THE JAPANESE ROLE IN WILDLIFE T! A review of the imports to Japan of Appendix II species previously identified as being traded at significant levels Prepared for the Environment Agency under contract to TRAFFIC Japan by R.A. Luxmoore and T.P. Inskipp World Conservation Monitoring Centre -219c Huntingdon Road Cambridge UK 7 J ae Pre a ybhr es “a z THE JAPANESE ROLE IN WILDLIFE TRADE A review of the imports to Japan of Appendix II species previously identified as being traded at significant levels Prepared for the Environment Agency under contract to TRAFFIC Japan by R.A. Luxmoore and T.P. Inskipp World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219c Huntingdon Road Cambridge UK Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge http://www.archive.org/details/japaneseroleinwi91luxm Introduction Under the direction of the CITES Technical Committee a review was undertaken in 1985 of trade in species of animals listed in CITES Appendix II. 143 species were identified as being traded at significant levels over the period 1980-1982 and further work was carried out to investigate whether the trade was detrimentally affecting their wild populations. The results of this review were published in three volumes in 1988. The species were assigned to one of three categories: "problem", where the levels of trade were believed to be threatening the wild populations or where some other serious CITES enforcement problem was evident; "no problem", where the available evidence suggested that there was no significant threat; and "possible problem", where insufficient evidence was available to make a determination one way or the other. The current report is intended to investigate the role of Japan in the international trade in the 143 species previously identified as being traded at significant levels. To this end, the world net trade was calculated for the period 1983-1988 for live animals, skins, sides and plates for each of the 143 species. The number of each commodity imported to Japan was calculated as a percentage of the total world trade and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Species which were not reported as having been imported to Japan during this period have been omitted from the tables. Some of the trade in skins is reported in units other than whole skins. In these cases, approximate conversion factors (Table 3) were used to calculate the number of skins involved. Japanese import controls were significantly strengthened in 1985 and so the total trade from 1985-1988 was calculated. Those species which were traded in substantial quantities and for which Japan accounted for more than 10% of the world trade are briefly reviewed. In general, Japan does not import a very high percentage of live animals, but there are a few exceptions. Three primates used for biomedical research have been imported in relatively large numbers, Saimiri sciureus, Macaca fascicularis and Saguinus labiatus. A few South-East Asian parrots feature in the Japanese import trade, notably Eos bornea, Loriculus galgulus, Lorius garrulus and Psittacula roseata. Other species are Agapornis personata from East Africa and two tortoises, Geochelone chilensis and Geochelone pardalis. In the case of the skin trade, Japan holds a much more important position in world trade, particularly with South-East Asian reptiles such as Crocodylus novaeguineae, Crocodylus porosus, Varanus salvator, Python curtus, Python molurus bivittatus, and Python reticulatus. A large percentage of the reported world trade in the skin of Caiman crocodilus is also destined for Japan, as is that of Lama guanicoe, Rhea americana and two species of Manis. Imports of significant trade species to Japan (Live animals only) Species &. G TOT Cercopithecus petaurista 1 73 62 86 109 330 J TOT Cercopithecus petaurista 10 4 4 18 % Cercopithecus petaurista 16% 5% 4% 5% G TOT Colobus guereza 42 86 10 8 12 16 46 J TOT Colobus guereza 0 7 0 C) 4 4 8 ry Colobus guereza 8s 33% 25% 17% G TOT Colobus polykomos 6 2 1 5 7 8 21 J TOT Colobus polykomos 2 2 4 % Colobus polykomos 29% 25% 19% G TOT Equus zebra hartmannae 28 8 5 6 7 9 27 J TOT Equus zebra hartmannae te) 1 Ce) ) lo} 4 4 % Equus zebra hartmannae 13% 44% 15% G TOT Felis colocolo 1 1 1 1 J TOT Felis colocolo 0 1 1 () ) ) 1 % Felis colocolo 100% 100% 100% G TOT Felis lynx 44 15 1 26 234 43 334 J TOT Felis lynx 6 r) 1 0 v) ) 1 g Felis lynx 14% 33 o8 G TOT Felis manul 3 5 2 3 4 2 11 J TOT Felis manul 2 4 2 2 4 7 Felis manul 67% 80% 50% 100% 36% G TOT Felis pardalis 5 14 7 13 13 5 38 J TOT Felis pardalis te) (e) 3 1 1 2 7 % Felis pardalis 43% Bt 8% 40% 18% G TOT Felis wiedii 1 3 5 2 3 13 J TOT Felis wiedii 2 2 ry Felis wiedii 67% 15% G TOT Lama guanicoe 43 22 31 29 15 37 112 J TOT Lama guanicoe 12 12 7 Lama guanicoe 32% 11% G TOT Lutra perspicillata 2 2 2 15 19 J TOT Lutra perspicillata (0) (0) (0) 0 8 ie) 8 % Lutra perspicillata 53% 42% G TOT Macaca fascicularis 27513 17662 23713 24235 25720 24791 98459 J TOT Macaca fascicularis 2980 1642 2239 2318 2241 3943 10741 % Macaca fascicularis 11% 9% 9% 10% 9% 16% 11% G TOT Saguinus labiatus 12 52 8 18 16 38 80 J TOT Saguinus labiatus 12 47 6 12 1 6 25 % Saguinus labiatus 100% 90% 75% 67% 6% 16% 31% G TOT Saguinus mystax 70 190 97 42 116 207 462 J TOT Saguinus mystax 0 20 0 0 te) 2 2 % Saguinus mystax 11% 1% O¢ G TOT Saimiri sciureus 3562 2529 4258 5029 2381 3294 14962 J TOT Saimiri sciureus 1109 306 847 1297 678 1520 4342 % Saimiri sciureus 31% 12% 20% 26% 28% 46% 29% G TOT Agapornis fischeri 53335 45100 60764 83519 108702 72308 325293 J TOT Agapornis fischeri 8273 3923 0 7402 9253 7420 24075 % Agapornis fischeri 16% 9% 9% 9% 10% 7% G TOT Agapornis personata 6065 2994 6700 3416 7936 10272 28324 J TOT Agapornis personata e) 4 4068 1390 3273 2047 10778 3 Agapornis personata tek 3 61% 41% 41% 20% 38% G TOT Alisterus amboinensis 264 1831 452 392 921 1336 3101 J TOT Alisterus amboinensis 64 10 42 52 Alisterus amboinensis 3% 1% 3% 2% G TOT Alisterus chloropterus 267 308 87 139 420 806 1452 J TOT Alisterus chloropterus 11 74 6 20 26 % Alisterus chloropterus 4% 24% 1% 2% 2% G TOT Amazona aestiva 33523 37354 48722 44919 35583 58464 187688 J TOT Amazona aestiva 1780 1493 1740 1457 1946 2746 7889 % Amazona aestiva 5% 4% 4% 3% 58% 5% 4% G TOT Amazona albifrons 1203 2490 4591 4366 3551 6327 18835 J TOT Amazona albifrons (0) (e) 5 93 ie) (0) 98 % Amazona albifrons 0& 2% 1% G TOT Amazona amazonica 15993 22495 15271 15671 5981 13262 50185 J TOT Amazona amazonica 0 ie) 25 0 fe) 1 26 3 Amazona amazonica 0g o¢ 0& G TOT Amazona autumnalis 3279 7594 5914 5616 4620 5752 21902 J TOT Amazona autumnalis 11 153 6 78 (0) 0) 84 % Amazona autumnalis ek} 2% o% 1% os G farinosa 2367 5369 5017 3705 1230 2838 12790 J farinosa (0) 1 12 35 ie) ie) 47 3 farinosa 0% 0% 1% 08 G finschi 2 11 3 8 53 39 103 rinscn1r 10 a) Ern cb S13 G TOT Amazona ochrocephala 6020 11696 15593 10447 7827 10078 43945 J TOT Amazona ochrocephala 6 40 397 270 185 607 1459 t Amazona ochrocephala Os 0g 3% 3% 2% 6% 3% G TOT Amazona tucumana 384 1813 2990 2742 2882 6302 14916 Table 1 Import 8 of si ificant trade species to Japan (Live animals only) ga 88 288) Sac ga se aa0 a8 33 fe} A TOT TOT ToT TOT ToT TOT ToT GA ©UD PUA PUD PUN PUD ©PUA PUA €©UD PUD PUD ©PUD PUD PUD PUD ODA PUD PUD PUD OD UD UD PUD OM eA PU Table Amazona tucumana Amazona tucumana Amazona viridigenalis Amazona viridigenalis Amazona viridigenalis Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Aprosmictus erythropterus Aprosmictus erythropterus Aprosmictus erythropterus ararauna ararauna ararauna chloroptera chloroptera chloroptera manilata manilata manilata Aratinga acuticaudata Aratinga acuticaudata Aratinga acuticaudata Aratinga aurea Aratinga aurea Aratinga aurea Aratinga canicularis Aratinga canicularis Aratinga canicularis Aratinga holochlora Aratinga holochlora Aratinga holochlora Aratinga mitrata Aratinga mitrata Aratinga mitrata Aratinga wagleri Aratinga wagleri Aratinga wagleri Bolborhynchus orbygnesius Bolborhynchus orbygnesius Bolborhynchus orbygnesius Brotogeris versicolorus Brotogeris versicolorus Brotogeris versicolorus Cacatua alba Cacatua alba Cacatua alba Cacatua galerita Cacatua galerita Cacatua galerita Cacatua goffini Cacatua goffini Cacatua goffini Cacatua moluccensis Cacatua moluccensis Cacatua moluccensis Cacatua sulphurea Cacatua sulphurea Cacatua sulphurea Charmosyna pulchella Charmosyna pulchella Charmosyna pulchella Cyanoliseus patagonus Cyanoliseus patagonus Cyanoliseus patagonus Eclectus roratus Eclectus roratus Eclectus roratus Eos Eos Eos Eos Eos Eos Eos Eos Eos bornea bornea bornea reticulata reticulata reticulata squamata squamata squamata Forpus xanthops Forpus xanthops 99 1054 236 20 15041 1901 6917 19993 0 2943 715 4189 846 14378 13440 1240 127 10% 1211 25454 0 562 110 115 17283 te) 6390 1550 ie) 766 29108 20 0% 426 9691 Imports of significant trade species to Japan (Live animals only) Species 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Tor S358) & Forpus xanthops 8% G TOT Loriculus amabilis 12 1 13 J TOT Loriculus amabilis 12 12 ry Loriculus amabilis 100% 92% G TOT Loriculus galgulus 912 763 4520 9363 8861 4636 27380 J TOT Loriculus gaveulue 0 0 1700 1600 1060 101 4461 ry Loriculus galgulus 388 17% 12% 2% 16% G TOT Lorius garrulus 7968 5101 2946 3373 5389 7379 19087 J TOT Lorius garrulua 609 489 176 346 586 2479 3587 % Lorius garrulus 8s 10% 6% 10% 11% 34% 19% G TOT Nandayus nenday 39607 23365 21989 17917 21991 16889 78786 J TOT Nandayus nenday 452 50 50 % Nandayus nenday 18% 0% 08 G TOT Pionus chalcopterus 57 164 127 30 1 158 J TOT Pionus chalcopterus ) 76 0 0 0) v) ) % Pionus chalcopterus 46% G TOT Pionus maximiliani 1922 3220 25698 14704 6574 4211 51187 J TOT Pionus maximiliani 25 25 530 365 290 125 1310 t Pionus maximiliani 1% 1% 2% 2% 4% 3% 3% G TOT Poicephalus senegalus 15142 16871 15186 30076 28478 25586 99326 J TOT Poicephalus senegalus 60 oO % Poicephalus senegalus og G TOT Pseudeos fuscata 37 575 552 558 1087 2183 4380 J TOT Pseudeos fuscata ) 67 20 i) 6 45 71 % Pseudeos fuscata 12% 4% 1% 2% 2% G TOT Psittacula derbiana 566 821 169 501 156 32 858 J TOT Psittacula derbiana 26 26 % Psittacula derbiana 15% 3% G TOT Psittacula longicauda 200 386 402 2890 1347 2340 6979 J TOT Psittacula longicauda 60 60 % Psittacula longicauda 2% 1% G TOT Psittacula roseata 150 31 104 3815 859 4809 J TOT Psittacula roseata (0) 0 0 0 260 275 535 3 Psittacula roseata 7% 32% 11% G TOT Psittacus erithacus 48382 47554 46737 47679 50205 60904 205525 J TOT Psittacus erithacus 254 138 283 430 503 141 1357 % Psittacus erithacus 1% ck} 1% 1% 1% 08 1% G TOT Pyrrhura frontalis 6003 3170 5245 5662 5993 6047 22947 J TOT Pyrrhura frontalis 65 30 30 % Pyrrhura frontalis 1% 0% og G TOT Rhea americana albescens 16 6 4 10 J TOT Rhea americana albescens to) 6 to) (0) to) te) 0 % Rhea americana albescens 38% G TOT Trichoglossus euteles 53 327 63 70 847 176 1156 J TOT Trichoglossus euteles 15 20 0 cf Trichoglossus euteles 28% 6% G TOT Trichoglossus flavoviridis 239 515 231 291 161 352 1035 J TOT Trichoglossus flavoviridis 15 120 6 6 % Trichoglossus flavoviridis 6% 23% 4% 1% G TOT Trichoglossus goldiei 12 1176 274 328 571 503 1676 J TOT Trichoglossus goldiei 40 6 40 86 % Trichoglossus goldiei 15% 1% 8e 5% G TOT Trichoglossus haematodus 7747 6940 3629 4779 6206 5156 19770 J TOT Trichoglossus haematodus 745 737 297 549 545 424 1815 % Trichoglossus haematodus 10% 11% 8% 11% 9% 8% 9% G TOT Geochelone chilensis 3034 5827 659 985 6 1 1651 J TOT Geochelone chilensis 361 72 (0) 300 0 0 300 % Geochelone chilensis 12% 1% 30% 18% G TOT Geochelone pardalis 191 48 1676 2057 5913 4610 14256 J TOT Geochelone pardalis 16 12 73 27 465 1402 1967 % Geochelone pardalis 8% 25% 4% 13% 8% 30% 14% G TOT Malacochersus tornieri 1 65 931 2579 1741 5316 J TOT Malacochersus tornieri 34 104 275 413 % Malacochersus tornieri 4% 4% 16% 8% G TOT Podocnemis expansa 2 oO J TOT Podocnemis expansa 2 ) % Podocnemis expansa 100% G TOT Testudo graeca 41562 11015 332 2002 20922 4599 27855 J TOT Testudo graeca (0) 0) 3 to) 4 39 46 % Testudo graeca 1% 0% 1% o% G TOT Testudo hermanni 14397 7384 13378 58 2080 35 18651 J TOT Testudo hermanni 220 10 43 io} to} 10 53 % Testudo hermanni 2% ory ory 29% ok} ; tudo rsfieldi1 59866 40335 24016 5 6 2057 44674 J eado horsrieldii 50 0) iv) 0) 4 93 97 % Testudo horsfieldii 0% 5% 0% o& G TOT Caiman crocodilus 5904 259 4159 3416 652 1039 9266 J TOT Caiman crocodilus 32 1 30 76 ie) 82 188 % Caiman crocodilus 1% og 1% 2% 8s 2% Table 1 Imports of significant trade species to Japan (Live animals only) UA UA #CUD UD PUD PUD PUD €©UD €PUD €©UD PUD PUD PUD eM UM eG 8AM eG YU GQ #6Ua Crocodylus porosus Crocodylus porosus Crocodylus porosus Chamaele Chamaele Chamaele Chamaele: Chamaele Chamaele Iguana i Iguana i Iguana i Phelsuma Phelsuma Phelsuma Phelsuma Phelsuma Phelsuma Phelsuma Phelsuma Phelsuma Phelsuma Phelsuma Phelsuma Tupinamb: Tupinamb Tupinamb Varanus Varanus Varanus Varanus Varanus Varanus Varanus Varanus Varanus Varanus Varanus Varanus oO gracilis © gracilis Oo gracilis © jacksonii Oo jJacksonii © jJacksonii guana guana guana cepediana cepediana cepediana dubia dubia dubia laticauda laticauda laticauda madagascariensis madagascariensis madagascariensis is spp. is spp. is spp. exanthematicus exanthematicus exanthematicus indicus indicus indicus niloticus niloticus niloticus salvator salvator salvator Boa constrictor Boa cons Boa cons Eunectes Eunectes Eunectes Eunectes Eunectes Eunectes Python c python co Python c trictor trictor murinus murinus murinus notaeus notaeus notaeus urtus urtus urtus Python molurus Python molurus Python molurus Python reticulatus Python r eticulatus Python reticulatus Python s python 8 Python s ebae ebae ebae Ornithoptera caelestis Ornithoptera caelestis Ornithoptera caelestis 250 0 110824 1027 1% 656 ie) 247 i) 66 2232 300342 3877 1% Imports of significant trade species to Japan (Skins, plates and sides) Species Unit Term 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Tot 85-8 G TOT Colobus polykomos skins 307 30 10 1 245 256 J TOT Colobus polykomos skins o g Colobus polykomos skins G TOT Conepatus humboldtii plates 1652 2 19 1 22 J TOT Conepatus humboldtii plates 8 8 ry Conepatus humboldtii plates 42% 36% G TOT Conepatus humboldtii skins 5239 1390 2567 1217 1562 1236 6582 J TOT Conepatus humboldtii skins 8 1 1 FY Conepatus humboldtii skins 08 08 08 G TOT Dusicyon culpaeus skins 1180 345 187 116 97 64 464 J TOT Dusicyon culpaeus skins 1 oO 3 Dusicyon culpaeus skins 08 G TOT Dusicyon griseus plates 17178 66 420 4564 8034 6638 19656 J TOT Dusicyon griseus plates oO % Dusicyon griseus plates G TOT Dusicyon griseus skins 287910 127772 96014 202870 165870 50058 514812 J TOT Dusicyon griseus skins 2 120 24 4 18 46 ry Dusicyon griseus skins Cr} 0g 0% 0% 0% ot G TOT Equus zebra hartmannae skins 208 419 749 708 821 509 2787 J TOT Equus zebra hartmannae skins 1 4 8 34 46 % Equus zebra hartmannae skins ry 13 1% 7% 2% G TOT Felis geoffroyi plates 1 73 73 J TOT Felis geoffroyi plates o % Felis geoffroyi plates G TOT Felis geoffroyi skins 98370 25687 2301 12501 39595 17220 71617 J TOT Felis geoffroyi skins 1 60 60 % Felis geoffroyi skins 08 og og G TOT Felis lynx plates 217 5 1986 574 172 2732 J TOT Felis lynx plates 62 62 % Felis lynx plates 11% 2% G TOT Felis lynx skins 2768 6612 14564 21513 10070 12702 58849 J TOT Felis lynx skins 3 202 377 227 655 1461 % Felis lynx skins 0% 1% 2% 2% 5% 2% G TOT Felis lynx canadensis plates 131 49 117 233 53 75 478 J TOT Felis lynx canadensis plates 42 42 8 Felis lynx canadensis plates 56% 9% G TOT Felis lynx canadensis skins 31863 15351 11912 8587 5546 7119 33164 J TOT Felis lynx canadensis skins 140 1 68 1 80 149 % Felis lynx canadensis skins os oe 1% 0% 1% 0% G TOT Felis lynx lynx skins 116 38 17 17 J TOT Felis lynx lynx skins 18 0 % Felis lynx lynx skins 47% G TOT Felis pardalis plates 52 6 58 J TOT Felis pardalis plates 50 50 % Felis pardalis plates 96% 86% G TOT Felis pardalis skins 69532 4736 1420 674 346 207 2647 J TOT Felis pardalis skins 80 7 120 89 209 % Felis pardalis skins 0¢ o¢ 8t 13% 8% G TOT Felis tigrina kg skins 606 oO J ToT Felis tigrina kg skins 606 0 % Felis tigrina kg skins 100% G TOT Felis wiedii plates 5 5 J TOT Felis wiedii plates 5 5 % Felis wiedii plates 100% 100% G TOT Felis wiedii skins 8590 4657 308 2534 33 19 2894 J TOT Felis wiedii skins 14 14 % Felis wiedii skins 18% 08 G TOT Lama guanicoe skins 5014 4779 539 4065 9247 2257 16108 J TOT Lama guanicoe skins 1 57 91 148 % Lama guanicoe skins ck} 11% 4% 1% G TOT Lama guanicoe kg skins 150 6432 6582 J TOT Lama guanicoe kg skins 6432 6432 % Lama guanicoe kg skins 100% 98% G TOT Manis crassicaudata skins 706 ve} J TOT Manis crassicaudata skins 700 i) % Manis crassicaudata skins 99% G TOT Manis javanica skins 13461 9446 35140 27196 12953 6615 81904 J TOT Manis javanica skins 460 1920 13751 12279 6079 6614 38723 $ Manis javanica skins 3% 20% 39% 45% 47% 100% 47% G TOT Manis pentadactyla skins 7 4107 2498 1335 3833 J TOT Manis pentadactyla skins 3) 1000 1000 % Manis pentadactyla skins 1% 30% 26% 3 TOT Rhea americana albescens akins 2637 75) 26 22480 2513 5890 65469 J ToT Rnea americana alsescens skins 17572 340390 Sio62 & Rhea americana albescens skins 90% 89% 79% G TOT Rhea americana a kg skins 11033 18658 9477 9477 J TOT Rhea americana a kg skins 11026 18658 9477 9477 g Rhea americana a kg skins 100% 100% 100% 100% Table 2 Imports of significant trade species to Japan (Skins, plates and sides) UD UD UD e©GQ #GQA eH #4 OM UD PUM eG eG eG #4 de gd Ge 88 88 88 88 gg Caiman crocodilus Caiman crocodilus Caiman crocodilus Crocodylus novaeguineae Crocodylus novaeguineae Crocodylus novaeguineae Crocodylus porosus Crocodylus porosus Crocodylus porosus Dracaena guianensis Dracaena guianensis Dracaena guianensis Varanus exanthematicus Varanus exanthematicus Varanus exanthematicus Varanus niloticus Varanus niloticus Varanus niloticus Varanus salvator Varanus salvator Varanus salvator Boa constrictor Boa constrictor Boa constrictor Eunectes murinus Eunectes murinus Eunectes murinus Eunectes notaeus Eunectes notaeus Eunectes notaeus Python curtus Python curtus Python curtus Python molurus bivittatus Python molurus bivittatus Python molurus bivittatus Python reticulatus Python reticulatus Python reticulatus Python sebae Python sebae Python sebae 1366408 583975 43% 280639 490 o¢ 1098374 415295 38% 145237 36 0% 9842 17884 0 43929 8238 19% 117630 16691 14% 478984 35413 7% 1984 1985 1334548 1442867 476543 417377 36% 29% 30812 43487 17075 31858 558% 73% 5662 6571 2571 3132 45% 48% 71541 27544 19720 1695 28% 6% 14315 144460 354701 444517 11 30 og o¢ 1222605 1218678 225954 312918 18% 26% 32517 20892 25331 10643 4000 38% 44419 22530 ie) 253 1% 42204 58303 9710 11023 23% 19% 156486 211414 16382 19181 10% 9% 594895 539529 60800 86641 10% 16% 749 2291 606202 210939 35% 41692 17720 43% 6125 1347 22% 26639 (¢) 44230 12 o8 302790 1216340 331033 27% 25591 6829 19110 2 0% 83922 13774 16% 54357 6526 12% 572204 62766 11% 19704 464440 151336 33% 39067 24798 63% 8431 3610 43% 2870 te) 713530 1173 o8 1880726 662386 35% 4919 10759 7160 1 o& 77293 12101 16% 73730 14142 19% 738171 142459 19% 13470 692460 299691 43% 34807 23400 67% 10259 6347 62% 500 te) 76461 722532 16947 2% 1616358 513550 32% 1403 15505 204 1% 19839 te) 172203 7580 4% 55132 17602 32% 767306 121075 16% 55166 3 ot 3205969 1079343 34% 159053 97776 61% 31386 14436 46% 57553 1695 3t 269448 102 0% 2183369 18150 1% 5932102 1819887 31% 52805 0) 391720 44478 11% 394634 57451 15% 2617211 412942 16% 90632 3 og Table 3. Factors used to convert quantities of skins reported in units of length, area or weight to numbers of skins. Crocodilians Varanus niloticus [Varanus (other spp) aos [02s | | Boa a ae [Bunectes murinus ots [2a | ia a Python molurus 0.25 Python reticulatus Python sebae - pete ge 12: | ame [Crocodyius novaeg. ssp | 13% [02s || ae | Crocodylus porosus 2.47 oe ican 0.25 0.04 | 0.25 oe Dixon et al. 1988. Macaca fascicularis Crab-eating Macaque Since 1985, Japan has accounted for 11% of the recorded world trade in live Macaca fascicularis. The highest trade was in 1988 when Japan imported 3943 monkeys, 16% of the world total. Most of the world’s trade originates in Indonesia and the Philippines, but in recent years Japan has been importing relatively greater quantities from the Philippines where there is a large captive-breeding facility. Indonesia imposes capture quotas for M. fascicularis, the annual quotas being 10 000, 8 500, 14 125 and 13 000 for the years 1985, 1987, 1989 and 1990 respectively. Trade in Macaca fascicularis was classified as "no problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Broad et al. 1988). Levels of trade have not increased substantially since that date, although the net trade originating in Indonesia has exceeded the capture quotas in some years. The captive-breeding facility in the Philippines was reported to be intending to increase its capacity (Broad et al., 1988), but virtually all of the Macaca fascicularis originating in the Philippines imported to Japan were reported to be wild-collected. It is not known what impact this level of trade would have on wild populations in the Philippines. Reported countries of origin of live Macaca fascicularis derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. ee i eer tg e— a ee ee Se te co ae aca al pie log Fesey POR) sams | 0 wunala wel wo dil tard eto a Rs hsb gle al ci Kalen oD se a ls re a 22 ed ch ak Fo PO cl ci RT ih a ac nao Ci PR oe ah 0 Seer Singapore 1352 | 1393 =| alee Do TOTAL 29496 25698 | 26221 | 27707 | 26779 IMPORTS TO JAPAN ii a RI fiicoets ws | ows [es | or |e | nn) nl liana wi ara oso a | Sa Propped as | we | oe | ts | tn [as mg PRT To hoor i ne aad CE bee Saguinus labiatus Red-chested Tamarin Since 1985, Japan has accounted for 31% of the recorded world trade in live Saguinus labiatus. Trade has been at a fairly low level: a maximum of 47 animals (90% of world trade) was imported to Japan in 1984. In 1984, 77% of the small trade in this species originated in Bolivia; however, an export ban was implemented in Bolivia during 1984 and there were no recorded exports from Tange states until 1988 when 25 animals were exported from Peru. Trade in this species was classified as a "possible problem" in the previous review of significant trade in ey II species (Broad et al. 1988). This was due to a substantial ‘rade irom Bolivia, peaking at 2052 in 1981. If the exports trom Peru remain at a low level it is unlikely that this ‘species will be threatened by the trade. 10 Reported countries of origin of live Saguinus labiatus derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. eC a hb aA ree Bata ob i al ceca ato a fre fi cf aa Nm a eo Beerta Th TP 1) ae ta ere 1 | | oe | ee us| 0 | ancl [onternewm | [| «] »] 3] 3 ay a a | To a a ae ew fitted fe Saimiri sciureus Squirrel Monkey Since 1985, Japan has accounted for 29% of the recorded world trade in live Saimiri sciureus. The highest trade was in 1988 when Japan imported 1520 animals, 46% of the world total. From 1984 onwards most (83%) of the world’s trade has originated in Guyana. Guyana imposes export quotas for this species, the annual quota being 3000 in 1987/88. Trade in Saimiri sciureus was classified as a "possible problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Broad et al. 1988). Levels of trade have 11 fluctuated since then, but there has been no overall increase. Reported countries of origin of live Saimiri sciureus derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. Bolivia ea Si) s aA = ee Bolivia 12 cunvmom | 2] | | |_| | Agapornis personata Yellow-collared Lovebird Since 1985, Japan has accounted for 38% of the recorded world trade in live Agapornis personata. The highest trade was in 1985 when Japan imported 4068 birds, 61% of the world total. Tanzania is effectively the only range state for this species and a ban on export from that country was implemented in March 1984. Most of the trade during the period 1985-1988 was reported as originating in Taiwan (49%) and the Netherlands (28%). The species is regularly bred in captivity, but not in sufficient numbers to account for the 10 272 birds traded in 1988. It is likely that some re-exportation of illegally captured birds is involved. Trade in Agapornis personata was classified as a "possible problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Inskipp et al. 1988). Although trade has decreased from the peak of 17 119 in 1982 it is still far higher than the level expected for a species that should be available only from captive-bred stocks. Reported countries of origin of live Agapornis personata derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. WORLD TRADE 1983 1985 1986 1987 [2:7 sesame le) a mle wel oe lear a reer ene a 9 el 15 Loriculus galgulus Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot Since 1985, Japan has accounted for 16% of the recorded world trade in live Loriculus galgulus. The highest trade was in 1985 when Japan imported 1700 birds, 38% of the world total. Most of the world trade originates in Malaysia (89%), although in |987 Indonesia and Thailand contributed 6.7% and 11.7% respectively. Indonesia imposes capture quotas for Loriculus galgulus, the annual quotas being 3000, 300, 300, 900 and 1000 for the years 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989 and 1990 respectively. Trade in Eos bomea was classified as "no problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Inskipp et al. 1988). Trade in 1986 was more than double the 1985 level; in 1987 it remained high but dropped again in 1988. The status of the species in Malaysia requires clarification, especially if exports continue at the 1986/87 level. Reported countries of origin of live Loriculus galgulus derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. ES ————— [comune | | =f | | | | Hidonesta ve | ett] eet a — 200 | 5992 | eo jMatayia | g00 | 700 | saa | ons | 71s | 3080 | ence |_| [rans |e | w | | | aos |_| ii ha gl aa Pass EL | mm | vom | io | | Lorius garrulus Chatt. ing Lory Since 1985, Japan has accounted for 19% of the recorded worid trade in live Lorius garrulus. The highest trade was in 1988 when Japan imported 2479 birds, 34% of the world total. 16 Indonesia is the only range state for the species and virtually all of the recorded trade originates there. Indonesia imposes capture quotas for Lorius garrulus, the annual quotas being 5000, 2600, 2600, 5125 and 4000 for the years 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989 and 1990 respectively. Trade in Lorius garrulus was classified as a "possible problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Inskipp et al. 1988). Levels of trade have fluctuated since then, but have not shown an overall increase. Indonesian capture quotas were exceeded in 1987 and 1988, in the latter year by 182%. Indonesian quotas for this species should be defined at island level instead of at province level, and its status should be determined on each of the eight islands that it inhabits. Reported countries of origin of live Lorius garrulus derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. Fee tn TOTAL pamISEa 5101 | 2046 3373 5389 7379 IMPORTS TO JAPAN aN commommom | | | |.) _| 17 aa aa [aT a a a Rg aes nal Deal Gah Oe eee [redecorate aya tate susie ni patton tan iat 5» ScrungOal liek EG i a ee | Psittacula roseata Blossom-headed Parakeet Since 1985, Japan has accounted for 11% of the recorded world trade in Posittacula roseata. The highest trade was in 1988 when Japan imported 2756 birds, 32% of the world trade. Until 1987 Thailand was virtually the only exporter of this species. However, in that year Viet Nam emerged as the major exporter (79%), and remained important in 1988 (59%). Trade in Psittacula roseata was classified as a "possible problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Inskipp et al. 1988). The trade in 1987 was 37 times greater than that in 1986. There is virtually no recent information about the status of the species in Viet Nam. This should be clarified if the present level of trade continues. Reported countries of origin of live Psittacula roseata derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. WORLD TRADE 1983 1985 1986 1987 Singapore IMPORTS TO JAPAN ae | eo ek cc A lB sn el sn cf tf 3 af doa SS lal ie in i ins ies Se ee le Geochelone chilensis Chaco Tortoise Since 1985, Japan has accounted for 18% of the recorded world trade in live Geochelone chilensis. The highest trade was in 1983 when Japan imported 1361 animals, 12% of the world total. Almost all recent trade originates in Argentina. Trade in Geochelone chilensis was classified as a "problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Luxmoore ef al. 1988). Recorded trade decreased from 5827 in 1984 to 1 in 1988. Unless it increases again substantially trade cannot be regarded as a threat to the species. Reported countries of origin of live Geochelone chilensis derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. RST Ee fe [Res ee rer perm lagi | ef om | es] me iS a a Ea EO CA RT ppermesi| |e Us | alee Ecce ye ee 0 ee a A IMPORTS TO JAPAN ee ie (es oe ene Gi a 19 Geochelone pardalis Leopard Tortoise Since 1985, Japan has accounted for 14% of the recorded world trade in live Geochelone pardalis. The highest trade was in 1988 when Japan imported 1402 animals, 30% of the world total. Almost all trade originates in Tanzania, where the species is totally protected under the Wildlife Conservation (National Game) Order, 1974. Trade in Geochelone pardalis was classified as a "possible problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Luxmoore et al. 1988). Only 12 animals were recorded in trade in 1982 but this increased to 5913 in 1987. Clarification of the protected status of the species in Tanzania is required, along with an update on its status in that country. Reported countries of origin of live Geochelone pardalis derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. WORLD TRADE 1983 1984 | 1985 1986 1987 ne ee ee (eee "| oo ed ako ll comeyonowm ff aff} 3 Tanzania, UR Piaggio fyan | 1497 2049 5751 4556 20 Thailand United States | 1 4 16 Zimbabwe 18 20 Ornithoptera caelestis Since 1985, Japan has accounted for 22% of the recorded world trade in live Ornithoptera caelestis (note that the trade in live specimens constituted 72% of the total trade during the period). The highest trade was in 1987 when Japan imported 456 live butterflies, 18% of the world total. All trade in this species originated in Papua New Guinea, where the species is ranched. Trade in Ornithoptera caelestis was classified as "no problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Luxmoore et al. 1988). Reported countries of origin of live Ornithoptera caelestis derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. WORLD TRADE 1983 1985 1987 | 1988 | IMPORTS TO JAPAN 21 Lama guanicoe Guanaco Since 1985, Japan has accounted for 98% of the recorded world trade in skins of Lama guanicoe reported by weight. All of this trade (6432 kg) took place in 1988, originating in Argentina, and although there is no currently available conversion factor to determine the number of skins involved, it seems likely that a considerable number of animals were involved. Trade in Lama guanicoe was classified as a "possible problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Broad et al. 1988). Concern was expressed that in Argentina harvesting appeared to be unselective and was unlikely to be sustainable in the long term. The situation apparently remains unchanged. Reported countries of origin of Lama guanicoe skins derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. = = —— — —— one 150 a a 6432 ie en | Country Unknown | a ae waa a ae a= — 150 kg 6432 kg Imports to Japan Argentina 1 57 91 6432 kg Manis javanica Malayan Pangolin Since 1985, Japan has accounted for 47% of the recorded world trade in Manis javanica skins. The highest trade was in 1985 when Japan imported 13 751 skins, 39% of the world total. In 1985 most of the trade originated in Thailand (42%) and Singapore (30%), but by 1988, when Japan was virtually the sole importer of this species, the origin of the trade had shifted to Lao (70%), Philippines (18%) and Singapore (12%). Trade in Manis javanica was ciassitied as a "possible problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Broad et al. 1988). Levels of trade have decreased since that date but, given that the species is totally protected in the Philippines and thai its status in Lao is unknown, there is still considerable cause for concern. 22 Reported countries of origin of Manis javanica skins derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. [WORLD TRADE | ies] ser] eas] oes] soar] 003] a el oe ee fStrmasils 009) bate|gcci caiqsl frac B22 [pl enw abet ada of zntetonl eaokaamg EEE 2 PWD aie [lich eae rain ean ens] _ eaorea T ome mcee paeeyee pee ae a fteorepevoR [|| | | mo | | a er |e | ar a | [Sgtoe [eae [| ons [ane | ae ees Posies [os | a [es [a [a J TOTAL IMPORTS TO JAPAN [comnyamm | [||| a=] id [toreonespe P|) | ( Pres P| | es [| | a 2 A 2 a | A 23 Manis pentadactyla Chinese Pangolin Since 1985, Japan has accounted for 26% of the recorded world trade in Manis pentadactyla skins. The t:.~1est trade was in 1985 when Japan imported 1000 skins, 40% of the world total. Trade in Manis pentadactyla was classified as a "possible problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Broad et al. 1988). Levels of recorded trade decreased to nil in 1987 and 1988 which may have been due to more accurate specific identification of the skins involved; much of the trade formerly reported originated in Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand where the species is either unknown or virtually unknown. Reported countries of origin of Manis pentadactyla skins derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. eae ee | [comma | set ef |} |__| [cere ce eG Ea Fa a ( [matoes | oo [me [om [et froma] ew [eer | owe | ost Td IMPORTS TO JAPAN Cc ed sm 6 200 le Ee) CoC Rhea americana albescens Argentinian Greater Rhea Since 1985, Japan has accounted for 79% of the recorded world trade in Rhea americana albescens skins reported by number, and 100% of the skins reported by weight. The highest trade was in 1984 when Japan imported 18658 kg skins and in 1986 when 34090 skins (89% of the world total) were imported. Although this subspecies is apparently restricted to Argentina and most (73%) of the trade originates there, trade is still reported as originating in other countries, particularly Paraguay (in 1986 5% of the Japanese imports were from Paraguay). All range states 24 for this species established an export ban on skins and other products in 1990 (CITES Notification to the Parties No. 574, dated 30 April 1990). However, recently (Notification No. 626, dated 8 April 1991), the Argentina CITES Management Authority has stated that they will allow the export of 90 000 skins during 1991, 1992 and 1993 at an average of 30 000 skins per year. Trade in Rhea americana albescens was classified as a "problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Inskipp et al. 1988). Although trade in previous years was a problem, hopefully the new controls will prove successful in regulating the trade. Reported countries of origin of Rhea americana albescens skins derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. —— Country Unknown a re ee ee Indonesia ==aa== Paraguay 2410 7658 kg 1443 1761 11033 a 9081 car Ste ae =i a oe et Se | United States | States Se — — es — 11033 kg| 18658kg| 9477kg IMPORTS TO JAPAN Argentina 11000 kg 10406 32410 396 kg Paraguay 11026 kg 7658 kg 1166 1680 9081 kg 25 Caiman crocodilus Spectacled Caiman The estimation of the trade in Caiman crocodilus is complicated by the large number of units and terms used to describe the skins. However, using simplified conversion factors it appears that Japan has imported some 34% of the skin trade between 1985 and 1988. The bulk of the world trade recorded in CITES annual reports over this period was reported to have originated in Bolivia, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay and Venezuela. Most Japanese imports are said to have originated particularly in Paraguay, Bolivia and, in 1988, from unknown countries. The latter were re-exported from Singapore which has a reservation on the species and is believed to be one of the major destinations of skins illegally exported from South America. Trade in Caiman crocodilus was classified as a "problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Luxmoore ef al. 1988) and it is still the species of reptile whose trade gives the greatest cause for concern. Reported countries of origin of Caiman crocodilus skins derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. WORLD TRADE 1983] 1984] 1985] 1986 | 1987| 1988 | [ano ie Parente «| ma | eee | am | om | ss | ae | eae eel in aoe Peisanesor | arse | irsoer | aoreu | sore | 20066 [7575 Ce ee tee ee ema ceie [awe] ear ee | a Honduras | 41705 59466 7907 aaa ei Oe oe ae Indonesia 267 26 a eT Ee SC TE aL AL | SN ma a = a nn EO oa ewe [a afar ea wr =F eh an er a | eT el en a eee 1 ena aE AN or fe CT en I) I [onieexagon | aaf | {|} funiecswes | wf fT w]e a > an Mo PP IMPORTS TO JAPAN [awenina [mdm Td [come | | os [ee af ea (| come Uawoon | ew | nr ses [|e | feiswacr [| | me | om fT SSE nd Ra eT se 27 a eee | ae a ESSE AO Paraguay | saare7 | _wsonia | anaes [susie | 9000 | eames | a Ea ahaa ee ee SCS DM pee eg Crocodylus novaeguineae New Guinea Freshwater Crocodile Japan has been the world’s largest consumer of skins of Crocodylus novaeguineae, importing some 61% from 1985-88. Most of the skins have come from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, but a significant number came from Singapore in 1986 and 1987. Singapore started implementing CITES in February 1987 but retained a reservation on Crocodylus novaeguineae. Trade in C. novaeguineae was classified as "No problem*" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Luxmoore et al. 1988) on the basis that the illegal exports from Indonesia could be brought under control. The reports from the FAO programme in Irian Jaya suggest that illegal trade is still a serious cause for concern. The withdrawal of Singapore’s reservation on the species, coupled with continued verification of export permits, could alleviate the problem. Reported countries of origin of Crocodylus novaeguineae skins derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. WORLD TRADE 1983 ieee wml eM Country Unknown Guinea | India 28 a a | es [zm | oo | son | er a (ae | Cae ca aces Em a De Findonesia | __ seid | coon | isos |__| as | me | a EE Sa RN OT ER OI = Crocodylus porosus Saltwater Crocodile Overall from 1985-88 Japan imported 46% of the world trade in Crocodylus porosus, but took 62% of the trade in 1988. Most of the skins have come from Papua New Guinea, with lesser quantities from Indonesia and, in 1988 particularly, Australia and Thailand. The latter were presumably from farms. The population of C. porosus in Indonesia was transferred to Appendix II in 1985 subject to quotas of 2000, 2000 and 4000 in the years 1986-88 respectively. The Papua New Guinean population has remained in Appendix II and the harvest is controlled principally by imposing size limits. Trade in C. porosus was classified as a "Possible problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Luxmoore et al. 1988). The reports from the FAO programme in Irian Jaya suggest that illegal trade is still a serious cause for concern and the population there has continued to decline. Reported countries of origin of Crocodylus porosus skins derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. [wom mae [ws [ ea] ||| GP vf as lace |e aS ie fame || Fa Oe Tf EE EST TALI feos | =] «f | [| __ 29 IMPORTS TO JAPAN Cocuertee lie ia a [samoe | a Varanus salvator Water Monitor Japan is one of the major destinations of skins of Varanus salvator, and imported over half a million skins in both 1987 and 1988. The great majority have come from Indonesia or Singapore. The latter almost certainly represent skins re-exported from Indonesia. Lesser quantities have come from Malaysia and Thailand with a few from China in 1988. The skins from Sudan presumably represent misidentified skins of V. niloticus or V. exanthematicus. Indonesia manages the harvest of wildlife under a quota system, the annual quotas for skins of V. salvator being 241 300, 379 500, 350 000 and 351 000 for the years 1985-88. Total exports have exceeded these quotas in all years and the Japanese import alone exceeded the quota in 1988. In spite of the quotas, it appears that Indonesia has been issuing export permits for greater numbers of skins. Trade in V. salvator was classified as a "Possible problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Luxmoore ef al. 1988). A subsequent review of the trade and status of the species in South-East Asia (Luxmoore and Groombridge, 1990) showed that the species was still widespread in Indonesia but continued to be very heavily exploited. There was no evidence of what effect this may be having on the population. 30 Reported countries of origin of Varanus salvator skins derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. a a a eS SS Se eer a a a = EP cd [Coury Uniaown | awis| msi] _s0| se) wosen| oa] A [aaa A ae ae Pvstgsia iso [ses | on | | oe |r ER ca! a a ES NG oe eee tlie of mee 3000] ro B00) | ie all Is els hun tal aad Pee i ce, oC RAN saison Hi sdtsse An stint tnetnl PPhitippines |r [sae | soos | _sumno.| como | anor (iia a a S| PRP [eee | a MM Mi bai a a a at a a United States a oe es sea a Se TOTAL 1030707 1222605 1218145 | 1215784 | | 1880726 | | 1614836 | IMPORTS TO JAPAN 31 Fc NR PR era tea [coun Gave [ Tnaneie | sro | ana | 0 | 1 | om |e nl es ee ae ee ec Ea lo el Python curtus Blood Python Python curtus is restricted in distribution to Sumatra, Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia and the extreme south of Thailand. Almost all of the skins in trade are reported to have come from Indonesia or Singapore, the latter were almost certainly re-exports from Indonesia. Overall, Japanese imports accounted for 11% of the world trade in skins, but the percentage involved fell from 1985 to 1988. This was due more to an overall increase in the world trade than to a decline in the Japanese imports. Indonesia has imposed a capture quota of 25 000 for P. reticulatus for the years 1987 and 1988. Total exports were very much larger than this in both years. Trade in P. curtus was classified as a "possible problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Luxmoore ef al. 1988). A subsequent review of the trade and status of the species in South-East Asia (Groombridge and Luxmoore, 1990) showed that the species had a restricted distribution in Indonesia and continued to be very heavily exploited. There was no evidence of what effect this may be having on the population. Reported countries of origin of Python curtus skins derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. WORLD TRADE [com Voie [ass | owe | of Ona 1 India 46938 | | Indonesia [375 29357 | 37452) |. 152591 Japan Dpto | 215 i t ' =) Ji=O Malavsia 32 IMPORTS TO JAPAN ae ee ere ee ies [ae [ee | Python molurus bivittatus Asian Rock Python Only one subspecies of Python molurus is in Appendix II, the nominate subspecies being in Appendix I. The majority of the world trade has come from Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia, with substantial quantities from Indonesia prior to 1986. The species is protected in Indonesia and export permits are not normally issued. Thailand listed the species as protected in 1985 but continued to allow the export initially of old stock and subsequently of stock owned by two companies in Bangkok. Of particular concern are the exports from Malaysia in 1988. The species does not occur in the Peninsula, and its occurrence in Borneo is unconfirmed. The appearance of Malaysia as a declared source in 1987 and 1988 seems to be correlated with the introduction of new legislation in Thailand. It is likely that the skins have been smuggled over the border and re-exported from Malaysia. Trade in P. molurus bivittatus was classified as a "Possible problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Luxmoore et al. 1988). The restrictions on exports from Thailand introduced in 1985 appear to have had some effect in curtailing the trade but the emergence of other sources in South-East Asia should be monitored. Reported countries of origin of Python molurus bivittatus skins derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. Cc 33 a aa Le ee a A | el ae ae Le a a See a SS See sa es a | | | See ee Eh ii ell ad | a cnn ca oe Ue a IMPORTS TO JAPAN Ferre AM RE Sears is mall iee || lk « al all EC WS = a [Thailand | 15254 | | 5414 | 12459 | ws oe Python reticulatus Reticulated Python Python reticulatus is traded in greater numbers than any other species of Boid, and Japan imports some 16% of the world’s trade in skins. Most of the imports have come from Indonesia, Singapore (presumably re-exports from Indonesia), Thailand and Malaysia. Indonesia has imposed capture quotas of 100 000, 156 933, 140 000, and 140 000 skins of P. reticulatus for the years 1985-88. The total numbers of skins Soa as originating in Indonesia have exceeded these quotas by a large margin in all years. Thailand was 1ormelly 4 Major source of skins ot P. reticudaius but, in 1985, restricted exports to oid stock. This was responsible for the progressive reduction in reported trade from that date onwards. The trade originating in Malaysia has increased sharply in 1987 and 1988 anu lis May be associated with the ban in neighbouring Thailand. Hither the trappers 34 in Malaysia have been stimulated into catching more pythons or skins have been smuggled over the border from Thailand. Japan has also imported a small number of skins from Viet Nam and the Philippines. Trade in P. reticulatus was classified as a "possible problem" in the previous review of significant trade in Appendix II species (Luxmoore et al. 1988). A subsequent review of the trade and status of the species in South-East Asia (Groombridge and Luxmoore, 1990) showed that the species was widespread in Indonesia and continued to be very heavily exploited. There was no evidence of what effect this may be having on the population but the generally rising levels of trade are of concern. Reported countries of origin of Python reticulatus skins derived from CITES annual reports, 1983-1988. a Cs ese vase [ se [sam [ons | ae [oes | a rs ae a ee RF | ao a a a a | e| ee ee ea A De 35 a A 2 a ca er | eee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee ee Toned Kingtom | ms | [| | 6] a Sm ee | IMPORTS TO JAPAN 5 [coon tatoos [||| |e | a a | | fines [sem [eo [ie [er | SS (a Ea [snmp [| [er [i [am [| a ee a ae 36 References Broad, S., Luxmoore,R. and Jenkins, M. (1988). Significant trade in wildlife: a review of selected species in CITES Appendix II. Volume 1: Mammals. IUCN, Gland, and the Secretariat of CITES, Lausanne, Switzerland. 183 pp. Dixon, A., Milliken, T. and Tokunaga, H. (1988). Japanese imports of crocodile and alligator skins, 1970 - July 1986. In: International Alligator and Crocodile Trade Study. A collection of papers on the international trade in crocodilian skins compiled under contract by the Wildlife Trade Monitoring Unit of IUCN’s Conservation Monitoring Centre and TRAFFIC (Japan). Ashley Associates, Inc., Tallahasee, Florida and [UCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK, pp 67-168. Groombridge, B. and Luxmoore, R. (1990). Pythons in South-East Asia: a review of distribution, status and trade in three selected species. Unpublished report to the CITES Secretariat. Inskipp, T., Broad, S. and Luxmoore, R. (1988). Significant trade in wildlife: a review of selected species in CITES Appendix II. Volume 3: Birds. YUCN, Gland, and the Secretariat of CITES, Lausanne, Switzerland. 351 pp. Luxmoore, R., Groombridge, B. and Broad, S. (1988). Significant trade in wildlife: a review of selected species in CITES Appendix II. Volume 2: Reptiles and invertebrates. IUCN, Gland, and the Secretariat of CITES, Lausanne, Switzerland. 306 pp. Luxmoore, R. and Groombridge, B. (1990). Asian monitor lizards: a review of distribution, status, exploitation and trade in four selected species. CITES, Lausanne, Switzerland. 195 pp. Acknowledgements The data used in this report were prepared with assistance from Helen Corrigan, Samantha Emmerich and Duncan Mackinder. ai ae ” i a . AY r . \ o~ one er . i si a) é ( 4 o ij if ' . n ee UES Ne 7 ; a) Ui Layee 3 ey 7) é / , , ; r ‘ i ri Mi ot 7" Acie, Pe oe wap Gi x s 4 ; i gy git he ry) f al ee i yi i ae h 1 i it ‘4 jl ae Ah SELAPRAMEIA ASS SAVED HONS BVAR Eta ! : d Hdl ; I \ nti rreanye | eh hal t i ons alii hy hi wth Ate! he Nels Ta: , ly hi i val ' Lear + 4 y Qe wt AR Dd Te oe oe vera aay, Colle 1A, th farts ¥h aye ry DOE Diaby benvnd poneained 2S Te tors c1nst > / vO em ORT TT) Va oes COMES). 2h yabbricis PHL ATS aR Ra MAY BIT ney Stet ee oT i 4a * oo hkl (Nigel [ i sf | r i int i } i ’ [ei ifm i i h sn 2 ik Pi ’ Hye (a AVA GED by Shot (ruaal repeats ‘(hr Peageaisgaaney . ot gery “ he hare re pt a cia ut] bog donee Ve OTT. Lea ellenne o ~*~ i) — nad 2 é t wie fete, S € a ees: . ys $e): | thes