HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Yfc, 0 33 iYl/CKU. ^L l^fl-] ^-s MAY 21 1917 A BUTTERflELD 300MSELLE R 9 BROMFltLD 3T BOSTON MASS Ax I.MPORTED RviKI.N. I'liim a jihotograijli by Dr. K. \V. Shufcldt of a specimen at the Uiucau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Tlic parts which appear black are vermilion red in life. About four-fifths natural size. lAU'AW JAPANESE GOLDFISH THEIR VARIETIES AND CULTIVATION A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE JAPANESE METHODS OF GOLDFISH CULTURE FOR AMATEURS AND PROFESSIONALS By HUGH M. SMITH UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES President of the American Fisheries Society, 1907-8 Secretary-General of the Fcurth International Fishery Congress. 1908 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Member of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Biological Society of Washington, etc. Honorary Member of the Imperial and Royal Austrian Fishery Society The Imperial Russian Society of Fish Culture and Fishing The Salmon and Trout Association of Great Britain, and Corresponding Member of the German Sea Fishery Society WASHINGTON F. ROBERTS COMPANY. PUBLISHERS 1917 f'lPYRiGHT. rgog llv \\ F. Roberts Company IXCORPflRATED Washington, D. C. CONTENTS PAGE List of illustrntinii'; 5 Introduction 7 I — Genkeal Aspects or Goi.iifish Ci'i.tci'F. ix Japan 9 Importance of tlic goldlish to the Japniicsc people 9 Origin of the goldfish and it-; culfurc in Ja|)a;i 11 Centers of the industry 12 II — Japanese Goldfish P.beeds IS The Wild Fish 15 Evolution of the Varieties 17 The Wakin 21 The Ryukin 24 The Ranclui 28 The Oranda Sliishiyashira 32 The Demekin 35 The Deme-Ranchu 38 The Watonai 39 The Shukin 40 The Shulnnikin 42 Tlic Kinranshi 43 III — Goldfish Breeding Establish iients and Their Genekal EorirMExx and Man- agement 45 Goldfish farms 45 General principles of breeding 48 The ponds and the water supply 49 l\' — The Parent Fish, the Egg-Laving, and the Hatching 53 The care, solccticn, and matin.e of the lirood fish 53 Tlie spawning ponds and their preparation ■ ■ 55 The eggs, their care and development .... 57 \' — Imioi). Growth, and Care of the F"ish ... 61 Living crustacean food and its cultivation . ■ 61 Other foods and their preparation .... 65 Care of the young fish 67 (irowth and color changes 77 Sorting and selecting the fish 73 Transportation of goldfish 79 VI — Diseases and Fat.vlities of Eggs and Fish S3 VII — The Stand.^rds of Q^ALIT^■ and the Tr.mie i.x Goldfish 87 Fashions, criteria, and cxhihitinns 87 Sales and prices 90 \'III — Japanese Goldfish ix America 93 llistorical and other notes 93 Goldfish culture for profit 95 Suggestions for maintaining goldfish aquaria in the liome. school, and office 97 Literature cited 105 Index 107 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS GlI.OUKl) Pl.ATKS OF JaI'A.NF.SK Goi-DFISIl. ' PAGE From water-color paintings fnun facing Sklecting axd SoKTrxG Yoling Goldfish for life by J. Urata pacf Reari.n-g 76 'I'lie \\ akin 20 Ax Importkii R^lkin I'roiitisf'iri-t- The Ryukin 24 I'roni a photograph by Ur. R. \\ . SInifcldt The Ranchu nr Mariiko 28 Tiir. \\ ii.n GoI-UKISH . • ■• Id The Oranda Shisbigashira 32 Diagram of Types of Cauual l'"ix 1() The Demekin 36 Dorsal View of a HiGHLV-CfLTiVATKn R^ ikin • 25 The Doinc-Raiiclni 38 After Watase. The W'atonai 3X Types of the RAxrnr or Mariko X'arietv • • . 29 The Shnkin 4U Din n l.inx-IlEAii 33 The Sluibnnkin 42 View ix a Tokyo (ioLUFisii Hsta[ilisii ment . . 47 The Kinransbi 42 After Mitsukuri. PAGE RemOYIXG Dl'ST. DiRT. P.tl'.hI.ES, ETC., FROM (iuLllFISH SpAWNIXG ON WlM.llW KooTS IN A Mci) SPAWNING POXII 55 PoxD 58 Tent CfTS of Certain \'akieties of (ioi.nFisH CoLi.EiTixG -MixiTE Crcstaceaxs AS Imioij kou After Mitsuknri. (Joi.DFisM (i4 \\ akin 13,23 I'KEDIXG lixroiiosTKACA To VoixG GoinFisii IN Rynkin 26,27 Concrete Ponds 68 Ranclni 30, 31 Drawing Down a Concrete Rearing Poxd • ■ ■ 71 Oranda Slii-.bigasliira 32,35 Transferring (Joldfish P"ry from One Pond to Demekin 37 Another 73 Sbvdsin 40 INTRODUCTION ^^HERE exists in tlic United States great and gniwint; interest in the keeping and cultivation of Japanese i\m\ other races of goldfish. This interest is one phase nf the noteworthy amount of attentiim now dex'oted bv vovmg anrl old to the stud}^ and care of li\ing creatures, and is aided by the facilit\' of olitaining at reasonable prices desii'able material for stocking a(|uai'ia and ponds. The pleasures and jirotits (if raising goldfish are destined to be experienced b}- many more people; each \ear thcinsands of men, women, and children begin to exhibit an interest in this subjeci bv seeking to learn where and how to secure the goldfish, and how to raise and care for them. The demand for the fish keeps far in ad\ance of the available supply, and there is thus created a need for moi-f exlensi\e culti\ation and more establishments where goklfish are ])rocluce(l. This little work is presented in the belief that, while ,\merican goldfish culturists and fanciers ha\e w i irk' is Ijascd were c ihlaiiieil li\' the wriler diiriiii; twi i visits th(iul(UT liar, miiij^le with ihe iTdwds in the park- and (ni tlic streets or staticm themselves at points of vantage and (lisiila\- their li\in^^ to\-s to the passini; thnmgs. It is staled that in temlal tiine> in Japan, e\en in years when famine prevailed and hundreds were dying' of starxaticm, the demand for and the trade in gnjdtish cnntinued with hut little abatement, because the children cra\ed the t'lsh and their demands could not Ije resisted. Idle \-ogue that the gdldtish ac(|uired in Japan many years ago and has retained with increasing popularity is an index of a signiticant featuie of the Japanese character. The line of the purely beautiful per\ades all classes of people, and is evidenced in many ways that are either unknown or hut little de\eliiped in many uther natii)ns. It is \er\- natural that the esthetic temijerament of the Japanese slmulil I'lnd much In gratify it in the lieautiful colors and the graceful forms and moxements of the goldfish; and it is iioteworth\- that of the two oriental peoples ami mg which the cultivation of the goldfish reached an advanced stage at an early date, the Chinese should have directed their efiforts mainly to the production of the grotesque, bizarre, or horrifying, while the Japanese strove for the graceful, harmonious, and pleasing. In the Jaiianese In nnes, goldfish are usually kept in small globes suspended in rooms or iti lialconies, or in ])onds or fciuntains in the miniatme landscape gardens with which a large propor- tiiin iif the hi>u>es are pinxided. In the thousands of landscape gardens, ]iarks, and temple grounds all over Japan, there are ponds and lakes stocked with turtles, carp, and goldfish: and one of the favorite amusements of the crowds that constantly resort to such places is to feed the turtles and lish. Just as in X'enice there is ahvays a vendor ready to sup]jlv one with corn for the do\es of Saint Mark, so at the public resorts in Japan there is ahvays a person to provide hollow balls of colored rice Hour to be 10 thrown into the ponds. The haUs are light and for a few minutes Boat hke corks while the fish push them ahout with their noses in the etTorts to eat them; after a time, becoming water soaked, the\' gradualK' disintegiate, sink, antl are dexoured. The goldfish is a common theme in Japanese decorative and industrial art, and is a favorite subject for biological investigation. Some of the leading men of science of Japan have delved into the natural historv of this fish, and have written most entertainingly of its various phases. Being a plastic material, the goldfish when skillfully bied, yields many surprises to the biologist as well as to the cultivator. Oris:iti of the Goldfish and its Culture in Japciii ;\Ian\- things that have been firmly established in Japan f. ir centuries in reality had their origin in China, and among the more noteworthy of these is the highly colored cultixated variety of gold- fish. The goldfish is possiblv native to Japan, and fish having the dull coloration and simple form of the original wild species are found in oi)en waters all o\er Japan, but in some cases these are as likely to have been the progeny of fish, that escaped from prixate ponds and re\-erted to the wild 11 ly])c as li) liave' hccn nalixcs. At any late, tliere is im e\ idt-nce of tlic existence of tlie brilliant, culli\ate(l llsli prior to llieir ini])i irtation from China. The iii^iiiry ni the nitroihiction is lost in obsfurity, but it appears to be established tiiat as early as the year 1500 some goldfish, [irobably of the simplest variety, were brought from China to a town near Osaka: and many other importations were doubtless made in earlv times from China and Korea, where the cultivation of this fish must ha\-e begun at a \'cr\- remote period. The cultuatiim of goldfish in japan began several centuries ago. and had attained considerable extent long before the founding of the United States as a nation. It seems that as earlv as the first decade of the eighteenth centuiy. a breeder of goldfish began business at Korivama : and the author has visited at that ])lace a goldfish farm that was started about 1763 and lias been in continuous o])eration to the present time. '{"his estal)lislinieut was at first maintained onlv for ])leasure. but later became a commercial enter])rise and has for many years been conducted at great ])rofit. The intioduced \ariety of goldfish like \ari;ius other things that the Japanese obtained from out.side their country, was vastly im])ro\ed upon as a result of independent methods of culture ap])hed at a very early date: and new varieties were soon developed that are still being cultivated. Centers of the Industry Coldfisb are lired for pleasure or ]irofit all over the Ja])anese Empire, and it is onlv in the most northern island. J lakkaido. where the cold i^ intense, that successful culture is impossible. The chief centers of the industry are the great capit.al city of Tokyo which, with its two million pc-ople. offers a superior market for all kinds of goldfish in addition to having a temperate climate most conducive to successful culture; Koriyama, a small ])lace near the ancient cajjital cities of Nara and K\'ot(). which als(} has excellent marketing facilities and a salubrious climate; and Osaka, the \'enice nf japan and the second citv of the Enipiie. Kori\ania is the most important center, and has alxjut three hundred and hftv goldfish breeders wh'ise annual iiutput is upward I if ten million fish. At some establishments as manv as si.x hundred thousand are produced and sold annualh', while at mhers the yield may l)e duIx" a few thousands. Tokyo and Korivania may be said to be the head(|uarters of two different schools of gold- fish culture, with ditifereni breeding methods, different standards of excellence, and different fashions in lish. The Tokyo sclmol dominates the northeastern part of the Empire, and the Koriyama school holds sway o\-er the western part of the main island of Hondo and the islands of Shikoku and Kyushu. II -JAPANESE GOLDFISH BREEDS The IVild Fish v. will! fisli from wliich the multicolored and multiformed varieties of goldfish have leen pnxluced is a very plain species, with nothing to suggest the wonderful p. issihilities of development which it has undergone. The moderately elongated and compressed body is covered with large, coarse scales: the head is unsealed and smooth: the fins are relatively small, and the color is uniform olivaceous. The normal length is eight to twelve inches. The goldfish was originally placed in the same genus as the domesticated Asiatic carp, and was named Cyprluus aiiratiis by Linnaeus. It dififers. howexer. from the common carp in having no barbels, and in having the pharyngeal teeth in a single row on each side; it has therefore been put in the same genus as the crucian carp or karass, of European waters, and its proper scientific name is Carassiiis aiiratiis. which literally means the golden or gilded karass. The goldfish is some- times not inappropriately called the gold carp, but this name is not distinctive because a golden variety of the common carp is now extensixelv cultivated. 15 The iiriL;inal lii>inc i>\ i1r- fish was Cliina. Autlinrities clo imi aiipcar to be in accord as to wht'ilicr llie species was native to Japan, whero it is now widely distributed, and it may he that this jjoint nia_\- nc\cr l)e conclusively determined. The Wild Goldfish 16 Evolution of the yaricties In a group of fishes of the carp family related to the goldfish there is a tendency to albinism: and doubtless the parent stock from which all the cultivated varieties have sprung was albino or partial albino. A deficiency of dark pigment in the skin nf the wild goldfish would leave a whitish, yelldw. i>r golden color: while irregular distribution and concentration of the dark pigment would result in a \ariegated c(.)loration, with blackish or dark greenish spots or blotches separated by yellow, golden, or whitish areas. By the selection of such abnormally colored fish for breeding purposes, light and variegated races were in time established. Abudrmalities in form may have arisen in and been similarly reproduced from wild fish, but most probably these arose in the course of the cultivation of already established or incipient color varieties. From these primitive departures from the normal, all of the extraordinary \ariations in form anil color that we now possess have been produced, after hundreds of generations, l)y selected breeding. One of the ablest American biologists and embryologist, the late Prof. John A. Ryder, called attention to the fact that the varieties of goldfish "are the most profoundly modified of any known race of domesticated animal organisms." In the coarse of a paper published in 18')3 he discussed the origin and significance of some of the modifications, and aihanced the interesting theory that the 17 greatly enlarged lins in some of tiic varieties is correlated with a degeneiatinn (if the muscular svstem through disuse, owing to "their continued restraint in small aquaria for many geneiations." The teehle and almost totally deficient swimming powers of certain varieties are said to have been "jnir- posely cultivated by oriental fish fanciers," and the energy that wduld have been expended "in the pniductiiin id' mutiun id' the budy in the water has reacted in other \\a\s upnn their organization, and especially upon the growth of the lins." In the elaboration of this theory. Ryder suggested that the enlarged fins may serve as supplemental respiratory organs, the caud.il in particular being verv richly supplied with capillaries and nften presenting an enormous surface fur the possible exchange of gases: and he asked whether this hypertrophy of the fins may n(»t have "been developed partially in physiological response to artiticial cnnditinns of respiration * * * j,^ ii,^. restricted and badlv aerated tanks and a(|uaria in which they have been bred for centuries." It is not necessary to discuss the foregoing views, but it should be remarked that the statements regarding the breeding of Japanese goldfish in badly aerated or restricted aquaria and tanks are entirely enoneous, and any theory based on such an unwarranted assumption is untenable, for, as will hereafter be seen, the Japanese have never raised goldfish under such cimditions, and the salient feat- ures of the \ariiius kinds of ]ionds in which they ha\e for generations been hatching, rearing, and holding their fish are the ample space afforded and the most perfect oxygenation of the water. A number of the minor and some of the major \arieties of goldfish now grown in America and Europe and called "Japanese" are unknown lo the Japanese breeders, and were either of Chinese origin or were ])roduced under their new occidental environment, either with or without Japanese stock. While many ephemeral freaks are necessarily produced in the course of the culture operations, the only \arieties that are established and standard are those herein described. 18 Ten varieties of goldfish are now known and cnltivated in Japan. Their Japanese names, which are most ap]iropriate and distincti\e. are in general preferable to the cumbersome and less expressive American names, and will be used in this work. These, with their literal equivalents in our language, are as follows : Wakin, or Japanese goldfish. Ryukin, or Liukiu goldfish. Ranchu, or Dutch goldfish. .\lso calletl Alaruko, or rounil fish, and Shishigashira, or lion-head. Oranda shishigashira. or Dutch lion-head. Demekin. or protruding-eyed goldfish. Deme-ranchu, or protruding-eyed ranchu. Watonai, or newlv found variety. Shukin, or autumn brocade goldfish. Shubunkin, or vermilion variegated goldfish. Kinranshi, or brocaded goldfish. The immediate origin of the more primitive \-arieties can not be stated, being lost in obscurity, but the genealogy or pedigree of six of the foregoing is well known. The origin and relationships of the varieties may be represented in the form of a "family tree," as shown on the following page: 19 m/c//;^A D^meAtn Shufun 3/ju6u/7A//7 Denje-rancAu Warona/ Htnransfyi Oranda Genealogy of the Goldfish Varieties 20 THE WAKIN Co -M XION GOLDF I S H NATURAL SIZE Copyright, 1909, by S. Matscbaba The IVakiii Japanese Goldfish. Common Goldfish The name wakin. nieaniiiji- Japanese goldfish, is ap])heil t(_) tlie simplest and most primitive cultixated \ai"iet\', from which all the others have Ijeen directK' or indirectly produced. As it was introduced from China, it can not properly be called Japanese, but it had been so long known and cultivated in Japan that the people of that country were doubtless justified in so designating it, especially when it became necessary to distinguish it from breeds or varieties introduced from Ivorea and the Liukiu or Ryukyu Islands and named after those places. The wakin as known today in Japan, China. F,uroi)e, and .\merica is doubtless quite similar if not identical in all essential respects to the earliest exam])les brought from China. In form the wakin is moderately elongate and compressed, and the shape and size of its fins differ brt little from the wild species. The caudal fin, howcA-er, may be considerably modified from the simple \ertical type. The scales are large and their edges are prominent. The color is most variable, ranging from ])ure black to pure white or silvery, with tmiform gray, brown, olive, \ermilion, orange, golden, and yellow as intermediate colors, which are often variegated with black or white. The typical wakin in Ja])an is bright red, often with larger or smaller areas of pearlv or silvery white. A remarkable feature of the Japanese goldfish that does not occur in natuie in any species of fishes and is not known to exist in anv other cultivated fishes is that in many of the more highly cultivated forms the caudal and anal fins, instead of being single or unpaired, are double or paired. The caudal is the fin most subject to variation, and even in the wakin it begins to exhibit 21 the possibility for that wnndcrful ilevelopment met with in the iiioie liigiily cultivated breeds. Three types of caudal tin may be recognized: (I) the single, unjiaircd, vertical form such as occurs in the wild tish and becomes more elongated and lurked under cultivation: (2 I the divided or ])aired iNjie with the two ])aits united alxne, hence with three lubes (one medium, two lateral); (3 I the divided or ])aired form wiili the two parts not united abo\e, hence with four lobes that are more or less horizontal when spread. The secontl and third types are found in the most highly Diagram of Three Types of Caudal Fin in Goi.dfi.sh culti\atcd indi\iduais of the wakin varietx' : it may be questioned, howe\er. whether such fish, departing so much from the simple breed, are entitled to be called by this name. As Professor Watase has ])ointed out, this di\ision of the caudal hn is not a mere splitting of the superficial parts, but depends on an actual bilateral separation of the deep-seated bony elements from which the fin arises. Professor Ryder has expressed the view that the double-tailed goldfish were produced originally by the orientals .shaking or otherwise disturbing the eggs at the period of development when the blastoderm had spread over about a third of the yolk. This treatment of the 22 eggs of otlier fishes is known to result in \'arioiis forms of (lou!)le monsters — double heads, partly double b(idies. double tails, etc. — most of which necessarily die early. In the case of goldfish piesum- ably produced in this way, those with double tails were most likely to reach maturity because of the least vital parts involved. "These being selected and bred," to quote Ryder, "would in all probability hand onward the tendency to reproduce the douljle tail, a tendency wliich cinild become ver\- fixed and characteristic if judicious selection were maintained bv interested fanciers and breeders." The wakin is the largest of the goldfishes. Its normal length is 6 to 10 inches, and it exceptionally reaches 16 inches. It is also the hardiest, the easiest to breed and transport, and the most extensively cultivated. When the wakin escapes from cultivation and becomes established in ojieu waters, it reverts after a few generations to the color and form of the original wild fish, all the highly colored individuals disapijearing. This has been well illustrated in the Potomac River, where the escape of cultivated fish from the go\-ernnient ponds in Washington has resulted in stocking the rix'er with goldfish that are not recognizeil as such by fishermen and fish dealers, and are sold in the markets under the very inappropriate name of "sand perch." The Ryu kin LiLKiu Goldfish. Nagasaki Goldfish. Fringetail Goldfish Under the name r\ukin the Japanese recognize a \"ariety tliat lias long been cullixated and that ])ii)bably was bred fnmi ancestors similar to the wakin but iK-came separated tmm the wakin stem at a very early period in the history of goldfish cnlture. It has been contended bv some persons that the r_\-nkin is a cross between the wakin and the ranclui, bnt this does not seem likely. The term r\ukin is deri\'ed fmni Rxiikyu, the Japanese rendering of the Chinese Liukin or Loochoo, the name of the extensive gronp of islands Iving between b'ormosa and the mainland of Japan; and dtnibtless indicates the origin of this variety or at least the route by which it entered Japan. The characteristic features of this variety are the greatly shortened body, the rounded and bulging abdomen, and the long, flowing fins. Tlie Ijack is elevated, the head rather pointed in profile but broad when viewed from abo\e, the lateral line makes a marked compiiund cur\e, and the shortening of the body in its long axis, results in strong cur\-ature of the spine that \-erges on the anal fin is partly concealed by the caudal. The jjarticular point to which this varietv is bred, deformity; but this is aiuply compensated for by the beauty of fins and colors. The caudal exhibits the most striking development. In the more highly cultivated fishes it is as long as the body or even longer; it is either united or split in the median line, and its delicate folds are so ample that they would completely cover the Ijody if properly ajiplied. The depth of the fork ecpials half or more than half the total length of the fin. The anal fin is either single or double, and its liase is nearly vertical and beneath the two parts of the caudal, while its pointed extremity may extend beyond the middle of the fork of the caudal. The high dorsal fin extends beyond the base of the caudal, and the pectoral and ventral fins far oxeriap the ventral and anal respectively. 24 m i ^ THE RYUKIN Fringetail Goldfish natural size Copyright, 1909, by S. Matsubaka Dorsal View of a Highi.v-Cultivated Ryukin Four-fifths natural size 25 The colors of tlie ryukin are most attractive. A iinictjlored fisli is rarely seen, but a single color may largely predominate. The color that is practically always present is vermilion, which occurs on body, head, and fins, and is often mottled with white. A golden reflection o\-erlies the red on the bi)d\ and head, and sometimes extend on its fins. The UKjst highly esteemed specimens are those with \ariegated back and sides. The rvukin is relati\-el\" small. The maximum length fmni moulh to tip of tail [jrobalil)- ne\'er exceeds /i- or S inches, of which abuut half represents the caudal fin. .\ lot iif ]iarticularlv fine examples of this variety ])resente(l to the L'nited States Bureau of Fisheries by the (Jnuma h'ish Culture Association of Iburaki, japan, was first exhibited at the Jamestown Ivxposition and then in \\'ashington. These fish lia\e the caudal fin divided to its base anfl longer than the body, the anal fin long and d'nil)le. and brilliant coloration. In repose, this \ariety assumes either a horizontal or slightly oblique position with the head inclined upward or downward; the tail fin is pendulous and hangs in graceful folds like a soft 26 veil; and the dorsal fin becomes folded on itself. When actively swimming the tail and caudal fin are rapidly moved from side to side in a few spasmodic efforts, but when in gentle motion the large pectoral fins are the propelling agents, and the beautiful caudal fin spreads out passively in a horizontal direction, the two halves well separated. When feeding on the bottom, the fish assumes a vertical position, and when resting on a horizontal surface the most elevated part of the body is the posterior extremity of the caudal peduncle. A full-grown ryukin of select breed is one of the most beautiful of fishes, and would seem to satisfy all the requirements of the ordinary fancier. Such a fish, with its long, flowing, graceful fins, slowly swimming in quiet dignity, has been likened by Professor Mitsukuri to the Japanese court ladies of olden times, dressed in long robes and walking with sedate grace and dignity. The r\-ukin is \ery extensi\-ely grown, and is exported to America and Europe in large numbers. It is a hardy variety, stands transportation well, and is altogether one of the most desirable forms for cultivation in .America and one of the most attractive fishes for ponds and aquaria. The Ranch It MaRL'KO. SllISHIGASIIlKA. KoKKAX ( il )I.I)FISH Literally translated, tlie name ranclni means Holland wurm. The significance is not apparent, except in the fact that in erndy times any new or slrang'e animal or ])lant or production was regarded as of 1 )ntch origin an(l named accordingl}'. Another and a later name in \er\- general use is mariiko. meaning round lisli. This \ariety is called also Chosen, or Km can, goldfish, in allusion to a possible origin or a possible route from China to japan. There is usually a peculiar growth or wart-like protuberance on the head, and this gi\es rise to other names — shishigashira and shishigashira ranchu. lion-head and lion-head ranchu. The wide de|)arture of the ranchu from the original form suggests that the i>arenl stock must ha\e been a \ery earl\- offshoot of the wakin steiu, probably earlier than the ryukin and the demekin, which are the other move primitise types now grown in Japan. The ranchu is easily recognized by its short, rounded bod\-, broad head, short caudal fui, and deficient dorsal lin. .\s the length, depth, and breadtli id' the body are about etjual. and as the back and belly are broad and rounded and the caudal peduncle very short, the form of the body proper is almost globular and a median cross section would be a nearly perfect circle. The head is short and as broad as deei), and the snout is broad, short, and routided. The back is nearly straight or only slighth- elex'ated and shows no trace of a fin. The caudal is short and three-lobed. with the lobes rounded and the two lateral out's ha\ing a tendency to spread horizontally. The pectoral ancl \'eutral fins arc small and present no peculi.arities. The anal is short and double. .\ curious sickle- shaped a])pcndagc sometimes appears on the dorsal edge of the caudal lin. 28 \\is v' '.'i^,y THE RANCHU OR MARUKO Korean Goldfish natural size Copyright, 1909, bv S. Matsubara Types of the Ra^chu or Maruko Va From a water-color painting from life, made for the aiitlior :ii:tv of Japanese Goldfish in Tokyo, by K. Ito. One-lialf natural size 29 up to the time the fish is two or three years old, the head does not show any pecuHar features, hut it then hcsins to develop a mass having the appearance nt a warty tumor. In some specimens the warls are nf uniform size and verv regular distribution, in ntlicrs they are irregular in size and shajjc. The warts are soft to the tnnch. and represent simply the enlargement of the normal jiapillae lit' the skin of tlie head: and so far as known the mass does not take on an\' malignant ciiaracler. The amount of surface co\ered bv the growtli \aries, and this, together with differences in the warts themselves, gives rise to several subvarieties. In the lion-head jji-oper the entire head except the lower jaw is covered with large red, pink, or white warts, and the head and snout are thus greatly broadened. In the form known as the tokin, or capped or hooded goldfish, there is on top of the head a mass of warts projecting one-half to three-fifths of an inch above the surface and sharply defined all around. The warty growth is sometiiues entirely white, and may contrast strongly with the colors of adjacent parts. Fish thus colored are called hiragashira, or white-heads. As white warts are nearly always smaller than red warts and the growth is thus less prominent, these fish are known also as shiragashira, or flat-heads. 30 The color of tlie raiiclni is quite variable. C^risiinally the color seems to have been more or less uniform, and at present the most popular fish are those with a uniformly golden or red body and a bright red head: about twenty years ago, however, examples with \'ariegated backs began to be produced, and such are now culti\ated in large numbers. A striking color phase sometimes met with is a white fish with indi\idual, regularly di.strilnited scales of the back and sides bright red, and with the head ])ink. An otherwise white fish may ha\e bright red fins and red head. A full-grown ranchu is 6 inches long, including the caudal fin. The largest size attained appears to be about ly^ inches. The ranchu is a clumsy fish, with swimming powers reduced to a minimum. The absence of dorsal fin combined with the neaily globular body has resulted in a loss of ability to maintain a normal position, and in conse(|uence the fish often swims upside down or vertically with the head downward. The variety is weak, delicate, and difficult to kec]) ; and although very extensively grown in Japan has rarelv Ijeen exported to foreign countries. Linnted numbers have been brought to the United States from Europe or directly from Japan, but the fish is known to very few people in this country. Its cultivation should be more generally undertaken both on account of itself and because of the opportunities afforded for producing new forms by crossing with other varieties. The Oranda Sliishigashira Dutch Liox-iii:au The oranda shishigashira. 5 inches, with the caudal fin as much longer. The largest specimens ha\e the body and caudal each over 6 inches long, ami weigh nearly 20 ounces. The oranda shishigashira is extensixely bred in Tokyo. Osaka. Kuri\ama. and other places. and is one of the favorite varieties, combining tlie Iieautiful and the curious in a striking degree. In h;irdiness it is between the ranchu and the r\ukin. 34 Ill a numlier oi ]ilaccs in Japan a ratlier strongly markfd snl^-variety of this foini lias been developed, the pecniiarities being a short tail and a brassy ccilor; it is called the shishi, or lion, and is perhaps entitled to be considered a distinct variety. T/ie Demekin PopEYE Goldfish. Telescope-Fish The name demekin is given b_\- the Japanese to a goldfish well known in Europe and America as the telescope-fish. The Japanese ternL which signifies popeye goldfish, is much to be preferred: deme means "protruding eyes." "Telescope" is a singularl)- inappropriate name, because the eyes are not telescopic, i. e., long-sighted, Init are extremely mynpic, or short-sighted. The Chinese call this variety the dragon-eyes. 35 Alilmiii^li this \ariely !•> almost always called japaiifSf in furt-ign writings, as a matter of tact it was developeil in China and w■a^ unknow'n in japan nntii the close of the war with China (1894-5). The ja])anese ha\e. however, improved on the original importation. The variety doubtless came into existence at a comparatively early rolrusion dilTers in dififerent types or individuals, in some being verv slight, in others strongly marked. The age of the fish nKidilies the condition; when first hatched and for about a year thereafter, the eyes are normal in size and position, but in the further course of growth the protrusion gradually de\elops. Sometimes e\en in full-grown Fish onl_\' one eye protrudes, the other being normal. The body is rather short, the back is ele\ated and the \entral outline much decurved ; the head is broad, and the snout is rounded and \ery short. As originally introduced from China, the demekin had a short caudal fin. but the Japanese have given it a long, flowing caudal, and ha\e improxed the fish in se\eral other minor particulars. The anal is double, and it and all the other fins are long. The demekin rarely sliows a Iirilliant coloration. The usual colors are a uniform black, or a pale red or ])ale reddish-yellow with small black spots or irregular black areas; in the variegated form the fins may be reddish, blackish, or blackish with pale red or orange base. Sometimes, especially in fish of pure Chinese breed, there may be three or four irregularly distributed or mottled colors in a single fish. 36 ^ THE DEMEKIN Telescope-Fish natural size Copyright, 1909, by S. Matsubara Tins variet}- is rather small. A fish with body 5 inclies long is consitjereil very large, and the average is nnicli less. The candal fin is shorter than tlie bod\' proper. This cnrions and interesting variety is now extensively grown in parts of Japan, and it or the original Chinese form is common in America and linrope. The lish has very defective sight and is nnable to adapt itself to the protruding eyeball, fur in the adult stage it is very likely to injure the eyes by swimming against hard objects, and so becomes blind. The fish is solitar)- in its habits, and does not swim with its fellows, in this respect differing from all the goldfish long cultivated in Japan. Zl The Deme-Ranchu PoPEYE Ranchu. Telescope-fish. Celestial The Japanese ha\e liestuwed tlie name deme-ranclui mi a variety wliose acquaintance they liave verv recently made cumhinin,;;' characters of the demekin and the ranchu. .\mericans became famihar witli tliis fish inucli earlier than the Jajianese, and called it the celestial, in allusion to the peculiar direction of the eyes. Professor Mitsukuri suggested the name "astronomical telescope-fish" for the same reason. When a person sees this variety for the first time, he is likely at once to assume a Chinese origin from its grotesque appearance. The fish did in fact originate in China, and was unknown in Japan until 1901 or 1902, although long before that time it was often ascribed to Japan in western countries. Demekin and ranchu are evident in its construction, although the former factor must have been of a somewhat different type from that known in Japan. The general shape is like the ranchu, the body being shortened, the vertebral column strongly cm-ved upward, the back and head very broatl. and the abdomen distended laterally, so that the globular form is approached. The eyes are \er\- large, and in highly developed, full-grown fishes their diameter is more than half the length of the head. The "telescopic" feature varies from a moderate bulging to an e.xtraordinarv degree of protrusion that may exceed the diameter of the eye. Along with this elonga- tion of the eveball there is a lendencx- to turn upward, and in the ty]>ical deme-ranchu the eyes no longer point horizontallv. but \erlicallv. having changeil their direction 90 degrees, and the pupils look straight toward the sky. It is to sucli fish that the name "celestial" applies. 38 THE DEME-RAX'CHU POPEYE RaNCHU NATURAL SIZE Copyright, 1909, by S. Matsubaka ^ r4ii V^s. THE WATONAI Fringetail Wakin natural size COPyRIGHT, 1909, BY S. MatSUBARA The dorsal fiii is absent. Tlie caudal is long, widely spreading, and with the lower lobes extending at right angles to the long axis of the body; its length may exceed that of tlie body. The coloration is similar to that nf the demekin : there ma\' be a unif(irm black nr pale orange, or both of these colors may be present in \'arying proportions. The dislocation of the eyeballs in this variety goes so far as to produce a genuine monstrosity. The fish has very feeble swimming powers and seldom exerts them, but remains solitary at the bottom of the aijuarium or poiul resting on its abdomen. The \itality is low, the ability to repro- duce is impaired, and spawning occurs only rareh*. For all these reasons the culture of the deme- ranchu is not popular or extensive. The H^atonai Fringetail Wakin The euphonious Japanese name watonai, according to Professor Alatsubara, means "a variety hitherto found neither in Japan nor China." English names that may be used are Japanese fringe- tail and fringetail wakin. The watonai was produced naturally in a pond containing brood spe^^imens of the wakin, rvukin, rancliu, and oranda shishigashira. and represents a hybridizatinn of the two first-named \'arieties. It came into existence in Tokyo about 1880, and was first exhibited at a fisheries exhibition held in Tokyo in 1883. In general form this fish is similar to the wakin, but the l:)ody is shorter, thicker, and rather deeper, and all the fins are larger. The caudal is shaped as in the ryukin, and is nearly as long as the body. The colors are usually variegated red and white. 39 This fish, whose parentage is so apparent, combines tlie hardiness of the wakin, the long, grace- ful hns of the rvukin, and the rich coloring of both. Its size equals or exceeds that of the ryukin, but dues nut reach that of the largest wakin. The S/iukiii Autumn Goldfish. Longtail Ranchu The name shukin was given by Professor Matsubara to a variety produced at Tokyo in 1897, and apparently independently at Osaka about the same time, by the crossing of the ranchu and the oranda shishigasiiira. The name means literally "autumn bmcade," and was applied in allusion to / j^^ y ^' THE SHUKIN LONGTAIL RaXCHU NATURAL SIZE CopyRiGHi, 1909, BY S. Matsubara its bright red coloration suggestive of the beautiful autumnal foliage of the Japanese maples. This variety was not perfected immediately but required several generations of selected breeding of the progeny of three-year old fish of the two varieties mentioned. The form is now well established, but has a tendency to reassert characters of the oranda which were sought to be eliminated. The shape of the body and head is typically ranchuan, although the lateral swelling of the abdo- men is not excessive. The head shows, in variable degree, the warty growth on the head that is characteristic of both parents. All of the fins are longer than in the ranchu. The four-lobed caudal is as long as or longer than the fish proper, and has the peculiar texture that permits the most graceful drooping and wa\-ing. The anal is dnultle and long, and the ventrals extend far beyond the base of the caudal. The dorsal fin is absent, but in the first generation of the cross this fin appears in over ninety per cent of the young, usually in the form of one to three rudimentary rays. The shukin of select breed has a bright golden or red Ijody, a red head with red excrescences, and red-and-white fins; but variations in color are numerous. A size of 9 to 10 inches is attained, the caudal fin constituting about half the length. A five- year-old fish examined by the author in Tokyo had a body 4VL> inches long and a caudal fin somewhat longer. This is one of the most beautiful and attractive varieties, and will well repay efforts at culti- vation. Of the three recently perfected varieties, it is the most popular among the Japanese. Owing to its greater development of fins, its swimming powers are superior to those of the ranchu. 41 The Sh lib II II hi II Speckled Goldfish. Spotted Goldfish. Vermilion \'.\uieg.\ted Goldfish .Vccording to its sponsor, Professor Matsubara, the name shubunkin means "vermilion red dappled with different hues." .\s distinctive English designations, the names speckled goldfish, spotted goldfish, and \erniilion \ariegated goldfish may be employed. This is a large, gracefnl t'nrm, shewing combinations of color not found in any other Japanese varieties. It came into e.xistence in I'^HKl, and is the outcome of the breeder's efforts to produce a fish that shows the multivariegated speckles or mottlings sometimes seen in the Chinese demekin but not in an\- nf the older varieties grown in Japan. The hybrid was effected, according to Professor Matsubara, b\' the mating of the demekin and the wakin. of which an equal number of each sex and of each \-ariety was selected for the purpose, the demekin ha\ing black dapples on a \-erniiliiin or purplish l)iid\-, and tlie wakin l)eing \-ariegated with red, I.ilack, bluish, and white. The results of this cross were interesting as showing the possiljilities of furtlier experiments of this kind. Some of the yoimg had the form of the wild goldfish and the peculiar markings of the demekin; some resembled the wakin; some had the furm of the demekin. About twenty per cent of the progeny were of the special type sought to be produced. This has been regularly bred, and has given rise to some new and interesting color phases. In the standard fish of this variel\' the bod\' is rather Imig and conii)resse(l, the dnrsal and ventral nuilines are decidedlv curved, the caudal peduncle is very distinct, and the scales are less cons])icuiius than in other varieties. The dorsal fin is elevated and wavy; the jjcctorals. ventrals, 42 4"^ ^ 4^i %v ^\ THE SHUBUNKIN" Speckled Goldfish natural size CoPVRir.HT, 1909, BY S. MaTSUBARA THE KIXRAXSHI Brocaded Goldfish natural size Copyright, 1909, by S. Matsubara and anal are imxlerately elongated, tlie last being simple; and the caudal is bilobed and deeply forked, and three-fifths Id two-thirds the length of the body. The shubunkin normally has a peculiar mottled coloration, with small, irregularly distributed black spots on body and fins as a characteristic feature. The mottling in one individual may com- prise vermilion, together with black, white, bluish, purple, or other colors. The color is often bright red, spotted with black; and occasionally a fish is produced that is uniformly purple — something quite unknown in the parent stock on either side. The Kiiiranshi Brocaded Goldfish This latest addition to the Japanese varieties of goldfish was called kinranshi by Professor Matsubara, the literal meaning of the name being "goldfish with brocaded figures." The variety was produced a few years ago by Mr. Akiyama Kichigoro, a celebrated goldfish culturist of Tokyo. The desire being to develop a new variety lacking the dorsal fin, 20 selected male and female ryukins were crossed with the same number of selected ranchus, with the result that in one-third of the progeny the dorsal was entirely absent, while in the others the dorsal was normal or was represented by spines or protuberances. This variety, as now established after five or six generations, has an elongate and rather thick body, gently arched back, and small fins, the caudal being double. The colors are showy, consisting of red, black, and white in varying proportions. 43 III-GOLDFISH BREEDING ESTABLISHMENTS. AND THEIR GENERAL EQUIPMENT AND MANAGEMENT Goldfish Farms IIIR cultixation of goldfish in Japan is conducted in open-air ponds, not in aquaria. troughs, or tubs within doors as is often the case with goldfish fanciers in America. The goldfish farms are necessarily much alike and are conducted in the same general way, the principal ditTerences being those dependent on the magnitude of the 'operations. The number and size of the ponds vary considerably; some breeders have (inly a few ponds of small area, otheis ha\e numerous ponds with a very large aggregate area. There are, howe\er, dififerences in the pond systems occasioned by local conditions, by individual or regional practices, and by the particular \arieties to which most atten- tion is given: and clifi^erent methods of culture are required for the different kinds of fish. The proprietors of the farms have their residence in close proximity to the ponds, often sur- rounded b}- them; and they carry on a large part of the practical work in rooms in which they and their families li\e. There is no such thing as a goldfish hatchery in the sense of a special building devoted to the purpose. 45 To inspect any of the more extensive goldfish farms in Tokyo or Koriyama is a most interesting and delightful experience, whether a person be a goldfish fancier nr only a casual visitor. The sight aflforded by the fishes of different breeds and sizes, with their brilliant coloration, graceful appendages, and peculiar movements, can hardly be rivalled at any other fish-cultural establishments in the world. Additinual attractions usually to be seen are little ponds containing tortoises, red and variegated carp, and \arious other water creatures culti\ated for use or ornament. A very old goldfish breeding station in the outskirts of Tokyo inspected by the author has a ])ond area of 44.000 square feet and an annual output of about 500,000 goldfish, in addition to which golden carp and common carp are grown. Ten persons are employed in the various branches of the work, and six varieties of fish are handled: wakin, ryukin, ranchu. oranda shishigashira, demekin. and shukin. The i)rincipal goldfish establishment at Koriyama has 50 large ponds and numerous small niK-s wiili an area nf perhaps 150,000 s(|uare feet, including extensive pi.'uds reserved for the growing of food for the young and old fish. Five varieties are here regularl_\- grown, and the annual crop sometimes exceeds 600,000 fish. The accompanving illustration shows a part of a typical Tokyo goldfish farm. In the fore- ground are shallow breeding ponds in which the water has been drawn down. The several flat dishes suspended from bamboo poles stuck in the mudd_\' bottom are the receptacles on which food for the goldfish is placed. Further back is a cluster of small, very shallow cement ponds or basins among which a man is standing: over some of these liasins the wire-gauze covering has been tilted back. At the extreme left an employe is drawing water from a shallow well with a sweep. In the small house on the right fish food is prepared. The larger house on the left is the home of the proprietor and his family, and is the business headquarters of the plant. 46 View in a Tokvo Goldfish Establishment 47 Generjl Principles of Breediuo The remarkable resulls tlial have l)een achieved liy the Japanese in producing variations in the form and color of goldfish have depended on no secret or mysterious processes and no mechanical devices or appliances, Init have l)een due to an intelligent a])plication of natural laws. Professor Mitsukuri, of the Imperial University of Tokyo, has noted thai the Japanese goldfish culturists well understand the principle of "breeding to a point," and although they are usually without much education and have acquired all of their knowledge from practical experience, they often discuss evolutionary matters in a way that suggests acquaintance with the Darwinian theory of the origin of species. Some of the ideas current in America as to the ways in which the varieties have been produced are quite absurd and cause much amusement to the Japanese. In brief, the Japanese breeders ha\e attained their success by adhering as strictly as possible to nature in feeding, rearing, and otherwise caring for their fish: by eliminating the unfit; and by ])rovi(Hng a superior brood stock and definitely selecting the fish that are to mate each year. The resulting rich harvest, with its beauty of form and color, is a necessary consequence, and bears testi- mony to the combination of patience, skill, and intelligence in the character of the Japanese that enables them to accomplish so much in all their pursuits. The only exception to the emijloyment of purely natural methods in Japanese goldfish culture is that at l\ori_\-ama the jjractice has existed from \-ery early times of artificially making designs on the backs of the fish. This is done b_\' the use of dilute Inclrochloric or muriatic acid, and the process consists in a decolorization which leaves the treated parts white. This destruction of the piginent in the skin is possible only over the scaly body, and cannot be safely brought about on the unsealed parts — the heads and fins. The operation is best performed in August or September, and the fish 48 sliould be in the liighest physical condition by having liad an abundance of fattening food for some time before. By the use of a brush, glass rod, or stick, the acid is judiciously applied after the skin has been wiped dry. In this way flowers, figures, letters, etc., aie produced; but the results are not very pleasing to the esthetic taste, and the practice is quite uncommon and is not to be commended. The methods herein described are such as are followed at Kori^ama and Tokyo and by the principal culturists at those places ; and the information gi\-en is based on the personal observations of the writer. Use has been made of additional material containetl in several excellent papers by Japanese scholars. The Toiids and the IVater Supply In growing goldfish for profit it is necessary to have ample pond area. The extent of the business will of course depend largely on the amount of water in which the fish may be grown; and the season's success may often be affected by the number of available ponds into which young and adult fish may. in emergencies, be transferred. There are two general classes of goldfish ponds, large or mud ponds and small or cement ponds; to these, in the Koriyama district, are to be added special food ponds. The mud ponds are so called because they have a soft mud bottom, and are usually roily in consequence. They are rectangular, and their size depends on local conditions, individual tastes, number of fish to be held, and particular \ariety of fish to be cultivated. In Koriyama. one extensive breeder has ponds as large as 50 by 100 feet, while other culturists prefer ponds of smaller and more convenient size, say 18 by 50 to 60 feet. The depth of these ponds never exceeds 3 feet and often is onlv 1.5 to 2 feet. This shallowness is an important feature, ensuring efficient oxygena- tion and lighting, and would doubtless be carried still further if it did not expose the fish to injury 49 from too strong sun's rays and sudden atmospheric changes. The sides of the ponds are formed of upright boards sunken into the bottom; and the ponds are separated by gravelly or sandy walks bordered with grass, flowers, or other vegetation. By means of a gate or pipe the ponds may be drained as needed for cleansing and other purposes. The mud ponds are for brood fish, for grown fish intended for sale, and for fish in course of rearing. They are kept constantly stirred by the swimming and feeding movements of the fish. In modern goldfish culture small cement ponds are quite as indispensable as the larger mud- bottom ponds. Their size depends on personal preference and the purpo.ses for which intended. The dimensions may be as small as 3 by 3 feet or as large as 12 by 12 feet, with all intermediate sizes. with a depth of 6 inches. In Koriyama, for the accommodation of the large oranda variety, ponds are 18 to 20 feet long and 5 feet wide, with a depth of 8 to 10 inches. Such ponds are usually and most conveniently arranged in series of 6 to 12, sometimes separated by narrow walks, sometimes only a few inches apart. Each set of ponds, or basins, as they should perhaps be called, is supplied with water through a common open trough or flume ; and each basin has a Watergate in the middle of the side next the flume. The outlet pipe occupies the center of a rounded depression near the opposite end of the basin; this concavity is 9 to 18 inches wide and 2 to 4 inches deep, and is intended to receive the fish and prevent them from struggling as the water is drawn oft'. These basins are usually provided with covers or awnings so as to regulate the amount of light and to afford pro- tection from enemies and elements. The cement basins are used for the retention of brood fish immediately prior to and during spawning, for the hatching of the eggs, for the rearing of the young, for the holding of fish awaiting sale and shipment, and for various other purposes. 50 The water supply of goldfish establishments is generally far from profuse, and often of a character that would seem to be questionable ; nevertheless it serves the purpose admirably. The ponds are flooded with water from various sources, but only rarely are they supplied by gravity from a running stream. Shallow wells provided with pumps or buckets may be found at nearly every station; stream water when available is transferred by pump, treadmill, or buckets; ditches are often drained into the ponds ; and rainwater is generally utilized. The ponds being quite sluggish and subject to infrequent change or renewal, algae often grow rankly and give the water a distinct greenish color. There are no rooted and surface flowering plants in the ponds, such being rigidly excluded. In some instances the ponds receive the discharge of gutters of the town or city, such water being considered desirable because it contains a large amount of organic matter whose decom- position favors the ultimate growth of fish food. In order to guard against the development of poisonous gases and other deleterious substances, and also to eliminate enemies that may have entered, the mud ponds are drawn down at least twice a year (spring and late autumn), extraneous substances raked out. and the bottom exposed to the air for 4 to 6 days. More frequent draining is desirable if practicable. 51 '^r^^r^f^S "^^ )^. IV— THE PARENT FISH, THE EGG -LAYING, AND THE HATCHING \ The Care, Selection, and Mating of the Brood Fish ISH from whicli it is expected to get eggs at the next spawning time are given special attention in autumn, and are then pro\-ided with an aljundance of suitable food so that they may begin the winter in a robust state and emerge therefrom in the best possible condition. Another reason for promoting the physical well being of the fish particularly in the autumn preceding spawning is that they may then develop their colors and shape most fully and give the culturist the best information as to the possibilities of his brood stock. The spawning season extends from the latter part of Alarch to the middle of June, but .\pril and May are the chief months. The time when particular iisli lax* their eggs may be controlled to a certain extent. Fish that are given sufficient food and retained in stagnant water will have their spawning retarded or altogether inhibited ; while fish that are exhibiting the symptoms of approaching spawning may be made to deposit their eggs within one or two days if they are given 53 plenty of food and have the water in their pond frequcntl_\- changed or if they are transferred to another jxjnd. -At the approach of tlie spawning time the fislies" colors become brighter, the abdomen in tlie female begins to enlarge owing to the growth of tlie ovaries, and there appear on the head of the males pecnliar excrescences ( "iiearl organs") that may be too small easily lo be seen but are readily detected by touch. The fish crowd together in the ponds and make much commotion as they splash and jostle. They eventually separate into pairs, or rather each male attaches himself to a fernale, pursuing her, swimming around her, and rubbing her abdomen with his roughened snout and opercles. Sometimes two or three males will follow a female. As the time for spawning comes nearer, the attention of the males becomes more assiduous and the ripening and loosening of the eggs are doubtless facilitated by their actions. Goldfish begin to breed when two years old and continue to spawn for six or seven years or even longer, but the best brood fish are those that are three, four or five years old. The fish three and four years old are the most satisfactory. After the fifth year the spawning capacity rapidly diminishes, and fish so old, having served for breeding purposes, are usually sold and make useful aquarium objects for many years thereafter. The normal age attained by the more hardy varieties is sixteen or seventeen years. The fish of suitable age for breeding purposes are subjected to careful and critical examination, and a selection is made of those whose mating is most likely to produce the qualities most desired in the oiifspring. In addition to physical vigor, the general form of body, character of fins, and pattern of coloration are duly considered, with reference to the special fashions in vogue in the community and the requirements of the trade. 54 The Spawning Ponds and their Preparation As the ponds in which the brood fish are kept do not contain materials suitable for the recep- tion of eggs, it is necessary either to insert such substances or to transfer the fish to ponds that have been prepared for the purpose. The latter course is preferable for various reasons. Removing Dust. Dirt, Bubbles, Etc., from the Surf.ace of a Concrete Sp.^wning Pond Into Which a New Supply OF Water H.\s Just Been Run 55 In Tokyo tlie favorite articles for spawning beds are living water plants, particularly the milfoil [M\rinph\lliim ^'ryticillatitiii } ami the licirnwdrt {Ccratophylhiiii (Iriiirrsniii ), but in Koriyama preference appears to be given to roots of the willow (Salix). Several weeks before egg-laying time the fine, matted roots of the willow are collected in large quantities, thoroughly washed, then boiled to sterilize them, and finally dried. The usual procedure, when spawning is imminent, as shown by the behavior of the fish and the temperature of the water, is to transfer the fish to the spawning pond, the sexes being about e(|ually represented and the number depending on the size of the pond. The water ])lants or the bundles of willow roots are placed in this pond, ami on these the eggs are soon deposited. The common practice at Tokyo, in the case of the ranchu, for example, is to hold the ripening fish in concrete basins. A small cultivator might have only three pairs of fish in a pond, while an extensive cultivator might ha\e twenty-five pairs. It is considered unnecessary to change the water, and the principal attention the fish require is to be amply fed for about ten days before spawning, the preferred food at this time being worms and mosquito larvae. As the experienced cultivator can usuall\- tell when the eggs will be laid, the water in the spawning pond is renewed the previous day, the milfoil is introduced, and the brood fish are removed thereto. For three or four pairs of fish a pond or basin with an area of ten or twelve feet is sufficiently large, while for twenty-five pairs the pond should be forty to forty-five feet in area. Then, should the atmospheric conditions be suitable — a rise in temperature or a warm rain — the fish will spawn the next morning. When cultivated after the Tokyo method, the brood fish of the ryukin variety are kept in nuid ponds and are permitted to spawn in the same pond in which they have wintered. The ripening and deposition of their eggs are encouragd by gi\'ing a i)lentiful supply of food, and the growth 56 of natural food within the pond is faciHtated by the use of fertihzer, as hereinafter noted. When the temperature of the pond has risen to 60°F., as usuahy happens about the iirst of April or earlier, the water is renewed and the material for the spawning beds is inserted. As many as 400 to 500 pairs of fish three years old are allowed to spawn in one pond, the proper space for each 100 pairs being about 400 scjuare feet. In the breeding operations at Koriyama, the parent fish are generally kept in large mud ponds and deposit their spawn there, and as the eggs are laid they are transferred to concrete ponds for hatching. When it is the desire to produce orandas of the largest size, parent fish six years old in sound physical condition and with good form are put into a special roomy pond, allowing about four square feet per pair, and are given an abundance of suitable food; and to carry the cultivation for size still further, brood fish se\'en years old are selected and are allowed ten to twelve square feet per pair. Tlh' Eggs, their Care jiui Development As is the case with the vast majority of fishes, the eggs of the goldfish are fertilized after deposition. While artificial propagation is doubtless feasible, it is entirely unnecessary and is not practiced in Japan or elsewhere because under natural conditions fertilization is ordinarily most perfect. When the eggs have become mature within tlie ovaries and the female is fully ripe, the extrusion of the eggs is accomplished by a series of spasmodic muscular efforts. At the same time or imme- diately thereafter, the attendant male emits the milt that contains the fertilizing cells, which are disseminated throughout the adjacent water and come in contact with the eggs. 57 Goldfish eggs are slightly heavier than water and are not adherent to one another, so that when they are expelled they settle on the roots or water plants that constitute the spawning bed and cover them more or less evenly. Their surface being sticky, the eggs have a tendency to remain where they first settle, and as the mucilaginous material quickly hardens in water the eggs are securely held in a position most favorable for thorough aeration while hatching. Goldfish Spawning on Willow Roots in a Mud Pond 58 Unlike many other fishes, the goldfish exercise no care or solicitude for their eggs when they have once been laid, but im the contrary promptly devour them if permitted to do so. It is therefore necessary to remo\-e either the parents or the eggs to another pond. When the eggs are to be transferred from one pond to another for hatching, the bundles of roots or the plants containing them are gently washed in clear running water, and carefully placed in the hatching ponds. In order to pre\ent the eggs from becoming crowded or smothered, the bundles of roots are some- times tied on a rope at regular intervals and arranged in rows. Having regard for the accommoda- tion of the fry during the days immediately after hatching, the proper number of eggs for a cement pond with an area of 100 square feet is 50,000 to 60,000. The different varieties of goldfish produce about the same number of eggs when fish of the same size and age are considered. At Koriyama, the oranda will lay approximately 2,000 eggs when two years old, 25,000 eggs when three years old, and 70,000 eggs when four and fi\'e years ^ old. The eggs in different parts of the ovaries do not ripen at the same time, and the spawning period for a given fish is thus quite prolonged. Individual fish tleposit from three to ten lots of eggs at intervals of eight to ten days. The first batch of eggs is the best, the last is the worst and is likely to produce weak fry. The goldfish egg when first deposited has a slightly w rinklcd and loose outer covering, but owing to the fact that it immediately begins to absorb water it quickly assumes a perfectly spherical shape and the limiting membrane becomes smooth and tense. The a\-erage diameter of the fertilized egg is .0625 inch, and the number in a pint is about 137,500. .-V viable egg is transparent and colorless or slightly yellowish, but an unfertilized egg soon becomes milky and opaque. The only attention the eggs require is to see that they are covered with water, are not becoming 59 I'ungoused, ami are protected from unfavorable weatlier conditions. Sliould liail tlireaten. a strong wind blow, or the air temperature fall suddenly, the ponds must be quickly covered with matting or screens. As a general thing, the hatching ponds receive and require no fresh water while incubation is in progress. It is sometimes desiraljle, however, to effect a change of water, particularly if the temperature becomes very high. The hatching period is comparatively short, and normally occupies eight to nine days at a water temperature of 60 to 65 °F. A rising temperature may reduce the hatching time as much as one- half, but a very rapid development of the eggs is unfavorable. On the other hand a fall in the water temperature may prolong the hatching one-third to one-half, but a gieatly retarded incubation is likewise unfavorable, especially in that the young are not of uniform size. A peculiaritv of the gold- fish egg is that the embryo covers nearly the entire circumference of the vitellus, and the yolksac is comparatively small and very granular. V— FOOD, GROWTH, AND CARE OF THE FISH Living Crustacean Food and its Cultivation (OPER food in proper quantity at the proper time is of the most vital import- ance in successful goldfish culture. Not only do the life and growth of the young depend absolutely on it, but also the form, color, spawning capacity, and market \'alue of the resulting adult fish. The natural and therefore the best food for goldfish at all stages of growth is minute crustaceans belonging to the sub-class Entomostraca, particularly those of the orders Copepoda, Ostracoda, and Cladocera. which are often popularly included in the general term of "water fleas," and are referred to bv the Japanese as "mijinko." Among the best known and most important of these are Cyclops, Cypris. Daphnia. and Polyplicnuis. These little creatures occur naturalh- in near]\- all fresh waters, and abound in the ponds in which goldfish are reared ; but under ordinary conditions the supply would soon be exhausted e\'en though thev multiply quickly. Therefore, one of the chief duties of the Japanese goldfish 61 l)i"i'e(lcr is tn (le\isc \va}s and means to insure an abundance of such food. To tliis end special waters must he a\ailable for tlie collection and retention of such creatures, and special efforts must be made to encourage tlieir growtli in tlie goldfish ponds. The nidst striking feature of goldfish culture as practiced b\- the Koriyama scliool is the great amount of effort and time dexoted to the collection and artifici;d production of crustacean food. This subject of couise receives attention at Tokyo and elsewhere, hut is less characteristic and in general mucli less elaborately worked out than at Koriyama. The simplest method of pro\iding these small crustaceans is to collect them in open waters — reservoirs, ditches, ])onds, streams — if the culturist has con\enient access to such. The usual col- lecting grounds are the reservoirs for the irrigation of rice lields, in which the conditions are very faxorable for the existence of tJiese creatures. Many are produced also in the nuul p(jnds. The enterprising breeders, howex'er, do not depend mi the natural growth nf "miiinko." but resort to artificial measures for maintaining a constant supply. This work is scarcely less note- worthy than the cultivation of the goldfish themsel\-es, and is perhaps the most remarkable featr.re of this industry, for the Japanese have gone far ahead of other jieople in this important branch, As Professor Mitsukuri has said, "the Japanese goldfish breeders ha\'e the knack of producing these water fleas in any quantit\- the\- need at an\- time they like." The essential point in the cultivation of "mijinko" is the fertilization of the pond, so that the growth of the minute animals and plants that ser\e as the immediate or the ultimate food of the crustaceans may be greatly stimulated. Gi\-en an abundant food supply, the little crustaceans W'ill multiply with astonishing rapidity and soon acquire a Imlk which in the aggregate is very- considerable. There are several ways of fertilizing the mud ]jonds. Reference has already been 62 made to the use at times of water from the gutters and fhtches of the towns and villages; this water, rich in organic matter, both living and dead, is run directly into the rearing ponds. Another practice is to place in the ponds loose rolls of straw matting permeated with rice l.iran or the lees of soy; the fennenlati(_)n that ensues tinally promotes the growth of the desired Crustacea. Another method is to put soy lees in a loose straw Ijag that is i^laced on the bottom of the pond, with the same results as before, the crop of water fleas being read}- for harvesting by the young goldfish at the expiration of 4 or 5 weeks. Still another way of inducing quickly an abundant growth of crustaceans is to inoculate the pond therewith: a pint of these creatures placed in a suitable pond of an acre or 1,000 to 1,200 square feet will multiply so rapidly that after 3 to 5 days many thousand young goldfish may be suljsisted. For the more effeclixe and extensixe production i:)f "mijinko," howex'er, it is customary to proceed somewhat differently. Sup]Josing a pond to ha\e a area of 1,800 s(|uare feet, there will l)e placed in it rice bran, soy lees, or fresh horse manure to the amount of 4 or 5 bushels, the pond having previously been drained; for a recently constructed pond the quantity of fertilizer must be increased and a combination of soy lees and manure may be used. After the bottom of the pond, with the fertilizing substance spread over it, is exposed to the sun for 6 to 8 days, the water is turned on and the pond is flooded. In a few days the color of the water becomes decidedlv green from the presence of unicellular algae in great ahumhuice, and in 2 to 4 weeks the water fleas will exist in such numl>ers that they will support many thousand young goldfish with con- stantly increasing appetities. It may be necessary, however, to continue to apply fertilizer to the pond at short intervals. The collecting of entomostraca froin reservoirs and lakes for the newlydiatched fish in the 63 cemenl ponds is an inipcirtanl part uf the work and (iccui)ies the time of many peoi)le. The pecnliar bag-net re(|nired for tliis purpose is 25 to 30 feet long- and 2.5 feet wide tln-oughout its lengtli, tlie Ijottom heing cut off square and gatliere< with a string; it is made of fine cotton or calico that has been treated with extract of oak liark or otlier astringent solution. The bambo pole to which the bag is attached is of about the same length. One man, standing on the bank. Coi.i.lXTINc. MlXLTE CrIST.ACEAXS AS FoOD FOR GoLDFISH operates the net, drawing it slowly through the water and gradually accumulating a mass of water fleas and in addition insects, plants and various other kinds of material which must be separated from the crustaceans. As many species of entomostraca are entirely too large for the mouth and stomach of the goldfish fry. it is necessary to sort them according to size, and this procedure is recjuired during all the stages of the fry period. The separation of the crustaceans into sizes adapted for the different sizes of the fry is accomplished by means of sieves, of which 5 sizes are used, having respectively 130 meshes, 100 meshes, 80 meshes, 60 meshes, and 20 meshes to the inch. The sieves are 10 to 15 inches in diameter, anil have either wire or cloth bottoms. Besides separating tlie crustaceans, they serx'e to exchule foreign matter in the water; and the coarsest kind is used mostly to exclude injurious insects that may be in the plankton. Other Foods and their Preparation When entomostracans can not be supplied in suflicient quantities and of proper sizes for the young and mature fishes, it is necessary to provide substitutes drawn from the animal and \egetable kingdoms. In some special cases, certain of the other foods appear to serve a most useful purpose and are more or less regularly employed, but as a general thing the substitutes are of decidedly inferior value. Mosquito larvae are acceptable food for older fish and, when cut up, for young fish as well, and they are often given. In the culture of the ranchu at Tokyo the liniod fish for 10 days prior to egg-laying are freely fed with these insects, which may be collected in almost unlimited numbers in stagnant waters in all parts of the country. 65 Small annelid worms (Titbifcx. Liiiiiiodriliis, and others) that live in the bottom of ditches and streams, antl often occur in immense numbeis. are frequently fed to the larger fish, and in Tokyo are parlicularh- used for the hroml ranchu during the week immediately preceding spawning. Small fresh-water moUusks, especially gastropods of the genus I'iviparns, are crushed and fed to the \oung during the summer following hatching when there is a scarcity of crustacean food. Another animal food that is sometimes employed is the silkworm, which is cultivated on a most extensive scale all o\er the southern part of the Japanese empire. The silkworms in the chrysalis stage are dried, ])ul\erized, ;ind mi.xed with some starchy material, and given to the fish in the first 2 or 3 miuiths of their existence. As food for very young fish the hard-boiled yolks of hen's eggs are rather commonly em- ployed; and some breeders appear to prefer this to any other substance for the newdy-hatched fry of certain \-arieties, as, for instance, the ranchu. The pulverized \-olk is mixed with a small quantity uf water, strained through fine gauze, and distributed o\-er the ponds by means of a watering p(.)t. Various kinds of cereal foods are used, either alone or in cimihinatii >n "with the animal foods mentioned: among these are boiled cracked wheat and a mush made of wheat tlour or corn meal. The smaller algae, particularly the unicellular forms, are o.ften eaten by goldfish, but not from choice and not when other food is a\ailable. They grow luxuriantly in the mud ponds, gi\'e the water a distincth' greenish color, and are indis]5ensable in t^he* cultixalion of water fleas. Man}' are necessarily eaten incidently, but they are not an efficient .food and when taken to the exclusion of _\- the locnl ap]>liration of a solution of common salt or peroxide of hydrogen, or 1)\- immersion in a moderatel}' strong salt solution for a few seconds at a time or until the fish shows signs of suffering. The local use of other common antiseptics and fungicides (boracic acid, salicylic acid, formalin, carbolic acid, pennanganate of potassium, etc.) in proper strength will naturally be suggested. Fungous disease is responsible for a large percentage of the mortality among goldfish, and should therefore be carefully studied by breeders and fanciers. Crustacean parasites are common on goldfish as on all other fresh-water fishes. They are usually 84 known as fish lice, and are found externally on scales and fins, and internally in gills and mouth. Tliose most frequently met with are copepods, which irritate when on the skin and fins, and may occur ill the gills in sucii numliers as to seriously interfere with respiration and ultimately to cause death. Sucii parasites can usually l)e remo\e(l with tweezers. The most serious diseases of goldfish are those due to bacterial and protozoan infections, which as a rule affect large numbers of fish and may destroy e\-ery fish in a pond or even a large pait of the stock of a breeding establishment. When \isitations come, attention can more profitably be directed to the removal of the cause, usually to be found in the water supph-, rather than to attempts to cure the individual fish. The treatment of such diseases, unless superficial and localized, is most unsatisfactory ; and as a general thing it is better to sacrifice the fish at once so as to prevent further infection. One of the leading goldfish culturists of Japan has given to the writer the following memoranda of the diseases met with by him in the course of many years" experience: ( 1 t "Kama." This is a serious epidemic disease affecting fish about ten days after hatching. The abdominal wall is thinner than normal and becomes attached to the dorsal side of the abdominal cavit}-. As the fish can take no food, they soon die. When the disease appears in a pond it spreads quickly, may attack nearly every fish, and may extend tij other ponds. As soon as discovered, tlie pond is drawn tlown, drained, and cleansed, and all the fish are sacrificed, as there is no known remedy. In the year immediately pre- ceding the author's \-isit, nearl\- every fish resulting from the first and second spawnings was lost in this way, and only the third and subsequent broods escaped the malady. (2) "Naginata." This affects also the young in the hatching ponds, and while not so disastrous as the preceding is much feared. It is characterized by a swollen abdomen, and is thought to be caused by improper food. 85 The fish afifected sometimes recover. Tlie treatment consists in draining the pond, supplying fresh water, and feeding tlie smallest crustaceans in abundance. (3) "Kuchignsari." Fish in the hatching ponds sometimes develop a destructive inflammation of the snout, which sloughs off; the caudal and other fins also are destroyed. The cause is not known, and no cure has been found. (4) "Memuki." The principal symptom is a bulging of the eyeballs in fish a year or more old. The disease occurs niostlv in April, May, September and October, and may be due to improper food or to failure to guard against marked temperature changes. The fish die if left alr)ne, but may be cured by careful attention to the water and food. ( 5) "Chirosobu" and "Kurnsoliu." These diseases are characterized by white and black spots, respectively, on the body, and may be of a fungous or protozoan nature. The skin loses its luster and looks like Japanese paper. From one spot the afl'ections may spread widelv. They are thought to be due to lowered vitality owing to deficiency of food, and may be cured by proper feeding. (6) "Chinchiri." This name is given to a disease marked by swellings over which the scales project prominently; the swellings are soft and ultimately discharge a yellow fluid. Fish three or four vears old are mo.st frequently affected. The trouble is ascribed to a sporozoaii. and is thought to be incur- able. (7) "Pest." A malady called the pest by goldfish breeders sometimes carries off' many year-old fish. Black spots appear on body and fins, and there is much wasting of the muscles of the back. The nature of the disease is not known, but it is probably either bacterial or protozoan, and is highly infectious. On one occasion a pond in which the pest existed overflowed into a pond containing healthy fish, with the result that the next afternoon those ponds were badly affected. (8) Swollen air- bladder. This trouble, which is not common, occurs in older fish and particularly in those living in deep ponds. The air-bladder being abnormally distended, tlie fish lose control o\er their mo\-ements and equilibrium, and float at the surface with the tail or belly upward. 86 VII-THE STANDARDS OF QUALITY. AND THE TRADE IN GOLDFISH Fashions, Criteria, and Exhibitions \\'IX(7i to the age i.)f gulilfish culture in Jajjan and tlie great amount nt' altenticTU (le\'Otecl to goldtisli by tlie general public as well as by breeders and fanciers, certain stand- ards have been established, new fashions have from time to time been started, and individual and community predilections have been formed. Considering the three leading varieties, it may be noted that the ranchu is in particular favor at Tokyo, the oranda at Koriyama. and the r_\ukin at both places. The oranda is UKist extensi\'ely cultivated in the si)uthern half of Jai)an, where it has to a great extent replaced the ryukin. The \ariety was introducetl at Tokyo but did not meet with a cordial reception, and is overshadowed b\- both the ranchu and the ryukin. The last is now grown most extensively at Tokyo, although up t(i hfty \ears ago the chief center f(_ir its prcjduction was Koriyama. Qualities in the wakin that are considered desirable are a thick, wide-spread tail with three or four lobes and tine rays, and distinct color pattern. Points of excellence in the tlemekin are svmniet- 87 rical and strongly marked protrusion of the eyeballs, long and widely spread caudal fin. and a mottling of three or four colors, with conspicuous vermilion areas or black spots. The highest type of ryukin has, as its cardinal feature, a perfect caudal fin; it may have either three or four lobes, and is long, slender, fine-rayed, soft, and pendulous; the peduncle is thick. The second point in determining the (juality of a ryukin is the^shape of the body and head: the bodv should be short and only two-thirds as long as br(jad. and the head slmuld be broad ami with a rounded snout. When the liody is as long as broad, the lish ranks as second best. The least desirable e.\ami)les are those w itli long body and short tail. Both liack and bellv should lie variegated, and the caudal fin should be red. Fashion requires that the colors be not discreet but well blended. The lirst mark of (|uality in the (jranda is the caudal fin. which must be symmetrical, long, and flowing; at Tokyo and other more northern places a four-lobed tail is preferred, but at Korivama .-md in the south generally a three-lobed. four-lobed. or bag-shaped tail is acceptable to fanciers. Tlie shape of the head is the next im]>oitant quality; the anterior part of tlie head should be broad, and the ])rot uberances. according to Professor Matsubara, "should be like a large well-proportioned tl(]\ver ot the tree peony, and should not be small." Fish are rarely perfect in both respects — a well- shaped head will be accompanied by a short tail, and vice versa. At Tokyo and by the adherents of the Tokyo school generally, the varieties chietiv cidtivated are the wakin, ryukin, ranclni. and deniekin; but the leading variety, and the one to which most attention is given by all ])ersons interested, is the ranchu. There is much friendlv rivalrv among breeders and fanciers as to who can produce and possess the finest speciiuens, and each vear in autumn there is held in Tokyo a ranchu exhibition at which the claims of tival owners are considered bv jitrors and awards are made. Professor Matsubara gives the following accoitnt of this exhibition; 88 "The exhibition lasts two days, on the first of which are examined the grown-up breeds and on the second the young in the first year. Being developed in color and form, the former naturally attest the extent of skill in the Ijreeders and their value can be known at a glance. The latter are those hatched only in the jireceding spring and as }'et little dexeloped in every respect; but these, after all the cares la\ished upon them by breeders, are to appear again fully grown up for contest at a future show, and on that account are full of interest and promise. The examination of fish in an exhibition is made in a shallow tub containing a white earthenware plate in the center. Two ranchu being placed in the plate are examined by connoisseurs as to their shade, dapples, and the form of the tail and body. Those perfect in every respect are awarded the 'first best,' and a list of the exhibits made in the order of their merits is given to the public. E\ery time the classification is made amid a storm\- debate b\- the examiners. No positive criteria e.xist to guide one in the examina- tion of the ranchu. Nevertheless, those uniformly bright red are considered tiie best, so far as color- ation is concernetl. Those perfect in form. howe\-er uniformly white they may be, are counted tolerably good. The \ariegated ones aie generall_\- unpopular. A ranchu having either a white body and bright red fins and mnuih. nr a bright red color in buth cheeks, is also admired. Every one of the breeds exhibited has its own name, which is gi\en in the aforesaid list with that of the owner. Those who participate in the show are mostlv nobles, wealtln- merchants, and others in c(imfortable circumstances. On such occasions the very best breed fetches a price of two or three hundred ye>i ($100 or $130). but not one in ten thousand commands such a high price. Not a few goldfish breeders with fish (if their own cultme now come from localities lying far beyond Hakone to take part in a Tokvo exhibition. The reason whv the exhibition is held in autiunn is that the goldfish puts on the most brilliant colors in that season." 89 Ivcffiitlv a similar cxhihitinii has been started in < )>ail>ab!y Iialf a ])ouni| apiece was valued at S50 ; the fish were white, with a few bhjod red blotches. Other specimens of superior breed had a nearly uniform golden body and red head. .\ beautiful type of ryukin was white, with the center of each scale red. .Some large orandas 4 years old, with a cons])icuous rounded mass of ])ink warts on the to]) of ihe head, were of the tokin (.)r ca])ped form; others were rich, velvety black, with a golilen vellow snlTusion on the under parts, .\mong the deniekins were some compar- ali\el\- large fish with small bhu'k bkjiches iri'egnlarl}- co\ering the led and white body color. Sjh's J I id Trices The goldfish industrv is so completely eclipsed b\' numerous other branches of the fisheries that the jai)anese themselves do not attach to it a great deal of importance commercially, and exclude it from the verv thorough fishery statistics that are collected and published inider government auspices, 'idierefore. it is not possible to i>resent any llgnres showing the general extent of the business. Tn the Korivama district at the time of the author's visit the normal annual goldfish crop was estimated at 10,000,000 fish. It is likely that the yearly production and sale of goldfish in the whole of 90 Japan exceeds 2U,L)U(),()l)l) and nun' reach a considcrahK- hii^licr nunihci, and llie aggregate \alue of tlie (Hitput cannot be less tlian lialf a niilliim dnllars. Goldfish in Japan are so chea[) thai the jjooresl ijcasanls hnv llieni. and so dear that none hnt the wealth}- can aft'ord them. Inferi(.ir examples of the commoner \arieties may be bought for half a cent apiece, which is prohahh' less than is ever paid in an\' other country frn- any animated x'eilebrate The Selling House at a ivoiuvAMA Goldeisii Hstai!lisiiment 91 1 .,..1. cm ; wiiilc the n;i)st perfect specimens of the more liiglih' ciillix'aled \arieties command liiglui pMi.es than are ^iven an}-\viiere for an_\- otlier kinds of fishes. Tiie rancliu is tlie most \ainal)le \-ariely, the oranda shishis^asliira closely follows, and the ryukin comes next. The wakin is the cheapest, and the other \arieties ha\e a \alue de])ending on their per- fection and the local demand. The \ahie of goldfish increases so much with their age that it is verv desirable for Ijreeilers to keep their best fish until full maturity is attained; and in the case of the ranchu especially the practice is to retain the cro]) if possible initil the iifih or sixth }-ear. when the length is about seven inches, because such fish bring the highest prices. In order to conve}- some idea of the actual and relati\e values of the differeiu \arieties of gold- fish, the foll(j\\ing average wholesale prices per 1,000 fish are taken from the operations of a Toyko breeder a few years ago: Demekin. 1 year old, $10; wakin, 3 years old, $22.50; ryukin, 3 years old, $100; oranda shishigashira, 5 years old, $750; ranchu, 2 years old, $75; ranchu, 5 years old, $2,500. A large ])art of the output of many breeding establishments is bought by itinerant vendors, who \isit the ponds daih' and take away the fish in shallow wooden tubs arranged in nests and suspended from a shoulder bar. The vendors do a particularly li\ely trade on holidays and festivals, but they find a steadv demand at all limes as the_\- wend their way along the crowded streets and thrcjugh the parks. One street seller seen at a Tokyo goldfish farm cairied away at one time 500 goldfish of different kinds and sizes. Fish awaiting shipment or collected for sale are held in bamboo baskets and li\-e-cars moored in the mud ponds, or are e.\pi)sed to \iew in the cement [jonds. The export trade centers at \'oko- hama, Kobe, and Nagasaki, and the variety figuring most prominently in that trade is the ryukin. 92 VIII— JAPANESE GOLDFISH IN AMERICA Historical and Other Notes HE direct importation of oriental goldfish was accomplished at a comparatively recent date. The earliest lot of fish to arrive appear to have l)een those brought over by Rear-,\dmiral iVmmen about 1878. From this stock came fish presented to Prof. Spencer F. Baiid, L'nited States Fish Commissioner, which were extensively bred from at the Fish Lakes in Washinglon. Later the importation of these fish was taken up as a business enterprise on the Pacific coast, and attained large propor- tions. The fish were first l3r(iught to the eastern States in commercial numbers by Mr. William P. Seal, of Delair. New Jersey, who for some years prior to 1894 controlled the output and supplied several thousands annually. At the present time one firm in San Francisco and another in Seattle are regularly engaged in bringing Japanese (and Chinese) goldfish to this country. The variety that has been most extensively imported is the rynkin, or fringetail. A few fish of the oranda variety have withstood transportation and reached the hands of breeders; and in Philadel- 93 pliia and elsewhere this variety has l)eeii successfuHy bred. Se\eral otlicr \aiieties have been imported in small numbers. Owing to their delicate nature, the introduction of some of the most attractive and highly (le\'eloped forms has not \et been accomijlished, and a great treat is thus in store for American fanciers. Transportation presents serious difficulties which may ne\er l)e o\'ercf)me in the case of some varieties; but with increasing facilities on shipboard, shortening of the journey, and greater experience ill handling, it seems likely that all nf the Japanese \arieties will in time be brought to the hands of (lur breeders. The acquisition of the most delicate forms may be indirectly accomplished by intro- ducing their progenitors and breeding therefrom; the results r)f such crossing would with proper ])re- cautions, as hereinbefore noted, ultimately be the establishment of the desired varieties. Howe\'er. it seems ]iiobable that the importation of the tender \'arieties that now succumb to long jotuMieNS ma\' be effected 1>\' the lrans[)ortation of their eggs. By the use of a cool cliambei". the slight retardation of egg de\elopment ma\- result in the introduction of ihe most delicate forms, and this at less expense and trouble than the transfer of the fish themsehes now occasions. A very inviting field for the exercise of American ingenuity and skill is the ojiportunity for the production of new goldfish varieties of superior c|ualit\' and exceptional interest b\- judicious crossing, rearing, selection, and cultivation of tlie Japanese forms. As the result of the hybi-idization of Chinese and Ja]janese goldfish, .\merican I'ulturists have obtained a number (jf attracti\-e, stable \arieties to which the name Japanese has imforiunately been attached: but none of these can compare with the possibilities that are suggested by the further crossing of some oi ihc Japanese varieties among them- selves or with some of the forms that deserve to be called American. With such a plastic material on which to work, our breeders arc certainly destined to bring into existence some noteworthv \'arieties — possibly the UKJst remarkaljle that have been produced. 94 The fuiilKTiiiL; "\ lliis iiKisl imiliiig line of wijrk, annld add a most entertaining feature ti> local life and gi\e to [jrofessional and amateur goldfish breeders and fanciers an o])portunit}' to meet, exchange expei iences, and hold exhibitions and sales. The flourishing Aquarium Society of Philadelphia, with more than 100 active members, does nicist excellent service for the promotion of goldfish culture in America and affords much pleasure and inslrnctixe pastime for its members. At the meetings, which are held monthly except in summer, there are special programs, discussions, and exhi- bitions, with award of prizes for the Ijest specimens of goldfish in the different classes. The society has adopted a set of standards for judging the quality of the various goldfish breeds; and newly formed societies wnuld do well to hold this older organization and its rules as models. Goldfish Culture for Profit The great and rapidly increasing interest in goldfish in America opens a wide and profitable field for professional goldfish culture in this country. There is no State where goldfish may not be grown, and there is scarcelv a citw town, or section where goldfish culli\ation can not be made renumerati\-e. The deiuand for goldfish is far in excess of the supply, and it is a common experience for dealers to lie unalile to fill orders. This has been almost chronically the case in \\'ashington and several other cities in the east, and ])rol)al)l\- the same has often been true of various other places where an eft"ort is made to keep goldfish on sale. Furthei luore. there are many cities and towns, to say nothing of siualler communities, where it is difficult, if not impossible, to obtain goldfish at any time. 95 A number of years ago tlie I'nited Slates Bureau of Fisheries distributed Japanese goldfish gratis to applicants, and hatched and sent out thousands each season. This practice has long since been dis- continued l)ut tliere is a steady call for tliese fish from ail parts of the country. The fishery service of the general government produces only small numljers of godfisli, that are intended solely for public ponds and fountains and for exhibition purposes; and pri\ate applicants are now referred to estab- lished dealers and breeders, of which there is only a limited number. The best results in raising goldfish are attained when the ponds are in the open air ; but American culturiests have been quite successful with indoor culture or with a combination of indoor and open air operations. For outside culture on a large scale, the general methods of the Japanese should be followed, with such modification or adaptation as local conditions may recjuire. Where facilities are not ample for large mud ponds and for ])on(ls intended jiriniarily for the growing of crustacean food for goldfish, resort may l)e had to small cement or brick pools in whicji it is expected that no food will he produced naturall}-. Such outdoor ponds, being shallow and not adapted for use during freezing weather, must be abandoned in autumn, and the fish must be cared for indoors, in tanks or hothouses. Small hothouses or greenhouses, heated with an oil or coal stoN'c, ])ro\idcd with glass top and sides, and fitted witli a series of cement basins, serve excellently for goldfish culture. They may be used in both summer and winter, but are particularly useful in winter because the fish will feed and grow during that season and be ready for market earlier than if kept out of doors. The temperature of such houses need not be maintained at over 50°F. .\ goldfish breeder who desires to combine the useful and the ornamental may make his place \ery attractive by having his ponds form part of a landscape garden. The ponds may be on different Ie\els, connected by little waterfalls, separated by gravel walks and greensward, skirted by trees and 96 flowers, and provided with pond lilies, lotus, and other water plants ; and tlie larger ones may contain islets reached by rustic bridges. Such ornamental arrangement need not be at the expense of any ]ionds required for practical culture operations, but. on the contrary, may very advantageously supple- ment the latter by supplying large picturesque ponds useful for wintering purposes, for producing natural food, and for rearing special broods. A goldfish rearing establislinient ma\- be made one of the most interesting places in any commu- nity, and its financial success may depend in no small degree on the pleasure and instruction it affords \isitors who may thereby be prompted to become patrons. Suggestions for Maintaining Goldfish Aquaria in the Home, School and Office A properly managed aquarium stocked with Japanese goldfish and provided with various inci- dental objects is one of the most attractive and instructive additions to a liome, school room, or office. Goldfish may be maintained at much less expense and trouble than other ornamental animals occasion, and they should be very generally installed in residences, offices, and shops; and as an aid to nature study there should be a goldfish aquarium in every school. Among the usual aquarial vessels, globes are the most unsatisfactory and undesirable. Thev afford greatly distDrled \iews of liieir contents, and their contracted neck is ol)jecti(Uiable because of the reduced water surface tlirough which oxygen may he absorbed. As a general thing goldfish kept in globes fare badly and often are subjected to prolonged torture because of their cramped, poorh- aerated quarters. Cylindrical glass jars are acceptaljle for this purpose, the best sizes being 12 to 15 97 inches in dianiclcr and the same heiyhl. Tiie best furni of acjuariiun, hi)\ve\-ei", is reclanyuhir, with soapstone or slate botioni. and with I'mir j^lass sides or with ends of stone. The smallest size to be reconiniended is 15 inches Ions;', 9 "V lH inches wide, and 9 inches high. If room is a\ailable, the most satisfactory size is 20, 24, or 30 inches long. The width shonld exceed the height, and fur the largest size mentioned the width might he 12 tu 14 inches and the height 10 to 12 inches. Cylindrical jars and rectangular aquaria of all ciin\enient sizes may be obtained fmm \arinus dealers in all [jarts nf the country. The aquarium luay rest on a window ledge, on a pedestal, on a stout table. "V. if large, on a siK'ciall}- constructed support. It shnulil lie placed where it will recei\e am])le light, and the direct rays of the sun should enter the water for a part of each day, but ^Imuld m it be admitieil in such amduut as to raise the temperature of the water unduly. The use of running water in a house aquarium is usually unnecessary and undesirable. By iibserving conditions closely, it is possible to so adjust the \'aiious elements that an aquarium will beciime "balanced," and will luaintain itself indefinitel}- without change of water. This is important and may lie attained liy adapting the number of fish to the volume of water, by securing a proper oxygenizing of the water through surface absorption and plant aclidii, by having plants take up the car- bimic acid gas resulting from the \ital acti\'ities of the fish, and bv ])rii\iding fur the remowal of waste products (excreta, unconsumed food, decaying vegetable matter, etc.j 1)\' the use of animal scavengers and by periodic cleansing on the ])art of the attendant. L'nder ordinar_\- conditions, fresh water need be supplied only to replace that lost by evaporation, the source of the water being immaterial provided it is clear, of ])roper temperature, not lacking in oxygen or containing injurious gases, and not strongly miiH'ral. 98 In stocking;- an aquarinni it is most essential that tlie number of fisli introduced be no greater tlian tlie available supply of oxygen will easily maintain. Small fish aie preferaljle to large ones, because they recjuire less attention and more can be accommodated ; and those 2 in 5 inches long are the most satisfactory, h^or fish 3 inches long or less, there shouhl be two-thirds of a gallon or one gallon of water apiece, while for specimens 4 to 5 inches long at least two gallons of water apiece sliould be ])r()vided, in a balanced aquarium. To make an aquarium Ijalanced or self-sustaining, it is necessary to intrnduce plants that are adapted to such an environment. There are many kinds of non-flowing plants that comliine utility with beauty, and in almost every communit\- water plants suitable for introduction into aquaria may be found in ponds, lakes, and streams. Anmng the most desirable are milfoil [MynnphyUiiiu ). liDrnworl (Ceratof^hvlliim), eel-grass { rallisiieria ), fanwort {Ciibonibn ). pmid weed ( Polaiiioijctoii ), swamji loosestrife (Liidwigia), and water weed (Aiiacliaris). Two or three kinds of the foregoing are sufficient for one aquarium, at one time, and the species mav be \'aried at fre(|uent intervals if desirable. A good comljination is a floating plant with a rooted line. In a large aijuarium some of the flowering plants — like the water hyacinth (Piaropiis) or the arrowhead { Sac/itfaria) — may be inserted in limited numbers. \"arious filamentous alg;e are likely to be introduced incidentall}' with the other ])Ianls, and unicellular alg;e are certain to occur and at times may multiply to sucli an extent as to make the water green and turliid, thus obscuring the fish. Alg;c frequently cc:)at the glass sides of aquaria, and ma\- necessitate the cleaning, particularly of the front, in order to permit a proper view of the interior. .V superalnmdant growth of plants will require removal, of the suiplus or a diminution in the amount of light. Bottoms of house a(|uaria may be covered lo the depth of 1'^ to 2 inches with gra\'el or clean 99 sand, and the nxjls nr stems ot the i(»iied plants sliould he huiied in the sand or tied t'j the pebbles to keep tliem in a natni'al. niifii^hl position. Certain animals act as sra\ eiij.;ers, and hence ser\e a \er\' useful ])ni])ose in aijiiaria when intro- (hiced in hmited numbers. Tlie best of these are tadpoles, and certain kinds of yastropods (snails) tiiat will not attack the larger plants. Some of the snails consume the minute algc'e. and serve to keep (low II tlie growth of these on the glass. In larger aquaria, one or two small specimens of mussels ( i'liiii. .Iinuloiita, etc. ) may Jje allowed to burrow in the sandy bottom, and will add to the interest in the a(juarium. A glass cover will be found \ery desirable for every aquarium. It should not fit tightly Init should be ke])t a (piarter or half an inch abo\'e tlie frame b\' cork, wooden, or rubber buffers. Covers reduce evaporation, exclude tlust and other foreign matter. ])re\ent the fish from leaping out. and protect tliem fumi cats. rats, and other enemies.. Some acjuarists emjiloy covers made of wire gauze or wire netting. The water in a balanced a(|uariuin quickly takes the temperature of the surrounding air, and hence its tetnperature \'aries gieath" with the season and also from da\' to day. The goldfish mav be subjected to a wide range of temperature without injury. Like other cold-blooded animals, so called, the gold- fish assumes the temperature of the water in which it exists, and is able to adapt itself to 100°F. on one hand and 33° F. on the other, the essential conditions being that a change of temperature shall be gradual and that oxygen shall be present in the water in sufficient quantity. Moderately cool water, say of SO'' to 70°F., is to be preferred to other temperatures. If the water is quite cold the fish are sluggish and less attractive, and if very warm there is danger from putrefactive conditions in the water and within the fish's intestines. Cold water is much the safer, as it has a much greater power to absorb and retain oxvgen. lOf) Tlie losses which the amateur fancier necessarily meets with in the beginning are less likely to be clue to neglect than to over attention. This is particularly true of feeding. 0\'er-feeding and the use of improper foods are responsible for most of the losses in aquaria: where one tish dies of starva- tion, one hunilred succumb to an overloaded digestive tract. Inasmuch as the limited water supply cif a home acjuarium is quickh' deplelc(i nf whale\cr natural fund may be therein, from the outset it bec(jmes necessar\- to provide fix id in (|uantit\- suited to the number and size of the fish on hand. In a properly appointed aquarium a certain amount uf food will constantly be produced, but this is entirely insufficient; and deiicndence must always be placed on food from without. There are various kinds of leady jjrepared foods suitable for gi_)ldfish in aipiaria. .Vniong these probably the best is the wafer made of rice flour that may l)e obtained from all dealers in ornamental fishes. A certain amount of animal food is essential, and the regular use of this will conduce to the growth and health of the fish. Readily obtainable objects of this chaiacter are earthworms, that should be chopped into small pieces: mosquito larv:e. that might easily be bred for this purpose: ento- mostraca, collected from an adjacent pond t)r ditch ; ant larvae ; and bits of oyster, mussel, and raw meat. One of the pleasantest duties of the goldfish fancier is to feed the fish, and for the reason that it is interesting it is likely to be overdone. especiall\' if all the meml)ers of a houseliold undeitake to gi\e all kinds of food at all hours. L'nder the conditions in a small aquarium, goldfish do not require and should not receive focul more than twice a day, and in some cases it nia_\- be lietter to gi\e it onK once a day. No definite rules can be given governing the (|uantity of food to be administered; this depends on special conditions, and must be based on experience and observation. It ma\- l)e stated, however, that I be atiionni o| IihmI should always be limited, and ne\er in excess of the immediate needs and tlic 101 .'U'tiial ciiiisiiin])liiii:. If an a(]uarinni is in such a jilacc as tn lii.' aH\'Cte-(l Ijv seasonal ti_-ni]jeraturL' changes, llii- lisli slioulil Ik yiven fond less frequently and in smaller i|uanlit\" during the ciildt-r nionllis. I'Vk.hI may Ijc scatlei-ed oxer the surface and allowed to fall In tlie hdttnni, ur it inav he placed in a little tray or di>h suspended a few inches below the surface. The adxantage of the former method is that the fish have to seek their food and take it more slowly; the disadvantage is that the unconsunied ft)o(l is not easily remo\-able and the amount c;m not readily be estimated. The advantage of the latter method is the lish may be more clnsely watcheil wlien feeding, the i)roj)er amnunt of fooil can be more accurately determined, anil the uncimsumcd food is not left to pollute the water and can be easily remo\'ed. .\ nicely balanced aquarium recjuires but little attentidU. So long as the water remains ])ure, 11(1 change is necessary; some of the most successful a(|uaria go fur sexeral years witlmnl a oinplele renewal of the water; and all that is required is to replace the water lost by e\a[)oration. When water becmnes foul through neglect or ignorance, the fish should Ije renio\-ed to another \essel. the plants thoroughly washeil in running water, and the a(|uarium emptied, cleansed, and filled with ptu'e wafer. When o.N.ygenation is imperfect and the fish are suffering (as shown b\ tlieir restlessness, e\ ident discomfort, labored ix'S])iralioii. ;ind efforts to get air at the surf;ice ), the water may be aerated l)\- dipjiing it up and pouring it back from a height of a foot or more, fiesh water ma\- be introduced, and ;i more adequate ]ilant growth slionld be pnnided. It is necessary to cleanse the sides of the a(|uariuni of algal .and other growths from lime to time, in order to afford a good \ic\v of the lish. .\ccumulations of animal and vegetable waste matter on the bottom must be rcmo\ ed frequentlv — l)referably each day; this is done most conveniently by means of a glass tube about half an inch in 102 diameter into which particles are (h'avvn by first closing (ine end with the finger, or a flexible rubber tube used as a siphon. The si[)hiin will be useful whene\'er it is desired to draw down the water. In the limited quarters of the ordinar_\- house aquarium, guldlish grow but little and may remain practically the same size for }-ears. Spawning rarely occurs, and the propagation of goldfish in such a vessel is not to be expected. In the largest practicable home or school aquarium, if one or two pairs of medium size fish are kept and all the conditions are favorable, spawning may take place. As soon as the eggs are observed, they should be put into another aquarium or separated from the fish l)y a glass or wire mesh screen. The eggs and young are to be cared for as elsewhere described. LITERATURE CITED Matsudara, S. 1906. The culture of fish and other water products in Japan. — Proceedings of the Third Inter- national Fishery Congress. \'ienna, 1905. Goldfisli. pages 314-31n 11 origin 11 output 90,91 prices 90, 91, 92 output in Japan 90, 91 parasites 84, 85 prices 90, 91, 92 sales 90,91,92 societies 95 trade 90,91,92 transportation 79, 80 varieties 15,19,21^3 vendors 9, 92 Greenhouses, goldfisli culture in 96 Growth of crustacc.in foiHl 02. ()3 goldfish (d,74, 77. 103 Hail injurious to eggs ami fish (il), 72, 84 Hatching 53,60 period 60 temperature 60 Hen eggs, food for goldfish 66,70 Hibernacle 70 Hiragasliira 3G Home goldfish aquaria 97-103 Hooded goldfish 30 Hornwort for spawning beds 56 in aquaria 99 Hothouses, goldfisli culture in 96 Importance of goldfish in Japan 9 Importation of Japanese goldfisli 93,94 Incubation S3, 60 Insects, food for goldfish 66, 69 injurious to fish 65, 72 in plankton 65 Introduction 7 Japanese goldfish breeds 15.19.21^3 characteristics 10 importation 93, 94 in America 93 papers on 105 varieties 15.19,21-43 importance of goldfish to 9 Kama, disease of gnlclfish 85 Karass 15 109 KichiKiTo, Mr. A. 43 Kinranslii 43 Korean goldtish 28 Koriyania, center ul gdUllish culture 13 goldtish farms 40, 9U methods of cukure 57,61,67 school 13,61 Kuchigusari, disease of goldlisli 86 Kurosobu, disease of goldfish 86 Landscape garilens, goldllsh in 10, 9() Limnodrilus, food for goldtish 66 Lion-head 28,32 goldtish 28, 32, 35 Literature cited 105 Liukiu goldfish 2-t Longtail ranchu 40 Loosestrife in aquaria 99 Losses of eggs aud fry S3, 84 Ludwigia in aquaria 99 Management of aquaria 97-103 goldfish cstablishuients .... 45 Maruko 28 Mating 53, 54 Matsubara, ProL S. 8,39,42,43,79,88,105 Memuki, disease of goldfish 80 Mijinko, crustacean focxl • • 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, ()9, 70, 71 Milfoil for spawning beds 56 in aquaria 99 Mitsukuri, Prof, K. 8,27,48,62,79,105 Mollusks, food for gtddlish (i6 in aquaria 10(1 Mosquito larvx as goldfish food . Mud pi.nds Mussels in aquaria Myriophylluni for spawning beds in aquaria . . . . .10, 00 Nagasaki goldfish Naginata, disease of goldfish Net for collecting food . ■ ( )randa sliishigashira breeding largest fish culture egg capacity points of quality prices sorting fry Origin of goldfish in Japan Japanese goldfish varieties Ostracuda, food for goldfish ()uti)ut of goldfish farms 46, 09, 11 49 100 56 99 24 85 64 32 57 69,70 59 88 92 19 61 90,91 Parasites of goldfish .... Parent fish Pest in goldfish 'i.ircipus in aquaria 'l.uits in aquaria 'olypluMuus, food f(U' guldfish 'iinds Ninil weed in aquaria . . . , 'oprye goldfish ranchu rntiiiuiigiti'ii in atpiaria ■ • • 49- 84,85 53,57 86 99 99 61 51,55 99 35,38 38 99 110 Preparation nf food 65 Prices of goldfish 89.90.91,92 Principles of goldfish breeding 48 Product of goldfish farms 46, 90, 91 Profit, goldfish culture for 95 Protozoan diseases of goldfish 85 Quality stan.Un-ds in goldfish 87,88,89 Rains injurious to fr.y 72 Ranchu 28 culture 65,69,70,74 exhibition 88,89 points of ijuality 89 prices 89,92 Rate of growth 11 Reversion of \ ;irictics 23. 73, 78, 79 Ryder, Pn.f. John A. 17,22,23,105 Ryukin 24 culture 71 points (]f i|uality 88 prices 92 sorting fry 75 Sagittaria in aciuaria 99 Sales of goldfish 75.90.91.92 Salix for spawning beds 56 Saprolegnia 84 Scavengers in aquaria 100 Schools of goldfisli culture 13 Seal, Mr. Wni. P. 93 Selecting brood fish 53, 54 fish 73,74.75.76 Selling young fish 75 Shiragashira 30 Shishi 35 Shishigashir.-i 28,32 ranchu 28 Shubunkiii 42 .Shukin 40 Silkworms food for goldfish 66 Snails in aquaria 100 Sorting fish 73. 74. 75, 76 Si)awning beds 56 habits 54.57 in aquaria 103 ponds 55. 57 season 53 temperatures 57 Speckled goldfish 42 Sports T^ Spotted goldfish 42 Standards of quality in goldfish 87.88,89 Tadpoles in aquaria 100 Tails of goldfish 22 Telescope-fish 35, 38 Temperature for hatching 60 spawning" 57 Tokin 30 Tokyo goldfish farms 46 methods of culture 56. 70. 74 school of culture 13 Trade in goldfish 87,90,91,92 Transportation of goldfisli 79, 80, 94 Tubifex, food for goldfish 66 11 Turtle's iiijiniiiiis to guldfisli 72 Unstability o{ varieties 73,7^,79 Urata, i\Ir. J. g Vallisneria for aquari:i 99 Varieties of goldfisli 15,19,21-43 Vermilion variegated gcldlisii 42 \'ivipariis, food for goldfish 66 \\ akin 21 culture 71 points of quality 87 prices 92 Watase, Prof. S. 8,22,105 WaUr liens, food for Holdfish 61,63,()4,65 liyacintli in aqu.iria 99 plants in ponds 51,56,63 supply 49.50,51 weed in aqnari.i 99 W atonai 39 Wheat food for .s;(ildlish 66 \\'hiteheads 30 Wild goldfish IS Willow roots for spawning beds 56 Winds injmious to eggs and fry 60,72 \\ inter pond jq Young fish, beliavior 67 care 67. 68, 72 color 57 11.2 t iiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiuitiiiiiiiij