C. Annual rainfall 500-1,350mm, falling mainly in summer (October-February). Vegetation Vegetation types consist of North-eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8) and Lowveld Sour Bushveld (Veld Type 9). The Wolkberg Wilderness area is the only wilderness area set aside in accordance with the Forest Act in the Transvaal Province and it has representative communities of diverse vegetation types. Ten percent evergreen montane high forest with approximately 40 species, 8% semi-deciduous indigenous forest, thorn-veld, riparian forests, montane grassland with and without Protea spp., sub-montane wooded savanna with Faurea saligna, F. speciosa, and Pterocarpus angolensis. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none. Fauna Mainly bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. More than 150 bird species have been recorded. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T) and samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis. Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Zoning State Forest Wilderness Area (17,390ha); Ordinary Demarcated State Forest (4,608ha). Disturbances or Deficiencies Local population responsible for frequent uncontrolled fires, poaching and growing of Cannabis sativa. Some invasive plant species grow along jeep tracks and rivers. Visitor Facilities | Showers, toilets, and parking facilities at Serala. No hiking trails, but visitors allowed into area with a map indicating jeep tracks and management paths. Visitors may stay overnight in area, although no facilities provided. Numbers: 893 per annum. Potential: 3,000 per annum. Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities by management staff Special Scientific Facilities Small plant collection Principal Reference Material Unpublished departmental reports Staff One resident and one assistant forester at Serala State Forest Budget R115,000 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X2413, Louis Trichardt, 0920. Date July 1983 -784- South Africa WOODBUSH/DE HOEK STATE FORESTS Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1916. Government Notice 982 of 1916. Geographical Location 28km from Tzaneen in Transvaal. 23°41’-23°57’S, 30°59’-30°05’E. Altitude 1,200-1,834m (Pypkop) Area 6,626ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features The reserve is in the most northern extension of Drakensberg Mountain Range with hilly country on the ridge, a steep escarpment and Helpmekaar and Broederstroom Rivers which form the Great Letaba River outside this area flowing through it. Soils comprise deep sandy loams derived from granite formations. Annual average temperature range minimum: 10°C, maximum: 24°C. Annual rainfall 1,884mm, falling mainly in summer (October-March). Vegetation Vegetation types consist of North-eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8). The montane evergreen high forest is the largest indigenous forest in the Transvaal. There are also a few open patches on rocky outcrops. Major tree species include: Podocarpus falcatus, P. latifolius, Celtis africana, Combretum kraussii, and Olea capensis. A checklist of the trees is available on request. Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus_ scriptus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, and several other forest species. Birds are plentiful. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T), samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis, and red duiker Cephalophus natalensis. Economically important species: none. Zoning Ordinary Demarcated State Forest, 6,626ha Disturbances or Deficiencies Invasive species present on fringes of forest Visitor Facilities Dokolewa circular route of Magoebaskloof Hiking Trail. Numbers: 1,200 per annum. Potential: 6,000 per annum. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Various unpublished departmental reports Staff Two resident state foresters at De Hoek and Woodbush Budget R15,000 for forest inventory and hiking trail (including part of salaries). Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X2413, Louis Trichardt, 0920. Date August 1983 -785- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas ENTABENI STATE FOREST (INCLUDING THREE SMALL NATURE RESERVES) Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1924. Government Notice 1615 of 1924. Geographical Location 45km from Louis Trichardt in Transvaal. 22°59’-23°03’S, 30°10°-30°18’E. Altitude 700m-1,469m (Matiwa) Area 1,924ha Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of Environment Affairs. Physical Features The reserve is in the Soutpansberg Mountain Range, which runs in a in east-westerly direction with steep southern slopes. Latanandwa and Mutshindudi tributaries to Levubu River flow through the area. Soils comprise sandy loams with quartzitic outcrops. Annual average temperature range minimum: 13°C, maximum: 25°C. Annual rainfall 1,700mm, falling mainly in summer (October-March). Vegetation Vegetation types consist of North-eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8). The largest evergreen indigenous high forest is in the Soutpansberg mountain range occurs in this area with species such as Podocarpus latifolius, Celtis africana, Xymalos monospora, Cryptocarya liebertiana, Prunus africana, Trichilia dregeana, Croton sylvaticus, Cassipourea gerrardii, Combretum kraussii, Syzygium gerrardii, Cussonia spicata, Schefflera umbellifera, Olea capensis ssp. macrocarpa, and Nuxia floribunda. Economically important species: none. Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, and bushpig Potamochoerus porcus. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T), samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis, and red duiker Cephalophus natalensis. Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area. Zoning Declared nature reserves (the Ratomba, Veraskop and Entabeni); proposed Matiwa Nature Reserve (800ha); and demarcated State Forest (1,124ha). Disturbances or Deficiencies Invasive alien plants grow along water courses. Also previously disturbed semi-deciduous forest types. Visitor Facilities Facilities include the Soutpansberg Hiking Trail. Numbers: 1,400 per annum. Potential: 6,000 per annum. Scientific Research Ecology of samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Unpublished departmental reports Staff Resident state forester at Entabeni and one research forester -786- South Africa Budget R21,000 per annum (including salaries) Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag X2413, Louis Trichardt, 0920. Date August 1983 -787- Hv b Misr ry of Afectrapigal Protegied Sui reer < ENTAWEDI STATE PORRST CHOLUANG UR Uc eee marae Ase gel siavind srreret lo stem genic wig le poigan noitetiziaimbA arse 10 tated | Managers? #3 tagor Usanagee Nate ROH VE) og on OSCR: peas: els % Bivgawgraphical Proviede... 222,12. ¢omuey iyuae by nls) Legal Pratedaion Tota Rate ECccathiched WH, Geepraphival Locatiar \ isk. Traep.. tovwe Ueicheids in MSS - i 5 ~~ : ¥ AMitedc Oc-~4,469eq (aime + a, ee a ah a ‘ art se ~—Saet Yeates Saveramect Admmingitred oy ti Directorate ae, F pndirgermen’ Altair ? 4 2 =f _ _ i : , Pheigal Featores TP afeaesin ch tt thet Soutpensberg Moy onek- ercaberly rirectiqmy with stoup, eduitcrn alocats, Pasig > aut bs. Fas " tis throuch ihe: a ae Sot @ Camps ae Sho ty Te Mawel Diergeshmerere Tange misimean: 14%) pena : seni lek mE GMKiy jo Samir {Octoer Parcs) yi) ad ; R : i Vegetation Maanaen trote pun - axl dorth-wgstere Moar an inrgesh Orergenen indigenows high fore & ie. tie fe masher x cil, woth Eeecies, such. oe Fe was! Ager . Colle, irae Craeetaey "4 vere iat. Pers yng cantlat, peor dr epeaned, te crnagi Comicon Ano, Sygeeienperrer T' Coarmia’ ag 5 [me capensis Mp. marecit pa, we oS Slant fied Pacentet, Froctey naw lesa tay I ‘eh. Guc a | ae raped: iat wn bed, ccnnwed ee Suds ‘eagtadg Pucererigata pwcce aN ‘dae eperien steqvard, feoarey Cercopiiiiivesr enol), 404 ee ae be caren ee z Bai: <2, > aireeanon Matern: Sa apubpenion end wiles Font 2 - " # iwtthe | (we tered foie ‘icseaahill oe eto ou, Yeermakog ai latyey Seemree ites sat semteated Uzite Forest (4 Ae. | Diphute ion ot Geligae tice fevasive aloo plbuey bie ess 3a Ce), ee ed ee Liye Wis ; Ae = Varia Bett tae diiaien: “‘\eseda the Sie yang ile trait! ane we, Pricmetia) « i. wer agua. ; y di ‘ Sond y Sivas Stiventowh ae amas due aby: Tocwbanitnecan le pexlel Fateges ” Veet ; "Meaibiig: =i ae ‘ 7. = ; ie a Maniwetae tN aa! tu , an ; Seat? Kets prow f ‘Sell | inne ety forenies “ ; ST HELENA AMATI Ta j U.K. - ST. HELENA Area 122 sq.km Population 5,499 (1982) Parks and Reserves Legislation Forestry Ordinance Cap. 40 was enacted as Ordinance No. 4 of 1937. This ordinance made provision for the constitution of forest reserves on Crown and private lands. By Order-in-Council No. 6 of 1938, three such reserves were constituted, with the object of protecting areas containing indigenous flora. This legislation was regarded as ineffective and replaced by Ordinance No. 9 of 1954, amended by Ordinance No. 10 of 1955, No. 6 of 1959 and by Statutory Rules and Order No. 4 of 1967. The Governor in Council has powers to constitute National Forests on Crown land. Other areas are classified as Dedicated Forests (on privately owned lands), Protected Private Forests (to be managed by the owner), and Controlled Areas where no trees are to be cut down or forest produce removed without written permission of the Agriculture and Forestry Officer. The Ordinance makes provision for protection and management of the three categories of forest. Nine endemic species of trees and other plants are protected under Ordinance No. 15 of 1959 which was revised in 1977 to include all angiosperms and the tree fern Dicksonia arborescens. The Agriculture and Forestry Department was made responsible for their protection. Parks and Reserves Administration The Forestry Division of the Department of Agriculture and Forestry was first established in 1934. The United Kingdom Overseas Development Administration (ODA) has made important contributions to the organization of forestry on St Helena. There is also a Forestry Advisory Committee which comprises elected members of the Legislative Council with the Agricultural and Forestry Officer (from ODA) as ex-officio member. This officer is replaced every 18 months to three years. Address Agriculture and forestry Department, Scotland, St Helena. Additional Information Originally the island was covered in vegetation, with an interior described as an entire forest of gumwood Commidendrum robustum and other indigenous trees. Today the worst problem is erosion, which is a consequence of vegetation clearance by man for fuel and timber, and clearing for farming operations. Another major contributor to the present coastal barrenness was the goat, but this feral species has now been almost eradicated. Degradation of the ’crown wastes’ is exacerbated by water and wind erosion in coastal areas and flood damage in valley bottoms. Destruction of the tree and shrub vegetation of the higher peaks has also probably resulted in reduced precipitation, mainly because of fall-off in mist interception. The other disturbance to the natural environment is the spread of exotic species of plant introduced from the Cape of Good Hope, Australia, and America. The greatest single development on St Helena - Flax Phorium tenax - is no longer viable but this species has severely encroached most peaks and ridges. In addition, it has been the practice in the past to revegetate areas with exotics such as Acacia and Eucalyptus. To aleviate the problem of erosion and lack of self-sufficiency in timber produce, Henry (1974) recommended development of the Forest Estate of Helena with various exotic species. He also described the need for conservation of endemic flora. Goodenough (1983) discovered that most endemics are verging on extinction, but that species such as scrubwood Commidendrum rugosum had a huge potential for stabilizing and reconstituting soil. However, natural regeneration is slow (limited by exposure) and endemic species are mostly found as individuals or in small enclaves of limited species diversity, with considerable encroachment by exotics. He recommended propagation of species and initiated and improved propagation programmes, and also, where indigenous species thrive, programmes of expansion. -791- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Recent rains have caused excellent regeneration, especially on protected sites, and a WWF funded propagation unit is now able to provide large numbers of plants. In 1983 the Agriculture and Forestry Department proposed to re-establish discrete areas of endemic forest (five initially) both for conservation purposes and to evaluate endemic trees for potential economic utility. Planting has been in progress in four areas since July 1985. A Forestry Programme (1985-1990) has been accepted by the St Helena Government. This is concentrating on endemic planting, fencing, and removal of exotics. Four national forests have been designated conservation areas for protection of the endemic tree and shrub flora of the Island. These are Dianas National Forest (which comprises 1.2lha of Crown land (1955) and 4.66ha of Private Dedicated Forest (1957) along the Central Ridge) and Old Joan Point National Forest (comprising 19.44ha of Crown land), both nature reserves for endemic species, High Peak National Forest (1955) (a Protection area of 5.38ha on Crown land), and Casans and Hardings National Forest (1955) (primarily a production forest covering 31.3ha of Crown land - 2ha of which is managed for native trees/shrubs). References * Brown, L.C. (1982). The Flora and Fauna of St. Helena. Project Record 59. S.Hel-01-12/Rec-59/82. Land Resources Development Centre, Surrey, England. * Goodenough, S. (1983). Saint Helena: A Plant Propagation Project and Recommendations for the Conservation of the Endemic Flora of the Island. Mimeo Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. * Henry, P.W.T. (1974). Forestry on St. Helena. Project Report 8, 1974. Land Resources Development Centre, Surrey, England. -792- Red Sea 4 9 Sanganeb Atoll Ethiopia Numatina ‘ Central AfricanRep. s, Southern f. s i] te 228 Nett é zunga @ BireKpatuos@Q9e x q Zaire Key 1) National Parks E2] Game Reserves % Biosphere Reserves @ proposed North-South border Sudan SUDAN Area 2,505,813 sq.km Population 20,560,000 (1983); comprising 500 ethnic groups Parks and Reserves Legislation Wildlife is protected and protected areas established and managed under the Preservation of Wild Animals Ordinance of 1935 (as amended), and the National Parks, Sanctuaries, Reserves and Game Regulations dated 1935 onwards. These legislative instruments were apparantly the first such attempts to conserve Sudan wildlife. The Ordinance enables the Minister to establish National Parks, Game Sanctuaries, and Game Reserves. Hunting is prohibited within the first two types of area, but not within game reserves where it may be permitted under licence. Exploitation of resources within national parks is only allowed with the permission of the Minister, but cultivation and grazing of domesticated animals is allowed within game reserves under permit. More recently Southern Sudan has been given a measure of autonomy (Southern Provinces Regional Self-Government Act, 1972), and the Wildlife Conservation and Parks Act 1975, of the Southern Regional Government (1976, Provisional Order No. 2) deals with wildlife conservation policy, administration, protected areas, protected animals hunting methods and licences, wildlife trade, etc. within the Southern Region. Three types of protected area are defined under this act, National Parks (which can only be created or abolished by the President), Game Reserves, and Controlled Areas. Within national parks in the south all disturbance of both animals and habitat is prohibited, and weapons, domestic animals, etc. are not permitted. Within game reserves hunting is forbidden, and settlement or cultivation is allowed only under permit, while within Controlled Areas animals may be hunted, but only under permit. All forms of tourism within such areas can only take place with the permission of the Ministry. It can therefore be seen that there are wide differences between protection in the north and south of the country. The Marine Fisheries Regulations of 1937, amended in 1975, cover fishing activity within Sudan. The Sudanese Marine Conservation Committee (SMCC) have drafted a new Marine Fisheries Act in consultation with IUCN to create a legal instrument enabling establishment of marine parks and reserves, and to regulate construction in or near the sea (a national marine park has been proposed for Sanganeb Atoll for example). Parks and Reserves Administration In 1972, when wildlife resources within the Southern Region of Sudan became the responsibility of that region, the Department of Wildlife, Conservation, Fisheries and Tourism was created. This was elevated to Ministry status in 1977. Within the Northern Region the governmental agency responsible for executing wildlife policies and enforcing legislation is the Administration of Wildlife Conservation Forces. The Forestry Department grants licences for use of forest produce. Marine conservation in Sudan is controlled by the Sudanese Marine Conservation Committee (SMCC). Address ° Wildlife Conservation Forces, Central Administration, PO Box 336, Khartoum. ° Regional Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism, PO Box 77, Juba. ° Central Forests Administration, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, PO Box 658, Khartoum. Additional Information Current political changes within the Sudan have made jurisdiction over wildlife and reserves unclear. Poaching is at an extremely high level, although it is believed that the political unrest may be maintaining status quo, with soldiers reportedly protecting resources within particular areas for their own use (Cobb, 1981). However, game reserves have never received very much protection and have consequently suffered from settlement, cultivation and livestock grazing (Dasmann, 1972). Like the reserves, the game sanctuaries are also very seldom patrolled. Many of the protected areas have therefore lost much of their wildlife (Hassaballa and Nimir, 1985). Recent events in Sudan have presented further problems in wildlife management, and most expatriate advisors have left the country. However, it is reported that the wildlife conservation -795- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas forces in the Equatorian region have done remarkably well, including the training of 140 new officers in paramilitary techniques and wildlife skills. Apparently anti-poaching operations are keeping poaching within this region to a minimum (Guillet, 1986). There has been considerable trade in ivory, skins and live animals. An FAO estimate numbered Sudan’s elephant population at 134,000, but the dramatic increase in poaching over the last few years has reduced this and a new census is needed (Hassaballa and Nimir, 1985). Exports of raw ivory were banned in 1983 and the 1936 wildlife law was supposed to be more strictly enforced but lack of patrols and funds have prevented this being effective. Sudan was also seeking agreements with neighbouring countries to prevent smuggling of ivory poached in Sudan with the aid of IUCN/WWF Project 1950. The Southern Sudan Regional Ministry of Wildlife Conservation plans to establish a national park in the Shambe area, five times the size of the present game reserve, in particular for protection of northern white rhino. Poaching and drought are affecting animal numbers in this region and IUCN/WWF Project 1949 was set up to help combat poaching in particular and help in setting up the park. Although loss of habitat through human agency and poaching are both serious problems for nature conservation, the biggest single threat is undoubtably desertification, particularly in the north. The most serious aspect for conservation management is the loss of vegetation through misuse of the land. The government, with assistance from outside the country, is trying to cope with this problem. Wildlife Education was begun in southern Sudan in 1979 when the first Wildlife Club was established. In 1982 the African Wildlife Foundation supplied an expatriate adviser and a four-wheel drive vehicle and other equipment to expand the programme, and over a dozen Wildlife Clubs have now been established. The Sudan Wildlife Society was founded (in the north) in 1982. Despite these efforts public awareness about conservation is still limited. References ° Blower, J.R. (1977). Wildlife Conservation and Management in the Southern Sudan. FAO: DP/SUD/76/021 Rome. ° Boitani, Luigi (1981). The Southern National Park: A Master Plan. Instituto di Zoologia, Facolta di Scienze dell’ Universita di Roma, Italy. ° Cobb, S. (1981). Wildlife in Southern Sudan. Swara 4(5): 28-31. ° El Badawi, M.A. and Hakim, S. (1985). The role of protected areas in wildlife conservation. Seminar on wildlife conservation and management in the Sudan. Khartoum 16-21 March 1985. ° Guillet, A. (1986). Personal communication to PADU staff dated 3 October. ° Hassaballa, El Rayah Omer and Nimir, M.B. (1985). Towards a national conservation policy. Wildlife Conservation Forces Report, Khartoum. ° Hillman, J.C. (1982). Department of Wildlife Management, Wildlife Information Booklet on the Southern Sudan. New York Zoological Society, USA. ° Hillman, J.C. (1985). Wildlife research in relation to conservation and management. Seminar on wildlife conservation and management in the Sudan, Khartoum, 16-21 March 1985. ° Hofmann, Reinhold, R. (1976). Advisory Report to the Regional Government of Southern Sudan. Vet. Anatom. Institute, West Germany. ° IUCN (1976). Proceedings of a regional meeting on the creation of a coordinated system of national parks and reserves in Eastern Africa. IUCN Publications New Series, Supplementary Paper No. 45. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland. IUCN/WWF Project 1259. Sudan, Coral Reefs and Sanganeb Marine National Park. IUCN/WWF Project 1634, Sudan, Training of wildlife personnel. IUCN/WWF Project 1949. Sudan, Conservation of white rhinos and other large mammals. IUCN/WWF Project 1950. CITES Implementation in Africa, with reference to Ivory and Rhino Horn. ° IUCN/WWF Project 3172. Sudan, Support for wildlife personnel. eo °o 0 © -796- Sudan ° Lamprey, H.F. (1975). The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 16. Morges, Switzerland. IUCN, ° Moore, G. (1974). Report to Government of the Sudan and wildlife and national parks legislation. Report No. TA 3300. FAO, Rome. ° Schomber, H.W. (1962). Wild Life Protection in the Sudan. Part II The National Parks and Game Reserves. African Wild Life 16(3): 204-212. Protected Areas National Parks Dinder Nimule Radom Southern Game Reserves Ashana Bandingiru Bangangai Bire Kpatuos Chelkou Fanyikango Island Juba Kidepo Mbarizunga Mongala Numatina Rahad Shambe Zeraf Biosphere Reserves Dinder National Park Radom National Park Proposed areas Boma National Park Lantoto National Park Port Sudan Sanganeb Atoll Boro Game Reserve Meshra Game Reserve DINDER NATIONAL PARK (hectares) 890,000 41,000 1,250,970 2,300,000 Subtotal 4,481,970 90,000 17,000 500 550,000 48,000 20,000 140,000 1,300 210,000 62,000 970,000 Subtotal 2,108,800 650,000 1,250,970 Subtotal 1,900,970 2,280,000 76,000 100 150,000 450,000 Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.13.07 (Eastern Sahel) -797- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Legal Protection Within the buffer zone charcoal licences are granted by the Forestry Department and concessions for mechanised farming are given by the Ministry of Agriculture in the wet season. Date Established 1935 as a National Park, May 1979 as a Biosphere Reserve. Extended to include a buffer zone in 1980. Geographical Location The area lies in the north-eastern corner of the Blue Nile Province adjacent to the frontier with Ethiopia. 11°45°’-12°50’N, 34°46’-36°12’E. Altitude 700-800m Area 890,000ha, with a 277,300ha buffer zone; Biosphere Reserve 650,000ha. Land Tenure Government Physical Features Much of the park is low-lying flood plain sloping gently from the Ethiopian Highlands with the meandering Rahad and Dinder rivers flowing north-westerly towards the Blue Nile. A number of tributary streams and ox-bow lakes (or mayas) cover a great deal of the total area towards the Ethiopian highlands, and in the southern corner of the park there are a few rocky hills. Precipitation ranges from 800mm in the south to 600mm in the north and falls mainly between June and October. Temperatures range from 20°C in January to 44°C in May. Vegetation There is Acacia seyal-Balanites aegyptiaca thornbush savanna, with tall, coarse grasses including Sorghum species in the north, and Combretum hartmannianum woodland in the south. Along the banks of rivers is Hyphaene thebaica or multi-layered gallery forest of Acacia sieberana, Tamarindus indica and Ficus species, with Ziziphus abyssinica and Mimosa pigra underneath. Again, the dominant grasses are Sorghum species and Brachiaria species. In swampy areas or shallow lakes, Nymphaea spp. and Ipomoea spp. are dominant. Open grass plains are composed of Themeda_ triandra, Panicum spp., Hyparrhenia spp. and Cynodon spp. The ox-bow lakes, which gradually silt up, provide the main source of nutritious grasses, particularly Echinochloa species, for wildlife during the most severe part of the dry season. Fauna There was a rich fauna including giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, buffalo Syncerus caffer, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), striped hyena Hyaena hyaena and spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta. Numbers have been reduced over the last two decades. There was also a rich variety of birdlife including ostrich Struthio camelus. Conservation Management No information Zoning The whole 650,000ha Biosphere Reserve area is considered as core, fully protected, but with limited tourism allowed. The large buffer zone which lies to the west may include some wet-season grazing areas. Disturbances or Deficiencies The park only includes dry-season habitat for many ungulates and ostrich. Illegal mechanized farming is threatening the whole buffer zone and the traditional grazing lands outside the reserve are being lost. Burning, both by rangers and nomadic herdsmen, disturbs about 60% total area each year. The combination of the effect of this activity and grazing has caused remarkable changes in the vegetation. In addition, the livestock herds are thought to be responsible for the serious outbreaks of disease that have decimated the wild herds. Poaching is a serious threat. Surveys have shown that numbers of animals decreased by up to 50% between 1971-1977. Phase II of the Rahad Agricultural Project envisages a canal from Roseires Dam across the south-western buffer zone close to the park, which would block the wet season migration of many species as the agriculture does. -798- Sudan Surveys were carried out in 1971-72 on migratory habits, and longer-term studies initiated. These surveys recommended that the canal be re-aligned to interfere less with migration routes and that a new game reserve be established to the west of the park to cover part of the wet season ranges of many animals (Dasmann 1972). Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research Surveys from 1971-1977 by the Institute of Environmental Studies and the Wildlife Research Section at the University of Khartoum. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Abushama, F.T. (1981). Dinder besieged. Sudan Environment 1(2): 4-5. ° Allam, T.M.H. (1981). Wildlife in Dinder: poaching our heritage. Sudan Environment 1(2): 3-4. ° Baxter, D.J. (1981). Dinder in distress. Sudan Now (February): 53-6. ° Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L. (1969). Wildlife by the Dinder River, Sudan. Turtox News 47(4): 114-6. ° Dasmann, W.P. (1972). Development and Management of the Dinder National Park and its Wildlife. Report No. TA 3113, FAO, Rome. ° Harrison, M.N. and Jackson, J.K. (1958). Ecological classification of the vegetation of the Sudan. Forest Department, Khartoum, Sudan: Forests Bulletin (New Series) No. 2, 22. ° Holsworth, W.N. (1968). Dinder National Park with special reference to the possible effects of the proposed Rahad canal and a proposal for game management in the Dinder region. Report TA 2457, FAO, Rome. ° Nimir, M.B. (1977). A report on the illegal activity of nomads and their livestock in Dinder National Park. Wildlife Research Department, Khartoum, Sudan. 7 pp. ° Whitney, J.B. and el Moghraby, A.I. (1982). Dinder National Park, Sudan: Development versus Preservation. Environmental Conservation 9(3): 248-250. Staff Three game officers and 11 rangers. Research staff visit the park seasonally. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Administration, PO Box 336, Khartoum. Date May 1985 NIMULE NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Totally protected under the Sudan Game Law of 1975 and Ordinance of 1935. Date Established 1975 Geographical Location In the south of Eastern Equatoria province, on the border with Uganda. Approximately 3°35’N, 32°10’E. Altitude 650-700m -799- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Area 41,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is in hilly country, with the Bahr El Jebel (White Nile) along about 48km of the eastern boundary. The River Kayu flows through the park from the Uganda border until it meets the Bahr El Jebel. There are hill ranges on the east and west of the park which also includes the Fula Rapids. Vegetation Much of the park has savannah woodland of Acacia spp., Balanites aegyptiaca, and Combretum hartmannianum. Fauna The park had a very rich fauna which has declined considerably in recent years. There are still some elephant Loxodonta africana (T), patas monkey Cercopithecus patas, eastern black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza, kob Kobus kob, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, Bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, crocodile Crocodylus amphibius and ostrich Struthio camelus. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies No human settlement or other activities are allowed. The park suffered severely during the political unrest in Uganda and elephant populations were decimated and the population of white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum was poached out. Poachers from Uganda still cause a problem. It is at present the most stable of the parks in Sudan. Visitor Facilities There is a rest house, Nimule Park Lodge, for visitors. This area is used predominately by Juba people. Scientific Research The area has high scientific potential, but no extensive research has been done yet. Various brief studies by Juba University students. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Harrison, M.N. and Jackson, J.K. (1958). Ecological Classification of the Vegetation of the Sudan. Hillman, J.C. (1982). Department of Wildlife Management, Wildlife Information Booklet on the Southern Sudan. New York Zoological Society, USA. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1743. Sudan, support for Fanyikang Game Reserve and Nimule National Park. ° Kock, D. (1961). A visit to the Nimule National Park in the Southern Sudan. African Wildlife 15(4): 323-329. Staff A Game Officer, two game rangers, 15 game scouts and 15 labourers Budget The park receives an allocation of 15,000,000LS from the regional government annually for reinforcement of the law and limited development of the area. Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Ministry of Wildlife, Conservation, Fisheries and Tourism, PO Box 77, Juba. Date May 1985 -800- Sudan RADOM NATIONAL PARK Management Category II and IX (National park and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Hunting is prohibited by the Sudan Game Regulation in force since 1960. No hunting, tree felling, agriculture, or new human settlements are allowed. Date Established 1979 as a Biosphere Reserve. National Park status in 1980 Geographical Location Located in the south-western corner of southern Darfur Province, 300km from Nyala, bordering the Central African Republic. Approximately 9°50’N, 24°45’E. Altitude Average of 450m Area 1,250,970ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features There is broken hilly country, with two main rivers and numerous smaller streams flooding only during the wet season. The mountain range within the reserve constitutes a watershed dividing the Central African and Sudanese hydrographical system. Rainfall occurs mainly between April and November and varies between 630mm in the north and 900mm in the south. Vegetation The savanna woodland is dominated by Terminalia brownii, Combretum spp., Anogeissus leiocarpus and Isoberlinia doka. Important for wildlife are the wet meadows (dahls) which provide water and fodder during the dry season. Fauna The park had a rich fauna which has become depleted. It includes elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hartebeest Alcelaphus busephalus (T), waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob Kobus kob, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, and a number of carnivores including: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T). Conservation Management No information Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies For a long time the park was protected from cattle encroachment by the presence of tse-tse fly but recently there have been reports of livestock overgrazing. Poaching, honey collection and fishing have always occurred on a small scale but for a long time organised poaching has been the largest threat to the park. Human settlement is also increasing in and on the periphery of the park (Badawi and Hakim 1985). Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research There is high scientific potential but only two reconnaissance surveys were carried out in 1976 with the assistance of WWF and by the Wild Life Research Institute of Sudan. The area may become important as a site for desertification studies within MAB Project 3 and studies on feeding habits and migratory routes within MAB Project 8. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° El Badawi, M.A. and Hakim, S. (1985). The role of protected areas in wildlife conservation. Seminar on wildlife conservation and management in the Sudan. Khartoum 16-21 March 1985. -801- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Staff Thiry-four scouts and 12 officers Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Administration, PO Box 336, Khartoum. Date May 1985 SOUTHERN NATIONAL PARK Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Totally protected under the Sudan Game Law of 1975 and Ordinance of 1935. However, due to the current political situation, management and protection of this area is extremely difficult. Date Established 1939 Geographical Location Situated in the south of Tonj district in Lakes Province, with an elongation into the north-eastern part of Tambura district, and the northern tips of Yambio and Maridi districts in Western Equatoria province. Approximately centred 6°25’N, 28°25’E. Altitude 400-1,000m Area 2,300,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The River Sue, the major tributary of the Bahr El Ghazal or Jur River, forms the western boundary of the park. The river Ibba or Tonj flows through the park and to the east is the river Maridi or Gel. The park is characterised by ironstone laterite and alluvial soils forming Jebels Angeleri, Yarra, and Gubelli. There are two distinct seasons, March being the warmest month, and August the coolest. Average annual rainfall ranges from 994m to 2418mm in the Rumbek area, with the rainy season lasting nine months in the southern part of the park, but somewhat shorter in the northern areas. Vegetation Savanna woodland covers much of the area, with a varying mixture of grass and trees. Large-leafed deciduous trees dominate most of the park, although thorny species and tall grasses become dominant in the north. Fauna The park has had a high faunal diversity. Large mammals remaining include elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (three records 1985/6), hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (T), waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob Kobus kob, Bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca, topi (tiang) Damaliscus lunatus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, patas monkey Cercopithecus patas, eastern black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (V), hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus and sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei. Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus and ostrich Struthio camelus still occur. -802- Sudan Conservation Management A master plan was prepared for the park in 1981 as part of the technical Cooperation Programme between the Democratic Republic of Sudan-Southern Region and the Republic of Italy. Implementation has not occurred. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The park has suffered during 17 years of Civil War, and recently from poachers with automatic rifles. Since the 1980 dry season, the Southern range has been invaded annually by poachers from the north. In March 1983, there were estimated to be 15 to 30 camps of 10 to 300 men each within the park. Illegal honey collecting and uncontrolled fires are also a problem. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Anderson, A.B. (1950). The Sudan’s Southern National Park. Sudan Wildlife and Sport 1(3): 12-16. ° Blower, J.R. (1977). Wildlife Conservation and Management in the Southern Sudan. FAO: DP/SUD/76/021, Rome. ° Boitani, Luigi (1981). The Southern National Park: A Master Plan. Istituto di Zoologia, Facolta di scienze dell’ Universita di Roma, Italy. ° Hillman, J.C. (1982). Department of Wildlife Management, Wildlife Information Booklet on the Southern Sudan. New York Zoological Society, U.S.A. ° Hofmann, Reinhold R. (1976). Advisory Report to the Regional Government of Southern Sudan. Vet. Anatom. Institute, F.R.G. Staff Three game officers, five game rangers, 100 game scouts and 30 labourers Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date May 1985 BOMA NATIONAL PARK Management Category Proposed II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.13.07 (Eastern Sahel) Legal Protection Protected under the Sudan Game Law of 1975 and Ordinance of 1935, which allows traditional hunting. Due to the current political situation, management and protection of this area is extremely difficult. Date Established Declared a National Park in 1979, but not gazetted. Established in 1981 to provide year-round protection for a migratory population of kob. Geographical Location Close to the Ethiopian border in Jonglei province. 5°11’-7°07’N 33°07’-34°26°E. -803- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Altitude 400-1,100m Area 2,280,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The eastern edge of the park abuts the rugged Ethiopian highlands, while to the west, vast stretches of flat black cotton (gumbo) floodplain make the area inaccessible during the rainy season. The Guom swamps are on the northern boundary. The eastern region of the park is characterised by undulating terrain approaching the Boma plateau to the south-east. Numerous meandering rivers drain across the plains of Boma into the Nile. Vegetation The park includes several ecological zones. Montane forests followed by deciduous woodlands grading into Acacia woodlands mark the descent from highlands to the flat plain of the west. Semi-arid short grass plains, seasonal swamps and tall grass floodplains characterise the southern parts. Fauna This park had the highest diversity of fauna in the Sudan, (and possibly in Africa) before the recent troubles. Dominant species are white-eared kob Kobus kob leucotis, topi (tiang) Damaliscus lunatus (the reserve comprises approximately half the topi’s migration area), buffalo Syncerus caffer, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, zebra Equus burchelli, Bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca, Thompson’s gazelle Gazella thomsoni, Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti, Beisa oryx, Oryx gazella, leopard Panthera pardus (T), hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T). The Guom swamps are the site of the largest concentration of kob at certain times of the year. Also present are elephant Loxodonta africana (T) in very low numbers, and eastern black and white colobus Colobus guereza. This area is also considered an important stop-over for European bird migrants and a nesting site for shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern) in the Guom swamps. There is a high diversity of raptors with approximately 30 recorded species. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Military activity has resulted in bombing and pitched battles at park headquarters and the kidnapping of park staff. All equipment donated by the Frankfurt Zoological Society was destroyed during battles and staff have been withdrawn. The park is a high security risk area and no recent reports on its status have been received. IUCN has been informed unofficially by the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement that elephants must be killed to feed their army, but that conservation activities will be restored when the political situation is resolved. Meanwhile, the plateau exists in a delicate and unmanaged state. There is some hunting by the local Murle tribe, some permanent settlement within the area, and grazing also takes place. The whole of the feeding wetlands for buffalo etc. are not included in the park. Visitor Facilities Limited tourism was allowed before the recent security problems, but is not advisable at present. Scientific Research 1980-1983 research was carried out for the New York Zoological Society and National Geographical Society on white-eared kob migration. Special Scientific Facilities There were limited facilities, however, these were destroyed in the recent surge of political unrest. Three bush airstrips. Principal Reference Material ° Arenson, J. (1982). Murle: Traditional hunters of Sudan. Swara 5(2): 29-31. ° Hillman, J.C. (1982). Department of Wildlife Management, Wildlife Information Booklet on the Southern Sudan. New York Zoological Society, U.S.A. ° CNPPA Summary Status Report (1984). Threatened Protected Areas of the World (draft). Staff Before the political troubles there was a park warden, an assistant park warden, two game rangers, 15 game scouts, and 20 labourers, while the ability of staff to carry out their duties was limited. The staff situation is now uncertain. -804- Sudan Budget The park has received approximately US$1,000,000 for its development from the Frankfurt and New York Zoological Societies but this programme has been abandoned to be resumed when security problems are resolved. Local Park or Reserve Administration None Date May 1985 PORT SUDAN Management Category Proposed Marine National Park Biogeographical Province 3.13.07 (Eastern Sahel) Legal Protection There are regulations prohibiting collection and trade in shells and corals. Date Established No information Geographical Location The proposed park is planned to include the fringing reefs and beaches immediately within as well as north and south of Port Sudan on the Red Sea. 19°38’N, 37°07°E. Altitude Sea level Area No information Land Tenure No information Physical Features The park is to enclose a 4 km long ’mersa’ which forms a natural harbour several tens of metres deep. Within this bay there is a strong down current of lagoonal water when northerly winds prevail and this carries rich oxygen saturated water from the shallows to deeper water. There are some coral formations in the harbour mouth in addition to the offshore fringing reefs to the north (Wingate reefs) and south (Towartit reefs). Outside the harbour the fringing reefs are exposed to prevailing north-west winds, while towards the harbour mouth the reefs face south and are consequently more protected. In these sheltered parts, there are numerous deep crevices in the coral crest, which is undercut at 3m where sediment collects. Vegetation The fringing reefs are covered with seagrass and algae. Fauna The fringing reefs to the north and south of Port Sudan are about 1 km wide and have seagrass, algae and coral cover, with a spectacular sloping fore-reef dropping several tens of metres. Vine and Vine (1980) studied the reef 1 km north of the northern point of the harbour entrance. Reef growth at this promontory is accelerated by an abundant food supply in the long-shore current. Corals are found down to 80 m but there is a paucity of marine life, including fish, below 30 m. The reef changes direction at the promontory and is more exposed to prevailing winds to the north and less exposed between it and the harbour entrance. The more exposed northern section has a less acute reef face and a more prolific growth of hermatypic corals, with a reef crest dominated by Pocillopora and Porites, a zone of Galaxea at about 2 m, a shallow reef-edge forming a steep spur and groove system, with numerous corals on the spurs and a deeper reef face dominated by Xenia and various sponges. On the less exposed side of the promontory, the reef face has an almost vertical drop-off with a spur and groove system from the crest to about 35 m and has a rich growth of gorgonians, soft coral Dendronephthya and at greater depths, antipatharians. Many localities on the reefs inside -805- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas the outer barrier in and near the Towartit reef complex have a poor coral fauna with much algae and soft corals, and limited marine life. These and the reefs forming the outer barrier were surveyed at the most southerly point of Wingate reef and on the east side of Wingate barrier reef have been described by Vine and Vine (1980). 59 genera and subgenera of stony corals have been recorded from this area (Schroeder, 1982). On the northern fringing reef, at certain times of the year, such as January, strong down currents of lagoonal water carry plankton towards the deep reef and as a result large numbers of usually shallow water fish are found as deep as 35 m. Reef fish which are not normally plankton feeders, such as parrot fish, are seen to shoal away from the reef and feed on plankton particularly the pteropods. About 60 species of fish were recorded on this reef (Vine and Vine, 1980). Information on fish on the outer reefs is also given in Vine and Vine (1980). 282 species of molluscs have been found on reefs about Port Sudan and Suakin (Mastaller, 1978). Osprey Pandion haliaetus have been seen on Harvey reef in the Towartit complex (Vine and Vine, 1980). Conservation Management A preliminary proposal for the Marine Park has been made and it is suggested that work on this park should run concurrently with the establishment of the Sanganeb Marine National Park. Just to the north of the port, the Abu Hashish Recreation Centre is proposed in a heavily polluted area. It is intended to re-establish circulation of water round the series of fringing reefs to clean up the area. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Increasing industrialisation in the region and the resulting pollution are a serious threat to the reefs. The main pollutants are: hot water discharge from an electrical power station, oil, chemicals, waste, and a variety of other products ranging from flour to asphalt. Port Sudan harbour has been modernised and extended to cope with ever-increasing shipping activity and the old Suakin harbour is about to be reactivated for coastal shipping with a new port to be built at New Suakin, 10km north, to further relieve some of the pressure on Port Sudan. However, the Towartit and Wingate reefs off Port Sudan currently provide the only anchorages for big ships and are seriously threatened by waste discharges and physical damage. All the more accessible coral reefs are being damaged by excessive visitor pressure. The increase in crown of thorns Acanthaster planci starfish populations on Towartit reef during 1971-1974 may have been the result of increased eutrophication due to waste. There is also heavy spearfishing and collecting of coral and shells, particularly by the sailors. Visitor Facilities _ The sea is the major source of recreation for the people of Port Sudan. Viewing marine life by means of a glass bottom boat was a major attraction until the ‘coral gardens’ at the harbour entrance became impoverished. The Red Sea Hotel has scuba equipment and can accommodate 30 divers (Schroeder 1978, 1982). Scientific Research Detailed survey by Vine and Vine (1980); ecological survey of the Towartit reefs by Head (1980). The Cambridge Group (Dr. Roads, Imperial War Museum) have also done studies on reef communities on the Towartit reefs (Schroeder, 1978). The Institute of Oceanography are mapping and zoning the fringing reef. Special Scientific Facilities ALECSO support for a marine research station (Rifai, 1980). Principal Reference Material IUCN/WWF Project 1259. Sudan, Coral reefs and Sanganeb Marine National Park. ° Ormond, R.F.G. (1980). Occurrence and feeding behaviour of Red Sea coral reef fishes. Proc. Symp. Coastal & Mar. Environ. of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden & Tropical Indian Ocean, Khartoum 9-14 Jan 1980. Vol. 11: 327-372. ° Salih, A.M. (1976). Country report No.10. Sudan. In: Promotion of the Establishment of Marine Parks and Reserves in the Northern Indian Ocean including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Papers and Proc. Regional Meeting, Tehran, Iran 6-10 March 1975. IUCN Publications New Series No. 35: 99-100. ° Schroeder, J.H. (1978). Coral reef conservation in the Sudanese Red Sea. Progess report. 7 pp. -806- Sudan ° Schroeder, J.H. (1981). Man versus reef in the Sudan: Threats, Destruction, Protection. Proc. 4th Int. Coral Reef Symp. Manila, 18-22 May 1981. Vol. 1: 253-252. ° Schroeder, J.H. (1982). Aspects of Coastal Management in the Sudanese Red Sea. J. Faculty Mar. Sci. 2: 45-68. ° UNEP/IUCN (in prep). Directory of Coral Reefs of International Importance. ° Vine, P.J. and Vine, M.P. (1980). Ecology of Sudanese coral reefs with particular reference to reef morphology and distribution of fishes. Pro. Symp. Coastal and mar. Environ. of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Tropical Western Indian Ocean. 9-14 Jan 1980. Vol. 1: 87-140. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date No information SANGANEB ATOLL Management Category Proposed II (Marine National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.13.07 (Eastern Sahel) Legal Protection No official protection as a reserve. Entry to the island unrestricted, although regulations are laid down for overnight stay by tourists. Orders to prevent the collection of corals, shells and fancy fish and the use of spear guns were issued in 1978 by the Red Sea Commissioner, and these are enforced by the local police and followed up by the Sudanese Marine Conservation Committee (SMCC). The Marine Fisheries Regulations of 1937 and 1975 amendment are in force, and a New Marine Fisheries Act will be enacted in the near future and will provide the base for all marine park management and nature protection. Date Established The SMCC is already involved in working with government departments towards the establishment of the park (as is noted above), and a plan for creating the marine National Park has been drawn up. The site was nominated as a World Heritage Site in 1981, although not at that time inscribed on the World Heritage list. Geographical Location An atoll 30km north-east of Port Sudan. 19°45’N, 37°25’E. Altitude Sea level Area The proposed park covers an area of approximately 100ha. Land Tenure Public Physical Features This is the only atoll in the Red Sea. It is characterized by 13 different bio-physiographic reef zones, each providing typical coral reef assemblages. Species diversity is high, within a relatively samll area, and the area is largely unaffected by pollution or depletion by collectors. The reef and enclosed lagoons run 6km north-south and 2km east-west. The atoll rises from a steep sea-floor of more than 800m depth, and is characterised by steep slopes on all sides with terraces in their upper parts and occasional spurs and _ pillars. The rim of the atoll reaches sea surface at all but its western side, where a submerged ridge forms the rim. Outer rim encloses three lagoons: a large one in the north with 51m maximum depth and a wide opening to the west; a small one with 27m maximum depth bordered to the north by a series of patch reefs; and a medium-sized southern one with 9m maximum depth -807- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas which is completely enclosed except for a narrow channel leading north, and provides safe anchorage for small boats. The water is extremely clear - visibility of up to 46m has been measured. Vegetation Limited Fauna The atoll has a high diversity of corals and fish; the latter include Napoleon wrasse Cheilinus undulatus, barracuda Sphyrnaena spp., hammerhead shark Sphyrna spp., and occasionally tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvieri and white-tip shark Triaenodan obesus. Genicanthus melanospilus (Pomacanthidae), which has a patchy distribution in the Red Sea, occurs on the deep water reefs. Conservation Management Its position in the open sea, making it comparatively safe from coastal, industrial, and port pollution, makes it particularly suitable for reserve status. The feasibility study and development plan of the Marine National Park urgently needs to be carried out. It should parallel the final phase of enacting the new Marine Fisheries and Marine Environment Act, which is to replace the 1937 Marine Fisheries Ordinance and is to provide the legal instrument to create marine parks. The SMCC will help carry out the feasability study and a special ’Sanganeb Working Group’ is to be formed. It may be practical to include the barrier reef from Le Mercier Shoals north to about Shaab Rumi and the Shaab Rumi Atoll itself, in the park. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is coral and shell-collecting and anchor damage and other disturbances caused by large numbers of boats and divers. Spearfishing is particularly heavy. There is a lighthouse, constructed in 1965, which consists of a concrete platform (about 800 sq.m) including the tower, adjacent buildings for staff and generators, two store houses, a verandah, and two jetties approximately 80m in length. Now that the light signal is automatic, there is more urgent need for some form of control of tourists. Visitor Facilities This is the most frequently visited diving site in the Sudanese Red Sea for Europeans. Organized dive tours usually anchor in the inner sheltered lagoon. It is also popular with Sudanese people when boat trips were available. The marine park will therefore be a focal point for tourist activity. Currently, about 500-700 people a year visit the atoll, of which more than 400 are divers. The tourist season is from October to May. Access to the island is free, although special regulations are provided by the Tourist Corporation Office, Port Sudan, for overnight stay. Scientific Research The Institute of Oceanography has undertaken studies of the three lagoons. Aerial photography at the scale of 1:7,500 has been carried out and the Survey department will participate in hydrographic work. Special Scientific Facilities A field station is being established on the atoll. A tidal station is to be installed and the Meteorology Department is interested in establishing a weather station. Principal Reference Material ° Anon. (1982). Flying through Canyons of Coral. Interview with G. Davis, WWF Monthly Report March. Project 1259. ° Crossland, C. (1907). Rep. on marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. J. Linn. Soc. 31. ° Davis, G.E. (1982). Feasibility of a Marine National Park at Sanganeb Atoll, Red Sea Province, Sudan. Report to WWF and IUCN, WWEF/IUCN Project No. 1259. ° Edwards, A. and Roswell, J. (1981). Vertical zonation of coral reef fishes in the Sudanese Red Sea. Hydrobiologia 79. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1259. Sudan, Coral reefs and Sanganeb Marine National Park. ° IUCN (1977). Conservation of coral reefs of the Sudanese Red Sea. IUCN/WWF Project No. 1163. ° Ormond, R. (1980). Management and conservation of Red Sea Habitats. Symp. Coast. Mar. Eny. Red Sea, Khartoum, January 80. -808- ° Sudan Ormond, R.F.G. (1980b). Occurrence and feeding behaviour of Red Sea coral reef fishes. Proc. Symp. Coastal and Mar. Environ. of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Tropical Western Indian Ocean, Khartoum. 9-14 Jan. 1980 Vol. 11: 327-372. Schréeder, J. (1980). Management and conservation of coral reefs in the Sudanese Red Sea. Symposium of Coastal Marine Environment of the Red Sea, Khartoum, Jan 80. Schréeder, J.H. (1982). Aspects of coastal management in the Sudanese Red Sea. J. Fac. Mar. Sci., Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 2(1402H): 45-68. Maps: Deutsche Seekarten, Routes Meer, No. 331. Staff There are no conservation staff. The local police enforce the fishing regulations. Budget IUCN and WWF have agreed to sponsor and finance the first phase of the feasibility study and development plan of the Marine National Park. Local Park or Reserve Administration None Date 1982 -809- PommRecic yaf Afrtrepical Frwecied Arras eee 8 beng bes premnee g (AGAR!) drog p92 Wi Awa 95%, tek ad eres sana i sey STE-TSE fs iy T nol iP pi poiinrs Rae bee sesnebo® asst ni fiver (ete Y6 oltaviseno bas inomsgensM rrr Vegetation Lim M8 gel ,»muored I 292 be ed) Yo rnomndaivad ontreM IetesoD % aaa XN in teal eetnabat el 9t nsegpaun: teni> 5a Wiseaeaiy sie Fauna TH ato bass baph diversity ‘¢ ou AE ed Puy ‘ wrese Chell iu wadoletnr, Nhaoernit Mage 5 i : oceusiimally tiges vhark Goletrendir cuviarT nad prise ~tt Timed bet a «eal mit sanstee aetna a aes | deen woe recta a pe aoa oe ok sme a ag Dae ond Comerieiton Meeagerment \ ts posivicn- ARP. Asapise, ative. ad Yo A GO, eontrl ane port pollution, muitos i eter gute ] Tanne twdy beck’ deve vombnt plan of ‘che whe see oerchis fet fe Nhould paralia) the final phase of enacting a neoy fh Piovieannent “Act, which is to sepidce the 1957 Marine Fister jet Ondinamaey (9 lege! inetrinest to create marine parks, The SMCC wilt Help carry ¢ wudy wid a:tpecial \Sanganely Working Group’ ib to be forsied.. It may bag the Parreer reef from Le Mecca thcdleaerth.oaboutSheat-—Resmid : the § Sho iat’, in che park: \ +a Zontny . hnee . Ps, pp Sith de — * ‘ Distarbances of Da ticlen tien Thete is coral asd sheit-collecting ait ccagiead disturbances cruedd- by ferge numbers of pipe and divers, Spearfishing is” There té wu Ughthouse, comstrected in 1965, which consis of a contre p tq. Pnetiding de towed, adjacent udhdlngs for’ staff and. generators,” Verbaden, ati (WO jected apo Wedinarcty Sen iv teggth. Now that the light i thare Is ‘fuore urgeg? feet fue os for Of cofity6! of rouriees, Viriess Pacthittes hig ts a dndst Povibatitty-visines diviaig alae te ‘ie i grove Rurogenes, Orghaier$ dive tours paeetly sochor in the these sheltered lage popdiir with Sudanese peopte whed Dou trips were syaliehle The iting i be « focal Hoist For tourist activity. Corramty, avout 500-700 people a. which mdire then 400 are divers, “The thuriit seaepn ix fines Setoker 04 — patent is free, though special reguiations are proviktedt by the Teal: orp Sodan, for Gyernight stay. Z Setlentilic Research: Ths Institue of Ocesrography ‘has kee $y lagoons. Aeria) Ohospgraphy at the teole of 1:7)500 Nas een cet 808 aepertinent will particinety in by@rographic work. sa ss Gpecial Sctentific Pasllities A figie wesc: Se Nataion etsbtianheit 66 ty a¥oit; to Be instalied anc the “rea Depertmrat i* ee ta catedtiohing Prinvipal Reference Mattel — | | ) a (> ere INR) ees Soaee 1 eer a Repot Mors Project L388 a * Csestaanl (BI) » ot tary Panik; SWAZILAND -811- 1 / Rep. of South Africa / 1 Mozambique PA Ndzindza ; \ lilwane @Siteki \ @ Manzini { ! \ 1 ( I ! | 1 ! 1 t—— 11 Nature Reserves E]) Wildlife Sanctuary EB Game Reserve Swaziland SWAZILAND Area 17,366 sq.km Population 626,000 (1984) Parks and Reserves Legislation The National Trust Commission Act 1972 provides legislation for the creation of national parks and monuments. and matters related to them, and brought into being the Swaziland National Trust Commission. The Forest Legislation (1979) prohibits cutting down, removal, sale or purchase of indigenous timber without permission from the Minister of Agriculture. Earlier legislation included the Game Act of 1 September 1953 (and its many amendments) which covered Game Reserves and Sanctuaries, and the Flora Protection Act of 31 October 1952 which dealt with the establishment of flora reserves. Parks and Reserves Administration The Swaziland National Trust Commission was founded in 1972 to oversee nature conservation and the preservation of Swazi heritage. This commission is advised by FAO. The Forestry Service is responsible for implementation of the forest legislation. Address ° Swaziland National Trust Commission, PO Box 75, Mbabane. ° Forest Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, PO Box 162, Mbabane. References ° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in southern Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria. ° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa Readers Digest Publications, Cape Town. Protected Areas (hectares) Nature Reserves Malolotja 18,000 Mbabane 202 Mlawula 12,000 Ndzindza 5,500 Subtotal 35,702 Wildlife Sanctuaries Mlilwane 4,545 Game Reserves Hlane 14,164 MALOLOTJA NATURE RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total -813- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Date Established Established in 1972 for nature conservation and the preservation of Swazi heritage Geographical Location The park is in the north-west highlands (Ngwenya Hills) on the national border with the Republic of South Africa. Access is by vehicle from Motjane-Pigg’s Peak road. 26°00’S, 31°03’E. Altitude No information Area 18,000ha Land Tenure Government; administered by the Swaziland National Trust Commission Physical Features This highland area is a continuation of the Drakensberg and Libombo mountains, dissected by tributaries of the Komati river. Features include the steep-sided Komati gorge, Malolotja Falls (highest in Swaziland) and the abandoned Ngwenya iron ore mine: an immense pit with terraced sides and deep pools of water at the bottom. Extensive vlei and bog areas remain intact on the southern margin of the park. Two large valley sedge peat areas occur in the headwaters of the Malolotja and Umbuluzi. Rainfall peaks in mid-summer (January/Febuary; monthly maximum 240mm) with a varying dry season _ severity (May-September). Vegetation Grassland predominates over all aspects of the rounded hill and valley terrain on substrates with seasonal waterlogging. Thicket and forest is confined to incised valley heads, rocky outcrops, sinkholes and streambanks, where the soil is wetter. The herbaceous bogs support a large diversity of plants including abundant sedges, orchids and lilies. A flowering sequence in which each species or group of species exhibit a temporary visual dominance is typical of these acid bog communities. There are three main sour veldgrass types forming a topographic gradient: 1) montane grassveld on the highest parts of the Ngwenya range including montane grasses such as Festuca and Merxmuellera (ex Danthonia); 2) highveld grassland of the Piet Retief type including Alloteropsis semialata, Brachiaria serrata, Harpochloa falx, Koeleria capensis, Tristachya hispida and Urelytrum squarrosum dotted with termite mounds that are colonised by the nitrophilous kweek grass Cynodon dactylon; and 3) medium to tall grassland in moist sites and on valley floors comprising species of Andropogon, Setaria and thatch grass Hyparrhenia. The three main duplex savannoid systems include a high altitude Protea roupelliae treeveld with crowns reaching 3m in height, a torfield savanna at medium to low altitudes including trees spaced more than three crown diameters apart, such as, Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum, Ekebergia pterophylla, Faurea spp., Protea spp. and Pterocarpus angolensis. The valleys contain savanna trees and shrubs such as Acacia sieberana, Acacia karroo, Euphorbia ingens, Sclerocarya caffra, and Bauhinia galpini. All stages of development from scrub-thicket Acacia ataxacantha-Bauhinia galpini to forest occur with narrow lines of tall Breonadia microcephala (or Adina) trees which form a riverine forest in some areas. Some plants occur nowhere else in Africa including three cycads: Encephalartos paucidentatus, E. laevifolius, and E. heenanii. Other endemics include a small tree Cassipourea Swaziensis occurring on rocky outcrops and confined totally to western Swaziland, and stemless herbs with tube-shaped flowers, Streptocarpus davyi, S. dunnii and S. denticulatus. Fauna Mammals include: the indigenous oribi Ourebia ourebi and bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, zebra Equus burchelli, white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum, buffalo Syncerus caffer, blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and impala Aepyceros melampus (from Hlane Game Reserve); red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus caama, black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou; and blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi from South Africa. Birds include two resident colonies of bald ibis Geronticus calvus (R). Cultural Heritage On the north-west side of the iron ore mine pit is a smaller mine from which red haematite pigment was removed over 40,000 years ago. Many Middle Stone-Age artefacts have been found in the area. -814- Swaziland Conservation Management Some game animals have been translocated from the thriving, but potentially overcrowded Hlane Game Reserve. The reserve is only recently open to the public, and is still under development. Zoning Zoning is planned: special zones, wilderness zones open to horse/foot trails, natural buffer zones incorporating the main camp and tourist roads, development zone for the administrative centre and two camps, and archaeological and historic zone surrounding the mining excavation. Disturbances or Deficiencies Roads, tracks, disused homesteads, and weeds. Visitor Facilities | The park is only recently open to the public, and a rest camp is under construction. The reserve has limited roads, and is primarily a walking reserve. Wilderness trails have been marked out and are strictly controlled. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Tinley, K. (undated). Malolotja National Park. Planning and management proposals for Swaziland National Trust Commission. Farrell and Van Riet, Pretoria. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Swaziland National Trust Commission, PO Box 100, Lobamba. Date 1985 MLILWANE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1960. Opened to the public in 1964; Mlilwane was Swaziland’s pioneer reserve Geographical Location Ezulwini valley south of Mbabane in eastern Swaziland. Access is from the main highway between Mbabane and Manzini. 26°28’S, 31°05’E. Altitude No information Area 4,545ha (10 times the original area) Land Tenure Private Physical Features The reserve straddles the escarpment that divides the lowveld from the highveld and is centred on Ezulwini valley. There are four rivers including the Little Usutu -815- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas with its spectacular Mantenga Falls. Twin sharp-peaked kopjes (rocky outcrops) rise to the north. Flooded mining pits have created dams and vleis, which support waterfowl. Vegetation Highveld and lowveld vegetation occurs. The sanctuary contains the Gilbert Reynolds Memorial Garden, which has an aloe collection and a variety of planted indigenous trees. Fauna Before the establishment of the sanctuary, the area contained only steenbok Raphicerus campestris and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. Mammals re-introduced since 1960: are white rhino Ceratotherium simum, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, eland Taurotragus oryx, kudu Tragelaphus _ strepsiceros, blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi and blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus. There are over 240 recorded bird species including Verreaux’s black eagle Aquila verreauxii, plum-coloured starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster, sunbirds (Nectariniidae), and numerous waterfowl on the dams including blue crane Anthropoides paradisea. Conservation Management Constant anti-poaching patrols have reduced poaching. Zebra, wildebeest, impala, white rhinoceros and hippopotamus have been re-introduced to this previously farmed area. Old tin mine pits have been flooded to form dams and other mining scars have been allowed to grass-over prior to planting indigenous tree species. A National Environmental Education Centre has been established funded by the Swaziland National Trust Commission and the United States and is visited by parties of school children. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies A nearby hydroelectric development by-passes Mantenga Falls and will reduce water over the falls to a trickle. Visitor Facilities A large well-equipped rest camp and campsite has a small natural history museum. Facilities include guided horseback or open Land-Rover tours and 100km of good gravel roads with wildlife/bird hides. Scientific Research Swaziland National Trust Commission is conducting a survey to investigate how the scenic quality of Mantenga Falls can be maintained despite the hydroelectric scheme. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Team of rangers Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary, PO Box 33, Mbabane. Date 1983 HLANE GAME RESERVE Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African woodland/savanna) -816- Swaziland Legal Protection Controlled hunting permitted in the Royal Hunting Reserve. Date Established 1967. First acquired by the king in the 1940s as a private ranch; part of the area is now a Royal Hunting Reserve Geographical Location Straddling the Lomahasha-Manzini road in north-east Swaziland. 29°14’S, 31°55°E. Altitude No information Area 14,164ha. Contiguous with Mlawulu Nature Reserve (12,000ha) and Ndzindza Nature Reserve (5,500ha) Land Tenure King of Swaziland in trust for the nation Physical Features The Lowveld country, watered by the Black Mbuluzi River, forms part of the north and north-west boundaries and separates the reserve from Mlawulu and Ndzindza Reserves. It has a dry winter and wet summer. Vegetation Extensive grassland veld areas with woodland along the watercourses include knobthorn Acacia nigrescens and ancient leadwood trees Combretum imberbe. Herbaceous species include impala lily Adenium swazicum. Fauna There are over 10,000 mammals including zebra Equus burchelli, blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. White rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (V) have been introduced. Southern bald ibis Geronticus calvus (R) also occur in the area. Population The Butimba, a week-long hunt in an area adjacent to the Royal Hunting Reserve at Hlane, takes place each year. Hundreds of Swazis in traditional dress, led by the king, enter the area with spears, knobkerries and guns. All game killed is given to the king. The Swaziland game rangers regard this annual event as a valuable way of emphasising traditional values. Conservation Management Thirty-five white rhinoceros were translocated from Umfolozi Game Reserve in Natal. Giraffe and cheetah have been reintroduced from the Transvaal and Natal. When the area was upgraded from a hunting reserve to game reserve, a team of rangers was employed and poaching has been reduced. Game numbers have risen, but overcrowding is now a threat. The new policy is to translocate to Malolotja Nature Reserve in the west. Zoning The reserve contains the Royal Hunting Reserve. Disturbances or Deficiencies A road through the reserve from Lomahasha to Manzini is to be upgraded to a highway. It will effectively divide the reserve in two and degrade it as a sanctuary. The expanding wildlife population continues to threaten the habitat by overgrazing the grassland areas with subsequent bush invasion. Visitor Facilities Basic campsite facilities are available and Land-Rover tours can be arranged. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material None listed -817- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Staff Team of rangers Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary, PO Box 33, Mbabane. Date 1983 -818- TANZANIA Ki y q PL. sams LL Uganda bandage. — Rumranyika 1 Rwanda igi [R (TR SEs ai , - x “gs ‘Biharamulo . die : i oD) SN gorongorol: : : L. Manyara Moyowosi Tarangire ie Indian Ocean ga SO) > ae i ! NU ton Mozambique 9 0 390km Key M) National Parks E48 Proposed National Parks 3 Game Reserves E] Conservation Area * Biosphere Reserve ** World Heritage Site > shapeunknown Tanzania TANZANIA Area 930,700 sq.km (including 53,480 sq.km of water on the mainland) Population 19,730,000 (1983); 90% rural. Population growth presumbably 3.3% Parks and Reserves Legislation The original Fauna Conservation Ordinance of 1951 was replaced in 1974 by the Wildlife Conservation Act which allows the government to establish protected areas and sets out how those areas are to be organized. Appropriate management of these areas is also outlined in the Forest Ordinance No. 389 of 1959, National Parks Ordinance No. 12 of 1959 and Ngorongoro Conservation Act 1959. National Parks are declared by Act of Parliament after approval by ministry and district/regional authorities, changes are made under the same _ procedure. Game reserves are declared or altered by the ministry with district/regional approval. Game reserves are areas where no permanent settlement is permitted, hunting is only allowed with written permission, and activities such as _ licened hunting, fishing and logging are strictly controlled. Five game reserves have been declared National Projects which increases their status and protection. These areas are considered to be of special importance to the nation. Usually only tourist hunting is allowed and no exploitation such as cattle grazing and cultivation is permitted. There are 49 Game Controlled Areas where unauthorised hunting is prohibited, but as there is no control on land use this is largely ineffective as a conservation measure. Forest reserves, which cover some 10-15% of the country, are declared under the same procedure but established under the Forest Ordinance. About 45% of this area is closed to timber production. Five marine reserves have been declared, but no development of any kind has taken place and these areas appear to receive little protection. Parks and Reserves Administration All natural resources are administered by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, which has separate Divisions of Fish, Forests, Tourism and Wildlife. Until the 1950s, all wildlife areas were administered by the Wildlife Division (which at that time was known as the Game Division). The National Parks authority was then created aS a semi-autonomous para-statal body answerable to the Minister through a board of directors. One Conservation Area (Ngorongoro) is a multiple use management area, administered and managed by a separate para-statal body the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority. Game reserves are managed under regional directorates guided by the Wildlife Division. The five game reserves that are National Projects are managed directly by the Wildlife Division, and the input of manpower and equipment is much higher than for other game reserves. Address ° Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA), PO Box 3134, Arusha. ° Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, PO Box 1994, Dar-es-Salaam. ° Forestry Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, PO Box 426, Dar-es-Salaam. ° Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, Box 1, Ngorongoro, Arusha Region. ° College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, PO Box 3031, Moshi. Additional Information Nature conservation is a major landuse in Tanzania with over 25% of the country within gazetted reserves (including Forest Reserves but excluding Game Controlled Areas). Poaching, particularly of trophy species, has increased in the last decade, resulting at least in part from the 1973 hunting ban and facilitated by the increased availability of automatic weapons. Hunting safaris, developed in the mid 1960s, were economically successful and acted to enhance wildlife conservation by increasing government interest and reducing poaching (through better surveillance of Game Controlled areas and game reserves). With the 1973 ban, mainly to curb elephant poaching, effective patrolling of many reserves had stopped by 1975 due to relative cost increases. Tourist hunting was re-introduced in 1978 for a restricted period of each year (July to December) under the control of the Tanzania Wildlife Corporation. However, due to the low number of safaris, their effect as a poaching deterrent was initially fairly insignificant (Rodgers, 1981). Since 1981 the number of professional hunters and their clients has increased again. -821- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Another major concern is depletion of forest through over-exploitation and invasion by cultivation. As is found elsewhere in Africa, increased fragmentation into tiny forested areas within mountain regions in particular, poses a threat to the continued existence of a number of communities and species. The biological values of Tanzania’s montane forests are attracting increasing interest, having very rich floras and faunas with many endemic species. The Mountains are also an important water catchment area and the forest cover needs to be maintained to safeguard regular runoff. The Uzungwa mountains have been proposed as a national park and greater protection has been proposed for the Uluguru and Usambara mountains. IUCN/WWE Project 3024 was to study the invertebrate and bird fauna of the Ulugurus, which have many endemic species, including Loveridge’s sunbird Nectarinia loveridgei and the extremely rare Uluguru bush shrike Malaconotus alius. The College of African Wildlife Management at Mweka, established in 1963, has trained technical staff from many Anglophone African countries, and is widely recognised as the pioneer training institution of its type in the world. Facilities are fairly extensive, including residential, administrative and teaching buildings, vehicles, field equipment etc. The training programme is directed towards middle-level managers, with the majority of graduates achieving posts of assistant and senior field officers (Mosha and Thorsell, 1984). There is no long-term secure funding arrangement for the college. In 1982 the Malihai (Wildlife) Clubs of Tanzania were set up under IUCN/WWF Project 1779 as school children previously knew little about their wildlife. Its headquarters and museum are located at Arusha and a magazine is produced. Other publicity about wildlife issues, particularly rhinoceros conservation, was undertaken by IUCN/WWF Project 1933 which also censused rhino populations. References ° Animal Kingdom (1980). Special Tanzania issue (1980). Animal Kingdom 83(3). ° Eltringham, S.R. (1980). Recommendations for a comprehensive wildlife research programme, Tanzania. Report prepared on behalf of the Ministry of Livestock Development and Natural Resources, Tanzania, IUCN/UNEP, Gland. Hesse, J. (1984). Rapport Preparatoire a l’Etude Comparative des Politiques de Conservation de la Nature et de leurs Implications Economiques dans des pays anglophones d’Afrique de Vest (Kenya, Tanzanie) et des pays francophones d’Afrique de l?Ouest (Cameroun, Senegal). Secretariat d’état a l’environnment et a la qualité de la vie. Federation des parcs naturels de France. ° TUCN/WWF Project 1779. Tanzania, Wildlife Clubs. ° TUCN/WWE Project 3024. Tanzania, Habitat evaluation in the Usambara and Uzungwa Mountains. IUCN (1976). Proceedings of a regional meeting on the creation of a coordinated system of national parks and reserves in Eastern Africa. IUCN Publications New Series, Supplementary Paper No. 45. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland. ° Kurji, F. (1979). Human population densities and their changes around the major conservation areas of Tanzania. Bralup Research Report No. 51 (New Series). Univeristy of Dar-es-Salaam. ° Lamprey, H.F. (1975). The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 16. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland. ° Mongi, A.L.D. (1982). Socio-economic factors in managing protected areas in Tanzania. Workshop paper, World National Parks Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 11-20 October 1982. ° Mosha, G.T. and Thorsell, J.W. (1984). Training Protected Area Personnel: Lessons from the College of African Wildlife Management. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation and Development. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. ° Nyahoza, F. (1981). Developments at the College of African Wildlife management Mweka and her training needs. In Conserving Africa’s Natural Heritage. Proceedings of the 17th meeting of IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland. Rodgers, A. (1981). Few Hunting Safaris in Tanzania despite lifting of ban. Africana 8(4). Thorsell, J.W. (1982). The role of training in effective management: an example of the parks management course at The College of African Wildlife Management, Tanzania. Workshop paper, World National Parks Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 11-22 October 1982. -822- Tanzania ° Williams, J.G. (1981). A field guide to the National Parks of East Africa. Collins, London. (Includes animal species lists for many of the reserves.) Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Arusha 13,700 Gombe 5,200 Katavi 225,300 Kilimanjaro 75,575 Lake Manyara 32,000 Mikumi 323,000 Ruaha 1,295,000 Rubondo 45,700 Serengeti 1,476,300 Tarangire 260,000 Subtotal 3,751,775 Game Reserves Biharamulo 130,000 Burigi 220,000 Ibanda 20,000 Kizigo 400,000 Maswa 220,000 Mkomazi 100,000 Mount Meru 30,000 Moyowosi 600,000 Rumanyika 80,000 Rungwa 900,000 Sadani 30,000 Selous 5,000,000 Ugalla 500,000 Umba 150,000 Uwanda 500,000 Subtotal 8,880,000 Conservation Areas Ngorongoro 828,800 Forest Reserves Kimboza 385 Magombero 1,500 Mazumbai Natural 300 Pugu 2,200 Usambara Mountains East and West 621,300 Subtotal 625,685 Biosphere Reserves Lake Manyara National Park 32,500 Serengeti NP & Ngorongoro CA 2,305,100 Subtotal 2,337,600 World Heritage Sites Ngorongoro Conservation Area 828,800 Selous Game Reserve 5,000,000 Serengeti National Park 1,476,300 Subtotal 7,305,100 -823- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Proposed areas Mahale Mountain National Park 161,300 Uzungwa Forest National Park 100,000 Subtotal 261,300 ARUSHA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Total Date Established Established in 1960 as Ngurdoto Crater National Park. Combined with Momela Lakes and renamed as Arusha National Park in 1967. Enlarged in 1973. Geographical Location On the south-east flank of Mount Meru, 32km by road east of Arusha. Approximately centred at 3°15’S, 36°55’E. Altitude 1,525-4,565m (summit of Mount Meru) Area 13,700ha; Mt Meru Game Reserve (30,000ha) constitutes a buffer zone. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The volcanic terrain contains the peak and shattered main crater of Mount Meru, the Ngurdoto Crater (the nucleus of the original park) with a swampy lake in the crater floor. In the north is the group of seven Momela lakes formed in subsidiary craters and by the blocking of the drainage lines (of the Ngarenanyuki River) caused by the eruptions. There are spectacular views of Mt Kilimanjaro and Mt Meru from the rim of Ngurdoto Crater. Vegetation The park comprises mainly dense forest or thicket (excluding the areas in and around craters and the higher elevations of Mount Meru). Dominant tree species include: olive Olea hochstetteri, the soft wood Nuxia congesta, Podocarpus gracilior, and pencil cedar Juniperus procera. Small tree and shrub species include: the Masai tea-tree Cassia didymobotrya, Vernonia subuligera with large panicles of mauve flowers, and purple-flowered Thunbergia alata. Scattered stands of Hagenia abyssinica or dense belts of bamboo separate the mountain rain forest from the higher shrubland and moorland where Erica, Helichrysum, Senecio, and Hypericum species dominate. In open areas at lower levels the most widespread grasses are star grass Cynodon dactylon and bamboo grass Pennisetum clandestinum. Groves of Acacia xanthophloea in various successional stages occur along the existing and obsolete drainage of the Ngarenanyuki River. Fauna Mammals include: eastern black and white colobus Colobus guereza, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (seriously declining), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, eland Taurotragus oryx, and buffalo Syncerus caffer. The waterfowl of Momela lakes include greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber, lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor (although numbers have reportedly declined as has been observed throughout East Africa), sacred ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus, Maccoa duck Oxyura maccoa, and Egyptian goose Alopochen aegyptiacus. Forest birds include narine trogon Apaloderma narina and broadbill Smithornis capensis. -824- Tanzania Conservation Management An electric fence was erected along part of the boundary, but this proved ineffective. Wardens visit schools and village elders in an attempt to stop poaching. Zoning’ The crater constitutes a core zone with complete protection and the Mount Meru Game Reserve area now serves as a buffer zone. Disturbances or Deficiencies There is heavy population pressure on all sides of the park, cattle trespass, and trees and other vegetation are illegally cut for building poles or fuel. Animals stray into cultivated areas. Poaching, particularly of elephant, buffalo and warthog, is mainly for meat but also for horns and tusks (reportedly by poachers from outside the area). Small game are regularly taken by poachers hunting with dogs. The black rhinoceros population in the park has been reduced by 10 percent and the elephant population almost so. Boundaries of the park encompass only a portion of the total ecosystem. There is a general lack of equipment for the maintenence of facilities, and no interpretative programme exists. Visitor Facilities Road access is from Arusha. Facilities include special viewpoints and hides (although many of these are inoperable), a network of game viewing tracks and accommodation at Momela Game Lodge. Hotel accommodation is available nearby at Usa River and at Arusha less than an hour away. Access is prohibited to Ngurdoto Crater. Scientific Research Botanical and zoological research has been carried out within the park, with studies concentrated on rhinoceros, giraffe, elephant, and flamingo. A very comprehensive survey of vegetational changes was completed by the late D. Vesey-FitzGerald, Tanzania National Parks scientific officer, shortly before his death in 1974. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° It is hoped that funds will be made available to publish the vegetational survey of the park. ° Ecosystems Ltd (1980). Livestock, Wildlife and Land Use Survey. Arusha _ region, Tanzania. Vol. 1 (text), 103 pp. Vol. 2 (figs and tables), 187 pp. ° Ecosystems Ltd (1980). The status and utilization of wildlife in Arusha region, Tanzania. Final Report, 82 pp. ° Thorsell, J.W. (1982). Evaluating effective management in protected areas: an application to Arusha National Park, Tanzania. World National Parks Congress, Bali, Indonesia. 11-12 October 1982. ° Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. (1974). The changing state of Acacia xanthophloea groves in Arusha National Park, Tanzania. Biological Conservation 6(1): 40-47. Staff Park warden, senior park assistant, and a staff of 50 (1977). Budget 1977, Tanzanian Shs.394,300 (approximately US$47,880) excluding grants from external sources. Local Park or Reserve Administration Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134, Arusha. Date 1985 GOMBE NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) -825- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Legal Protection Total Date Established Gombe Stream Game Reserve established in 1943; given National Park status in 1968 by Government Notice 235. Geographical Location Eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika; the southern boundary is about 10km north of Kigoma. 4°40’S, 29°35’E. Altitude 750-1,500m Area 5,200ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features It includes part of the escarpment dominating Lake Tanganyika on the east. A number of watercourses flow into the lake forming wide valleys. Vegetation The lower slopes are covered by miombo woodland comprising mainly Brachystegia spp. There is thicker gallery forest bordering watercourses including the Gombe stream and along the crest of the scarp at cloud level, with oil palm Elaeis guineensis as an important constituent. Ridge tops are grass-covered probably maintained by fire. Fauna The game reserve was established mainly to protect the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T). Other mammals include: baboon Papio sp., diademed monkey Cercopithecus mitis, red-tailed monkey Cecopithecus ascanius (seems to interbreed with diademed monkey), red colobus Colobus badius, leopard Panthera pardus (T), bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caf fer, and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus. The interesting birdlife includes five species of barbet, palm-nut vulture Gypohierax angolensis, and the very localised Forbes’s plover Charadrius tricollaris forbesi. Conservation Management A fire break has been constructed on the east side of the park. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Some illegal fishing occurs and there is further disturbance from wildfires (often started by fishermen smoke-drying their catch) and cutting of vegetation for fuel or construction of racks. The villages of Mwamgongo (north) and Kazinga (south) are close to the park boundary and a public road runs along the escarpment. Oil palms remain from cultivation of the area up to 1948. Fire is considered a serious problem, spreading every dry season from the higher cultivated land to the east. Visitor Facilities Previously no tourism was permitted, due to a decision that was reinforced by the attack on the research centre from Zaire in May 1975. However, it has now been resumed. Local people support tourism because of increased trading. There are facilities in the research camp. Scientific Research Some of the most intensive and long-term research ever undertaken on chimpanzees and other primates (in particular baboons and red colobus) was carried out in this area. The intensity of research was reduced after the attack on the research centre in 1975. Special Scientific Facilities The Research Centre at Kasekela has accommodation, a laboratory and other facilities. Principal Reference Material ° Clutton-Brock, T.H. and Gillett J.B. (1979). A survey of forest compilation in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. 17(3): 131-158. ° Goodall, J. (1971). In the Shadow of Man. Collins, London. Contains summaries of some of the chimpanzee studies. Staff Warden and about 20 rangers mainly working on research (1980) -826- Tanzania Budget 1977, Tanzanian Shs.41,860 (approximately US$5,080) Local Park or Reserve Administration Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134, Arusha. Date 1984 KATAVI NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established The area was gazetted under German rule as a Controlled Area. Katavi Plain Game Reserve was established in 1951 and given National Park status in 1974 by Government Notice 1. Geographical Location In Western Tanzania near the Zambian border; 6°40’-7°05’S, 30°50°-31°30°E Altitude 900m Area 225,300ha; contiguous to Mlele Game Controlled Area (300,00ha) and Nkamba Forest Reserve. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park comprises a high altitude floodplain dominated by Lake Katavi in the north and Lake Chala in the southeast. The lakes are linked by the Katuma River and vast associated swamps which eventually drain into Lake Rukwa. The terrain is flat in the grasslands with black cotton pans (mbuga) and undulating in the north where soils are sandy. Mean annual rainfall is 1100mm falling mainly March to May. Vegetation The park is situated in the great miombo woodlands with dominant species of Brachystegia and Isoberlinia. Some areas of short-grass floodplain and scattered stands of Acacia spp. occur particularly in the vicinity of Lake Chala (which is fringed with palms). Fauna The mammals of the drier areas include lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, sable and roan antelopes Hippotragus niger and Hippotragus equinus and topi Damaliscus lunatus. There are over 400 recorded bird species in the area. Fauna of the swamp area. includes hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (numerous), crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) and large numbers of waterfowl, particularly pelican. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The main problems are illegal hunting, fishing and destruction of trees or other vegetation, aggravated by wildfires during the dry season. Shortage of development funds is particularly serious as the park is in a somewhat remote and inaccessible area. -827- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Visitor Facilities There is a restcamp for shelter but no equipment or facilities so visitors must be self-contained. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Senior park assistant and 12 park rangers (1977) Budget 1977: Tanzanian Shs. 140,660 (approximately US$17,000) excluding grants from external sources for the original buildings and other development expenditure Local Park or Reserve Administration Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134, Arusha. Date 1984 KILIMANJARO NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Total. Access is restricted Date Established Established as a Game Reserve in 1951. National Park status in 1973 by Government Notice 54. Geographical Location On the Kenyan border, mainly the upper levels of Mount Kilimanjaro including corridors in the forest belt. 2°50’-3°10’S, 37°20’-37°40°E. Altitude 1,830m (Marangu Gate) to 5,895m (summit of Kibo) Area 75,575ha surrounded by a Forest Reserve Land Tenure Government Physical Features This volcanic massif has three volcanic peaks on an east-south-east axis which were active in the Pleistocene: Shira (oldest) on the west at 4,000m, the rugged peak of Mawenzi (next oldest) on the east at 5,149m, and Kibo (most recent and still showing minor fumarole activity) in the centre. Kibo, the highest, at 5,895m has an extensive, but slowly shrinking, ice cap and snow fields. Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in Africa. There are two wet seasons: the short rains from November to December and long rains from March to May. Mean precipitation is 2300mm in the forest belt (1,830m), 1300mm at Mandara hut at the upper edge of the forest (2,740m), 525mm at Horombo hut in the moorland (3,718m), and less than 200mm at Kibo hut (4,630m), producing desert-like conditions. Diurnal temperature range is considerable. Vegetation The park includes six corridors through the montane forest belt: Geraragua and Shira on the west, Marangu and Mashati on the east and Njara and Rongai on the north. The park, therefore, contains a large amount of montane rain forest whose components are complex and vary greatly with aspect. The wetter southern slopes are dominated by Podocarpus spp. -828- Tanzania and camphorwood QOcotea usambarensis with Myrica salicifolia and Agauria sp., and an understory of ferns such as tree ferns Cyathea spp. and the long-spiked Lobelia gibberoa. The drier northern slopes are dominated by cedar Juniperus procera and olives Olea spp.. Above the forest, the lower and upper moorland zones differ considerably in their flora. Species include: giant groundsels, particularly Senecio cottoniti, tree heath Erica arborea, Philippia trimera, Lobelia deckenii and ’everlastings’ Helichrysum spp.. There is no bamboo zone. At 4,600m the plant cover is virtually zero. (See Tomlinson, 1985). Fauna Mammals include: blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis, black and white colobus Colobus polykomos abyssinicus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) (could be in the forested area, but probably now extinct in this area), bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, and Kilimanjaro tree hyrax Dendrohyrax validus. Difficult to sight and restricted to Kilimanjaro and some neighbouring mountains is Abbot’s duiker Cephalophus spadix. The largest game concentration is on the border with Amboseli. The birds of the moorlands are few in species, but of great interest and include occasional lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus (mainly on the Shira ridge), hill chat Cercomela sordida, Hunter’s cisticola Cisticola hunteri, and scarlet-tufted malachite sunbird Nectarinia johnstoni. The forest has several notable species including one starling of very restricted distribution, Abbot's starling Cinnyricinclus femoralis, and the butterfly Papilio sjoestedti (R), sometimes known as the Kilimanjaro swallowtail. Conservation Management There have been discussions between the Wildlife and Forestry Departments to try to organise control of illegal felling in the area. There is a management plan for the mountain but it is out-of-date and does not include the forest reserve. Issuing of timber licences for the south-east area of the forest reserve has been stopped. Zoning No zoning, but much of the area has ’strict nature reserve’ or ’defence’ status Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal hunting, honey gathering, illegal felling, fuel wood collection, grass burning and incursions by domestic livestock occur, particularly in the south-west. Both honey gathering and grass burning result in outbreaks of uncontrolled fires every year, particularly during the dry season. The forest buffer zone is being maintained in six corridors within the park, but elsewhere it is being felled and replaced with commercial plantations (camphor and Acrocarpus) or maize crops. Visitor Facilities Approximately 67,000 people visit annually. Tourism is restricted mainly to the organized 4-5 night climb to Kibo via the authorised Marangu route which stops at Mandara, Horombo and Kibo huts. Food, bedding and porters are provided. The starting point at Marangu has hotel and hostel accommodation and is 48km from Moshi and 90km from Kilimanjaro International Airport. Visitors are allowed to climb to 4,000m without a guide. Permission is necessary for using the other routes and obtained from the Chief Warden. There is a rescue force of 12 with a leader trained in Europe. Advisors from Europe have also visited to train local officers. Scientific Research Past scientific work included comprehensive vegetation surveys and some fauna studies. Masters Thesis by B.C. Mwasaga in 1982-1983 from the University of Dar-es-Salaam. Special Scientific Facilities None but the College of African Wildlife Management at Mweka is situated near the park. Principal Reference Material ° Morris, B. (1970). The zonal vegetation of Kilimanjaro. African Wildlife 24 pp. ° Tanzania Notes and Records No. 64. Special Kilamanjaro, issue March 1965. Obtainable from the Hon. Secretary/Treasurer, The Tanzania Society, PO Box 511, Dar-es-Salaam. ° Tomlinson, R. (1985). Observations on the Giant Groundsels of Upper Kilimanjaro. Biol. Conservation 31: 303-316. Staff Senior park warden, park warden, building inspector, and a staff of 80 (1977). -829- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Budget 1977: Tanzanian Shs.598,000 (approximately US$72,610) excluding grants from external sources. Kilimanjaro was reported in 1984 to be the only park in Tanzania which was self-sufficient. Local Park or Reserve Administration Park headquarters are at Marangu. Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134, Arusha. Date 1984 LAKE MANYARA NATIONAL PARK Management Category IJ and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Proyince 3.05.04 (East African Woodand/savanna) Legal Protection Total. To the north and northeast of the park is the Mto wa Mbu Game Controlled Area, where licenced hunting is permitted. Southwest and contiguous to the park is the Marang Forest Reserve, in which no development is allowed. Date Established Given National Park status in 1960, having been a Game Reserve since 1957, and before then a Game Controlled Area. Declared a Biosphere Reserve in 1981. Geographical Location In Arusha Region, 117km southwest of Arusha. 3°30’S, 35°60’E. Altitude 960-1478m Area 32,500ha, of which approximately one third is land, the remainder being part of Lake Manyara. The land area includes about 550ha added to the southern end in 1974. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The majority of the land area of the park is a narrow strip running between the Gregory Rift wall to the west and Lake Manyara, an alkaline or soda-lake, to the east. Most of the rift wall and in some places the edge of the plateau at its top are included in the park. The escarpment’s face is dissected by spectacular gorges from which rivers, some flowing year round, feed into the lake, which is part of a closed drainage system. Porous volcanic rock occurs in the north, where perennial spring-fed rivers emerge from the escarpment base. The south is characterized by non-porous ancient crystalline rock. There are hot springs in the south where the rift wall comes close to the lake edge. Parts of the rift wall are gently sloping and covered in a network of animal trails, while elsewhere the face of the scarp is steep and rugged. Mean annual rainfall is 650mm, varying along the north-south axis of the park and occurring in two seasons, November-December and February-April. Rainfall variation results in marked changes in the level of the lake, which can be reduced to nearly nothing. Mean annual temperature is 22°C. Vegetation A complex mosaic of habitat types varies with topography. Below the rift wall, perennial springs in the north support a ground water forest, characterized by Trichelia roka, Croton macrostachyus, a fig Ficus sycamorus, and Tabernaemontana usambarensis, and edaphic grasslands of Cynodon dactylon. The tree species reappear in riverine habitats. At the edges of the ground water forest, yellow fever trees Acacia xanthophloea and the palm Phoenix reclinata form dense stands. A dense swamp of Typha angustifolia has reappeared at the northwest corner of the lake after being absent for many years. The central area of the park contains woodland of A. tortilis, A. sieberiana, and Balanites aegyptiaca. To the south, Capparis tomentosa, the sausage tree Kigelia africana, and perennial grasses are found. Along the -830- Tanzania western lake shore are alkaline grasslands characterized by Sporobolus spicatus. The escarpment face is characterized by perennial herb Ruellia megachlamys and is distinguished by baobab trees Adansonia digitata. Unlike the remainder of the park, the area above the rift wall on the plateau is subject to fires, restrained from moving east by the prevailing southeasterly wind. Here, fire-resistant grasses such as Themeda triandra are characteristic. To the south on the plateau, the Marang Forest Reserve is a montane forest resembling the Ngorongoro Crater rim forest to the north; the Marang Forest vegetation is not known to have been studied. Fauna Manyara has what is possibly the greatest biomass density (weight per area) of mammals in the world. Elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (density 6/km) and buffalo Syncerus caffer (density 18/km) comprise the bulk of the biomass. Among visitors the park is well known for its lions Panthera leo which rest through the day several metres up in the branches of large trees (a habit which could be considered adaptive given the density of the above two species). Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) are still present, although no longer in the great numbers for which Manyara was known by hunters. Other significant species are hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, impala Aepyceros melampus, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, and zebra Equus burchelli. Among other species are wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and baboon Papio anubis. In the dry season, large herds of wildebeest and other plains game from the Mto wa Mbu Game Controlled Area enter the park for short periods from the north. Manyara also has exceptional numbers of birds, in terms of both species (seen as of 1984) and populations. Spectacular flocks of water fowl are often present, sometimes breeding. Lesser flamingo Phoenicopterus minor can occur in thousands or millions and greater flamingo P. ruber in smaller numbers. White pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus, yellow-billed storks [bis ibis, and white-necked cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo are common. At least 44 species of diurnal birds of prey occur, including palm-nut vulture Gypohierax angolensis and Ayre’s hawk eagle Hieraaetus dubius. Chestnut-banded sand plovers Charadrius venustus, common in the past, are now rarely sighted. The many reptiles include nile monitor lizard Varanus niloticus, often seen near rivers, and several species of cobra. Population No information Conservation Management No formal management plan exists, although draft versions have been made by several park wardens. A good relationship between park management and local inhabitants, including a network of informers, helps to keep poaching to a minimum; this is also aided by a high density of ranger patrols. Several techniques have been used to control the movement of animals from the park into contiguous agricultural land: an electric fence was in use along the northern boundary for several years in the 1960’s, as was a heavy cable fence along the original southern boundary. Neither is now functional. Crop-raiding elephants and other species and cattle-killing lions are very occasionally shot by the authorities. Since 1970 plans have existed to increase the size of the park, for which approval was given in 1978. WWF/IUCN Project 1935 in 1980 gave funds towards the extension of the park to the south (for development of ranger posts, etc.). The Marang Forest Reserve (20,000ha), in the southwest, is now effectively part of the park. On a smaller scale, galvanized wire mesh wrapped around the trunk of the tree has been used with great effect to prevent elephants from debarking and thus hastening the death of mature Acacia tortilis, favored resting places for lions. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The park is too small to be viable. Current boundaries exclude substantial parts of the normal daily range of many of the large mammals, with profound consequences for both the park and those living nearby; elephants are chronic invaders of land are sometimes fatally speared in cultivated land bordering the park, which forms a buffer zone by definition only. Repeated major epidemics (1959: rinderpest-20% mortality buffalo; 1977: (unidentified)-15% mortality elephant; 1984: anthrax-90% mortality impala (same likely in 1965)) since the park was established demonstrate the critical need for allowing some movement of animals between Manyara and other reserves. The proposed extension of the park to the west (the plateau above the scarp) and to the south, and the proposed corridors -831- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas from the northeast and southeast to Tarangire National Park would solve several problems at once, by including land regularly used by the resident population, incorporating higher rainfall areas that serve as critical refuges in times of drought, and by allowing for genetic flow. These new boundary lines have been mapped and plans exist for the administration of the enlarged areas and concomitant changes in current practice; for example, once the park is expanded ranger posts which are now only at the base of the escarpment can be shifted to the western boundary on the plateau, a far more effective location from which to patrol and to police the border. While the Marang Forest Reserve can be incorporated into the park easily as an exchange between government bodies, expanding the park to the south and west requires compensating and resettling displaced farmers. Funds are required for this. The park’s vegetation and thus its fauna exist as they do in very large part because of rainfall outside the park to the west. Those drainage systems and catchment areas must be safeguarded for the sake of both the park and its agricultural and pastoral neighbours. Steadily increasing sand deposits from rivers is a sign of erosion outside the park. Integration of park and _ local planning is necessary if either is to succeed and to avoid the repetition of cases such as the ILO rice cultivation and irrigation project in the north that took place with no ecological impact study or liaison with the national park. In part due to the irrigation project, and for an array of other reasons, the human population around the park is steadily increasing. The electric fence in the north could be replaced by an effective low maintenance modern version. Illegal fishing in the park’s waters is a problem, in part because poachers may use boats to gain access. Visitor Facilities _ Thanks to both its intrinsic appeal and its convenient location close to Arusha on the route to Ngorongoro Crater and Serengeti National Park, Manyara has many visitors (28,000 pa). Accommodation varies from a hotel (100 beds) sited at the edge of the plateau above the rift wall to several campsites near the main gate at the north end of the park. One of the campsites consists of small and simple self-contained cottages or bandas. A hostel at park headquarters is suitable for school parties. There is an airstrip outside the park near the hotel. A small museum is at the main gate. A good all-weather track runs the length of the park; several secondary tracks loop off the main route. Manyara has traditionally been accessed as a cul de sac from the north; the southern gate has recently been opened to encourage movement to and from Tarangire National Park in the southeast. Scientific Research The vegetation has been catalogued, described, and mapped by several researchers. A longitudinal ongoing study of the elephants began in 1966. The behavior and ecology of the buffalo was investigated from 1981-1985. (See references below). Special Scientific Facilities Housing for scientists may be found outside the park in the village of Mto wa Mbu and at the bandas. A very small research camp in the centre of the park, built and primarily used by the elephant research project, is under the administration of the Serengeti Wildlife Research Institute. A herbarium of the park is kept at the research camp. Scientists working at Manyara are affiliated with the Seronera Research Centre of the S.W.R.L Principal Reference Material Arens, W. (1972). On the Frontier of Change: Mto wa Mbu, Tanzania. ° Douglas-Hamilton, I, (1972). On the ecology and behaviour of the African elephant. D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, Oxford. ° Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1973). On the ecology and behaviour of the Lake Manyara elephants. East African Wildlife Journal 11: 401-403. ° Douglas-Hamilton, I. and Douglas-Hamilton, O. (1975). Among the Elephants. Collins and Harvill Press: London. ° Greenway, P.J. and Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. (1969). The vegetation of Lake Manyara National Park. Journal of Ecology 57: 127-149. ° Greenway, P.J. and Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. (1972). Annotated check-list of plants occurring in Lake Manyara National Park. Journal of East African Natural History Society and National Museum 28(130): 1-29. ° Harris, J.H. (1951). Lake Manyara: The phenomenon of a salt crust which disappears as it is approached. Tanganyika Notes and Records. 30: 6-14. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1935. Tanzania, Lake Manyara National Park, Southern Extension. -832- Tanzania Kinoti, G. (1961). A general report of the Makerere expedition to Lake Manyara. April-July 1961. Makerere University College, Kampala, Uganda. Loth, P.E. and Prins, H.H.T. (1986) (in press). The vegetation of Lake Manyara National Park: Structural patterns. ITC J.(in press) [with a landscape ecological map, 1:50,000]. Makacha, S. and Schaller, G.B. (1969). Observations on lions in the Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania. East African Wildlife Journal 7: 99-103. Mwalyosi, R.B.B. (1977). A count of large mammals in the Lake Manyara National Park. East African Wildlife Journal \5: 333-335. Mwalyosi, R.B.B. (1977). Vegetation changes in Lake Manyara National Park. M.Sc. thesis, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Mwalyosi, R.B.B. (1980). Prescription for a park. Animal Kingdom 83(3): 35-40. Mwalyosi, R.B.B. (1981). Ecological changes in Lake Manyara National Park. Afr. J. Ecol. 19: 201-204. Mwalyosi, R.B.B. (1983). Utilization of pastures in Lake Manyara National Park. Afr. J. of Ecol. 21: 135-137. Prins, H.H.T. (in prep). The relationship of social organization and food exploitation in the African buffalo. Ph.D. thesis, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Russell, Hugh (196?). Lake Manyara National Park: A guide. Arusha: Tanzania National Parks. Scherlis, J.S. (in prep). The behavioral ecology of the Manyara elephants. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. (1969). Utilization of the habitat by buffalo in Lake Manyara National Park. East African Wildlife Journal 7: 131-145. Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. (1973). Animal impact on vegetation and plant succession in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania. Oikos. 24: 314-325. Watermeyer, A.M. and Elliott, H.F.I. (1943). Lake Manyara. Tanganyika Notes and Records 15: 58-71. Watson, R.M. and Turner, M.I.M. (1965). A count of the large mammals of the Lake Manyara National Park: Results and discussion. East African Wildlife Journal 3: 95-98. Weyerhaeuser, R. (1982). On the ecology of the Lake Manyara elephants. M.F.Sc. report, Yale University, New Haven. Staff Senior park warden, one or two support wardens, administrator/accountant, and park assistant; total staff of 66 (1984). Budget 1984, 2,603,000 Tanzania shillings (projected). Local Park or Reserve Administration Lake Manyara National Park, P.O. Box 12, Mto wa Mbu. Date 1986 MIKUMI NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1964; extended to connect with Selous Game Reserve in 1975 Geographical Location Eastern Tanzania, north of the main road between Morogoro and Iringa and 280km by road from Dar-es-Salaam. 7°00’-7°50’S, 37°00’-37°30°E. -833- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Altitude 550-1,257m Area 323,000ha; contiguous to Selous Game Reserve (5,000,000ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park comprises two major ecological units, the grassland and wooded savanna of the extensive Mkata River floodplain with hardpan ridges and black cotton soilpans with upland seasonal swamplands (mbuga), and hilly country to the east, west and south covered with miombo vegetation. Rainfall varies with means of 500mm at park headquarters, 625mm at Chamgore waterhole (25km to the north) and over 1,000mm on the highest hills. The wet season extends from November to May, March and April being the wettest months. Vegetation The miombo woodland is dominated by Brachystegia spp.. Combretum-Terminalia woodland is common between hill and floodplain. There are scattered thorn Acacia spp, baobab Adansonia digitata, and mgude (yellow barked) Sterculia appendiculata trees on the floodplain and tall gallery forest and dense riverine thicket along the Mgoda, Kikobogo, and Mkata watercourses. Species include: ebony Dalbergia melanoxylon, Sclerocarya caffra, Cassia abbreviata, Borassus flabellifer and Hyphaene ventricosa palms. Balanites aegyptiaca and Ficus spp. are common and important for elephant and baboon. Fauna Mammals include: yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, Sykes’ monkey Cecopithecus mitis, eastern black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza, serval Felis serval, wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), _ ratel Mellivora capensis, leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, zebra Equus burchelli, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Bohar reedbuck Redunca redunca, sable antelope AHippotragus niger, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, and impala Aepyceros melampus. The bird life is transitional between north and south and is therefore, very varied and about 360 species have been recorded. It includes typically southern species such as Dickinson’s kestrel Falco dickinsoni, Bateleur eagle Terathopius ecaudatus and Boehm’s bee-eater Merops boehmi, and northern species such as superb starling Spreo superbus and straw-tailed whydah Vidua fischeri. Other recorded species include: crowned lapwing Vanellus coronatus, flappet lark Mirafra rufocinnamomea, southern ground hornbill Bucorvus sp., and malachite kingfisher Alcedo cristata. Zoning No zoning has yet been implemented, but there are three distinct types: an area developed for tourism; ’defence zones’ needing periodic special protection; and inaccessible areas. Disturbances or Deficiencies There are low levels of poaching and grazing as this area is fairly inaccessible and the hills are not suitable for grazing. These are not serious and could be easily controlled. The recently rebuilt main Tanzania-Zambia highway bisects the park and will increase ease of access and probably result in some road casualties from animals crossing it. Visitor Facilities The park is popular being easily accessible from Dar-es-Salaam. Well-equipped tented camp and luxury lodge accommodation is available at Mikumi wildlife lodge and there is an airstrip but this is not for general or tourist use. The southern extension of the park is not yet open to visitors (1976) and it is hoped eventually to establish a second camp for visitors travelling from the capital by rail. Scientific Research Detailed studies of the yellow baboon (to complement studies at Gombe) have been undertaken in the park by the University of California, Riverside USA . Special Scientific Facilities The small research station at park headquarters has fallen into disuse, but facilities are available at the University of California’s Research Station. -834- Tanzania Principal Reference Material ° Mercer, G. (1983). Mikumi National Park. SWARA 6(2). East African Wildlife Society. Staff Chief park warden, one senior and two junior park wardens with support staff of 60 (1977) Budget 1977: Tanzanian Shs.872,800 (approximately US$105,980) Local Park or Reserve Administration Mikumi National Park, P.O. Box 62, Mikumi. Date 1984 RUAHA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established Originally part of Saba River Game Reserve established in 1910 and then part of Rungwa Game Reserve gazetted in 1946. Ruaha was excised to form the National Park in 1964, although boundaries were changed again in 1973. Geographical Location West of Iringa in the Southern Highlands. 6°54’-7°57’S, 33°50’-35°24’E. Altitude 750m (Great Ruaha River valley) - 1,830m (Ikungu) Area 1,295,000ha; contiguous to Rungwa Game Reserve (900,000ha) and Kizigo Game Reserve (400,000ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The central spine of the park is the watershed between the Nzombe and Ruaha rivers, the only perrenial rivers within the park. The valley of the Great Ruaha River is thought to be an extension of the Great Rift Valley and the Ruaha flows for 160km along the entire eastern boundary through rugged gorges and open plains. Beyond the river and swamps, lies a well-wooded undulating plateau at 1,000m rising to the peaks of Datambulwa (1,700m) in the south, and Ikingu (1,830m) in the west. Much of the rock is metamorphic, particularly gneiss and schist. Several hills comprise precambrian granitic rock. Rainfall varies from a mean of 520mm at Msembe in the valley to over 800mm above the escarpment in the miombo woodland zone. Rainfall is mainly from December to April. Vegetation The vegetation represents a wide range of physiognomic types from treeless grasslands and swamps to evergreen forests. Typical vegetation of the valleys comprises tall stands of Acacia spp., Ficus spp., and the tamarind Tamarindus indica, clumps of palms and patches of open ’black cotton soil’ grassland. Beyond and to the north, the undulating terrain is dominated by baobab Adansonia digitata scattered throughout scrubby Combretum and Commiphora woodland with occasional flat-topped Acacia tortilis. This area is bounded by an escarpment, above which Brachystegia and other typical miombo species extend over most of the remaining park area. There are also areas of grassland, thornbush and rocky hills with patches of forest. In the far west is an area of evergreen upland/submontane forest dominated -835- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas by Drypetes gerrardii with Olea africana, Garcinia huillensis, Manilkara_ discolor and Cassipourea malosana as emergent co-dominants. At least 1,512 species of vascular plant have been identified from the park. Fauna Mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africcana (T), and a wide variety of ungulates such as zebra Equus burchelli, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis (for which the park is especially noted), bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti (at the southern limit of its distribution) and Bohar reedbuck Redunca redunca. In the Brachystegia woodland are roan and sable antelope Hippotragus equinus and Hippotragus niger and Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini. Over 370 bird species have been recorded, including the migrant falcon Falco eleanorae (observed in few other East African sites) on its way to Madagascar, Pel’s fishing owl Scotopelia peli in the densely wooded reaches of the Ruaha river, Dickinson’s kestrel Falco dickinsoni, violet crested turacao Tauraco porphyreolophus, pale-biled hornbill Tockus pallidirostris, and racquet-tailed roller Coracias spatulata in the Brachystegia woodland. The crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) still occurs in the rivers. Zoning A de facto zoning system exists as the only area accessible to visitors is by the network of tracks leading from the headquarters at Msembe along the Ruaha, Mdonya and Mwagusi Sand River valleys. The rest of the park is in effect strict nature reserve as no roads have been built. Disturbances or Deficiencies Heavy poaching, especially of rhinoceros, occurs due to lack of roads for use by patrols and there is illegal fishing. Bushfires started by poachers or honey-gatherers burn about 50% of the park each year and are a serious problem for regeneration, particularly of riverine forest. The high density of elephants results in serious damage of baobab and Acacia albida. Visitor Facilities A hutted camp has been established at Msembe near the ferry on the Ruaha river. There is also a luxurious lodge ’Foxcamp’, which has been built on a kopje 50km upstream from Msembe, some authorised camp sites and two airstrips. Scientific Research |Research mainly concerns vegetational changes, elephant and baboon. Aerial counts have been made of the large mammals. Special Scientific Facilities A small herbarium was set up by P.J. Greenway. Principal Reference Material ° Barnes, R.F.W. (1983). The elephant problem in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. Biol. Consery. 26: 127-148. Includes a discussion of elephant management options. ° Bjornstad, A. (1976). The vegetation of Ruaha National Park, Tanzania Annotated check-list of the plant species. SRI Publication No. 215. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1931. Tanzania, Anti-poaching equipment for National Parks. ° Norton-Griffiths, M. (1975). The number and distribution of large mammals in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. East Afr. Wild. J. 13(2): 121-140. Staff Senior park warden, two park wardens and staff of 54 (1977) Budget 1977, Tanzanian Shs.687,200 (approximately US$83,440) Local Park or Reserve Administration Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134, Arusha. Date 1984 -836- Tanzania RUBONDO NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.27.14 (Lake Ukerewe) Legal Protection Total Date Established Established as a Forest Reserve under German rule; Game Reserve status in 1966; National Park status in 1977 Geographical Location An island in south-west Lake Victoria (Lake Ukerewe), 67km from Geita. 2°25’S, 31°50°E. Altitude Approximately 1,130m Area 45,700ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The island comprises two main areas of hills, rising from the lake, joined by a flat narrow isthmus. Vegetation Some 90% of the island comprises moist evergreen forest. The remaining area is woodland and wooded grassland on steeper, exposed slopes. Patches of open grassland on flat shores have fringes of papyrus. Fauna The park has a varied fauna, mainly introduced. Indigenous species include: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, marsh mongoose Atilax paludinosus, and species of crocodile and python. Introduced species include: chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, suni Neotragus moschatus, and black and white colobus Colobus polykomos. Conservation Management Intention to provide a safe refuge for threatened forest species. There are no large predators. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Some poaching and wood cutting occurs with access by canoes. There are no settlements on the island. Visitor Facilities The recreational potential is high. Unlike many other areas, there is the possibility of walking safaris, boat trips and bird-watching from hides. It was originally intended as a tourist attraction, but as yet, there have been few visitors due to the remote location. Tourist accommodation is available in bandas. Scientific Research Introduction of threatened species to the island was financed by the Frankfurt Zoological Society. There is a general ecological monitoring programme carried out by Dr Markus Borner. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Rodgers, W.A., Ludanga, R. and De Suzo, H.P. (1976). Biharamulo, Birigi and Rubondo Island Game Reserves. Tanzania Notes and Records 81 and 82: 99-123. Staff Warden and 12 rangers -837- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134, Arusha. Date 1984 SERENGETI NATIONAL PARK Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve) World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iii, iv) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established Protected area since 1940. In 1929, 228,600ha of central Serengeti was declared a Game Reserve. National Park status in 1951 with extensive boundary modifications in 1959. Included with the adjoining Maswa Game Reserve as part of _ the Serengeti- Ngorongoro Biosphere Reserve in 1981. Accepted as part of a World Heritage Site in 1981. Geographical Location West of Great Rift Valley, 130km west-north-west of Arusha. A corridor extends westwards to within 8km of Lake Victoria and a northern sector extending to the Kenya border. In the Mara, Arusha, and Shinyanga Regions. 1°30’-3°20’S, 34°00’-35°15’E. Altitude 920-1,850m Area The Biosphere Reserve covers 2,305,100ha and includes the Serengeti National Park (1,476,300ha); contiguous to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (828,800ha) in the east, Maswa Game Reserve (220,000ha; recently reduced) in the south, Maasai-Mara National Reserve (167,200ha) in Kenya to the north, and Ikorongo Game Controlled Area on the west. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The plains of Serengeti are mainly crystalline rocks overlain by volcanic ash with numerous granitic rock outcrops (kopjes). In the north and along the western corridor are mountain ranges of mainly volcanic origin. Two rivers flowing west usually contain water and there are a number of lakes, marshes, and waterholes. Rainfall is mainly restricted to November-May with peaks in December and March/April. Mean annual temperature 20.8°C and mean annual precipitation 1210mm recorded at 1,150m. Vegetation The undulating open grassland plains are the major type of vegetation, but become almost desert during periods of severe drought. Dominant species are couch grass Digitaria macroblephara and Sporobolus marginatus (an indicator of saline soils). In wetter areas, sedges such as Kyllinga spp. take over. There is an extensive block of acacia woodland savanna in the centre, a more hilly and densely wooded zone covering most of the northern arm of the park, and some gallery forest. Lowland woodlands comprise Commiphora, Acacia drepanolobium, and Acacia gerrardii. Upland woodlands comprise Acacia lahai and Acacia seyal. Fauna The park is best known for the now unrivalled herd sizes of ’plains game’, which migrate between seasonal water supplies. These include wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus -838- Tanzania (about 1.3 million), zebra Equus burchelli, Thomson’s gazelle Gazella thomsoni, numerous prides of lion Panthera leo, and spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta. In May and June many game animals take part in a mass migration away from the central plains into the western corridor. Other characteristic mammals are hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, buffalo Syncerus caffer, topi Damaliscus lunatus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, eland Taurotragus oryx, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, oryx Oryx gazella, reedbuck Redunca redunca, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, numerous species of rodents and bats, golden jackal Canis aureus, side striped jackal Canis adustus, Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti, seven species of mongoose, two species of otter, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and seven species of primate. Smaller predators include bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis and ratel Mellivora capensis. Over 350 recorded bird species include 34 species of raptors, six vultures, kori bustard Choriotis kori, ostrich Struthio camelus and lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor, and several with a comparatively restricted distribution such as rufous-tailed weaver Histurgops ruficauda. Conservation Management The management plan is under review, since the area was accepted as a World Heritage Site. The park administration works with the village authorities to resettle encroachers and re-mark the boundary. Grumeti Game Controlled Area has been incorporated in the park as greater control of the area was thought to be necessary. IUCN is coordinating on ambitious conservation and development programme in the Serengeti region in collaboration with NORAD. The overall aim of the programme and the most appropriate management for the whole area is to ensure that while the Serengeti remains as a wild ecosystem, local communities can benefit from appropriate development activities. Zoning Three zones are proposed: strict nature reserve, tourist (or recreational) and defence. There are four administrative sub-divisions (anti-poaching zone): western, northern, Lobo, and Seronera lodges. Two tourist areas have been designated around Lobo and Seronera. Vehicles are not allowed off the tracks in a 16km radius from Seronera. Maswa Game Reserve forms an important buffer zone between the park and the populated region of Sukumaland. Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching in the southern, northern and western corridors seems to be increasing, while anti-poaching activities (and morale) are hampered by lack of fuel and equipment. At one time the Serengeti was not within the elephants’ range, but cultivation and settlement outside the park resulted in change in distribution. This resulted at one time in a number of problems. The combination of elephant, uncontrolled fires, and subsequent browsing and stunting of regrowth by giraffe has caused a decline in woodlands. There has also been some tree cutting in small areas on the west and north-west boundaries. Boundary markers (piles of stones) have been removed and cultivation begun. Visitor Facilities Tourist facilities include lodges at Seronera and Lobo and four campsites near Seronera. Six access routes exist, but usually access is by road from the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. There are several airstrips and an aerodrome at Seronera. In 1983, after several years of isolation due to the closed border with Kenya, Serengeti recorded its lowest number of visitors (18,602) since the 1950s. The reopening of the Tanzania-Kenya border in December 1983 has already resulted in increased visitor numbers. If tourism increases further, a lodge may be built in the western Kirawira area. Scientific Research The park has been the centre for major research for the past 20 years, including studies in human and animal ecology, soils, vegetation, herbivores, predators, parasites, elephant damage, effects of burning and management problems and natural resource assessment. Present studies include continuation of long term studies of the behavioural ecology of lion, cheetah, dwarf mongoose and hyrax. An integrated research and management study of the effect of fire is in progress, as are studies of grazing ungulate behavioural ecology and banded mongoose behaviour. -839- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Special Scientific Facilities The Seronera Research Centre (formerly known as the Serengeti Research Institute) has well-equipped laboratories, a library, herbarium and accommodation for visiting scientists. Although not fully utilised while the Kenya-Tanzania was closed, the Centre is now fully utilised. Principal Reference Material Over 300 papers have been published by Centre/SRI research workers and others in scientific journals, and several popular books are also available. Caro, T.M. (1970). Map of the Serengeti National Park and surrounding area. ARUSHA: SRI and Hunting Technical Services. Grzimek, B. (1960). Serengeti shall not die. Hamish Hamilton, London. Herlocker, D.J. (1976). Woody vegetation of the Serengeti National Park. College Station, Texas A & M University. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1931. Tanzania, Anti-poaching equipment for National Parks. ° Jager, T. (1979). Soil of the Serengeti Woodlands, Tanzania Agricultural Research Report 912: 1-239. PUDOC, Wageningen. ° Kruuk, H. (1969). Interaction between populations of spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta and their prey species. In: Watson, A. (Ed.) Animal populations in relation to their food resources. Oxford. Kruuk, H. (1972). The spotted hyaena. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ° Makacha, S., Msingwa, M.J. and Frame, G.W. (1982). Threats to the Serengeti herds. Oryx 16(5): 437-444. Pearsall, W. (1957). Report on an ecological survey of the Serengeti National Park, Tanganyika. Fauna Preservation Society, London. Schaller, G.B. (1972). The Serengeti Lion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London. ° Schmidl, D. (1982). The Birds of the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. BOU Check-list No. 5, SRI Publication No. 225. British Ornithologists’ Union, London. ° Sinclair, A.R.E. (1977). The African buffalo: a study of resource limitation of populations. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ° QOinclair, A.R.E. and Norton-Griffiths, M. (1980). Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 389 pp. ° Wit, H.A. de (1977). Soil map of the Serengeti Plain. Appendix "Soils and grassland types of the Serengeti Plain (Tanzania)". Thesis, Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen 1978. ° ° Staff A staff of over 180 includes 35 in administration (many of whom trained at the College of African Wildlife Management at Mweka and/or the University of Dar es Salaam), 80 anti-poaching staff, one chief park warden and five park wardens. Budget 1977: Tanzanian Shs.2,752,100 (approximately equivalent to US$334,000) including grants from external sources. No recent information. Local Park or Reserve Administration Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134, Arusha. Date 1985 TARANGIRE NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total -840- Tanzania Date Established 1970 as a national park. Prior to that the area was a game reserve, gazetted in 1957. Geographical Location [East of the Arusha-Dodoma road, 114km from Arusha and about 20km south-east of Lake Manyara. 3°50°S, 36°00’E. Altitude 1,100-1,500m Area 260,000ha; surrounded by Lolkisale, Simanjaro and Mkungunero Game Controlled Areas Land Tenure Government Physical Features The arid undulating country has some rocky outcrops and high ground in the south-east. It is deeply incised by the Tarangire river which bisects the park from south to north, but shrinks to a series of deep pools at the height of the dry season (from July to October). There is a watercourse along the western boundary. Swamps form during the rains, which fall sporadically from November to May with a peak in March. Mean annual precipitation is 750mm. Mean maximum temperature is 27°C and minimum temperature 16°C. The extreme minimum is 4°C in July and highest maximum 40°C in January. Humidity in October falls to 35%, indicating very dry conditions. Vegetation Nine distinct plant associations have been identified, of which the Acacia tortilis parkland appears the most attractive to both fauna and visitors. Other zones are riverine grassland, Acacia-Commiphora woodland, Combretum-Dalbergia woodland, sparse gallery forest and woodland along drainage lines, whistling-thorn Acacia drepanolobium, black cotton soil pans with a thin grass cover. Euphorbia spp. and succulents are found in the deeper gullies and on rocky ridges. Baobab trees Adansonia digitata commonly occur in association with several of these communities. Fauna Mammals include most of the East African ’plains’ species such as: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, eland Taurotragus oryx, and buffalo Syncerus caffer. Impala Aepyceros melampus are particularly common. The avifauna (like the more arid vegetation) constitutes an extension of north-east African conditions, so that species such as_ rosy-patched shrike Tchagra cruenta and _ golden-breasted starling Cosmopsarus regius occur here near the south-west extremity of their range. Conservation Management A proposal has been put forward by the Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) that a multiple land use authority should be created in the Lolkisale-Simanjiro ecological unit, modelled on the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority. They also support proposals by Tanzania National Parks for corridors between Tarangire and the south, and northeast to Lake Manyara. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Due to an increase in the human population in the Mto wa Mbu area, and large farm/ranch schemes in the north and east, animal migration routes are being cut off and Tarangire is in danger of becoming an isolated island park. It is in fact a major dry season concentration area in north-east Masailand for many large mammal species. During the rains, large numbers of wildebeest, zebra, eland and elephant move out of the park to the shortgrass plains and adjacent thorn bush areas to the north and east. These areas comprise the Lolkisale and Simanjiro Game Controlled Areas and are essential to the well-being of Tarangire, but have little conservation status. The area has long been shared with Maasai pastoralists, but large and small scale cultivation (including much commercial seed bean farming long established northeast of the park) is rapidly encroaching. An illustration of this problem occurred in 1982 with the granting of a lease of 350,000 acres for farmland along the park’s eastern boundary. The lease specified that animals could be shot. It was revoked aftern public outcry and amidst much controversy in 1983. Bushfires are another problem, often started by honey-hunters or poachers. Poaching is mainly for horn and ivory. Black -841- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas rhinoceros have been decimated and survival of the remaining few is doubtful. Availability of water for tourist use is another problem, with water only available from boreholes. Visitor Facilities Tourism development is limited. Visitors are mainly from Arusha. There is a lodge (which is currently being renovated), campsites and two airstrips (Ikm from the lodge and near park headquarters). Rock paintings around 50km south of the park entrance are a tourist attraction. Scientific Research The park was the site for one of the earliest studies entailing the development of accurate animal censuses. Recent research has been carrried out on giraffe. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Borner, M. (1982). Recommendations for a multiple land use authority adjacent to Tarangire National Park, Arusha Region, Tanzania. FZS Report. ° Borner, M. (1985). The increasing isolation of Tarangire National Park. Oryx 19: 91-96. ° Lamprey, H.F. (1963). Ecological separation of the large mammal species in the Tarangire Reserve, Tanganyika. East African Wildlife Journal 1: 63-92. ° Lamprey, H. (1963). The survey and assessment of wild animals and their habitat in Tanganyika. Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in modern African states. IUCN Publication New Series 1. Morges. ° Lamprey, H.F. (1964). Estimation of the large mammal densities, biomass and energy exchange in the Tarangire Game Reserve and the Masai Steppe in Tanganyika. East African Wildlife Journal 2: 1-46. ° Peterson, D. (1976). Survey of livestock and wildlife. Seasonal distribution in areas of Masailand adjacent to Tarangire Park. Final report to the regional livestock development department and the Masai range development project. Mimeo. ° Peterson, D. (1976). Seasonal distribution and interaction of cattle and wild ungulates in Masailand, Tanzania. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. ° Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. (1973). Browse production and utilisation in Tarangire National Park. East African Wildlife Journal 11: 291-305. Staff Senior park warden, two support wardens and a building foreman. Total staff of 60 in 1984. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134, Arusha. Date 1985 BIHARAMULO GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Hunting permitted with licence Date Established 1959; designated National Project in 1984 -842- Tanzania Geographical Location South-west of Lake Victoria, Skm north of Biharamulo. Approximately centred 2°30’S, 31°30°E. Altitude 1,250-2,000m Area 130,000ha; contiguous to Burigi Game Reserve (220,000ha) to the west Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is on the shore of Lake Victoria, composed of north-south ridges and valleys. The single wet season (typical of the region west of Lake Victoria) is from September to May, but even the driest months (June to August) have some rain. There are a few permanent watercourses in the east and extensive swamp areas and numerous waterholes and springs also provide water throughout the year. Mean annual rainfall is 925mm. Temperature range is 13°C to 31°C. Vegetation Acacia scrub occurs near the lake. This is the northern limit of Brachystegia woodland. Riverine and evergreen thicket and Pericopsis and Combretum wooded savanna is also found. Fauna Mammals include: hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, elephant Loxodonta africana (YT), zebra Equus burchelli, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, roan Hippotragus equinus, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, topi Damaliscus lunatus, and rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T). Isolated small population of red colobus Colobus badius. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Most populations of large mammals have been severely reduced by poaching. Visitor Facilities The reserve has a guesthouse and was formerly used by hunting parties from Kenya, but tourism is now negligible. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Rodgers, W.A., Ludanga, R. and De Suzo, H.P. (1976). Biharamulo, Birigi and Rubondo Island Game Reserves. Tanzania Notes and Records 81 and 82: 99-123. ° Struhsaker, T.T. (1981). Forest and primate conservation in East Africa. Afr J. Ecol. 19 pp. Staff Junior Officer in charge Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Wildlife Office, Bukoba. Date 1984 -843- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas BURIGI GAME RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Hunting permitted under licence Date Established Established as a Forest Reserve. Gazetted as a Game Reserve in 1972. Proposal in 1980 to establish the reserve as a National Park. Geographical Location The reserve boundary is defined by the shore of Lake Burigi in the north-west and the Rulenge-Karagwe road in the west and lies north of Biharamulo town in the east. Approximately 2°05’S, 31°20°E. Altitude About 1,000-1,500m Area 220,000ha; contiguous to Biharamulo Game Reserve (130,000ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is dominated by valleys running roughly north-south. Beyond a cliff range near the reserve is the wide valley of the Kayazi river with rolling hills, rocky outcrops, and cliffs. To west is Lake Burigi with two long wide valleys draining into the southern end of the lake. The flat wide Ruiza river valley with no distinct watercourse joins the lake near the northern boundary and merges in the south with the Kasongenye valley to form a large plain with flat hills. Between the Ruiza valley and the escarpment on the western boundary, is the narrow Nyakchabo valley broken by steep hills. The single wet season (typical of the region west of Lake Victoria) is from September to May, but even the driest months (June to August) have some rain. There are a few permanent watercourses in the east and extensive swamp areas, numerous waterholes and springs also provide water throughout the year. Mean annual rainfall is 925mm. Temperature range is 13°C to 31°C. Vegetation The dominant vegetation cover is wooded grassland of the Acacia-Combretum type occurring throughout the Ruiza valley and in the upper reaches of the Kasongenye valley. Swampy vegetation occurs extensively in the centre and there are large papyrus swamps in the adjoining lake to the south. Grass-swamp areas in the upper Kasongenye valley and lower Ruiza valley. Riverine forests and relict forest patches are abundant in Kayazi valley in the east and north-west of Biharamulo, and in the upper Kasongenye valley. Fauna Some 28 species of mammal were recorded in a 1981/1982 survey including giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, impala Aepyceros melampus, eland Taurotragus oryx, elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (uncommon), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, and sable antelope Hippotragus niger. Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus are restricted to the lakeshore and Kasongenye river. The central area seems to have the highest diveristy and concentration of species. Density elsewhere in the park is low. A comparision between wet and dry season censuses indicates that most of the animals may remain in the central area throughout the year. Movements out of the reserve area are possible at present to the east into Biharamulo Game Reserve and to the west to the Kagera River. Conservation Management The area is considered to have little value for subsistence agriculture or cattle ranching and the highest land use potential is for wildlife and water catchment. Boundary adjustments to facilitate administration and safeguard the wildlife population have been proposed. The reserve administration may have to be centralised if the area is to survive as a valuable asset of the West Lake Region. This can be achieved by raising the status of the area to a National Project under direct administration of the Wildlife Division or by national park status. The Regional Development Committee accepted a proposal on 14 -844- Tanzania May 1980 that Burigi Game Reserve and the surrounding area be accorded national park status. This proposal must still pass parliament and the boundary has to be worked out at local level. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Most of the reserve (excluding the swamps) is burnt every year, mainly by poachers. There is considerable poaching with weli organised parties of up to 40 people, who reach the area mainly from the west, across the lake or by foot from the north and south. There is almost no remaining infrastructure within the reserve, no ranger posts are manned and no roads maintained. Almost no patrolling is carried out at present due to decentralisation of the administration, lack of access, roads vehicles, equipment, personnel, and ammunition. Visitor Facilities Potential for tourism is thought to be high as the reserve is between Serengeti National Park and Akagera National Park (Rwanda). Scientific Research The reserve and its surroundings were surveyed using the Systematic Reconnaissance Flight Method (SRF) in June 1981 (dry season) and April 1982 (wet season) and a short ground survey was also carried out. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Borner, M. (1981/1982). Wildlife Survey. Burigi Game Reserve. Frankfurt Zoological Society Report. ° Rodgers, W.A., Ludanga, R. and De Suzo, H.P. (1976). Biharamulo, Birigi and Rubondo Island Game Reserves. Tanzania Notes and Records 81\ and 82: 99-123. Staff Staff are at three posts outside the reserve: Kingombe (owned by Biharamulo Game Reserve), Nyakahura in the south, and Kimisi in the west. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Administered by four local district authorities. Date 1984 MASWA GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Residence, agronomic activities and resident hunting are prohibited. Date Established 1962, by Government Notice No. 270. Prior to 1962 the area was a game controlled area. Designated as a National Project in 1984. Maswa is a part of Serengeti Biosphere Reserve, and there is a proposal to include it in the World Heritage Site with Serengeti National Park. Geographical Location Approximately 34°00’-35°00’E, 2°50’-3°50’S Altitude No information -845- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Area 220,000ha; it has recently been reduced due to settlement. Contiguous to the Serengeti National Park and its associated reserves to the north, covering an area of well over 2,000,000ha. Land Tenure Government Physical Features Similar to Serengeti National Park. Landscapes vary from flat plains to the west and south to the marked undulations of the central area and the rugged terrain of the east. These hills, a part of which are in the reserve provide water for the surrounding Sukumaland. Soils vary from black cotton soils in the flood plains to sandy loams on the hill slopes. Rains are generally November-May, peaking in mid-March. Vegetation This is East African woodland savanna with Acacia spp. and Commiphora africana. Grassland plains are more extensive in the north, the south being more forested. Fauna Maswa is important for various migratory species. Wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus enter Maswa from Serengeti and Ngorongoro towards the end of may while zebra Equus burchelli, topi Damaliscus lunatus, Grant’s and Thompson’s gazelles Gazella grantii and Gazella thomsoni appear July-August. Wildebeest are passage migrants, while topi and zebra are only partial migrants. Mid-November the wildebeest return through Maswa. Resident mammals are fairly typical of woodland savanna and grassland regions and include: giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, impala Aepyceros melampus, kongoni Alcelaphus buselaphus, roan Hippotragus equinus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, eland Taurotragus oryx, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, buffalo Synceros caffer and reedbuck Redunca arundinum. Carnivores include hyeana Crocuta crouta, jackal Canis mesomelas, lion Panthera leo and leopard Panthera pardus (T). Numbers of cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T) are relatively low, and hunting dogs Lycaon pictus (T) are seldom seen. Elephant are rare, and possibly even absent, though a few herds visit the reserve from Ngorongoro and Serengeti. The current status of black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) would appear to be poor within the reserve. Conservation Management A new boundary has been demarcated, which excludes settlements and the reserve has been designated as a National Project which increases its status. An officer from the Game Division has been appointed to the area. No resident hunting is allowed, and the total ban on hunting or roan antelope, hartebeest and lion has led to increasing numbers. Zoning This whole area forms an important buffer zone between the Serengeti National Park and the populated region of Sukumaland. Disturbances or Deficiencies Human population growth at around 8% annually in and around the reserve threatens the whole area, leading to problems associated with agriculture and animal husbandry, tree felling for firewood and construction, and poaching. Encroachment has forced three boundary changes so far, in 1974, 1976 and 1980/81. Despite the presence of tsetse fly in Maswa, local pastoralists reportedly regard the reserve as potential pastureland and are prepared to eliminate tsetse by clearing woodland. In 1979, over 500,000 domestic animals were within the reserve. Poaching is reported to be both commerical and subsistance in nature, and fairly high. Staff also appear to lack field equipment and support, making effective management of the area difficult. Visitor Facilities Tourist hunting Scientific Research Associated with research in Serengeti National Park. Pasiamsi Ranger training school has research facilities. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff A Project Manager has been appointed with 10 staff and 20 additional staff proposed. -846- Tanzania Budget The budget is insufficient to cover many of the necessary tasks. Frankfurt Zoological Society are assisting with boundary demarcation, uniforms, and other groups are providing assistance. Local Park or Reserve Administration National Project of Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, PO Box 1994, Dar-es-Salaam. Date 1984 MKOMAZI GAME RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Hunting is permitted with licence. Grazing of livestock was permitted in certain areas on a temporary basis, but this cannot now be stopped. Date Established 1951 Geographical Location Situated on the Kenya/Tanzania border. Approximately centred at 38°00°E, 4°00’S. Altitude 630-1,630m Area 100,000ha; contiguous to Umba Game Reserve (150,000ha) and to Tsavo National Park (2,086,814ha) in Kenya Land Tenure Government Physical Features This area is mainly arid plains with isolated rocky peaks. Vegetation Thorn bush is scattered over the open plains and much of the vegetation is semi-arid. Fauna Mammals include elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, lion Panthera leo (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti, and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis. The area is also of ornithological interest. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Serious encroachment by people and cattle has effectively transformed the area into a cattle ranch over the past 10 years. Waterholes, originally intended for wildlife during the dry season, are now the focus for Maasai pastoralists who have brought thousands of cattle and goats into the area. Along with settlements, overgrazing and lack of management, poaching has been effective in extirpating at least six species in the reserve including the black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis. Cutting of gallery forest along the Umbwa River has also removed important habitat. Game hunting is still allowed, but is not very popular as very few trophy species remain. The area was an important buffer and extension for the Tsavo National Park, but it is now not viable as a game reserve and will probably be released for other land use purposes. Mining in the adjoining Umba Game Reserve was totally abandoned in 1984 as natural resources within the reserve had suffered almost irretrievably. -847- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Visitor Facilities A small attractive rest house is situated 14 miles from the town of Same on the main tarmac road. Scientific Research There have been game counts particularly of elephants, ecosystem analysis, and studies by Mweka students. This area has been included in studies of Tsavo. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° CNPPA Summary Status Report (1984). Threatened Protected Areas of the World. (draft). ° Harris, L.D. and Fowler, N.K. (1975). Ecosystem Analysis and Simulation of the Mkomazi Reserve, Tanzania. East Afr. Wildlife J. (13): 325-346. ° Miller, R.I. (1978). Island biogeographic theory on an East African Reserve. Environmental Conservation (5)3: 191-195. Staff None Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, PO Box 1994, Dar-es-Salaam. Date 1984 MOYOWOSI GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Controlled hunting permitted Date Established First established as Mwaliye Forest Reserve in 1956, then as Moyowosi Game Controlled Area in 1969; Game Reserve in 1981. Designated as a National Project in 1982. Geographical Location In Kibondo District, Kigoma Region, north-west Tanzania. The Game Reserve is bounded on the east by the Moyowosi River, on the west and south by the Malagarasi River and Lake Kitali, on the north-west by the Kibondo-Kigoma road and a line cut through the woodland, and on the north-east by Mpemoi River. 30°30’-31°30°E, 3°45’-4°30°S. Altitude Averages about 1,200m, but ranging from 800m to 1,600m Area 600,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features Topography is generally flat, sloping gradually from the more _ hilly northwest to the flat open grasslands of the east and south. The Malagarasi and Moyowosi rivers form the western and eastern boundaries of the reserve, while the swamps at their confluence form the southern boundary. Other rivers and streams, particularly in the north, drain into this system. There are several swamps and permanent waterholes and a groundwater stream and springs at Murungu. Mean annual rainfall is 800-1,000mm, with the main rainy -848- Tanzania season from November to April. Temperatures average 20-26°C during the dry season and 12-20°C during the rains. Vegetation The flora of Moyowosi can be divided into five major associations. 70% of the area is covered by Miombo woodland, comprised mainly of Julbernardia_ globiflora, Brachystegia spiciformis, B. wagnermeeana and Isoberlinia tormentosa. Bushland, thicket and scrub with Acacia, Combretum and Commiphora covers a further 12% of the reserve. The rest comprises wooded grassland (8%) with Acacia, Albizia, Barossus and A. polyacantha, valley grassland on the floodplains of the Moyowosi and Malagarasi rivers and along other flats and watercourses (5%), and riverine/groundwater forest around Murungu Springs. Fauna Sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, and crocodile Crocodylus sp. in the swamp. Topi Damaliscus lunatus, zebra Equus burchelli, lion Panthera leo, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, and buffalo Syncerus caffer are found on the floodplain, though most of these species move to the bushland during the wet season. Sable antelope Hippotragus niger, roan antelope Hippotragus cquinus, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, and elephant Loxodonta africana (T) inhabit the woodland. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, harvesting of forest products (firewood, timber and honey), and fishing from the time of Game Controlled Area status are difficult to control. The status of the very remote and inaccessible community of Burundi exile pastoralists on the S. Bohoro flats is unsure. The division staff is reported to be inadequate and there would appear to be a general lack of facilities. Visitor Facilities No facilities, but there is tourist hunting Scientific Research Surveys of mammal populations from 1973 to 1976 Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Mutch, G.R.P. (1977). The flora of the Moyowosi Game Controlled Area. Tanzania Notes and Records No. 81 and 82: 155-162, map. ° Mutch, G.R.P. (1980). The Larger Mammals of Moyowosi. Tanzania Notes and Records No. 84 and 85: 95-106. ° Swai, Issai (undated). A field guide to Moyowosi Game Reserve Project. Staff Project Manager and 50 Game assistants Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Division, Dar-es-Salaam. Date 1984 RUNGWA GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Hunting permitted with licence -849- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Date Established 1951. Designated as a National Project Geographical Location Central Tanzania. Approximately centred at 34°0°E, 6°55’S. Altitude 1,350-2,350m Area 900,000ha; contiguous to Ruaha National Park (1,295,000ha) and Kizigo Game Reserve (400,000ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features Undulating plains with marshy valleys and rocky ridges Vegetation Miombo woodland savanna occurs in the wetter north and _ west with Acacia-Commiphora woodland in the south and east. Fauna There are large numbers of greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), sable Hippotragus niger, and roan antelope Hippotragus equinus. Other mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), and a wide variety of ungulates, such as zebra Equus burchelli, lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti (at the southern point of its distribution), and Bohar reedbuck Redunca redunca. Conservation Management The area is providing revenue through tourist hunting. Roadworks, anti-poaching patrols, and fire control are carried out. IUCN/WWF Project 1930 was initiated in 1980 to help combat poaching, particularly of elephant and rhinoceros, and supplied an aircraft, vehicles and graded roads. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is extensive poaching and illegal woodcutting for construction of cattle enclosures (domas). Many areas are inaccessible. Visitor Facilities There is a guest house and tourist hunting. Access is difficult and in the rainy season the area is inaccessible. There is an airstrip at Rungwa village on the Mbeya-Arusha road. Scientific Research Aerial census in 1977 Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° IUCN/WWF Project 1930. Tanzania, Anti-poaching Equipment for Game Reserves. Staff Project manager and game scouts. The main base with airstrip is at Rungwa village on the Mbeya-Arusha Road. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration National Project of Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, PO Box 1994, Dar-es-Salaam. Date 1984 -850- Tanzania SADANI GAME RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Hunting permitted by licence Date Established 1968 Geographical Location Adjacent to and north of Sadani town on the coast; 38°40’E, 6°00’S Altitude Sea level to 50m Area 30,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features 20km of unspoilt coastline Vegetation There is coastal savanna, grassland, thickets and abandoned sisal plantations. Fauna This is the southernmost distribution of Coke’s hartebeest (kongoni) Alcelaphus buselaphus. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching occurs, although there is no human population in the reserve. Visitor Facilities Negligible Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration District Wildlife Officer, Maliasili, PO Bagamayo. Date 1984 -851- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas SELOUS GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Nature Reserve) World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iv) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Hunting is permitted in all but three of the 45 management blocks - two in the northeast and one in the southwest. Date Established Part of the area was gazetted in 1905 and four reserves were established in the region by 1912 (total 250,000ha). These were combined to form Selous Game Reserve in 1922. Accepted as a World Heritage Site in December 1982. Designated as a National Project. Geographical Location In the Coast, Morogoro, Lindi, Mtwara and Ruvuma Regions of southeast Tanzania. 7°17’-10°15’S, 36°04’-38°46’E. Altitude From 100m in the northeast to 1,200m in the southwest Area 5,000,000ha; contiguous to Mikumi National Park (323,000ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is the second largest in Africa and is part of the Selous ecosystem (7,400,000ha) which includes Mikumi National Park and Kilombero Game Controlled Area. A large area of the reserve is drained by the Rufiji River and tributaries which include the Luwegu, Kilombero, Great Ruaha, Luhombero and Mbarangardu (the only permanently flowing streams). The Rufiji is formed by the Luwegu and Kilombero which join at Shughuli Falls. Soils are relatively poor and infertile. Annual rainfall is 750mm in the east to 1250mm in the west. Temperature ranges from 13°C to 41°C. Vegetation There are two main vegetation types in the reserve: the eastern sector (17%) is predominantly wooded grassland dominated by Terminalia spinosa and the western sector (about 75%) deciduous miombo woodland with Brachystegia, Julbernardia globiflora, Pterocarpus angolensis, and Combretum, a vegetation type thought to be maintained by fire. There are also areas of dense thicket, riverine and ground water forest. Fauna Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T) and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis occur in the wooded grassland north of Rufiji River. Elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (maximum 100,000), Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini and sable antelope Hippotragus niger are more typical of the miombo woodland. Some animal populations are large due to the size of the reserve including 200,000 buffalo Syncerus caffer, 98,000 impala Aepyceros melampus, 80,000 wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and 7,000 sable antelope Hippotragus niger. Selous claims to have the largest concentration in the world of elephant Loxodonta africana (T), crocodile Crocodylus sp., hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius and black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T). Other mammals include leopard Panthera pardus (T) and wild dog Lycaon pictus (T). The rich birdlife includes knob-billed duck Sarkidiornis melanotos, southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri and bateleur eagle Terathopius ecaudatus. Conservation Management Existing local management plans include construction of staff quarters and amenities, improvement of the existing ferrys road system and _ airstrips, construction of new roads in tourist camps and establishment of two additional sectors with head offices at Mpelembe and Ilonga. Regular anti-poaching patrols are made in addition to those made by the Anti-poaching Unit but there is a lack of vehicles, camping gear and radios. IUCN/WWF Project 1930 was set up in 1980 to help this by supplying an aircraft and vehicles and grading roads. Zoning The area is divided into four management zones and 45 management blocks. -852- Tanzania Disturbances or Deficiencies The resident population in the area was evacuated when the reserve was established and Selous has therefore remained relatively intact. No forest exploitation has taken place and mineral exploration has as yet failed to find any valuable deposits. A serious threat is the proposed Stiegler’s Gorge Dam Project to harness the flood waters of the Rufiji River. Both dam and reservoir would be entirely within the reserve and cover some 44,000ha. Seismic roads are being built into 75% of the reserve for oil exploration. The main threat is increased accessibility to the area and the presence of a population within the reserve to maintain these developments. Because of the difficulties of transportation, the interior of Selous is seldom patrolled, so poaching could well have severely reduced populations of some species. A proper management plan is needed for the area. Visitor Facilities The reserve is remote and not easily accessible except by air. Access by the Tazara railway is now a possibility. There are three tented camps (one luxury) and a bungalow-style hotel along the Rufiji River in a Tourist Area where hunting is prohibited except for meat supply for the camps. Scientific Research Studies mainly concern ecological and wildlife management problems in the miombo woodlands but research is hampered by a shortage of equipment. Aerial censuses were carried out in 1976, 1980 and 1981 to estimate the number and distribution of mammal species. Special Scientific Facilities There is a research centre at Kingupira in the east located near all four major habitat types and within easy reach of Dar es Salaam. It has an office block, laboratory, staff accomodation and airstrip, but is cut off in the wet season. There is a substation at Msolwa in the west. They have inadequate scientific equipment and vehicles. Principal Reference Material ° Borner, M. (1981). Selous Census. WWF/IUCN/FZS Report. ° Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Dept. of Interior. (1967). Rufiji Basin: Land and water resource development plans and potentials. ° Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Dept. of Interior and FAO (1961). The Rufiji Basin, Tanganyika. FAO, Rome. ° Hafslund - Norplan (1979). Stiegler’s Gorge power and flood control development: Preliminary Project Report 1. Oslo. ° TUCN/WWF Project 1930. Tanzania, Anti-poaching Equipment for Game Reserves. ° IUCN/WWF Project 3018. Tanzania, Rhino anti-poaching, NE Selous Game Reserve. ° TUCN/WWF Project 3173. Tanzania, General support for the Selous Game Reserve. °* Makumbule, G.K. The woody vegetation of the proposed Steigler’s Gorge Reservoir, SE Tanzania. MSc Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam. ° Matthiessen, P. (1981). Sand Rivers. The Viking Press, New York. ° Matzke, G. (1976). The Development of Selous Game Reserve. Tanzania Notes and Records 79 and 80: 37-48. ° Matzke, G. (1977). Wildlife in Tanzania settlement policy: The case of the Selous. Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, New York. ° Rodgers, W.A. (1980). The values of the Selous Game Reserve and the proposed Stiegler Gorge Dam. Rubada Research Paper 26, University of Dar es Salaam. ° Rodgers, W.A. (1980). The ecology of large herbivores in the miombo woodlands of SE Tanzania. PhD Thesis, University of Nairobi. ° Rodgers, W.A. and Ludanga, R.I. (1973). The vegetation of the Eastern Selous Game Reserve. Mimeo report 70 pp. ° Sitwell, N. (1981). Selous Game Reserve. Wildlife. ° Vollesen, K. (1980). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania. Opera Botanica 59. Staff Project manager, four sector managers and support staff Budget Included in allocation made by the government to the Wildlife Division for recurrent and development expenditure -853- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Local Park or Reserve Administration The Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, PO Box 1994, Dar-es-Salaam. Date 1984 UGALLA GAME RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Controlled hunting permitted Date Established 1964; Game Controlled Area status in 1951 Geographical Location Urambo District in Tabora Region (north), and Mpanda District in Rukwa Region (south); 5°35’-6°10’S, 31°25’-32°1S’E. Altitude 1,400m Area 500,000ha; contiguous to Msima, Ugunda and Inyonga Game Controlled Areas Land Tenure Government Physical Features This flat area lies to the north and south of Ugalla River and its tributaries (such as the Wala and Isimbiro). Vegetation There are several communities, including floodplain grasslands, Borassus palm woodland, termite-mound woodland, Combretum woodland and miombo Brachystegia. Fauna Many animals are easily visible, including sable antelope Hippotragus niger, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), topi Damaliscus lunatus, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and zebra Equus burchelli. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Fishing in the dry season is licenced but controlled. Wood cutting, logging and poaching occur and there is little management now as the field staff have been recalled to Tabora due to access difficulties. Visitor Facilities Safari hunting Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Rodgers, W.A. (no date). An ecological survey of Ugalla Game Reserve in Tanzanian Notes and Records. Staff None -854- Tanzania Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Now at Tabora, outside the reserve Date 1984 UMBA GAME RESERVE Management Category No category assigned Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian) Legal Protection Hunting permitted with licence Date Established Umba Game Reserve was part of Mkomazi Game Reserve until 1974. Geographical Location On the Kenya/Tanzania border, about 90km northwest of Tanga; approximately centred 38°50’E, 4°20’S. Altitude No information Area 150,000ha. Contiguous to Mkomazi Game Reserve (100,000ha) which is contiguous to Tsavo National Park (2,086,814ha) in Kenya. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The flat coastal plain has some small hills and is drained by the Umba River system. Vegetation Several types occur, including thornbush scrub of Acacia/Commiphora, coastal savanna and thickets in moister places. Fauna This includes the southern extension of the once large populations of elephant Loxodonta africana (T) and black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) of adjacent Tsavo National Park in Kenya. Other mammals include oryx Oryx gazella, gerenuk Litocranius walleri and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poor administration and funding. Encroachment from pastoralists is increasing with settlements permitted during dry season famines becoming permanent. These settlements are of the Wakwavi or Baryuyu people who are allied to the Maasai. Mining in this reserve was totally abandoned in 1984 but natural resources within the reserve had suffered almost irretrievably. Visitor Facilities None Scientific Research No research since the work of L. Harris in 1965-1969. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Harris, L.D. and Fowler, N.K. (1975). Ecosystem Analysis and Simulation of the Mkomazi Reserve, Tanzania. East Afr. Wildlife J. (13): 325-346. -855- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Staff Junior staff only Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Wildlife Office, Tanga. Date 1984 UWANDA GAME RESERVE Management Category No Category Assigned Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1971 Geographical Location Situated in Sumbarranga District of Rukwa Region. 8°45’-8°20°S, 31°30°-32°45°E. Altitude 1,200m Area 500,000ha (50% under floodwater); contiguous to North Rukwa Game Controlled Area (120,000ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve includes floodplains along the south-west and north shores of Lake Rukwa in the rift valley. The lake is subject to cyclic floods and is presently at a very high level. Vegetation Floodplain habitats of great complexity include grassland and some woodland. Fauna This is one of two Tanzanian areas for puku Kobus vardoni. Other mammals include: zebra Equus oburchelli, topi Damaliscus lunatus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, and elephant Loxodonta africana (T). Numbers are much reduced within the reserve by floods. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Hunting, fishing, and grazing encroachment, occur as there is virtually no management. Visitor Facilities There was tourist hunting in this area Scientific Research In the past, there was major research effort as the area was a principal breeding zone of the red locust. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Rodgers, W.A. (1983). Lake Rukwa Floods and Declining Wildlife Populations. Afr. J. Ecol.. Staff No information -856- Tanzania Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Division, Dar-es-Salaam. Date 1984 NGORONGORO CONSERVATION AREA Management Category VIII and IX (Multiple Use Management Area and Biosphere Reserve) World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iii, iv) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Some 25-30% with total protection; grazing in the remaining area, but hunting prohibited Date Established 1959 by Ordinance No. 413 as amended by the Game Parks Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act No. 14 of 1975. Accepted as World Heritage Site 1979. Approved as part of Serengeti- Ngorongoro Biosphere Reserve in 1982. Geographical Location In the Arusha Region of northern Tanzania, south-east of Serengeti National Park. 2°30°-3°30’S, 34°50’-35°55’E. Altitude Under 1,500m to 3,648m Area 828,800ha; contiguous to Serengeti National Park (1,476,300ha) and close to Lake Manyara National Park (32,500ha). Serengeti is contiguous to Maswa Game Reserve, and Maasai Mara National Park in Kenya. Biosphere Reserve 2,305,100ha. World Heritage Site 809,440ha. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The open plains of the eastern Serengeti rise to the crater highlands of the volcanic massifs of Loolmalasin (3,587m) and Oldeani (3,168m) dating from the late Mesozoic-early Tertiary period. Ngorongoro Crater is one of the largest inactive unbroken calderas in the world which is unflooded. It has a mean diameter of 16-19km, a crater floor of 26,400ha, and a rim soaring to 400-610m above the crater floor. The formation of the Crater and other highlands are associated with the massive rifting which occurred to the west of the Gregory Rift Valley. The conservation area also includes Empakaai crater and Olduvai Gorge, famous for geology and associated palaeontological studies. Because of the great amplitude in relief and the dynamics of air masses, there is a great variation in the climate of the area. In the highlands, it is generally moist and misty, and temperatures in the semi-arid plains can be as low as 2°C, but can often go up to 35°C. Rainfall is seasonal and follows the altitudinal gradient. Annual precipitation varies from under 500mm on the arid plains in the west, to 1,400mm along the forested slopes in the east. Vegetation A variable climate and diverse landforms and altitudes have resulted in several distinct habitats. Scrub heath and the remains of dense montane forests cover the steep slopes. The crater floor is mainly open grassy plains with alternating fresh and brackish water lakes, swamps and two patches of Acacia woodland; Lerai Forest, comprising dominant tree -857- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas species Acacia xanthophloea and Rauvolfia caffra; and Laiyanai Forest with Cassipourea malosana, Albizia gummifera, and Acacia lahai. The area includes undulating plains covered in grass, which become almost desert during periods of severe drought. These grass and shrublands are rich and support very large animal populations. The upland woodlands contain Acacia lahai and A. seyal. Fauna There is a large population of wild ungulates in the crater including: wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, zebra Equus burchelli, eland Taurotragus oryx, gazelles Gazella granti and Gazella thomsoni, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) (at least 20; the Ngorongoro Crater representing perhaps the only viable breeding population left in northern Tanzania), and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (very uncommon in the area). The crater also has the densest known population of lion Panthera leo. On the crater rim are buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta-africana (T), mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula and leopard Panthera pardus (T). Serengeti migrants, including over one million wildebeest are numerous on the plains. Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus mainly occur near Lerai Forest, while serval Felis serval occur widely in the crater as a whole and on the plains to the west. Particularly common in the reserve are lion Panthera leo (T), hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, and spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta. Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), though common in the reserve as a whole, are scarce in the crater itself. Wild dog Lycaon pictus have recently disappeared from the crater and may have declined elsewhere in the Conservation Areas as well. Golden cat have recently been in the Ngorongoro forest. Birds include ostrich Struthio camelus, kori bustard Choriotis kori, possibly lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus, Verreaux’s eagle Aquila verreauxii, Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus, rosy-breasted longclaw Macronyx ameliae and lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor (on the lake in Ngorongoro crater and Lake Ndutu). Sunbirds in the highland forest include golden winged sunbird Nectarinia reichenowi and eastern double collared sunbird N. mediocris. Papilio sjoestedti (R), sometimes known as the Kilimanjaro swallowtail, flies in the montane forests of Mt Meru, Mt Kilimanjaro and Ngorongoro in north-eastern Tanzania. It has a very restricted range but is well protected in national parks. Cultural Heritage The NCA has palaeontological and archaelogical sites over a wide range of dates. The four major sites are: Olduvai gorge, Laetoli site, Lake Ndutu site, and the Nasera Rock Shelter. The variety and richness of the fossil remains, including those of early hominids, has made Ngorongoro one of the major areas in the world for research on the evolution of the human species. Olduvai Gorge has produced valuable remains of early hominids including Australopithecus boisei (Zinthanthropus) and Homo habilis as well as fossil bones of many extinct animals. Nearby, at Laetoli, are fossil hominid footprints of Pliocene age. Population There is considerable controversy about the exact number of people in the NCA partly because pastoral people, being mobile, are difficult to enumerate, but about 18,000 Maasai (20 percent of the total number in Tanzania) live there with some 126,326 cattle and 140,337 goats and sheep which graze approximately 70-75% of the conservation area. There are no inhabitants in Ngorongoro and Empaakai Craters or the Forest. Conservation Management The Ngorongoro was first established as a conservation area to benefit the Maasai. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ordinance of 1959 created the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA) which was charged with ensuring multiple land use there to assist in conserving and developing its natural resources, but it failed to function because of lack of rapport between the government officials and the Maasai. By 1960, a draft management plan was prepared, which was revised in 1962 and further reviewed. In 1961 the Prime Minister, Julius Nyere issued the Arusha Manifesto. The Tanzanian government is now conducting a pioneer experiment in multiple land use (one of few such areas in Africa) which attempts to reconcile the interests of wildlife, Maasai pastoralists, and conservation. Cultivation was banned in 1976 due to incompatability with wildlife conservation (though it still remains a problem). Forest areas protect the local water catchment, soils and vegetation. Ngorongoro Conservation Area Management Plan proposals have been submitted but have been rejected by the Chief Conservator because the proposed plan is regarded as going beyond its terms of reference. Some animals, such as _ buffalo, wildebeest and zebra migrate out of the crater during periods of drought and considerable -858- Tanzania effort is being made to prevent the migration routes from being encroached upon by settlements and agricultural developments. Efforts have been made to control poaching with the aid of FZS, AWF, TWPF, WWF, and the police. In an effort to increase international support for conservation, the Tanzanian government requested that Ngorongoro be put on the list of World Heritage Sites in Danger (Thorsell, 1985). It has since been included in the list of eleven most endangered areas (IUCN, 1985). IUCN/WWF Project 1934 was set up in 1981 to combat poaching of rhinoceros in the Lake Eyasi area. Two vehicles and radios have been provided. With the financial support of NORAD, a major technical workshop was being held in December 1985 to study improving the management. Zoning Ngorongoro Crater is a specific use zone, where only game viewing is allowed. However, cattle are permitted controlled access to drink in the dry season. Disturbances or Deficiencies About 5% of the area has been degraded by trampling and overgrazing. There is poaching, mainly of black rhinoceros and leopards, but lack of equipment and fuel, and low morale, as well as the rough terrain, make this difficult to suppress effectively. There is no conclusive evidence to indicate that the pastoralists alone are responsible for this poaching threat. Wildebeest have increased to 1.3 million due to control of rinderpest in cattle, but this has brought problems as wildebeest carry the cattle disease malignant catarrh fever, which kills cattle (although it has little effect on wildebeest). There are uncontrolled fires in grassland areas and in particular Empaakai crater. Management has been severely hampered by lack of finance, equipment, and administration. Visitor Facilities There are three lodges on the crater rim and one at Ndutu, and vehicles and guides can be hired from the Authority to go into the crater. Scientific Research Various studies based at Seronera Wildlife Research Centre (formerly known as the Serengeti Research Institute) include monitoring of climate, vegetation and animal populations. The level of research into human and range ecology is low. Recent studies in the crater have been on lion behaviour, serval behaviour, and on rhinoceros and elephant behavioural ecology. Special Scientific Facilities The Seronera Research Centre in the contiguous National Park provides a research station and accommodation for scientists. There is a small research cabin within the crater. Principal Reference Material ° A revised Development and Management Plan for the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, 1981). ° Arhem, K., Homewood, K. and Rodgers, A. (1981). A Pastoral Food System: The Ngorongoro Maasai in Tanzania (Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, Dar-es-Salaam). ° Arhem, K. (1981). Maasai Pastoralism in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area; Sociological and Ecological Issues (Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Planning. Dar-es-Salaam). ° Dirschl, H.J. (1966). Management and Development Plan for Ngorongoro (Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Wildlife). ° Eggeling, W.J. (1962). The Management Plan for the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority. Ngorongoro Crater). ° Estes, R.D. and Small, R. (1981). The large herbivore populations of Ngorongoro Crater. Afr. J. Ecol. 19(1-2): 175-185. ° Fosbrooke, H. Ngorongoro, The Eighth Wonder. ° Frame, G.W. (1982). Wild Mammal Survey of Empakaai Crater Area. Tanzanian Notes and Records No. 88 and 89: 41-56. ° Herlocher, D. and Dirschl, H.J. (1972). Vegetation Map. Canadian Wildlife Services, Report Series 19. ° Homewood, K.M. and Rodgers, W.A. (1984). Pastoralist Ecology in Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. Pastoralist Development Network Bulletin of the Overseas Development Institute, London. No. 17d: 1-27. ° IUCN (1985). Threatened Natural Areas, Plants and Animals of the World. Parks 10(1): 15-17. -859- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas ° IUCN/WWF Project 1934. Tanzania, Anti-poaching camp, Lake Eyasi. ° Lamotte, M, (1983). The undermining of Mount Nimba. Ambio XII(3-4): 174-179. ° Mturi, A.A. (1981). The Archaeological and Palaeontological Resources of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (Ministry of National Culture and Youth, Dar-es-Salaam). ° Rodgers, W.A. (1981). A Background Paper for a Revised Management Plan for the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (Department of Zoology, University of Dar-es-Salaam). ° Saibull, S.A. ole and Carr, R. (1981). Herd and Spear. The life of pastoralists in transition. Collins, London. ° Saibull, S.A. ole (1968). Ngorogrongo Conservation Area. East African Agric. For. Research Journal. Vol. 33 Special Issue. ° Saibull, S.A. ole (1978). The Policy Process in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Status of the Area Looked at Critically. Tanzanian Notes and Records No. 83. ° Thorsell, J. (1985). World Heritage Report - 1984. Parks 10(1): 8-9. Staff Some 408 staff (1984) Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, PO Box 1, Ngorongoro Crater. Date 1984 USAMBARA MOUNTAINS (EAST AND WEST) Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial. Mountains include 19 gazetted forest reserves and the University of Dar-es-Salaam Forest Reserve (Mazumbai, for research) Date Established No information Geographical Location Situated on either side of the north-south running Lwengera Valley in north-eastern Tanzania and north of the main Moshi-Tangi road in Tanga region; 100km from Tanga on the coast. 4°30’-5°15’S, 38°20’-39°00’E. Altitude 1,000-2,286m (2,287m maximum in West, 1,506m maximum in East). Area 621,300ha. Comprising 216,300ha in West and 405,000ha in East (16,500ha already within Forest Reserves) Land Tenure No specific information, but would appear to vary widely. Physical Features Both the East and West Usambaras have a varied topography, ranging from steep slopes at their edges to undulating high ground at their cores. The base rocks are Precambrian in origin and comprise a thick series of metamorphosed sediments (granulites, gneisses and schists) with minor igneous intrusions. The mountains have been formed by block faulting since the Precambrian. Soils range from red-brown, acid, leached, highly laterized soils on ridges and slopes, to grey-black sandy clay in valleys. The mean annual precipitation varies from over 2,000mm around Amani in the eastern ranges and Ambangulu in the west to less than 700mm in the rainshadow area around Shume on the western slopes of the West -860- Tanzania Usambaras. There are two wet seasons; the long rains between April and May and the less distinct short rains between October and December. Vegetation The mountains also support what is probably one of the richest biological communities in Africa, in terms of plant and animal species and endemic taxa. More than 276 forest tree species have been recorded, of which some 50 are endemic (or nearly so), such as the monotypic genera Cephalosphacra usambarensis, Englerodendron usambarense, and Platyplterocarpus tanganyikensis. Endemic herb taxa include the Dolichometra genus. Rodgers and Homewood (1978) include a detailed tree species list. The most widespread vegetation is forest with species distribution and vegetation structure being influenced by altitude and rainfall. The major vegetation types are: wet lowland evergreen forest characterized by Anthocleista grandiflora, Cephalosphaera usambarensis and Anisophyllea obtusifolia; dry lowland evergreen forest with Chlorophora excelsa, Scorodophloeus fischeri and Afzelia quanzensis; intermediate evergreen forest with Newtonia buchananii, Parinari excelsa and Sorindeia madagascariensis; montane rain forest with Ocotea usambarensis, Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Ficalhoa laurifolia, Mammea usambarensis and Dasylepis integra; and drier juniper forest characterised by Juniperus procera, Warburgia ugandensis, and Euclea divinorum. On the more exposed ridges (above 1,800m) forest gives way to ericaceous bushland and thicket dominated by Erica arborea or Philippia_ sp., with Anthospermum usambarense, and Adenocarpus manii. Lovett et al. (1983) contains a preliminary vegetation classification with detailed descriptions for several named locations studied in greater depth. Economically valuable plants include the hardwood timber species Ocotea usambarensis, Cephalosphacra usambarensis, Erica excelsa and Juniperus procera; the tree Allanblackia stuhlmannii (soap and candles), and Cinchona sp. introduced from South America (quinine). Fauna There have been 55 mammal species recorded including: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (V), marsh mongoose Alilax paludinosus, and civet Civettictis civetta Schwarzi, seven species of insectivores, 11 species of bat including three slit-faced Nycteris spp., 18 species of rodent, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, red forest duiker Cephalophus natalensis harveyi, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, Abbot’s duiker Cephalophus spadix, suni Neotragus moschatus, samango monkey Cercopithecus albogularis, eastern black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza and lesser bushbaby Galago senegalensis. Unlike other parts of the fauna, there is not much endemism among mammals, although there is an endemic subspecies of tree hyrax Dendrohyrax validus terricola. The avifauna includes: two threatened species endemic to the Usambaras, the Usambara ground robin Dryocichloides montanus (R) and Usambara eagle owl Bubo vosseleri (R) and several threatened species only found in a few montane forests in Tanzania: dappled mountain robin Modulatrix orostruthus (R), banded green sunbird Anthreptes rubritorques (R), and Tanzanian mountain weaver Ploceus nicolli (R). Other threatened birds found here have limited distributions in East Africa: Longbilled apalis Apalis moreaui (R) and Amani sunbird A. pallidigaster (R). Other uncommon birds in the Eastern Usambaras are the red-headed bluebill Spermophaga ruficapilla, green ibis Bostrychia olivacea, pale-breasted illadopsis Trichastoma rufipennis and red-tailed ant-thrush Neocossyphus rufus. The Eastern Usambara forests contain one of the highest avifaunal diversities of all East African montane and lowland forests (with the exception of the West African-influenced forests of Uganda and Kenya) with 90 forest species in addition to those listed already. These include 16 birds of restricted distribution and dependent on natural forest habitat, e.g. southern banded snake eagle Circaetus fasciolatus, Kenya crested guineafowl Guttera pucherani, Fischer’s turaco Tauraco fischeri, green tinkerbird Pogoniulus simplex, green barbet Cryptolybia olivacea, Sharpe’s akalat Erithacus sharpei, and violet-backed sunbird Anthreptes neglectus (a full species list is found in Rodgers and Homewood, 1981). There is also a high level of endemism within the invertebrate fauna, for example, of 131 species of Sphecidae (solitary predatory wasps) 27 are endemic and there are several endemic species of butterfly including four Nymphalidae and three Lycaenidae. Of the 122 molluscan taxa, 56 are endemic. The amphibian fauna is unique within Africa with 15 forest species, of which eight are endemic (e.g. Parhoplophryne usambaricus and Hoplophryne rogersi) and seven known only from other mountain forests in Tanzania (Uluguru, Uzungwa and Rungwa). The lizard fauna includes 15 -861- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas savanna and 22 forest species, of which 14 are endemic, e.g. Scelotes eggeli and Lygodactylus conradti; and seven of the ll chameleon taxa are also endemic to the Usambaras e.g. Chamaeleo spinosus, C. tenuis and three subspecies of C. fischeri. Population The Usambaras are inhabited by the agricultural Wasambaa (Bantu) tribe. Conservation Management An area within the forest reserves is fully protected as a watershed reserve. The University Forest Reserve is managed for education and research. An EEC/IUCN project has been proposed which will probably concentrate upon the establishment of buffer zone plantations around indigenous forest areas, the creation of fuelwood lots, the establishment of trial and demonstration agro-forestry plots, education, and training. Funding has been approved under the Fight Against Hunger in the World (FAHW) and an initial planning mission has been proposed for 1984-1985. The Usambaras comprise a valuable watershed which, if cleared, would lead to reduced water supplies to the dry lowland areas, soil erosion and silt deposition in coastal fish breeding areas. Zoning The mountains contain 19 gazetted forest reserves, and a Forest Reserve maintained by the University of Dar-es-Salaam for research purposes. Disturbances or Deficiencies The proportion of forest cover has declined by about 78% since the end of the last century predominately due to encroachment by local populations into the wet, fertile lands for cash crops (tea and cardamon); subsistence cultivation; firewood collection; and commercial timber extraction and plantations. Asa result the remaining forests are small and fragmented. In addition, the clearance of forest from steep slopes has already resulted in serious soil erosion. Uncontrolled hunting is also a problem. Visitor Facilities The forests do not have the general appeal of the savanna national parks. However, their diverse avifauna, including many rare birds, will attract the growing number of touring ornithologists. Good facilities exist at the Amani Rest House, but the West Usambaras are less well served. Scientific Research Research has mainly been conducted within the University Forest Reserve. The avifauna has been studied (Stuart and Hutton 1978, Stuart 1981, 1982) In 1983/1984 the forest types were extensively surveyed by J. Lovett under IUCN/WWF Project 3204. Special Scientific Facilities Amani Research Station Principal Reference Material ° TUCN/WWF Project 3204. Tanzania, Habitat Evaluation in Usambara and Uzungwa Mountains. ° TUCN/WWE Project 3205. Tanzania, Land Use Plan for the Usambaras. ° Lovett, J.C., Lovett, K.M. and Polhill, R.M. (1983). Report of a visit to the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Mimeo Report. ° Moreau, R.E. (1966). The bird faunas of Africa and its Islands, London. ° Rodgers, W.A. and Homewood, K.M. (1978). Species richness and endemism in_ the Usumbara mountain forests. Tanzania. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 18: 197-242 (Including detailed plant and animal species lists). ° Stuart, S.N. and Hutton, J.M. (1978). The avifauna of the East Usambaras, Tanzania. Report of Cambridge Ornithological Expedition to Africa, 1977, Cambridge. ° Stuart, S.N. (1981). A comparison of the avifauna of seven East African forest islands. African Journal of Ecology 19: 133-151 (includes extensive bird species list). Stuart, S.N. (1983). Biogeographical and Ecological Aspects of Forest Bird Communities in Eastern Tanzania. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), Cambridge. Staff Three Reserve guards protect the University Forest Reserve -862- Tanzania Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Division Date 1984 MAHALE (MAKARI) MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK Management Category Proposed Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No protection at present. The park is to be dedicated to the protection of chimpanzees. Date Established Yet to be gazetted. A resolution was passed by the Kigoma regional parliament for the establishment of Mahale National Park. Geographical Location Near Gombe, about 120km south of Kigoma; 6°10’S, 29°50’E Altitude 780m (lake surface) to 2,462m (Mt Nkungwe) Area 161,300ha including 9,600ha of Lake Tanganyika Land Tenure Government Physical Features The Mahale Mountains run in a chain from north-north-west to south-south-east for some 50km with Mt Nkungwe, the highest peak. The western slopes of the main ridge drop precipitously with many ravines running into the lake. Hilly country (below 1,700m) extends to the east of the main ridge. A series of almost parallel dendritic valleys contain rapid streams that flow even in the dry season. There are two seasons with the dry from May to October. Annual precipitation is 800-1000mm. There is significant variation in temperature and humidity within the area. Vegetation There are three major vegetation types: Kasoge Forest (780m at lake level to 1,300m) which is a lowland forest well developed on the western slope of the Mahale Mountains and along the lakeshore; wet and more verdant forest from 1,500-2,400m which comprises a mosaic of montane forest, grassland and alpine bamboo bush with Arundinaria alpina dominant in a ravine near the mountain ridge; and miombo forest on the eastern slopes and north and south of the Kasoge Forest, covering some 75% of the park area. The miombo forest consists of tall trees mainly of Brachystegia, Isoberlinia, and Julbernardia with a floor of grass. The northern portion of the miombo forest is bamboo bush dominated by Oxytenanthera abyssinica which is presumed to be a secondary vegetation after miombo forest has been destroyed by recurrent fire for cultivation purposes. Fauna The park contains 55 recorded mammal species, including nine primates. Tropical rain forest mammals include: a large population of chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) (500-700 in 1981 and 1,600 in 1983), red colobus Colobus badius, brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus sp., and blue duiker Cephalophus monticola. Savanna mammals include lion Panthera leo (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, and warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus. Mammals in the miombo forest include sable Hippotragus niger and Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini. The 120 recorded bird species include: crested malimbe Malimbus rubricollis and white-spotted pygmy crake Coturnicops pulchra, while 90% of 193 species of fish in the lake are endemic. A species list has been published (Anon, 1980). -863- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Conservation Management There is a policy of minimum interference. A management plan has been prepared for the area and no settlements are planned within the park area. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The Parks Authority does not have sufficient funds to manage this area (1983). Visitor Facilities | The area is remote and accessible only by boat from Kigoma. Motor vehicles will probably be prohibited, but hiking excursions are being considered. Scientific Research Research has been carried out on the chimpanzees and other primates by Kyoto University of Japan since 1965. Basic ecological studies have been undertaken since 1975, Special Scientific Facilities Kasoge Chimpanzee (Mahale Mountains) Research Station (KCRS) established in 1975 has a laboratory, hostel, boat and habituated primate troops. Principal Reference Material °* Anon. (1980). Study and Management Plan for the proposed Mahale Mountains National Park. Japan International Cooperation Agency. Final Report May 1980. * Struhsaker, T.T. (1981). Forest and primate conservation in East Africa. Afr. J. Ecol. 19: 99-114. ° Several papers in Primates, 1965 to present. Staff Acting warden, Director Research Centre, and field staff were proposed. Budget None Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Wildlife Officer, PO Ujiji, Kigoma. Date 1984 UZUNGWA FOREST NATIONAL PARK Management Category Proposed II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Classified as catchment forests with no human settlements, agriculture, or other existing rights within these areas Date Established Mwanihana Forest Reserve was gazetted in 1959. Geographical Location In Iringa District, Iringa Region and Kilombero District, Morogoro Region; approximately centred 7°50’S, 35°55’E Altitude 300-2,800m Area Approximately 100,000ha to include sections of Mwanihana (Kilombero District) and West Kilombero Scarp (Iringa District) Forest Reserves. Adjacent to Mikumi National Park. Land Tenure Government -864- Tanzania Physical Features The Uzungwas form the central section of a chain of isolated block mountains which run from southern Malawi to north-east Tanzania. They rise from 300m at the valley of the Great Ruaha River in the north as a series of rolling hills and dissected plateaux to a greatly undulating upland (1,200m) with peaks reaching 2,800m, ending as a steep south-east facing scarp face. Mwanihana Forest Reserve covers this scarp face and is adjacent to West Kilombero, which has forest at 2,000-2,600m, but is largely plateaux grassland extending 120km westward. Soils vary, with lateritic, slightly acid red earths of medium fertility at higher levels to soils with a high percentage of clay at lower levels. Permanent fast-flowing streams run off into alluvial fans at the scarp foot. Rainfall is over 2000mm a year. Vegetation This area shows a considerable altitudinal range, and is botanically rich in terms of numbers of communities as well as species. There are five broad vegetation categories: miombo woodland (300-500m) with Pericopsis, Diplorhynchus, Annona, Crossopteryx, and Sclerocarya; lower rainforest (400-750m) which is characterised by a high diversity of tree species with a closed canopy at 15m-25m, and a large proportion of trees whose fruits are preferred primate foods; intermediate rain forest (750-1,250m) with a canopy reaching 50m, largely dominated by Parinari and Newtonia with occasional stands of Cephalosphaera, Strombosia and Uapaca palludosa and an understorey comprising complex layers of underwood and shrubs (largely Rubiaceae) and a sparse herbaceous ground layer; montane rain forest (1,250m) of trees 15m-40m high with Allanblackia, Syzygium, Parinari and Newtonia are dominant at lower levels and increasing amounts of Olea, Rapanea and Ocotea at higher levels; upland grassland and bushed grassland on the western plateau forest edge (1,000-1,600m) which is dominated by Andropogon and Hyparrhenia with frequent Pteridium and Dissotis with scattered trees (such as Agauria, Syzygium and Vitex) near the forest edge; Erica and Podocarpus latifolius are common on exposed ridges. The common houseplant the African violet Saintpaulia ionantha was only known in the wild from a few plants in the Usambaras but some specimens were recently found in the Uzungwas. Fauna Six species of primate, four of which require climax forest conditions (particularly below 1,350m), are found in the mountains: black and white colobus Colobus angolensis palliatus, blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, baboon Papio sp. (the latter two being forest edge or savanna species), and two forms endemic to the mountains, Iringa red colobus Colobus badius gordonorum (T), and _ crested mangabey Cercocebus galeritus. There are also a number of large mammals including bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo and sable antelope Hippotragus niger; smaller species, such as tree hyrax Dendrohyrax validus, squirrels Anomalurus sp. and otter Aonyx sp. The avifauna includes eight threatened species; three are endemic to a few forests in eastern Tanzania: Mrs Moreau’s warbler Bathmocercus winifredae (R), banded green sunbird Anthreptes rubitorques (R) and Tanzanian mountain weaver Ploceus nicolli (R); four have very limited distributions: dappled mountain robin Modulatrix orostruthus (R), Iringa ground robin Dryocichloides lowei (R), Amani sunbird Anthreptes pallidigaster (R) and Swynnerton’s forest robin Pogonocichla swynnertoni (R), the subspecies rodgersi of the latter being endemic to the Uzungwas; one species the rufous-winged sunbird Nectarinia rufipennis (R) is endemic to the Uzungwas, being only recently discovered in the Mwanihana Forest. Further details about the avifauna are given in Stuart and Jensen (1981). There are also many endemic species of invertebrate. Conservation Management The forest is important as a watershed for surrounding agricultural land and protection against soil erosion on the steep mountain slopes as well as a source of local medicines. A large portion of the Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve has been excluded from the proposed park in order to provide a source of timber, firewood and other forest products. A project to establish plantations along the Ifikara road has been proposed. Present government policy restricts all development to the lowland alluvium. Zoning The proposed park currently comprises parts of two forest reserves classified as catchment forests and surrounding areas. -865- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Disturbances or Deficiencies The pressure on the forests can be divided into three main categories, large scale commercial exploitation of timber by mechanised logging operations, small scale commercial use by pitsawyers, and illegal non-commercial use by the local population for firewood and building poles. The forest is most disturbed at lower attitudes. There is no replanting and there are indications of reduction in forest cover due to fire and perhaps agriculture over the last 80 years. Visitor Facilities Due to its proximity to Mikumi National Park, there is potential for tourism on a small scale. Scientific Research The National Geographic Society of the United States is planning a scientific expedition to this site. A survey of forest communities was carried under IUCN/WWF Project 3204 in 1983-1984. Rodgers and others have undertaken primate surveys in the area. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° WWF/IUCN Project 3204. Tanzania, Habitat Evaluation in Uzungwa and Usambara mountains, 1983. ° Rodgers, W.A. (1981). An aerial survey of Natural Forest Conservation status in the Uzungwa Mountains, southern Tanzania. Mimeograph. University of Dar-es-Salaam. ° Rodgers, W.A. and Homewood, K.M. (1982). Biological values and Conservation Prospects for the Forests and Primate Populations of the Uzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Biol. Conserv. 24(4): 285-304. ° Stuart, S.N. and Jensen, F.P. (1981). Further range extensions and other notable records of forest birds from Tanzania. Scopus 5: 106-115. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Division Date 1984 -866- TOGO -867- Key () National Parks E1 National Reserve Z Forest Reserve EJ Hunting Reserve Burkina Faso a t \ \ \ | \ \ \ 1 ! ‘ \ Atakpame@® wee en em DN an a oe ne = we eee - - - - Y Atlantic Ocean TOGO Area 56,500 sq.km Population 2,890,000 (1984) Parks and Reserves Legislation Forestry and hunting legislation. Several areas have been declared Faunal Reserves and in addition all Classified Forests (forét classé) within Togo are similarly designated. All exploitation is strictly prohibited within these areas, but for the collection of water and dead wood. The other legally defined category of reserve is the Integral Hunting Reserve (Reservé integral de chasse) which is totally protected, with access by permit only (though scientific and economic research is allowed). There appears to be no legal basis for national parks or reserves, which are classified as Faunal Reserves or RICs, although stricter protection is afforded to those areas designated as such. Seven areas have recently been proposed for increased status; Fosse aux Lions and Togodo as faunal reserves; Abdoulaye and Galangachi as forest reserves; and areas in the regions of Otiti-Mandouri in the north, and Kpessi and Akaba in the centre of the country. Parks and Reserves Administration This comes under the Department of Forests, Hunting and the Environment (Direction des foréts, des chasses et de l’environnement) within the Ministry of Rural Improvement (Ministére de l’aménagement rural). There are various divisions (environment, fauna, planning, operation and legal) which all play a role in the administration of protected areas. The Ministry of Rural Development is also involved in the development and exploitation of both natural and planted (teak) forests, and casual cutting outside reserves. There are apparently no formal management plans for the reserves, though there are regional planning offices. Address ° Direction des foréts, des chasses et de l’environnement, Ministére de l’aménagement rural, BP 355, Lomé. Additional Information Government policy is clearly stated to be protection and rational utilisation of animal and plant resources, and the environment in general. Protected areas in Togo cover some 10% of the country, with the two major areas, Kéran and Fazao being representative of the two principle terrestrial ecosystems, Subsudanien Savanna and semi-montane tropical humid. Reserves benefit from controls in the form of anti-poaching raids, with severe punishment for infractions such as, unauthorized fires and clearing of land. Fines (up to £5,000) and long prison sentences (up to 5 years) are imposed for burning, or for the killing of wildlife in protected areas, and levels of hunting in Togo would appear to be lower than in many West African countries, perhaps as a result of this. There are special yearly patrols which reinforce these measures. The EEC in conjunction with the government of Togo has recently supported a study to assess the potential and means for further development of tourism, while IUCN (1985) have prepared a report as an initial step in the development of a national conservation strategy for Togo. References ° TUCN (1985). République du Togo: la conservation des ressources naturelles au service du développement. IUCN Conservation for Development Centre, Gland. ° IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. ° Roudie, P. (1978). Aspects du développement recent de l’économie togolaise. Cahiers d’Outre-mer 31(124): 359-374. -869- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Fazao-Malfakassa 192,000 Keran 170,000 Subtotal 362,000 Nature Reserves Kamassi 17,000 Koue 40,000 Subtotal 57,000 National Reserves Togodo 35,000 Forest Reserves Fosse Aux Lions 9,000 Proposed areas Mandouri Animal Preserve 180,000 PARC NATIONAL DE LA FAZAO-MALFAKASSA Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established The national park was established in 1975, though comprising two classified forests established September 1950 by Presidential Decree. There has been a proposal to exclude the south-east section of the reserve due to its high agricultural potential and low biological value. Geographical Location In the central region with the south-west boundary on the border with Ghana; the south-east boundary is almost to the Sokode - Atakpame road. Approximately centred 8°50’N, 0°40’E. Altitude 200-844m Area 192,000ha; close to the reserves of Koue (40,000ha) and Kamassi (17,000ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is a mountainous region with two major north-south ridges. The Fazao Mountains in the west have cliffs up to 200m and there is a waterfall at Boulo, which only flows during the wet season. In the east, is a ridge which has sheer cliffs and rises to a knife-edge. It continues to Kpeya and reaches a maximum of 844m before falling to the flat north-eastern section between the Kamassi and Keouo rivers. The rainy season is between April and October with an annual rainfall of approximately 1400mm. During the dry season, the *harmattan’, a dry wind from the Sahara, brings dust into the area. Vegetation There are areas of savanna woodland, extensive gallery forest, and sub-montane forests of a similar type to those found in Ghana and Cameroon. -870- Togo Fauna Mammals include: chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos, less bushbaby Galago senegalensis, mona monkey Cercopithecus mona, aardvark Orycteropus afer, and kob Kobus kob. The avifauna includes western ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus, |white-necked picarthartes Picathartes gymnocephalus (R), and secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius. Bird lists and more references are given in Cheke and Walsh, Cheke (1982), and Cheke and Walsh (1980; 1984). Conservation Management Active management within this park is at a much lower level than within Kéran, as a result of the lower staffing levels and budget. IUCN (1985) recommended that anti-poaching measures be considered an absolute priority, with other management activities suggested including reintroduction of predators and, an education programme. Zoning Management area includes the reserves of Malfakassa, Koué and Kamassi, although these are not managed separately. Disturbances or Deficiencies Severe poaching is a problem, particularly near the border with Ghana, and agricultural encroachment and honey-gathering also occur. Staff levels are much lower than at Kéran, and control of these activities is difficult. Visitor Facilities There is an hotel at Fazao. There are rough tracks for four-wheel drive vehicles or walking is accompanied by park staff, but there is a lack of infrastructure. IUCN (1985) regarded the park as being of high tourist potential, and regretted the lack of organization in this regard. Scientific Research Bird species have been listed, but otherwise no information. Special Scientific Facilities None Frincipal Reference Material Cheke, R.A. and Walsh, J.F. (1980). Bird records from the Republic of Togo. Malimbus 2: 112-120. ° Cheke, R.A. (1982). More bird records from the Republic of Togo. Malimbus 4: 55-62. ° Cheke, R.A. and Walsh, J.F. (1984). Further bird records from the Republic of Togo. Malimbus 6: 15-22. ° IUCN (1985). Republique du Togo: la conservation des ressources naturelles au service du developpement. IUCN Conservation for Development Centre, Gland. ° Robinson, N. (1973). The Republic of Togo. Nigerian field 38(4). Staff Wardens, assistant game wardens, and auxiliary staff (1980) Budget Administered by the regional office of the D.F.C.E.; no specific budget for this park. Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des foréts, chasses et l’environnement, BP 355, Lomé. Date April 1985 PARC NATIONAL DE LA KERAN Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) -871- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Legal Protection Total Date Established Established as a Classified Forest (6,700ha) in 1950. Enlarged for the first time and declared a national park in 1971, then enlarged to 179,550ha with different parts designated National Park and Hunting Reserve in 1975. Redesignated a National Park of 170,000ha in 1982. Geographical Location In the Kara region, 92km from Lama-Kara on the _ international highway between Lomé and Upper Volta. Approximately centred 10°15’N, 0°40°E. Altitude Average of 140m with range of less than 100m Area 170,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features This is a very flat area, that includes the flood-plain of the Koumongou River which flows westwards through the northern section of the reserve. The river level varies from isolated pools in the dry season to a depth of 6m or more in the wet season. It floods quickly in response to rain upstream. Soils are predominantly lateritic. There is a short wet season from May to October with an average annual rainfall of 1000mm. Vegetation There is wooded savanna with gallery forest along streams. Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, kob Kobus kob, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca redunca, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, oribi Ourebia ourebi, olive baboon Papio anubis, brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus africanus, potto Perodicticus potto, aardvark Orycteropus afer, and leopard Panthera pardus (T). It would seem, however, that the balance of species differs considerably from other similar areas. For example numbers of kob and warthog would appear to be very high, while populations of roan, waterbuck buffalo and leopard would appear to be very low, and lion, hyena and hunting dog have disappeared. Avifauna include saddle-billed stork Ephippiorhynchus — senegalensis, crowned crane Balearica pavonina, and marabou Leptoptilos crumeniferus. Bird species lists are given in Cheke (1982), and Cheke and Walsh (1980; 1984). Conservation Management This park is reported to be extremely well protected, and would appear to be fairly well provided for. Surveillance is fairly continuous, with regular anti-poaching activities. Active management of the area includes provision of artificial watering places, and fires are used every year to ensure adequate regrowth to encourage certain species to remain in the area. The appropriate date for this burn is set by a committee every year. Large fines are associated with killing animals or starting fires without permission. There are plans to extend the park northwards to form a corridor with Pendjari National Park in Benin. As a beginning an extension north of the road has already been demarcated with a bulldozer line and settlements have been relocated. There is a 50kph speed restriction on the road through the park to reduce road casualties. Zoning Previously divided into a national Park and Hunting Reserve Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and grazing by cattle occurs on a small scale, but as has been noted anti-poaching measures are strict. Kob have increased over the last five years and may be causing overgrazing and a nusiance on surrounding farms. Low predators, and the strict control of hunting are thought to be behind this increase, (and a similar one in warthog), but the increases in ungulate number are not found in other species, and this inbalance is causing concern. The international road from Lomé to Burkina runs through the park North-South for approximately 70km and causes some problems for park management. -872- Togo Visitor Facilities The combined length of trails throughout the reserve is 300km. There is a rest house with more than 20 beds and excellent hotel accomodation in the towns in the surrounding area (though a little far from the park). Trans-saharan travellers, tourists from Benin and Nigeria and people going to Burkina Faso visit the reserve. All visitors must be accompanied by a ranger when on safari. Scientific Research Birds species, and distribution and abundance of some of the larger mammals have been recorded, otherwise no information. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Cheke, R.A. and Walsh, J.F. (1980). Bird records from the republic of Togo. Malimbus 2: 112-120. ° Cheke, R.A. (1981). More bird records from the Republic of Togo. Malimbus 4: 55-62. ° Cheke, R.A. and Walsh, J.F. (1984). Further bird records from the Republic of Togo. Malimbus 6: 15-22. ° TUCN (1985). Republique du Togo: la conservation des ressources naturelles au service du developpement. IUCN Conservation for Development Centre, Gland. ° 1979 Pamphlet by Ministry of Tourism. Staff Three ’chefs de conscription’, nine ’chefs de poste’, and 45 agents, with support from the army and gendarmerie, including helicopter and anti-poaching sorties Budget CFA 10 million for the National Park and CFA 2,000,000 for the National Reserve in 1980. Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des foréts, chasses et environnement BP 355, Lomé. Forestry station at Naboulgou. Date April 1985 RESERVE NATIONALE DU TOGODO Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established July 1952 by Presidential Decree Geographical Location On the border with Benin in the south-east. Approximately centred 7T°00°N, 1°30°E. Altitude 0-200m Area 35,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features This area is a peneplain, crossed by several rivers with the River Mono as the eastern boundary. -873- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Vegetation There is wooded savanna with gallery forest along rivers. Fauna This includes buffalo Syncerus caffer, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, Buffon’s kob Kobus ellipsiprymnus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, rose-ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri, grey heron Ardea cinerea, glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus, and fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and agriculture occur. A dam is being constructed upstream on the Mono river, and may affect hippopotamus in the reserve. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Wardens, rangers, and support staff Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des foréts, chasses et l’environnement, BP 355, Lomé. Date 1984 FORET DE LA FOSSE AUX LIONS Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.4.4 (West African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1950 by Presidential Decree; there was a proposal in 1983 to upgrade the status of this area to National Park Geographical Location The reserve is either side of the road, midway between Dapaong and Tandjoaré. Approximately centred 10°55’N, 0°15’E. Altitude 200-500m Area 9,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features Plains Vegetation Mainly grass savanna with gallery forest along rivers. Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, kob Kobus kob and buffalo Syncerus caf fer. -874- Togo Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and grazing by cattle have almost been eradicated by strict anti-poaching measures. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Wardens, rangers, support staff Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des foréts, chasses et l’environnement, BP 355, Lomé. Date 1984 BI5= il 6 ge ) LUGE DH octery of Afroiropical Protegieg~arom a ef Vegetation — Thent ip Wontesh sovnane with paligry Fores aloug rivers, A arioerkanindts Nesp teenie aceld ofits ad's cithig bie ARASH ly ot Bufteoy kvh Ke olliguiprvavisi, | penhtints Trage‘agl carakee: Piigtels heii urey befos: Atsee SPP ay this: fi gage Halingeiieg elt tr ; ‘ ae wy — Loming do ey | whilesbldeens ny fwiteleneton ” Pousti! og rs. | eral pageiy See fim te Mis iver ohd may affect hippeownmmus in the = Radpsltin Baraat’ Nowe iy ae i inesald irvenehtle Macttivies. . Mage : Gh snumennmivas'l 3 asetedo .ehinol wh neronsicl mala Pslacipni Pelerence rater None listed Furr Warcess, a Lidevnnoet anit A ie f fredene Mo inforthal ton pi 4 ; : Me N - 12 i be rear Pare, or Reserve Admiutsization = Director / hie . Jeo, wen. ae Sats Se Pa ‘ { $c : ! \ ‘Dints i? re > ’ 4 | E : Ne ‘ dd } F x > An iy F * % hae - _ schesiatiat, aan hay mam a i ¥ ; | POWET bE LA POSSE ADK LiKe . Ly 4 . ue Mea ' a ; mec at a | : ; oo — Mynageme nt Citegors ty (Coanagec nates Reweyve) oe fs, _ ae Bingeograp hice! Provides (3.6.4 (West African ee ; Legal Fichacten Tonal , | aa a is ' ee Pale Ketablished jad by Presidential rere; thond wat @ ormponi i bn}: tine af thes arts w Matinngs Pace : v ; Gonragesphh vert Lectiion The nerve 6 ORD side of He to nd, nis Toseland. Apwinasieeminly « sceaiiel SSN. IIE = =a a ; : eae wh a aes ASE ol ; i ae i ies Car wer Toe Geena, biog Ae kin fo nee, 4 ee BES ‘ aa bore, (oe r s af aaee se A ee tac et ti a a Ks ET y So Laahe mere iy te. paeeee UGANDA i Sd a a a ta ¥ Serer ) -~Si7- Murchison Falls(Kabalega) Bokora Corridor } EB windillmpenetable) ( ae \ ie op Cae as Pind ts ca 4 5 Rwanda Tanzania Key National Parks Game Reserves Nature Reserve Sanctuaries Forest Reserve Biosphere Reserve shape unknown Uganda UGANDA Area 236,036 sq.km Population 13,990,000 (1982) Parks and Reserves Legislation The National Parks Act of 3 April 1952 is a Parliamentary Act providing for the establishment of National Parks for the purpose of preserving wild animal life and the natural vegetation. The Game Preservation and Control Act governs the Controlled Hunting Areas and Game Reserves and Sanctuaries. National parks can only be created or abolished by an act of parliament, but all other conservation areas can be gazetted or degazetted by a minister of government responsible for wildlife. Settlement and other forms of land use are probibited within national parks and game reserves, though human settlement, cultivation, and the grazing of domestic stock are all allowed in game sanctuaries and controlled hunting areas. Hunting, previously authorised in game sanctuaries (by special permit) and controlled hunting areas under certain circumstances, was banned for five years in 1979 due to diminishing animal populations. Travelling for any purpose inside a game reserve is permitted only if authorised by the Chief Game Warden. Areas can be gazetted as Forest Reserves or as Nature Reserves under the Forest Act (1962). Parks and Reserves Administration A Board of Trustees (of nine to twelve officers) has full legal and administrative control over the national parks system. This board runs a parastatal organization, Uganda National Parks, to which it appoints a Director and wardens as full-time officers to run the parks. Responsibility for control and conservation of wildlife in the rest of the country is vested in the Game Department, under the Chief Game Warden. Both administrations come under the Ministry of Wildlife and Tourism. Forest reserves and nature reserves are the responsibility of the Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, which is charged with the task of conservation and reafforestation of the country’s indigenous forests. Address ° Uganda National Parks, PO Box 3530, Kampala. ° Forest Department, PO Box 1752, Kampala; and PO Box 31, Entebbe. ° Game Department, PO Box 4, Entebbe. Additional Information Tourism collapsed following the military coup in 1972, and poaching by well armed military personnel and government officials led to a decline in elephant numbers between 1973 and 1975 (though other species were not seriously affected). The 1979 war, which resulted in the reintroduction of civilian government, caused further serious problems, and other species have since been affected. However despite these difficulties, most rangers remained at their posts throughout the troubles, and the national parks organization remained intact. The Government of Uganda has made considerable commitments to conservation and is firmly encouraging projects to reinforce the national parks and establish further areas as such. The major difficulty experienced by the administrators of parks, reserves and sanctuaries is lack of funds, as their budgets in general cover only wages and any extra expenses must be earned (few external tourists visit these areas). Assuming Uganda becomes more stable, the national parks should once again become a major tourist attraction. Meanwhile numerous sources outside the country are providing assistance. Approximately 8% of Uganda’s land and swamp surface is within Government forest reserves, with little natural forest remaining outside the reserves (Struhsaker, 1981). Even that within the reserves has partly been destroyed. Some of the forests are particularly interesting, for example the Bwamba Forest which has some of the most easterly habitat for up to 40 typically West African species of bird. Since the Forest Department started systematic exploitation and management of forest it has been a policy to set aside certain representative parts of the forest as nature reserves. However, although nature reserves are provided for in legislation and at -879- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas least eight stipulated for protection, only two have been demarcated - Budongo and Kibale. In addition, prevention of illegal cultivation within the forests is hampered by lack of transport for forestry staff, and forest destruction may therefore be continuing. Aerial surveys in 1982 and 1983 (by Eltringham and Malpas) showed that forest boundaries were intact, though there were extensive clearances in southern Kibale and Semliki. A current WWF project aims to review the present status of a number of forest reserves in the west of the country in terms of the wildlife they support, and the human pressures on them. Results of the project will include management recommendations for each forest (aimed at maximising their long-term value), and the establishment of a continuing capability for a national forest wildlife monitoring programme. References ° Howard, P. (1986). Conserving tropical forest wildlife in Uganda. WWF Monthly Report for July. WWF Project 3235. ° IUCN (1976). Proceedings of a regional meeting on the creation of a coordinated system of national parks and reserves in Eastern Africa. IUCN Publications New Series, Supplementary Paper No. 45. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland. IUCN/WWF Project 1178. Uganda, Wildlife Clubs. IUCN/WWF Project 1765. Uganda, Protection of Forest Reserves. IUCN/WWF Project 1942. Uganda, Conservation of Wildlife and Wildlife Habitats. IUCN/WWF Project 1915. Uganda, Anti-poaching and Law Enforcement in Uganda’s National Parks. ° IUCN/WWF Project 3111. Uganda, Training unit for Game Guards. ° IUCN/WWF Project 3235. Uganda, Survey of Status of Forests. ° Kayanja, F. and Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1984). The impact of the unexpected on the Uganda National Parks. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller K.R. (Eds) National Parks Conservation and Development. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. ° Lamprey, H.F. (1975). The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 16. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland. ° Malpas, R. (1980). Wildlife in Uganda 1980 - A Survey. A report to the Minister of Tourism and Wildlife, Uganda. ° Struhsaker, T.T. (1981). Forest and Primate Conservation in East Africa. African Journal of Ecology 19: 99-114. ° USAID (1982). A draft environmental profile of Uganda. Prepared by the U.S. Man and the Biosphere Committee and the Arid Lands Information Centre. ° Williams, J.G. (1981). A Field Guide to the National Parks of East Africa, Collins, London. CYC fe Cy Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Kidepo Valley 134,400 Lake Mburo 53,600 Murchison Falls (Kabalega) 384,000 Queen Elizabeth (Rwenzori) 197,800 Subtotal 769,800 Nature Reserves Budongo 1,041 Game Reserves Ajai 15,800 Bokora Corridor 205,600 Bugungu 52,000 Gorilla 2,900 Karuma 82,000 Katonga 20,800 Kibale Forest Corridor 56,000 -880- K igezi Kyambura Matheniko Pian-Upe Toro Sanctuaries Dufile, Otze & Mount Kei Entebbe Jinja Kazinga Malaba Nkosi Island Sitatunga Zoka Forest Elephant Forest Reserves Bugoma Bwindi (Impenetrable) Itwara Kalinzu Kasyoha-K itomi Lake Shore Mabira Maramagambo Ruwenzori Semlliki Controlled Hunting Areas Buhuka East Madi East Testo Kaiso Tonya Karuma Katonga Lipan Napak North Karamoja North Teso Sebei Semliki South Karamoja West Madi Biosphere Reserves Queen Elizabeth (Rwenzori) National Park -881- 33,000 15,700 160,000 231,400 55,488 Subtotal 930,688 48,900 5,200 800 20,700 3,100 20,700 Subtotal 99,400 36,497 31,000 9,000 14,000 40,000 22,050 30,721 44,000 100,000 22,000 Subtotal 349,268 1,773 174,940 22,656 24,061 227,297 89,856 22,451 1,667,604 253,084 50,319 897,164 83,123 Subtotal 3,514,328 220,000 Uganda IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas KIDEPO VALLEY NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established Established as a Game Reserve in 1958; National Park status in March 1962 Geographical Location North-east corner of Uganda, along the Sudan border and near the Kenya border. The town of Taan is on the southern boundary. 3°45’-4°10’N, 33°30’-34°0S’E. Altitude 900-2,750m (mainly under 1,350m) Area 134,400ha; surrounded in Uganda by an extensive Controlled Hunting Area complex Land Tenure Held in trusteeship from the government Physical Features The park is bordered to the southeast by Mount Morungole (2,750m) and on the north-east by the Lotuke ridge, a south-east extension of the Didinga Hills in Sudan. It straddles the Kidepo and Larus Rivers, which flow north into Sudan during the rains. In the dry seasons, there are some permanent pools in the upper Larus. The Kidepo basin is a gently undulating plain of black alluvial soils with stony ridges between the river tributaries and occasional rocky outcrops. The typical Sudanian climate has a rainy season from April to September and a long dry season. Mean annual rainfall is 700mm. Vegetation The area has predominantly tree and shrub steppe (or arid savanna), mixture of bush or thicket and trees, such as: Acacia tortilis, Combretum, Lannea stuhlmannii, Lonchocar pus, Terminalia, and Ziziphus. Dominant grasses are Setaria incrassata, Hyparrhenia dissoluta, H. rufa, and Cymbopogon afronardus. The mountain areas of Morungle (south-east) and Nangeya (south-west) support high level forest savanna mosaics dominated by trees such as: Protea gaguedi, Faurea saligna, Juniperus procera and Podocarpus gracilior, with grassy swards of Andropogon distachyos, Cymbopogon validus, and Hyparrhenia cymbaria. Fauna The park is the only protected area in Uganda in which certain species occur. Mammals include: lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, a local race of Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti brighti, Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli, eland Taurotragus oryx livingstonii, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, Uganda kob Kobus kob thomasi (three in 1981), klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, bushbaby Galago senegalensis, bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis, striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, aardwolf Proteles cristatus, caracal Felis caracal, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, Chanler’s or mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula chanleri, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), and long-snouted dik-dik Madoqua guentheri. Abundant birdlife includes: ostrich Struthio camelus, swallow-tailed kite Chelictinia riocourii, stone partridge Ptilopachus petrosus, Abyssinian ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus, standard-wing nightjar Macrodipteryx longipennis, Karamoja apalis Apalis karamojae (K), fan-tailed raven Corvus rhipidurus, piapiac Ptilostomus afer and five bustards including kori Choriotis kori. Over 50 species of birds of prey include Verreaux’s eagle Aquila verreauxii and pygmy falcon Polihierax semitorquatus. Conservation Management Some 21 days per month are spent on patrol with 50% of the park covered each month. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Incursions of poaching parties from the east, west, and particularly over the border from the north-west, have been reported. Elephant damage to Acacia trees is a continuing problem. -882- Uganda Visitor Facilities The fully-equipped Apoka Restcamp near the southern entrance of the park has excellent facilities. Scientific Research Experimental plots to study the effect of game and bushfire on habitat, were established some years ago by Makerere University. A survey of the avifauna was carried out for the park authorities by Oxford University in 1966. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Elliott, C.C.H. (1972). An ornithological survey of Kidepo Valley National Park. J. East Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. 28(129): 1-31. ° Ross, I.C., Ziefler, A.P. and Field, P.A.C. (1968). A visitors guide to Kidepo National Park. AWLF Washington. ° Thiollay, J.M. (1978). Falconiformes in Uganda National Parks. East Afr. Wildl. J. 16: 145-151. (Includes checklist of raptors recorded for the park.) Staff Some 109 rangers based at the park headquarters. Budget No recent information Local Park or Reserve Administration Park headquarters at Opoka Date April 1985 LAKE MBURO NATIONAL PARK Management Category Under Review Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Settlement prohibited Date Established Originally established as a Controlled Hunting Area under General Notice 1558 of 1959. Game Reserve status in 1964 by Statutory Instrument No. 226. Boundaries amended by S.I. No. 133 of 1965. Gazetted as a National Park in 1983 by an Act of Parliament. Geographical Location Southern Uganda near the border with Tanzania in the Ankole District, about 35km due east of Mbarara; bounded on the north by the Mbarara~-Kampala road. 0°30’-40°S, 30°35-31°10°E. Altitude 1,200-1,800m Area 53,600ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features There are undulating open plains and marshes with hills in the west of the park. It is bounded on the east by Lake Kachira, on the west by the Ruizi River and on the south by swampland and a chain of 11 lakes, including Lake Mburo. -883- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Vegetation Dry Acacia and grassland savanna surrounds the lakes. The shores are lined with extensive belts of papyrus, reed, and waterlily. In the western hills small acacia forests occur in the valleys, and there is some gallery forest. Fauna The fauna represents a remnant of an abundant fauna which once covered the entire Ankole grasslands and the park is the last area in western Uganda where zebra Equus burchelli, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, impala Aepyceros melampus (plains area) which are not found in any of the other Ugandan national parks, and eland Taurotragus oryx (Acacia belt) occur. Mammals in the park are characteristic of the broad belt of high, but fairly dry and stony grasslands extending from north Tanzania through eastern Ankole to south-east Toro and also include topi Damaliscus lunatus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, reedbuck Redunca redunca, leopard Panthera pardus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, and baboons Papio sp.. Buffalo Syncerus caffer, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius occur in the marshy forested area. Many birds are attracted to the lakes, and the Narina trogon Apaloderma narina is found in forested valleys. Conservation Management The Game Department of Uganda made concerted efforts in 1982 to move cattle and people out of the park in preparation for national park status. Resettlement of people was finalised in 1984, although cattle were still present in the park. Construction of park headquarters had begun at Mburo in 1983/1984. However, there is currently little management possible within the area. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Massive encroachment of over 10,000 Ankole cattle, numerous temporary camps and some permanent settlements surrounded by banana plantations were reported in 1982, but in 1985 settlements had been removed, although some encroachment continued. During the recent troubles, however, local residents again resettled the park, and attacked park staff. As staff weapons and vehicles had been requisitioned they were unable to control the situation and left the park. Visitor Facilities There is a small guest house and three good campsites. Access is easy, via the Kampala-Mbarara tarmac road. Scientific Research Periodic animal population surveys; at present habitat utilisation by large herbivores is being studied. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° IUCN/WWE Project 1915. Uganda, Anti-poaching and law enforcement in Uganda’s National Parks. ° Kingdon, J. (1985). Lake Mburo - a new national park in Africa. Oryx 19(1): 7-10. Staff There is now a full-time resident warden Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Uganda National Park, PO Box 3530, Kampala. Date 1986 -884- Uganda MURCHISON FALLS (KABALEGA) NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, but fishing is permitted in the river Date Established 3 April 1952 Geographical Location Upstream of the point where the Victoria Nile flows into Lake Mobutu Sese Seko. 2°00’-2°30’N, 31°30’-32°15°E. Altitude 500-1,292m (mainly 600-800m) Area 384,000ha; contiguous in the south to Bugungu Game Reserve (74,800ha) and Karuma Game Reserve (71,270ha) and in the north to Aswa-Lolim Game Reserve (recently degazetted). Aswa-Lolim Game Reserve was contiguous to Ajay Game Reserve (15,600ha) by a narrow corridor and East Madi Controlled Hunting Area (174,940ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features This is an area of rolling grassland and savanna decreasing in height from Rabongo Hill in the east to the western Rift wall and Lake Albert. The Victoria Nile, running east to west, bisects the park. The river is forced through a rock cleft some 7m wide in spectacular 43m high Murchison Falls (also now secondary falls on north bank), which constitute an important ecological barrier for aquatic fauna. Karuma Falls upstream are outside the eastern park boundary. Mean annual precipitation is 1200mm, falling mainly during the two rainy seasons in the periods March to May and August to November. Vegetation The east and south of the park were formerly covered by Terminalia woodland and the west by Hyparrhenia grassland, but damage by elephant has destroyed much of the woodland and the area has tended to become a uniform grassland with scattered remnants of riparian forests. Investigations in 1980 suggested that regeneration is occurring, particularly of Acacia sieberana along the river, Borassus aethiopum in the Tangi River catchment, and Lonchocarpus laxiflorus in the south. Areas of Cyperus papyrus swamp occur along the river. Fauna Over 1,000 elephant Loxodonta africana (T) were recorded in the northern sector in 1980, greatly reduced from approximately 14,500 in the early 1970s, and now due to a reduction in poaching the number is probably higher. Numbers of buffalo Syncerus caffer and kob Kobus kob are relatively high and there are good populations of several other game species. Other mammals include: chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) in Rabongo Forest, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi. The northern white rhinoceros Ceratotherium Simum cottoni (T), a subspecies introduced into the park in the 1970s from the West Nile district, has not been seen recently. The black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) is decreasing in numbers. Over 350 recorded bird species include: shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern), goliath heron Ardea goliath, open-bill stork Anastomus lamelligerus, saddle-bill stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis, fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer (most conspicuous of 49 recorded raptors), tawny eagle Aquila rapax, lappet-faced vulture Torgos tracheliotus, skimmer Rhynchops flavirostris, pratincole Glareola nuchalis, and seven species of kingfisher including malachite Alcedo cristata. Also many palearctic and African migrants include buzzards and harriers. The population of crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) has suffered from poaching but numbers are still high in the lower river. Conservation Management Successful anti-poaching operations had resulted in increased herbivore populations and a natural cycle of change to the Acacia dominated scrub seems to be -885- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas occurring. Park headquarters were on the north bank of the river. There are currently several serious management problems. Zoning Not yet established Disturbances or Deficiencies During the political unrest in the late 1970s, over 75% of the animal population in the park was destroyed by hunters and ivory poachers. In remoter areas poaching, particularly of hippopotamus, continues, sometimes with automatic weapons. A proposed hydroelectric scheme at Murchison Falls would seriously affect the ecological balance of the area. During recent disturbances there has again been increased poaching, and damage to park buildings and equipment, as well as staff losses. Visitor Facilities Hotels are at Paraa (badly damaged in 1979) and at Chobe below Karuma Falls. Campsites are designated and good access roads (including to Murchison and Karuma Falls). Launch trips go to the foot of Murchison Falls. Sport fishing is permitted in the river. The slack water below the two falls is renowned for large Nile perch. Scientific Research Studies for management purposes have been made by the Uganda Institute of Ecology (previously the Nuffield Unit of Tropical Animal Ecology). Of particular interest is the barrier to aquatic fauna created by Murchison Falls and the barrier of the river to animal movements. An ecological impact study is being carried out (1984) concerning the proposed hydroelectric scheme. Special Scientific Facilities The Wildlife Education Centre at Paraa, built in 1967, which offered accommodation and a wide range of facilities, was closed in 1979, but had been reopened by 1985. WWE is assisting in the reopening of the centre. Principal Reference Material Cott, H.B. (1961). Status and biology of the Nile crocodile below Murchison Falls. J. Zool. Soc. Lond. 29(4): 211-356. ° Cott, H.B. (1969). Tourists and crocodiles in Uganda. Oryx 10: 153-160. ° Hatton, J., Hobsley, C. and Smart, N. (1982). Kabalega Falls National Park, Uganda. Interim Project Report. University College, London, Ecological and Conservation Unit. ° IUCN/WWFE Project 3079. Uganda, Rehabilitation of Paraa Wildlife Education Centre in Kabelega Falls National Park. ° Malpas, R.C. (1978). The Ecology of the African Elephant in Ruwenzori and Kabalega Falls National Parks. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), University of Cambridge. ° Malpas, R. (1980). Wildlife in Uganda 1980 - A Survey. A Report to the Minister of Tourism and Wildlife, Uganda. ° Smart, N.O.E., Hatton, J.C. and Spence, D.H.N. (1985). The effect of long-term exclusion of large herbivores on vegetation in Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda. Biological Conservation 33: 229-245. ° Thiollay, J.M. (1978). Population structure and seasonal fluctuation of falconiformes in Ugandan National Parks. East African Journal of Wildlife 16: 145-151. (Includes a checklist of raptors recorded from the park.) Staff Some 120 rangers were employed within the park with 60 at park headquarters and 60 at 15 outposts. They spent over two-thirds of each month on patrol with about 75% of the park covered in each month. However, during recent disturbances many of the staff are reported to have left. Budget No recent information Local Park or Reserve Administration Park headquarters are on the north bank of the river. Date April 1985 -886- Uganda QUEEN ELIZABETH (RWENZORI) NATIONAL PARK Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) and 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established April 1952 as Queen Elizabeth National Park (197,800ha); the area was known as Rwenzori National Park between 1972 and 1980. Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in November 1979. Geographical Location Situated on both sides of the Equator in western Uganda on the Zaire border, between Lakes Edward and George. 0°15’S-0°10’N, 29°45’-30°0S’E. Altitude 910-1390m Area National Park 197,800ha and Biosphere Reserve 220,000ha. Contiguous to Kigezi Game Reserve (32,830ha), Kyambura Game Reserve (15,700ha), and Kibale Forest Corridor Game Reserve (33,910ha) in Uganda and Virunga National Park (809,000ha) in Zaire. Kazinga Channel Sanctuary (20,700ha) abuts the east central boundary and part of the southern shore of Lake George. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is situated in the western Rift Valley between Lake George and Lake Edward. The lakes are joined by the 34km-long Kazinga Channel, which bisects the park. Mean annual rainfall is 700mm with marked differences occuring over short distances, falling mainly during two rainy seasons in March to May and August to November. This area was one of volcanic activity 8,000 to 10,000 years ago and to the north of Lake Edward there is an area of explosion craters, some containing salt lakes. The eastern boundary of part of the park follows the escarpment of the rift valley edge. There are areas of swamp, the largest being in the north, to the north of Lake George, and much of the park is fairly flat. Climate is cool for the latitude; temperatures are similar all year round. Mean minima are about 18°C and maxima 28°C most months, but rain falls mainly in two seasons, March to May and September to November. It varies considerably within the park, increasing from about 750mm annually on Lake Edward, towards the escarpment, which has about 1230mm per year. Vegetation The area has a remarkable range of ecosystems: semi-deciduous tropical high forest, undulating grasslands, Acacia savannas, swamps and tundra. Maramagambo Forest (about 50,000ha) is between the escarpment and Lake Edward and comprises a wide belt of medium altitude semi-deciduous forest. It is the only forest of any extent protected within an Ugandan National Park. South of this forest are the rolling plains of the Kigezi section, and north are grasslands dotted with Euphorbia spp.. The bush cover appears to have increased over the past few years with the decline in elephant numbers. Fauna A west African influence is apparent in the fauna, particularly among birds and invertebrates. The park is well-known for its rich and diverse tropical fauna with large herds of buffalo Syncerus caf fer (4200 in 1980), elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (153 in 1980), and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. A 1980 survey recorded five elephant herds totalling about 150 animals (though this is regarded as an under-estimate) though numbers have been greatly reduced by poaching compared with previous years. Other large mammals include: kob Kobus kob (most numerous species: about 20,000), waterbuck K. ellipsiprymnus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, and leopard Panthera pardus (T) also interesting species are chimpanzee and giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni. There are some surprising gaps in the fauna, such as the absence of zebra and impala. The Kigezi section is well-known for tree climbing lion Panthera leo. There are 543 recorded bird species including: shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special -887- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas concern), black bee-eater Merops gularis, 11 species of kingfisher including malachite Alcedo cristata and pied Ceryle rudis, and numerous resident and migrant (Palaearctic and African) raptors such as Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus, bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus, migrant black kite Milvus migrans parasitus, and Wahlberg’s eagle Aquila wahlbergi. Nile monitor Varanus niloticus is common along the Kazinga channel. Conservation Management Improvements in anti-poaching methods had been implemented, but more recently staff have been disarmed and their vehicles requisitioned, and this has led to increases in poaching. There is a management plan. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies The higher areas are in a natural state, but there are about 20 settlements in the lower area on the lakeshore. The population has increased recently (due in particular to a salt factory built with German aid, but which is no longer functioning and has been abandoned), and is putting great pressure on natural resources. There has been an increase in fire, grazing (sheep, goats and cattle), and overfishing of the lakes. All game species, except kob, were still declining in numbers in 1980. Staff are currently without weapons or vehicles, though they remain within the park. Visitor Facilities Mweya Lodge, run by Uganda Hotels, is fully operational. There are two hostels and self-catering bandas at Ishasha in the south of the park. A campsite is available on the Mweya Peninsula and elsewhere within the park. Launch trips are organised along the Kazinga channel. Uganda Airways run a regular service from Entebbe to Kasese, 40km from Park Headquarters. Scientific Research Research at the Uganda Institute of Ecology continues, including studies on overgrazing by goats and habitat exploitation by bushbuck. At present, there is a study on the effects of fishing villages on the park’s animals. Special Scientific Facilities The park contains the oldest ecological research station in East Africa (Uganda Institute of Ecology) with five permanent research workers. Research facilities were partly destroyed during the recent political unrest. There are no educational facilities. Principal Reference Material ° Eltringham, S.K. (1973). The Large Mammal Community of the Queen Elizabeth National Park (Uganda). Annales de l’université d’Abidjan. Série E. Tome V1 - fascicule 2. ° Lock, J.M. (1967). Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), University of Cambridge. ° Lock, J.M. (1977). Botanical Survey of Rwenzori National Park. Engl. Bot. Jahb. ° Malpas, R.C. (1978). The Ecology of the African Elephant in Rwenzori and Kabalega Falls National Parks. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), University of Cambridge. ° Malpas, R. (1980). Wildlife in Uganda 1980 - A Survey. A report to the Minister of Tourism and Wildlife, Uganda. ° Thiollay, J.M. (1978). Falconiformes in Uganda National Parks. East Afr. Wildl. J. 16: 145-151. Includes checklist of raptors recorded in the park. ° Williams, J.G. (1981). A Field Guide to the National Parks of East Africa, Collins, London. Bird and mammal list. Brief description of the park. Staff Some 107 rangers with 55 at park headquarters, and 52 in 13 outposts. They did spend about two-thirds of their time on patrol with about 60% of the park covered each month, but during the recent troubles travel has been curtailed following the requisition of park vehicles. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Park headquarters is situated at Mweya. Date 1986 -888- Uganda AJAI GAME RESERVE (WEST NILE) Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Established primarily to protect the white rhinoceros, but other resident species are accorded same protection. Hunting is strictly prohibited. Date Established Established in 1962 as the White Rhino Sanctuary under General Notice 353. Established as Ajai Game Reserve in 1965 by Statutory Instrument No. 147. Geographical Location West bank of the Nile between Pakwach and Nimule, about 10km north of Inde and 32km east-south-east of Arua. 2°55’N, 31°25’E. Altitude 700-1,000m Area 15,800ha Land Tenure Public Physical Features This area of rivers and riverine swamp borders the River Nile and two tributaries, the Ala and Acha. The reserve includes a number of swamp islands including Ajai island formed by gradual deposition of soil from the hills by the Ala River. The swamp is surrounded by savanna woodland. Most of the swamp is flooded during the rainy months (June to January), but dries out from February to May. Vegetation Wooded savanna and grassland communities of Loudetia-Eragrostis and Hyparrhenia. There is a variety of vegetation on the island due to its gradual formation. The older eastern sector has a mosaic of savanna forest and sandy plains, areas of thick forest, rain forest and open grass plains with Jmperata (a grass occuring elsewhere only in the highlands which are the source of the Ala River). The western sector is covered in dense elephant grass Pennisetum with clumps of wild date plum Phoenix. Fauna Migration of animals onto the island during the dry season is necessitated by lack of forage in the surrounding dry scrubland. Mammals include hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius along the Nile, Uganda kob Kobus kob thomasi, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Black and white colobus Colobus guereza and baboon Papio sp. have been recorded. Conservation Management’ There are guard posts at Ogoko, Iriemve and Inde. Iriemve and Inde were not in use in 1980. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies The small size of the reserve results in many animals continually moving in and out into open areas in the vicinity where they are subject to poaching. The threatened northern white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum cottoni (T) has not been seen here since the war in 1979 and is assumed to have been wiped out. Visitor Facilities It has high tourism potential despite the distance from Kampala and excellent potential for short walking safaris. Scientific Research Mammal species have been periodically monitored. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° WWE/IUCN Project 1760. Uganda, Conservation of Rhino in Ajai Sanctuary. -889- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1983 BOKORA CORRIDOR GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established Gazetted in 1964 by Statutory Instrument No. 223 to ensure freedom of movement for game during migration between the Matheniko plains and Pian-Upe Game Reserve. The reserve was originally part of Central and South Karamoja Controlled Hunting Areas. Geographical Location In eastern Uganda between Moroto and Mount Elgon, between Matheniko Game Reserve and Pian-Upe Game Reserve, along the south-western boundary of the Karamoja region. 2°07’-2°45’N, 33°50’-34°50’E. Altitude 1,000-2,100m Area 205,600ha; contiguous to Pian-Upe Game Reserve (228,710ha) and Matheniko Game Reserve (158,650ha). Flanked on remaining sides by four Controlled Hunting Areas totalling over 2,000,000 ha, which are contiguous to four other Controlled Hunting Areas and Kidepo Valley National Park (134,400ha). Land Tenure Public Physical Features The reserve is a plateau with a few inselbergs, typical of the southern Karamoja region. The climate is relatively dry. Vegetation The wooded grassland savanna on marginal land is of little or no use for agriculture or settlement. Fauna A wide variety of antelopes (but not in high numbers) includes: eland Taurotragus oryx, Uganda kob Kobus kob thomasi, reedbuck Redunca redunca, oryx Oryx gazella, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula , roan antelope Hippotragus equinus , topi Damaliscus lunatus, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus jacksoni, and oribi Ourebia ourebi aequatoria. Other mammals include: spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Settlement and grazing by domestic livestock occurs, competing with the wildlife population which is now very sparse. -890- Uganda Scientific Research Periodic animal population aerial surveys, last done 1983. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date April 1985 BUGUNGU (BUKUMI-BUGUNGU) GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No settlement allowed in the reserve Date Established 1968 by Statutory Instrument 20; originally established as a Controlled Hunting Area in 1963 under Legal Notice 361 Geographical Location Between Murchison Falls (Kabalega) National Park and the north shore of Lake Mobutu Sese Seko (Lake Albert). 2°15’N, 31°30°E. Altitude 600-1,300m Area 52,000ha; contiguous to Murchison Falls National Park (384,000ha) and Karuma Game Reserves (82,000ha) Land Tenure Public Physical Features The features are similar to the southern sector of Murchison Falls National Park. Bugungu Game Reserves and Karuma Game Reserve constitute a buffer zone for the southern boundary of Murchison Falls National Park. Vegetation Dry thicket with some open savanna woodland Fauna’ The area is well-known for chimpanzees Pan troglodytes (T), but the number in the reserve is unclear. Mammals include: lion Panthera leo, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Uganda kob Kobus kob, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, and many small ungulates. The reserve includes part of Budongo Forest which has a relatively rich birdlife. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Permanent fishing villages on the shore of Lake Mobutu are not considered to threaten the purposes of the reserve. Previous poaching problems are now under some degree of control. There is some tree felling for making charcoal. Scientific Research Periodic animal population surveys -891- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date April 1985 GORILLA GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Established strictly for protection of the mountain gorilla and chimpanzee. No settlement is allowed in the reserve. Date Established 1964 by Statutory Instrument No. 215. Originally established in 1930 as a Game Sanctuary under Legal Notice 21. Also known as Kigezi Gorilla Game Reserve or Mgahinga Forest Reserve, but it is further south than Kigezi Game Reserve. Geographical Location Extreme south-west corner of Uganda on the borders with Zaire and Rwanda. 1°25’S, 29°35’E. Altitude 2,700-4,127m Area 2,900ha; contiguous to Volcanoes National Park (23,000ha) in Rwanda, which is contiguous to Virunga National Park (809,000ha) in Zaire. Size reduced from 3,400ha in 1950. Land Tenure Government Physical Features It includes parts of three volcanic mountains (Muhavura, Mgahinga, and Sabinio). The summit of Muhavura has a small crater lake and forms the highest point in the reserve. Vegetation The alpine summit areas are dominated by St John’s wort Hypericum spp. and dwarf heaths which merge into broad leaved montane forest and bamboo. On the lower slopes is a high altitude type of savanna woodland. The forest is rich in lichens and mosses. Fauna The reserve was established to protect chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) and the mountain gorilla Gorilla gorilla berengei (T). Other mammals include: the distinctive golden monkey Cercopithecus mitis kandti (rare subspecies of the diademed monkey), leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, and buffalo Syncerus caffer. The abundant birdlife includes the Ruwenzori turaco Tauraco johnstoni, yellow-billed barbet Trachyphonus purpuratus, five species of Apalis, Lihder’s bush shrike Laniarius liihderi, six species of sunbird, and four species of crimson-wing Cryptospiza. The threatened butterfly species Papilio leucotaenia (V) may also inhabit the reserve. -892- Uganda Conservation Management No harvesting of bamboo has been allowed since 1982. Local people buy bamboo from the Forest Department who collect it from other areas. There is a general working plan for the area, but this is in need of revision. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is severe disturbance from agricultural and pastoral activities and poaching. The decrease in area by raising the boundary from 2,425m to 2,730m removed an important gorilla habitat from the reserve. Increasing deforestation by residents of the lower slopes is tending to destroy more gorilla habitat, reducing its chance of survival in the area. Restricted bamboo cutting was allowed annually in the reserve before 1982. The area seems to be less well protected than neighbouring protected areas in Zaire and Rwanda. There are about 400 gorillas in this whole region, but only one group is found in the Ugandan sector and may have disappeared recently. The access road was destroyed by heavy rain in 1983. Scientific Research Monitoring of the gorilla population and other species has been carried out. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Malpas, R. (1980). Wildlife in Uganda 1980 - A Survey. A report to the Minister of Tourism and Wildlife, Uganda. Staff No recent information Budget No recent information Local Park or Reserve Administration Game Department, Fort Portal. Date April 1985 KARUMA GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1964 by Statutory Instrument 248. Previously a Controlled Hunting Area under General Notice No. 352 of 1962. Geographical Location | Western Uganda, adjoining Murchison Falls National Park to the north. Approximately 1°50’N, 31°45’E. Altitude 900-1,300m Area 82,000ha; contiguous to Murchison Falls National Park (384,000ha) and Bugungu Game Reserve (52,000ha) Land Tenure Public -893- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Physical Features This is an area of gentle relief crossed by several watercourses, south of the Victoria Nile. Vegetation The savanna grasslands are dominated by elephant grass Pennisetum purpureum and Hyparrhenia rufa with isolated forest and savanna trees representing remnants of former forest cover. It is bordered to the south-west by a forested zone. Fauna Species similar to those in Murchison Falls National Park include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, buffalo Syncerus caffer, and many antelope species. Large numbers of animals move in herds to and from Murchison Falls National Park. Conservation Management Control of poaching has improved. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Increased settlement in areas adjoining the reserve with increased cultivation have resulted in problems of law enforcement and control of game. Scientific Research Periodic animal population surveys Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No recent information Budget No recent information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1983 KATONGA GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No settlement allowed Date Established 1964 by Statutory Instrument No. 222. Originally part of a larger Controlled Hunting Area under Legal Notice 525 of 1961. Geographical Location 190km west of Kampala on the Kampala-Kasese railway. 0°15’N, 30°45’E. Altitude 1,200-1,500m Area 20,800ha; surrounded on three sides by Katonga Controlled Hunting Area (227,297ha) Land Tenure Public Physical Features The reserve is bounded to the south by the Katonga River, part of a river system from Lake George to Lake Victoria draining extensive areas to the north and south. -894- Uganda The Katonga enters Lake Victoria about 35km north-east of Masaka. The reserve is drained by numerous tributaries of the Katonga. Vegetation There is dry savanna with deciduous thickets of Acacia, Combretum and Albizia and perennial grasses such as Cymbopogon, Hyparrhenia and Themeda. Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, zebra Equus burchelli, eland Taurotragus oryx, roan antelope Hippotragus niger, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, topi Damaliscus lunatus and the highland race of the bohar reedbuck Redunca redunca wardi. The reserve includes part of the migratory route from Murchison Falls National Park to south-east Toro. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Very extensive illegal cattle grazing has resulted in a decline in the numbers of eland, roan antelope, zebra, elephant, and topi. Scientific Research Periodic aerial surveys to assess animal populations, last done in 1982. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No informtation Budget No informtation Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1983 KIBALE FOREST CORRIDOR GAME RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No settlement is allowed Date Established 1964 by Statutory Instrument No. 221. A sector of the reserve was previously part of the former Lake George Game Reserve. (Lake George Game Reserve now forms the northern sector of Queen Elizabeth National Park). Geographical Location Located in the Toro District of western Uganda, it extends northwards from Queen Elizabeth National Park and Lake George towards Fort Portal. 0°30’N, 30°20°E. Altitude 1,110-1,590m Area 56,000ha; contiguous to Queen Elizabeth (Rwenzori) National Park (197,800ha), which is contiguous to several other protected areas Land Tenure Government -895- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Physical Features The reserve is in the plateau area of the volcanic crater region east of the Ruwenzori range. The basement complex of precambrian undifferentiated acid gneisses is overlain in some areas by quartzite intruded by ampholites, gneisses, and granites. The soils are well-drained ferallitic sandy to sandy clay loams. Two rainy seasons occur in the periods March to May and September to November. Mean annual precipitation is 1500mm. Mean maximum temperature is 25°C and minimum temperature is 13°C. Vegetation The reserve includes part of Mpanga Forest, a vast tract of tropical high forest extending from Fort Portal almost to Lake George (some 12-15 miles away) and links up with the main block of Kibale Forest. The main vegetation type is moist semi-deciduous forest (part way between lowland and montane forest) with Chrysophyllum spp., Celtis spp., and Cynometra alexandri grading to moist Acacia-Hyparrhenia woodland/savanna with grasses Cymbopogon afronardus, Imperata cylindrica, Themeda triandra, and Hyparrhenia spp.. Other species include Pennisetum purpureum, Beckeropsis uniseta, and Acanthus pubescens. The combination of species varies with location. There is also swampland of Cyperus papyrus, Phragmites sp., Mitragyna rubrostipulata, and Neoboutonia macrocalyx with canopy of Pseudospondias microcarpa, Treculia africana, and Symphonia globulifera. The montane forest trees support many epiphytes including beard lichens, elephant-ear fern, horse-tongue fern, mosses, and orchids. Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, Uganda kob Kobus kob thomasi, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, pangolin Manis sp., serval Felis serval, otter Lutra sp., and five species of mongoose. The forests are among the richest in East Africa for primates, with 11 species present, including: diademed monkey Cercopithecus mitis, red-tailed monkey Cercopithecus ascanius, \Hoest’s monkey Cercopithecus lhoesti, white-cheeked mangabey Cercocebus albigena, and olive baboon Papio anubis. Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) and black and white colobus Colobus guereza occur in the northern sector which also constitutes the last refuge for the only remaining viable population in Uganda of red colobus Colobus badius tephrosceles. Kibale is exceptional for forest birds and about 290 species have been recorded, including one endemic to this forest, the Kibale ground-thrush Turdus kibalensis (1); giant blue turaco Corythaeola cristata, grey parrot Psittacus erithacus, and black-and-white casqued hornbill Bycanistes subcylindricus also occur. The reserve also constitutes an important reservoir of reptiles and insects including several species of mamba, cobra, viper and python, and the butterflies African giant swallowtail Papilio antimachus (R) and Salamis temora. Conservation Management Settlement is confined to the southern sector. Kibale has been identified as one of the five most important forests for wildlife in Uganda (Kingston 1967). A Toyota Landcruiser was provided under IUCN/WWF Project 1765 to combat encroachment and illegal timber removal. Zoning Part of Kibale Forest was established in 1976 as a nature reserve (about 6,000ha) protected against all forms of human exploitation and buffered by forest (60% tall mature forest) used for selective timber felling. It is also contiguous to Queen Elizabeth National Park, which includes a 1,630ha area of undisturbed natural forest also protected from human exploitation. Disturbances or Deficiencies The reserve was originally established as a migratory route for animals moving to the protected areas north of Queen Elizabeth National Park, but it is now less useful in that role due to the reduction in animal numbers over the past years. Agricultural encroachment occurs in the south (18,700ha) and some illegal timber extraction in the forests of the north, reducing the undisturbed area of forest to 18500ha (Kingdon 1973). One of the main reasons for establishment of the reserve was maximisation of sustained timber production. Timber is being extracted and there are plantations of exotic conifers. Some hunting is permitted. -896- Uganda Scientific Research Periodic animal population surveys. Integrated ecological research projects have been carried out in Kibale Forest for about 10 years including a study aided by WWF, the New York Zoological Society and Ugandan National Research Council (IUCN/WWF Project 1969) on the effects of selective tree felling on primate populations. Special Scientific Facilities Kanyawarra Forest Station has a library. Principal Reference Material ° TUCN/WWF Project 1969. Effects of selective tree felling on populations of rain forest primates. ° TUCN/WWF Project 1765. Uganda, Forest Reserves. ° Kingdon, J. (1973). Endemic birds and mammals of western Uganda: measuring Uganda’s wealth and a plea for supra-economic values. Uganda J. 37: 1-7. ° Kingston, B. (1967). Working plan for Kibale and Itwara Central Forest Reserves, Toro District, Uganda. Entebbe: Uganda Forest Department. ° Malpas, R. (1980). Wildlife in Uganda 1980 - A Survey. A Report to the Minister of Tourism and Wildlife, Uganda. ° Struhsaker, T. and Leland, L. (1979). In: Kibale an inheritance still preserved. SWARA 2(1). ° Wing, L.D. and Buss, I.O. (February 1970). Elephants and forests. Wildlife monographs 19. (Includes list of woody plant species in the reserve). Staff There are forest and game staff based at two plant stations, including three foresters, four forest rangers, and four forest guards. The game department employs one senior game guard and two game guards. Budget No recent information Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest and Game Department Date 1984 KIGEZI GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection No settlement allowed Date Established 1952 by General Notice No. 158. Boundaries changed by Legal Notices 154 of 1955 and 292 of 1962. Geographical Location The reserve is a southward annexe to Queen Elizabeth (Rwenzori) National Park, separated from Lake Edward by a 7km wide sector of the park. 0°30’S, 29°50’E. Altitude About 1,050m Area 33,000ha; contiguous to Queen Elizabeth National Park (197,800ha) and its associated reserves Land Tenure Government Physical Features Situated on the western arm of the Central African rift valley. -897- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Vegetation The moist deciduous forest and grass savanna is similiar to the sector of Queen Elizabeth National Park south of Maramagambo Forest with dominant trees of Acacia and Albizia spp., and grasses such as Imperata, Cymbopogon, Hyparrhenia, and Beckeropsis. Fauna Mammals usually occur in small numbers and includes: eastern black-and-white Colobus Colobus guereza and some red colobus Colobus badius, the eastern subspecies of chimpanzee Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii (T), lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, Uganda kob Kobus kob_ thomasi, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, topi Damaliscus lunatus and Oribi Ourebia ourebi. The abundant birdlife is similiar to Queen Elizabeth National Park. Zoning The reserve acts as a buffer zone between Queen Elizabeth National Park and the well-populated areas to the south and east. There is no zonation within the reserve. Disturbances or Deficiencies Settlement and cuitivation in adjoining areas are encroaching on the reserve and local people poach for meat. A road from the national park to Kabale, which provides access to Kayonza Forest, crosses the reserve. Scientific Research Periodic animal population surveys Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Game Department, Fort Portal. Date 1983 KYAMBURA GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Settlement prohibited, but licenced fishing permitted Date Established 1965 by Statutory Instrument No. 147. The boundaries were amended by Statutory Instrument No. 199 of 1965. The reserve was previously part of a larger area established as a Controlled Hunting Area by General Notice 363 of 1962. Geographical Location South-west Uganda bordering the south-east of the Kazinga Channel and the south shore of Lake George. 0°05’S, 30°05’E. Altitude 700-1,100m Area 15,700ha; contiguous to Queen Elizabeth National Park (197,800ha) and its associated reserves -898- Uganda Land Tenure Government Physical Features The terrain is characterised by small hills and about 10 crater lakes above the east wall of the western Rift Valley (here interrupted by the vast upheaval of the Ruwenzori range). The area also contains a number of swamps. The boundary with Queen Elizabeth National Park is defined by the Kyambura River which flows into the Kazinga Channel. Vegetation Savanna grassland and deciduous thickets Fauna The fauna is similiar to Queen Elizabeth National Park with mammals including: hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, and a variety of antelope and other small ungulates. Waterbirds feature prominently in the avifauna including occasional visits by lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor. Zoning The reserve forms a buffer zone for animals moving out of Queen Elizabeth National Park. No zoning exists within the reserve. Disturbances or Deficiencies Small fishing villages existing at the time of the declaration of the reserve remain, but further settlement is prohibited. There is poaching of hippopotamus and other game for meat and illegal fishing. Visitor Facilities Access is by unsurfaced tracks only passable in dry weather. Scientific Research Periodic animal population surveys. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration No information Date 1983 MATHENIKO GAME RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Grazing of domestic livestock and settlement reduce effectiveness of protection. Date Established 1964 by Statutory Instrument No. 219. Previously part of Central Karamoja Controlled Hunting Area. Geographical Location In Karamoja region, just north of Moroto, extending along the border with Kenya. 2°40’-3°07’N, 34°10’-34°50°E. -899- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Altitude 1,200-1,600m Area’ 160,000ha; contiguous to Bokora Corridor Game Reserve (205,600ha) and the eastern Uganda complex of Controlled Hunting Areas Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is part of the Karamoja plateau. It is bounded on the east by the Great Rift escarpment which forms the Uganda/Kenya border in this area and is interrupted in the south by spurs and extensions of higher ground. Vegetation Thorny deciduous thicket Fauna Resident mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (V), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (V), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, eland Taurotragus oryx, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, oryx Oryx gazella, and Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti. Roan and Grant’s gazelle are the predominant species. The area has been the traditional pasture during the wet season for herds migrating from southern Karamoja, particularly from the Pian-Upe plains. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Grazing by domestic cattle, settlement, poaching and forest destruction continue. The area has recently been subject to political unrest, drought, and famine. It appears that control of the area is insufficient (perhaps due to difficulty of access) and wildlife is very sparse. Scientific Research Periodic animal population aerial surveys, last done in 1983. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Game Department, Mbale. Date 1983 PIAN-UPE GAME RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Sporadic settlement and grazing of domestic livestock make protection ineffective Date Established 1964 by Statutory Instrument No. 220; previously declared as Debasien Animal Sanctuary under Legal Notice 23 of 1960. -900- Uganda Geographical Location Eastern Uganda, north of Mount Elgon and 80km east of Soroti. 1°30’-2°15’N, 34°34°05’-34°50°E. Altitude 1,000-3,068m Area 231,400ha; connected to Matheniko Game Reserve (160,000ha) by the Bokora Corridor Land Tenure Government Physical Features This is a high plateau area of rolling plains with black cotton soil drained by intermittent watercourses flowing westwards into Lake Kyoga. Most of the area is subject to inundation during the rainy season. Mount Kadam (previously Mount Debasien) near the border with Kenya, is the highest point in the reserve at 3,068m. VegetationT Most of the area is wooded savanna grasslands with some forest in the north on the margins of a higher ridge. Fauna A large variety of mammals in the area include: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Uganda kob Kobus kob, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, roan antelope MHippotragus equinus, oryx Oryx _ gazella, Jackson’s hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus jacksoni, oribi Ourebia ourebi and Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti. Most of the eland Taurotragus oryx, topi Damaliscus lunatus, and zebra Equus burchelli migrate into the area to breed from North Bokora and Matheniko reserves and migrate northwards when the rains begin. Birds include ostrich Struthio camelus, secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius, and yellow-billed shrike Corvinella corvina (uncommon). Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Settlement and grazing of domestic livestock has occurred since the declaration of the reserve. Cattle and wildlife share the same habitat during dry seasons and wildlife are now very sparse. Poaching and forest encroachment in the south, although this has been reduced by local cattle rustling activities. Scientific Research Periodic aerial surveys of animal populations, last done in 1983. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserye Administration Eastern Range Office, Mbale. Date 1984 TORO GAME RESERVE Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African woodland/savanna) -901- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Legal Protection Controlled hunting permitted, but livestock grazing prohibited Date Established The reserve is one of the oldest gazetted game areas in Uganda. It was established in 1929 by General Notice No. 546 to protect the large herds of Uganda kob. Later boundary modifications by Legal Notices 245/62 and 246/63. Geographical Location Adjoining the southern end of Lake Albert, about 60km by road from Fort Portal. 1°00’N, 30°20°E. Altitude 690-750m Area 55,488ha; contiguous to Semliki Controlled Hunting Area (50,319ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is on the floodplain of the Semliki River delta (where it flows into Lake Albert) and includes the river, valley floor and Rift Valley scarp. The escarpment is composed of Precambrian rocks which are crystalline or metamorphic. Gneisses and granites are most common, influencing the nutrient pool of the freshly weathered soils on the floodplains of the rivers. The valley floor is composed of Quaternary sediments. The reserve is dominated in the south-west by the Ruwenzori range where the Wasa and Mugidi Rivers and tributaries, which cross the reserve, rise. The Ruwenzori foothills and surrounding equatorial rain forest are only about 30km from the boundary. Mean annual temperature is 21°C to 27°C. Annual rainfall is 700-1300mm. Mean annual potential evapotranspiration is 900 to 1500mm. Vegetation The open grasslands of Hyparrhenia dissoluta and Themeda triandra have patches of Heteropogon contortus. Overgrazed areas have Sporobolus pyramidalis. Streams and escarpments are thickly forested. Fauna The population of Uganda kob Kobus kob thomasi is very low. Other mammals include: black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus and reedbuck Redunca_ redunca. Jackson’s hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus jacksoni is reported to have disappeared from the reserve. Birdlife is similar to that of Murchison Falls National Park and species include brown harrier eagle Circaetus cinereus, banded harrier eagle Circaetus cinerascens, painted snipe Rostratula benghalensis, white-naped pigeon Columba albinucha, black-wattled and _ pied hornbills Ceratogymna atrata and Tockus fasciatus, and yellow-spotted barbet Pogoniulus duchaillui. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a fishing village on the shores of Lake Albert, but its population is controlled. Poaching occurs and many game species including Uganda kob have declined in number in recent years, from 18,000 in 1974 to 2,500 in 1978, and may now not exist in the reserve. Visitor Facilities Hotel accommodation is being constructed to replace the former lodge and campsite. Access by all-weather gravel road from Fort Portal. Hunting arranged on a quota basis through the Uganda Wildlife Development Organization. Scientific Research Periodical surveys of animal populations. The area was the site of the most detailed studies of the Uganda kob yet undertaken. Special Scientific Facilities None -902- Uganda Principal Reference Material ° Buechner, H.K. (1974). Implications of social behaviour in the management of Uganda kob. In: The behaviour of Ungulates and its relation to management. ° TUCN publication New Series No. 24, Morges Vol 2: 853-870. (Includes list of references to other studies in this region.) ° Malpas, R. (1980). Wildlife in Uganda 1980 - A Survey. A Report to the Minister of Tourism and Wildlife, Uganda. ° Verner, P.H. (Ed.) (1978). Uganda kob and other wildlife problems in Toro Game Reserve, Uganda. Czechoslovak Landscape and Nature Conservation Association Report, Prague. Staff No information Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Game Department, Fort Portal. Date 1983 BWINDI (IMPENETRABLE) FOREST RESERVE Management Category VI (Resource Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial Date Established First gazetted in 1932, although the boundaries were not firmly established until 1958. Since then some small areas have been added. The whole reserve was gazetted as an Animal Sanctuary in 1961. Provisionally proposed for upgrading to National Park status in 1982. Geographical Location South-west Uganda near the border with Zaire. 1°10°S, 29°30°E. Altitude 1,400-2,400m Area 31,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The reserve is very steep, hilly countryside which, together with some remnant lowland forest outside the boundary, constitutes an important water catchment area for many rivers supplying agricultural land of the surrounding region. Three major tributaries of the Ishasha River flow to the north, and the Ndego, Kanyamwabo and Shongi Rivers flow to the south. The soils are very susceptible to erosion in areas where trees are cleared due to the steepness of the slopes. Vegetation This is the richest forest in Uganda in terms of number of plant species, as the area is one of the few large expanses of forest in East Africa, where lowland and montane communities meet. The valley bottoms contain a dense ground cover of herbs, vines and shrubs with only a few trees - hence its name. Vegetation is more fully described in Hamilton (1969). -903- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Fauna One of the richest faunal communities in East Africa exists here including one-third (130 of about 500) of the world’s population of the mountain gorilla Gorilla gorilla berengei (T), which is the rarest race of gorilla. It is one of only three areas outside Zaire that contains members of the eastern gorilla population. Several threatened birds with limited ranges are among the diverse avifauna: African green broadbill Pseudocalyptomena graueri (R), Grauer’s swamp warbler Bradypterus graueri (V), and Chapin’s flycatcher Muscicapa lendu (R). Papilio leucotaenia (VY), the cream-banded swallowtail, is a large swallowtail found in this reserve and restricted to forests in areas with very high human populations in the highlands of south-western Uganda, around Lake Kivu in north-eastern Zaire and Rwanda, and in western Burundi. Conservation Management In 1981, settlements were removed from the area between the road and the boundary under jurisdiction of a ministerial order. New York Zoological Society has proposed an intensive study of the area with consequent development of a scientific management plan. The general purpose working plan used at present is considered out of date. IUCN/WWF Project 1765 has supplied a Toyota Landcruiser to help anti-poaching measures and control wood-cutting. Zoning The reserve contains two small nature reserves (960ha and about 200ha) in which human exploitation is prohibited. These reserves are not demarcated, but topographical indicators are considered to be adequate. Disturbances or Deficiencies A survey has indicated a decline in the gorilla population in the reserve, especially in those areas most exploited by the local population. Relatively intensive logging occurs in certain areas (18.5% of the total reserve area) and logging has increased fifteen-fold since the construction of a new road across the western sector. The surrounding remnant forest should be included in the reserve to protect the water catchment of the Munyaga River the resident gorillas. Due to the susceptibility of the soil to erosion, the present rapid deforestation of the slopes could adversely affect agricultural land to the north. Gold prospecting, charcoal burning, and poaching are also gradually destroying the reserve (Harcourt 197a). Visitor Facilities Access is difficult, but tourism seems to be on the increase as the gorillas can now be seen from the road. Resthouse facilities are limited. Scientific Research A survey of the conservation status of the reserve was carried out by Harcourt in 1979. Dr T. Butuynski of the New York Zoological Society is carrying out a fauna and flora monitoring programme. Special Scientific Facilities A resthouse in one of the nature reserves has been renovated with WWF aid. It was established for forest officers, but tourists and researchers can use the facilities for a fee. Principal Reference Material ° Bwindi Working Plan available from Forest Department Headquarters, Entebbe. ° Hamilton, A. (1969). The vegetation of south-west Kigezi. Uganda J. 33: 175-99. ° Harcourt, A.H. (1979). Conservation of the Bwindi Forest Reserve and its Gorillas, S.W. Uganda. WWF/IUCN Project 1577 Report. ° Harcourt, A.H. (1980). Can Uganda’s Gorillas Survive? A survey of the Bwindi Forest Reserve. Biological Conservation 19: 269-282. ° TUCN/WWE Project 1765. Uganda-Establishment of Forest Reserves. ° Keith, S., Twomey, A., Friedmann, H. and Williams, J. (1969). The Avifauna of the Impenetrable Forest, Uganda. Amer. Mus. Novit. 2389. ° Malpas, R. (1980). Wildlife in Uganda 1980 - A Survey. A Report to the Minister of Tourism and Wildlife, Uganda. Staff One forestry officer and three forest rangers in the centre of the reserve; one forestry officer and two forest rangers in the south; and three forest ranger in the north; plus several game guards -904- Uganda Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Forest Station/ or Game Department. 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Vacse areas itt oxpi) ae togaine Gesnis. in eas (14.9% Of tee teen {ile Sitkce the coatirectine of @ oer fond aceite omit oresa’ shefclc be sbelndet to 'coarye we Tunpaga River reideni siti : 7 4 P+C od ee”) { i j ayer Ca frosts ring “a: (t ite thy auth 7 : lsc ‘com ‘ : i(Haceuer LYla) a : = . aa ae be tt \. ats {ten & Em 308m to Y 5 Visiter. Pacitiiies weet pals om oe oy a nal cary) ery be « te fx tr? “i yf onthe ies Cte es meh hod * = ~ a <> » SAentific B cred A wyrvey of At cesses ne als the resery 2 arsourt a 1408 r 7, Bptoyaskss he ow Var et rat Sacieey carr end fined monitor r Speed a ~~ } “WP we it iach : fs Priacipal Re cs Beind! Wor ‘~~ pipreitiosn, A ss ] ‘ Mare { Pees re — > ) eww ae heen San Vacs da’s Cezitiew Suz a ," Resor, oi af é enetrmabes: i thd 12a << ¥ y i) CCN aS eae 1%3-tigned Patera of Pov Revervey. si Band SMiliang, 1. (1999), Ran. S.. Je veuerre'® * pe, 239 + ptulpar, a » 296) + 5 he yey, AF > - Sg J S eee rehger? in the of ue af, \ officer ant of vanes im tha kowth, ond three fiyrect ranger if the SAME GESTS: < +a ) : . ZAIRE -907- “et ene. P47 art é 2] ap aa}/eA ‘oul nBunjapuny eiuezue| - 7 ipuning ty ebaig-iznyey tara} eK epuemy AY equiese Se , u aa "N eBuojes ue990 ONUeIIY SaAJesey aiaydsolg % Sauls abeqway ploy *¥* ansasey jueYyda)z fy S8AJasay ainien AA aAJasay AWeD Ey OAIBS9Y 1S9104 aAsasay e10|4 syseq JeuoneNn []] Aa ZAIRE Area 2,345,236 sq.km Population 31,940,000 (1983) Parks and Reserves Legislation Prior to independence each protected area was established by a Royal Decree, under a general decree passed in 1937. Ordinance-Law 69-041 relating to the conservation of nature was passed 22 August 1969, which, as well as confirming the existing protected areas, also established the Institute National pour la conservation de la nature (INCN), now the Institut Zairois pour la conservation de la nature (IZCN). This piece of legislation was modified by Decree 244 of 21 February 1972, and by Decree 023 of 22 July 1975. National Parks are established under Presidential Order on the recommendation of IZCN, with their creation as ’réserves naturelles intégrales’ confirmed by individual Ordinance-laws. Parks and Reserves Administration The principal management and protection body is the Institut Zairois pour la conservation de la nature (IZCN) which comes under the Department of Agriculture, Rural Development and the Environment. The work of IZCN was previously carried out by the Institute of National Parks (attached to the Department of Agriculture) which had been established by Decree on 26 November 1934. Address ° Institut Zairois pour la conservation de la nature (IZCN), BP 868, Kinshasa 1. ° Département de l’agriculture et du développement rural, Division de la conservation de la nature et gestion des ressources naturelles renouvables, BP 73, Kinshasa 1. Additional Information Tourism is based mainly on the national parks system, general and photographic safaris, and hunting. From 1960 to 1969, while the national parks were directly under the jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture, poaching was rife, but during the late 1970’s the National Institute for Nature Conservation managed to get this under control. There is still a need, however, for funds, equipment and transport (particularly water transport) for the game wardens as there is increased poaching, particularly in the lakes and floodplain areas. In addition, it would appear that a large quantity of ivory and leopard skin is finding its way out of the country. IUCN/WWF Project 1613 is giving support to survey the primates of eastern Zaire, develop gorilla and chimpanzee reserves and conserve the pygmy chimpanzee. IUCN and WWF have also been involved for a number of years in the protection and management of the Garamba National Park. In 1983 a five-step programme to develop a national conservation strategy was formulated in conjunction with IUCN/WWF and is being considered by the government and also the German Technical Cooperation Agency. References ° FAO (1977). Conservation de la nature. Zaire. Conclusions et recommendations du projet. FO: DP/ZA1/70/001, Rapport terminal. FAO, Rome. ° TUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1l’Ouest. Working Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. IUCN/WWFE Project 1613. Primate Action Fund. IUCN/WWFE Project 1941. Zaire, Conservation of gorillas. IUCN/WWE Project 1954. Zaire, Management of Garamba National Park. IUCN/WWFE (1985). Rapport d’une mission au Zaire et Rwanda. IUCN/WWF, Gland, Switerzland. o 0 © o -909- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Garamba 492,000 Kahuzi-Biega 600,000 Kundelungu 760,000 Maiko 1,083,000 Salonga National Park 3,656,000 Salonga 3,656,000 Upemba 1,173,000 Virunga 780,000 Subtotal 12,200,000 Nature Reserves Bomu Eaux Delcommune Lac Fwa Game Reserves Bombo-Lumene 240,000 Flora Reserves Yangambi 250,000 Reserves Shaba Elephant Forest Reserves Luki 33,000 Biosphere Reserves Forest Reserve of Luki 33,000 Reserve Floristique de Yangambi 250,000 Vallee de la Lufira 14,700 Subtotal 297,700 World Heritage Sites Garamba National Park 492,000 Kahuzi-Biega National Park 600,000 Virunga National Park 780,000 Subtotal 1,872,000 PARC NATIONAL DE GARAMBA Management Category II (National Park) World Heritage Site (Criteria: iii, iv) Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection The World Heritage Nomination document notes that the park "has had the status of ’integral nature reserve’ since its creation as a national park according to the terms of the 1933 London Convention" (sic). Limited settlement and hunting of small game for meat, -910- Zaire using spears and other traditional weapons, but not guns, is allowed in reserves surrounding the park. It was designated a World Heritage site in 1980. Date Established Established by decree on 17 March 1938, primarily to protect the northern white rhino and northern savanna giraffe. Since 22 August 1969 the park has been governed by Decree No. 69/041 and designated as a World Heritage Site in 1980. In 1984, it was put on the list of the eleven most threatened areas by the IUCN General Assembly in Madrid. Geographical Location In Uele District, north-east Zaire, on the Sudan border (Nile-Zaire watershed). 28°48’-30°00’E, 3°45’-4°41°N. Altitude 710-1,061m Area 492,000ha. It is contiguous in the north to Lantoto Game Reserve in Sudan and is surrounded in Zaire by three hunting areas totalling about 1,000,000ha: Reserve Azande (west), Reserve Mondo-Missa (east), and Reserve Gangala na Bodio (south). Land Tenure Government Physical Features A vast undulating plateau, part of an ancient peneplain, broken by inselbergs (generally of granitic formation) and sizeable marshland depressions. The largest rivers are the Dungu, Aka, and Garamba. The tropical climate has a semi-moist rainy season (March to November) and long dry period (November to March), during which, temperatures range from 15°C to 35°C and hot dry north-easterly winds are common. Mean annual rainfall is about 1,500mm. Vegetation The park’s position, between the Guinean and Sudanese biogeographic realms, makes it particularly interesting. The densely wooded savanna, gallery forests, and papyrus marshes of the north and west gradually give way in the south to a less wooded savanna which merges into grassy savanna. The main species of the treeless grasslands are Loudetia arundinacea, Panicum and Hyparrhenia, which in August are over 2m high with the tallest grass Urelytrum thyrsoides at over 5m. The savanna woodlands are often dominated by Albizia sp. with predominant species including Bauhinia, Dombeya, Erythrina,fand coral trees. Gallery forests and forest patches contain Irvingia smithii, Chlorophora excelsa, Klainedoxa sp., date palms, khayas Khaya senegalensis, fig Ficus sp. or rubber, waterberry and flambeau trees. The marshlands are dominated by Cyperus papyrus and Mitragyna africana. Forests are predominantly Khaya senegalensis, Chlorophora excelsa and Klainedoxa sp.. Fauna The park contains probably the last viable natural population of square-lipped or northern white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum cottoni (T) which has been reduced to 10-15 by intensive poaching and they are now on the IUCN list of the world’s 12 most threatened animals. The elephant Loxodonta africana (T) are a unique population representing an intermediary form on the cline between the forest and savanna sub-species, L. africana cyclotis and L. africana africana, but have been reduced by two-thirds in the last seven years, by poaching, to about 8,000. Other mammals include: northern savanna giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis congoensis (occuring nowhere else in Zaire), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer (about 53,000), hartebeest Alcelaphus sp., kob Kobus kob, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, chimpananzee Pan troglodytes (T), olive baboon Papio anubis, colobus Colobus sp., vervet Cercopithecus aethiops and five other species of monkey, two species of otter, five species of mongoose, golden cat Felis aurata, leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, and six other antelope species. Conservation Management There are 22 patrol points on the boundary. Weapons for anti-poaching were U.S. army .300 carbines, but there were few anti-poaching patrols and arrests were minimal. The proposed third sector of control in the north, administered by an additional station (Berudua), would, it is suggested, improve protection in the northern area bordering Sudan. Five surveillance posts have been set up in the surrounding hunting areas in an attempt to control the hunting. Garamba is famous for the African Elephant Training School at Gangala-na-Bodio, south-west of the park. However, there are reports of imminent -911- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas closure of the centre due to both lack of funds, and a lack of trained elephants (only four now remain). A WWF project is being carried out which will provide the technical advisors, equipment and anti-poaching supplies necessary to restore the infra-structure, management and anti-poaching capability of the park. This includes use of a light aircraft to locate rhinoceros and has proved the most effective method of locating them and counteracting poaching. Foot patrols and an increase in the number of vehicles are also having some effect. However, prospects for conserving the remaining rhinoceros are poor (WWF 1984). IUCN/WWF Project 1954 has been set up to counteract poaching and rehabilitate the park, including staff training and improvement of infrastructure. This and an FAO project seem to be having success in improving park infrastructure and management. Zoning The park contains two zones of control: the eastern sector (Nagero Station) and the western sector (Gangala-na-Bodio Station), though, the current management plan recommends three zones of control: North, East, and West. The park is surrounded by three hunting areas which act as buffer zones on the east, west, and north (totalling about 1! million ha): Mondo-Missa in Faradje and Aba zones controlled by Nagero Station; Gangala-na-Bodio in Faradje and Dungu zones; and Azande in Dungu zone. Disturbances or Deficiencies Elephant numbers fell from about 22,000 in 1976 to about 8,000 in 1983 and numbers of many other species declined considerably after the political unrest in the 1960s. The square-lipped rhinoceros numbered 259 in 1975, but have been threatened by recent fighting in Sudan and Uganda. A 1983, intensive aerial survey aided by ground counts involving 150 guards revealed only 15-20 individuals (WWF News 24). A massive increase in poaching in the park in recent years, which threatened the surviving rhinoceros population, but the situation has apparently improved recently, mainly due to FAO/IUCN activity. However, more recent estimates give the number of rhinoceros to be 10-15 and there is doubt whether they can be conserved (Thorsell, 1985). In 1983 it was reported that management planning was weak and needed support, weaknesses including lack of co-ordinated management of the two sectors of control and the relatively unprotected northern boundary on the Sudan border. Control also needed to be improved in the surrounding hunting areas. Park management practices, once recognised as among the finest in Africa, were reported to have deteriorated to a level that could have resulted in irreversible degradation of resources. The park lacked sufficient trained personnel, equipment, vehicles, supplies, and funds, and communications are extremely difficult. However the situation would appear to be improving. An IUCN/WWF mission to the area in 1985 reported that equipment and assistance provided under project 1954, and the work of FAO, had led to development of a solid park infrastructure. Protection of the park had been intensified to the point where poaching had virtually disappeared. Visitor Facilities High potential exists for tourist development in the area of the Elephant Training School as part of a coordinated project to rehabilitate Garamba. Scientific Research No recent information Special Scientific Facilities It is planned to establish a research laboratory at Nagero. Principal Reference Material ° De Saeger, H. (1954). Introduction Exploration du Parc National de la Garamba. Mission H. De Saeger. Just. Parcs. Nat. Congo. Belge : 1-107. ° IUCN (1985). Threatened Natural Areas, Plants and Animals of the World. Parks 10: 15-17. ° IUCN/WWFE Project 1954. Garamba National Park. ° IUCN/WWF (1985). Rapport d’une mission au Zaire et Rwanda. IUCN/WWF, Gland, Switzerland. ° Kabala Matuka (1976). La conservation de la nature au Zaire. Aspects. Edition Lokola, Kinshasa: 237-42. ° Maldague, M. (1979). Parc National de la Garamba. Recommandations d’aménagement. Mission Unesco/WCNH, Zaire. ° Mackie, C. (1984). A preliminary evaluation of Conservation Development in Garamba National Park and Recent Poaching Developments in Garamba National Park. Reports submitted to IUCN/WWE/FZS. -912- Zaire ° Pierret, P.V., Grimm, M., Petit, J.M. and Dimoleyele-ku-Gilima Buna (1976). Contribution a l’etude des grands mammiféres du PNG et zones annexes. FAO Document de travail No. 4 ZAI/70/001. 49 pp. ° Project Proposal (1983) to IUCN for rehabilitation programme for Garamba National Park. ° Rogers, P.M., Hillman, A.K.K., Mankoto ma Mbaelele and Mankoto ma Oyisenzoo (1983). Développement et conservation du Parc national de la Garamba. FAO Kinshasa. Rapport de terrain 01/84. ° Savidge, J.M., Woodford, M.H. and Croze, H. (1976). Report on a mission to Zaire, 3-10 April 1976. FAO W/K1593 34 pp, 13 maps. ° Thorsell, J. (1985). World Heritage Report - 1984. Parks 10: 8-9. ° Van den Bergh, W. (1955). Nos rhinoceros blancs. Zool. Garten 21(3): 129-151. ° Verschuren, J. (1948). Ecologie et biologie des grand mammiféres (primates, carnivores, ongules). Exploration du parc national de la Garamba. Mission H. de Saeger (1949-1952). Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, Bruxelles. 225 pp. 2 colour plates ° World Heritage Nomination submitted to Unesco for Garamba National Park. (Includes a more detailed bibliography). ° WWE Monthly Report November 1984. The Last Refuge of the Northern White Rhino. Staff Core staff include: head conservator at Gangala-na-Bodio, conservator at Nagero and about 180 guards throughout the park. Four duty game rangers and their families at each of the 22 patrol points are responsible for surveillance on the boundary (1980). Under IUCN/WWE Project 1954, two expatriate advisers are implementing the programme and training their Zairois counterparts to take over in 1987. Budget No recent information Local Park or Reserve Administration Head Curator, Parc National de la Garamba, Gangala-na-Bodio, or Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature, 13 Avenue des Cliniques, Kinshasa Gombe, BP 868 Kinshasa 1. Date 1984 PARC NATIONAL DE KAHUZI-BIEGA Management Category II (National Park) World Heritage Site (Criteria ii, iii, iv) Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established 30 November 1970 by Decree 70-316. It was enlarged from 75,000ha to 600,000ha in July 1975 by Decree 75-238. Part of the area had been a reserve since 1960. It was accepted as a World Heritage Site in 1980. Geographical Location Eastern Zaire, 50km west of the town of Bukavu in Kivu Region, near the Rwanda and Burundi borders. 2°10’-2°52’S, 28°40°-28°50°E. Altitude 1,800-3,400m (Kahuzi Volcano) Area 600,000ha Land Tenure Government -913- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Physical Features In the eastern part are the Western mountains of the Great Rift Valley in the Zaire River basin, between Walungu and Massisi. A very undulating terrain in the west forms a belt between the lowland and high altitude forests. The park takes its name from two extinct volcanoes. Throughout the year maximum temperatures are about 18°C and minimum temperatures about 10.4°C. Mean annual rainfall is about 1800mm with wide variation. Humidity varies between 50% and 85%. Vegetation Two-thirds of the mountain forest is dense primary forest intermixed with bamboo, especially at higher altitudes. Some patches of more open vegetation occur at lower altitudes. The remaining area is mainly mesophytic woodland including Hagenia trees and areas of Cyperus swamp and peatbog. Alpine and sub-alpine grassland occur at high altitudes. The park extension (1975) is a vast undulating area of equatorial rain forest. Fauna. The park was established to protect 200-300 mountain gorilla Gorilla gorilla (disputed whether the subspecies is heringei (T) or graueri (T)) occuring mainly in the forests at 2,100-2,400m, but also in the lower rain forest. The ’mosaic’ of biotypes makes the park an excellent gorilla habitat. Other primates include: chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), owl-faced monkey Cercopithecus hamlyni, and numerous Cercopithecinae and Colobinae including black and white colobus monkey Colobus guereza and red colobus Colobus badius. Other mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni and many antelope and duiker. Avifauna include the endemic Rockefeller’s sunbird Nectarinia rockefelleri (R), African green broadbill Pseudocalyptomena graueri (R), and Grauer’s swamp warbler Bradypterus graueri (V). Conservation Management There is a secondary station at Itebero on the northern boundary. Five new patrol points were planned in 1980. A regional Conservation Strategy focusing on the park is to be initiated by the Government of Zaire in 1985. This park is the focus for IUCN/WWF Project 1613’s efforts to conserve the mountain gorilla. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Agricultural activities especially tea growing occur on the periphery and, in the past, slash and burn rotational agriculture was practised throughout the area. Poaching affects most species and the road system has deteriorated to the point where it is not possible for the guards to adequately patrol the park. Recent economic problems in Zaire have resulted in a marked decrease in the effectiveness of management, and thus, a decline in tourism, which had previously provided a cash flow for the region. Visitor Facilities _ The mountain gorillas, including one or two groups accustomed to being watched, are the unique attraction. An asphalt road crosses the park from east to west and some paths are kept open to facilitate gorilla observation. Scientific Research Studies of geology and botany are planned in collaboration with the Institut des Recherches Scientifiques en Afrique Centrale (IRSAC). Special Scientific Facilities IZCN intends to establish a small research centre at Tchivanga. Principal Reference Material ° Goodall, A.G. (1974). Studies on the ecology of the mountain gorilla of the Mt Kahuzi-Biega region (Zaire) and comparisons with the mountain gorillas of the Virunga Volcanoes. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Liverpool. ° ITUCN/WWFE Project 1613. Primate Action Fund. ° Marius, C. (1972-3). Vegetation maps of Kahuzi-Biega. ° World Heritage Nomination to Unesco for Kahuzi-Biega National Park. (Includes a more detailed bibliography.) Staff Chief Curator, Assistant Curator and a resident biologist at Tchivanga. Four patrol points with a total of 35 guards. There are plans to increase this staff by 40 (1980). -914- Zaire Budget Annual budget varies, but covers staff and maintenance. Local Park or Reserve Administration Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature (IZCN), 13 Avenue des Cliniques, Kinshasa Gombe, BP 868 Kinshasa. Date 1984 PARC NATIONAL DES KUNDELUNGU Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total as a ’réserve naturelle intégrale’ under the 1933 London Convention Date Established 30 November 1970 by Ordinance 70-317. Extended from 120,000ha to 760,000ha by Ordinance 75-097 of 1 March 1975. Much of the area had been protected as a hunting reserve since 11 November 1939 under Decree 80/Agri. and 16 July 1949 under Decree 52/100. Vallée de la Lufira Biosphere Reserve is within the park and was approved by MAB bureau June 1982. Geographical Location In Shaba Region, southern Zaire, centred 10°35’S, extending 27°51°-30°00°E. Altitude 1,200-1,700m Area 760,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park comprises two main features. The Kundelungu section is a plateau and foothills characteristic of the Shaba Region. The western limit is formed by 400m cliffs which fall perpendicularly to the other main section, the Lufira River valley. The falls on the Lofoi River (tributary of the Lufira) are reputed to be the highest in Africa at 384m with a single fall of 347m. Mean annual temperature is 12°C on the plateau and 20°C in the valley. Vegetation Principal vegetation types are open woodland dominated by Brachystegia covering about 90% of the plateau up to about 1,600m; grassy savanna with Hyparrhenia predominant; and wooded savanna with gallery forests along the drainage lines. Above about 1,500m, the gallery forest is characterised by afro-montane species. A preliminary phytogeographic analysis of the plateau has shown a typically Zambezian flora with species such as Cyathea thomsoni, Pteris catoptera, Nymphaea sulphurea, Hypericum oligandrum, Indigofera peltata, Dolichos bianoensis, Drosera affinis, D. katangensis, Craterostigma kundelungense, and Psychotria mushiticola. Fauna The park is particularly rich in ungulates with at least 15 species including: zebra Equus burchelli, duikers, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, reedbuck Redunca redunca, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus and _ sable antelope Hippotragus niger, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, and eland Taurotragus oryx. Primates include: savanna monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis kandti, yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus, olive baboon Papio anubis and bushbabies Galagoides demidoff, and Galago senegalensis. Felidae -915- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas include leopard Panthera pardus (T) and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T). This park is within the only region of Zaire in which zebra and cheetah occur. Birds include wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern) and ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri. Population There is a population of fishermen in the area, particularly on the Lufira River. Conservation Management Fire is an important factor in the park and fire research and management are urgently needed to prevent a change in character of much of the area. Zoning The park comprises a 220,000ha strict nature reserve and a 540,000ha annexed zone. Some areas are set aside for tourist facilities. Disturbances or Deficiencies Severe poaching continues, the species particularly at risk including zebra, sable, cheetah and elephant. Some incursion of grazing animals, illegal settlement, fires, and mineral exploitation also occur. Scientific Research No detailed scientific study as yet. However, research is developing in part of the region in collaboration with scientists at the University of Lubumbashi. There are a number of geological publications on Kundelungu and Shaba regions. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material World Heritage Nomination to Unesco for Kundelungu National Park. (Includes a detailed bibliography). Staff Park station at Katwe and six patrol posts with 51 guards (1981) Budget 1981 - 124.142,85 Zaires Local Park or Reserve Administration Parc National de Kunelungu, 972 Avenue du Kasai, BP 309, Lubumbashi. Date 1984 PARC NATIONAL DE LA MAIKO Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands) Legal Protection Protected as a total natural reserve under the terms of the 1933 London Convention. Date Established 20 November 1970 by Ordinance 70-312 Geographical Location In Kivu and Haut-Zaire Regions, eastern Zaire. 0°00’-1°00°S, 27°00’-28°30°E. Altitude 700-1,300m Area 1,083,000ha Land Tenure Government -916- Zaire Physical Features It is located in the semi-mountainous region between the central Zaire River basin and the mountain ranges of the west side of the Rift Valley, at Massisi and Béni. The north and south are undulating, but the central area is almost flat. Ferralitic soils predominate with underlying pre-Cambrian baserock. The park is drained by the Maiko Lindi and Lubutu Rivers. Precipitation is the highest in Zaire at 1,200 to 1,800mm, with almost no dry season. Vegetation The area is almost completely covered by dense humid equatorial forest of low to medium altitude which form a transitional zone between the lowland forests of the Zaire basin and the mountain forests. Much of the forest appears to be primary. Fauna The typical forest fauna includes elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and various antelope including duikers. The most important and characteristic animals are mountain gorilla Gorilla gorilla berengei (E), okapi Okapia johnstoni, and the endemic Congo peacock Afropavo congensis (of special concern). Population The whole area is extremely remote with no inhabitants, except some occasional groups concentrated along the roads. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Some tree felling and poaching of elephant, okapi and duikers and illicit gold mining have been difficult to control, particularly due to the size of the park and nature of the terrain, but also due to human pressure on the boundaries and the existence of rebel forces. Lack of sufficient management infrastructure, trained staff, and management plans is also a problem. Scientific Research Studies based on developing inventories of flora and fauna, have been carried out by staff and students of Kisangani. Scientific research is fairly rudimentary. A project is planned on the Zaire ’peacock’. Special Scientific Facilities Not yet developed Principal Reference Material ° None reported, but apparently information on the area is available from the Agricultural Training School (Ecole Technique Agricole) at Butembo, the Administrative Service of the area and the Geological Service at Bukavu (Kivu). Staff Some 29 patrol posts with a total of 43 guards (1981) Budget 1981 - 164.691,86 Zaires Local Park or Reserve Administration Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature (IZCN), BP 868, Kinshasa 1. Date 1984 -917- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas PARC NATIONAL DE LA SALONGA Management Category II (National Park) World Heritage Site (criteria: ii, iii) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection Total. It is defined in law as ’une réserve naturelle intégrale’ in the sense of the 1933 London Convention and declared a World Heritage Site in October 1984. Public access is controlled. Date Established 30 November 1970 by Ordinance 70-318 Geographical Location Central Zaire basin. 1°00’-3°20’S, 20°-22°30°E. Altitude 350-700m rising from west to east Area 3,600,000ha in two sectors of approximately equal size, separated by about 45km. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park comprises a large section of the central basin of the Zaire River, a very isolated region mainly accessible by water transport. 3 types of landscape can be recognised: low plateaux, river terraces, and high plateaux, each with different associated vegetation. Rivers in the west of the north sector are large and meandering with marshy banks. On the higher ground in the east, valleys are deeper, and rivers may run below cliffs of up to 80m. The south sector includes the watershed between the basin of the Luilaka to the north and east, Likoro to the west, and Lukenje to the south. Soils are a thin humus layer over Kalahari sands with several lateritic flushes. Climate is typically continental equatorial, hot and humid with mean annual precipitation of 1,300mm and a slightly drier season from June to August. Mean annual temperature 25.5°C. Temperatures are stable with daily mean variations from 20°C at night to 32°C during the day. Cloud cover is often complete until 1000 hours, associated with fog and storms from midday to 1500 hours, but skies are often clear at night to 0400 hours. Vegetation Equatorial forest covers most of the area, varying in composition according to the geomorphology. The principal forest types are swamp, riverine, and dry-land forests. A grassland vegetation, rather than savanna, occurs in the north sector, known locally as *botoka-djokw’ or elephant’s bath. The total area of grassland is under 0.5% of the park area. Southwards, the vegetation is more open with ’esobe’ clearings. Species composition has been little studied. Fauna No systematic faunal survey has been carried out, but most forest animals appear to be present. The most important species that has been reported is pygmy chimpanzee Pan paniscus (T) which is endemic to Zaire. However, it is absent from the north sector and there is now doubt that it still exists in the south sector. Other species include colobus monkeys Colobus polykomos angolensis and C. badius, Cercopithecus spp., long-tailed pangolin Manis tetradactyla, giant ground pangolin M. gigantea, both subspecies of elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis (T) and L. africana africana (T), yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor, water chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, and pygmy Cape buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus. Birds include: cattle egret Bubulcus ibis, black stork Ciconia nigra (migrant), yellow-billed stork Mycteria ibis and the endemic Zaire ‘peacock’ Afropavo congensis. Reptiles include African slender-snouted crocodile Crocodylus cataphractus (1). Population Some groups of pygmies live in the park. -918- Zaire Conservation Management There is no management plan. To date, a policy of non-management of the natural system has been followed to allow natural evolution of the ecosystems. It seems that this will in future be supplemented by a strategy of scientific management aimed at avoiding unexpected disturbance of the natural balance. Representatives of IUCN and WWF visited the park in 1985 and made a number of recommendations. While noting the problems of poaching they suggested that control of this was not the major priority and suggested instead that increased effort should go into improving knowledge of the region; making the population of the area more aware of the value of the park, and if possible involving them in management activities; improvement of information on the relationship between local population and the ecosystems of the park (studies of ethno-botany etc); improvement of park infrastructure, and provision of a research station. Zoning 20ha zone for administrative services and guard posts Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching both by traditional and modern methods. There is some impact from local population pressure, habitat destruction by fire, tree cutting for firewood, and honey gathering. It is not really known, however, to what extent this may be detrimentally affecting the area, if at all. Perhaps more serious is the lack of sufficient management infrastructure, trained staff and management planning. Scientific Research Phytosociological studies of Pan paniscus were carried out by park staff in the south sector. IUCN has requested its Primate Specialist Group to assess the status of Pan paniscus in the park. In general knowledge of the area is law, and further research urgently required. Special Scientific Facilities A permanent research station is planned. Principal Reference Material ° TUCN/WWF (1985). Rapport d’une mission au Zaire et Rwanda. IUCN/WWF, Gland, Switzerland. ° Pierret, P.V. and Petit, J.M. (1976). Contribution a l’Etude et Aménagement du Parc national de la Salonga. FAO, Rome. World Heritage Nomination Form submitted to Unesco. Staff Chief conservator at Anga, conservator at Monkoto, and 16 patrol posts with 87 guards and 22 workmen. Budget 1981 - 267.748,03 Zaires Local Park or Reserve Administration Parc National de Salonga, BP 10 4 Monkoto, (via Boende), Région de l’Equateur. Date 1984 PARC NATIONAL DE L’UPEMBA Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total as a ’réserve naturelle integral’ in the sense of the 1933 London Convention. -919- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Date Established Established on 15 May 1939 by Royal Decree and reviewed by Ordinance Law 69-041 of 22 August 1969; there has been some modification since independance and the area is now defined by Ordinance 75-241 of 22 July 1975. Geographical Location In the Shaba Region of Katanga, south-east Zaire. 8°30’-9°50’S, 26°00’-27°20°E. Altitude Up to 1,800m Area 1,173,000ha; reduced from 1,773,00ha in 1975 Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park contains part of the Lake Upemba depression, which includes many lakes and swamps drained mainly by the Lufua and Lualaba Rivers. The lower Lufira crosses the area from the falls at Kiubo to Upemba Lake and there are numerous other watercourses, temporary pools, and permanent lagoons. The high Kibara Plateau in the north is part of an ancient peneplain, now separated from Biano Plateau in the south by a geological fissure. Parts of these old plateaux are highly eroded and several spectacular gorges occur in the park, such as Pelenge, Munte, and Kipanga. Annual precipitation is 1,200-1,400mm, with a dry season from April to October. Day temperature is 20-22°C during the dry season, dropping as low as 8°C during the night in the high plateaux. Relative humidity is generally low. Vegetation About 40% of the park comprises lowland aquatic habitats with papyrus, joint vetches, and cattails. Grassy savannas fringe the lakes and swamps. The rivercourses are lined by gallery forests with khayas (mahogany), fig or rubber trees. Lowland wooded savannas (miombo type) have dominant species such as wuapaca trees, bark-cloth trees, palmyra palms, Sansevieria, Hyparrhenia grass, satin-tail grass, and Panicum. Highland gallery forest is dominated by rafia palms and bamboos. The open Kantagese forest is dominated by J/soberlinia and bark-cloth trees. There is a large grassy savanna on the plateaux with species including Hyparrhenia, Andropogon, Paspalum and Tricholaena, and some trees and shrubs of Dissotis and Protea. Fauna Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, lechwe Kobus leche, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, and elephant Loxodonta africana occur (T) in the lower areas. On higher plateaux, there are: roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, eland Taurotragus oryx, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini and zebra Equus burchelli. In the forest are sable antelope Hippotragus niger. Other mammals include: six species of monkey, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and eight further species of antelope. Birds include wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern), shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern), and species possibly in the area include spotted ground thrush Turdus fischeri (R). Most of the range of the endemic black-lored waxbill Estrilda nigriloris (K) is within this park. Reptiles include Crocodylus cataphractus (V). Conservation Management Fire is an important factor in the park and fire research and management are urgently needed to prevent a change in character of much of the area. At present, a policy of non-direction of the natural ecosystem is followed. This is reinforced with measures to ensure that unexpected disruptions of the equilibrium are avoided. Zoning Most of the park is managed as a strict nature reserve, but tourist use of certain areas is allowed. Disturbances or Deficiencies During the period of political unrest (1960-1963) great damage was caused in the area and game was slaughtered by professional hunters and _ soldiers. Poaching is still a problem and the lower areas of the park are under pressure from encroachment by local people. -920- Zaire Scientific Research Several geological studies have been carried out in the Upemba region. Special Scientific Facilities A research laboratory is planned at Lusinga station. Principal Reference Material ° Literature on the park is fairly extensive and some 52 references are included in the bibliography attached to the 1983 World Heritage Nomination for this area. However, most of these references were written during colonial times. Staff There are two main stations, at Lusinga in the north, and Layo in the south, with a total of 128 guards (1981), Budget 1981 - 392.369,07 Zaires. Local Park or Reserve Administration Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature (IZCN), BP 868, Kinshasa 1. Date 1984 PARC NATIONAL DES VIRUNGAS Management Category II (National Park) World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iii, iv) Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands) Legal Protection Total Date Established Established in 1925 as Albert National Park; revised by Decree No. 69-041 of 22 August 1969 as Virunga National Park. Designated as a World Heritage Site in 1979. Geographical Location North-east Zaire, on the border with Uganda and Rwanda, 95% in Kivu Province and 5% in Haut-Zaire. 0°55’N-1°35’S, 29°10’-30°00’E. Altitude 798m in the extreme north to 5,119m in the Ruwenzori range Area 780,000ha. This was reduced from the original area of 809,000ha when a small area of the park was incorporated into Rwanda. The boundaries have undergone slight modifications on several occasions, but these have affected under 2.5% of the park area. Contiguous to the Gorilla Sanctuary (2,900ha) in Uganda and the Volcanoes National Park (23,000ha) in Rwanda. Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park includes: part of Lake Edward (Idi Amin), the Semliki River valley, parts of the Rwindi, Ishasha and Rutshuru valleys south of the lake, the Virunga area within Zaire, and part of the Ruwenzori range. Lake Edward belongs to the Nile river system and Lake Kivu to the Congo Basin river system. Features include hot springs in the Rwindi plains and the Virunga Massif volcanoes, some such as Nyamulagira and Nyiragongo are still active. The areas of lowest and highest rainfall in Zaire are in Virunga National Park - under 75km apart and ranging from 500mm at Lake Edward to over 3,000mm on the west slope of Mt Ruwenzori. The considerable altitude range results in marked climatic variations which affect the overall biological and geographical diversity of habitats. Habitat types include: lakes -921- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas at various altitudes, marshy deltas and peat bogs, savannas and lava plains, low altitude equatorial forest, high altitude glaciers, and snow fields (the Ruwenzori peaks have permanent snow cover). Vegetation Located at the border between several biogeographical zones, the park protects both tropical rain forest and eastern steppe species, and its range of altitudes adds to the habitat variety. The diversity includes: bamboo and Hagenia forest on the mountains; equatorial forest along the Semiliki; wooded savanna of the Rwindi; steppes of Carissa, Capparis, Maerua and Euphorbia calycina; various low savannas including Themeda, Imperata, Pennisetum, Hyparrhenia, Acacia sieberana, A. hebeclada and Combretum; swamps and transitional habitats including Craterostigma prairies and Sporobolus savanna; dry thick forest of Euphorbia dawai; Neoboutonia macrocalyx forest on the lava plains; wet thick forest; white heath of Erica, Philippia, Podocarpus milanjianus, Hypericum ruwenzoriense, Hagenia abyssinica and Rapanea pellucidostriata; alpine forests of Dendrosenecio and giant Lobelia; and sparse vegetation above 4,300m comprising mainly lichens and spermatophyta, although Graminae have been found growing at over 5,000m. Fauna Some of the largest wild animal concentrations in Africa occur along the rivers of the park. Mammals in the savanna of the Rwindi area include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (over 20,000), buffalo Syncerus caffer, numerous antelope including kob Kobus kob, defassa waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa and topi Damaliscus lunatus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, lion Panthera leo and various monkeys. Large numbers of pelicans Pelecanus sp. occur on the lower Rutshuru. In the Semiliki Valley and on the slopes of the Virunga mountains are gorilla Gorilla gorilla berengei (T) (about 140 were recorded in the Zaire Virungas in 1980), chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), and okapi Okapia johnstoni. In the extreme north are forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni and bongo Tragelaphus euryceros. Birds include: Nahan’s francolin Francolinus nahani (R), forest ground thrush Turdus oberlaenderi (R), shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern) and probably papyrus yellow warbler Chloropeta gracilirostris (R). Conservation Management An ’integral conservation policy’ has been in operation for over 50 years. Savanna fires, which maintain the fire-climax vegetation, are managed by the park authorities. IUCN/WWF Project 1941 aims to carry out a survey of the status of the gorilla and provide necessary data for their improved preservation and protection of their habitat. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, although not on a large scale, is a chronic threat, particularly to elephant. Fishing is a potential threat, and more than 8,000 people live in the fishing village at Vitshumbi. There is also a potential future threat from the construction of the Semliki and Rutshuru dams. Scientific Research This park is exceptional in Africa in that it was set up primarily for scientific research, during Belgian Colonial rule. Much detailed work has been carried out on specific taxa, from insects to mammals, particularly in the 1930s and 1950s, largely by Belgians. A 1981 census of the gorilla population, funded by WWF and the New York Zoological Society, showed that numbers are declining and it recommended international co-operation to improve protection measures. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Many publications obtainable through L’Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, rue Vautier 29, B-1040 Bruxelles. ° Bourliére and Verschuren, J. (1972). Exploration du Parc national des Virunga. * IUCN/WWF Project 1941. Conservation of Gorillas. ° IUCN/WWF (1985). Rapport d’une mission au Zaire et Rwanda. IUCN/WWF, Gland, Switzerland. -922- Zaire Staff Three major stations (Rwindi, Rumangabo and Mutsora) and 2 subsidiary stations with at least 250 forest guards. About 15 senior staff (1981) Budget State subsidised Local Park or Reserve Administration Parc National des Virunga, Station de la Rwindi, Rwindi, D/S Goma, Kivu, Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature (IZCN), BP 868, Kinshasa 1. Date 1984 RESERVE NATURELLE DE BOMU Management Category No category assigned Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial Date Established No information Geographical Location Bas-Uele. The northern boundary is the Bomu River, which defines the frontier with the Central African Republic. Approximately 5°00’N, 26°00’E. Altitude About 500m Area’ No information Land Tenure Government Physical Features No information Vegetation Congo woodland savanna Fauna Elephant Loxodonta africana (V), buffalo Syncerus caffer, and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Guards Budget Provided by IZCN -923- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Local Park or Reserve Administration Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature (IZCN), BP 868, Kinshasa 1. Date 1984 DOMAINE DE CHASSE DE BOMBO LUMENE Management Category No category assigned Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Partial Date Established Initially set up in the 1930s, it was regazetted by Ministerial Arrété No.07 of 10 February 1968, and modified by No.621 of 16 April 1976. Geographical Location Western Zaire near the border with Congo; 130km east of Kinshasa. Approximately 4°40’S, 16°00°E. Altitude 650-750m Area 240,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features It is part of the Bateke plateau with some very deep valleys. Vegetation The savanna has vestiges of forest, especially along rivers. Fauna There are buffalo Syncerus caffer, small antelope, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, and possibly some hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. The white-headed robin-chat Cossypha heinrichi, which has a limited range is only protected within this reserve. Zoning Part of the area is a hunting area, with a réserve integrale in the middle constituting about one-third of total area. Disturbances or Deficiencies Heavy poaching Visitor Facilities _ Access from Kinshasa is easy and it has good tourist potential. There is some accomodation in the reserve (14 beds), but it is in need of restoration. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Some 24 wardens and rangers Budget Salaries only are provided by IZCN, operating funds are negligible. Local Park or Reserve Administration Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature (IZCN), BP 868, Kinshasa |}. Date 1984 -924- Zaire RESERVE FLORISTIQUE DE YANGAMBI Management Category I and IX (Strict Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection Strict forest reserve; part of the State Botanical Forest at Yangambi Station, National Institute for Agronomic Study and Research (Institut National pour l’Etude et la Recherche Agronomique, INERA) Date Established Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in June 1976 Geographical Location West of Kisangani on the north bank of the Zaire River. 0°00’-0°40’N, 24°00’-25°00°E. Altitude No information Area 250,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features Relatively flat terrain with tropical red (ferrous) soils Vegetation Dense semi-deciduous rain forests Fauna Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, elephant Loxodonta africana (V), and several species of monkey occur. Population No information Conservation Management No information Zoning The reserve contains a strict core zone and a monitored floristic zone. Disturbances or Deficiencies Some villages have been established, so there is traditional agriculture and hunting. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities Yangambi Station has an up-to-date herbarium which could serve as a nucleus for other studies. Principal Reference Material None listed Staff At present, there is a chief of the Botanic and Forestry Office assisted by 30 technical personnel. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Générale de l'Institut National pour l’Etude et la Recherche Agronomique (INERA), BP 1513, Kisangani. Date 1984 -925- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas RESERVE FORESTIERE DE LUKI Management Category IV and IX (Managed Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest) Legal Protection Hunting and fishing are prohibited. There has been no tree was felling since 1963. Date Established Forest reserve since 1937, but total protection of the trees only operational since 1963. Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in May 1979. Geographical Location Situated in Bas Zaire, north of the Zaire River, about 150km from the Atlantic coast. 5°35’S, 13°10°E Altitude 160-350m Area 33,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The bedrock is mainly gneisses and schists of the Mayumbe system and the area is drained by the Luki River and a dense network of tributaries. Mean annual precipitation is 1163mm, but very variable. Mean annual temperature is 24°C. Vegetation Much of the area has sub-equatorial rain forest, now mainly disturbed and secondary, but still diverse. The main forest types represented include high forest dominated by Gilbertiodendron and Gossweilerodendron; various secondary formations occur, especially of Terminalia superba; and there is some savanna. Fauna The varied fauna includes elephant Loxodonta africana (T). Conservation Management No information Zoning No information Disturbances or Deficiencies The area was severely logged until 1963. A small area is cultivated. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research The region has been the subject of considerable study. There are no proposals for new research at present, but management has been passed to INERA so _ that research on tropical silviculture can be carried out. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material Baeyens (1938). Les sols de l’Afrique Centrale, spécialement du Congo Belge. Tome 1 - de Bas-Congo. Publication INEAC, out of print. ° Cahen, L. (1954). La géologie du Congo Belge. Vaillant Carmanne, Liége. ° Donis, C. (1948). La forét dense congolaise et l’état actuel de sa sylviculture. Bull. Agricole du Congo Velge 2: 261-320. ° Donis, C. and Maudoux, E. (1951). Sur l’uniformisation par le haut. Publ. INEAC, scientific series. No. 51. ° Katembo Wanzou (1974). Observations phénologiques sur quelques essences forestiéres importantes du Mayumné 4 Luki. ° Lebrum, J. and Gilbert, G. (1954). Une classificatioon écologique des foréts du Congo. Publ INEAC, scientific series No. 63. -926- Zaire ° Meulemberg (1949). L’introduction a Vletude pédologique des sols du _Bas-fleuve (Congo-Belge). Bruxelles. ° Mutoji, A. and Kazadi (1974). La cartographie forestigre de la réserve forestiere de Luki. INERA, Mayumbé. ° Paelink (1958). Note sur l’estimation du volume des peuplements 4 Terminalis superbas au Mayumbé, 4 l’aide des photos aériennes. Bull. Agricole du Congo Belge 44(4): 1045-1054. ° Wagemans (1961). Aménagement des foréts dense par la méthode sylvo-agricole 4 base de plantation de bananiers. Expérience 4 Luki et au Mayumbé. INEAC, Bruxelles. ° Wilten, W. (1955). Aspect de la sylviculture au Mayumbé. Bull. Agricole du Congo Belge 46(2): 319-328. ° Wooditi, R. (1954). Introduction a la photogéologie. Bull. Agricole du Congo Belge 45(b): 1429-1472. Staff About 70 Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Reserve of Luki, INERA - Luki Station, Bomna, Bas. Date 1984 VALLEE DE LA LUFIRA Management Category IX (Biosphere Reserve) Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Within Kundelungu National Park Date Established June 1982 approval as a Biosphere Reserve Geographical Location The reserve is located within Kundelungu National Park in the Katanga District of Zaire, near the town of Likasi in south Zaire. 10°55’-11°00°S, 26°50’-27°00°E. Altitude 1,200m Area 14,700ha with a core area of 2,800ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The Lufira Valley consists of a series of fluvial morphological features. The river rises in the hills near the southern border of Zaire and is dammed up near its source to form a lake known as the Lac de la Retenue. Thereafter, it flows through a wide valley with traces of lacustrine deposits. Being very flat, the river meanders, forms marshes in the wet season, and often lies above the ground level embanked by alluvial levées. The Lufira then cuts through the high plateaux of Kundelungu to the East and Manika to the West, forming deep gorges, before it flows into lake Kisale, where it is joined by other tributaries and becomes one of the headwaters of the River Zaire. The average annual temperatures vary between 16°C and 31°C; rainfall averages 726mm per year. -927- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Vegetation The region is characterised by miombo vegetation dominated by Cassia singueana, Psorospermum febrifugum and Afzelia quanzensis with a grass layer. The valley itself consists of aquatic grasslands with species from the following genera Leersia, Oryza, and Vossia, and reedbeds with Phragmites and Typha spp., which are periodically flooded in the rainy season. These reedbeds cover almost 95% of the shallow Lac de la Retenue. There are also gallery forests along parts of the river, with species such as Khaya nyasica, Chlorophora excelsa and Parkia sp.. Fauna Mammals include: the lechwe Kobus leche and a few elephant Loxodonta africana (T). Reptiles include Varanus niloticus. The area is particularly remarkable for its water birds. A list of bird species is on file at the Division of Ecological Sciences. Population No information Conservation Management No information Zoning There is a core area of 2,800ha and an experimental zone of 6,800ha, but there is no further information about these. Disturbances or Deficiencies The entire region has been considerably modified by man through: overgrazing, particularly by cattle; tree felling for wood fuel and charcoal; infilling of the artificial lake by organic deposits which causes the water level to rise and an increase in evaporation rate; fishing by the population that live by the lakeside; and bush fires. Visitor Facilities No information Scientific Research A considerable amount of fundamental research has been made on the climate, the hydrography and hydrology, soil characteristics, and composition of plant communities, including plankton. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Duvigneaud, P. (1959). Foréts claires: Composition floristique, classification, affinités et dynamisme des peuplements. CSA/CCTA Publication 52; 115-121. ° Freson, R., Goffinet, G. and Malaisse, F. (1974). Ecological effects of the regressive succession Mukulu-Miombo-Savanna in Upper Shaba (Zaire). Jac. Proc. First Int. Congr. Ecol. PUDOC, Wageningen, 356-371. ° Malaisse, F., Freson, R., Goffinet, G. and Malaisse-Mousset, M. (1975). Litter fall and litter breakdown in Miombo. In: Golley, F.B. and Medina, E (Eds) Tropical Ecological Systems: Trends in Terrestrial and Aquatic Research. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 137-152. Staff There is a total staff of about 30; two for management, 15 wardens engaged in protection, and about ten research workers. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Réserve de la Biosphére Vallée de la Lufira, BP 736 Likasi, Shaba. Date 1984 -928- ZAMBIA LEE LY CTL TNR ME ste ee W007 OOL d mele eluezuey anbiquezoy eIqueZ UB amgequily eAunj-e0 -ISO/y uoo6e7 ang emquun ao oON piuseqweu C4 ouebues| ABATE TuAMY| eyndey euemsjog - eIqiueN { 1 { 1 4 \ { Big ENT soSuOSUey f a esaziugd sealy juawabeue; awe [2] syieq|euonen Aay ZAMBIA Area 752,617 sq.km Population 6,240,000 (1982) Parks and Reserves Legislation The National Parks and Wildlife Act gives authority to the President to declare any area as a National Park with the consent of the National Assembly, and also covers management. This Act replaces the earlier Game Ordinance, Fauna Conservation Ordinance and Victoria Falls Trust Ordinance. With the new Act, the new category of Game Management Area was created and the previous categories of Game Reserve, Controlled Hunting Area and Private Game Area were abolished. This left some 30% of the country with some form of wildlife management. Hunting within game management areas is controlled by a permit system, and the areas are regarded as game-cropping areas. This would appear to be the only regulation within these areas - though they are still fairly sparsely populated. A ban was placed on elephant hunting in 1981, in addition to new hunting regulations, and animals such as kudu and sable antelope, which were previously game animals, went on the protected list. Forest Reserves, which cover some 9% of the country, are established either as "protection reserves’ to protect hill ranges and headwaters (where exploitation is prohibited or used only to encourage stand development) or as ’production reserves’ (about two-thirds of the total), managed to produce wood on a sustained yield basis. National parks are classified by the Forestry Department as Conservation Forests. Areas were first protected in the area which is now Zambia, by the Northern Rhodesia Game Ordinance of 1925. Parks and Reserves Administration Responsibility for most natural environmental matters rests with the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources. Within this Ministry, the National Parks and Wildlife Service is responsible for most management issues relating to wildlife and protected areas. As well as administering the parks system and the game management areas, the National Parks and Wildlife Service is also responsible for wildlife research, and for managing licensing hunting. Hunting safari companies assist with anti-poaching work. Forests and Forestry are the responsibility of the Forest Department. Address ° National Parks and Wildlife Service, Private Bag 1, Chilanga. ° Forest Department, Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, PO Box 70228, Ndola. Additional Information The country has a relatively low, largely urban based, population which has made a correspondingly lower imact on the land than in many countries. This, coupled with the wide variety of animal species, has led to the development of the large national park system which covers over 8% of the country. A further 20% or more lies in game management areas. Zambian tourism is based almost exclusively on the national parks system, with both photographic, and hunting safaris. Poaching is considered to be the most severe threat to the integrity of the parks system, with increased poaching of animals in lakes and flood plain areas (where more boats are needed for wardening to be effective). However, the Save the Rhino Trust of Zambia, formed in 1979, has had some success in conserving rhinoceros and elephant. A huge military operation (supported by IUCN/WWEF) was mounted in 1981 to round up poachers and buyers of ivory and horn. This brought poaching temporarily under control. The major deficiencies of the protected areas system recognised by the National Parks and Wildlife Service are lack of national land use plans, and poor staffing levels and transport facilities. For example, because of manpower and transport shortages, most parks were not managed at all in 1981, which led to major uncontrolled bushfires. Wildlife status in over half of the game management areas is assessed as reasonable, although uncontrolled human settlement in some areas continues to be a problem. However, the remaining areas are considered by some to be of relatively lower value to conservation of nature. -931- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Two IUCN/WWF Projects, have been contributing to encouragment of conservation awareness. Chongololo Clubs, for younger children, have been set up in 950 places and there are 145 Conservation Clubs for older students. There is a mobile education unit, and a national resource centre was planned for 1984 to include a library. IUCN has also been assisting Zambia in the development of a national conservation strategy, published in 1985. The strategy identifies the main problems facing wildlife conservation as loss of wildlife stocks and hunting opportunities; environmental effects of different types of land use in GMA and their compatability; conflict among users; deficiencies in scientific and technical knowledge to help in decision making; inadequacies in decision making, and poor organisational structure to help the best allocation of resources; and legislation not being conducive to sustained wildlife use by locals. A number of benefits of wildlife conservation are elaborated on. Identified requirements for action include further anti-poaching and educational measures, as well as strengthening the Department of National Parks and Wildlife and exploring ways of sharing the management responsibility for protected areas. Specific mention is also made of the need for revised survey information. References ° Annual reports of the National Parks and Wildlife Service. (The department also publishes occasional papers in the journal Puku.) ° Ansell, W.F.H. (1960). Mammals of Northern Rhodesia. The Government Printer Lusaka. ° Benson, C.W., Brooke, R.K., Dowsett, R.J. and Irwin, M.P.S. (1971). The Birds of Zambia. Collins, London. ° Clarke, J. and Loe, I.D. (1974). A Guide to the National Parks of Zambia. Anglo American Corporation, Lusaka. ° Fanshawe, D.B. (1969). The Vegetation of Zambia. Division of Forest Research Kitwe. Forest Research Bulletin No. 7. ° Government of Zambia (1985). The National Convention Strategy for Zambia. Government of the Republic of Zambia and IUCN Conservation for Development Centre. ° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in southern Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria. ° IUCN (1976). Proceedings of a regional meeting on the creation of a coordinated system of national parks and reserves in Eastern Africa. IUCN Publications New Series, Supplementary Paper No. 45. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland. ° IUCN (1984). Towards sustainable development. A national conservation strategy for Zambia. IUCN, Gland. ° IUCN/WWFE Project 1310. Zambia, Wildlife Clubs. ° IUCN/WWF Project 1757. Zambia, Save the Rhino Trust, Anti-poaching operations. ° Lamprey, H.F. (1975). The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 16. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland. ° Speece, M.W. (compiler)(1982). Draft environmental profile of Zambia. Prepared by the Arid Lands Information Centre, Office of Arid Lands Studies. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 287 pp. Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Blue Lagoon 45,000 Isangano 84,000 Kafue 2,240,000 Kasanka 39,000 Lavushi Manda 150,000 Liuwa Plain 366,000 Lochinvar 41,000 Lower Zambezi 414,000 Luambe 25,400 Lukusuzi 272,000 Lusenga Plain 88,000 Mosi-Oa-Tunya 6,600 -932- Zambia Mweru-Wantipa 313,400 North Luangwa 463,600 Nsumbu 202,000 Nyika (Zambia) 8,000 Sioma Ngwezi 527,600 South Luangwa 905,000 West Lunga 168,400 Subtotal 6,359,000 Game Management Areas Bangweulu 657,000 Bilili Springs 308,000 Chambeshi 62,000 Chibwika-Ntambu 155,000 Chisomo 339,000 Chizera 228,000 Kafinda 386,000 Kafue Flats 517,500 Kalaso Mukoso 67,500 Kansonso-Busanga 778,000 Kaputa 360,000 Luano 893,000 Lukwakwa 254,000 Lumimba 450,000 Lunga-Luswishi 1,334,000 Lupande 484,000 Luwingu 109,000 Machiya-Fungulwe 153,000 Mansa 207,000 Mazabuka 25,400 Mulobezi 342,000 Mumbwa 337,000 Munyamadzi 330,000 Musalangu 1,735,000 Musele-Matebo 370,000 Namwala 360,000 Nkala 19,400 Sandwe 153,000 Sichifula 360,000 Tondwa 54,000 West Petauke 414,000 West Zambezi 3,807,000 Subtotal 16,048,800 BLUE LAGOON NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established 16 February 1973 by Statutory Instrument No. 38; previously a private ranch. -933- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Geographical Location West of Lusaka in Mumbwa District, Central Province. 15°21’-43’S, 27°15°-27°32’E. Altitude 970-1,010m Area 45,000ha. Partly surrounded by Kafue Flats Game Management Area (517,200ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is on the north bank of the Kafue Flats with part of the south-eastern boundary formed by Luwato Lagoon, an oxbow lake of the old river channel which tends to dry out only at the end of the dry season. The land slopes up gently northwards from the flood plain. Seasonal inundation reaches a maximum in June, when 30% of the park is under water. Vegetation There are three vegetation zones: flood plain grasses and sedges with main species near the high flood level Vetiveria nigritana and wild millets Setaria sphacelata and Setaria avettae and rice grass Oryza longistaminata, and small patches of Cyperus papyrus in more deeply flooded areas; a narrow intermediate termitaria grassland zone; and open woodland dominated by Acacia, Combretum and Terminalia with an understorey of tall grass. Fig trees Ficus sycomorus are common locally. Fauna Large mammals include: wild dog Lycaon pictus (T) (most common carnivore), zebra Equus burchelli, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, large herds of Kafue lechwe Kobus leche kafuensis (T) (25,000 estimated to enter the park seasonally out of a total population in the Kafue Flats of about 40,000), and occasional cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (V). The park is an important feeding ground for waterbirds including: glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus, slaty egret Egretta vinaceigula (1), wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern), and spur-winged goose Plectropterus gambensis. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrolled bush fires, cattle grazing and poaching of animals and fish occur. The expanding population of Lusaka has increased poaching pressure on the park and poaching started in the Lechwe area on the western boundary in 1980. The south-eastern corner of the park was permanently flooded from 1977 to 1981 as a result of the Kafue Gorge Dam. Now flood regime is influenced by regulation at the Itezhi tezhi dam, which may damp the flood peaks and lows. Hunting (particularly of zebra and lechwe), grazing and fishing are the major activities in the game management area and settlements are sparse, but increasing. Since October 1976, the park has been a security area and has been closed to visitors. Visitor Facilities No visitors permitted since October 1976. Access is by a 90km gravel road branching off the Luaska-Mwumbwa highway and there is an airstrip. A 4km game-viewing causeway has been built out into the flats. Scientific Research Ecological studies have been started. Special Scientific Facilities Research is carried out from Lochinvar National Park on the other side of the Kafue valley. Principal Reference Material ° Dowsett, R.J. (1966). A preliminary list of the birds of the Kafue Flats. ° WWF-UK Mission Report (1978). ° Zambia Journal of History No.1. Staff Wildlife ranger and guards (1977) -934- Zambia Budget About US$50,000 per annum (1977) Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlilfe Warden, PO Box 81344, Kabwe. Date 1984 ISANGANO NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44; legislated as a game reserve in 1957 Geographical Location At the north-eastern edge of the Lake Bangweulu Flats in the Northern Province. 11°00’-11°25’S, 30°20’-30°45’E. Altitude 1,100m Area 84,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The flats and flood plain areas are underlain by granite, quartzitic sandstones, and shales of the plateau series. The Chambeshi river forms the eastern boundary and the Lubansenshi river runs through the centre of the park. Rainfall is high, over 1500mm in some years. Vegetation Much of the area is swamp forest dominated by Erythrophleum and Pterocarpus with tall grasslands and watershed plain grasslands. Along the main rivers, there are some areas of Cyperus papyrus and Phragmites. Lake basin chipya woodland of Acacia albida and afromosia Pericopsis angolensis also occurs. Fauna Larger mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caf fer, black lechwe Kobus leche smithemani (T) (mainly in Bangweulu Game Management Area to the south-west, but some enter the park seasonaily), reedbuck Redunca arundinum, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, and Lichstenstien’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini. Water birds are numerous. The Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (T) inhabits the rivers. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and uncontrolled bush fires occur, with fishing villages within the reserve and illegal entry. Low priority under game reserve status has resulted in reduced animal populations with few game present in 1980. Visitor Facilities No accommodation or facilities exist in the park. There are rough tracks unsuitable for cars near the boundaries, but access into the park is by foot or boat. Scientific Research None -935- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Two wildlife officers (guards) (1977) Budget About US$15,000 per annum (1977) Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlilfe Warden, PO Box 12, Mpilca. Date 1984 KAFUE NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established Originally established on 15 September 1951 by Proclamation No. 8 and given National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44. Geographical Location South-central Zambia, west of Lusaka in the Central, Southern and North-Western Provinces. 14°00’-16°40’S, 25°15’-26°45’E. Altitude 970-1,470m Area 2,240,000ha. Surrounded by Kafue Game Management Area Land Tenure Government Physical Features The area is a gently undulating plateau area with some hills, situated along the mid reaches of the Kafue river and its two major tributaries, the Lufupa and Lunga, which flow into the park from the north. There is a perennial swamp in the extreme north-west, which drains into the Lufupa via the Busanga flood plain and alluvial areas of varying size occur along the Kafue and other tributaries. Karroo sediments occur in the centre and north-east with Kalahari sands forming the underlying geology in the west. Vegetation The south has mainly miombo or Brachystegia dominated woodland with areas of mopane Colophospermum mopane. In the north, the miombo- termitaria woodland surrounds areas of open grassy flood plains or ’dambos’. Patches of teak Baikiaea plurijuga such as the Ngoma Forest occur throughout, but are more common in the south. Fauna Yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus and chacma baboon Papio ursinus occur within a few kilometres of each other with no signs of morphological intergrading. Numerous large mammals include: lion Panthera leo, elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (increasing in number), well distributed black rhino Diceros bicornis (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer including a herd of less than 1,000 in the Busanga area, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor, numerous waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus crayshawi, puku Kobus vardoni, red lechwe Kobus leche leche (T) in the northern area, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, and _ Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini. Birds include numerous waterfowl such as _ wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern). -936- Zambia Zoning Three zones: visitors allowed in vehicles or on foot; visitors allowed on foot; visitors prohibited Disturbances or Deficiencies A dam has been constructed at Itezhi-tezhi on the Kafue river just outside the eastern boundary. From 1972, an area of about 31,000ha of the park was flooded by a lake with fluctuating water levels. A squatter settlement has resulted from the labour force for the construction of the dam, and fishing on Lake Itezhi-tezhi has encouraged illegal entry and poaching. The island in Itezhi-tezhi Lake is permanently inhabited by fishermen despite being within the Park. However, 17 villages had fishing rights recognised in 1962, but conflicts arose because commercial fishermen from outside exploited this and it interfered with tourists’ fishing. Wastes, including nitrates and phosphorus residues, are discharged into the Kafue. The main road from Lusaka to Mongu bisects the park from east to west. Uncontrolled bush fires occur. Visitor Facilities Accommodation is in catering lodges at Ngoma (42 beds) or non-catering camps such as La Fapa Camp. Safaris are conducted partially on foot in the Busanga plains area. A fully catering safari village with airstrip at Chunga is just outside the eastern boundary near the Mongu road and two safari villages in the north. Scientific Research A biologist is responsible for management plans of the park. Special Scientific Facilities Mapping facilities and a herbarium Principal Reference Material ° Dowsett, R.J. (1966). A preliminary list of the birds of the Kafue Flats. ° Dowsett, R.J. (1966). Wet season game populations and biomass in the Ngoma area of The Kafue National Park. Puku 4. * Howard, G.W. (1978). National Parks of the Kafue Basin. Black Lechwe (Lusaka) 12: 38-42. * Mitchell, B.L. and Ansell, W.F.H. (1971). Wildlife of Kafue and Luangwa. Zambian National Tourist Bureau, Lusaka. * Moss, de V.P.F.N. (1974). Kafue National Park, Zambia. N.P.W.S. publication. 76 pp, mimeo. Staff Warden, 100 support staff, biologist and assistants (1977). Budget About US$300,000 per annum (1977) Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlilfe Warden, PO Box 17, Itezhi-tezhi. Two Rangers, Kafue National Park, Chunga Station, PO Box 124, Mumbwa. Date 1984 KASANKA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44; a game reserve since 194] Geographical Location Serenje district in Central Province. 12°25’-12°35’S, 30°05’-30°23’E -937- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Altitude 1,100-1,300m Area 39,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The flat to gently rolling plateau area includes extensive wetlands. Rocks are mainly sandstone, quartzite, shale, and schist of the Katanga and Muva systems. Two large rivers flow through the park including the Kasanka river passing through the extensive Kapabi swamp in the east. There are also several small lakes. Annual rainfall is 1,200-1,300mm, falling mainly from November to April. Vegetation The area is dominated by miombo Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodlands. The extensive wetlands support papyrus Cyperus papyrus and Phragmites stands and there are some areas of ’mushitu’ swamp forest and open grassland with dambos. Fauna Large mammals include: sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei (seen here more easily than in any other park), numerous puku Kobus’ vardoni, \echwe Kobus leche, blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis and Moloney’s monkey Cercopithecus mitis moloneyi, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hippo Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Lichstenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, and grysbok Raphicerus sharpei. Birdlife includes abundant waterfowl such as shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern). Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and uncontrolled burning occur. The construction of the Serenje-Samfya road began to have adverse effects on the park in 1980. Visitor Facilities No visitor accommodation exists inside the park, but suitable sites for camping can be found near the park boundary. It is accessible only by rough bush track unsuitable for private cars. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Warden, ranger, and 10 wildlife officers (guards) (1977). Budget About US$25,000 per annum (1977) Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 12, Mpilca. Date 1984 LAVUSHI MANDA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) -938- Zambia Legal Protection Total except against mining Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44. Legislated as a game reserve in 194] Geographical Location South-west of Mpika in the Northern Province. 12°00’-12°40’S, 30°35’-31°10°E. Altitude 1,100-1,800m Area 150,000ha, contiguous to Kafinda Game Management Area (386,000ha) and Bangweulu Game Management Area (647,000ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The lavushi Manda hills (height 500-600m), along the south-eastern side of the park, roughly divide the plateau series to the west from the basement rocks to the east. They are extremely rugged with high vertical cliff faces on the south-east and are dissected by several narrow canyons containing perennial water courses. The Lukulu river flows from the north to south-west of the park before turning westwards to the Zaire border. The park is noted for dambos and there is a small sandy plain in the north. Annual rainfall 1,300mm, falling mainly from November to April. Vegetation Most of the area supports miombo Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland interspersed with dambo plains. Dense gallery forest occurs along the rivers and palms in the canyons. Numerous Euphorbiaceae and aloes are a feature of the hill vegetation. Fauna The rock rabbit or Smith’s red hare Pronolagus rupestris should occur in the hills but has not yet been reliably recorded. Larger mammals are not numerous but include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera Ico, elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (mainly in the north), common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, waterbuck Kobus — ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini and klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. There are no large concentrations of birds but some interesting small species such as _ bar-throated apalis Apalis thoracica and double-collared sunbird Nectarinia chalybea are found in the hills. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrolled fires and poaching occur, the latter has increased by developments along the Tazara railway line. Low protection priority under game reserve legislation has resulted in low stocks of wild animals. Visitor Facilities No accommodation is available but the park is easily accessible from the Great North Road in the dry season. Scientific Research A National Parks and Wildlife Service field base has been established to the west of the park at Chiundaponde. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff One Ranger and four guards Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 12, Mpilca. Date 1984 -939- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas LIUWA PLAIN NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44, previously a game reserve managed by the Paramount Chief of the Lozi people. Geographical Location Kalabo district in Western province, near the border with Angola. 14°10’-48’S, 22°07’-23°00°E. Altitude About 1,000m Area 366,000ha. Surrounded by West Zambezi Game Reserve (3,807ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features An extremely flat sand plain flanked by the Luambimba river to the east and the Luanginga river to the west. Seasonally inundated areas occur along the rivers augmented by floodwaters from the Zambezi. The park experiences three seasons: short cool dry season from May to July; a warm dry season from August to November, and a warm wet season from December to April. Vegetation Most of the area is Kalahari short grass sand plains with some watershed grasslands. Around the edges of the sand plains (except in the west) is a belt of Burkea africana with some Zambian teak Baikiaea plurijuga forming Burkea-Colophospermum-Baikiaea woodland, and Diplorhynchus condylocarpon scrub. The river valleys have a narrow belt of valley and floodplain grasslands. Fauna Large mammals include: zebra Equus burchelli, some buffalo Syncerus caffer, red lechwe Kobus leche leche (T), roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, Lichstenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, tsessebi Damaliscus lunatus, and the largest population of migrating blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus in Zambia (35,000 in 1975). Birds include: secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius, crowned crane Balearica pavonina, wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern), and a variety of waterfowl on the pans including slaty egret Egretta vinaceigula (I). Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, illegal fishing, uncontrolled bush fires and grazing by domestic animals on the park boundary occur and there are villages within the park and lack of staff transport. Visitor Facilities No tourism as the park has no accommodation and there are only four-wheel drive tracks. Scientific Research Vegetation and habitat mapping Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Benson, C.W. (1969). Large Mammals of the Ljiuwa Plain and Sioma-Ngwezi Game Reserves, Barotse. Puku 5. Staff | Warden, ranger, and six guards. One biologist includes the park in his terms of reference (1977). -940- Zambia Budget About US$35,000 per annum (1977) Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 910158, Mongu. Date 1984 LOCHINVAR NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established Originally a private ranch, then a Game Management Area. National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44. Geographical Location North-west of Monze in the Southern Province. 15°43’-16°01’S, 27°11’-27°19°E. Altitude 970-1,038m Area 41,000ha; contiguous to Kafue Flats Game Management Area (517,200ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park contains three areas: part of the Kafue Flats floodplain in the north, which is subject to a regular pattern of flooding commencing rapidly in December, reaching a maximum in May and gradually receding to the lowest level by November; a flat termitaria zone south of the floodplain with sandy clay to clay soils which become waterlogged in the wet season; and woodland in the south. There are two groups of hot springs on a fault zone towards the west. Annual rainfall is about 1000mm. Vegetation Floodplain grasses vary, but include rice grass Oryza longistaminata, Vossia cuspidata, Echinochloa stagnina, and Panicum repens. Herbs include: Aeschynomene fluitans and Nymphaea capensis and other species of Nymphaea. The termitaria grasslands are dominated by a wild millet Setaria sphacelata. Tree growth is confined to termite mounds and is usually Euphorbia ingens. The woodlands at higher elevations in the south are dominated fire climax species such as Acacia, Albizia, and Combretum. Fauna Mammals include: zebra Equus burchelli, Kafue lechwe Kobus leche kafuensis (T) (large herds of about 35,000), wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, and oribi Ourebia ourebi. The southern woodlands also have kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, and duikers Cephalophus sp.. The area is very rich in birdlife with more than 400 recorded species including: white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus and pink-backed pelican Pelecanus rufescens, darter Anhinga rufa, purple heron Ardea purpurea, goliath heron Ardea goliath, spur-winged goose Plectropterus gambensis, fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius, Swainson’s francolin Francolinus, helmeted guineafowl Numida meleagris, crowned crane Balearica pavonina, wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern), Denham’s bustard Neotis cafra denhami, wattled plover Vanellus senegallus, slaty egret Egretta vinaceigula (I), and red-billed hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus. Reptiles include: geckoes Lygodactylus capensis and Lygodactylus chobiensis, boomsiang Dispholidus typus, striped grass snake Psammophylax tritaeniatus and skinks Mabuya varia, Mabuya striata, -941- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas and Meizodon semiornatus. Amphibians include: Bufo regularis, Chiromantis xerampelina, Ptychadena mossambica, and Pyxicephalus spp.. Cultural Heritage Archaelogical sites have been excavated and described. Conservation Management There was some prevention of cattle entering the park to graze after the employment of classified daily paid employees in 1980. An assessment of the degradation within the park was undertaken in 1981. An action plan was recommended including anti-poaching law enforcement, creation of a physical barrier, grading of tourist roads, fire control, and a research programme. The problems of fishing, grazing, and poaching were given to Southern Land Commission of Inquiry. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Gypsum has been mined, although this has been abandoned now, but there are uncontrolled bush fires, domestic stock overgrazing, poaching of animals and fish, commercial fishing, and degradation of tourist roads by fishermen persist. There are fishing settlements within the park. Eland have disappeared and lechwe, wildebeest and oribi have decreased. Dense cattle populations (20,000 in the surrounding 40km radius) often stray into the park. The construction of two dams, one upstream (Itezhitezhi dam) and one downstream from Kafue Flats (floodplains) has modified the ecological conditions of the area which could affect the population of Kafue lechwe, whose pasture near the water edge is dependant on annual inundation by the Kafue. Some dry season grazing areas on the flats are now under permanent flood due to hydroelectric development and this increases cattle encroachment into the park. Eland and impala have disappeared from the area. Visitor Facilities There is one small non-catering lodge (18 beds), road access (virtually all-weather) 48km from the turn-off near Monze, and an airstrip near park gate. Scientific Research Soil, vegetation and ornithological surveys, and research on the Kafue lechwe have been carried out. Further surveys are planned to monitor future population trends. Special Scientific Facilities Research biologists office, herbarium and records Principal Reference Material Douthwaite, R.I. and Van Lavieren, L.P. (1977). Vegetation in Lochinvar National Park. NCSR/TR 34, 1-66. ° Dowsett, R.J. (1966). A preliminary list of the birds of the Kafue Flats. ° Mulongo, A.H. (1981). Land use conflicts on Lochinvar: an example of contradictions in environmental policy 1950-75. Zambia Journal of History. ° Rees, W.A. (1981). Report to the Director NPWS, Zambia on Lochinvar National Park. ° Schuster, R. (1980). Will the Kafue lechwe survive the Kafue dams? Oryx 15(5): 476-489. Staff Ranger and eight guards. One biologist and assistants (1977). Budget About US$50,000 per annum. WWF made a substantial financial contribution towards the purchase of Lochinvar (1977). Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 60174, Livingstone. Date 1984 -942- Zambia LOWER ZAMBEZI NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established 19 March 1983 by Statutory Instrument No 37 of 1983. It was previously an International Game Park. Geographical Location Along the river Zambezi. 15°10’-15°35’S, 29°10’-30°15’E. Altitude 390-1,000m Area 414,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is predominantly hilly, with rugged residual mountains of the Muchinga Escarpment system. The valley floor rocks belong to the Karroo system, and the meander belt consists of alluvial soils. The climate is generally hot with a mean annual temperature of 25°C, but hottest in October - 36°C and coolest in June - 15°C. Rainfall is low, on average 700mm, falling from November to March. Vegetation The mountainous area is dominated by miombo Brachystegia woodland, whereas the valley floor is covered by mopane Colophospermum mopane type. The meander belt is composed of mixed Kigelia-Diospyros woodland and grassland types. Fauna This includes: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, impala Aepyceros melampus, zebra Equus burchelli, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, eland Taurotragus oryx, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (V), wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), and crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V). Birdlife is not as spectacular as the major wetlands. Conservation Management The National Park had six wildlife camps, but only two are functional at present. An anti-poaching unit was set up here in 1981 by the Save the Rhino trust, under IUCN/WWFE Project 1757, with reasonable success. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrollable bush fires and heavy poaching Visitor Facilities There are no roads apart from tracks used for anti-poaching operations and no accommodation, but visitors can visit the area on their own with a four-wheel drive vehicle. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Chabwela, H.N. (undated mimeo). Lower Zambezi: the future many times ignored. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Chilanga, Zambia. ° IUCN/WWE Project 1757. Zambia, Save the Rhino Trust, Anti-poaching operations. Staff Six wildlife scouts and an Assistant Ranger under Warden. -943- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Budget About US$15,000 per annum Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 81344, Kabwe. Date 1984 LUAMBE NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44; established as a game reserve in 1966. Geographical Location On the east bank of the Luangwa river between the three larger Luangwa valley parks. 12°25’-12°35’, 32°10’-32°2S’E. Altitude 500-710m Area 25,400ha; contiguous to South Luangwa (905,000ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features This predominately alluvial area slopes gently to the Luangwa river, which forms the western boundary. The valley floor bedrock is part of the Karoo system. Temperatures are highest in the late dry season (October) and lowest in the mid dry season (July). Vegetation Alluvial areas are dominated by Colophospermum mopane woodland with miombo Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland on the small areas of free draining sandy soil away from the river. Fauna Mammals include: lion Panthera leo, numerous elephant Loxodonta africana (T), occasional black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, impala Aepyceros melampus, and the largest concentration of the wildebeest sub-species Connochaetes taurinus cooksoni, which is endemic to Luangwa valley. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrolled bush fires occur and there is local overstocking of elephant, impala, and hippopotamus. Visitor Facilities A non-catering lodge (12 beds) with cook/waiter service is available. The park is open from mid-June to the end of October, the dates depending on the rains when the dirt roads become impassable. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None -944- Zambia Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Ten wildlife officers responsible to a wildlife warden (1977) Budget About US$30,000 per annum (1977) Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 510143, Chipata. Date 1984 LUKUSUZI NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44; Legislated as a game reserve in 1938 Geographical Location Eastern province plateau between Lundazi and Chipata. 12°30°-13°07’S, 32°25’-50’E. Altitude 800-1,240m Area 272,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The eastern part is a level plateau, but to the west the country is more hilly towards the escarpment overlooking the Luangwa valley. The area is largely underlain by a variety of gneissic and granitic rocks with numerous outcrops and metamorphic quatzite hills. There is a long cool dry season and short hot wet season. Vegetation There is principally miombo Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland on the plateau and escarpment soils. Different types of vegetation are associated with the frequent granitic outcrops and the riverbanks. Edaphic dambo grasslands follow drainage lines on the plateau. Fauna Mammals include: hyena Crocuta crocuta, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, and Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini. _Cookson’s wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus cooksoni occur occasionally in low numbers. The rocky outcrops of this park are one of the main Zambian habitats for klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus Conservation Management In 1980, the park was covered by regular patrols conducted by the Save the Rhino Unit based at Mufwe. A management plan to ensure the maintenance of the major habitats and preservation of key areas was prepared in 1970. Zoning None -945- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Disturbances or Deficiencies There are uncontrolled fires and poaching. Activities associated with prospecting and mining for emeralds pose a serious threat. Visitor Facilities Public access is by a bush track from the main road to the east which traverses the park and descends the escarpment to the Luangwa. There are no tourist facilities. Scientific Research Research associated with management plan preparation. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Sayer, J.A. (1970). A management plan for the Lukusuzi National Park. UN/FAO Luangwa Valley Project, Chipata. Staff Some 30 wildlife officers (rangers, scouts, and guides) responsible to a wildlife warden (1977 Budget About US$90,000 per annum (1977) Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 510143, Chipata. Date 1984 LUSENGA PLAIN NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established Legislated as a Game Reserve in 1942. National Park status on 15 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44 Geographical Location North of Kawambwa in Luapula Province. 9°15°-30’S, 29°05’-29°20°E. Altitude 800-1,300m Area 88,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is in the south-west of a plain formed by the weathering of a volcanic plug dome, which left rocky outcrops of syenite in concentric rings separated by weathered rock, forming a saucer-shaped depression. The ridges form the highest point, the ground sloping away to the north and east to the Kalungwishi river. There are three large waterfalls on the river. Annual rainfall is 1,400mm, falling mainly from November to April. Vegetation The plain has grassland fairly typical of Northern Province upland dambos. Around the margins are remnants of mushitu swamp forest and dry evergreen forest of Marquesia acuminata and M. macroura. The remaining area is covered with dense Brachystegia-Julbernardia miombo with a few patches of Pteleopsis anisoptera on alluvial soils. -946- Zambia Fauna The fauna is depleted, but includes remnant populations of vervet and blue monkeys Cercopithecus aethiops and C. mitis, leopard Panthera pardus (V), elephant Loxodonta africana (V), zebra Equus burchelli, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor and blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, roan_ antelope Hippotragus equinus and __ sable antelope Hippotragus niger, and Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini. Conservation Management There was vegetation and habitat mapping for preparation of management plans. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrolled fires and poaching occur. Low priority for protection under game reserve legislation has resulted in depleted animal populations. Visitor Facilities The park has no accommodation or roads, but there are two good camp sites just outside the boundary near the waterfalls. Scientific Research Vegetation and habitat mapping Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Nine wildlife officers (guards) (1977) Budget Reported as US$5000 in 1971 (1977) Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 410005, Kasama. Date 1984 MOSI-OA-TUNYA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection An enclosed portion of 1,000ha is totally protected, except against mining. The remaining area is protected against hunting and destruction of vegetation or geomorphological features. Date Established National Park status 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44; Previously a trust area Geographical Location Southern border with Zimbabwe. 17°49’-17°54’S, 25°41°-25°55’E. Altitude 833-914m Area 6,600ha. Contiguous to the Victoria Falls and Zambezi National Parks in Zimbabwe Land Tenure Government -947- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Physical Features The park comprises the left bank of the Zambezi river, half of Victoria Falls, and the series of deep gorges below the falls. The maximum height of the falls is 108m. Maximum waterflow is 540 million litres/minute in March/April. Low water in November can reduce flow to 10.5 million litres/minute. Above the falls, the river is 1,690m wide. Vegetation The dominant vegetation is mopane Colophospermum mopane forest with small areas of teak and miombo woodlands. The narrow riverine forest along the Zambezi is more extensive in the ’rain forest’ area, where it is permanently dampened by spray from the falls. In the ’rain-forest’ ferns are widespread and there is a profusion of flowering plants. Fauna Vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus and baboon Papio ursinus are common. Larger mammals include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Birds include: Taita falcon Falco fasciinucha (uncommon), black swift Apus barbatus and carmine bee-eater Merops nubicus in the gorge, and shrikes, flycatchers, and sunbirds in the ’rain forest’. Cultural Heritage There are archaeological remains of stone and iron age man. Conservation Management Efforts were being made to improve the management of the area in 1980, but management was still reported to be very poor in 1981. Zoning There is a 1,000ha fenced zoological park up-river from the Falls, which contains exotic and native species. Disturbances or Deficiencies There was much building and disturbance in the vicinity of the Falls before the existence of the park, including a hydroelectric power station, railway, major highway, customs and immigration posts, and a large hotel. Further inappropriate development will be avoided. Visitor Facilities This is one of the most frequently visited national parks in Zambia. Facilities include a hotel, two restaurants, a non-catering camp (70 beds) and a camping ground. The park is a few minutes drive from Livingstone where all tourist facilities are available. Scientific Research None Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Anon. (n.d.). A Guide to the Victoria Falls. Victoria Falls Trust, Livingstone. ° Fagan, B.M. (1964). The Victoria Falls. Commission for the Preservation of Natural and Historical Monuments and Relics, Northern Rhodesia. ° Phillipson, D.W. (Ed.) (1975). Mosi-oa-Tunya. A handbook to the Victoria Falls Region. Longman. Staff Ten guards under a wildlife ranger (1977) Budget About US$90,000 per annum (1977) Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlilfe Ranger, PO Box 60174, Livingstone. Date 1984 -948- Zambia MWERU-WANTIPA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established 25 February 1972, by Statutory Instrument No. 44 of 1972; a game reserve since 1942 Geographical Location Between Lakes Mweru, Tanganyika, and Luapula in the Northern province, 8°27’-9°00’S, 29°15’-30°00’E. Altitude 900-1,400m Area 313,400ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The eastern area changes periodically from grassland and swamp to a large open lake, Lake Mweru-Wantipa. The cycle is erratic, but the water level appeared to reach high point in 1974. The area is geologically young with marked faults around the’ high water mark. To the west of the lake basin, the land slopes gently upwards to a range of highly dissected hills of granites, quartz, and porphyrites. In about one in five years, the annual rainfall may be as high as 1,300mm. The rainy season is from November to April. Vegetation The swamp and lake area are dominated by dense Cyperus papyrus thickets with some reed Phragmites. The area close to the lake has thickets of Bussea and Combretum. The remaining area is covered with miombo Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland on the sandy-loam soils derived from underlying igneous rocks. Large grassy acid dambos occur in the miombo woodland and there is a small permanent swamp (Kabwe marsh) some distance from the main lake. Fauna Mammals include: blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis (numerous), baboon Papio sp. and possibly occasional vagrant colobus monkey Colobus angolensis from Zaire. The ‘uncommon bushy-tailed mongoose Bdeogale crassicauda has been found in the area. Other“ mammals include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, black rhino Diceros bicornis (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei (in Kabwe marsh), eland Taurotragus oryx, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, grysbok Raphicerus sharpei, puku Kobus vardoni, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, and treedbuck Redunca arundinum. Birds include: white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern), saddlebill Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis, openbill Anastomus lamelligerus, greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber and lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor, and several species of heron. Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) is common and Crocodylus cataphractus (V) occurs in Lake Mweru-Wantipa. Conservation Management Cropping of crocodile was undertaken in 1980 and 1981. Carrying capacity of the lake was estimated to be in excess of 4,000. Zoning There are three zones: total wilderness with access to authorised personnel only; a public access and restricted residence zone; and a commercial fishing zone. Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a seasonal fishing village near the lake and a permanent village on the road which bisects the park. Poaching and uncontrolled fires still occur. Control measures directed at the red locust have been a recurrent disturbance. The locust bred in great numbers on the short grass plain left by the receding lake particularly in the 15 years up to -949- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas 1944. There is a problem of man-eating crocodiles, and a dispute between the national parks authority and the people around the park, with respect to siting of the boundary. Visitor Facilities | Tourism is small. Access is by road from east and west and there are suitable camping sites outside the park. Scientific Research Investigation of the red locust by the International Red Locust Institute afforded opportunities for botanical and zoological research. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Berwick, D. (1959). Mystery Isle Mweru Marsh. Northern Rhodesia Journal 2(3): 56-59. ° Brelsford, W.V. (1955). The problem of Mweru-Wantipa. Northern Rhodesia Journal 2(6): 3-15. ° Gunn, D.L. (1955). Mweru Wa Ntipa and the Red Locust. Northern Rhodesia Journal 2(6): 3-15. Staff Warden, ranger and 26 wildlife officers (guards and scouts) (1977). Budget About US$45,000 per annum (1977). Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 410005, Kasama. Date 1984 NORTH LUANGWA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miobmo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44. Legislated as a game reserve in 1939. Geographical Location [East central Zambia in the upper Luangwa valley. 11°30’-12°00’S, 31°45°-32°3S’E. Altitude 500-1,100m Area 463,600ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park extends from Muchinga escarpment (1,400m) in the west, to the northern part of the Luangwa river in the east. The valley floor is a wide area of alluvial flats extending over underlying Karoo rocks. The river is seasonally flooded. There are no grassy plains. Mean annual temperature is 22°C and mean annual rainfall 880mm in a single wet season from November to April. -950- Zambia Vegetation Miombo Brachystegia woodland occurs on the freely draining sandy soils and miombo scrubland mixed with Colophospermum mopane on heavier soils. A complex of riverine forests is found on the meander belt. Fauna Mammals include: vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, Chacma baboon Papio ursinus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caf fer, puku Kobus vardoni, Cookson’s wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus cooksoni, and impala Aepyceros melampus. The river provides a habitat for Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V). Conservation Management’ In 1973, the Luangwa Valley Conservation Project was set up to advise the Government of Zambia on management and development requirements for the full utilisation of natural resources in the valley (Albrecht 1973, Boulton 1973, Dunlap 1973, and Ford 1973). Plans were made in 1980 to man the western boundary with 50 guards to enable adequate control of poaching. Honorary Wildlife Rangers proved effective along the escarpment in 1981. Zoning There is a zone of strict national park status in which visitor access is restricted to walking trails. Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching particularly for elephant and rhinoceros, and uncontrolled fires. Visitor Facilities There is an access track, but there are no lodges in the park. Tourism is only permitted as organised camping and walking wilderness trails. Scientific Research A GRZ/FAO team was respsonsible for research and a report on the first phase was made in March 1973. However, the project ended in 1973. An aerial survey censused elephant and rhinoceros in 1979 (Douglas-Hamilton et al., 1979). Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material Albrecht, R.W. (1973). Land Use Development Proposals for the Mid and Upper Luangwa Watershed. UNDP/FAO, Rome. FO: DP/ZAM/68/510. Working Document No. 3. ° Astle, W.L., Webster, R. and Lawrence, C.J. (1959). Land classification for management planning of the Luangwa valley of Zambia. J. Appl. Ecol. 6(2): 143-171. ° Boulton, M.N. (1973), Conservation Education in Zambia. UNDP/FAO: Rome. FO: DP/ZAM/68/510. Working Document No.5. ° Douglas-Hamilton, I., Hillman, A.K.K., Holt, P. and Ansell, P. (1979). Luangwa Valley Elephant, Rhino and Wildlife Survey. Report to IUCN/WWF/NYZS, Nairobi, Mimeo. ° Drysdall, A.R. and Kitching, J.W. (Date unknown). A re-examination of the Karoo succession and fossil locations of parts of the upper Luangwa valley. Geological Survey Memoir No. 1, Lusaka. ° Dunlap, R.C. (1973). A Tourism Plan for the Luangwa Valley. UNDP/FAO, Rome. FO: DP/ZAM/68/510. Working Document No. 4. ° Ford, L.P. (1973). Fire Control in the Luangwa Valley. UNDP/FAO, Rome. FO: DP/ZAM/68/510. Working Document No. 2. ° Giardino, J.R. (1974). When elephants destroy a valley. Geographical Magazine 47: 175-181. ° Kuper, J.H. (1975-1976). Reports to Luangwe Valley Research Project, FAO (Rome), on mopane vegetation, elephant and rhinoceros of the park and a management plan for the park. ° Mitchell, B.L. and Ansell, W.F.H. (1971). Wildlife of Kafue and Luangwa. Zambian National Tourist Board. Staff Thirty wildlife officers (rangers, scouts and guards) responsible to a wildlife warden (1977) -951- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Budget About US$120,000 per annum (1977) Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 510143, Chipata. Date 1984 NSUMBU NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44; legislated as a game reserve Geographical Location On the south-west shore of Lake Tanganyika in the Northern province. 8°30’-9°05’S, 30°15’-30°45’E. Altitude 800-1,250m Area 202,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park includes about 100km of the rocky shoreline of Lake Tanganyika interspersed with some small beaches. It includes Cape Nundo which features a great balanced boulder of ritual significance. The remaining area is a plateau traversed by the Lufubu river. To the north-west of the river is the Chansamansaka escarpment (700m), and to the east the Kapembwa escarpment. Annual rainfall 1,400mm, falling mainly from November to April. Vegetation The valleys opening on to the lake are dominated by tall Acacia albida and Trichilia roka. Valley sides, the hills near the lake and some plateau areas have dense Bussea-Combretum thicket. At higher elevations and further from the lake, the vegetation is light miombo dominated by Pericopsis angolensis or dense Brachystegia-Julbernardia type of miombo woodlands. Wide alluvial flats with open grassland and Pteleopsis anisoptera gallery forest occur along the Lufubu and Nkamba rivers. Fauna Mammals include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, yellow-backed and blue duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor and C. monticola, puku Kobus vardoni, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus and sable antelope AHippotragus niger, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, grysbok Raphicerus shar pei, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, and dassies Heterohyrax brucei. Bird species of the rivers and lakeshore include: grey-headed gull Larus cirrhocephalus and lesser black-back gull Larus fuscus, white-winged tern Chlidonias leucoptera, whiskered tern Chlidonias hybrida, and skimmer Rhynchops flavirostris. In the lake, Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) and the Tanganyika water cobra Boulengerina annulata are also present. Cultural Heritage The area has numerous small sites of archaeological interest, mainly near the beaches. -952- Zambia Conservation Management Management plans for monitoring future development and conservation were in prepartion prior to 1977. Zoning Two zones have been defined: the lakeshore for tourist development and the remaining area as a wilderness area. Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, uncontrolled bush fires occur due to shortage of proper water supply, transport and manpower and therefore lack of adequate management. There is one permanent and one temporary fishing village in the park. Visitor Facilities Accommodation is in two lodges that are open all year. A small non-catering lodge has been established at Nsumbu. Access is by all-weather airstrip at Kasaba Bay or by gravel road. Sport-fishing activities are organized by private tourist operators. There about 3,500 visitors annually. Scientific Research Research for preparation of management plans prior to 1977. Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material None listed Staff Warden, ranger, and 25 wildlife officers (guards) (1977) Budget About US$100,000 per annum (1977) Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 410005, Kasama. Date 1984 NYIKA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44; previously a controlled hunting area with game reserve provisions Geographical Location North-east Zambia adjoining the border with Malawi. 10°32’-10°45’S, 33°35’-33°43’E. Altitude 1,295-2,225m Area 8,000ha; contiguous to Nyika National Park (304,385ha) and Vwaza (174,960ha) in Malawi Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park comprises the small Zambian portion of the Nyika plateau, a steeply undulating area bounded by precipitous escarpment country on the west which slopes sharply down to the Luwumbu river valley. The soils are uniformly deep, well-drained, sandy clays derived from underlying basement schists. Annual rainfall is about 1,000mm, but cloud -953- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas and mist at ground level is common in the dry season from June to September keeping the area well watered. Frost of -5°C to -10°C may occur between May and October. Vegetation The escarpment soils support miombo Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland. There are relict patches (not exceeding 20ha) of montane forest on the plateau, the largest being Chowo forest in the east and Manjanjere forest in the north-west. The three vegetation types on the plateau include dry evergreen forest with Myrica, Nuxia, Olea, and Rapanea, to moist riparian forest with Aningueria, Cola, Parinari, and Podocarpus, and wet seasonal swamp forest with Agauria, Maesa and Myrica. The park is of great botanical interest, including upland grasslands and a great variety and abundance of orchids. Fauna There is a rich mammal fauna including: Moloney’s monkey Cercopithecus mitis moloneyi, bush squirrel Paraxerus lucifer, four-striped grass mouse Rhabdomys pumilio (only Zambian locality), long-tailed pouched rat Beamys hindei major, two-spotted palm civet Nandinia binotata, yellow-spotted hyrax (dassie) Heterohyrax brucei, three species of the vlei rat Otomys, and a sun squirrel Heliosciurus sp.. Larger mammals are infrequent, but include bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis (uncommon), reedbuck Redunca arundinum, and klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. Birds include: secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius, white-necked raven Corvus albicollis, many sunbirds WNectarinia spp., and _ wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern). An endemic subspecies of the chameleon Chamaeleo goetzei nyikae is present and the dwarf species Rhampholeon nchisiensis may also occur. The bush viper Atheris nitschei rungwensis has been recorded. The area is rich in Lepidoptera including the very common green swallowtail Papilio phorcas and broad blue-banded swallowtail P. bromius. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrolled fires. Visitor Facilities There is a non-catering rest house (10 beds) and walking trails. The only vehicle access is through Malawi which tends to be difficult during the rains. Scientific Research Comparative studies of avifauna, butterflies, and mammals with other montane areas in Central Africa prior to 1977 Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Cater, J.C. (1954). The Nyika plateau and its faunal significance. Oryx 2(3): 158-164. Staff Warden, ranger, and two guards (1977) Budget About US$8,000 per annum (1977) Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 510143, Chipata. Date 1984 SIOMA NGWEZI NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) -954- Zambia Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44; previously a game reserve managed by the Paramount Chief of the Lozi people. Geographical Location In the Sesheke and Senanga Districts of south-west Zambia bordering the Caprivi Strip. 16°55’-17°40S’, 23°02’-50’E. Altitude 900m Area 527,600ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features A relatively flat area west of the Zambezi bordered by the Mashi River in the south-west. Very sandy being underlain by Kalahari sands with a mosaic of woodland and sandy plains. Very arid with a few isolated waterholes. Vegetation Kalahari sandveld with good stands of teak Baikiaea plurijuga, areas of mopane Colophospermum mopane, and _ small patches of a mixed woodland of Burkea-Colophospermum-Baikiaea associations. Fauna Large mammals include: lion Panthera leo, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (V), elephant Loxodonta africana (V), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis (abundant and one of only two populations in Zambia), kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, buffalo Syncerus caffer, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, and tsessebe Damaliscus lunatus. Steenbok Raphicerus campestris are present, but rarely seen. There are no spectacular concentrations of large birds, but interesting and varied dry country species include the greater kestrel Falco rupicoloides, Bradfield’s hornbill Tockus bradfieldi, white-wing black tit Parus leucomelas, Burchell’s’ glossy starling Lamprotornis australis, and black-cheeked waxbill Estrilda erythronotos. The ostrich Struthio camelus was present, but is now extinct in this area. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, uncontrolled bush fires and possible extraction of teak for timber. Visitor Facilities No visitor permits are issued at present. The park contains only tracks for four-wheel drive vehicles and there is no accommodation. Scientific Research Vegetation and habitat mapping Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Benson, C.W. (1969). Large Mammals of the Liuwa Plain and Sioma-Ngwezi Game Reserves. Puku 5. Staff Warden, ranger, and six guards (1977) Budget About US$35,000 per annum (1977) Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 910158, Mongu. Date 1984 -955- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas SOUTH LUANGWA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established 25 February 1972, by Statutory Instrument No. 44 of 1972; Legislated as a game reserve in 1938, but gazetted in 1904 to protect Thornicroft’s giraffe Geographical Location North-east of Lusaka and mainly to the west of the middle reaches of the Luangwa river. 12°28’-13°14’S, 30°58’-32°08’E. Altitude 500-1,100m Area 905,000ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The Luangwa river in the park area is at about 580m altitude. The valley floor rises gently westwards to 760m at the foot of the Muchinga escarpment (1,400m), which forms the north-west boundary. The valley is a rift filled with Karoo sediments and overlain by recent sediments along the main river courses which are finely dissected into ridges with low interfluves. Mudstone plains occur at Chifungwe and Lunda. The main river and tributaries have a meander belt. Mean annual temperature is 25°C. The annual rainfall is 832mm, and in the rainy season, from November to March, there are often heavy storms. Vegetation Woodland savanna with Acacia sp., Combretum sp., and Terminalia sericea occurs on freely draining alluvium and_ thickets. Older alluvial soils support patches of Colophospermum mopane woodland with a 15m canopy. The floodplain grassland includes Oryza, and Echinochloa species bordered by some riparian forest. Miombo woodland up to 25m high of mainly Brachystegia sp., Julbernardia sp., and Isoberlinia angolensis is widespread on deeper sandy soils. In the shallow stony soils near the escarpment Brachystegia stipulata and Julbernardia globiflora are dominant. Fauna A variety of larger mammals are abundant, especially ungulates. Mammals include wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), hyena Crocuta crocuta, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(high density), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, Thornicroft’s giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti (endemic subspecies of the valley and found mainly in the southern area), impala Aepyceros melampus (numerous), greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, buffalo Syncerus caffer, puku Kobus vardoni, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, and roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, and Cookson’s wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus cooksoni (local subspecies present in small numbers). Primates include vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, Moloney’s monkey Cercopithecus mitis moloneyi, and chacma baboon Papio ursinus. Birdlife is prolific and the park is particularly noteworthy for storks, geese, cranes, and the riparian colonies of carmine bee-eater Merops nubicus. The Luangwa river is now one of the major remaining refuges for the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V). Conservation Management In 1973, the Luangwa Valley Conservation Project was set up to advise the Government of Zambia on management and development requirements for the full utilisation of natural resources in the valley (Albrecht 1973, Boulton 1973, Dunlap 1973, and Ford 1973). A management plan was written for the area in 1976 by J.H. Kuper for FAO, Rome. A new line of camps was established along the western boundary in 1980 staffed with 50 guards to facilitate better control over elephant and rhino poaching. Reinforcement by Honorary Wildlife Rangers on the escarpment during 1981 proved effective against poachers. The Save the Rhino Trust began operations in 1980 with a mobile anti-poaching unit using -956- Zambia vehicles and radios under IUCN/WWF Project 1757. As manpower and funds are limited, activities were restricted to intensive patrols of the main elephant and rhinoceros strongholds. It is hoped that funds from the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD) will enable the units to continue. Zoning There are three zones: part of the Luangwa riverine area with visitor access by vehicle or foot; the Luangwa river and two major tributaries with access on foot only; and the remaining area with no visitor access. Disturbances or Deficiencies Prospecting for minerals and uncontrolled bush fires due to poor land management occur. Poaching, particularly for elephant and rhinoceros, has been encouraged by an increase in the world demand for ivory and rhinoceros horn. The elephant population in the park has been reduced by about 50,000 between 1975 and 1980. Despite the efforts by the Save the Rhino Trust, large areas of South Luangwa National Park and the entire North Luangwa National Park are at the mercy of poachers, due to lack of finance. Commercial poaching has not decreased. Trees are damaged or ring-barked by elephant during the dry season when grazing is poor and migration to wetter regions is restricted by the park boundary. Overgrazing of grasses by overcrowded populations exposes the soils to sheet erosion. Gully erosion of mudstone soils is caused by trampling compaction, followed by rain run-off erosion. Visitor Facilities Access is by air or road. Facilities include two catering lodges (48 beds) and three non-catering lodges (30 beds). Walking safaris are possible in zone 2. The park is open from June to October. Scientific Research Research teams from the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Service, and FAO have been carrying out work in the area. In 1981 and 1983, a rhinoceros census was carried out and recommended concentration of anti-poaching efforts in well-defined key areas of South Luangwa National Park. Special Scientific Facilities There is laboratory and office accommodation and transport including vehicles, aircraft, and boats. Principal Reference Material ° Albrecht, R.W. (1973). Land Use Development Proposals for the Mid and Upper Luangwa Watershed. UNDP/FAO, Rome. FO: DP/ZAM/68/510. Working document No. 3. ° Astle, W.L., Webster, R. and Lawrence, C.J. (1959). Land classification for management planning of the Luangwa valley of Zambia. J. Appl. Ecol. 6(2): 143-171. ° Boulton, M.N. (1973). Conservation Education in Zambia. UNDP/FAO, Rome. FO: DP/ZAM/68/510. Working document No.5. ° Drysdall, A.R. and Kitching, J.W. (Date unknown). A re-examination of the Karoo succession and fossil locations of parts of the upper Luangwa valley. Geological Survey Memoir No. 1, Lusaka. ° Dunlap, R.C. (1973). A Tourism Plan for the Luangwa Valley. UNDP/FAO, Rome. FO: DP/ZAM/68/510. Working Document No. 4. ° Ford, L.P. (1973). Fire Control in the Luangwa Valley. UNDP/FAO, Rome. FO: DP/ZAM/68/510. Working Document No.2. ° Giardino, J.R. (1974). When elephants destroy a valley. Geographical Magazine 47: 175-181. ° TUCN/WWF Project 1757. Rhino Conservation in Luangwa Valley National Parks, Zambia. ° Kuper, J.H. (1975-1976). Reports to Luangwe Valley Research Project, FAO (Rome), on mopane vegetation, elephant and rhinoceros of the park and a management plan for the park. ° Leader-Williams, N. (1985). Black rhino in South Luangwa National Park: their distribution and future protection. Oryx 19: 27-33. ° Mitchell, B.L. and Ansell, W.F.H. (1971). Wildlife of Kafue and Luangwa. Zambian National Tourist Board. Staff Warden, 60 wildlife officers, and two biologists (1977) Budget About US$400,000 per annum (1977); US$438,000 from WWF from 1980-1983 -957- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 510143, Chipata. Date 1984 WEST LUNGA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, except against mining Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44; legislated as a game reserve in 1951 Geographical Location Mwinilunga district in North Western Province; 12°30’-13°07’S, 24°35’-25°00°E. Altitude 1,120-1,200m Area 168,400ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park is situated on a flat or gently undulating area with some rock outcrops between the West Lunga river on the west and the Kabompo river on the east, which have their confluence in the south-west corner of the park. Permanent swamps occur along the Kabompo and there are three seasonally inundated grassy plains. Vegetation Most of the area has dry evergreen Cryptosepalum pseudotaxus forest characterised by dense thickets of shrubs, climbers, cramblers, and saplings on the Kalahari sands. Small patches of Brachystegia-Julbernardia miombo woodland occur on the alluvial soils. An intermediate type of woodland known as ’chipya’ is dominated by Acacia goetzei and Burkea africana with an admixture of Cryptosepalum forest. The park also contains significant areas of open grassland and some Cyperus papyrus swamp. Fauna Mammals include: the blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis along the major rivers, elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(common particularly in the Cryptosepalum forest), zebra Equus burchelli, numerous bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor and blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, puku Kobus vardoni, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and impala Aepyceros melampus. Most common carnivores are present. Birdlife is varied and abundant including a local subspecies of red-throated crested guinea fowl Guttera edouardi kathleenae. Crocodile Crocodylus sp. are present. Zoning None Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and uncontrolled bush fires Visitor Facilities No visitor accommodation exists, but there are good camping sites on the Kabompo river and near the park headquarters at Jivindu. Access is by a pontoon ferry from Jivundu and there is a system of rough tracks within the park. The area is often closed for security reasons. -958- Zambia Scientific Research Vegetation and habitat mapping Special Scientific Facilities None Principal Reference Material ° Ansell, W.F.H. (1960). Little Known Game Reserves. African Wildlife 14(3). Staff Warden, ranger, and 10 guards. A biologist includes the park in his terms of reference (1977) Budget About US$30,000 per annum (1977). Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 110102, Solowezi. Date 1984 -959- | i ; a i! rail A , Ve —— . 5 =o o i ° a? , me GRAB resi oe; f We Alte Z 4 j : c me : ; bi i@estt'anrids, amaciaoegsyY, ¢ sideniost nye ~ ~ x Mats 4 = ono“ eshilioat ities taloon i intystald onnsteieagant- SIW nots Lh eevis 71 Se 4 youmy sini (coet) ei pon “ wiet 7 Sas tid of dyed oft esbuldin frigoloid 4 ATTEN) muons r9q 000, Oe a tapes r ixQento? C0 Oth wes 04 CemtecW ceibbW adhe! alntabaA onal : — : M x fur 4 } Laget | ) ot sg I — eo — i - — ~ " =. fi - feats € had “Me rat % “4 : f r ¥ ] y aa \ ry of } ; big phick] Location tA w "hh t. ; ‘ ; 739 DOE ; re iiiaadie? 25882.1 300m By ; ‘ Py Se A res 16h, AU nie : @ i > a 2 3 i i - 4 la Temers f, =e ; bs a Physlaah Ps a ae pevet¢ dtd on at “tank” gach hy undy - r — twid@pe (ie Weert Large river on Th nt and ue K abort y tye herd ihe: cocfiqdade theaouth- weit carne: of tre atk, Pern z re Kabomp a oP h —" os “f, Wy eh Onc tpits iOunicy ail ay ancy, pitas,” i ce oa ; ~~ a an - - - fen © qeite (hore dap of, Ge atah mae. % de 4 erg eeen 2 raze iad ky Gakie Wick of shrwby, if *vurtted, — ~ vomedin Sins basohen ot Breve the ham Sil teers as tia. wile, Ap atterakatiaw wpe of Woodland brown @ out Buc hew afriocmec WN Oo vai ataivs he s a paet { dignificen] areas Of oem. genes ety) fore © ve we pajepru we ‘or fe y eet Pensa Pareiraly Wigiiete See Piet MOneay * wei si eeptant aon i canal oafeedes OV cowmion vy ioe mbin Equa Aur che lHh, i ea h Pa Atowexh etphibio:. sttucungs Vragelager mekal; hod Tow | OSSyolew- decked duiker Gpphetigte: Gitieniior ands PURE Aches vardont, Lititna eis" ) heideeru) tee || eadieragnte, ob Guill wen Wepre Aca ver \ BOE Brvennt «= Biel swehae ateterd guiness f + anak twaklet Wish f ine r . . : beoratammeg 0. Ont : . » Pail vs i Ea) ut v ban welt wit ths ode nie vex ; nae Bom patapings ove ot Sind, Accom t rn a withidc ths pack re ' ae 4) ZIMBABWE -961- oMqequilz Bdldsy YINOS jo-day noyzeieuoy eUueMS}0g | a = Be ifuasfueyy amgequil7 12815 suemBurzuup OP raorety-~ , A ie atts a 1D pus SNIN aulesAelNT @otemeing lueWIUeUIYD)|| puely luewiUeWIYD i / AAJaSOY SIMON sealy eyes SeAsasay jediuejog S)Jeg uol}ea19984 salenjoues JUBLUNUOW |EUOHeN SUIEMIIIA) jinyuwW BILIEZIYD op, SyJeq |eUOIeN ei thoy re) Preys tt p eq 389404 e6ung veut P By 1005 amyedes 4 izaby et6q isjayeye: | uegewnzey BSZE088 Aa> uos}Jaqoy 7 saned elouls euopesnieyy essed anbiquwezoy; ZIMBABWE Area 389,361 sq.km Population 7,500,000 (1982) Parks and Reserves Legislation The Parks and Wild Life Act 1975 (amended | January 1982) provides for establishment of National Parks (Part II), Safari Areas (Part V), Recreational Parks (Part VI), Sanctuaries (Part IV) and Botanical Reserves and Gardens (Part IIl). Use of these areas is covered in the Parks and Wild Life (General) Regulations, Statutory Instrument 900 of 1981. The various areas combine to form the Parks and Wild Life Estate. The Act and Regulations outline general procedure and are further refined by Area Policy Documents approved by the Minister on the recommendation of an advisory Parks and Wild Life Board. These documents describe the key objectives for an area or group of areas, application of these objvetives and the legislation, an outline plan, and preparation for management and de\sippment plans. National Parks are established to protect landscapes, conserve ecosystems and their elements (with particular emphasis on large mammals and their habitats), and to protect important sites for research, education and their intrinsic aesthetic value. They normally consist of one or more of the following zones: Special Conservation Area (usually small and designed to protect especially sensitive biological features, or for defined research, with access strictly controlled), Wilderness Area (with visitor access strictly controlled, and a level of development which depends on local conditions), Wild Area (with greater visitor access and improved access roads), and Development Area (containing staff and visitor facilities with permanent or seasonal accommodation). Controlled sport hunting is permitted in Safari Areas, and wild populations may be harvested or otherwise used providing that this is not in conflict with species/ecosystem conservation or with the wilderness qualities or future resource values of the area. Recreation Parks are established to preserve and protect the natural features they contain for the enjoyment, long-term benefit, cultural inspiration and recreation of the people of Zimbabwe and visitors. A number of parks and reserves are a part of the estate of the late Cecil John Rhodes and as such are also covered by the terms of the Rhodes Estates Act of 1978. Parks and Reserves Administration The Department of National Parks and Wild Life Management, within the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, is responsible for management, administration and development of the protected areas system. The Department is a scientifically based and ecologically orientated land use agency with a special responsiblility to ensure the proper conservation and use of the nation’s parks and wildlife resources. Its key objectives include the administration and management of the Estate, which covers the protection of landscapes of special quality, the conservation of representative samples of natural ecosystems, and all organisms indigenous to Zimbabwe, and to conserve and manage natural and semi-natural areas for a range of outdoor recreational pursuits, for the long-term benefit, enjoyment and cultural inspiration of the citizens of this country and their visitors. These responsibilities and objectives are accomplished by protecting and managing the Estate, research and development of appropriate land management practices inside and adjacent these areas, promoting public awareness in all sectors of society of the values of this Estate, promoting appropriate uses of the Estate, providing an appropriate administration and the training and development of staff to facilitate and support these functions and to encourage a rationalised and appropriate industry based on the Estate. Address ° Department of National Parks and Wild Life Management, PO Box 8365, Causeway, Harare. ° Forestry Commission, PO Box 8111, Causeway, Harare. Additional Information To try and encourage appreciation of protected areas by local populations, the Department of National Parks and Wild Life introduced the buffer zone concept in 1960. In addition, park values that can be appreciated by neighbouring rural communities are nurtured by the government. Considerable emphasis is placed on the role of protected areas in raising rural living standards and generating material revenue through domestic and foreign tourism and utilization of wildlife (Child, 1984a). Where overt action in -963- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas a national park is determined by ecological considerations, useful products are disposed of to local people, or to the best advantage for revenue e.g. "Operation Windfall’ (1980-1), where elephants in certain regions had degraded the habitat to such an extent that an elephant cull was deemed necessary. The best possible use of products was arranged, as well as considerable research studies (Child, 1984c). Outside the protected areas there are efforts in various parts of the country to develop more rational land-use policies in inhabited regions. For example in the area just south of the Kariba valley there are currently plans to identify the better soils for arable farming, leaving much of the poorer land for wildlife (which will be managed so that local people benefit). This strategy and others like it will certainly help to ensure the long-term survival of Zimbabwe’s wildlife (de Toit 1985). However, realisation of such plans brings a number of problems in terms of land-use and resource utilisation, as well as sociological issues (Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management, 1984). Beef exports to the EEC are threatening the buffalo population as EEC regulations stipulate that an exporting country must be free of foot-and-mouth disease. Beef is an important source of foreign exchange. The Zimbambwe government has allowed over 1,000 buffalo to be killed and a system of fences, vaccination zones and buffer zones constructed around Hwange and Gonarezhou National Parks. Buffalo are to be eradicated from the other zones, although about 100 have been vaccinated. Ironically these areas are better suited to multi-species ranching, as cattle grazing will cause deterioration of these areas which may need restocking with buffalo in the future (Pitman, 1985). References ° Child, G. (1977). Supplement to Koedoe, pp. 116-137. ° Child, G. (1984a). Zimbabwe’s Approach to Protected Area Management. Proceedings of the 22nd Working Session Commission on National Park and Protected Areas, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 22-27 May, 1983. ° Child, G. (1984b). A Rationalized Approach to Promoting the Preparation of Management Plans for Protected Areas in the Afrotropical Realm. Proceedings of the 22nd Working Session, Commission on National Park and Protected Areas, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 22-27 May, 1983. ° Child, G. (1984c). Managing Wildlife for People in Zimbabwe. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation, and Development. The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society. Proceedings of the World Congress on National Parks Bali, Indonesia, 11-22 October 1982. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. ° Department of National Parks and Wild Life Management (1984). Communal Area Management Programme for Indigenous Communities. Proceedings of the 22nd Working Session, Commission on National Park and Protected Areas, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 22-27 May, 1983. ° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in. southern Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria. ° Pitman, D. (1981). Wild Places of Zimbabwe. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. 192 pp. ° Pitman, D. (1985). Zimbabwe’s buffalo die for Europe’s beef. JUCN Press Service. Gland: Switzerland. ° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa. ° de Toit, R. (1985). A middle way for wildlife parks. New Scientist Jan. 1985. Protected Areas (hectares) National Parks Chimanimani 17,100 Chizarira 191,000 Gonarezhou 505,300 Hwange (Wankie) 1,465,100 Inyanga 28,900 Kazuma Pan 31,300 Mana Pools 219,600 -964- Mana Pools NP, Sapi and Chewore Safari Areas Matobo (Matopos) Matusadona Mtarazi Falls Victoria Falls Zambezi Wildlife Research Areas Sengwa Nature Reserves Cecil Kop Game Parks Imire Iwabe Botanical Reserves Bunga Forest Rusitu Forest Vumba Sanctuaries Chimanimani Eland Mushandike Tshabala Natural Monuments Great Zimbabwe Parks Gweru Antelope Safari Areas Charara Chegutu Chete Chewore Chipinga A. Chirisa Dande Deka Doma Matetsi Sapi Sibilobilo Tuli Umfurundzi Urungwe Forest Reserves Chirinda -965- 676,600 43,200 137,000 2,495 1,900 56,400 Subtotal 3,375,895 37,300 1,740 1,000 20,000 Subtotal 21,000 1,558 150 200 Subtotal 1,908 1,200 12,900 Subtotal 14,100 746 1,214 169,000 71,597 108,100 339,000 26,100 171,300 52,300 76,400 292,000 118,000 2,270 41,600 76,000 287,000 Subtotal 1,830,667 949 Zimbabwe IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Recreation Parks Bangala 2,800 Lake Kariba 283,000 Lake Kyle 18,000 Lake Robertson 8,100 Manjirenji 3,500 Matobo (Matapos) 2,900 Mayfaire Lake McIlwaine 55,000 Ngezi 5,800 Sebakwe 2,700 Sinoia Caves Umfuli Umzingwane Subtotal 381,800 Other areas Ewanrigg Botanical Garden 286 CHIMANIMANI NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, but fishing is allowed by permit during certain seasons Date Established 1953 Geographical Location In the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe, 75km south of Mutare in Manicaland Province, on the border with Mogambique. 19°35’-19°50’S, 33°00°E. Altitude Rising to 2,400m Area 17,100ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The park includes the main massif of the Chimanimani Mountains within Zimbabwe, an area of rugged grandeur with peaks rising to over 2,400m and deeply dissected gorges with magnificent waterfalls. It was formed some 1,600 million years ago when the quartzite massif was forced against the plateau, shattering in folds over its leading edge. The region is subject to sudden storms and mists. It is an important catchment area for the surrounding land. Vegetation Mainly montane plant communities including open grassland and relict forest patches in sheltered areas with some Brachystegia woodland. The flora includes elements of the south-western Cape flora which spreads north along the eastern mountain chain of Southern Africa. There are also some low altitude rain forests, uncommon in Zimbabwe, which include Filicium decipiens, Blighia unijugata, Parinari sp., and Erythrophleum sp.. -966- Zimbabwe Fauna Mammals include: sable antelope Hippotragus niger, eland Taurotragus oryx, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, and _ occasional leopard Panthera pardus (T). The bird fauna is unique in Zimbabwe and _ includes violet-crested turaco Tauraco porphyreolophus, malachite sunbird Nectarinia famosa, laughing dove Streptopelia senegalensis, trumpeter hornbill Bycanistes bucinator, secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius, trancolins Francolinus spp., and eagles (Accipitridae). Conservation Management There is a draft policy document for the park. Zoning Most of the park is planned as a mountain Wilderness Area with three small Development Areas to serve mountaineers or visitors interested in low altitude forests and their fauna. Disturbances or Deficiencies The main problem is the frequency of fire which threatens the relict forest patches in particular. It spreads from outside the park and is very difficult to control. Visitor Facilities _ Camping is allowed in the park. There is a base camp and information office 20km from Chimanimani village. There are no access roads beyond the base camp. Easier access and more public facilities are possible in the extreme north. An Outward Bound School adjacent to the park uses the area extensively. Scientific Research Scientific research has been limited to work by visiting researchers on surveys and inventories. Special Scientific Facilities No information Principal Reference Material ° Readers Digest, (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa. ° Departmental reports augmented by scientific publications treating the area separately or relating its resources to those of a larger region. Staff Scouts based in the park are under the command of the Ranger based at Melsetter (18km west). Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Ranger, Chimanimani National Park, Private Bag 2063, Chimanimani. Date April 1985 CHIZARIRA NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established Area set aside in 1963; National Park status 1975 -967- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Geographical Location In central Binga District of Matabeleland North Province. 17°32’-18°01’S, 27°36’-28°14’E. Altitude 648-1,433m Area 191,000ha. Virtually contiguous to Chirisa Safari Area (171,300ha) Land Tenure Government Physical Features Most of the park is on undulating, dissected plateau descending in the north in wooded ridges, mountains and rocky valleys to the 500m escarpment overlooking Lake Kariba. Rivers from ridges on the plateau have cut deep gorges in their passage through the escarpment. The area is a well watered ’island’ of rivers, perennial springs and natural springs in the fairly arid Zambezi Valley, and forms an important catchment area. The park includes some low-lying country along the Busi River in the south-east. Mount Tundazi (1,370m) is a prominent feature in the north-east. Geologically the area is dominated by rocks and grits of the Sijarira system often overlain with shallow sandy soils. Chizarira is a Batonka word meaning ’barrier’; the plateau is a barrier to winds and causes higher rainfall over it. Vegetation Due to the generally higher rainfall of the plateau areas the vegetation has affinities with that usually found further east in Zimbabwe. Much of the plateau is dominated by Brachystegia/Julbernardia of drier Zambesian Miombo woodland with areas of B. boehmii and mopane Colophospermum mopane, or open grassland. More scrubby and diversified types occur towards the west and at low altitudes in the south-east. The gorges support riverine communities. Fauna’ The park supports a wide spectrum of large mammals including: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), lion Panthera leo, leopard Panther pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), zebra Equus burchelli, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and a range of antelope including roan Hippotragus equinus and tsessebi Damaliscus lunatus. The island effect results in a westerly extension in the range of several bird species. Birds include: taita falcon Falco fasciinucha (uncommon in Zimbabwe and present in some of the gorges), crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus, fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, brown hooded kingfisher Halcyon albiventris, red-billed wood hoopoe Phoeniculus sp., golden-tailed woodpecker Campethera abingoni, and Meyer’s parrot Poicephalus meyeri. Conservation Management Elephant culls have been used to prevent overpopulation which is thought to be a main cause of forest destruction. In 1980, £112,000 was raised by Operation Windfall when 500 elephants were culled. The money went to local rural communities to encourage their involvement in park management. Black rhinoceros, roan and _ tsessebi conservation are emphasised in the policy for the area. The Frankfurt Zoological Society has lent the park a Cessna light aircraft to supplement two Piper Super Cubs. Zoning Four zones are proposed: Special Conservation, Wilderness, Wild (serviced by roads), and Development. Disturbances or Deficiencies Frequent fires and the rapidly increasing elephant population have severely depleted the woodland and encouraged grassland. There is a threat of poaching as, apart from the safari area, the park is almost surrounded by inhabited areas. Visitor Facilities Few visitors use the park, which is remote and access difficult. There is an airstrip at park headquarters at Manzituba in the west, but no visitor facilities in the park. Visitors must obtain permission to enter from the Provincial Warden. Scientific Research An ecologist was based in this area for some 10 years, but most of his records were destroyed during the independence war. -968- Zimbabwe Special Scientific Facilities New laboratories are to be built Principal Reference Material Draft policy document and departmental records augmented by a paper on the role of elephant, fire and other agents in the decline of Brachystegia woodland. Staff Warden, ranger and subsidiary staff. The warden is also responsible for Chete Safari Area to the north. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration The Provincial Warden (Matabeleland North), P Bag 5925, Victoria Falls. Date April 1985 GONAREZHOU NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established Established as a Nature Reserve in 1968. National Park status in 1975. Geographical Location In Chiredzi district, Masvingo Province on the south-east border of Zimbabwe adjacent to Mozambique. 21°06’-22°12’S, 31°20’-32°25’E. Altitude 162-578m Area 505,300ha Land Tenure Government Physical Features The flat to undulating country interrupted by the valleys of the Nuanetsi, Lundi and Sabi Rivers and by isolated hills including the Chikunja Range. Chipinda Pools encompass almost 50% of the park area and attract large numbers of migrating game. Chilojo cliffs form a spectacular backdrop on the south bank of the Lundi for about half its distance through the park. The park includes Gorheve Pans 30km north of Mabalanta (filled with water during the rainy season). Soils are mainly derived from Cretaceous sandstones and range from deep sands of the regosol group to medium-textured soils of the siallitic group with considerable granophyre in the Chikunjas in the north. Rainfall is low, and falls mainly between November and April. Vegetation The wide variety of vegetation types includes: mixed Brachystegia glaucescens woodland on the granophyre hills, with steeper slopes dominated by Kirkia, Commiphora, and Adansonia digitata. Colophospermum mopane is dominant on the limited basalt areas and im the drainage lines and eroded areas of the Cretaceous sandstones. Also characteristic of alluvial areas are Xanthocercis zambesiaca and Cordyla africana with Acacia tortilis, and Croton megalobotrys. Androstachys johnsonii of the monogeneric family Androstachydaceae is confined in Zimbabwe to this area and forms small, dry, evergreen forest and thicket patches on the Cretaceous sandstone and granophyre. Guibourtia conjugata occurs in pure stands on the edges of the level sands associated with the Lundi Valley. The dominant vegetation of the non-eroded, level Cretaceous sands is a mixed community of deciduous -969- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas woody species of the major genera Combretum, Strychnos, Terminalia, Pteleopsis, Xeroderris, and Pterocarpus. A patch of relict riverine forest contains several giant Chlorophora excelsa (threatened in Zimbabwe). Adenium obesum, Pachypodium saundersii, Trichilia sp., Albizia sp. and Ficus capreifolia are present. Gonarezhou is the only location in Zimbabwe for aloes Aloe suf fulta and A. lutescens, and a number of species with a coastal distribution. Fauna’ The reserve forms part of a natural migratory triangle for the game population of Kruger National Park in South Africa and the neighbouring game area in Mozambique. 800 eland and several herds of elephant are known to have crossed into Gonarezhou from Kruger National Park. Fauna include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), reintroduced black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) (which appear to be prospering), and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (important breeding location; population periodically curbed). The area is the Zimbabwe stronghold for nyala Tragelaphus angasi, suni Neotragus moschatus, and Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini. The sympatric occurrence of steenbok Raphicerus campestris, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, grey duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, Livingstone’s suni Neotragus moschatus livingstonianus and oribi Ourebia ourebi with klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus on nearby hills is probably a unique association of these small antelope. Red squirrel Paraxerus palliatus is sympatric with common _ bush squirrel P. cepapi. River fauna include: freshwater turtle Cycloderma frenatum, lung fish Protopterus annectens, a threatened top minnow Nothobranchius sp., tiger fish Hydrocynus vittatus and bream Tilapia spp.. Marine tarpon Megalops cyprinoides and sword fish Pristis microdon have been taken in the Lundi river many kilometres from the sea. There is a significant crocodile population. Conservation Management There is a draft park policy document and associated management and development plans. The park has been sealed with a game fence to counteract the spread of foot-and-mouth disease by buffalo movements. Zoning Four zones are specified: Special Conservation, Wilderness, Wild, and Development. The park is divided into two major sections for administration: Chipinda Pools (north) and Mabalauta (south). Disturbances or Deficiencies The park has a rather attenuated shape and is bordered mainly by peasant agricultural areas which pose a constant poaching threat especially from across the Mozambique border. A combination of burning and bush clearing associated with past tsetse control, wildfire and the presence of numerous large herbivores especially elephant (who have been excluded from their former range) has had considerable deleterious impact on some vegetation-types. The flow regime and water quality of the Lundi and Sabi rivers have been influenced by upstream impoundment for irrigation and run-off from extensive irrigation schemes. Manjinji Pan on the south bank of the Nuanetsi River previously supported substantial birdlife with water being pumped into the pan by a local resident. However, this scheme has now been abandoned and the pan is silting up. Visitor Facilities The park is open to visitors in the dry season from May to October. Well established restcamp at Chinguli in the centre and campsites throughout the park. Scientific Research The emphasis of research has been on understanding the ecology of the area as a basis for management policy designed to achieve ecological stability despite outside influences. Special Scientific Facilities An ecologist and support staff are based at Chipinda Pools in the north. Principal Reference Material Departmental reports and scientific papers deal with the vegetation and fauna of the area and their management. Much literature concerning Kruger National Park has relevance to this park. ° Readers Digest, (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa. -970- Zimbabwe Staff The warden and support staff at Chipinda Pools are responsible for the northern sector and warden at Mabalauta responsible for the southern sector and contiguous Malapati Safari Area. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, Chipinda Pools, P Bag 7003, Chiredzi, and The Warden, Mabaluata, P Bag 7017, Chiredzi. Date 1983 HWANGE (WANKIE) NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established 1928 as a Game Reserve; National Park status in 1930 Geographical Location Situated in Hwange Province on the border with Botswana, about 200km north-west of Bulawayo. 18°30’-19°53’S, 25°48’-27°27’E. Altitude 938-1,152m Area 1,465,100ha. Contiguous to Deka Safari Area, Matetsi Safari Area (292,000ha), and Kazumu Pan National Park (31,300ha). Matetsi Safari Area is also contiguous to the Zambezi and Victoria Falls National Parks (56,300 and 7,900ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features Aeolian Kalahari sand covers some 947,000ha of the park area. The gently undulating country has ‘fossil’ river lines draining south-west towards the great Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana. Parallel ’fossil’ dunes occur in the centre and west. The park contains temporary seasonal pools or pans with high salt content. The more broken country in the north includes basalts, grits, sandstones, gneisses, and paragneisses where streams and rivers rise and drain north towards the Zambezi River. The climate is dry and tropical with annual precipitation about 655mm decreasing towards the south and west. The dry winter is followed by a hot dry season before the rains in the period November-March. Mean maximum temperature occurs in October 35°C and mean minimum temperature in June and July 3.5°C when frost is frequent. Vegetation This represents the transition between dry western deserts and moist savanna woodlands with vast teak Tectona grandis forests in the north giving way in the south to the Kalahari sandveld which supports some typical woodland areas in the east dominated by Baikiaea plurijuga, Guibourtia coleosperma with B. africana, and Pterocarpus angolensis locally conspicuous over an understorey of Terminalia sericea, Combretum spp. and Acacia spp. due in part to the influences of fire and/or frost, which may lead to thicket conditions. The *fossil’ rivers and other areas with underlying calcrete are characterised by areas of open grassland often with Acacia erioloba as a conspicuous fringing tree. Mopane Colophospermum mopane, Combretum spp. and Commiphora woodland occurs on the deeper basaltic vertisols and on shallower soil in the north with open grassland in the vleis. -971- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Fauna’ There are 35 large mammal species recorded (jackal-sized or larger) and 401° bird species. The fauna represents a merging of elements from the southern savanna and south-west arid faunal elements of Africa with species typical of the Kalahari penetrating into the park from the south-west. Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) and white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum have been reintroduced and appear to be prospering. There are strong populations of elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (15,000), buffalo Syncerus caffer (30,000), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, zebra Equus burchelli, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and a wide range of antelope _ including wildebeest Connochaetes sp., greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, impala Aepyceros melampus, and sable Hippotragus niger. Other mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), and two hyena species. Birdlife varies with season with flocks of waxbills (Estrildidae), canaries Serinus spp., doves (Columbidae), francolins Francolinus spp., guinea fowl (Numididae), sandgrouse (Pteroclidae), and starlings (Sturnidae) during the dry season and migrant cuckoos (Cuculidae), swallows (Hirundinidae), swifts (Apodidae), warblers (Muscicapidae), nightjars Caprimulgus spp., Egyptian goose Alopochen aegyptiacus, red-billed teal Anas erythrorhyncha, and knob-billed goose Sarkidiornis melanotos on the pans during the wet season. Raptors include: Bateleur eagle Terathopius ecaudatus and _ lappet-faced vulture Torgos tracheliotus, white-backed vulture Gyps bengalensis, Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres, white-headed vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis, and hooded vulture Necrosyrtes monachus. Conservation Management There are some 1,500 km of 100m-wide fire breaks in the park allied to a network of fire towers and the whole park is divided into fire-control blocks. Management policy is designed to curb habitat deterioration and includes the prevention of soil erosion and the preservation of vleis. Problems have been created by the provision of 62 artificial waterholes to render otherwise seasonally waterless areas suitable for year-round occupation by substantial numbers of water-dependent animals. The elephant population of 2,000-4,000 at the time of national park proclamation has now increased to 12,000-14,000, despite population control exercises initiated in 1962. There is a park policy document and associated management and development plans. The park has been sealed with a game fence to counteract the spread of foot-and-mouth disease by buffalo movements. Zoning Special Conservation Areas or Refuges, Wilderness Areas, Wild Areas, and Development Areas are delimited. Disturbances or Deficiencies There is local evidence in the park of habitat changes due to former ranching, agriculture, and logging activities and the more widespread effects of too-frequent wildfire. The park is now isolated by settlements from the Gwai River to the north-east, animals apparently congregated along the river during the dry season when much of the present park was waterless. Adjacent areas of Botswana in the west are very sparsely settled, but to the south, the park abuts peasant farming areas. Visitor Facilities The area is an internationally popular tourist destination. Development for visitors includes roads, shops, caravan, and campsites concentrated in the north of the park, which is also served by five hotels near the park. Access is by paved and gravel roads, rail, and an airport outside the park. There is a network of game-viewing roads, but the number of vehicles in the park is limited. Other facilities include observation platforms and hides. Scientific Research The scientific staff is based at Main Camp. Research concerns ecological monitoring and broadly based studies designed to promote the ecological stability of the area. Special Scientific Facilities At park headquarters Principal Reference Material Fairly substantial literature includes departmental reports since the 1930s on history, geology, orology, pan formation, biological inventories, ecology, and interpretative material. -972- Zimbabwe Staff The provincial warden and four other wardens have a support staff including ranger, tourist officers, scouts, and general workers. Three ecologists and their staff are based at Main Camp. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Wankie National Park, P Bag DT 5776, Dett. Date April 1985 INYANGA AND MTARAZI FALLS NATIONAL PARKS Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, but sport fishing by permit in some of the waterways and lakes Date Established Protected since 1902. The parks contain large areas of land bequeathed to the nation. Geographical Location Situated in the Eastern Highlands in Manicaland Province on the Mozambique border. About 200km east-south-east of Harare. 18°20’S, 32°50°E. Altitude 880-2,592m (mainly above 2,000m) Area — 31,395ha: Inyanga National Park 28,900ha and Mzarazi Falls National Park 2,495ha are contiguous. Land Tenure Land held in trust. Most of the area was bequeathed to the nation in the will of the late Cecil John Rhodes. Physical Features Inyanga National Park comprises a giant plateau consisting of uplifted doleritic intrusions over granite and includes part of Mount Inyangani (highest peak in Zimbabwe). This mountainous area is the source of several important rivers (Pungwe, Odzi, Gairezi, Inyangombe, and Mtarazi) and includes a number of waterfalls. In Mtarazi National Park the river cascades 762m down the cliff face into the Honde Valley. Many of the rivers have been dammed to form small lakes. The soils are mineralised, but leached and susceptible to erosion. Vegetation The natural vegetation climax appears to have strong affinities physionomically and taxonomically with the sclerophyll of the southern Cape Province of South Africa, but this is readily suppressed by fire to extensive montane grassland. The area contains stunted Brachystegia woodland, patches of submontane lowland forest, introduced pines and wattles, and high altitude heathlands. A planted stand of the indigenous conifer Widdringtonia whytei may be used to reintroduce the tree to other areas. Fauna Inyanga is an important mountain sanctuary for wildlife in a region where plantations of exotic conifers and wattle tend to dominate the landscape and contains an interesting montane fauna which is unique in Zimbabwe. In Mtarazi National Park, the rain forest created by spray from the waterfall provides a home for the blue duiker Cephalophus monticola. There are relatively few large herbivores on the veld. Lions Panthera leo are present. The avifauna includes: cisticolas Cisticola sp., waxbills (Estrildidae), mannikins Lonchura_ spp., -973- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas widow-birds Euplectes spp., buzzards, and eagles. Stream fish include trout Salmo trutta and S. gairdneri. Cultural Heritage The area contains important archaeological sites indicating past high density occupation of the area by an agricultural culture of remarkable technical sophistication. Conservation Management’ There is a park policy document for Inyanga. The two national parks are administered as one unit. Zoning There are two Wilderness Areas (Pungwe-Nyazengu and Mtarazi), six Wild Areas, and one large Multiple Use Area which contains all significant staff and visitor facilities, five trout angling dams, and a number of managed exotic plantations which the public now regard as a feature of the Inyanga landscape. Wild Areas and Wilderness Areas total about 26,000ha. Provision exists for the creation of Special Conservation Areas with access only for scientific purposes. Disturbances or Deficiencies One major and several secondary roads pass through Inyanga. The feral exotic vegetation needs expensive long-term control. The disappearance of low altitude natural forest outside the boundaries is a threat to birds and perhaps other animals that migrate to it seasonally from the parks. The area would benefit by including the whole of Mount Inyangani, particularly more of the submontane rain forest of the south-east aspect. Visitor Facilities The parks are essentially scenic, but also provide for a range of outdoor recreational activities including quality angling for introduced rainbow, brown, and brook trout in specially built dams. Other facilities include a hotel and lodges in the park, six hotels near the park, caravan and campsites and well maintained gravel roads. Scientific Research The trout hatchery in the Inyanga National Park is a cornerstone of trout research and propagation for angling and table fish in Zimbabwe and the park is an important centre for horticultural research by the Ministry of Agriculture. Research includes small mammal surveys. Investigations are being carried out as to whether the plantation timber in the park could be uSed to supply the timber needs for all parks and reserves in Zimbabwe. The area is also a useful ecological benchmark. Special Scientific Facilities _ A research station concentrating on fruits and seed potatoes forms an ’island’ in the park. Principal Reference Material The archaeology, history, management and research in the park is fairly well documented in formal publications and in departmental archives. Also the Will of the late Cecil John Rhodes. Staff Warden, five rangers and support staff. There is also a fishery ecologist, technician and support staff. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration The National Parks Central Booking Office, PO Box 8151, Causeway, Harare. Date April 1985 -974- Zimbabwe KAZUMA PAN NATIONAL PARK Management Category II (National Park) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total Date Established Proclaimed as a National Park in 1949, deproclaimed 1964, reproclaimed 1975. An extension is planned. Geographical Location Western Matabeleland North Province on the border with Botswana Altitude 900-1,200m Area 31,300ha. Kazuma Pan National Park is part of the Hwange-Matetsi- Victoria Falls complex and is surrounded by Matetsi Safari Area (195,500ha) which is contiguous to Hwange National Park (1,462,000ha), Zambezi National Park (56,300ha) and Victoria Falls National Park (7,900ha). Land Tenure Government Physical Features There are flat grassland plains of basalt clays and gravels with large seasonally inundated natural pans in the southwest. Vegetation The park protects the natural ecosystems of a unique physionomic vegetation type in Zimbabwe. Open grassland in the east is fringed by mopane Colophospermum mopane and Kalahari woodland. Fauna’ There is a wide spectrum of large mammal species, but populations are generally sparse and seasonal. Locally threatened species have a high incidence and _ include: gemsbok Oryx gazella, oribi Ourebia ourebi, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, tsessebi Damaliscus lunatus, and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T). This is the only area in Zimbabwe where the western populations of the southern African oribi occur. Game tends to concentrate in the more watered and tree-covered western sector of the park. The pans are important to waterfowl. Conservation Management There is a policy document for the Victoria Falls-Matetsi Complex and departmental reports cover the resources, planning and management of the complex. Park policy gives particular emphasis to conservation of gemsbok, roan and oribi and their habitats. The park is well insulated in Zimbabwe by other conservation areas and adjacent parts of Botswana, which remain undeveloped. Zoning Agreed policy dictates that most of the park will be a Wilderness Area with limited development in one small area, but this has not yet been developed. Disturbances or Deficiencies Wildfire spreads into the park from surrounding areas. Visitor Facilities _Game-viewing on foot is allowed, but there are no tourist facilities. The area is remote and four-wheel drive vehicles are essential. Visitors must obtain prior permission from the Provincial Warden. Scientific Research No information Special Scientific Facilities The park forms part of the Victoria Falls-Matetsi Complex for research purposes with laboratories and scientists at Isidumuka, some 20km from the eastern boundary. Principal Reference Material None listed -975- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Staff Administered by the Warden at Matetsi with two rangers and support staff. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Provincial Warden, P Bag 5925, Victoria Falls. Date April 1985 MANA POOLS NATIONAL PARK AND ASSOCIATED SAFARI AREAS Management Category II and VIII (National Park and Multiple Use Management Areas World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iii, iv) Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Fully protected, but strictly controlled recreational hunting permitted in the safari areas. Chewore and Sapi are due for elevation to national park status. Date Established Mana Pools National Park 1963; Chewore Safari Area and Sapi Safari Area 1964; Dande Safari Area 1968; Urungwe Safari Area 1976; no information on Doma Safari Area. Much of the area had been protected as a non-hunting area since 1930. Geographical Location North-east of Lake Kariba in the Zambezi Valley on the south bank of the river (which forms the border with Zambia). 15°35’-16°30’S, 29°00’-30°25’E. Altitude Under 500m to 1,062m Area Mana Pools 219,600ha, Chewore 339,000ha, Urungwe 287,000ha, Sapi 118,000ha Dande 52,300ha and Doma 76,400ha. Contiguous to Charara Safari Area (169,000ha). Land Tenure Public ownership under the Parks and Wildlife Act 1975. Physical Features The areas (excluding Dande) have extensive frontages along the lower Zambezi River from Kariba Dam to near the Mozambique border and include large areas of the rugged Zambezi escarpment, which rises to 1,000m from the valley floor. The geology of the region ranges from the recent river alluvia of the extensive valley floor to the ancient gneiss and paragneiss overlain by thin lithosols of the basement complex. Mana Pools are former channels of the Zambezi. Much of Chewore is heavily dissected with Mupata Gorge (30km long) along the northern boundary. Between the gorges of Kariba and Mupata, the river is broad and sandy. Mean annual rainfall is 700mm, falling mainly in summer. Mean annual temperature is 25°C. Vegetation Well-grassed Brachystegia communities dominate the mountainous escarpment and higher Chewore areas. The valley floor is dominated by mopane Colophospermum mopane woodlands or dry highly deciduous thickets known as jesse. Seasonal tributaries crossing the valley floor support extensive riparian communities. On the younger sandier alluvial deposits along the Zambezi are well-developed communities of the unusual Acacia albida with more diverse woodlands containing Kigelia africana and Trichilia emetica on the higher deposits (old islands or levées). Fauna The rich and varied fauna mammal populations tend to concentrate on the floodplains during the dry season when water elsewhere (except in the escarpment) is scarce and when the numerous Acacia albida shed their protein-rich pods. Mammals include: black -976- Zimbabwe rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T)(Chewore has one of the most numerous populations in Africa), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuia, honey badger Mellivora capensis, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, zebra Equus burchelli, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), wild dog Lycaon pictus (T) and a wide range of antelope species including mixed herds of greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, nyala Tragelaphus angasi, eland Tauroltragus oryx, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, and steenbok Raphicerus campestris. Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) are present. Birdlife on the river and in the bush is prolific with over 380 species including: Nyasa lovebird Agapornis lilianae, yellow-spotted nicator WNicator sp., white-collared pratincole Glareola nuchalis, banded snake-eagle Circaetus sp., and Livingstone’s flycatcher Erythrocercus livingstonei. Common fish include tiger fish Hydrocynus vittatus, bream Tilapia spp., vundu Heterobranchus longifilis, kupi Distichodus mossambicus, chessa Distichodus schenga, cornish Jack Mormyrops deliciousus, and lungfish Protopterus annectens. Population There is virtually no permanent human habitation due to an array of tropical diseases including sleeping sickness, biharzia, and malaria. Zoning Zonation is implicit in the legal status of the five areas. Each area may be divided into: Special Conservation Areas with no development and entry only for scientific purposes; Wilderness Areas of sufficient size to contain the complete biota of the locality and bearing no more than incidental signs of occupation by man; Wild Areas serviced by roads and tracks, but where the interests of fauna and flora are paramount; and Development Areas for visitor, management and administrative facilities. Hunting rights in Sapi, Chewore and Urungwe (part) are divided into lots which are sold by tender on an annual basis; in the remainder of Urungwe they are sold to a local hunting association, and in Dande they are leased to a safari company. Disturbances or Deficiencies Natural seasonal flooding of low-lying areas was seriously curtailed by the completion of Kariba Dam in 1958. These areas including the rich alluvium and the ecological heart of the area are further threatened by a proposed hydroelectric scheme at Mapata Gorge which would create a 85,000ha lake obliterating much of the Zambezi floodplain and halving the carrying capacity of Mana Pools. An environmental assessment is being completed. The propsed dam is unlikely to be considered until the 21st century. Other problems include poaching, especially of fish in the Zambezi, and destruction of habitats by elephants. The Harare/Lusaka main road passes through the area with associated settlements and there is a private estate on the Zambezi near Chirundu. The area is of limited agricultural potential and has never been used extensively for livestock grazing. Visitor Facilities The areas provide opportunities to experience some of the greatest seasonal mammal concentrations in a natural environment and it is ensured that recreational hunting will not impair the essential wilderness qualities and resource values for future generations. The number of cars allowed into Mana Pools National Park at any one time is limited. Mana Pools is only partially developed as a tourist centre, but is so popular that the available facilities are prone to saturation. There is a tourist camp at Chikwenya on the confluence of the Sapi and Zambezi Rivers, but there are no tarred roads and visitors are strictly confined. Visitors are allowed to walk in the riparian woodlands in the park. Scientific Research Scientific research and education concern ecological stability and man’s impact on the environment. In particular long term studies have been made of the ecological effects of land-use systems applied in neighbouring areas and effects on riparian communities of the formation of Lake Kariba. Regular aerial game counts are carried out. Special Scientific Facilities Research laboratory is located at Mana Pools. An ecologist and workers have been posted to the area after a break of several years. -977- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Principal Reference Material Numerous departmental reports augmented by published papers on the biology of the area and including a population census as a basis for setting hunting quotas. Barkham, J.P. (1981). Report on the environmental impact assessment of proposed hydro-electric schemes on the Zambezi River. Duplicated report. IUCN, Gland. 30 pp. ° du Toit, R.F. (1982). A preliminary assessment of the environmental implications of the proposed Mupata and Batoka hydro-electric schemes (Zambezi River, Zimbabwe). Natural Resources Board, Harare. 209 pp. ° Guy, P.R. (1977). Notes on the vegetation types of the Zambezi Valley, Rhodesia between Kariba and Mupata Gorges. Kirkia 10: 543-557. ° Jarman, P.J. (1972). Seasonal distribution of large mammal populations in the unflooded middle Zambezi Valley. Journal of Applied Ecology 9: 283-299. ° Policy document covering the five areas (24 February 1981). Staff The complex is administered by the Warden at Marangora with seven rangers, support staff, one ecologist and his junior staff. Budget No information Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden at Marangara. Date April 1985 MATOBO (MATOPOS) NATIONAL PARK AND LAKE MATOBO RECREATIONAL PARK Management Category II and VIII (National Park and Multiple Use Management Area) Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) Legal Protection Total, but the use of the areas differs according to the legal definition of their status. The recreational park is excluded from the national park as it contains four leased sites. Fishing is permitted in the dam. Date Established Matobo National Park 1902 and Lake Matobo Recreational Park 1926 Geographical Location 54km south of Bulawayo in Matabeleland South Province, western Zimbabwe. 20°40’S, 28°30’E. Altitude 1,300-1,466m Area Matobo National Park 43,200ha and Lake Matobo Recreational Park 2,900ha are contiguous. Land Tenure Partially Trust Land bequeathed to the nation by the late Cecil John Rhodes Physical Features The complex occupies the core of the Matobo Hills, an agglomeration of granite kopjes with numerous caves. Geological faults have created domes (dwalas) which sometimes have huge isolated boulders on their smooth surfaces. The hills are an important water catchment area for the southern Matabeleland feeding tributaries of rivers such as the Tuli, Mtsheleli, Maleme, and Whovi. The hills are interspersed by valleys with deeper soils, vleis, and streams. Although located in the drier western part of Zimbabwe, the area represents a western extension for many species characteristic of the east of the country because of the nature of the habitats. -978- Zimbabwe Vegetation The flora reflects a wide diversity of habitats and includes xerophytics on exposed granite; well wooded kloofs on the kopjes with Euphorbia candelabrum, mnondo trees and golden flowered umsehla Peltophorum africanum around the bases; open woodland in well drained valleys; and grassy vleis and swamps. The vegetation is characterised by a diversity of species and communities. Tree species include Julbernardia globiflora, Erythrina lysistemon, Streptocarpus eytesii, and Calodendrum capense. Other plants include the winter flowering Crassula, Clematis and Pterolobium exosum, ground orchid Habenaria, and over 100 grass species. Lichens are common on the massive boulders and dwalas and vary widely in colour. Fauna The 88 recorded mammal species include 71% of the hare-sized and larger species recorded in Zimbabwe. High densities of leopard Panthera pardus (T), klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, red hare Pronolagus randensis, and two hyrax species occur. Twelve large mammal species have been reintroduced. Over 300 bird species occur, which is over half the number known to occur in Zimbabwe. They include 40 raptor species such as: black eagle Aquila verreauxii (highest known density), Wahlberg’s eagle Aquila wahlbergi, tawny eagle Aquila rapax, banded harrier-hawk Polyboroides typus, secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius, black-shouldered kite Elanus caeruleus, snake eagle Circaetus spp., little sparrow-hawk « | Abtitwse " Neceferninies - Arve 2,790 mituting Clrent Deke Rewrly Tibbs Land Tenuse Mo information | — Presicdd Peatures. Specvcwldy oltt scomery The pau’ inchudes the “art gaia £ i ‘ ot ene ae 4 Vegetation ules witha Whe deter: taser Miombo wondtan’ 20fe. apt yaRe hy ord ae om, a uote globificea, Flees within die » Boronic inelluaet rocte her oe ah OWNER BRED Pehyocqin planaperger a. Fasen The'-migraiery gine siavilativn includes als ere "Hae epee Men vodron meolemties, ead gremar hades J ragelaphas drepiicyres. ape eee antrenreuinnteani met renin FVeAbie $0 Le ‘Yaning Me inortyahion ~ in geet, ox Detichenbies:. fee tadbsmation 3 wudeitaasiocs Yast-evene satin Fithtey 00 (« dem iste nahn tomcat seach ola mi oreal bela need GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Abe Bailey Nature Reserve, 701. Aberdare National Park, 252. Abijatta-Shalla Lakes National Park, Aboutelfan Faunal Reserve, 121. Abuko Nature Reserve, 217. 185. Addo Elephant National Park, 591. Air and Tenere, 469. Ajai Game Reserve, 889. Akagera National Park, 508. Akkerendam Nature Reserve, 624. Albert Falls Public Resort Nature Reserve, 663. Aldabra Strict Nature Reserve, 548. Alexandria State Forest, 763. Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Amboseli National Park, 254. Analamazaotra-Perinet Special Reserve, 360. Andohahela Integral Nature Reserve, 336. Andre Felix National Park, 103. Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve, 610. Andringitra Integral Nature Reserve, Angola, 3. Ankarafantsika Integral Nature Reserve, Anysberg/Klein Swartberg, 748. Aouk-Aoukale Faunal Reserve, Arabuko Sokoke Forest Reserve, Arabuko Sokoke Nature Reserves, Arawale National Reserve, 282. Aride Island Special Reserve, 553. Arly, 60. Arusha National Park, 824. Atakora Hunting Zone, 29. Augrabies Falls National Park, 589. Awash National Park, 186. Azagny National Park, 154. Baboon Island National Park, 216. Badiar National Park, 237. Badinko Reserve, 386. Bahr Salamat Faunal Reserve, 122. Baie Ternaie Marine National Park, 541. Baie de l’Arsenal Proposed Marine Park, 423. Bale Mountain National Park, 188. Bamingui-Bangoran, 104. Banc d’Arguin National Park, 394. Banco National Park, 156. Banhine National Park, 429. Barberspan Nature Reserve, 355. 339. 340. 108. 279. 279. 696. Basse-Casamance National Park, 521. Basse-Lobaye Forest, 112. Bathurst State Forest, 766. Baturiya Wetlands Game Reserve, 485. Baviaanskloof, 754. Bazaruto National Park, 430. Bel Ombre Nature Reserve, 412. Benin, 23. Benoué National Park, 80. Berenty Reserve, 361. Berlin State Forest, 779. Betampona Integral Nature Reserve, Beza-Mahafaly Special Reserve, 357. Bia National Park, 225. 342. Biharamulo Game Reserve, 842. Bikuar National Park, 4. Binder Lere Faunal Reserve, 123. Biosphere Reserves, 25, 80, 87, 89, 104, 112, 138, 157, 162, 166, 206, 225, 238, 240, 265, 276, 280, 312, 386, 412, 482, 510, 522, 528, 533, 797, 801, 830, 915, 925, 926, 927. Bisanadi National Reserve, Black River Fishing Reserve, 283. 417. Bloemhof Dam Nature Reserve, 676. Blouberg East Nature Reserve, 725. Blouberg West Nature Reserve, 727. Blue Lagoon National Park, 933. Blyde River Nature Reserve, 674. Bokora Corridor Game Reserve, 890. Boma Proposed National Park, 803. Bombo-Lumene Game Reserve, 924. Bomu Nature Reserve, 923. Boni National Reserve, 284. Bontebok National Park, 598. Bontioli, 62. Bophuthatswana, 579. Borakalalo National Park, 710. Boshi/Okongwo (Proposed Game Reserve), 497. Boskop Dam Nature Reserve, 693. Botswana, 35. Bouba Ndjidah National Park, 82. Boucle de la Pendjari National Park, 25. Boucle du Baoule National Park, 386. Bufalo Partial Reserve, 15. Buffalo Springs National Reserve, Bugungu Game Reserve, 891. Bui National Park, 227. Bunga Forest Botanical Reserve, Burigi Game Reserve, 844. Burkina Faso, 55. Burundi, 71. Bwindi (Impenetrable) Forest Reserve, 903. Cameroon, 77. Campo Game Reserve, 93. Cape Vidal State Forest, 773. Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve, Caprivi Game Park, 450. Cata Forest Nature Reserve, 719. Cathedral Peak State Forest, 768. Central African Republic, 101. Central Kalahari Game Reserve, 46. Cestos-Sankwen Proposed National Park, 326. 285. 985. 618. Ceylon State Forest, 781. Chad, 117. Charara Safari Area, 990. Chelmsford Public Resort Nature Reserve, 658. Chete Safari Area, 991. Chewore Safari Area, 976. Chimalavera Regional Nature Park, 20. Chimanimani Eland Sanctuary, 987. Chimanimani National Park, 966. Chingurmi/Duguma Proposed Game Reserve, 493. Chirisa Safari Area, 992. Chizarira National Park, 967. Chobe Forest Reserve, 51. Chobe National Park, 38. Ciskei, 579. Cobham State Forest, 768. Coin de Mire Nature Reserve, Coleford Nature Reserve, 672. Commando Drift Nature Reserve, Comoros, 133. Comoé National Park, Congo, 137. Conkouati Faunal Reserve, Céte D'Ivoire, 153. Cousin Island Special Reserve, Curieuse Marine National Park, Cwebe Nature Reserve, 723. Cwengcewe Forest, 718. Daan Viljoen Game Park, 453. Dahlak Proposed Marine National Park, Dande Safari Area, 976. Day National Park, 174. De Hoek State Forest, 785. De Hoop Nature Reserve, 600. De Vasselot Nature Reserve, 762. 403. 611. 157. 139. 555. 543. 198. Delta du Saloum National Park, 522. Delta du Siné Saloum, 522. Deux Bales Classified Forest, 67. Diani Proposed Marine National Park, 310. Diaouling Reserve Proposed Reserve, 396. Digya National Park, 228. Dinder National Park, 797. Dja Forest and Faunal Reserve, Djibouti, 173. Djona Hunting Zone, 30. Djoudj National Park, 524. 89. -1005- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Dodori National Reserve, 286. Doma Safari Area, 976. Dontsa Forest Nature Reserve, 721. Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve, 680. Doornkloof Nature Reserve, 606. Douala-Edea Faunal Reserve, 91. Drakensberg State Forests, 768. Dukuduku State Forest, 774. Dwesa Nature Reserve, 722. East London Coast State Forest, 767. Entabeni State Forest, 786. Equatorial Guinea, 179. Ethiopia, 183. Etosha National Park, 446. Fada Archei Faunal Reserve, 125. Falgore Game Reserve, 484. False Bay Nature Reserve, 666. Faro National Park, 83. Fazao-Malfakassa National Park, 870. Ferlo-Nord Faunal Reserve, 530. Ferlo-Sud Faunal Reserve, 530. Fernkloof Nature Reserve, 631. Fina Reserve, 386. Fish River Canyon Nature Reserve, 448. Flacq Fishing Reserve, 418. Foret du Day National Park, 174. Fosse Aux Lions Forest Reserve, 874. France, 503. Gabon, 203. Gaborone Wildlife Reserve, 42. Gadabedji Faunal Reserve, 467. Gambella Proposed National Park, 197. Gambia, 215. Gambia River National Park, 216. Gamka Mountain Nature Reserve, 604. Gamkapoort Nature Reserve, 607. Garamba National Park, 910. Garden Castle State Forest, 768. Gashaka/Gumti Game Reserve, 494. Gemsbok National Park, 40. Ghana, 223. Giant’s Castle Nature Reserve, 647. Gile Reserve, 436. Gola Forest Reserve, 567. Golden Gate Highlands National Park, 594. Gombe National Park, 825. Gonarezhou National Park, 969. Gorilla Game Reserve, 892. Gorongosa National Park, 431. Goukamma Nature Reserve, 613. Gounda National Park, 106. Grand Port - Mahebourg Fishing Reserve, Great Zimbabwe Natural Monument, 989. Greyton Nature Reserve, 625. Groendal Wilderness Area, 756. Groot Swartberg/Swartberg East, 745. Groot Winterhoek, 737. Guinea, 237. Guinea-Bissau, 245. Gunner’s Quoin Nature Reserve, 403. Hadejia Wetlands Game Reserve, 485. Hans Merensky Nature Reserve, 684. Hans Strijdom Nature Reserve, 689. Happy Rest Nature Reserve, 704. Hardap Reserve, 452. Haut Bandama Reserve, 168. Hawequas, 733. Hell’s Gate National Park, 256. Hester Malan Nature Reserve, 608. Highmoor State Forest, 768. Hlane Game Reserve, 816. Hluhluwe Game Reserve, 652. Hottentots Holland, 735. Hwange National Park, 971. Iguela, 209. Ile Plate Nature Reserve, 410. Ile aux Aigrettes Nature Reserve, 405. Ile aux Cocos Nature Reserve, 406. Ile aux Sables Nature Reserve, 407. Ile aux Serpents Nature Reserve, 409. Iles de la Madeleine National Park, 526. Ilheu dos Passaros Integral Nature Reserve, 12. Ilot Gabriel Nature Reserve, 411. Impenetrable Forest Reserve, 903. Inyanga National Park, 973. Iona National Park, 5. Ipassa-Makokou Strict Nature Reserve, Isalo National Park, 334. Isangano National Park, 935. Itala Nature Reserve, 649. Izeleni Forest, 720. Kabalega National Park, 885. Kafue National Park, 936. Kahuzi-Biega National Park, 913. Kainji Lake National Park, 478. Kakamega Forest National Park, 257. Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, 586. Kalamaloue National Park, 84. Kalissaye Bird Reserve, 532. Kamberg Nature Reserve, 667. Kameia National Park, 7. Kammanassie, 749. Kamuku Proposed Game Reserve, 496. Kangandala National Park, 8. Karoo National Park, 588. Karoo Nature Reserve, 602. Karuma Game Reserve, 893. Kasanka National Park, 937. Kasungu National Park, 366. Katavi National Park, 827. Katonga Game Reserve, 894. Kazuma Pan National Park, 975. Kenie-Baoule Faunal Reserve, 388. Kenya, 249. Keran National Park, 871. Khutse Game Reserve, 48. 206. Kiangs West Proposed National Park, 219. Kibale Forest Corridor Game Reserve, 895. Kidepo Valley National Park, 882. Kigezi Game Reserve, 897. Kilimanjaro National Park, 828. Kimbi River Game Reserve, 94. Kisama National Park, 9. Kisite/Mpunguti National Marine Park, Kiunga National Marine Reserve, 280. Klein Swartberg, 748. Knysna Indigenous Forest, 751. Kogin Kano Game Reserve, 484. Koppies Dam Nature Reserve, 643. Kora National Reserve, 287. Korup Game Reserve, 95. Kouga/Baviaanskloof, 754. Koungossambougou Reserve, 386. Kourtiagou Partial Faunal Reserve, 63. Krokosua Forest Reserve, 231. Kruger National Park, 583. Kundelungu National Park, 915. Kwiambana Game Reserve, 486. Kyambura Game Reserve, 898. Kéran, réserve de chasse, 871. La Digue Veuve Reserve, 558. Ladismith-Klein Karoo Nature Reserve, Lake Bogoria National Reserve, 289. Lake Kariba Recreation Park, 998. Lake Kyle Recreation Park, 999. Lake Malawi National Park, 368. Lake Manyara National Park, 830. Lake Matobo Recreational Park, 978. Lake Mburo National Park, 883. Lake Nakuru National Park, 259. Lambwe Valley National Park, 261. Langeberg East, 740. Langeberg West, 738. Langjan Nature Reserve, 685. Langue de Barbarie National Park, 527. Lavushi Manda National Park, 938. Lefini Faunal Reserve, 141. Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, 730. Lekoli-Pandaka Faunal Reserve, 142. Lengwe National Park, 370. -1006- 275. 621. Lesotho, 317. Liberia, 323. Liuwa Plain National Park, 940. Liwonde National Park, 372. Lochinvar National Park, 941. Lokobe Integral Nature Reserve, 344. Lopé Reserve, 210. Lopé-Okanda Hunting Reserve, 210. Losai National Reserve, 290. Loskop Dam Nature Reserve, 677. Loteni Nature Reserve, 661. Loudima Reserve, 147. Lower Zambezi National Park, 943. Luambe National Park, 944. Luando Integral Reserve, 13. Luiana Partial Reserve, 16. Luki Forest Reserve, 926. Lukusuzi National Park, 945. Lusenga Plain National Park, 946. M’boko Reserve, 147. Maasai Mara National Reserve, 291. Massif du Ziama Biosphere Reserve, 240. Mabuasehube Game Reserve, 40. Macchabee/Bel Ombre Nature Reserve, 412. Madagascar, 331. Mago National Park, 190. Mahale Mountain Proposed National Park, 863. Maiko National Park, 916. Majete Game Reserve, 376. Makgadikgadi Pan Game Reserve, 50. Malawi, 365. Mali, 385. Malindi/Watamu Marine Reserve, 276. Malindi/Watamu National Marine Park, 276. Malolotja Nature Reserve, 813. Mamunta-Mayoso Swamp Nature Reserve, 566. Mana Pools National Park, 976. Manda National Park, 118. Mandelia Faunal Reserve, 126. Manovo-Gounda-Saint Floris National Park, 106, Manyeleti Game Reserve, 724. Maphelana Nature Reserve, 777. Maputo Reserve, 437. Marahoue National Park, 159. Marahoué Classified Forest, 159. Marojejy Integral Nature Reserve, 345. Marromeu Reserve, 438. Marsabit National Reserve, 293. Maswa Game Reserve, 845. Matetsi Safari Area, 994. Matheniko Game Reserve, 899. Matobo (Matopos) National Park, 978. Matroosberg, 734. Matusadona National Park, 980. Mauritania, 393. Mauritius, 401. Mavinga Partial Reserve, 17. Mbi Crater Game Reserve, 96. Meru National Park, 262. Messina Nature Reserve, 691. Midmar Public Resort Nature Reserve, 665. Mikumi National Park, 833. Mkhomazi State Forest, 768. Mkomazi Game Reserve, 847. Mkuzi Game Reserve, 650. Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary, 815. Mocamedes Partial Reserve, 18. Mole National Park, 230. Monk’s Cowl State Forest, 768. Mont Fouari Faunal Reserve, 143. Mont Nimba, 166, 238. Mont Peko National Park, 161. Mont Rochelle Nature Reserve, 630. Mont Sangbe National Park, 162. Montagne d’Ambre National Park, 335. Montagu Mountain Nature Reserve, 635. Monts Nimba, 166, 238. Moremi Wildlife Reserve, 44. Morgenzon State Forest, 782. Morne Seychellois National Park, 539. Geographical Index Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Park, 947. Moukalaba, domaine de chasse, 208. Moukalaba-Dougoula Faunal Reserve, 208. Mount Elgon National Park, 264. Mount Kenya National Park, 265. Mount Kulal Biosphere Reserve, 312. Mount Mavoumbou Hunting Reserve, 149. Mount Nimba, 166, 238. Mountain Zebra National Park, 593. Moyowosi Game Reserve, 848. Mozambique, 427. Mozogo-Gokoro National Park, 86. Mtarazi Falls National Park, 973. Mupa National Park, 11. Murchison Falls National Park, 885. Mushandike Sanctuary, 988. Mwabvi Game Reserve, 377. Mwea National Reserve, 294. Mweru-Wantipa National Park, 949. N’Zo Partial Faunal Reserve, 169. Nabere Partial Faunal Reserve, 64. Nairobi National Park, 268. Namib/Naukluft Park, 454. Namibia, 445. Nana-Barya Faunal Reserve, 109. Nasolot National Reserve, 295. Ndumu Game Reserve, 655. Nechisar National Park, 191. Nelshoogte/Berlin State Forest, 779. Ngai Ndethya National Reserve, 296. Ngorongoro Conservation Area, 857. Ngoué-Ndogo, 209. Niassa Game Reserve, 434. Nietgenaamd Nature Reserve, 634. Niger, 463. Nigeria, 475. Nimule National Park, 799. Niokolo-Koba National Park, 528. Nkohota-Kota Game Reserve, 378. Nooitgedacht Dam Nature Reserve, 692. North Kiti National Reserve, 297. North Luangwa National Park, 950. Nosy Mangabe Special Reserve, 358. Nsumbu National Park, 952. Ntendeka Wilderness Area, 776. Nwanedi National Park, 712. Nxai Pan National Park, 41. Nyanga North Faunal Reserve, 144. Nyanga South Hunting Reserve, 150. Nyika National Park (Zambia), 953. Nyika National Park (Malawi), 374. Nylsvley Nature Reserve, 694. Obudu Proposed Game Reserve, 497. Odzala Biosphere Reserve, 138. Odzgala National Park, 138. Ofoué-Okanda Faunal Reserve, 210. Ohrigstad Dam Nature Reserve, 698. Ol Doinyo Sabuk National Park, 269. Omo National Park, 192. Omo Strict Nature Reserve, 482. Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve, 670. Otterford State Forest, 760. Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achim Faunal Reserve, 127. Ouandjia-Vakaga Faunal Reserve, 109. Outamba-Kilimi National Park, 564. Outeniqua, 746. Oviston Nature Reserve, 603. Paarl Mountain Nature Reserve, 628. Pama Partial Faunal Reserve, 65. Pandam Wildlife Park, 492. Pangar-Djerem Game Reserve, 97. Pendjari Hunting Zone, 31. Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve, 697. Perinet-Analamazaotra Special Reserve, 360. Petit-Louango Faunal Reserve, 209. Pian-Upe Game Reserve, 900. Pilanesberg National Park, 709. Pirie Forest, 714. Po National Park, 56. Pomene Reserve, 440. -1007- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Pongola Nature Reserve, 681. Port Launay Marine National Park, 545. Port Louis Fishing Reserve, 420. Port Sudan, 805. Potlake Nature Reserve, 728. Praslin National Park, 551. Prince Edward Islands, 707. Queen Elizabeth National Park, 887. Rabula Forest, 715. Radom National Park, 801. Rahole National Reserve, 298. Ramsar Site, 522, 524. Ras Tenewi Coastal Zone, 309. Reunion, 503. Riviere du Rampart - Poudre d'Or Fishing Reserve, 421. Riviersonderend, 741. Robert McIlwaine Recreational Park, 1000. Rolfontein Nature Reserve, 612. Rooiberg , 752. Round Island Nature Reserve, 414. Rovuma National Park, 434. Royal Natal National Park, 656. Ruaha National Park, 835. Rubondo National Park, 837. Rugged Glen Nature Reserve, 656. Ruma National Park, 261. Rungwa Game Reserve, 849. Rustenburg Nature Reserve, 687. Ruvubu Proposed National Park, 72. Rwanda, 507. Rwengzori National Park, 887. S.A. Lombard Nature Reserve, 688. Sadani Game Reserve, 851. Sahel Partial Faunal Reserve, 66. St Anne Marine National Park, 546. Saint Floris National Park, 106. St Helena, 791. St Lucia Game Reserve, 646. St Lucia Park, 653. Saiwa Swamp National Park, 270. Salonga National Park, 918. Samba Dia, 533. Sambisa Game Reserve, 488. Samburu National Reserve, 299. Sandveld Nature Reserve, 638. Sandveld State Forest, 743. Sanganeb Atoll, 807. Sao Tome and Principe, 515. Sapi Safari Area, 976. Sapo National Park, 324. Sebakwe Recreation Park, 1002. Sederberg, 731. Sehlabathebe National Park, 318. Selous Game Reserve, 852. Senegal, 519. Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, 984. Serala State Forest, 783. Serengeti National Park, 838. Seychelles, 537. Shaba National Reserve, 301. Shimba Hills National Reserve, 302. Sibilobilo Safari Area, 995. Sibiloi National Park, 272. Sierra Leone, 563. Silvermine Nature Reserve, 626. Simen Mountain National Park, 194. Singou Total Faunal Reserve, 62. Siniaka-Minia Faunal Reserve, 129. Siné Saloum Ramsar site, 522. Sioma Ngwezi National Park, 954. Skeleton Coast Park, 457. Sodwana/Cape Vidal State Forest, 773. Soetdoring Nature Reserve, 642. Somalia, 575. Somerset East-Bosberg Nature Reserve, 633. South Africa, 579. South Island National Park, 312. South Kitui National Reserve, 304. South Luangwa National Park, 956. South Turkana National Reserve, 305. South West Africa, 445. Southern National Park, 802. Spioenkop Public Resort Nature Reserve, 659. Spitskop Nature Reserve, 623. Sterkspruit Nature Reserve, 703. Storms River Nature Reserve, 759. Sudan, 795. Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve, 679. Sukusuku Proposed Forest Reserve, 232. Suurberg State Forest, 764. Swartberg East, 745. Swaziland, 813. Sétté Cama, 209. Table Mountain Nature Reserve, 619. Tai National Park, 162. Taita Hills Game Sanctuary, 306. Tamou Nature Reserve, 466. Tana River Primate Reserve, 307. Tanzania, 821. Tarangire National Park, 840. Tembe Elephant Park, 729. Thomas Baines Nature Reserve, 616. Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary, 569. Togo, 869. Togodo National Reserve, 873. Toro Game Reserve, 901. Transkei, 579. Trou d’Eau Douce Fishing Reserve, 422. Tsaobis-Leopard Nature Reserve, 449. Tsaratanana Integral Nature Reserve, 348. Tsavo National Park, 273. Tsimanampetsotsa Integral NR, 349. Tsingy de Bemaraha Integral NR, 351. Tsingy de Namoroka Integral NR, 352. Tsitsikamma National Park, 596. Tsitsikamma Indigenous Forest, 758. Tsitsikamma Mountains, 755. Tsolwana Game Park, 713. Tsoulou Faunal Reserve, 145. Tuli Safari Area, 996. Tussen-die-Riviere Game Farm, 637. Ugalla Game Reserve, 854. Uganda, 879. Uitsoek State Forest, 780. Umba Game Reserve, 855. Umfolozi Game Reserve, 644. Umtamvuna Nature Reserve, 662. United Kingdom, 791. Upemba National Park, 919. Upper Ogun/Old Oyo Game Reserve, 489. Upper Volta, 55. Urungwe Safari Area, 976. Usambara Mountains, 860. Uwanda Game Reserve, 856. Usungwa Forest, 864. Vaalkop Dam Nature Reserve, 702. Vallée de Mai, 551. Vallée de la Lufira, 927. Venda, 579. Vergelegen Nature Reserve, 673. Verloren Valei Nature Reserve, 683. Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve, 669. Verwoerd Dam Nature Reserve, 641. Victoria Falls National Park, 981. Virunga National Park, 921. Volcanoes National Park, 510. Vrolijkheid Nature Reserve, 615. Vumba Botanical Reserve, 985. Vwaza Marsh Game Reserve, 380. W National Park (Benin), 27. W National Park (Burkina Faso), 58. W National Park trees 464. Walker Bay State Forest, 742. Wankie National Park, 971. Watamu Marine Reserve, 276. Watamu National Marine Park, 276. Waterberg Plateau Park, 458. Waza National Park, 87. Weenen Nature Reserve, 664. -1008- Geographical Index West Lunga National Park, 958. Weza State Forest, 771. Willem Pretorius Game Reserve, 639. Wolkberg Caves Nature Reserve, 706. Wolkberg Wilderness Area, 783. Wolwespruit Nature Reserve, 700. Wonga-Wongué, 204. Woodbush/De Hoek State Forest, 785. World Heritage Site, 157, 162, 166, 194, 238, 368, 524, 528, 548, 551, 838, 852, 857, 910, 913, 918, 921, 976. Yangambi Flora Reserve, 925. Yangudi Rassa National Park, 196. Yankari Game Reserve, 490. Yata-Ngaya Faunal Reserve, 110. Zahamena Integral Nature Reserve, 354. Zaire, 909. Zakouma National Park, 119. Zambezi National Park, 983. Zambezi Wildlife Utilization Area, 438. Zambia, 931. Zemongo Faunal Reserve, 111. Ziama Biosphere Reserve, 240. Zimbabwe, 963. Zinave National Park, 433. -1009- TAXONOMIC INDEX Ablepharus boutonii, 404. Abudefduf saxatilis, 276. Acacia, 6, 15, 19-20, 26, 45, 47, 59, 88, 98, 125, 185, 199, 219, 255, 262, 268, 271, 274, 288, 291, 293, 295, 305, 337, 361-2, 372, 377, 380, 387, 432-3, 451, 453, 455, 465, 470, 479, 508, 531, 584, 601, 618, 629, 645, 651-2, 654, 658, 686, 695, 736, 800, 804, 827, 834-5, 841, 843-4, 846, 849-50, 855, 857, 882, 884-5, 887, 895-6, 898, 934, 941, 956, 971, 983, 985, 1001. Acacia albida, 86, 455, 469-70, 533, 836, 935, 952, 976, 983. Acacia ataxacantha, 466, 730, 814. Acacia burkei, 645. Acacia caffra, 645, 661, 678, 680, 687, 690, 697, 699, 702, 709, 779. Acacia cyanophylla, 768. Acacia cyclops, 614, 618-9, 743, 764, 766, 768. Acacia davyi, 649, 730. Acacia drepanolobium, 312, 838, 841. Acacia ehrenbergiana, 469. Acacia elatior, 193, 274, 285, 288, 299, 301. Acacia erioloba, 449, 452, 587, 590, 638, 676, 700, 971. Acacia erubescens, 43. Acacia etbaica, 174. Acacia exuvialis, 682. Acacia fleckii, 43. Acacia galpinii, 997. Acacia gerrardii, 725, 838. Acacia giraffae, 43, 45, 49, 455. Acacia goetzei, 958. Acacia grandicornuta, 645, 696, 728. Acacia haematoxylon, 587. Acacia hebeclada, 922. Acacia hereroensis, 453. Acacia heteroneura, 676. Acacia karroo, 43, 449, 588, 590, 593, 598-9, 603, 606-7, 611, 613, 615, 634, 640, 642-3, 664-5, 676, 680, 696-7, 699, 709, 713, 722-3, 750, 814, 1002. Acacia laeta, 469. Acacia lahai, 838, 858. Acacia longifolia, 617, 619, 632, 733, 738-40, 742. Acacia luederitzii, 650-1, 700. Acacia mearnsii, 599, 675, 679, 692, 733, 738-40, 742, 752, 754, 759, 766, 768, 770. Acacia melanoxylon, 752, 759, 777. Acacia mellifera, 20, 49, 128, 190, 193, 312, 587, 590, 623, 686, 700, 709, 728. Acacia nebrownii, 447, 686. Acacia nigrescens, 45, 377, 584, 645, 649, 651, 655, 682, 684, 686, 691, 702, 712, 725, 727, 817. Acacia nilotica, 85-6, 187, 397, 468, 524, 529, 645, 649, 651, 661, 663-4. Acacia nubica, 187. Acacia piliostigma, 367. Acacia polyacantha, 508. Acacia reficiens, 263, 283, 285, 312, 447. Acacia robusta, 307, 645, 655, 697. Acacia saligna, 599, 619, 632, 742. Acacia schweinfurthii, 682. Acacia senegal, 86, 128, 187, 285, 299, 301, 397, 468, 508, 533. Acacia seyal, 72, 85, 88, 120, 174, 219, 397, 524, 533, 798, 838, 858. Acacia sieberana, 82, 85, 661, 663, 771, 798, 814, 830, 885, 922. Acacia tortilis, 43, 128, 187, 190, 255, 285, 289, 299, 301, 312, 394, 397, 447, 468-70, 524, 645, 651, 655, 685-6, 691, 697, 700, 702, 704, 709, 727-8, 830-1, 835, 841, 882, 969. Acacia welwitschii, 10. Acacia xanthophloea, 255, 260, 268, 274, 651, 655, 824, 830, 858. Acaena ascendens, 707. Acalypha, 190, 346. Acalypha fruticosa, 193. Acanthaster, 548. Acanthaster planci, 424, 806. Acanthosicyos horridus, 455. Acanthosicyos naudinianus, 40, 47, 49. Acanthurus, 554. Acanthurus nigronis, 411. Acanthus pubescens, 896. Accipiter melanoleucus, 675, 775. Accipiter minullus, 979. Accipiter ovampensis, 271. Accipiter tachiro, 41, 270. Achyranthes aspera, 407-8. Acinonyx jubatus, 5-7, 10, 14-5, 17-8, 26, 28, 40-1, 45, 47, 49, 51, 59, 61, 82, 84, 88, 107, 110, 125, 128, 187, 196-7, 255, 263, 268, 272, 274, 286, 288, 293, 300-1, 312, 367, 387, 429, 433, 447, 452, 456-8, 465, 467-8, 470, 480, 585, 587, 613, 645, 649, 651-2, 685, 709, 712, 725, 798, 801, 804, 817, 836, 839, 841, 846, 850, 852, 858, 882, 900-1, 916, 920, 934, 955-6, 968, 972, 975, 977, 993. Acomys cahirinus johannis, 28. Acomys subspinosus, 732-3, 736-7, 745, 747-8, 750, 753-4. Acrantophis dumerilii, 357. Acrantophis madagascariensis, 334. Acridotheres tristis, 414, 556. Acrocarpus, 829. Acrocephalus seychellensis, 556. Acroceras macrum, 773. Acropora, 199, 277, 410-1, 423, 544, 557. Actophilornis africana, 45, 218, 980. Adansonia, 10, 351, 376-7. Adansonia digitata, 57, 80, 219, 274, 295, 297, 309, 369, 429, 465, 481, 526, 584, 691, 712, 831, 834-5, 841, 969, 992. Adansonia rubrostipa, 353. Adansonia za, 337. Addax nasomaculatus, 125, 128, 470. Adelostemma senegalense, 529. Adenanthera pavonina, 551. Adenium obesum, 190, 970. Adenium swazicum, 817. Adenocarpus manii, 861. Adina, 814. Adina microcephala, 712. Aepyceros melampus, 12, 43, 45, 52, 72, 88, 255, 257, 260, 270, 303, 306, 367, 369, 371, 373, 377, 379-80, 429, 432, 434-6, 439, 458, 509, 585, 637, 640, 642, 645, 651-2, 655, 661, 663, 666-7, 678, 680, 682, 685, 691, 702, 711-2, 723, 725-8, 814, 831, 834, 841, 844, 846, 852, 884, 943-4, 951, 956, 958, 972, 980, 985, 992-3, 995-7, 999, 1001-2. Aepyceros melampus melampus, 5, 17-8. Aepyceros melampus petersi, 6, 447. Aeranthes, 335. Aerva javanica, 469. Aeschynomene fluitans, 941. Aframomum, 93. Aframomum zgambesiacum, 498. Afroedura, 682. Afroedura transvaalica, 691. Afropavo congensis, 917, 919. Afrostyrax lepidophyllus, 90. Afyclia africana, 81. Afzelia, 81, 93, 279, 432, 479. Afzelia africana, 26, 59, 80, 157, 161, 479, 490, 494, 529. Afzelia quanzensis, 371, 655, 729, 861, 928, 983. Agama agama, 636. Agama atra, 609, 679. Agama sylvanus, 226. Agapanthus, 595. Agapanthus inapertus, 683. Agapornis lilianae, 373, 977. Agapornis roseicollis, 590. Agapornis swinderniana, 226. Agathosma betulina, 732. Agathosma muirii, 614. -1010- Agauria, 346, 348, 354, 829, 865, 954. Agelaea trifolia, 568. Agelastes meleagrides, Agrostis, 595. Agrostis gracilifolia, 264. Agrostis magellanica, 707. Ailuronyx sechellensis, 552, 554, 556. Aizoon dinteri, 455, 457. Albizia, 849, 895, 898, 911, 941, 970. Albizia adianthifolia, 669, 728, 989. Albizia falcataria, 540, 552. Albizia gummifera, 498, 858. Albizia harveyi, 725, 983. Albizia polyacantha, 849. Albizia versicolor, 655. Alcedo cristata, 193, 271, 834, 885, 888, 983. Alcelaphus, 911. 164, 226, 325, 568, 570. 15, 229, 307, 369, 372, 508, 540, 736, Alcelaphus buselaphus, 12, 26, 28, 40, 47, 49, 57, 59, 63, 81-2, 98, 104, 106, 109-10, 119, 123, 130, 160, 228-9, 263, 268, 272, 274, 387, 435-6, 447, 450, 454, 458, 465, 467, 480, 484, 487, 489, 495-6, 587-8, 591, 593, 608, 613, 618, 637, 639-42, 648, 659, 661, 666, 672, 676, 679, 686, 689, 693, 696, 700-1, 709, 714, 722, 727-8, 769, 801-2, 804, 846, 849, 851, 854, 858, 872, 889, 891. Alcelaphus buselaphus caama, 452, 814. Alcelaphus buselaphus jacksoni, 890, 901-2. Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel, 190, 193. Alcelaphus buselaphus major, 61. Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei, 186-7, 192. Alcelaphus caama, 664. Alcelaphus lichtensteini, 7, 367, 371, 373-4, 376-7, 379-80, 432, 435-6, 439, 834, 836, 852, 863, 920, 935-6, 938-40, 945, 947, 952, 956, 958, 970, 999. Alchemilla, 195, 264. Alchemilla cyclophylla, 266. Alchemilla johnstonii, 266. Alectroenas pulcherrima, 540, 545, 551. Alepharus boutonii, 415. Allanblackia, 865. Allanblackia stuhlmannii, 861. Alloteropsis semialata, 668, 672, 683, 814. Alluaudia, 337. Alluaudia ascendens, 337. Alluaudia montagnacii, 350. Alluaudia procera, 357. Aloe, 337, 339, 351, 455, 722-3. Aloe bainesii, 682. Aloe broommii, 593. Aloe ciliaris, 766. Aloe dichotoma, 455, 590, 609. Aloe ecklonis, 595. Aloe ferox, 593, 599, 634, 754. Aloe gariepensis, 449. Aloe graciliflora, 683. Aloe karasbergensis, 455. Aloe lutescens, 970. Aloe marlothii, 682, 697. Aloe minima, 675, 699. Aloe mitriformis, 636. Aloe namibensis, 455. Aloe peglerae, 687. Aloe petrophila, 680. Aloe sladeniana, 455. Aloe soutpansbergensis, 705. Aloe spectabilis, 661. Aloe striata, 593. Aloe suffulta, 970. Aloe verdiflora, 453. Aloe vogtsii, 705. Alopochen aegyptiacus, Alternanthera maritima, 527, 532. Amauris nossima dijuncta, 335. Amblypygi, 556. Amblysomus hottentotus, 683. Amblysomus julianae, 585. Ammomanes grayi, 455. Ammophila arenaria, 614. Ammotragus lervia, 125, 470. 185, 272, 449, 696, 824, 972. Taxonomic Index Amorphophallus staudtii, 163. Ampelita gaudens, 347. Ampelita stumpffi, 344. Amphicarpa africana, 498. Amphiglossus stumpffi, 344. Amphiglossus tsaratananensis, 348. Amphilius natalensis, 673. Anadelphia, 566. Anas, 253. Anas acuta, 524. Anas capensis, 260. Anas clypeata, 524. Anas erythrorhyncha, 972, 988. Anas querquedula, 217, 524. Anas undulata, 696. Anastomus lamelligerus, 274, 292, 696, 885, 949. Anastrabe integerrima, 776. Ancistrophyllum secundiflorum, 232-3. Androngo alluaudi, 335. Andropogon, 142, 157-8, 193, 479, 490, 595, 814, 865, 920. Andropogon appendiculatus, 668, 672. Andropogon ascinodis, 57. Andropogon distachyos, 882. Andropogon fastiagatus, 466. Andropogon gayanus, 57, 465-7, 491, 526, 529. Andropogon tectorum, 230. Androstachys johnsonii, 969. Angraecum, 335. Angylocalyx braunii, 279. Anhinga, 982. Anhinga rufa, 193, 268, 524, 941, 980, 983, 1001. Aningueria, 954. Aningueria adolfi-friedericii, 264. Aningueria altissima, 258. Anisophyllea obtusifolia, 861. Annona, 865. Annonachrysophylla, 309. Annona glabra, 533. Annona senegalensis, 94, 494. Anodonthyla montana, 339. Anodonthy!a rouxae, 337. Anogeissus, 83, 104, 120-2, 124, 126, 129. Anogeissus leiocarpus, 25, 57, 59, 67, 80, 82, 85, 88, 106, 157, 229, 465, 467, 490, 495, 529, 533, 801. Anomalospiza imberbis, 292. Anomalurus, 865. Anomalurus beecrofti, 226, 521. Anomalurus derbianus, 96, 233, 436. Anopyxis klaineana, 90. Anous stolidus, 309, 553, 556. Anous stolidus pileatus, 407-9. Anous tenuirostris, 553, 556. Anous tenuirostris tenuirostris, 407-9. Anthephora, 447, 453. Anthephora nigritana, 128. Anthephora pubescens, 691. Anthocleista grandiflora, 861. Anthonotha, 90. Anthonotha macrophylla, 483. Anthoscopus minutus, 49. Anthospermum aethiopicum, 614. Anthospermum usambarense, 861. Anthostema, 343-4, 354. Anthoxanthum, 348. Anthreptes neglectus, 861. Anthreptes pallidigaster, 279, 865. Anthreptes rubitorques, 861, 865. Anthropoides paradisea, 635, 780, 816. Anthus chloris, 683. Anthus sokokensis, 279. Antiaris africana, 157, 160, 229. Antiaris welwitschii, 160. Antidorcas marsupialis, 6, 19-20, 40, 47, 49, 51, 447, 450, 452, 454-5, 457, 587-8, 593, 595, 599, 601-3, 609, 612, 615, 619, 622-4, 637, 639-43, 659, 661, 666, 676, 689, 693, 700-1, 714. Aonyx, 865. Aonyx capensis, 630, 683, 772. 167, 217, 239, 260, 480, 565, 597, -1011- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Apalis, 892. Apalis chariessa, 285. Apalis chirindensis, 986. Apalis karamojae, 882. Apalis moreaui, 861. Apalis pallidigaster, 861. Apalis ruddi, 371, 646, 682, 778. Apalis sharpii, 226. Apalis thoracica, 939. Apaloderma narina, 270, 294, 675, 824, 884. Aphloia theiformis, 348. Aplopelia larvata, 270. Apodocephala, 346. Apodytes dimidiata, 268, 675, 699, 751, 758, 775. Aponogeton ranunculiflorus, 318. Aporosaura anchietae, 456. Aptosimum, 41. Apus aequatorialis, 257. Apus affinis, 257. Apus barbatus, 948. Apus bradfieldi, 455. Apus caffer, 257. Apus horus, 257. Apus niansae, 257. Aquila heliaca, 175. Aquila rapax, 689, 885, 979. Aquila verreauxii, 175, 195, 257, 260, 270, 454, 456, 593, 605, 609, 620, 629, 632, 635-6, 675, 756, 816, 858, 882, 979. Aquila wahlbergi, 888, 979. Araucaria, 335. Arctocephalus pusillus, 6, 10. Arctocephalus tropicalis, 708. Arctotheca populifolia, 614. Arctotis fastuosa, 608. Ardea, 432. Ardea cinerea, 158, 449, 874. Ardea cinerea monicae, 394. Ardea goliath, 158, 193, 523, 585, 667, 682, 696, 885, 941, 983, 998. Ardea melanocephala, 253, 318, 452. Ardea purpurea, 294, 306, 397, 524, 941, 989. Ardeola idae, 255. Ardeola ralloides, 45, 52, 218. Ardisia belingaensis, 206. Ardisiandra wettsteinii, 264. Arenaria interpres, 415. Aristida, 6, 15, 19, 255, 291, 447, 533, 587, 602-3, 606, 613, 663, 666, 689, 712. Aristida congesta, 43, 611, 651, 680, 728. Aristida curvata, 588. Aristida diffusa, 590. Aristida junciformis, 669, 713, 771, 773. Aristida kerstingii, 57. Aristida meridionalis, 49, 638. Aristida mutabilis, 128, 468. Aristida obtusa, 588. Aristida stipitata, 43. Aristida transvaalensis, 679. Artemesia, 188. Artemesia afra, 188. Arthrocnemum glaucum, 397. Arundinaria alpina, 189, 253, 264, 266, 510, 863. Arundinaria marojejyensis, 346. Arundinella ecklonii, 529. Asio abyssinicus, 266. Asio capensis, 271. Aspalathus, 618. Aspalathus joubertiana, 636. Aspalathus potbergensis, 600. Asparagus, 595. Asparagus crassicladus, 766. Asparagus exuvialis, 43. Asparagus pauli-guilelmi, 533. Aspilia mossambicensis, 268. Asplenium, 335. Asplenium africanum, 163. Asplenium schnelli, 167, 239. Astelia hemichrysa, 413. Asthenatherum glaucum, 587. Astraeopora, 423. Atelornis crossleyi, 346, 348, 360. Atheris nitschei rungwensis, 954. Atherurus, 863. Atherurus africanus, 140, 233, 258, 565, 872. Atilax paludinosus, 772, 837, 861. Atriplex, 199. Aucoumea klaineana, 205. Audouinia capitata, 618. Aulax umbellata, 632. Australopithecus, 193. Australopithecus boisei, 858. Authocleista, 495. Avahi laniger, 337, 341, 343, 354, 360. Aviceda cuculoides, 253, 292, 706, 778. Avicennia, 10, 13, 545. Avicennia africana, 394, 521. Avicennia marina, 199, 556. Avicennia nitida, 155, 397, 523. Azima tetracantha, 591. Azorella selago, 707. Bacopa monnieri, 407. Baikiaea, 5, 12, 435. Baikiaea africana, 940, 955, 971. Baikiaea plurijuga, 5, 16, 18, 52, 451, 936, 940, 955, 971, 994. Baissea multiflora, 529. Balaeniceps rex, 107, 110, 509, 804, 885, 887, 920, 922, 938, 949. Balaenoptera physalus, 395. Balanites, 125, 289. Balanites aegyptiaca, 59, 85-6, 128, 187, 394, 397, 465, 468-9, 524, 531, 798, 800, 830, 834. Balanites maughamii, 655, 667, 775. Balaxea, 276. Balearica pavonina, 85, 120, 217, 872, 940-1. Barbatia, 277. Barbus, 375, 454. Barbus afer, 747. Barbus anoplus, 675, 687, 704. Barbus asper, 740, 747. Barbus burchelli, 599, 616, 636, 733, 739-40, 742, 747. Barbus burgi, 733, 736. Barbus calidus, 732, 737. Barbus capensis, 732, 737. Barbus holubi, 452, 676. Barbus marequensis, 452, 675, 678, 680, 682, 690, 692, 699, 702, 999. Barbus mattozi, 690. Barbus natalensis, 673. Barbus phlegethon, 732. Barbus tenuis, 740, 748. Barbus trimaculatus, 676, 682, 686-7. Barleria solitaria, 457. Barossus, 849. Barringtonia asiatica, 553. Barringtonia racemosa, 654, 773. Bathia madagascariensis, 353. Bathmocercus winifredae, 865. Batis diops, 511. Batis fratrum, 371, 646, 778. Batis orientalis, 175. Bauhinia, 47, 157, 911. Bauhinia galpini, 814. Bauhinia macrantha, 47, 49. Bauhinia reticulata, 465, 468. Bdeogale crassicauda, 949. Beamys hindei major, 954. Bebrornis, 556. Beckeropsis, 898. Beckeropsis uniseta, 896. Beilschmiedia oppositifolia, 348. Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum, 675, 687, 814. Bequaertiodendron natalense, 669. Bequaertiodendron oblanceolatum, 258. Berchemia discolor, 529. Berlinia, 14, 91. Berlinia grandiflora, 230. Bergelia, 618, 760. -1012- Bitis arietans, 43, 113, 480, 534, 697. Bitis atropos, 706. Bitis caudalis, 687. Bitis gabonica, 205, 480, 654, 773. Bitis peringueyi, 456. Blaeria nimbana, 166-7, 238-9. Blechnum attenuatum, 413. Blechnum penna, 707. Blepharis linariifolia, 128. Blighia unijugata, 157, 966. Boaedon geometricus, 540, 552. Bobartia, 765. Bobartia gladiata major, 618. Boerhavia repens, 556. Bolyeria multicarinata, 415. Bombax, 10. Bombax costatum, 529, 531. Bombylonax breweri, 208. Boophis brygooi, 339. Boophis laurenti, 339. Boophis leucomaculatus, 359. Boophis microtis, 337. Boophis reticulatus, 360. Boophis viridis, 360. Borassus, 230, 432, 529, 534, 854. Borassus aethiopum, 80, 155, 158, 397, 465, 533, 885. Borassus flabellifer, 82, 533, 834. Boschia, 121. Boscia, 531. Boscia albitrunca, 43, 49, 455, 587, 590, 623, 686, 728. Boscia angustifolia, 193. Boscia foetida, 43, 728. Boscia senegalensis, 128, 465. Bostrychia bindelia, 281. Bostrychia binderi, 276-7. Bostrychia hagedash, 217. Bostrychia olivacea, 861. Boswellia, 80, 82, 124. Botaurus stellaris, 268. Bothriochloa insculpta, 645, 651, 691. Bothriochloa redicans, 43. Boulengerina annulata, 952. Bowkeria verticillata, 657, 673. Brabeium stellatifolium, 630. Brachiaria, 409, 468, 798. Brachiaria jubata, 57. Brachiaria nigropedata, 638, 691. Brachiaria serrata, 814. Brachylaena, 279, 346. Brachylaena discolor, 722-3, 776. Brachylaena hutchinsii, 268, 279-80. Brachypteracias leptosomus, 346, 360. Brachypteracias squamigera, 346. Brachysiphon mundii, 600. Brachysiphon rupestris, 632. Brachystegia, 9, 12, 72, 279, 367, 369, 371, 374, 379-80, 433, 435-6, 439, 826-7, 834-6, 843, 852, 854, 863, 915, 936, 938-9, 943-6, 949, 951-2, 954, 956, 966, 968, 973, 976, 958, 980, 985, 988, 990, 992-3, 1001-2. Brachystegia bakerana, 18. Brachystegia boehmii, 9, 12, 14, 376, 968. Brachystegia eurycoma, 495. Brachystegia glaucescens, 369, 969, 1002. Brachystegia nigerica, 483. Brachystegia spiciformis, 5,9, 12, 14, 280, 849. Brachystegia stipulata, 956. Brachystegia wagnermeeana, 9, 14, 849. Brachystelma ngomense, 776. Brachyuromys betsiloensis, 340. Brachyuromys ramirohitra, 340. Bradypodion, 731. Bradypodion pumilo transvaalensis, 675. Bradypodion taeniobronchum, 761. Bradypterus grandis, 90. Bradypterus graueri, 511, 904, 914. Bradypterus sylvaticus, 740, 751, 758. Taxonomic Index Bradypterus victorini, 733, 735-7, 739-40, 742, 745, 747-8, 750-1, 753, 756, 758, 760, 762. Breonadia microcephala, 814. Breviceps, 731. Breviceps adspersus, 698. Bridelia ferruginea, 94. Bromus, 348. Brookesia bonsi, 353. Brookesia decaryi, 341. Brookesia griveaudi, 347. Brookesia karchei, 347. Brookesia legendrei, 344. Brookesia minima, $44. Brookesia perarmata, 351. Brookesia peyrieresi, 359. Brookesia therezieni, 360. Brookesia tuberculata, 335. Bruguiera, 545. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, 277. Brunia alopecuroides, 632. Brunia lanuginosa, 632. Brunia nodiflora, 632. Bryaspis lupulina, 529. Bubalornis albirostris, 430. Bubo africanus, 49. Bubo capensis, 253, 593, 683, 699, 733, 735-6, 739, 742, 745, 748, 751, 753, 758. Bubo capensis mackinderi, 266. Bubo vosseleri, 861. Bubulcus ibis, 534, 919. Buchholzia coriacea, 483. Bucorvus, 834. Bucorvus abyssinicus, 88, 529, 531, 534, 871, 882. Bucorvus leadbeateri, 652, 691, 852, 916. Buddleja, 348, 648, 657. Buddleja saligna, 705. Buddleja salviifolia, 599, 648, 668, 673. Bufo gariepensis, 683. Bufo gutturalis, 679. Bufo regularis, 942. Bufo superciliaris, 167, 239. Bugeranus carunculatus, 5, 7, 12, 14, 17-8, 45, 367, 374, 432, 439, 648, 663, 666, 672, 683, 776, 916, 920, 934, 936, 940-1, 954. Bulbine, 595. Bulbophyllum, 335, 346. Bulbostylis, 556. Burhinus capensis, 609, 629. Burkea, 83, 940, 955. Burkea africana, 18, 26, 49, 59, 80, 82, 157-9, 161, 230, 479, 490, 529, 678, 680, 695, 940, 958. Bussea, 949, 952. Buteo oreophilus, 742, 776. Buteo rufinus, 175. Buteo rufofuscus, 195, 257, 756, 986. Butorides striatus, 43. Butyrospermum paradoxum, 26, 28, 57, 387, 479, 481. Butyrospermum parkii, 80, 82, 106, 158. Buxus hildebrandtii, 174. Buxus macowanii, 722-3. Buxus natalensis, 722-3. Bycanistes brevis, 253. Bycanistes bucinator, 274, 967, 982. Bycanistes subcylindricus, 265, 896. Cacosternum capense, 733. Cacosternum nanum, 683. Cadaba farinosa, 190, 309. Cadaba termitaria, 691. Caesalpinia decapetala, 777. Calamus, 205. Calamus deerratus, 232-3. Calappa hepatica, 423. Calcochloris obtusirostris, 585. Calidris alba, 268, 277. Calidris alpina, 394. Calidris canutus, 394. Calidris ferruginea, 277, 394. Calidris minuta, 272. Calligonum comosum, 394. 253, 265, 294, 735-7, 739-40, -1013- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Callinectes, 397. Callophyllum inophyllum, 544, 551, 558. Callyodon guttatus, 276. Calodendrum, 652. Calodendrum capense, 253, 715-8, 771, 979. Calophyllum inophyllum, 311. Caloplaca elegantissima, 455. Camaroptera brevicaudata, 175. Camaroptera stierlingi, 685. Camelus, 199. Campephaga lobata, 164, 568. Campethera abingoni, 968. Camponotus detritus, 456. Canarium, 346, 348, 359. Canarium madagascariensis, 335, 343. Canarium paniculatum, 413. Canarium schweinfurthii, 160. Canis, 51, 186, 397, 484. Canis adustus, 15, 20, 61, 230, 367, 371, 374, 429, 467, 487, 496, 533, 565, 839. Canis aureus, 189, 195-6, 395, 465, 468, 470, 493, 531, 533, 839. Canis mesomelas, 49, 192, 306, 318, 429, 452, 455, 457, 763, 766, 769, 846. Canis simensis, 189, 195. Cannabis sativa, 784. Canthium gilfillanii, 679. Canthium huillense, 705. Canthium inerme, 751, 758. Canthium schimperanum, 268. Canthium vulgare, 482-3. Capparis, 728, 922. Capparis decidua, 394. Capparis sepiaria, 85, 591. Capparis tomentosa, 830. Capra ibex walie, 195. Caprimulgus, 972. Caprimulgus stellatus, 294. Caprimulgus tristigma, 989. Caranax, 199. Cardiochilos, 374. Cardiosorna, 544. Cardiospermum corindum, 725. Carduus, 266. Carduus afromontanus, 264. Caretta caretta, 6, 10, 395, 437, 523, 526-7, 532. Carex, 43, 253, 266. Carex aethiopica, 683. Carex monostachya, 189. Carica papaya, 556. Caridina, 552. Carissa, 312, 922. Carissa bispinosa, 614, 751, 758. Carissa haematocarpa, 599, 622. Carphalea glaucesens, 274. Casarea dussumieri, 415. Cassia, 83. Cassia abbreviata, 834. Cassia didymobotrya, 824. Cassia italica, 394. Cassia obtusifolia, 533. Cassia sieberana, 59, 80, 219, 533. Cassia singueana, 928. Cassina lamottei, 167, 239. Cassine aethiopica, 614, 633. Cassine crocea, 597. Cassine peragua, 614, 751, 758. Cassinopsis tinifolia, 776. Cassipourea gerrardii, 786. Cassipourea malosana, 264, 266, 836, 858. Cassipourea ruwenzoriensis, 258. Cassipourea swaziensis, 814. Cassis cornuta, 423. Cassytha, 410. Casuarina, 407-8, 544, 549. Casuarina equisitifolia, 406, 556, 558. Catha edulis, 675. Catophractes alexandri, 49. Cavacoa aurea, 775. Cedrela odorata, 226. Ceiba, 229. Ceiba pentandra, 80, 160, 495, 529. Celtis, 226, 232-3, 896. Celtis africana, 593, 597, 633, 640, 675, 693, 701, 716-9, 722-3, 769, 775, 779, 785-6. Celtis integrifolia, 82, 86, 465. Celtis zenkeri, 160. Cenchrus biflorus, 128, 397, 468-9, 533. Cenchrus ciliaris, 274. Centropus senegalensis, 534. Cephalanthus natalensis, 692. Cephalophus, 43, 93, 113, 120, 140, 265, 270, 458, 483, 567-8, 941, 988-9, 992, 997, 999. Cephalophus adersi, 279, 285. Cephalophus callipygus, 206. Cephalophus dorsalis, 160, 164, 167, 206, 226, 239, 565. Cephalophus jentinki, 164, 170, 325. Cephalophus leucogaster, 206. Cephalophus maxwelli, 97, 156, 161, 167, 226, 233, 239, 489. Cephalophus monticola, 9-10, 92, 104, 205-6, 210, 279, 439, 565, 597, 614, 645, 662, 669, 671, 722-3, 751, 756-8, 760, 762, 768, 776, 861, 863, 896, 947, 949, 952, 954, 958, 967, 973, 986. Cephalophus natalensis, 307, 311, 431, 435-7, 439-40, 585, 645, 651-2, 654, 656, 667, 669, 705, 720, 775-6, 779-80, 782-3, 785-6, 896, 954. Cephalophus natalensis harveyi, 253, 284, 374, 861. Cephalophus niger, 160, 164, 167, 233, 239, 511, 565. Cephalophus nigrifrons, 206, 253, 265-6. Cephalophus ogilbyi, 96, 164, 170. Cephalophus rufilatus, 26, 28, 57, 59, 81-2, 104, 158, 160-1, 228-9, 465, 480, 484, 489-90, 565, 802, 872, 874. Cephalophus silvicultor, 233, 565. Cephalophus spadix, 829, 861. Cephalophus sylvicultor, 98, 104, 107, 139, 141, 148-9, 158, 164, 205, 226, 511, 871, 919, 936, 947, 949, 952, 958. Cephalophus zebra, 164, 170, 325. Cephalophyllum, 624. Cephalosphaera, 865. Cephalosphaera usambarensis, 861. Cephalostachyum madagascariensis, 343. Ceratogymna atrata, 902. Ceratotherium simum, 39, 111, 263, 437, 458, 584, 617, 637, 640, 645, 651-2, 655, 659, 661, 664, 666, 678, 709, 712, 722, 725, 800, 802, 814, 816-7, 972, 983, 988, 999. Ceratotherium simum cottoni, 885, 889, 911. Cercocebus, 113. Cercocebus albigena, 90, 92, 96, 896. Cercocebus galeritus, 90, 865. Cercocebus galeritus galeritus, 307. Cercocebus torquatus, 90, 92, 96, 160, 164, 226, 233, 565, 567-8. Cercocebus torquatus lunulatus, 158. Cercococcyx, 311. Cercomela schlegelii, 455. Cercomela sordida, 253, 829. Cercomela sordida rudolfi, 265. Cercomela tractrac, 455. Cercopithecus, 113, 205, 210, 568, 919. Cercopithecus aethiops, 20, 26, 28, 43, 57, 61, 81-2, 85-6, 88, 94, 97-8, 104, 106, 123-4, 158, 175, 216, 218, 228-30, 255, 270, 300, 306, 367, 369, 371, 374, 387, 467, 480, 484, 487, 489-90, 496, 509, 565, 567, 590, 597, 614, 633, 715-9, 721, 745, 761, 763, 766, 768, 772-3, 775-6, 778-80, 782-3, 834, 837, 865, 911, 915, 947, 951, 956. Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus, 948. Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus, 529. Cercopithecus albogularis, 371, 374, 377, 379, 431, 440, 861, 986. Cercopithecus ascanius, 826, 896. Cercopithecus campbelli, 226, 232-3, 521, 565. Cercopithecus campbelli lowei, 94. Cercopithecus cephus, 90. -1014- Cercopithecus diana, 158, 163, 167, 226, 239, 570. Cercopithecus erythrogaster, 483. Cercopithecus hamlyni, 914. Cercopithecus lhoesti, 896. Cercopithecus mitis, 10, 253, 258, 270, 293, 307, 437, 509, 585, 645, 654, 656, 671, 675, 715-9, 721, 731, 757, 768, 772-3, 775-6, 778, 784-6, 826, 829, 834, 865, 896, 938, 947, 949, 958. Cercopithecus mitis kandti, 892,915. Cercopithecus mitis moloneyi, 938, 954, 956. Cercopithecus mona, 158, 160, 163, 229, 495, 871. Cercopithecus neglectus, 92, 107, 271. Cercopithecus nictitans, 90, 92, 107, 156, 163, 229, 495. Cercopithecus patas, 800, 802. Cercopithecus petaurista, 158, 226, 232-3, 565, 567. Cercopithecus petaurista petaurista, 94, 97. Cercopithecus pogonias, 90. Cercopithecus preussi, 96. Ceriops, 199, 277, 545. Ceriops ciliata, 277. Certhilauda albescens, 455. Cervus dama, 714. Ceryle maxima, 113, 218, 271. Ceryle rudis, 193, 218, 888. Ceuthmochares aereus, 778. Chaetodon lunula, 276. Chaetomorpha, 417, 419. Chaetura sabini, 258. Chamaeleo angeli, 341. Chamaeleo boettgeri, 344. Chamaeleo fischeri, 862. Chamaeleo goetzei nyikae, 954. Chamaeleo parsonii, 344. Chamaeleo spinosus, 862. Chamaeleo tenuis, 862. Chamaeleo tigris, 540, 552. Chamaeleo tsaratananensis, 348. Chanos, 199. Chara, 614. Charadrius hiaticula, 394. Charadrius leschenaultii, 277. Charadrius mongolus, 277. Charadrius thoracicus, 350. Charadrius tricollaris forbesi, 826. Charadrius venustus, 831. Charaxes, 258, 270. Charaxes nandina, 270. Cheicogallus medius, 361. Cheilanthes, 683. Cheilinus undulatus, 808. Cheirogaleus major, 343, 348, 354, 359. Cheirogaleus medius, 341, 360. Chelictinia riocourii, 882. Chelonia mydas, 6, 10, 199, 281, 287, 309, 395, 523, 527, 532, 549, 556. Chetia flaviventris, 680, 690. Chidlowia sanguinea, 163, 170. Chionanthus, 618. Chionanthus battiscombei, 705. Chionanthus foveolatus, 614. Chiromantis xerampelina, 303, 942. Chlidonias hybrida, 952. Chlidonias leucoptera, 952. Chloris, 274, 307. Chloris gayana, 260, 645. Chloris myriostachya, 190. Chloris prieurii, 128, 397, 533. Chloris roxburghiana, 263, 274, 283. Chloris virgata, 43, 695. Chloropeta gracilirostris, 922. Chloropeta similis, 374. Chlorophora, 284, 302-3, 307. Chlorophora excelsa, 157, 160-1, 205, 241, 309, 861, 911, 928, 970. Chlorophora regia, 167, 239, 521. Choeropsis liberiensis, 164, 167, 170, 239, 325, 565, 570. Choriotis arabs, 199. Taxonomic Index Choriotis kori, 430, 686, 689, 691, 732, 736, 839, 858, 882. Christiana africana, 529. Chrozophora, 468. Chrysalidocarpus, 335, 348. Chrysobalanus, 19. Chrysobalanus icaco, 551. Chrysochloa hindsii, 57. Chrysocoma, 602, 610-1. Chrysocoma tenuifolia, 641, 713. Chrysophyllum, 896. Chrysophyllum albidum, 258. Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, 861. Chrysophyllum perpulchrum, 163, 170. Chrysophyllum viridifolium, 775. Chrysopogon, 274. Chrysopogon montanus, 43, 709. Chrysopogon plumulosus, 193. Ciccaba woodfordii, 986. Ciconia abdimii, 185. Ciconia ciconia, 318, 683, 732, 736, 776. Ciconia episcopus, 773. Ciconia nigra, 49, 590, 593, 599, 683, 733, 736, 919. Cinchona, 861. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 540, 551-2. Cinnyricinclus femoralis, 829. Cinnyricinclus leucogaster, 816. Circaetus, 977, 979. Circaetus cinerascens, 902. Circaetus cinereus, 902. Circaetus fasciolatus, 255, 303, 773, 775, 778, 861. Circus maurus, 683. Circus pygargus, 253. Cissus, 6, 19. Cissus quadrangularis, 190, 274, 526. Cissus rotundifolia, 190. Cisticola, 973. Cisticola ayresii, 253. Cisticola brunnescens, 683. Cisticola hunteri, 829. Cisticola hunteri masaba, 265. Cisticola juncidis, 49. Cisticola njombe, 374. Cisticola restricta, 308. Cisticola rufilata, 52, 253. Citrullus colocynthis, 128. Citrullus lanatus, 40, 47, 49. Civettictis civetta, 92-4, 96, 105, 113, 118, 123-4, 130, 156, 167, 232, 239, 487, 496, 531, 533, 675, 678, 680, 685-7, 698. Civettictis civetta schwarzi, 861. Cladium, 509. Cladium mariscus, 614. Clarias, 274, 375, 439. Clarias gariepinus, 39, 45, 452, 676, 678, 682, 685, 699, 979, 982, 988, 1001. Clarias lazera, 480. Clarotes, 274. Cleistanthus schlechteri, 667, 729. Cleistophelis patens, 495. Clematis, 979. Clematis hirsuta, 174. Clematis simensis, 195. Clerodendron, 346. Clerodendrum glabrum, 669. Cliffortia, 595, 765, 769. Cliffortia arborea, 624. Cliffortia linearifolia, 648. Cliffortia micrantha, 622. Cliffortia nitidula, 668. Clivia caulescens, 675, 699. Clupisudus niloticus, 480. Clutia abyssinica, 174. Clutia pulchella, 705. Cocos nucifera, 407, 547, 556, 558. Coenobita, 556. Coenobita rugosus, 277. Coffea, 413. 603, 606, 613, 634, 637, -1015- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Coffea arabica, 189. Coffea tsaratananae, 348. Cola, 28, 482-3, 954. Cola acuminata, 481. Cola cordifolia, 157, 495. Cola edulis, 91. Cola laurifolia, 230, 465, 529. Cola togoensis, 495. Coleonema, 618. Coleura seychellensis, 540, 551. Coleus, 348. Collocalia francica, 540. Collocalia francica elaphra, 551. Colobus, 98, 113, 195, 568, 911. Colobus angolensis, 90, 258, 260, 265, 270, 949. Colobus angolensis abyssinicus, 253. Colobus angolensis palliatus, 865. Colobus badius, 160, 163, 167, 216, 218-9, 226, 232, 239, 325, 565, 567, 826, 843, 863, 898, 914, 919. Colobus badius gordonorum, 865. Colobus badius preussi, 92, 96. Colobus badius rufomitratus, 307. Colobus badius temmincki, 521, 523, 529. Colobus badius tephrosceles, 896. Colobus guereza, 81, 104, 186, 192, 495, 800, 802, 804, 824, 834, 861, 889, 896, 898, 902, 914. Colobus polykomos, 82, 156, 158, 163, 167, 226, 228, 230, 232-3, 239, 489, 565, 567, 837, 871. Colobus polykomos abyssinicus, 229, 829. Colobus polykomos angolensis, 919. Colobus satanas, 92, 96. Colobus verus, 164. Colophospermum, 6, 15, 19, 432, 940, 955, 992. Colophospermum mopane, 12, 16, 38, 45, 47, 371-2, 377, 380, 429, 433, 447, 584, 684, 691, 712, 936, 943-4, 948, 951, 955-6, 968-9, 971, 975-6, 985, 990, 993-4, 996-7. Columba albinucha, 902. Columba guinea, 534. Combretum, 10, 15, 26, 59, 72, 80, 83, 88, 120, 122, 124, 126, 129, 157, 159, 161, 190, 193, 258, 263, 283, 289, 293, 312, 367, 371, 376, 379, 432, 433, 435, 447, 465-6, 494, 508, 584, 801, 834-5, 841, 843-4, 849, 852, 854, 882, 895, 922, 934, 941, 949, 952, 956, 970-1, 983, 985, 992. Combretum apiculatum, 453, 649, 651, 655, 678, 680, 684, 686, 690-1, 695, 709, 711, 712, 727. Combretum binderanum, 57. Combretum caffrum, 766. Combretum collinum, 466. Combretum erythrophyllum, 43, 730. Combretum glutinosum, 85, 128, 466, 468, 490, 531, 533. Combretum greenwayi, 193. Combretum hartmannianum, 798, 800. Combretum hereroense, 43, 655. Combretum imberbe, 43, 45, 584, 711, 817. Combretum kraussii, 699, 776, 782-3, 785-6. Combretum lamprocarpum, 57. Combretum mechowianum, 45. Combretum micranthum, 466. Combretum molle, 43, 680, 690, 695, 705. Combretum mossambicense, 983. Combretum nigricans, 466, 490. Combretum tanaensis, 307. Combretum zeyheri, 649, 680, 690, 705. Commiphora, 6, 15, 19, 255, 263, 274, 283, 285, 288-9, 295, 297, 299, 301, 306, 312, 341, 455, 712, 835, 838, 841, 849-50, 855, 969, 971, 992. Commiphora africana, 846. Commiphora marlothi, 727. Commiphora mollis, 727. Commiphora pyracanthoides, 686, 728. Commiphora riparia, 307. Connochaetes, 972, 988, 997. Connochaetes gnou, 47, 318, 588, 593, 595, 602-3, 612-3, 617, 624, 637-8, 640-3, 648, 657, 659, 661, 666, 672, 676, 679, 689, 693, 696, 700-1, 714, 769, 814, 999, Connochaetes taurinus, 5, 7, 17-8, 40-1, 49, 51, 205, 255, 268, 292, 429, 432, 434-5, 439, 447, 450, 454, 458, 585, 587, 637, 645, 651-2, 661, 667, 678, 680, 682, 685, 695, 711-2, 725, 728, 814, 816-7, 831, 834, 838, 846, 852, 858, 940-1, 1001. Connochaetes taurinus cooksoni, 944-5, 951, 956. Connochaetes taurinus johnstonii, 373, 436. Conophytum turrigerum, 629. Copaifera mopane, 205. Copsychus sechellarum, 554. Coracias abyssinica, 85, 88, 534. Coracias spatulata, 836. Coracina caesia, 270. Coracopsis nigra barklyi, 551. Corchorus olitorius, 128. Cordia gharaf, 299. Cordia millenii, 258, 483. Cordia ovalis, 291. Cordia sinensis, 128, 274, 470. Cordia somalensis, 309. Cordia subcordata, 556. Cordyla, 377. Cordyla africana, 533, 969. Cordylus cataphractus, 609, 732, 737, 740. Cordylus cordylus jonesii, 686. Cordylus giganteus, 595. Cordylus vittifer, 683. Cordylus warreni breyeri, 680. Cornulaca monacantha, 128, 394, 469. Corvinella corvina, 901. Corvus albicollis, 706, 954. Corvus albus, 526, 534. Corvus rhipidurus, 882. Corynanthes pachyceras, 482. Corythaeola cristata, 265, 270-1, 896. Corythaixoides personata, 271. Cosmopsarus regius, 263, 841. Cossypha heinrichi, 924. Cossypha heuglini, 982. Cossypha humeralis, 1001. Cossypha semirufa, 266. Cotula plumosa, 707. Coturnicops pulchra, 863. Coua, 353. Crassula, 595, 634, 636, 979. Craterostigma, 922. Craterostigma kundelungense, 915. Crateva adansonii, 86. Crateva religiosa, 529. Crinifer piscator, 534. Crinifer zonurus, 271. Criniger calurus, 96. Criniger olivaceus, 164, 568. Crocidura maquassiensis, 689. Crocodylus, 59, 67, 98, 190, 192-3, 197, 268, 282, 376, 849, 852, 958, 998-9. Crocodylus cataphractus, 529, 919-20, 949. Crocodylus niloticus, 10, 26, 28, 45, 52, 81, 85, 123, 155, 158, 217-8, 220, 230, 274, 286, 288, 295, 298, 300, 308, 312, 369, 373, 397, 431, 437, 465, 480, 487, 489-90, 492, 496, 498, 529, 532, 534, 567, 585, 645, 647, 649, 651, 654, 656, 667, 678, 682, 685, 690, 773, 800, 802, 827, 836, 885, 935, 943, 949, 951-2, 956, 977, 992. Crocuta crocuta, 5-7, 9-10, 12, 14-5, 17-8, 40, 64, 81, 85, 104, 118, 120, 130, 139, 195, 197, 219, 230, 255, 288, 292, 303, 367, 371, 374, 455, 458, 465, 484-5, 487, 489-90, 495-6, 509, 511, 584, 587, 645, 651-2, 798, 839, 846, 858, 884, 890, 920, 945, 956, 977, 983. Crossleyia xanthophrys, 360. Crossopteryx, 865. Crossopteryx febrifuga, 26, 57, 106, 219, 494. Croton, 268, 270, 346. Croton dichogamus, 260, 268, 291. Croton macrostachyus, 830. Croton megalobotrys, 969. Croton menyhartii, 309. Croton scarciessii, 529. 26, 155, 158, 230, 480, -1016- Croton sylvaticus, 682, 775-6, 786. Croton zambesicus, 43. Cryproprocta ferox, 337. Cryptocarya liebertiana, 786. Cryptocarya myrtifolia, 776. Cryptolybia olivacea, 303, 861. Cryptoprocta ferox, 334, 341, 343, 347, 354, 357. Cryptosepalum, 958. Cryptosepalum pseudotaxus, 958. Cryptospiza, 892. Cryptospiza jacksoni, 511. Cryptospiza salvadorii, 270. Cryptospiza shelleyi, 511. Ctenium, 157. Ctenium elegans, 466. Ctenium newtonii, 57. Cuchemia, 419. Cunonia, 755, 760. Cunonia capensis, 627, 630, 632, 751, 758. Cursorius cursor, 294. Curtisia dentata, 597, 620, 632, 720, 769, 779. Cussonia, 346, 648. Cussonia natalensis, 675. Cussonia paniculata, 593, 595, 657. Cussonia spicata, 599, 633, 699, 704, 720, 779, 782-3, 786. Cyathea, 335, 829. Cyathea deckeni, 253. Cyathea dregei, 657. Cyathea thomsoni, 915. Cyathula cylindrica, 166, 238. Cycloderma frenatum, 970. Cyclopia, 628, 745, 748, 753. Cyclopia subternata, 754. Cymbopogon, 157, 595, 603, 606, 611, 613, 640, 642-3, 648, 676, 688, 693, 696, 713, 895, 898. Cymbopogon afronardus, 508, 882, 896. Cymbopogon citratus, 551. Cymbopogon excavatus, 669, 680, 722-3, 776. Cymbopogon giganteus, 57, 144. Cymbopogon marginatus, 679. Cymbopogon plurinodis, 43, 640, 643, 676, 687, 689, 695-7, 700, 713, 728. Cymbopogon schoenanthus, 128. Cymbopogon validus, 882. Cymodocea ciliata, 277. Cymodocea nodosa, 394. Cymodocea rotundata, 277. Cymodocea serrulata, 276. Cymothoe herminia johnstoni, 258. Cymothoe sangaris hobarti, 258. Cynodon, 268, 798. Cynodon dactylon, 45, 255, 299, 709, 814, 824, 830. Cynodon hirsutus, 637. Cynometra, 279, 287. Cynometra alexandri, 896. Cynometra hankei, 91. Cynometra leonensis, 570. Cynometra vogelii, 157, 529. Cynthia cardui, 557. Cyperus, 185, 188, 255, 263, 268, 283, 413, 669, 729, 914. Cyperus baikiei, 529. Cyperus difformis, 490. Cyperus exaltatus, 490. Cyperus laevigatus, 260. Cyperus ligularis, 556. Cyperus maritimus, 281. Cyperus papyrus, 10, 45, 52, 72, 255, 509, 654-5, 773, 885, 896, 911, 934-5, 938, 949, 958, 983. Cyperus podocarpus, 533. Cyperus polyphyllus, 556. Cyphastrea, 277. Cyphostemma, 455. Cyphosternmma juttae, 452. Cypraea lynx, 411. Cypraea moneta, 276. Cypraea tigris, 277, 411. Cyprinus carpio, 452, 692, 702. Cyrtanthus thorncroftii, 705, 731. Taxonomic Index Cyrtodactylus serpensinsula, 415. Dactyloctenium aegyptium, 469, 533. Dalbergia, 335, 337, 341, 432, 841. Dalbergia armata, 776. Dalbergia melanoxylon, 128, 834. Dalbergia saxatilis, 529. Damaliscus dorcas, 722. Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, 599, 601, 614, 617-9, 714. Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi, 593, 595, 602, 624, 637, 640-2, 648, 657, 659, 661, 663, 666, 668, 672, 676, 679, 689, 693, 696, 700-1, 814, 816. Damaliscus hunteri, 281-2. Damaliscus lunatus, 7, 17-8, 26, 28-30, 39, 45, 59, 61, 82, 84-5, 88, 104, 107, 119-20, 123-4, 130, 190, 193, 197, 262, 272, 287, 292, 309, 429, 433, 447, 451, 458, 465, 467, 488, 492-3, 509, 585, 680, 685, 698, 798, 802, 804, 827, 839, 842, 846, 849, 854, 856, 884, 887, 890, 895, 898, 901, 922, 940, 955, 968, 975, 1001. Daniellia, 14, 129, 479, 533, 565. Daniellia oliveri, 59, 80, 157, 159, 161, 230, 479, 487, 494, 533. Danthonia, 348, 814. Dascyllus, 199. Dasylepis integra, 861. Dasylepis racemosa, 498. Dasymys incomtus, 678-80. Dasypeltis inornata, 692. Dasypeltis scabra, 679, 683. Daubentonia madagascariensis, 337, 343, 359-60. Deckenia allaudi, 552. Deckenia nobilis, 551. Delichon urbica, 683. Delonix, 351. Delonix regia, 351. Delosperma pageanum, 634. Delphinus delphis, 395, 526-7, 532, 597. Dendroaspis polyleptis, 43. Dendroaspis viridis, 218, 534. Dendrocygna arborea, 88. Dendrocygna bicolor, 524. Dendrocygna viduata, 217, 274, 524, 529. Dendrohyrax arboreus, 161, 266, 768. Dendrohyrax dorsalis, 93, 498. Dendrohyrax validus, 829, 865. Dendrohyrax validus terricola, 861. Dendronephthya, 805. Dendropicos namaquus, 45. Dendrosenecio, 922. Dermochelys coriacea, 210, 395, 437, 527. Desmanthus virgatus, 407-8. Detarium, 479, 495. Detarium micranthum, 157. Detarium microcarpum, 26, 57, 59, 80, 230, 479, 533. Detarium senegalense, 521, 529, 533. Diadema, 277. Diadema setosum, 424. Dialium, 565. Dialium schlechteri, 729. Diamphidium, 47. Diascia macrophylla, 624. Diascia nitans, 624. Dicentrarchus punctatus, 397. Diceros bicornis, 6, 17-9, 26, 80, 82, 84, 103-4, 106, 109-12, 129, 197, 253, 255, 260, 263, 266, 268, 270, 274, 288, 290, 292, 296, 312, 367, 377, 379, 432, 435, 439, 447, 457, 509, 585, 591, 645, 649, 651-2, 655, 665, 709, 829, 831, 834, 836-7, 839, 843, 846-7, 850, 852, 855, 858, 882, 885, 936, 943-5, 949, 951, 956, 968, 970, 972, 977, 980, 983, 990, 992-3. Dichaetanthera, 348. Dichanthium papillosum, 43, 695. Dichrostachys, 10. Dichrostachys cinerea, 49, 533, 584, 645. Dicrurus adsimilis, 1001. Dicrurus aldabranus, 549. Dictyosperma album, 415. Dictyosphaora, 276. Dictyota bartayresiana, 276-7. Didelotiaidae, 568. Didierea, 337, 350. =1017= IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Digitaria, 43, 255, 268, 645, 728. Digitaria eriantha, 591, 686. Digitaria macroblephara, 838. Digitaria monodactyla, 679. Digitaria tricholaenoides, 683, 701. Diheteropogon amplectens, 690. Diheteropogon filifolius, 769. Diheteropogon hagerupii, 466. Dillenia ferruginea, 551. Dimorphotheca polyptera, 608. Dioscorea brownii, 771. Dioscorea elephantipes, 602. Diospyros, 28, 90, 163, 205, 284, 307, 346, 413, 482-3, 568, 595, 603, 606, 611, 613, 712, 943. Diospyros abyssinica, 291, 293. Diospyros crassiflora, 96. Diospyros dichrophylla, 705. Diospyros egrettarum, 405. Diospyros elliotii, 529. Diospyros lycioides, 43, 696, 699, 704. Diospyros mannii, 163, 170. Diospyros mespiliformis, 701, 725. Diospyros microphylla, 682. Diospyros natalensis, 773, 778. Diospyros perrieri, 351. Diospyros ramulosa, 609. Diospyros whyteana, 614, 620, 675, 682, 699, 705, 779. Diplorhynchus, 865. Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, 678, 940. Disparago kraussii, 614. Dispholidus typus, 45, 597, 941. Dissotis, 865, 920. Distichodus mossambicus, 977, 998. Distichodus schenga, 977, 982, 998. Dobera, 307. Dobera glabra, 193. Dodonaea, 551. Dodonaea viscosa, 551. Dolabella, 423. Dolichometra, 861. Dolichos bianoensis, 915. Dolichos nimbaensis, 166, 238. Dombeya, 346, 348, 911. Dombeya autumnalis, 675. Dombeya rotundifolia, 675, 690. Donax faba, 423. Dovyalis rhamnoides, 751, 758. Dovyalis zeyheri, 699. Dracaena, 216. Dracaenaconcinna, 404-5. Dromas ardeola, 199. Drosanthemum, 615, 622. Drosanthemum delicatulum, 634. Drosera affinis, 915. Drosera katangensis, 915. Drymaria, 163. Drynaria, 335. Dryocichloides lowei, 865. Dryocichloides montanus, 861. Dryolimnas cuvieri aldabranus, 549. Drypetes, 90, 482-3. Drypetes gerrardii, 836. Dugong dugon, 199, 281, 287, 309, 431, 440. Duosperma, 312. Duosperma eremophilum, 312. Duplidentitermes furcatidens, 231. Dyscophus antongili, 359. Eberlanzia, 602. Eberlanzia ferox, 624. Echinocarpus, 346. Echinochloa, 10, 284, 529, 798, 956. Echinochloa colonum, 85, 397. Echinochloa haplacelada, 263, 283. Echinochloa pyramidalis, 88. Echinochloa stagnina, 88, 106, 941. Echinometra mathaei, 276-7, 424. Echinops hoehnelii, 264. Echinops telfairi, 357. 230, 465, 467, 479, 529, Echinostrephus molaris, 424. Echinothrix, 277. Echinothrix diadema, 424. Egretta, 120, 467, 524, 998. Egretta ardesiaca, 274. Egretta garzetta, 193, 534. Egretta gularis, 395, 532. Egretta intermedia, 158, 534. Egretta vinaceigula, 39, 45, 934, 940-1. Ehretia rigida, 712, 728. Ehrharta calycina, 599. Eidolon helvum, 591, 593, 599, 678, 687. Ekebergia pterophylla, 675, 699, 814. Elaeis, 533. Elaeis guineensis, 495, 533, 826. Elaeodendron buchananii, 268. Elanoides forficatus, 294. Elanus caeruleus, 979 Elaphoglossum randii, 707. Eleacarpus, 348. Elegia, 618. Eleocharis dregeana, 773. Eleocharis geniculata, 521. Eleocharis mutata, 521. Eleusine, 253. Elionurus, 157. Elionurus argenteus, 668, 672, 687, 690, 697, 700-1. Elionurus muticus, 709. Elytropappus, 605. Elytropappus rhinocerotis, 598, 605, 607, 622, 624, 634, 747, 754. Encephalartos, 284, 722-3. Encephalartos cupidus, 675. Encephalartos eugene-maraisii, 731. Encephalartos heenanii, 814. Encephalartos humilis, 779-80. Encephalartos inopinus, 675, 731. Encephalartos laevifolius, 675, 779, 814. Encephalartos natalensis, 662. Encephalartos paucidentatus, 675, 814. Encephalartos transvenosus, 705, 731. Encephalartos trispinosus, 610. Enchemia, 420. Endonema lateriflora, 626. Endonema retzioides, 626. Englerodendron usambarense, 861. Enneapogon, 447, 453, 678. Enneapogon cenchroides, 686. Enneapogon scoparius, 611. Ensete ventricosa, 253. Entada abyssinica, 158. Entada africana, 59. Entandrophragma, 161. Entandrophragma angolense, 226, 258. Entandrophragma cylindrium, 232-3. Entandrophragma utile, 232-3. Enteromorpha, 417, 420. Enterospermum rhodesiacum, 705. Entomorpha, 419. Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis, 646, 872, 885, 949. Epomophorus gambianus, 28. Eptesicus zuluensis, 585. Equus asinus somalicus, 196. Equus burchelli, 5-6, 12, 18-20, 38, 41, 51, 190, 192, 197, 205, 255, 257, 262-3, 268, 272, 274, 292, 303, 306, 367, 369, 374, 379, 432, 435-6, 439, 509, 584, 595, 603, 613, 623, 637, 639-40, 642, 645, 651-2, 664, 678-80, 685, 687, 693, 695-7, 700-1, 711, 725, 728, 804, 814, 817, 827, 831, 834, 836, 839, 841, 843, 846, 849-50, 854, 856, 858, 882, 884, 895, 901, 915, 920, 934-5, 938, 940-1, 943, 945, 947, 949, 951-2, 958, 968, 972, 977, 983, 987-8, 993-4, 996-7, 999, 1001. Equus burchelli antiquorum, 447. Equus caballus, 205. Equus grevyi, 187, 196, 263, 272, 282, 286, 298, 300-1, 312. Equus zebra, 452, 605. Equus zebra burchelli, 659, 661, 663, 666. 52, 85, 294, 467, -1018- Equus zebra hartmannae, 6, 19, 447, 449, 454, 456, 609, 618, 624, 633, 637, 640. Equus zebra zebra, 588, 593, 601-2, 714, 750. Eragrostis, 43, 106, 128, 274, 595, 602-3, 606, 610-1, 613, 660, 663, 666, 728, 889. Eragrostis capensis, 675, 771, 776. Eragrostis chalcantha, 771. Eragrostis chloromelas, 640, 693, 701. Eragrostis curvula, 676, 699, 713. Eragrostis devoxii, 49. Eragrostis gummiflua, 638. Eragrostis lehmanniana, 587, 637-8, 641, 676, 689, 696. Eragrostis obtusa, 676. Eragrostis pilosa, 469. Eragrostis plana, 713. Eragrostis racemosa, 679, 699, 701. Eragrostis rigidior, 43. Eragrostis sclerantha, 675. Eragrostis superba, 144, 193, 691, 696, 700. Eragrostis tricophora, 676, 691. Eremias lugubris, 686. Eremitalpa granti, 455. Eremomela turneri, 258. Eremopterix signata, 272. Eremospatha africana, 163. Eremospatha macrocarpa, 170. Eretmochelys imbricata, 199, 309, 395, 423, 527, 542, 544, 554, 556. Erica, 188, 595, 614, 617, 632, 648, 657, 748, 769, 824, 865, 922. Erica abietina, 620. Erica annectens, 627. Erica arborea, 194, 253, 264, 829, 861. Erica aristata, 632. Erica baccans, 620. Erica blancheana, 618. Erica capensis, 618. Erica clavisepala, 618. Erica densifolia, 762. Erica drakensbergensis, 675. Erica eburnea, 618. Erica excelsa, 861. Erica fastigiata, 632. Erica foliacea, 632. Erica fontana, 618. Erica fourcadei, 614. Erica hispidula, 620. Erica imbricata, 614, 627. Erica lanuginosa, 632. Erica limosa, 627. Erica paludicola, 627. Erica pilulifera, 620. Erica plukeneti, 620. Erica sociorum, 627. Erica urna-viridis, 627. Erica uysii, 600. Erica woodii, 706. Erinaceus frontalis, 591, 593, 595, 675, 678-80, 686-7, 689, 696, 698-9. Eriocephalus, 603, 606-7, 611, 613, 618, 624. Eriocephalus africanus, 622. Eriocephalus ericoides, 609, 634. Eriocephalus spinescens, 588. Eriochrysis brachypogon, 529. Eriosema montanum, 498. Erithacus gunningi, 439. Erithacus sharpei, 861. Erymnochelys madagascariensis, 357. Erythrina, 911. Erythrina caffra, 720. Erythrina lysistemon, 706, 979. Erythrocebus patas, 26, 28, 57, 61, 81-2, 85-6, 88, 97-8, 104, 123-4, 162, 218, 228-30, 387, 465, 467-8, 480, 484-5, 487, 490, 496, 529, 531, 533. Erythrocebus senegalensis, 468. Erythrocercus livingstonei, 977. Erythrophleum, 106, 935, 966. Erythrophleum guineensis, 495, 529. Erythrophleum ivorense, 160. Taxonomic Index Erythrophysa transvaalensis, 709. Erythroxylum corybosum, 348. Estrilda erythronotos, 955. Estrilda nigriloris, 920. Ethmalosa fimbriata, 397. Eualaena glacialis, 597. Eucalyptus, 335, 337, 498, 692, 698, 705, 736. Euclea, 291, 312, 682. Euclea crispa, 637, 679. Euclea divinorum, 651, 725, 861. Euclea pseudebenus, 455. Euclea racemosa, 599, 614. Euclea schimperi, 649. Euclea undulata, 591, 607, 610, 622, 634. Eucomis bicolor, 595. Eucomis vandermerwei, 683. Eugenia, 279, 551. Eugenia jambos, 343. Eugenia lucida, 404. Eugenia natalitia, 776. Eulalia villosa, 692, 704. Euphorbia, 10, 199, 284, 312, 455, 595, 841, 887. Euphorbia avasmontana, 590. Euphorbia balsamifera, 394, 397. Euphorbia calycina, 922. Euphorbia candelabrum, 260, 268, 704-5, 979. Euphorbia clivicola, 697. Euphorbia coerulescens, 757. Euphorbia dawai, 922. Euphorbia grandicornis, 190. Euphorbia grandidens, 682, 754, 766. Euphorbia ingens, 727, 814, 941. Euphorbia mauritanica, 615, 622, 624. Euphorbia pyrifolia, 553, 556. Euphorbia restricta, 731. Euphorbia robecchii, 274. Euphorbia scoparia, 190. Euphorbia waterbergensis, 690. Euplectes, 974. Euplectes hartlaubi psammocromius, 374. Euplectes orix, 526. Euplectes progne, 43. Eupleres goudotii, 343, 354. Eupoditis denhami stanleyi, 437. Eupodotis, 49, 141. Eupodotis caerulescens, 593. Eupodotis virgorsii, 609. Euryops, 318, 714. Euryops arabicus, 174. Euryops rehmannii, 622. Eurystomus glaucurus, 775. Eutriorchis astur, 346. Eutropius depressirostris, 678, 690. Excalfactoria adansonii, 292. Exotheca abyssinica, 374. Fagara capensis, 699. Fagara davyi, 779. Fagonia bruguieri, 469. Falco ardosiaceus, 534. Falco biarmicus, 195, 257, 265, 979. Falco chicquera, 263, 455. Falco concolor, 199. Falco cuvierii, 265, 292. Falco dickinsoni, 834, 836. Falco eleanorae, 836. Falco fasciinucha, 255, 948, 968, 982. Falco peregrinus, 49, 257, 292, 294, 526, 673, 678, 687, 696, 735-7, 739-40, 742, 888, 979. Falco rupicoloides, 955. Falco subbuteo, 556. Falco tinnunculus, 175, 195. Faucherea ursii, 343. Faurea, 814. Faurea galpinii, 779. Faurea saligna, 649, 675, 680, 690, 697, 705, 709, 727, 784, 882. Faurea speciosa, 780, 784. Felicia, 606, 610-1. Felicia filifolia, 713. Felicia fruticosa, 705. -1019- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Felicia muricata, 642. Felis aurata, 107, 164, 167, 226, 233, 239, 260, 265, 267, 498, 911. Felis caracal, 40, 64, 80, 125, 192, 195, 288, 293, 429, 458, 465, 470, 480, 490, 605, 620, 627, 629, 732-3, 735, 737, 739-40, 742-3, 751, 758, 760-1, 766, 768, 772, 779-80, 782-3, 882. Felis margarita, 395, 470. Felis serval, 105, 120, 123, 189, 192, 195-7, 218, 253, 288, 367, 437, 465, 484, 487, 490, 496, 521, 645, 648, 651, 656, 661, 667, 732, 770, 772, 779-80, 783, 834, 858, 896. Felis silvestris, 47, 49, 85, 106, 192, 195, 260, 288, 318, 395, 480, 531, 732. Fennecus zerda, 395, 470. Festuca, 648, 657, 683, 765, 769, 814. Festuca pilgeri, 253, 264, 266. Ficalhoa laurifolia, 861. Ficinia, 614. Ficus, 59, 83, 85-6, 97, 185, 219, 291, 307, 309, 369, 451, 455, 482, 508, 533, 553, 556, 730, 798, 834-5, 911. Ficus avi-avis, 556. Ficus capensis, 597, 649, 730. Ficus capreifolia, 970. Ficus craterostoma, 776. Ficus eriocarpa, 268. Ficus hippopotami, 654. Ficus ingens, 529, 675, 779. Ficus mantarum, 556. Ficus sycomorus, 45, 193, 307, 651, 655, 685, 779, 830, 934. Ficus trichopoda, 775. Ficus vasta, 174. Ficus verruculosa, 45. Filicium decipiens, 966. Fimbristylis, 556. Fimbristylis complanata, 45. Flacourtia indica, 406. Fossa fossa, 337, 343. Foudia madagascariensis, 556. Foudia sechellarum, 556. Francolinus, 49, 66, 141, 397, 465, 967, 972. Francolinus afer, 699. Francolinus bicalcaratus, 534. Francolinus hartlaubi, 459. Francolinus jacksoni, 253. Francolinus levaillantii, 374. Francolinus nahani, 922. Francolinus nobilis, 511. Francolinus ochropectus, 175. Francolinus psilolaemus, 253, 266. Francolinus sephaena, 371. Francolinus squamatus, 253, 266. Fregata ariel, 549, 553, 556. Fregata minor, 549, 553, 556. Freylinia tropica, 690. Frithia pulcra, 687. Fuirena, 773. Fulica cristata, 696. Funisciurus, 96. Funtumia, 161. Funtumia africana, 570. Funtumia elastica, 482-3. Gaertnera longifolia, 413. Gagnabina pterocarpa, 415. Galago, 96, 484. Galago crassicaudatus, 686, 773, 775, 778. Galago demidovii, 567. Galago senegalensis, 98, 107, 167, 218, 239, 480, 490, 568, 675, 678, 680, 686-7, 695, 698, 861, 871, 882, 915. Galago senegalensis zanzibaracus, 279. Galagoides demidoff, 521, 915. Galaxea, 277, 805. Galenia africana, 609, 622, 624. Galeocerdo cuvieri, 808. Galerida cristata, 526. Galidea elegans, 343, 347, 354. 279, 585, 675, 678, 680, Galium spurium, 195. Gallinago media, 253. Gallinula chloropus seychellarum, 554. Garcinia, 307. Garcinia huillensis, 836. Gardenia, 157, 348, 479, 486. Gardenia lutea, 190. Gastonia, 543. Gastonia cutispongia, 405. Gastropyxis smaragdina, 218. Gagella, 66, 120, 397. Gagelladama, 125, 128, 468, 470. Garella dorcas, 125, 128, 395, 468, 470, 485. Garella granti, 186, 190, 192, 255, 257, 263, 268, 272, 274, 301, 306, 312, 804, 836, 839, 846, 847, 850, 858, 900-1. Gasella granti brighti, 882. Gagella granti petersi, 293, 307. Gasella leptoceros, 470. Gasgella rufifrons, 26, 28, 88, 107-8, 119, 126, 128, 180, 465, 467-8, 484, 493, 531. Gagzella soemmerringi, 187, 196, 199. Gazella thomsoni, 257, 260, 268, 274, 292, 804, 839, 846, 858. Gehyra mutilata, 544. Gelochelidon nilotica, 395, 527, 532. Genetta, 105, 113, 118, 123-4, 130, 197, 218, 288. Genetta genetta, 85, 156, 233, 620, 779-80, 782-3. Genetta genettoides, 232. Genetta johnstoni, 167, 239. Genetta maculata, 167, 239. Genetta mossambica, 429. Genetta servalina, 167, 239. Genetta tigrina, 175, 193, 763, 772. Genicanthus melanospilus, 808. Genlisea africana, 529. Geochelone gigantea, 543-4, 549, 556. Geochelone pardalis, 635, 685. Geochelone pardalis babcocki, 696. Geochelone radiata, 350, 357-8, 361. Geochelone sulcata, 534. Geocolaptes olivaceus, 609. Geogale aurita, 357. Geograpsis lividus, 277. Gephyroglanis gilli, 732. Geranium arabicum, 195. Geranium vagans, 266. Gerbillurus vallinus, 590. Geronticus calvus, $18, 585, 675, 683, 776, 814, 817. Gerrhosaurus major, 675. Gilbertiodendron, 926. Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, 90. Gilbertiodendron spendium, 163. Giraffa camelopardalis, 12, 26, 28, 38, 41, 47, 82, 84, 88, 103-4, 106, 108-10, 120, 123, 130, 190, 193, 197, 257, 262, 274, 292, 303, 306-7, 387, 429, 433, 447, 450, 457-8, 468, 493, 495, 529, 584, 639-40, 645, 651-2, 661, 664, 680, 685-6, 695, 711-2, 714, 725, 728, 798, 801-2, 804, 816-7, 824, 831, 834, 837, 839, 844, 846-7, 852, 868, 890, 894, 900-1, 955, 972, 983, 999, 1001. Giraffa camelopardalis congoensis, 911. Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata, 300-1, 312. Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi, 260, 885. Giraffa camelopardalis teppelskirchi, 268. Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti, 956. Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi, 255. Gladiolus, 595, 597. Gladiolus calcaratus, 704. Gladiolus pole-evansii, 678. Gladiolus rufomarginatus, 699. Gladiolus salteri, 609. Gladiolus stephaniae, 636. Gladiolus varius, 675. Gladiolus vernus, 675. Gladiolus vigilans, 618. Glareola nuchalis, 885, 977. Glaucidium tephronotum, 258. 263, 286, 294, -1020- Gloriosa simplex, 533. Glossopteris, 645. Glutatourtour, 335. Gmelina, 483. Gongylomorphus bojerii, 409, 410, 412. Gorilla gorilla, 98, 98, 1839-40, 142, 146, 208, 498, 914. Gorilla gorilla berengei, 510, 892, 904, 917, 922. Gorilla gorilla gorilla, 90, 205, 210-1. Gorsachius leuconotus, 43, 706. Gossweilerodendron, 926. Gracilaria, 417. Grampus griseus, 395. Granatina granatina, 49. Graphium endochus, 335. Graphiurus murinus, 164. Graphiurus ocularis, 588, 5938, 599, 687, 732, 736-7, 745, 748, 750, 754. Grapsis maculatus, 276-7. Grevea eggelinga, 311. Grewia, 47, 49, 187, 193, 289, 301, 587, 701, 712. Grewia bicolor, 43, 533, 686. Grewia coriacea, 483. Grewia flava, 43, 700. Grewia flavescens, 43, 686. Grewia monticola, 43. Grewia occidentalis, 588, 591, 640. Grewia rogersii, 690. Grewia tenax, 190, 470. Grewia villosa, 190, 470. Greyia, 648. Greyia radkoferi, 699. Greyia sutherlandii, 657, 661, 668. Grubbia rosmarinifolia, 632. Grus carunculatus, 189, 683. Guaduella oblonga, 568. Guettarda speciosa, 556. Guibourtia, 10. Guibourtia coleosperma, 16, 18, 971. Guibourtia conjugata, 969. Guibourtia ehie, 483. Guiera senegalensis, 465-6, 468. Gunnera perpensa, 683. Guttera, 397. Guttera edouardi, 292, 371. Guttera edouardi kathleenae, 958. Guttera edouardi sethsmithi, 265. Guttera pucherani, 682, 691, 778, 861. Gygis alba, 407-8, 543, 553, 556. Gymnarchus niloticus, 480. Gypaetus barbatus, 195, 255, 257, 294, 318, 595, 648, 657, 661, 668, 672-3, 829, 858. Gypohierax angolensis, 51, 218, 534, 826, 831. Gyps africanus, 534. Gyps bengalensis, 972. Gyps coprotheres, $18, 459, 585, 593, 599, 601, 657, 673, 675, 683, 726, 735-6, 739-40, 742, 772, 972. Gyps riieppellii, 257. Habenaria, 979. Hagedashia hagedash, 193. Hagenia, 188, 510, 914, 922. Hagenia abyssinica, 188, 253, 264, 266, 374, 510, 824, 922. Hagenia revolutum, 266. Hakea, 756. Hakea gibbosa, 742. Hakea sericea, 626, 629, 631, 733, 736, 738-40, 742, 747, 754, 756, 760. Hakea suaveolens, 736. Halcyon albiventris, 263, 968. Halcyon chelicuti, 271. Halcyon leucocephala, 274. Haliétor africanus, 52, 394. Haliaeetus vocifer, 39, 45, 52, 85, 193, 217, 271, 274, 369, 449, 465, 509, 601, 607, 632, 678, 681, 690, 696, 736, 762, 778, 874, 885, 941, 968, 980, 983, 992, 998. Haliaeetus vociferoides, 341. Halichoeres kawarin, 423. Halimeda opuntia, 276. Taxonomic Index Halleria lucida, 673, 675, 699. Halodule uninervis, 423. Halodule wrightii, 277, 394. Hannonia, 144-6. Hapalemur, 360. Hapalemur griseus, 343, 347-8, 351, 354. Harpephyllum caffrum, 775-6. Harpochloa falx, 668, 672, 683, 814. Hartogia schinoides, 620. Heeria, 289. Heeria mucronata, 309. Heleophryne rosei, 620, 732, 736-7. Helichrysum, 195, 264, 318, 339, 348, 354, 610, 618, 648, 657, 668, 713, 824, 829. Helichrysum ericaefolium, 614. Helichrysum kilimanjari, 266. Helichrysum ngomense, 776. Helichrysum splendidum, 188. Helichrysum teretifolium, 614. Helichrysum vestitum, 632. Helictotrichon, 595. Heliophila cinerea, 618. Heliopora coerulea, 411. Heliosciurus, 954. Heliosciurus gambianus, 28, 218. Heliotropium bacciferum, 394. Hemachatus haemachatus, 449, 696. Hemarthria altissima, 529. Hemitragus jemlahicus, 621. Hepsetus, 45. Hepsetus odoe, 480. Heritiera utilis, 156, 161, 568. Hermannia disticha, 636. Hernandia ovigera, 553. Herpestes ichneumon, 772. Herpestes pulverulentus, 605. Herpestes sanguineus, 533. Hesperantha hantamensis, 624. Hesperantha karrooica, 624. Hesperantha oligantha, 624. Hesperantha quadrangula, 624. Heterobranchus bidorsalis, 480. Heterobranchus longifilis, 977, 980, 983, 998. Heterocentrotus mammillatus, 424. Heterocentrotus trigonarius, 424. Heterohyrax brucei, 260, 952, 954. Heteropogon, 10, 404. Heteropogon contortus, 193, 602-3, 606, 613, 680, 696, 701, 769, 771, 902. Heywoodia lucens, 722-3. Hibiscus asper, 533. Hibiscus calyphyllus, 458. Hibiscus columnaris, 413. Hibiscus lunariifolius, 193. Hibiscus tiliaceus, 553. Hibiscus waterbergensis, 690. Hieraaetus dubius, 266, 270, 773, 778, 831. Hieraaetus pennatus, 593, 605, 733, 735, 739, 742, 745, 748, 753. Hieraaetus spilogaster, 52, 175, 454. Hildegardia, 341. Himantopus himantopus, 158, 272. Hippobromus, 610. Hippopotamus amphibius, 7, 9-10, 12, 14-5, 17-8, 26, 28-31, 45, 52, 59, 61, 67, 72, 80, 82, 84-5, 92, 98, 103-4, 107, 118, 121, 123-4, 130, 139, 141, 145-6, 158, 160-1, 168, 192, 217, 228-9, 255, 260, 263, 268, 274, 282, 288, 292, 295, 298, 307, 369, 373, 380, 387, $97, 432, 435-7, 451, 465, 480, 490, 492, 495, 498, 509, 529, 565, 584, 614, 646, 652, 655, 675, 682, 685, 729, 773, 775, 800-2, 816, 824, 827, 831, 834, 837, 839, 843-4, 849, 852, 858, 872, 874, 884-5, 887, 889, 896, 898-9, 902, 911, 920, 922-5, 938, 943-4, 948-9, 951-2, 956, 958, 970, 972, 977, 980, 982-3, 999. Hipposideros commersoni, 311. Hipposideros megalotis, 260. Hippotragus, 523. Hippotragus equinus, 5, 7, 9-10, 12, 14-5, 17-8, 26, 28, 39, 45, 57, 59, 61-2, 72, 81, 84, 88, 104, 106, 119, 128, 130, 158, 197, 217, 220, 228-30, 262, -1021- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas 303, 367, 374, 379-80, 387, 429, 433, 447, 451, 458, 465, 467, 480, 484, 487-90, 496, 509, 529, 585, 680, 690, 695, 698, 798, 804, 827, 836-7, 843, 846, 849-50, 854, 872, 882, 884, 890, 900-1, 911, 915, 920, 934-5, 939-40, 943-5, 947, 952, 955-6, 968, 975, 980, 997. Hippotragus niger, 39, 52, 367, 371, 373, 376-7, 379-80, 429, 432, 435-6, 439, 451, 458, 585, 678, 680, 685-7, 690-1, 725, 728, 816, 827, 834, 836, 843-4, 849-50, 852, 854, 863, 865, 895, 915, 920, 934, 939, 945, 947, 952, 955-6, 967, 972, 977, 980, 983, 988, 992, 995-7, 999, 1001-2. Hippotragus niger niger, 17-8. Hippotragus niger rooseveltii, 303. Hippotragus niger variani, 9, 14. Hirtella, 343. Histurgops ruficauda, 839. Holocentrus, 544. Homalium, 495. Homo habilis, 858. Homoglossum merianellum, 618, 627. Homopus signatus, 609. Homoroselaps dorsalis, 701. Homoroselaps lacteus, 679, 692, 701, 704. Hoodia, 455. Hoplophryne rogersi, 861. Huernia, 455. Hunteria umbellata, 482. Hyaena brunnea,_ 6, 40, 47, 49, 429, 432, 457, 585, 587, 613, 645, 657, 678-80, 687, 690-1, 695, 699, 709, 712, 726. Hyaena hyaena, 88, 108, 260, 288, 293, 395, 468, 470, 531, 798, 882. Hydrocynus, 26. Hydrocynus vittatus, 982-3, 998, 1001-2. Hydroprogne caspia, 395, 527, 532, 696. Hyemoschus aquaticus, 161, 164, 206, 208, 919. Hygrophila odora, 529. Hyliota australis, 1001. Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, 139, 142, 146, 164, 226, 233, 253, 265-6, 887, 892, 896, 898, 902, 914, 922. Hylochoerus meinertzhageni rimator, 325. Hymenocardia, 141. Hymenocardia acida, 494. Hymenocardia assida, 144-6. Hymenocardia ulmoides, 775. Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, 415. Hyparrhenia, 15, 63, 141, 144, 190, 230, 367, 479, 490-1, 508, 648, 664, 697, 771, 798, 814, 865, 885, 889, 895-6, 898, 911, 915, 920, 922. Hyparrhenia amoena, 529. Hyparrhenia cymbaria, 498, 699, 882. Hyparrhenia dissoluta, 190, 882, 902. Hyparrhenia glabriuscula, 57. Hyparrhenia hirta, 59, 260, 771. Hyparrhenia involucrata, 57, 466. Hyparrhenia rufa, 57, 106, 157, 479, 882, 894. Hyparrhenia smithiana, 57, 479. Hyparrhenia subplumosa, 57. Hypericum, 195, 253, 266, 510, 824, 892. Hypericum oligandrum, 915. Hypericum revolutum, 188, 704. Hypericum ruwengoriense, 922. Hyperolius horstockii, 751, 758. Hyperolius tuberilinguis, 303. Hyphaene, 263, 283, 302, 432. Hyphaene coriacea, 274, 285, 288, 299, 301, 309. Hyphaene crinita, 274. Hyphaene natalensis, 729. Hyphaene parvula, 309. Hyphaene thebaica, 88, 798. Hyphaene ventricosa, 45, 51, 373, 834. Hypoxis, 595. Hypsignathus monstrosus, 232, 258. Hypsipetes crassirostris, 540, 543, 551, 558. Hysterix cristata, 105. Hystrix africaeaustralis, 43, 627, 629-30, 638, 715, 717-8, 763, 768-9, 775-6. Hystrix cristata, 192, 531. 39, 45, 682, 970, 977, 980, Hystrix cristata senegalica, 28. Ibis ibis, 831. Ichneumia albicauda, 104, 175, 192-3, 266. Ictonyx striatus, 468, 531. Ilex mitis, 630, 657, 699, 731, 751, 758. Imerinia fischeri, 339. Impatiens thomassetii, 540. Imperata, 889, 898, 922. Imperata cylindrica, 45, 94, 155, 896. Indigofera cunensis, 457. Indigofera hochstetteri, 128. Indigofera natalensis, 776. Indigofera peltata, 915. Indigofera spinosa, 312. Indriindri, 343, 354, 360. Ipomoea, 301, 798. Ipomoea pes-caprae, 281, 431, 527, 532. Irvingia smithii, 911. Ischaemum brachatherum, 190. Ischaemum hirsutum, 230. Isoberlinia, 28, 62, 80, 83, 103, 106, 109-12, 118, 126, 159, 161, 387, 479, 486-7, 827, 863, 920. Isoberlinia angolensis, 956. Isoberlinia dalzjellii, 80. Isoberlinia doka, 57, 67, 80, 82, 104, 106, 157, 230, 479, 486, 801. Isoberlinia tormentosa, 479, 486, 849. Isometrus maculatus, 556. Ispidina picta, 274, 311, 534. Ixobrychus minutus, 43, 268, 695. Ixobrychus sturmii, 695. Jacaranda, 585, 698. Jardinea congoensis, 106, 490. Jasminum, 568. Jasminum floribundum, 174. Jatropha curcas, 526. Julbernardia, 5, 12, 379, 863, 938-9, 944-6, 949, 952, 954, 956, 958, 968, 985. Julbernardia globiflora, 367, 376, 849, 852, 956, 979, 988, 992, 1002. Julbernardia paniculata, 9, 12, 14. Jumellea fragrans, 413. Juncus kraussii, 773, 775. Juniperus, 188. Juniperus procera, 824, 829, 861, 882. Kalanchoe, 339, 348. Kassina maculata, 303. Kassina weali, 679, 683. Katrumonus pelamus, 526. Kerivoula argentata, 585. Kerivoula lanosa, 591, 751, 758. Khaya, 28, 129, 156, 205, 369. Khaya anthotheca, 161. Khaya grandifolia, 160-1, 495. Khaya ivorensis, 93, 483. Khaya nyasica, 928. Khaya senegalensis, 59, 80, 82, 86, 106, 479, 529, 533, 911. Kigelia, 28, 432, 943. Kigelia aethiopum, 230, 465. Kigelia africana, 80, 830, 976. Kigelia pinnata, 45. Kiggelaria africana, 620, 633. Kinixys belliana, 26. Kinixys erosus, 211. Kirkia, 969. Kirkia acuminata, 685. Kirkia wilmsii, 712. Klainedoxa, 911. Klainedoxa gabonensis, 568. Kniphofia coralligemma, 731. Kniphofia triangularis, 595. Kobus ellipsiprymnus, 9, 14, 17-8, 26, 28, 39, 57, 59, 61, 72, 81-2, 84-5, 88, 94, 98, 104, 106, 109, 119-20, 123, 130, 140, 144-6, 148-50, 158, 160, 187, 190, 192, 197, 208, 217, 228-30, 260, 274, 303, 306-7, 367, 373, 376, 379-80, 387, 429, 434, 436, 439, 451, 465, 467, 480, 487, 489-90, 492, 495-6, 509, 584, 645, 652, 667, 680, 686, 691, 695, 697, 711-2, 725-6, 728, 174, 188, 253, 264, 266, 312, -1022- 773, 798, 800-2, 817, 826, 834, 839, 844, 846, 849, 858, 872, 874, 887, 889, 891, 895, 898, 901-2, 911, 915, 920, 938-9, 943, 947-9, 952, 977, 980, 983, 987-8, 995, 1001. Kobus ellipsiprymnus crayshawi, 936. Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa, 922. Kobus ellipsiprymnus kondensis, 435. Kobus kob, 26, 28-30, 59, 61-4, 81-2, 84-6, 88, 94, 98, 104, 106, 119, 123, 126, 130, 158, 160, 162, 228-30, 465, 467, 480, 487, 489, 495-6, 521, 800-2, 871-2, 874, 885, 887, 891, 901, 911, 922. Kobus kob, 521. Kobus kob leucotis, 197, 804. Kobus kob thomasi, 882, 889-90, 896, 898, 902. Kobus leche, 7, 14, 17-8, 45, 197, 451, 920, 928, 938. Kobus leche kafuensis, 934, 941. Kobus leche leche, 936, 940. Kobus leche smithemani, 935. Kobus vardoni, 14, 17-8, 39, 374, 380, 856, 936, 938, 949, 951-2, 956, 958. Koeleria capensis, 814. Koeleria cristata, 683. Kogia breviceps, 597. Kogia simus, 597. Kruegeria, 174. Kyllinga, 838. Labeo altivelis, 979, 998, 1001. Labeo capensis, 452. Labeo gregori, 274. Labeo ruddi, 685. Labeo umbratus, 452. Labourdonnaisia glauca, 413. Lacerta australis, 735, 739. Lagonosticta senegala, 534. Lagresia madagascariensis, 556. Lampranthus, 591. Lamprophis aurora, 696. Lamprophis fiskii, 735, 739. Lamprophis swazicus, 699. Lamprotornis australis, 955. Lamprotornis caudatus, 85, 534. Lamprotornis chalybaeus, 1001. Landolphia, 205, 380. Landolphia capensis, 687. Landolphia dulcis, 529. Laniarius aethiopicus, 175. Laniarius atrococcineus, 454. Laniarius liihderi, 892. Lanioturdus torquatus, 454. Lannea, 465, 495. Lannea discolor, 690, 727. Lannea edulis, 675. Lannea humilis, 88. Lannea stuhlmannii, 274, 309, 882. Lantana, 302, 540, 585, 768. Lantana camara, 406, 410. Larus cirrhocephalus, 527, 532, 952. Larus fuscus, 952. Larus genei, 395, 527, 532. Larus hemprichii, 277, 281, 309. Lasiochloa longifolia, 599. Lasiurus hirsutus, 469. Latania, 404, 410. Latania loddigesii, 404, 415. Lates niloticus, 26. Lavia frons, 217. Lebeckia spinescens, 587. Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius, 371. Leea guineense, 258. Leersia, 928. Leersia hexandra, 683. Leiolopisma telfairii, 415. Leipoldtia pauciflora, 609. Lemniscomys striatus, 105. Lemur catta, 334, 337, 340, 350, 357-8, 361. Lemur coronatus, 335. Lemur fulvus, 334-5, 341, 343, 345, 347-8, 351, 353-4, 356, 359-60. Lemur fulvus rufus, 361. Taxonomic Index Lemur leucopus, 337. Lemur macaco, 344, 348. Lemur mongoz, 340-1. Lemur mujstelinus, 337. Lemur rubriventer, 348, 360. Lepidochelys olivacea, 309, 523. Lepidochora, 456. Lepilemur, 341, 343, 348, 354, 360. Lepilemur dorsalis, 345. Lepilemur edwardsi, 351, 353. Lepilemur flavifrons, 348. Lepilemur leucopus, 350, 357. Lepilemur microdon, 340. Lepilemur mustelinus, 343, 354, 361. Lepilemur septentrionalis, 335. Leptadenia pyrotechnica, 469. Leptaspis cochleata, 348. Leptopelis flavomaculatus, 279, 303. Leptoptilos crumeniferus, 45, 85, 107, 120, 467, 652, 872, 992. Leptoscarus vaigiensis, 423. Leptospermum laevigatum, 632. Lepus capensis, 189, 487, 496, 640. Lepus nigricollis, 404, 556. Lepus whytei, 531, 533. Lethrinus harak, 423. Leucadendron, 598, 760. Leucadendron argenteum, 620, 628-9. Leucadendron coniferum, 618. Leucadendron conocarpodendron, 627. Leucadendron cuneiforme, 757. Leucadendron dregei, 745. Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, 756-7. Leucadendron floridum, 618. Leucadendron laureolum, 618, 626. Leucadendron macowanii, 618. Leucadendron microcephalum, 626, 632. Leucadendron rubrum, 628, 630. Leucadendron salignum, 620, 626, 757, 762. Leucadendron spissifolium, 671. Leucaena glauca, 406. Leucosidea, 648, 657. Leucosidea sericea, 318, 595, 648-9, 668, 673, 692. Leucospermum, 618. Leucospermum conocarpodendron, 630. Leucospermum cuneiforme, 626. Leucospermum gracile, 632. Leucospermum grandiflorum, 629. Leucospermum pluridens, 605. Leucospermum secundifolium, 748. Ligustrum robustum, 414. Limeum viscosum, 128. Limicola falcinellus, 394. Limnothrissa miodon, 980, 998. Limosa lapponica, 394. Limosa limosa, 524. Linkia laevigata, 277. Linociera baltiscombei, 705. Lioptilus gilberti, 498. Lissotis melanogaster, 682. Lithophaga, 277. Lithops, 453, 455. Lithops aucampiae, 40. Litocranius walleri, 196, 255, 263, 274, 288, 301, 312, 855. Liza falcipinnis, 397. Lobelia, 264, 922. Lobelia deckenii, 253, 829. Lobelia gibberoa, 829. Lobelia keniensis, 266. Lobelia lanurensis, 510. Lobelia rhynchopetalum, 189, 194. Lobelia telekii, 253, 266. Lobelia wollastonii, 510. Lobodon carcinophagus, 597. Lodoicea maldivica, 543, 551. Lomatophyllum tormentorii, 404. Lonchocarpus, 47, 882. Lonchocarpus capassa, 45, 458. Lonchocarpus laxiflorus, 885. -1023- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Lonchocarpus nelsii, 49. Maerua crassifolia, 394, 469. Lonchura, 973. Maerua oblongifolia, 190. Lophaetus occipitalis, 775, 778, 1001. Maerua schingii, 455. Lophira, 565-6. Maerua triphylla, 307. Lophira alata, 91-3, 156, 568. Maesa, 954. Lophira lanceolata, 80, 158, 161. Maesa lanceolata, 669, 731. Lophira procera, 167, 239, 241. Maesopsis eminii, 258. Lopholaena disticha, 675. Malacochersus tornieri, 288. Lophotis ruficrista, 447, 468. Malacomys edwardsi, 164. Lophuromys sikapusi, 164. Malacomys longipes, 226. Loranthus, 263, 283. Malaconotus gladiator, 498. Loudetia, 289, 889. Malagrion paenelimax, 347. Loudetia arundinacea, 911. Malimbus ballmani, 568. Loudetia kagerensis, 166, 238. Malimbus nitens, 96. Loudetia simplex, 7, 59, 230, 374, 675, 678, 690, Malimbus racheliae, 96. 704, 776, 782-3. Malimbus rubricollis, 863. Loudetia togoensis, 57, 59, 466. Malleastrum, 348. Loudetiopsis scaettae, 230. Mammea usambarensis, 861. Loudetiopsis thoroldii, 230. Mandingoa nitidula, 778. Loxodonta africana, 5-6, 10, 12, 17-9, 26, 28-31, Mandrillus sphinx, 90, 92, 140, 211. 38, 45, 52, 57, 59, 61-3, 67, 80, 82, 84-5, 88, 90, 92-3, Mangifera indica, 551. 96, 98, 103-4, 106, 108-10, 112, 118, 120, 123, 126, Manilkara, 279, 284, 287, 302. 130, 139, 141, 145, 148-50, 155, 158, 160-2, 164, 168, Manilkara discolor, 775, 836. 190, 193, 197, 205, 208, 210-1, 229-30, 233, 241, 253, Manis, 90, 94, 98, 896. 255, 263, 265-6, 274, 281-2, 284, 286-8, 290, 292-3, Manis gigantea, 92, 104, 158, 161, 164, 205, 226, 295-6, 298, 300, 303-7, 309, 312, 367, 369, 373-4, 233, 480, 521, 919. 376, 379-80, 387, 397, 429, 432-3, 435-7, 439, 447, Manis temminckii, 585, 587, 649, 667, 675, 678, 457, 465, 467, 480, 483, 487-90, 493, 495-6, 498, 509, 686, 690, 709. 511, 529, 565, 584, 591, 725, 729, 751, 798, 800-2, Manis tetradactyla, 161, 164, 233, 919. 804, 824, 827, 829, 831, 834, 836-7, 839, 841, 843-4, Manis tricuspis, 92, 164, 167, 232-3, 239. 847, 849-50, 852, 854-56, 858, 865, 871-2, 874, 885, Mansonia altissima, 160. 887, 891-2, 894-6, 898-9, 902, 911, 914, 917, 920, Mantella aurantica, 360. 922-3, 925-6, 928, 935-6, 938-9, 943-5, 947-9, Mantidactylus acuticeps, 360. 951-2, 955-6, 958, 968, 970, 972, 977, 980, 983, 990, Mantidactylus bipunctatus, 339. 992-3, 997. Mantidactylus blanci, 339. Loxodonta africana africana, 911, 919. Mantidactylus bourgati, 339. Loxodonta africana cyclotis, 113, 142, 144, 146, Mantidactylus eiselti, 360. 226, 325, 568, 911, 919. Mantidactylus grandisonae, 337. Lumnitzera, 543. Mantidactylus klemmeri, 347. Lutra, 318, 896. Mantidactylus madecassus, 339. Lutra maculicollis, 45, 187, 271, 683. Mantidactylus pseudoasper, 347. Lybius bidentatus, 271. Mantipus guentherpetersi, 348. Lybius guifsobalito, 271. Mantipus laevipes, 335. Lybius torquatus, 998. Mantipus minutus, 347. Lycaon pictus, 5-6, 9-10, 12, 14-5, 17-9, 26, 40, Mantipus serratopalpebrosus, 347. 45, 47, 49, 52, 104, 190, 193, 230, 260, 367, 480, 490, Mapania, 90, 163, 167, 239. 509, 529, 585, 587, 645, 685, 801-2, 834, 839, 846, Markhamia ganzibarica, 309. 852, 858, 920, 934, 943, 956, 972, 977, 993. Marquesia, 14. Lycium, 455. Marquesia acuminata, 946. Lycodonamorphus laevissimuo fitzsimonsi, 675. Marquesia macroura, 946. Lycognathophis seychellensis, 552, 554. Marsilea, 490. Lycognophus seychellensis, 540. Maurocenia, 618. Lycophidion capense capense, 452. Maytenus, 479, 602. Lycopodium, 413. Maytenus acuminata, 751, 758. Lygodactylus capensis, 941. Maytenus buchananii, 259. Lygodactylus chobiensis, 941. Maytenus heterophylla, 591, 593, 751, 758. Lygodactylus conradti, 862. Maytenus oleoides, 628, 630. Lygodactylus guibei, 360. Maytenus peduncularis, 751, 758. Lygodactylus heterurus, 344. Maytenus senegalensis, 43, 59. Lygodactylus ocellatus, 683. Maytenus undata, 712. Mabuya sechellensis, 544, 552, 554, 556. Medinilla, 348. Mabuya striata, 686, 941. Medusagyne oppositifolia, 540. Mabuya varia, 686, 941. Megalops cyprinoides, 970. Mabuya wrightii, 554, 556. Mehelya capensis capensis, 699. Macaca, 413. Meizodon semiornatus, 942. Macaranga capensis, 669. Melaenornis annamarulae, 164, 568. Macaranga kilimandscharica, 309. Melia, 585. Macowania conferta, 771. Melierax gabar, 465, 979. Macrobacium lar, 552. Melignomon eisentrauti, 568. Macrodipteryx longipennis, 88, 882. Melinis minutiflora, 498. Macrolobium, 91. Mellivora capensis, 5-6, 10, 12, 17-8, 175, 226, Macronyx ameliae, 858. 238, 395, 468, 480, 531, 585, 587-8, 593, 597, 599, Macronyx aurantiigula, 306. 609, 616, 630, 675, 678, 680, 685-7, 695, 698, 732-3, Macrotarsomys bastardi, 341. 736, 745, 747-8, 750-1, 754, 758, 760, 834, 839, 977. Macrotarsomys ingens, 341. Memecylon, 284. Madecassophryne truebae, 337. Memecylon afzelii, 568. Madoqua, 459. Memecylon melindensis, 279. Madoqua guentheri, 312, 882. Memecylon verruculosum, 279, 309. Madoqua kirki, 6, 268, 447. Merops boehmi, 834. Maerua, 728, 922. Merops breweri, 96, 107. -1024- Merops bullockoides, 208, 982. Merops bulocki, 85. Merops gularis, 888. Merops muelleri, 258. Merops nubicus, 39, 52, 85, 193, 451, 948, 956. Merops pusillus, 998. Merops revoilii, 294. Merremia multisecta, 457. Merxmuellera, 588, 593, 595, 602, 648, 657, 814. Merxmuellera arundinacea, 624. Merxmuellera disticha, 588, 599, 611. Merxmuellera macowanii, 648. Mesembrinibis cayennensis, 253, 266. Mesembryanthemum, 455, 588. Taxonomic Index Mungos gambianus, 218. Mungos mungo, 85, 105, 292. Muraltia, 614. Mus musculus, 554, 708. Musa, 553. Musa perrieri, 351. Musanga, 483. Muscicapa lendu, 258, 904. Musophaga rossae, 292. Musophaga violacea, 529. Mycteria ibis, 45, 72, 272, 593, 647, 696, 919. Mycteris thebaica, 601. Myosorex polulus, 266. Myotis lesueuri, 588, 733, 736. Myotis tricolor, 601. Mesitornis unicolor, 360. Mesitornis variegata, 341. Myotis welwitschii, 585, 675, 699. Mesoplodon densirostris, 597. Myrica, 346, 954. Mestoklema, 602. Myrica salicifolia, 829. Metalasia, 618. Myrothamnus flabellifolius, 455. Metalasia muricata, 614, 618, 620. Myrsine, 765. Microcebus, 360. Myrsine africana, 43. Microcebus coquereli, 351. Mystacidium venosum, 730. Microcebus murinus, 341, 345, 351, 353, 357. Nactus coindemirensis, 404. Microcebus rufus, 335, 340, 343, 345, 347, 354, Nactus serpensinsula, 409. 359, 361. Naja, 45. Microhyla palmata, 337. Najahaje, 43. Micropotamogale lamottei, 167, 239. Naja melanoleuca, 218, 480. Micropterus salmoides, 199, 452, 454, 697, 979, Naja nigricollis, 43, 113, 480, 521. 988, 999. Naja nigricollis woodii, 624. Millepora, 277. Naja nivea, 676, 689, 700. Millepora dichotoma, 557. Namibornis herero, 455. Millepora platyphylla, 557. Nandinia binotata, 167, 218, 239, 954. Millettia grandis, 669, 722-3. Nanonycteris veldkampi, 232. Milvus migrans, 526, 534. Napoleona hendelotii, 568. Milvus migrans parasitus, 888. Nasutitermes migricans, 556. Mimetes fimbriifolius, 627. Nauclea, 141, 146. Mimetes hirta, 618, 627. Nauclea diderrichii, 483. Mimetes palustris, 632. Nauclea latifolia, 529. Mimosa pigra, 529, 798. Necrosyrtes monachus, 52, 257, 634, 972. Mimusops, 551. Nectarinia, 270, 745, 747-8, 750, 753, 756, 760, Mimusops caffra, 722-3, 773, 778. 954. Mimusops petiolaris, 413. Nectarinia chalybea, 939. Mimusops zgeyheri, 675. Nectarinia congensis, 263. Miniopterus schreibersi, 601. Nectarinia dussumieri, 540, 543, 551, 556, 558. Miopithecus talapoin, 10, 90. Nectarinia famosa, 967. Mirafra ruddi, 683. Nectarinia johnstoni, 266, 829. Mirafra rufocinnamomea, 834. Nectarinia kilimensis, 986. Mirounga leonina, 708. Nectarinia mediocris, 858. Miscanthidium, 509, 648. Nectarinia pulchella, 274. Mitragyna africana, 911. Nectarinia reichenowi, 858. Mitragyna ciliata, 226. Nectarinia rockefelleri, 914. Mitragyna inermis, 57, 82, 85, 88, 158, 465, 467, Nectarinia rufipennis, 865. 533. Nectarinia senegalensis, 52. Mitragyna rubrostipulata, 896. Nectarinia veroxii, 371, 682. Mitragyna stipulosa, 226. Nectaropetalum kaessneri, 279. Modulatrix orostruthus, 861, 865. Nectophrynoides occidentalis, 167, 239. Monachus monachus, 395. Nemesia chrysolopha, 624. Monocymbium ceresiiforme, 672. Neoboutonia, 510. Monodora myristica, 258. Neoboutonia macrocalyx, 896, 922. Monodora tenuifolia, 230. Neocossyphus poensis, 96. Monotes, 80, 118, 126, 479. Neocossyphus rufus, 311, 861. Monotes kerstingii, 82, 106, 479. Neodypsis, 335. Monticola bensoni, 334. Neodypsis decaryi, 337. Monticola brevipes, 454. Neophron percnopterus, 585, 858. Montipora, 411, 423. Neorosea andongensis, 705. Moraea modesta, 683. Neotis cafra denhami, 529, 683, 941. Moraea vallisavium, 632. Neotis cafra jacksoni, 374. Morelia senegalensis, 85. Neotis heuglinii, 272, 274, 294. Morellia, 28. Neotragus batesi, 210. Morinda, 556. Neotragus moschatus, 253, 266, 293, 311, 377, 432, Morinda citrifolia, 553, 556. 439, 585, 645, 651, 654-5, 667, 729, 837, 861, 970. Moringa ovalifolia, 455. Neotragus moschatus livingstonianus, 371, 970. Mormyrops deliciousus, 977, 998. Neotragus pygmaeus, 164, 226, 232-3. Mormyrus longirostris, 998-9. Nepenthes pervillei, 540. Morus bassanus, 526. Nephrolepis biserrata, 163. Morus mesozygia, 160, 167, 239. Nephrosperma vanhoutteana, 551. Mossia intervallaris, 679. Nerium oleander, 754. Mugil cephalus, 417-20. Nesillas aldabranus, 549. Mugil curema, 397. Nesogordonia papaverifera, 568. Mugil sebeli, 417-20. Nesogordonia parviflora, 279. -1025- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Nestina, 362. Nettapus auritus, 982. Newtonia, 268, 865. Newtonia buchananii, 861. Newtonia hildebrandtii, 651, 655, 667, 729. Nicator, 977. Nigrita bicolor, 258. Nigrita fusconata, 258. Noronhia, 348. Northea seychellarum, 540, 543. Nothobranchius, 970. Nucras, 761. Nucras intertexta, 686. Nucras taeniolata ornata, 686, 696. Numenius phaeopus, 277. Numida meleagris, 85, 88, 488, 493, 941. Nuxia, 954. Nuxia congesta, 824. Nuxia floribunda, 715, 779, 786. Nycteris, 861. Nycteris thebaica, 28. Nycticorax nycticorax, 260, 397, 524. Nymania capensis, 622. Nymphaea, 490, 524, 655, 798, 941. Nymphaea caerulea, 45. Nymphaea capensis, 941. Nymphaea micrantha, 533. Nymphaea sulphurea, 915. Ochna pulchra, 49, 695. Ochorosia, 540. Ochrocarpus, 346. Ocotea, 346, 348, 359, 755, 760, 865. Ocotea bullata, 597, 751, 758, 771-2. Ocotea cupularis, 413. Ocotea usambarensis, 253, 829, 861. Octolobus, 483. Octolobus angustatus, 482. Ocypoda, 424, 556. Ocypode ceratopthalma, 277. Ocypode kuhlii, 276-7. Odyssea, 6. Oena capensis, 193, 534. Oenanthe heuglini, 498. Oeniella aphrodite, 405. Okapia johnstoni, 917, 922. Olax psittacorum, 413. Oldenburgia arbuscula, 617. Olea, 253, 270, 829, 865, 954. Olea africana, 174, 268, 291, 312, 590, 593, 599, 640, 642, 701, 750, 836. Olea capensis, 293, 597, 620, 717, 720-1, 751, 758, 776, 785-6. Olea europaea africana, 628, 633. Olea exasperata, 614, 618. Olea hochstetteri, 260, 264, 824. Olea laperrinei, 470. Olea welwitschii, 259. Olinia ventosa, 632, 751, 758, 762. Oncostemum, 348. Onychognathus morio, 986. Onychognathus walleri, 498. Onymacris unguicularis, 456. Ophicoma crinaceus, 277. Oplismenus, 348. Oplismenus hirtellus, 479. Opsaridium microleptis, 379. Opuntia, 357, 554, 599, 679. Opuntia aurantiaca, 610, 617, 754, 766. Opuntia ficus-indica, 610, 706, 754, 766. Opuntiatuna, 526. Orcinus orca, 395. Oreochromis mossambicus, 675, 685-6, 697, 982. Oreodaimon quathlambae, 318. Oreotragus, 760. Oreotragus oreotragus, 6, 19, 175, 186, 189, 192, 195, 197, 257, 293, 369, 373-4, 432, 435-6, 449, 454, 456, 459, 585, 588, 590, 593, 601-2, 605, 607, 609, 616, 626, 630, 632, 634, 636, 645, 648, 651, 657, 661, 668, 675, 690, 699, 704-6, 711-2, 732-3, 735-7, 739-40, 742, 745, 747-8, 750, 753, 756, 761-2, 769, 779-80, 782-3, 882, 884, 915, 939, 945, 949, 952, 954, 958, 967, 970, 979, 988-9, 995. Oriolus chlorocephalus, 303. Oriolus nigripennis, 498. Orycteropus afer, 43, 88, 105, 125-6, 130, 158, 205, 210, 217, 468, 480, 485, 487, 496, 531, 587, 590, 616, 623, 679-80, 685, 689, 697, 768, 871-2. Oryx, 125. Oryx dammah, 128, 468, 470. Oryx gazella, 6, 19, 40, 47, 49, 51, 187, 193, 196-7, 286, 298, 300, 447, 452, 454, 456-7, 587-8, 609, 613, 615, 623-4, 637, 639-40, 642, 676, 686, 689, 714, 727-8, 804, 839, 855, 890, 900-1, 975. Oryx gazella beisa, 190, 263, 272, 274, 293, 301, 312. Oryx gazella callotis, 255. Oryza, 928, 956. Oryza barthii, 88. Oryza brachiyantha, 529. Oryza longistaminata, 57, 934, 941. Osbeckia portersi, 167, 239. Osmitopsis, 618. Osmitopsis asteriscoides, 632. Osteolaemus tetrapsis, 218, 567. Osteolaemus tetraspis, 158, 529. Osteospermum amplectens, 608. Osteospermum elsieae, 600. Osteospermum hyoseroides, 608. Osteospermum sinuatum, 609, 634. Ostracion cusicus, 411. Otis arabs, 524, 531. Otocyon megalotis, 41, 45, 47, 49, 187, 192, 255, 260, 455, 609, 686, 839, 882. Otomys, 954. Otostegia minucii, 195. Otus insularis, 540. Otus ireneae, 279. Otus scops, 274. Qubanguia alata, 95. Ourebia ourebi, 5, 7, 14, 17-8, 26, 28, 39, 57, 61, 64, 81-2, 104, 106, 119-20, 123, 130, 158, 186, 197, 229-30, 318, 367, 373, 387, 435-6, 439, 465, 467, 480, 484, 487, 489-90, 496, 509, 585, 595, 648, 659, 661, 663, 666, 668-9, 671, 673, 678-9, 683, 687, 699, 704, 770, 779-80, 782-3, 798, 800, 814, 872, 884, 898, 901, 941, 958, 970, 975, 999, 1001. Ourebia ourebi aequatoria, 890. Oxytenanthera abyssinica, 529, 863. Oxyura maccoa, 260, 824. Ozoroa crassinervia, 453. Pachnodus arnatus, 552. Pachycoccyx audeberti, 685. Pachydactylus, 682. Pachydactylus capensis capensis, 696. Pachydactylus capensis vansoni, 683. Pachypanchax playfairi, 552. Pachypodium, 337, 341. Pachypodium bispinosum, 610. Pachypodium rosulatum, 334. Pachypodium saundersii, 970. Pachypodium succulentum, 610. Padanus, 404. Padina commersonii, 276-7. Palmatogecko rangei, 456. Pan paniscus, 919. Pan _ troglodytes, 90, 92, 94, 98, 113, 139-40, 155-6, 158, 160-1, 164, 167, 205, 210, 226, 232-3, 239, 495, 498, 529, 565, 567-8, 826, 837, 863, 871, 885, 891-2, 896, 911, 914, 922. Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, 898. Pan troglodytes troglodytes, 211. Pan troglodytes verus, 325, 570. Pandanus, 146, 410, 413, 547, 551. Pandanus balfouri, 556. Pandanus borsigiana, 551. Pandanus multispicatus, 556. Pandanus vandermeerschii, 404, 405, 410, 415. Pandion haliaetus, 199, 274, 292, 526-7, 532, 806. Panicum, 15, 157, 307, 798, 911, 920. Panicum anabaptistum, 529. -1026- Panicum coloratum, 43, 49, 645. Panicum deustum, 591, 645. Panicum kalaharense, 638. Panicum laetum, 128, 469. Panicum maximum, 43, 556, 584, 645, 655, 695, 712. Panicum repens, 45, 941, 980, 998. Panicum stapfianum, 676. Panicum turgidum, 394, 468-9. Panicum uvulatum, 348. Panthera leo, 5-7, 10, 12, 14-5, 17-8, 26, 28, 39-41, 45, 47, 49, 51-2, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 72, 80, 82, 88, 103, 106, 108-9, 118, 120, 123-4, 130, 139, 142, 148, 150, 158, 167, 187, 190, 192-3, 197, 230, 239, 255, 263, 268, 272, 274, 288, 292-3, 301, 306-7, 312, 367, 373-4, 379-80, 387, 432, 435-6, 457, 465, 467, 480, 484, 487, 489-90, 495-6, 509, 529, 584, 587, 645, 652, 725, 798, 801-2, 827, 831, 834, 836, 839, 841, 846-7, 849-50, 858, 861, 863, 865, 885, 887, 890-1, 895, 898-902, 911, 920, 922, 936, 939, 943-4, 949, 951-2, 955, 968, 972-3, 977, 980, 982-3, 985, 990, 993-4. Panthera pardus, 5-7, 9-10, 12, 14-5, 17-9, 26, 28, 39-40, 45, 47, 49, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 88, 90, 96, 103-4, 106, 113, 118, 120, 123-5, 130, 139, 158, 161, 164, 167, 175, 187, 189-90, 192-3, 195-7, 210, 226, 230, 239, 253, 255, 260, 262-3, 265-6, 268, 270-1, 274, 288, 292-3, 301, 303, 312, 325, 367, 369, 371, 373-4, 376, 379-80, 387, 432, 439, 447, 449-50, 456, 458, 480, 484, 487, 489-90, 496, 498, 509, 511, 521, 529, 565, 585, 587-8, 590, 597, 605, 630, 636, 645, 651-2, 654, 656, 671, 675, 678-80, 686-7, 691, 695, 698, 709, 712, 722-3, 726, 731-3, 735-7, 739, 740, 742, 745, 747-8, 750-1, 753-4, 756-8, 760, 762-3, 766, 770, 779-80, 782-6, 798, 801-2, 804, 824, 826-7, 829, 831, 834, 836, 839, 841, 846-7, 850, 852, 858, 861, 865, 872, 884-5, 887, 890, 892, 895, 898-902, 911, 916-7, 920, 939, 943, 947-9, 951-2, 956, 967-8, 972, 977, 979-80, 983, 985, 988-990, 992-4, 1001. Paorphice-phalus obscuris, 480. Papilio, 258. Papilio antimachus, 139, 896. Papilio bromius, 954. Papilio grosesmithi, 341. Papilio leucotaenia, 892, 904. Papilio morondavana, 341. Papilio phorcas, 954. Papilio sjoestedti, 829, 858. Papio, 86, 124, 162, 318, 449, 509, 826, 865, 884, 889, 949, 989, 992, 1001. Papio anubis, 26, 28, 57, 59, 61, 65, 81-2, 88, 94, 97-8, 104, 106, 158, 160-1, 187, 189, 192, 228-30, 268, 293, 387, 465, 467, 480, 484, 487-90, 495-6, 498, 831, 872, 896, 911, 915. Papio cynocephalus, 255, 274, 303, 307, 834, 915, 936. Papio hamadryas, 175, 187, 195. Papio leucophaeus, 96. Papio papio, 216, 230, 529, 565. Papio sphinx, 206. Papio ursinus, 15, 45, 367, 369, 371, 440, 454, 456, 588, 590, 605, 609, 620, 630, 633-4, 636, 678, 732-3, 735-7, 739-40, 742, 748, 751, 754, 757-8, 760-1, 766, 769, 772, 776, 779-80, 782-3, 936, 948, 951, 956. Pappea capensis, 43, 607, 609. Paracontias brocchi, 335. Paracophyla tuberculata, 360. Paracynictus selousi, 437. Parallelia torrida, 557. Paramacrolobium, 302. Paranomus reflexus, 761. Paranomus roodebergensis, 753. Paraxerus cepapi, 970. Paraxerus lucifer, 954. Paraxerus ochraceus, 308. Paraxerus palliatus, 970. Paraxerus palliatus tanae, 308. Parhoplophryne usambaricus, 861. Parinari, 565, 865, 954, 966. Parinari chrysophylla, 163, 170. Taxonomic Index Parinari curatellifolia, 494, 675, 730. Parinari excelsa, 166, 238, 521, 861. Parinarium macrophyllum, 533. Parkia, 928. Parkia africana, 494. Parkia bicolor, 167, 239. Parkia biglobosa, 59, 80, 157, 219, 465, 533. Parkia clappertoniana, 479, 481. Parkinsonia aculeata, 397. Parkinsonia africana, 623. Parmelia hottentotta, 455. Parmelia namaensis, 455. Parus griseiventris, 1001. Parus leucomelas, 955. Paspalum, 920. Paspalum arbiculare, 529. Paspalum dilatatum, 595. Paspalum vaginatum, 397, 521, 523. Passerina, 618, 648, 657, 769. Passerina obtusifolia, 622. Passerina vulgaris, 614. Passiflora suberosa, 556. Pavetta edentula, 655. Pavetta uniflora, 279. Pavona, 423. Peddiea involucrata, 348. Pedetes capensis, 49, 260, 433. Pelea capreolus, 318, 585, 588, 593, 595, 599, 601, 605, 607, 616, 619, 624, 626-7, 629-30, 632, 634, 636, 648, 657, 661, 668, 673, 683, 699, 704, 714, 732-3, 735-7, 739-40, 742, 745, 747-8, 750, 753-4, 757, 766, 769, 772. Pelecanoides urinatrix, 708. Pelecanus, 107, 120, 144, 287, 432, 922. Pelecanus onocrotalus, 51-2, 72, 185, 205, 260, 394-5, 397, 439, 467, 485, 524, 527, 532, 646, 667, 696, 773, 831, 941, 949. Pelecanus roseus, 199. Pelecanus rufescens, 696, 773, 941. Pelomedusa subrufa, 480. Peltophorum africanum, 43, 979. Pelusios adansoni, 480. Pelusios sinuatus, 686. Pelusios subniger, 556, 558. Pemphis, 405. Pemphis acidula, 549. Penaeus duorarum, 397. Pennisetum, 263, 283, 291, 889, 922. Pennisetum clandestinum, 824. Pennisetum mezianum, 193, 263, 283. Pennisetum purpureum, 94, 894, 896. Pennisetum violaceum, 469. Pentaclethra macrophylla, 570. Pentaschistis, 648. Pentzia, 602-3, 606, 611, 613. Pentzia globosa, 591, 637, 641. Pentziaincana, 615, 622, 624, 634. Pentzia spinescens, 588. Peperomia, 346, 348. Peponium sublitorale, 549. Pereskia aculeata, 729. Pergularia tomentosa, 394. Pericopsis, 843, 865. Pericopsis africana, 529. Pericopsis angolensis, 935, 952. Pericopsis laxiflora, 82. Peripatopsis alba, 620. Peripatopsis leonina, 620. Perodicticus potto, 10, 96-7, 113, 167, 239, 271, 567-8, 872. Perotis patens, 725. Petalidium giessii, 457. Petrodromus tetradactylus, 675. Petrodromus tetradactylus sultan, 279. Petrolisthes, 277. Petromus typicus, 590. Phacochoerus aethiopicus, 5, 9-10, 14-5, 26, 28, 43, 57, 59, 61-2, 72, 81, 84-6, 88, 90, 94, 104, 106, 110, 119-20, 123, 126, 130, 141, 158, 161-2, 167, 175, 199, 217, 523, 527, 585, 646, -1027- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas 187, 189, 192-3, 196-7, 205, 216, 219, 229, 239, 253, Piptadeniastrum, 97. 303, 367, 371, 374, 387, 397, 435-6, 439, 459, 465, Piptadeniastrum africanum, 161, 167, 239, 570. 467, 480, 483-5, 487, 489-90, 496, 509, 524, 531, 584, Pisonia, 258, 407, 556. 645, 651-2, 667, 685, 722, 800, 816, 839, 846, 854, Pisonia grandis, 407-8, 553, 556. 863, 871-2, 874, 884, 887, 891, 896, 898, 902, 911, Pistia stratiotes, 490. 920, 922, 935, 938, 945, 947-8, 968, 972, 977, 982-3, Pithecelobium dulce, 361. 992-3, 995, 999, 1001. Pithecolobium altissimum, 521. Phaenocoma prolifera, 632. Pitta angolensis, 279. Phaethon aethereus mesonauta, 526. Pittosporum viridiflorum, 174, 692. Phaethon lepturus, 404, 412, 415, 540, 549, 556. Platalea alba, 260, 397. Phaethon rubricauda, 199, 412, 415, 549. Platalea leucorodia, 524. Phaethon rubricauda rubricauda, 404. Platalea leucorodia balsaci, 394. Phaeton lepturus, 553. Platalea leucorodia leucorodia, 394. Phaeton rubricauda, 553. Platycerium, 163, 335. Phaius, 413. Platyhyla alticola, 348. Phalacrocorax, 980, 982, 988, 1001. Platyhyla tsaratananaensis, 348. Phalacrocorax africanus, 260. Platylophus trifoliatus, 597, 751, 758. Phalacrocorax capensis, 456. Platypelis milloti, 344. Phalacrocorax carbo, 260, 397, 452, 524, 526, 831. Platypterocarpus tanganyikensis, 861. Phalacrocorax lucidus, 185, 369, 524. Platysaurus guttatus minor, 690. Phaner furcifer, 335, 337, 348, 351. Platysteira blissetti, 258. Phelsuma astriata, 540, 544, 552, 554, 556. Platysteira castanea, 258. Phelsuma flavigularis, 360. Platysteira concreta, 258. Phelsuma guentheri, 415. Platysteira peltata, 778. Phelsuma longisulae, 540. Plectranthusus, 312. Phelsuma ornata, 404-5, 410, 412, 415. Plectropterus gambensis, 217, 485, 524, 529, 696, Phelsuma sunbergi, 544. 934, 941. Phelsuma sundbergi, 552. Plegadis falcinellus, 272, 274, 874, 934. Philippia, 188, 346, 348, 354, 413, 648, 769, 861, Plethodontohyla coudreaui, 343. 922. Ploceus alienus, 511. Philippia trimera, 264, 829. Ploceus bannermani, 498. Philodendron, 552. Ploceus batesi, 90. Philomachus pugnax, 524. Ploceus castaneiceps, 255. Philothamnus semivariegatus, 706. Ploceus golandi, 279. Philoxerus vermicularis, 521, 523. Ploceus nicolli, 861, 865. Phocoena phocoena, 395. Ploceus nigrimentum, 141. Phoeniconaias minor, 260, 289, 350, 696, 824, 839, Pluvialis squatarola, 277, 394. 858, 899, 949. Poa cookii, 707. Phoenicophorium, 547. Pobeguinea, 208. Phoenicophorium borsigianum, 551. Pocillopora, 277, 544, 557, 805. Phoenicopterus, 51. Podica senegalensis, 263, 268. Phoenicopterus minor, 523, 831. Podiceps nigricollis, 689. Phoenicopterus ruber, 260, 289, 350, 395, 439, Podocarpus, 253, 264, 266, 270, 346, 717, 755, 760, 523-4, 696, 824, 831, 949. 769, 771, 828, 954. Phoenicopterus ruber roseus, 447. Podocarpus atifolius, 648. Phoeniculus, 968. Podocarpus elongatus, 598-9. Phoeniculus damarensis, 263. Podocarpus falcatus, 597, 633, 715-21, 751, 758, Phoenix, 432, 889. 762, 771, 775, 785. Phoenix reclinata, 45, 52, 72, 155, 533, 645, 669, Podocarpus gracilior, 189, 264, 824, 882. 830. Podocarpus henkelii, 771. Phragmites, 45, 52, 185, 614, 773, 775, 896, 928, Podocarpus latifolius, 498, 597, 617, 620, 627, 935, 938, 949. 657, 673, 675, 715-23, 751, 758, 762, 769, 771, 776, Phragmites australis, 614, 683, 701, 778. 782-3, 785-6, 865. Phragmites communis, 646, 654, 669. Podocarpus madagascariensis, 348. Phragmites mauritianus, 645, 687, 729. Podocarpus milanjianus, 266, 922. Phylica, 413, 614. Podocarpus rostratus, 348. Phylica buxifolia, 627. Poecilogale albinucha, 395, 593, 648, 651, 657, Phyllanthus kirkianus, 279. 661, 671, 675, 678-9, 681, 686, 696, 754. Phyllanthus stolzianus, 279. Poecilostachys tsaratananensis, 348. Phyllastrephus tenebrosus, 360. Poelagus marjorita, 104. Phyllodactylus, 731. Pogonarthria squarrosa, 43. Phyllodactylus inexpectatus, 554, 556. Pogoniulus duchaillui, 902. Phyllodactylus microlepidotus, 732. Pogoniulus simplex, 303, 861. Phylloscopus umbrovirens, 175. Pogonocichla stellata, 253. Picathartes gymnocephalus, 568, 871. Pogonocichla swynnertoni, 865, 986. Picathartes oreas, 90, 93, 96, 498. Pogostemon cablin, 552. Picoides obsoletus, 263. Poiana richardsoni, 160. Pilea, 348. Poicephalus meyeri, 968. Piliostigma, 379-80, 432. Polemaetus bellicosus, 455, 465, 529, 678, 681, Piliostigma reticulatum, 57, 59, 85, 465, 533. 685, 687, 690-1, 698-9, 735, 739, 742, 745, 748, 753, Piliostigma thonningii, 57, 190, 219, 494, 529. 776. Pilostigma reticulata, 85. Polemannia montana, 318. Pinctada margaritifera, 277. Polihierax semitorquatus, 585, 590, 882. Pinna kraussi, 423. Pollia, 258. Pinus, 618, 675, 699, 733, 739-40, 770. Polyboroides typus, 39, 193, 979. Pinus caribaea, 303. Polygala bracteolata, 622. Pinus patula, 770. Polygonum lapathifolium, 683. Pinus pinaster, 626, 629, 631-2, 736, 738, 747, Polysphaeria orbuscula, 479. 756, 760-1. Polystachya, 730. Pinus radiata, 738. Polystichum marionense, 707. -1028- Pomatomus saltatrix, 526. Populus ilicifolia, 288. Porites, 199, 276-7, 423, 542, 545, 557, 805. Porphyrio porphyrio, 43. Portulaca, 409. Portulaca oleracea, Portulacaria afra, 754. Porgana flavirostra, 218. Porzana pusilla, 695. Potamochoerus porcus, 5, 7, 9-10, 12, 14-5, 93-4, 96, 107, 139-40, 144, 146-7, 155, 158, 164, 167, 197, 206, 219, 226, 229, 239, 308, 307, 367, 369, 371, 439, 489, 492, 565, 597, 614, 633, 655, 675, 705, 715, 717-8, 722, 751, 758, 763, 766, 768, 773, 775-6, 785-6, 861, 865, 896, 911, 920, 924, 944, 958, 977, 986, 993. Potamogale velox, Potamogeton, 655. Potamogeton pectinatus, Potbergensis, 600. Praomys natalensis, Praomys verreauxii, 750, 753-4. Prastinia cooperii, Premna resinosa, Primula verticillata, Pringlea antiscorbutica, Prinia robertsi, 986. Pristis microdon, 970. Procavia capensis, 43, 94, 97, 158, 257, 449, 454, 456, 459, 498, 594, 597, 605, 609, 620, 629-30, 635-6, 705, 737. Procavia capensis capillosu, Procavia johnstoni mackinderi, Procellaria cinerea, 708. Procolobus badius, 570. Procolobus verus, 226, 233. Profelis auratus, 211. Promerops cafer, 632, 745, 747-8, 750, 753. Promerops gurneyi, 683, 699, 776. Pronolagus randensis, 979. Pronolagus rupestris, 939. Propithecus, 337. Propithecus diadema, 360. Propithecus verreauxi, 357-8, 361. Prosopis africana, 80, 82, 219, 465, 494, 529, 533. Protea, $18, 648, 657, 661, 668, 673, 745, 748, 750, 784, 814, 920. Protea angolensis, 166, 238. Protea aurea, 600. Protea burchellii, 628. Protea caffra, 649, 675, 680, 687, 690, 699, 703-4. Protea compacta, 632. Protea coronata, 626. Protea cynaroides, 626, 632, 756, 761-2. Protea elliotii, 158, 494. Protea eximia, 761. Protea gaguedi, 882. Protea laetans, 675. Protea laurifolia, 630. Protea lepidocarpodendron, Protea longifolia, 632. Protea lorifolia, 626, 636. Protea montana, 745. Protea multibracteata, Protea mundii, 756. Protea neriifolia, 626, 756-7, 761-2. Protea nitida, 618, 620, 626, 628, 630, 636. Protea nubigena, 657. Protea pruinosa, 748. Protea repens, 626, 628, 630, 636, 761. Protea roupelliae, 595, 657, 668, 673, 675, 699, 704-6, 779, 814. Protea rubropilosa, 675. Protea subvestita, 633. Protea venusta, 745. Protea welwitschii, 706. 556. 591, 602, 605, 607, 610, 622, 258. 614, 694, 696. 105. 599, 732-3, 735-7, 745, 747-8, 540. 274. 195. 707. 189. 266. 335, 337, 340, 343, 347, 354, 334, 337, 341, 350-1, 353, 618, 620. 657, 673. Taxonomic Index Proteles cristatus, 6, 19, 41, 187, 293, 437, 588, 590, 599, 607, 609, 645, 648, 651, 656-7, 661, 678-80, 687, 695, 725, 732-3, 754, 882. Protomegabaria stapfiana, 568. Protopterus annectens, 970, 977. Protoreaster lincki, 276. Protorhus longifolia, 669, 776. Protoxerus stangeri, 226, 233, 271. Prunus africana, 786. Psalidoprocne fuliginosa, 498. Psalidoprocne petiti, 498. Psammobates geometricus, 733, 735, 737, 739. Psammobates oculifer, 676, 680, 689, 695-6, 700. Psammobates tentorius, 624. Psammophis angolensis, 678, 695. Psammophis crucifer, 679, 683. Psammophis jallae, 690. Psammophis sibilans, 218. Psammophylax tritaeniatus, Pseudaspis cana, 686. Pseudocalyptomena graueri, 904, 914. Pseudocedrela kotschyi, 106. Pseudocordylus microlepidotus, 636. Pseudocordylus microlepidotus melanotus, Pseudocrenilabrus philander, 687. Pseudospondias, 565. Pseudospondias microcarpa, Pseudoxyrhopus ambreensis, Psiadia, 346. Psiadia arabica, Psiadia trinervia, Psidium, 540. Psidium cattleianum, 413-4, 552. Psittacula krameri, 414, 534, 874. Psittacus erithacus, 113, 258, 896. Psoralea, 618. Psorospermum febrifugum, 928. Psychotria mushiticola, 915. Ptaeroxylon obliquum, 591, 675, 722-3. Pteleopsis, 10, 970. Pteleopsis anisoptera, Pteleopsis habeensis, 490. Pteleopsis myrtifolia, 651, 729. Ptenopus gugarrulus, 691. Pteridium, 865. Pteridium aquilinum, Pteris catoptera, 915. 941. 896. 335. 174, 260, 268. 412. 946, 952. 669. Pterocarpus, 10, 15, 93, 432, 479, 533, 935, 983. Pterocarpus angolensis, 371, 649, 780, 784, 852, 971. Pterocarpus antunesii, 371. Pterocarpus erinaceus, 465, 479, 494, 529, 531, 533. Pterocarpus rotundifolius, 684. Pterocelastrus echinatus, 769. Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus, 591, 597, 614, 758. Pterocles, 185. Pterocles exustus, 272, 534. Pterocles lichtensteinii, 272. Pterodroma arminjoniana, 415. Pterodroma macroptera, 708. Pterodroma mollis, 708. Pterolobium exosum, 979. Pteronetta hartlaubii, 113. Pteronia incana, 622, 624. Pteronia pallens, 622. Pteropus rufus, 361. Pteropus seychellensis, 540, 551, 556. Pterygodium connivens, 618. Pterygota macrocarpa, 495. Ptilopachus petrosus, 882. Ptilostomus afer, 882. Ptychadena mossambica, 942. Ptychadena porosissima, 683. Ptyonoprogne fuligula, 175. Puffinus iherminieri, 553. Puffinus pacificus, 415, 553, 556. Puffinus pacificus chlororynchus, 404. -1029- 679, 683. 970, 814, 26, 59, 157, 159, 161, 219, 751, IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Puffinus therminiera, 556. Pycnanthus angolensis, 205, 495. Pycnanthus kombo, 160. Pycnonotus jocosus, 414. Pycreus, 683. Pygomeles petteri, 341. Pyrenestes minor, 986. Pyrethrum, 510. Python, 205. Python regius, 81, 480, 521. Python sebae, 26, 81, 86, 218, 480, 521, 534, 675, 678. Python sebae natalensis, 649, 669, 681-2, 686-7, 689-90, 695, 698-9, 704, 773. Pyxicephalus, 942. Pyxicephalus adspersus, 698. Pyxis arachnoides, 350. Quelea, 1001. Quelea erythrops, 292. Ramphotyphlops braminus, 540, 544, 552. Rana fluscigula, 698. Rana grayi, 683. Randia lancifolia, 551. Randia sericea, 540. Ranunculus keniensis, Ranunculus moseleyi, Rapanea, 865, 954. Rapanea melanophloeos, 751, 758, 762, 782-3. Rapanea pellucidostriata, 922. Raphia, 10, 155, 241, 263, 283, 566, 570. Raphia gigantea, 226. Raphia sudanica, 529. Raphia vinifera, 226. Raphicerus campestris, 5-6, 17-8, 43, 45, 49, 257, 447, 454, 459, 585, 587-8, 593, 601, 603, 607, 609, 616, 619, 622-4, 633-4, 637, 645, 651, 659, 661, 685-6, 691, 697, 702, 711, 714, 732, 736, 743-5, 747-8, 753, 816-7, 955, 970, 977, 989, 997, 999, 1001. Raphicerus melanotis, 435-6, 591, 601, 614, 616, 619-20, 626-7, 629-30, 632, 634, 636, 732-3, 735-7, 739-40, 742-5, 747-8, 753, 756, 762-3, 970, 977, 988, 997. Raphicerus sharpei, 690-1, 938, 949, 952. Rattus rattus, 404. Rauvolfia caffra, 655, 669, 776, 858. Ravenala, 359. Ravenala madagascariensis, Ravenea glauca, 339. Ravenearivularis, 334. Ravensara, 346, 348. Redunca, 303, 437. Redunca arundinum, 5, 7, 9-10, 14-5, 17-8, 45, 144, 149, 160, 230, 306, 367, 373-4, 376-7, 379-80, 451, 509, 584, 648, 651, 654-5, 659, 661, 667-8, 672-3, 687, 695, 722, 725, 729, 769, 772-3, 775, 798, 846, 935-6, 939, 947, 949, 952, 954, 999, 1001. Redunca fulvorufula, 186, 192, 260, 318, 584, 588, 593, 595, 602-3, 606, 613, 617, 637, 640-1, 645, 648, 651, 657, 661, 663, 666, 668, 673, 675, 678, 683, 687, 699, 704, 706, 709, 711, 714, 723, 754, 757, 769, 779-80, 782-3, 839, 858, 890, 901. Redunca fulvorufula chanleri, 882. Redunca redunca, 26, 28, 57, 59, 64, 81, 85, 104, 107, 145, 257, 260, 429, 432, 434-6, 439; 465, 467, 480, 490, 800, 802, 804, 834, 836, 839, 850, 872, 884, 890, 902, 915, 995. Redunca redunca wardi, 895. Relhania squarrosa, 599, 622. Remiz caroli, 268. Rendlia, 657. Rendlia altera, 648, 683, 782-3. Renealmia, 258. Restio, 617, 628, 748. Restio communis, 627. Restio dodii, 618. Restio eleocharis, 614. Restio fruticosus, 622. Restio madagascariensis, 264. 707. 620, 627, 632, 675, 715-23, 367, 371, 373, 432, 585, 599, 343. 339. Retzia capensis, 632. Rhabdomys pumilio, Rhamnus prinoides, Rhampholeon nchisiensis, 954. Rhaptopetalum belingensis, 206. Rhigozum obovatum, 607, 622. Rhigozum trichotomum, 587, 590, 623. Rhinolophus capensis, 601. Rhinolophus clivosus, 601. Rhinoptilus cinctus, 263. Rhipsalis, 337, 348. Rhizophora, 10, 13, 199, 545. Rhizophora harrisonii, 523. Rhizophora mangle, 521, 523. Rhizophora mucronata, 277, 281, 287, 543. Rhizophora racemosa, 155, 397, 521, 523. Rhodognaphalon schumannianum, 309. Rhoicissus digitata, 591, 614. Rhoicissus tridentata, 679. Rhopalocarpus, 343. Rhus, 701. Rhus chirindensis, Rhus ciliata, 642. Rhus dentata, 699. Rhus erosa, 588, 637, 640-1, 713. Rhus incisa, 591. Rhus lancea, 588, 590, 624, 676, 689, 693, 696-7. Rhus legati, 675. , Rhus longispina, 588. Rhus lucida, 599, 622. Rhus natalensis, 268, 291. Rhus pyroides, 679, 696, 699. Rhus quartiniaria, 307. Rhus tripartita, 470. Rhus undulata, 609, 615. Rhus viminalis, 590. Rhynchelytrum repens, 43, 693, 709. Rhynchelytrum setifolium, 595. Rhynchocyon cirnei chrysopygus, Rhynchogale melleri, 585, 675. Rhynchops flavirostris, 274, 885, 952. Rhyncogale melleri, 731. Rhyncops flavirostris, 272. Rhytachne, 566. Ricinodendron, 5, 12, 495. Ricinodendron heudelotii, Ricinodendron rautanenii, Ricinus communis, 556. Rinorea angustifolia, 776. Riocreuxia aberrans, 683. Ritchiea albersii, 498. Rocheria melanochaetes, Romulea keniensis, 264. Roridula gorgonias, 632. Rosa abyssinica, 194. Rostratula benghalensis, Rothmania annae, 553. Rotula aquatica, 529. Rousettus aegyptiacus, Rubus, 772, 777. Rubus alcaefolius, 413-4. Rubus cuneifolius, 770. Rubus ludwigii, 318. Ruellia megachlamys, Rumex nervosus, 195. Rumohra adiantiformis, 751, 758. Ruschia, 591, 615, 622, 634. Ruschia muricata, 624. Ruschia promontorii, 618. Ruschia robusta, 609. Sacoglottis gabonensis, 91, 568. Sagittarius serpentarius, 49, 260, 432, 686, 871, 901, 940-1, 954, 967, 979. Saintpaulia ionantha, 865. Salamis temora, 896. Salaxis, 618. Salicornia, 524. Salix woodii, 657. Salmo, 772. 954. 699, 704. 751, 758, 776. 279. 229. 16, 18. 540. 902. 311. 831. -1030- 318, 593, 595, 602-3, 606, 611, 613-4, 673, 467, 485, Salmo gairdneri, 189, 974. Salmo trutta, 189, 974. Salpornis spilonotus, 585, 1001. Salsola, 455, 457, 588. Salsola baryosma, 397. Salsola dendroides, 299. Salvadora, 6, 19, 285, 299, 301, 307. Salvadora persica, 190, 255, 455, 469. Salvia aegyptiaca, 470. Salvinia, 585. Salvinia molesta, 992, 998. Sambucus adnata, 253, 264. Sandoricum ratiatum, 540. Sansevieria, 190, 920. Santalum album, 404. Sarcocaulon, 455. Sarcostemma viminale, 591. Sargassum, 199, 423, 547. Sargochromis condringtoni, 982. Sarkidiornis melanotos, 217, 485, 852, 972, 988. Sarotherodon, 454, 710. Sarothrura watersi, 360. Satyrium foliosum, 620. Scadoxus puniceus, 766. Scaevola, 405, 412. Scaevola plumieri, Scaevola taccata, Scaevola thunbergii, 431, 614. 556. 722-3. Scaphiostreptus madcassus, 556. Scelores gardineri, 554. Scelotes bojerii, 404, 415. Scelotes braueri, 552. Scelotes brevipes, 682. Scelotes eggeli, 862. Scelotes gardineri, 544, 552, 556. Schefflera, 97. Schefflera umbellifera, 705, 775-6, 786. Schismatoclada, 348. Schizochilus gerrardii, 776. Schizodium longipetalum, 629. Schmidtia, 6, 15, 19. Schmidtia pappophoroides, 49. Schoenefeldia gracilis, 57,59, 397. Schotia afra, 590-1. Schotia brachypetala, 655, 997. Schotia latifolia, 617. Schoutedenapus myioptilus, Schouwia thebaica, 470. Scirpus, 188, 618, 683. Scirpus inclinatus, 45. Scirpus littoralis, 521, 614. Sclerocarya, 88, 376, 432, 865. Sclerocarya birrea, 59, 82, 85, 88, 468, 533. Sclerocarya caffra, 429, 584, 655, 675, 682, 686, 691, 705, 711, 727, 814, 834. Scolopia mundii, 692. Scopus umbretta, 158, 218, 449. Scorodophloeus fischeri, 861. Scotopelia peli, 45, 217, 263, 292, 437, 585, 836. Scotopelia ussheri, 568. Scottellia coriacea, 482-3. Scutia myrtina, 404, 617, 751, 758. Scylla serrata, 418-20. Sehima nervosa, 193, 263, 283. Selago, 610. Selago albida, 588. Selago corymbosa, 599. Senecio, 346, 348, 713, 824, 989. Senecio barbatipes, 264. 266. Senecio battescombei, 266. Senecio brassica, 266. Senecio cottonii, 829. Senecio elgonensis, 264. Senecio erici-rosenii, 510. Senecio keniodendron, 266. Serinus, 972. Serinus artrogularis, 175. Serinus canicollis, 253. Serinus leucopterus, 732-3, 735-7, 739-40, 742, 745, 747-8, 750, 753, 760. Taxonomic Index Serranochromis, 45. Serranochromis robustus, Serruria zeyheri, 630. Sesbania, 585, 768. Sesbania pachycarpa, Sesuvium ayresii, 407. Sesuvium portulacastrum, 982. 88, 533. 521, 523, 527. Setaria, 6, 10, 15, 19, 43, 284, 765, 814. Setaria anceps, 106. Setaria avettae, 934. 701. 193, 882. Setaria flabellata, Setaria incrassata, Setaria sphacelata, 45, 934, 941. Setaria triniveria, 190. Setaria woodii, 695, 725. Setifer setosus, 341, 357. Sheppardia gunningi, 279. Sideroxylon, 343, 618. Sideroxylon boutonianum, 405. Sideroxylon buxifolium, 174. Sideroxylon dispyroides, 309. Sideroxylon ferrugineum, 551. Sideroxylon grandiflorum, 413. Sideroxylon inerme, 591, 597, 599, 614, 762. Siganus, 423. Silurus, 241. Simulium, 158, 481. Sitala brancsiki, 344. Sitala filomarginata, 344. Smilorhis leucotis, 775. Smithornis capensis, 303, 824. Solanum, 194. Solanum incanum, 43, 174. Solanum mauritianum, 777. Sonderothamnus speciosus, Sonneratia, 543. Sorghum, 798. Sorghum brevicarinatum, 193. Sorindeia madagascariensis, 861. Sorindeia obtusifoliolata, 307. Sousa teuszii, 395, 523. Spartina maritima, 394. Spermophaga ruficapilla, Sphagnum, 413. Sphenoeacus pycnopygius, Sphyrna, 808. Sphyrnaena, 808. Spiloxene, 609. Spirostachys africana, 632. 861. 454. 649, 655, 682, 725. Spizocorys personata, 294. Spondianthus preussii, 483. Spondias, 565. Sporobolus, 6, 190, 255, 291, 307, 645, 922. Sporobolus festivus, 57. Sporobolus fimbriatus, 193. Sporobolus helvolus, 128. Sporobolus ioclados, 49, 688. Sporobolus marginatus, 838. Sporobolus pyramidalis, 57, 902. Sporobolus robustus, 397. Sporobolus spicatus, 532, 831. Sporobolus subtilis, Sporulina platensis, Spreo fischeri, 274. Spreo superbus, 834. Staavia dodii, 618. Staavia dregeana, 620. Staavia glutinosa, 620. Staavia radiata, 632. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Stapelia, 455. Statice, 199. Steatomys, 695. Steatomys pratensis, 735. Stenella coeruleoalba, 526. Steno bredanensis, 395, 526. Stenotaphrum dimidiatum, 556. Stenotaphrum secundatum, 722-3. 773. 260. 407-8. -1031- 45, 260, 285, 289, 301, 527, IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Stephanoaetus coronatus, 265, 521, 675, 682, 699, Sutera stenopetola, 624. 768, 775, 778, 968. Swietenia, 551. Sterculia, 10, 229, 284, 307, 369. Swietenia macrophylla, 540. Sterculia africana, 309. Sylvicapra grimmia, 5, 9-10, 12, 14-5, 26, 28, 49, Sterculia appendiculata, 834. 57, 59, 61, 81-2, 85, 93-4, 97-8, 104, 106, 119, 123, Sterculia rhinopetala, 483. 130, 141, 144, 189-90, 195, 219, 228-9, 253, 367, 369, Sterculia setigera, 80, 529, 533. 371, 373-4, 437, 439, 465, 467, 480, 485, 487, 489, Sterculia tomentosa, 59. 496, 509, 531, 585, 587-8, 591, 593, 601-2, 606-7, Stereospermum kunthianum, 190. 609-10, 616-7, 622, 624, 634, 645, 648, 651-2, 655, Sterna, 395. 659, 661, 668, 671-2, 686, 692, 702, 706, 711-2, Sterna albifrons, 527. 715-9, 721, 729, 731-2, 743-5, 747-8, 753, 766, 769, Sterna anaethetus, 277, 281, 526, 553, 556. 772, 776, 784-6, 802, 816-7, 872, 896, 939, 948, 970, Sterna balaenarum, 457, 763. 1001. Sterna dougallii, 276-7, 281, 309, 408, 553. Sylvicapra grimmia altivallis, 266. Sterna fuscata, 276, 309, 527, 553. Symmeria paniculata, 529. Sterna fuscata nubilosa, 409. Symphonia, 337. Sterna repressa, 281, 309. Symphonia globulifera, 896. Sterna saundersii, 277. Synapta, 423. Sterna vittata, 708. Syncerus caffer, 14, 26, 28-31, 38, 45, 57, 59, 61, Sterna vittata vittata, 708. 63, 67, 72, 80, 82, 84, 90, 93-4, 98, 104, 106, 108-10, Stiburus conrathii, 683. 119-21, 123, 130, 140-1, 144-5, 147-9, 160-2, 164, Stichopus chloronotus, 411. 190, 192-3. 197, 205-6, 208, 210-1, 228-30, 253, 255, Stilbe rupestris, 632. 262, 265, 269-70, 274, 282, 284, 292, 295, 303, 306, Stipa trichotoma, 633. 371, 380, 389, 432, 435-6, 439, 458, 465, 467, 480, Stipagrostis, 453. 484, 487, 489-90, 495-6, 498, 509, 511, 521, 529, 584, Stipagrostis ciliata, 587, 623. 591, 610, 617, 640, 645, 652, 664, 678, 697, 714, 722, Stipagrostis obtusa, 587, 623. 725, 773, 798, 802, 804, 814, 816, 824, 826-7, 829, Stipagrostis plumosa, 469. 831, 834, 836, 839, 841, 846-7, 849-50, 852, 854, 856, Stipagrostis pungens, 394. 858, 861, 865, 871-2, 874, 884-5, 887, 891-2, 894-5, Stipagrostis ramulosa, 457. 896, 898-9, 901-2, 911, 917, 920, 922-4, 935-6, 938, Stipagrostis uniplumis, 49, 638. 940, 943-45, 947-9, 951-2, 955-6, 958, 968, 972, 980, Stipagrostis vulnerans, 469. 985, 992-4, 996, 999, 1001. Stochomys defua, 164. Syncerus caffer aequinoctialis, 158. Stoebe vulgaris, 595. Syncerus caffer caffer, 5, 15, 17-8. Stompneustes variolaris, 424. Syncerus caffer nanus, 10, 139, 142, 146, 150, 155, Strelitzia alba, 751, 758. 167, 226, 239, 325, 565, 919. Strelitzia nicolai, 778. Syringodium, 277. Strelitzia reginae, 766. Syringodium isoetifolium, 276, 423. Streptocarpus davyi, 814. Syzygium, 28, 302, 865. Streptocarpus denticulatus, 814. Syzygium cordatum, 654, 669, 730, 773, 775. Streptocarpus dunnii, 814. Syzygium gerrardii, 776, 782-3, 786. Streptocarpus eytesii, 979. Syzygium guineense, 529, 645, 655, 685. Streptocarpus johannis, 771. Tabebuia pallida, 551. Streptocarpus latens, 683. Tabernaemontana usambarensis, 830. Streptopelia capicola, 49. Tachybaptus pelzelnii, 341. Streptopelia picturata rostrata, 556. Tachybaptus ruficollis, 253, 294. Streptopelia semitorquata, 534. Tachyoryctes macrocephalus, 189. Streptopelia senegalensis, 534, 967. Tachyoryctes splendens, 266. Strix varia, 45. Tachyphasis milloti, 339. Strombosia, 865. Tadarida midas, 585. Strombosia glaucocense, 226. Tamarindus, 361-2. Strombosia pustulata, 482-3. Tamarindus indica, 85, 193, 337, 357, 465, 467, Struthio camelus, 17-9, 40, 51, 66, 88, 103, 108, 533, 798, 835, 983. 123-5, 128, 187, 190, 193, 196, 262, 294, 306, 312, Tamarix, 455. 429, 433, 447, 452, 454-5, 468, 470, 488, 531, 588, Tamarix senegalensis, 397, 524, 533. 591, 609, 619, 623, 637, 639-43, 686, 727-8, 744, 798, Tambourissa, 337, 354. 800, 802, 839, 858, 882, 901, 955, 999, 1001. Tambourissa sieberi, 413. Struthio camelus massaicus, 268. Tapura fischeri, 775. Struthio camelus molybdophanes, 263. Tarchonanthus camphoratus, 174, 260, 627, 676, 689. Strychnos, 10, 568, 970. Tarchonanthus trilobus, 671. Strychnos decussata, 775. Tarrietia, 156. Strychnos madagascariensis, 775. Tarrietia utilis, 167, 239. Strychnos mitis, 279. Tatera afra, 732, 736-7. Strychnos spinosa, 230. Tatera kempi, 28. Stumpffia grandis, 347. Tatera valida, 105. Stumpffia roseifemoralis, 347. Tatsia bijuga, 553. Stumpffia tridactyla, 347. Tauraco andersoni, 982. Stylodonta studeriana, 552. Tauraco corythaix, 982. Stylophora, 557. Tauraco fischeri, 861. Suaeda, 199, 281. Tauraco hartlaubi, 253, 270. Suaeda monoica, 255, 274. Tauraco johnstoni, 511, 892. Sula dactylatra, 549. Tauraco macrochir, 982. Sula dactylatra melanops, 409. Tauraco persa, 218. Sula leucogaster, 199, 526, 549. Tauraco porphyreolophus, 675, 836, 967. Sula sula, 549. Taurotragus derbianus, 26, 28, 81-2, 84, 104, 106, Suncus madagascariensis, 357. 110-2, 118, 123, 129, 387, 389, 529. Suriana, 405, 412. Taurotragus oryx, 5-6, 10, 12, 14-5, 17-8, 40, 109, Suriana maritima, 556. 193, 253, 257, 265, 268, 274, 306, 318, 367, 374, 376, Sus scrofa, 205. 379-80, 387, 432, 435-6, 439, 447, 452, 454, 458, 509, Sutera divaricata, 624. 584, 587, 591, 593, 595, 613-4, 617-8, 622-3, 637, -1032- 639-40, 642, 648, 661, 664, 666, 672-3, 676, 679, 687, 689, 693, 712, 714, 722, 727-8, 769, 816, 824, 827, 829, 834, 839, 841, 844, 846, 858, 884, 890, 895, 900-1, 915, 920, 935, 938, 943-5, 947, 949, 951-2, 958, 967, 977, 980, 987, 990, 992, 997, 999, 1001. Taurotragus oryx livingstonii, 882. Tayassu, 205. Tchagra australis, 49. Tchagracruenta, 841. Teclea, 293. Teclea nobilis, 174. Tectona grandis, 226, 971. Telacanthura melanopygia, 226. Tenrec ecaudatus, 334, 341, 357, 552. Tephrosia, 281. Terathopius ecaudatus, 834, 852, 888, 972. Terminalia, 15, 47, 72, 80, 88, 104, 106, 120, 122, 126, 157, 159, 161, 190, 263, 283, 307, 367, 376, 379, 429, 435, 479, 487, 834, 882, 885, 934, 970. Terminalia altissima, 241. Terminalia avicennioides, 479, 486. Terminalia brevipes, 307. Terminalia brownii, 801. Terminalia catappa, 558. Terminalia glaucescens, 479. Terminalia ivorensis, 167, 226, 239, 241. Terminalia laxiflora, 57,67, 82, 106, 494. Terminalia macroptera, 80, 106, 219, 230, 479-80, 533. Terminalia mantali, 335. Terminalia prunioides, 686, 712. Terminalia sericea, 45, 49, 584, 587, 650-1, 654-5, 680, 684, 686, 695, 711, 725, 956, 971. Terminalia spinosa, 193, 852. Terminalia superba, 144-5, 150, 160-1, 205, 226, 482, 483, 926. Terpsiphone corvina, 558. Terpsiphone viridis, 175, 459. Tessmannia, 10. Testudo sulcata, 531. Tetrapleura tetraptera, 495. Tetraria, 614. Tetraria cuspidata, 614. Thalasseus bengalensis, 277. Thalasseus maximus, 527, 532. Thalassia hemprichii, 277, 547. Thalliurus chlorurus, 423. Thaminophyllum latifolium, 632. Thamnochortus, 600. Thamnochortus dichotomus, 620, 627. Thamnochortus erectus, 618. Thamnochortus nutans, 620. Thelotornis, 45. Themeda, 268, 595, 640, 642-3, 648, 657, 661, 663-4, 666, 676, 688, 696, 713, 765, 769, 771, 895, 922. Themeda triandra, 190, 291, 374, 508, 584, 587, 591, 598, 602-3, 606, 610-1, 613, 638, 640, 642-3, 645, 648-9, 651, 657, 661, 668-9, 672-3, 675, 678-80, 682, 687, 689, 692-3, 696-7, 699-701, 704, 713, 722-3, 725, 728, 731, 769, 771, 773, 776, 782-3, 798, 831, 896, 902. Theropithecus gelada, 195. Thespesia populnea, 408. Threskiornis aethiopicus, 272, 274, 824. Thryonomys, 105. Thryonomys gregorianus, 94, 97. Thryonomys swinderianus, 167, 218, 239. Thunbergia alata, 824. Thymus, 195. Tieghemella heckelii, 226, 568. Tilapia, 39, 45, 439, 452, 970, 977, 979-80, 983, 988, 998-9, 1001-2. Tilapia grahami, 260. Tilapia rendalli, 675, 678, 680, 685. Tilapia sparrmanii, 687, 699. Tilapia spilurus, 274. 41, 51, 88, 306, 529, 531, 57, 59, 85, 158, 465-6, 45, 185, 193, 217, 263, Taxonomic Index Tillaea moschata, 707. Tockus bradfieldi, 459, 955. Tockus erythrorhynchus, 288, 534, 941. Tockus fasciatus, 902. Tockus flavirostris, 175, 288, 294. Tockus hartlaubi, 534. Tockus hemprichii, 175. Tockus monteiri, 454. Tockus pallidirostris, 836. Torgos tracheliotus, 49, 451, 455, 885, 972. Tournefortia, 412. Tournefortia argentea, 553. , Toxocarpus schimperianus, 540, 543, 551. Trachyphonus darnaudii, 274. Trachyphonus purpuratus, 892. Trachypogon, 141, 143, 765. Trachypogon capensis, 771. Trachypogon spicatus, 679, 695, 699, 704, 709. Tragelaphus angasi, 371, 377, 434, 437, 439, 584, 645, 651-2, 654-5, 667, 678, 682, 712, 775, 970, 977, 999. Tragelaphus buxtoni, 189. Tragelaphus euryceros, 90, 93, 98, 139, 142, 148, 150, 158, 160, 164, 205-6, 226, 253, 325, 567, 919, 922, 925. Tragelaphus imberbis, 187, 190, 193, 196, 263, 274, 281-2, 287, 295-6, 584, 591, 593, 602, 607, 610, 651-2, 661, 678, 680, 685, 690-1, 711-2, 714, 725, 727-8, 754, 766, 836, 841, 847, 850, 855, 882. Tragelaphus oryx, 601. Tragelaphus scriptus, 5, 9-10, 14-5, 26, 28, 43, 57, 59, 61, 64, 72, 81-2, 85, 94, 97-8, 104, 106, 123-4, 126, 150, 156, 158, 160, 167, 195, 197, 217-9, 226, 228-30, 239, 253, 265, 268, 270, 369, 371, 373-4, 379, 435-7, 439, 465, 467, 480, 484, 489, 495, 511, 533, 565, 584, 591, 597, 614, 617, 633, 640, 645, 648, 652, 655, 662, 671, 673, 682, 699, 711-2, 715-23, 731, 740, 743, 751, 754, 757-8, 762-3, 765-6, 768-9, 772, 775-6, 778-80, 782-6, 798, 800, 802, 814, 826, 829, 831, 834, 836-7, 839, 850, 861, 874, 887, 889, 892, 896, 898, 915, 919, 934-5, 938, 941, 947-9, 954, 977, 980, 986, 989, 990, 992, 994, 999. Tragelaphus scriptus meneliki, 189. Tragelaphus spekei, 7, 9, 14, 18, 45, 72, 90, 92-3, 96, 98, 139-42, 148-50, 158, 205-6, 218, 271, 509, 800, 802, 837, 839, 843, 849, 884, 919, 925, 938, 949, 958. Tragelaphus spekei gratus, 217. Tragelaphus strepsiceros, 5-6, 15, 17-9, 43, 45, 49, 121, 123-4, 129, 186-7, 190, 192-3, 196, 289, 293, 305, 312, 367, 369, 371, 373-4, 376-7, 379-80, 435-6, 439, 447, 450, 452, 454, 456, 459, 584, 588, 591, 593, 602, 607, 610, 637, 640, 645, 652, 661, 678, 680, 685, 690-1, 702, 711-2, 714, 725-8, 754, 766, 798, 816-7, 834, 836, 850, 854, 882, 915, 934, 941, 943, 951, 955-6, 972, 977, 980, 988-90, 992, 994, 996, 999, 1001-2. Tragelaphus trepsiceros, 651. Tragus berteronianus, 686. Treculia africana, 521, 896. Trema orientalis, 174, 669, 776. Treron australis, 989. Treron calva, 534. Treron waalia, 175. Trianodan obesus, 808. Triaspis glaucophylla, 678, 690. Trichastoma rufipennis, 861. Trichechus senegalensis, 6, 10, 92, 140, 155, 210, 217, 219, 397, 480, 492, 498, 521, 523-4, 532. Trichilia, 432, 970. Trichilia dregeana, 731, 775-6, 786. Trichilia emetica, 654-5, 682, 730, 976. Trichilia patens, 568. Trichilia roka, 830, 952. Trichocladus crinitus, 720. Trichocladus grandiflorus, 776. Tricholaena, 920. Trichoneura grandiglumis, 43, 693. Tridacna squamosa, 277. Trifolium, 195. -1033- IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas Trigonoceps occipitalis, 972. Trionyx triunguis, 6, 10. Triplochiton, 226, 232-3. Triplochiton scleroxylon, 160-1, 166-7, 229, 232-3, 238-9, 241. Tripneustes gratilla, 424. Tristachya, 765. Tristachya hispida, 668, 672, 692, 771, 814. Tristachya leucothrix, 769, 771, 776. Tristachya rehmannii, 693, 695. Trochetia, 413. Tropidophora felicis, 344. Turbinaria, 423, 542, 545. Turdoides squamulatus, 263. Turdus fischeri, 279, 311, 920. Turdus kibalensis, 896. Turdus oberlaenderi, 922. Turraeanthus africanus, 156. Tursiops truncatus, 395, 597. Tylophora, 410. Typha, 185, 524, 614, 928. Typha angustifolia, 830. Typha capensis, 10, 614, 701, 729. Typha domingensis, 43. Typha latifolia, 43. Typhleotris madagascariensis, 350. Typhlops madagascariensis, 344. Typhlops reuteri, 344. Tyto alba, 556. Tyto alba affinis, 551. Tyto capensis, 253. Tyto soumagnei, 360. Uapaca, 346. Uapaca bojeri, 334. Uapaca detarium, 80. Uapaca guineensis, 570. Uapaca palludosa, 865. Uapaca somon, 158-9. Uapaca thouarsii, 343. Uapaca togoensis, 161, 479, 494. Udotea indica, 276-7. Ulva, 419. Ulva cuchemia, 417. Ulva lactuca, 276, 420. Umtiza listerana, 768. Uncaria africana, 258. Upupaepops, 534. Urelytrum squarrosum, 638, 814. Urelytrum thyrsoides, 911. Urochloa mosambicensis, 645, 686. Urochloa trichopus, 43. Uroplatus alluaudi, 335. Urtica, 195. Usnea, 195. Uvaria, 483. Uvariopsis congensis, 258. Vanellus coronatus, 834. Vanellus senegallus, 941. Vanellus spinosus, 534. Vangueria infausta, 690, 697, 705. Varanus exanthematicus, 231, 480. Varanus exanthematicus albigularis, 678, 681, 685, 687, 695, 699, 773. Varanus niloticus, 831, 888, 928. Varecia variegata, 340, 343, 354, 359-60. Vateria seychellarum, 540. Vepris lanceolata, 669. Vepris undulata, 717, 720. Vernonia, 302, 346, 348. Vernonia subuligera, 824. Verschaffeltia splendida, 551. Vetiveria, 10, 528. Vetiveria nigritana, 88, 397, 529, 934. Vidua fischeri, 834. Virgilia oroboides, 620, 751, 758, 762. Viscum, 348. Vitellaria paradoxa, 59. Vitex, 346, 865. 45, 593, 675, 26, 28, 43, 45, 81, 369, 480, 534, 595, 675, 678, 681, 695, 699, 754, 773, Vitex chrysocarpa, 467. Vitex chrysoclada, 465. Vitex doniana, 80. Vitex mombassae, 706. Viverra civetta, 193, 218, 565. Voacanga, 258-9. Voacanga thouarsii, Vossia, 928. 775. Vossia cuspidata, 106, 941. Vulpes chama, 40, 47, 609. Vulpes pallida, 85, 468, 531. Vulpes riippelli, 395, 470. Warburgia salutaris, 259. Warburgia ugandensis, 291, 861. Watsonia, 597. Watsonia transvaalensis, 675, 699. Watsonia wilmsii, 699. Weinmannia, 346, 348. Weissmannia, 354. Welwitschia, 6. Welwitschia bainesii, 6, 19, 455. Widdringtonia, 648, 769. Widdringtonia whytei, 973. Wissmannia carinens! is, 174. Witsenia maura, 618, 627. Xanothon marmaritus, 423. Xanthocercis zambesiaca, 712, 969, 997. Xenia, 805. Xenocalamus bicolor australis, 695. Xenocalamus transvaalensis, 691. Xenopirostris damii, 341. Xenopirostris polleni, 346, 360. Xenopus gilli, 619. Xenopus laevis, 697. Xeroderris, 970. Xerus erythropus, 85, 105, 218, 533. Ximenia caffra, 697. Xylocarpus, 543, 545. Xylopia aethiopica, Xymalos monospora, 482. 715, 720-1, 731, 776, 782-3, 786. Zalusianskya nemesioides, 624. Zantedeschia oculata Zanthoxylum davyi, , 595. 776. Zanthoxylum leprieurii, 258. Zanthoxylum mildbraedii, 258. Zelotomys woosnami, 587. Ziziphus, 80, 82, 85-6, 882. Ziziphus abyssinica, Ziziphus amphibia, Ziziphus mauritiana, Ziziphus mucronata, 983. 798. 529. 309. 43, 529, 676, 682, 704, 773, Ziziphus spina-christi, 469. Zoothera gurneyi, 986. Zostera, 281. Zostera nana, 646. Zostera noltii, 394. Zosterops abyssinica, Zosterops modestus, 175. 540. Zosterops poliogaster kulalensis, 312. Zoutpansbergia caerulea, 705. Zoysia, 404. Zygophyllum, 199, 588. Zygophyllum morgsana, 622. Zygophyllum retrofractum, 609. Zygophyllum simplex, 455, 457, 469. Zygophyllum stapfii, -1034- 455, 457. ‘ x, 7 i , f ‘ i) ek ; 7 e Ving i Pemtiy ' j bt \ a, diy eld Stabe! re , ; d 4 ve ay Cb hE aks adn ee eee i Ds i y . PR ee ee ee ee ret sil rosy Wee Oy het ov) A. y wd A ; 5 om m7 Ps i Prepared by IUCN in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme. A contribution to GEMS — the Global Environment Monitoring System. UN + This book is part of THE IUCN CONSERVATION LIBRARY For a free copy of the complete catalogue please write to: IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, UK or IUCN Publications Services, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland