2 Smithsonian = Institution Y Libraries

From the Library of

DR. BRIAN KENSLEY

JOURNAL

OF THE

FISHERIES BUREAU

Ao Vl Now 4

K. KISHINOUYE—JAPANESE SPECIES OF THE

~~

GENUS PENAEUS

(Bie 121)

1th GD jd <A PRINTED BY M HOTTA, 6 YAMASHIROCHO

1900

} Nee ae Np で

JAN112006 //

JAPANESE SPECIES OF THE GENUS Penaeus.

K. KISHINOUYE.

With PI, I—IX.

Prawns belonging to the genus /ezaeus are the most important crustaceans in Japan. They are highly prized and extensively used as food and bait and dried prawns annually exported to China amount to about 900,000 kilogrammes in weight and about 200,000 yen in value. The dried prawns almost exclusively belong to the genus Penacus,

Prawns live in inshore waters, especially in bays and inlets of sandy or muddy bottom, mostly in the depth of less than 60 metres. They are very abundantly captured with small trawls, dredges, fyke- nets, etc, in the Inland Sea, Bay of Ise, Bay of Tokyo and many other places round our coast. However, they are scarce on. the coast of the Japan Sea and on the northeastern coast, so that they seem to prefer warm water.

Prawns generally feed on living or dead animals, such as Crustacea (Gammarus, POE, etc), Vermes, Echinoderms, Mollusca (especially small immature Gastropoda and ‘Lamellibranchiata) and sometimes fish. Some species, especially Pexaeus Foynert. prefer microspical algae; The shell of such species is soft. When they are kept alive in ponds, they attack and devour each other, In such cases newly moulted creatures easily fall the victim.

The growth, of prawns is very rapid, Small prawns reach matu-

Sa \.* >. | い

2

rity when one year old, and most of them, I believe, die out after spawning. Large prawns such as /enaeus canahciulatus, P. seneesiteetits, etc reach maturity after two years and they do not die after spawning. Some large species attain the size of about 27 cm. i. ee

The male seems to develop more slowly than the female. The former becomes mature and attains the maximum size of growth at a smaller size than the latter. The difference between the biological minimum size and the maximum size of growth is always nearly equal in both the sexes of the same species and this difference is greater in the species which maintain longer life. Generally speaking females are larger in size, have the larger carapace and the longer and more curved rostrum when compared with males.

The ovary is composed ofa pair of long, thick tubes, running from the root of the rostrum nearly to. the tail segment. They give of side branches and the oviduct at the thoracic region, and theré just before the heart they are connected together by a transverse com- missure with each other. Generally they ripen at the end of spring and spawning takes place in summer and autumn. They are very slender, colorless and nearly transparent when their reproductive ele- ments are immature; but when these elements gradually begin to ripen they become opaque and yellowish in color and finally become rich green in color and increase in thickness. Eggs are discharged from time to time as they ripen. The oviducts are extremely short and thin-walled.

The testis is a furcated horseshoe shaped gland in the thoracie

region. It lies partly surrounding and partly beneath the heart. The

gland is flat, colorless and translucent.

Some species have a spermatophore at the end of the ductus ejacu- Jatorius. In Penacus canaticulatus, P. ashiaka and P. curutrostris males have always a pair of spermatophores and copulate throughout the

year. Immature females not unfrequently coftain spermatophores or

3

masses of spermatozoa in the seminal receptacle. And those species, living more than one year, copulate soon after spawning. Young but mature males have very small spermatophores (ca. 5 mm. in case of Penaeus canaliculatus); but 1 do not yet find such small spermatophores received by females. The spermatophore, produced on the right side of the animal is transferred to the right side of the seminal receptacle. The part of the spermatophore which lies nearest to the genital open- ing will lie in the seminal receptacle also near its opening.

In some species the spermatophore has an appendge. It is most remarkably developed in Penaeus canalicilatus. It was first described and figured by Spence Bate in the Challenger Report; but his observa- tion was only superficial. In P. canahculatus the appendage is wing- shaped: When it is taken out from the end of the ductus ejaculatorius, it is flesh-colored; but the color changes gradually to greenish yellow. Its consistency too undergoes gradual changes. It is very soft and somewhat glutinous at first and becomes hard and inflexible later. In P. monodon, P. ashiaka and P. lattsulcatus, the appendage of the sper- matophore is white, long, flexible and band-shaped. It will protrude out of the seminal receptacle at first, but I do not find it. Probably it will be worn away very quickly.

Penaeus Foyneri does not form a spermatophore; but we find on the external wall of its seminal receptacle a pair of white, leaf shaped ‘bodies after copulation. These leaf-shaped bodies, are, most probably, homologous to the appendage of the spermatophore in other species.

In Penaeus affins similar bodies are formed as in P. Yoyner2, but they are very small and they are not always found on the outer wall of the seminal receptacle. In / curvirostris we find no such appen- dages of definite shape, but only a mass of glutinous body cemented to the depression of the external wall of the seminal receptecle or the thelycum. The hardened mass is semitransparant and yellowish in

color.

Moulting takes place from time to time. It is done by the old crust becoming brittle and breaking away gradually. The entire crust

is) cast away in larval stages only.

Swimming larvae of Penxacus are very widely distributed in shallow waters. They are often found in waters shallower than the place where spawning animals live. I have collected last summer different stages of larvae from Vauplius to the stage of young prawns. They are very minute. In the MWawphus stage they are 1/4—1/2 mm, and in the Zoca stage about 3/5 一 2 mm. Their motion in the water is rather inactive. Larvae of some species in the Zoea stage have many bright pigment cells. These cells generally expand in the dark places and contact when exposed to light. /yvotozoea of some species have a pair of short spines or teeth at the anterior margin of the carapace, just anterior to the rudiments of the compound eyes (Pl. VIII, 4). In another species I found two pairs. of such teeth (PI. VIII, 6).

In the newly hatched JVaupius, we find no cilia on the bristles of the appendage (PI. VIII, 1). In the later'stages of the Vawplhius, the body and some appendages are already segmented (Pl. VIII, 2,3). In the /rotozoca stage the metastoma appears as a paired knob, just behind the mandibles (Pl. VHI, 5). In the JZefazoea stage bristles of the first appendage are not ciliated. The simple median eye is found

in the young prawn stage too (Pl. VIII, 8).

Most shore fishes feeding on the bottom are enemies of adult prawns; and fishes like Clupeidae, Carangidae, etc. do much injury to

swimming larvae.

At present I have 13 species of the genus /ezacus, all from the waters of our country. As the determination of ‘species of this genus

is unusually difficult, I have studied a great many specimens in different

5 stages of development and also in large numbers. Moreover I had a good chance though the kindness of the authorities of the British Museum (Natural History) to examine the large collection of /enaeus in the Museum. From the study of these materials I found that the most reliable point about the determination of species is the compari- son of the structure of the external, secondary sexual organs, the so- called the petasma and the thelycum, though differences of their structure are sometimes very slight in case of closely allied species. The chief deffculty in identification, however, lies in the incompleteness

of original descriptions and figures.

SYNOPTICAL KEY 10 THE JAPANESE SPECIBS

QF PENAEUS.

I. Lower margin of the rostrum toothed, the cavity of the seminal

receptacle single and its internal wall membranaceous. Shell smooth,

having no setae. Spermatophore has an appendage. Vas deferens

short and thick, not much convoluted.

iN

Only one tooth on the inferior margin of the rostrum. Three small spines on each side of the tail segment. Dorsal median line of the carapace is grooved. Grooves running on each side of the central groove reach the posterior end of the carapace. Pereiopoda stout. The posterior end of the inner lamina of the petasma is prolonged and is turned ex- teriorly. Second segment of the first and second pairs of

pereiopoda ha” a spine.

1. Dorsal median groove of the carapace is nearly equal in breadth to the lateral grooves. Lateral plates of the thelycum is not divided and the opening of the seminal receptacle has the shape of a lateral slit. Spermatophore has a wing-shaped appendage. External rim of the pet- asma thick. Anterior end of the inner lamina of the petasma ends with a soft crooked protuberance. Rostrum

8—10 dentate above. の canaliculatius.

B.

7

Dorsal median groove of the carapace is narrower than the lateral grooves. Central plate of the thelycum has a forked, calcified appendage at the anterior end. Lateral plates meet at the median line of the body, forming the sides of the longitudinal opening of the seminal receptacle. Appendage of the spermatophore is a narrow fibrous band. Anterior end of the internal lamina of the petasma does not extend beyond the external lamina. Rostrum 10 or11

dentate above.

IP latisulcatus. 1

Three teeth on the inferior margin of the rostrum. Lateral

grooves of the carapace run only half the length of it. Per-

eiopoda slender. Posterior end of the internal lamina of the

petasma is produced to a short straight protuberance. First

pair of pereiopoda bispinose, the second pair unispinose.

っ So

.Dorsal median groove of the carpace present. Lateral grooves terminate a little behind the gastric tooth. Flagel- lae of the first pair of antennae shorter than the peduncle of the same. Lateral plates of the thelycum meet at the median line of the body. Very minute teeth near the anterior external margin of the petasma. Rostrum 7

dentate above. PP. ashiaka.

Dorsal median groove of the carapace wanting. Lateral grooves are lost near the level of the gastric tooth. Flagellae of the first pair of antennae longer than the peduncle of the same. Central and lateral plates of the thelyeum meet in Y shaped lines. Outer rim of the

petasma is bent, pointed and has some very minute teeth

near the anterior end. Rostrum 7?orS dentate above,

P.monodon,

I. No tooth on the inferior margin of the rostrum. Seminal recep-

tacle consists of two chambers. Their walls calcareous, sometimes

membranaceous. No appendage to the spermatophore. Vas deferens

long, slender and coiled several times. Shell generally covered

with setae, rarely naked.

C. | Dorsal ‘median kiel of the carapace present, but) rather

faint.

No tooth at the anterior, inferior angle of the carapace.

First to third pairs of pereiopoda unispinose. In males the fourth joint of the fifth pair of pereiopoda has a tubercle, the pleuron of the first pleonic segment is notched at the inferior margin and the sixth pair of ple- opoda has also a tubercle. Exterior as well as the interior walls of the seminal receptacle are calcified. Its cavity is divided by a median septum and opens by two slits. Tail

segment unarmed.

5. In females the first joint of the fourth pair of per- eiopoda expands to a disc-like process which abuts just the anterior margin of the thelycum. Lateral plates of the thelycum is flat for the most part. Dis- tal end of the inner lamina of the petasma is a flat process. Distal end of the outer lamina extends laterally. Rostrum serrated to its apex, 8 or 9 dentate. First—fourth segments of the pleon naked.

2/222208 6. In females the first joint of the fourth pai of

9 pereiopoda expands as in P. z72Zzzs. External margin of the lateral plates of the thelycum raised to a ridge. Distal end of the inner lamina of the petasma is large and convex and nearly covers the distal end of the outer lamina. Rostrum serrated to its apex, 8 dentate. Narrow, rrreguler grooves in the shell which are thickly beset with setae.

/2 22200220 7. Lateral plates of the thelycum convex. Anterior end of the internal lamina of the petasma long, narrow and curved dorsally. Apex of the rostrum slender and devoid of teeth. Rostrum 7 dentate.

Shell beset with setae. VE OSHA.

b. First pereiopoda bispinose, second and third unispinose. Walls of the seminal receptacle calcified and its cavity

divided by a median septum. Tail segment armed.

8. With irreguler pubescent furrows. Rostrum 9 dentate.

P. intermedius

Ga Second] joint (ol the jnrst “ands second) pereiopeda unispinose. Seminal receptacle consists of two entirely separate cavities. Carapace with a pair of fissures.

Peduncle of the second pair of antennae with a tooth.

9. Carapace smooth and naked. Rostrum short,

slightly longer than the eyes. No gastric tooth on

IO

the carapace. P. tenellus. ro. Carapace with setae at the upper, anterior part.

P. cornutus.

D. Tooth at the anterior, inferior angle of the carapace. Second joint of the first and second pereiopoda unispinose. Dorsal median kiel is found from the second somite of the pleon ‘backwards. . Lateral spines on the tail segment. Seminal . receptacle consists of two entirely separate cavities. Shell

thickly beset with setae.

d. Petasma bilaterally symmetrical. No spine between

the second pair of pereiopoda.

Ii. Lateral spines of the tail segment very minute, hardly visible with naked eyes.

PP. curvirostrts.

e. Petasma not bilaterally symmetrical. Paired spines between the second pereiopoda. 3 pairs of movable

spines and 1 pair of not-movable spines on the tail

segment. 12. Rostrum broad and short, slightly longer than the eyes. FP. lamellatus. 13. Sixth pleonic segment and the tail segment long,

subequal in length to that of the sixth pleopoda. First joint of the fourth pereiopoda enlarged.

/ velutinus.

PENAEUS CANALICULATUS.

(Pl. 1)

Penaeus canahculatis, Olivier, Encyel. méth. Nat. Hist. vin (1811), MeBdw., bist. Nat. Grust.-4 (2837); de- Haan; Fauna- Japon. Crust, (1849); Sp. Bate, Challenger Rep. Crust. Macrura (1888); Ortmann, Zool. Jahrbuch. Abth. Syst. p. 448 (1890).

The shell smooth, thick and hard. The rostrum slightly curved, 8 or 9, rarely ro dentate above and toothed below. It is a little longer than the peduncle of the first antennae. Continuous to the rostral kiel, there is a grooved kiel, which reaches nearly to the posterior margin of the carapace. On each side of the rostrum and the kiel, there is a groove which also reaches nearly to the posterior margin of the carapace. The flagellae of the first pair of the antennae are very short, almost equal to the length of the two distal segments of the peduncle. The pereiopoda are rather thick and robust. The basis of the first and second pairs of pereipoda is provided with a spine. The telson with three pairs of small movable spines.

The thelycum, the external wall of the seminal receptacle, has the pocket-like appearance externally, as the two lateral plates are yuiteds in thesymedians lime (Pl Wily 7 A, 1B); ihe cavity “of ‘the receptacle is single. The wall of the receptacle, external as well as internal, is not calcified.

The petasma is simply folded longitudinally (Pl. VII, 1). The outer rim is thick, calcified and blunt at the distal end. The inner lamina thin, membranaceous and much prolonged posteriorly and it is differentiated to a free, thick and fleshy portion at the anterior end.

The spermatophore is provided with a wing-shaped appendage

which stretches out of the seminal receptacle in a pair (Pl. VH, 1 C).

AZ

The mature male has a spermatophore always in the dilated end of the ductus ejaculatorius of each side and the mature female carries always a pair of spermatophores in the seminal receptacle, even soon after the spawning.

The color of the animal is light brown or greyish brown with about eleven transverse bands of darker color. The color of the rhipidura is splendid, it is fringed with red hairs and its margin is colored with blue and yellow in succession. Appendages are greenish. Immature specimens are darker and bluish in color (PI. J, 1).

The male reaches maturity when it is 12 cm, in length, while the female matures at 15 cm. ‘The largest specimen examined is 27 cm. in length. “

This animal prefers the sandy bottom. When young it is found in a very shallow water; but after it has grown old, it seeks deeper water, especially in colder months.

Chiefly captured with trawls.

This is generally known under the name of ‘“ kurumayebi.”

PENAEUS LATISULCATUS. Nov. Spec.

(Pita 12)

The shell smooth, polished, thick and hard. The rostrum slightly curved, is armed with 10, sometimes 11 teeth on the upper and 1 tooth on the lower side of it. It is not longer than the peduncle of the first pair of antennae. Three grooves at the middle part of the carapace almost reach the posterior margin of it, as is the case with の canaliculatus ; but the lateral grooves are broader than the median groove as in の caramote. In immature specimens, however, the three grooves are almost equal to each other in breadth. The flagellae of

the first pair of antennae are very short. <A short styliform spine is

っ

13 found at each basisal joint of the first and second pairs of pereiopoda. Three small movable spines are found on each side of the telson.

The lateral plates of the thelycum come in contact with each other ai 人 Mie iamedhienl line. (miamVilbe2ey)) ihe avedian= plate isismalll Vand is partly covered by the lateral plates. At the anterior part of the median plate, there is a protuberance which is divided into two thin, calcareous horns. The cavity of the seminal receptacle is single and its wall is membranaceous.

Nie petasma is simple (els Vil; 2)5 Mts outer “maroin is: very thin and the distal end of the inner lamina ends promptly. The ap- pendage of the spermatophore is soft and band-shaped, does not pro- trude out of the seminal receptacle. Probably it does protrude at first, but it would be worn away soon.

The color is light brown or sometimes greyish, especially in young animals. The dorsal median kiel ‘of the carapace and the same in the fourth to the last pleonic segments are black. There are also some dark marks near the ventral margin of the pleonic segments.

The langest specimen in my collection measures 15 cm. in length.

This is rather a rare species. Specimens in our laboratory are from the Tokyo Bay and Kagoshima.

' This is very closely allied to / canalculalus; but is easily dis- tinguished from it by the shorter rostrum, broader grooves, the lon- gitudinal opening of the seminal receptacle, the appendage of the spermatophore, etc. Also very closely allied to P. caramote,; but the latter has a spine on the coxal segment of the first to third pairs of pereiopoda and the spermatophore has a soft wing-shaped appendage, which protrude out of the seminal receptacle.

As this animal is very’ few in number, it is confounded with other

species and has no special name for itself.

PENAEUS ASHIAKA Nov. Spec.

(Pl. Ill)

The shell is rather thick and smooth. The rostrum slightly curved, 7 dentate above and 3 dentate below. The dorsal median carina of the carapace is canaliculated and extends almost to the posterior margin of tlie carapace. The lateral grooves do not extend to the posterior margin of the carapace, but terminate abruptly at its middle part, a little behind the gastric tooth. The first pair of pereiopoda is armed with two spines (one on basis, the other on ischium) and the second pair with one spine on basis. The telson has no armature.

The seminal receptacle’ (Pl, nVIR 3 AS) 3) B) resembles that, ory latisulcatus, but the calcified appendage to the median plate of the thelycum is wanting.

The petasma (PI. VII, 3) is longitudinally folded. Its outer part is thick, calcified and is furnished with very minute teeth at the anterior margin. The distal end of the inner lamina short.

The spermatophore has a long, soft, band-shaped appendage which is united to the spermatophore nearly with a right angle to its axis.

The color is greyish brown or bluish and about twelve pairs of darker and lighter shades alternate each other. The appendages are carmine red, The second antennae are colored with red and light brown in alternation.

The animal attains the length of 22 cm. The largest male exa- mined is 18.5 cm. in length.

Roughly speaking this species is found along the southern half of our COaSt.

Is known under the names of “ashiaka,” ‘‘kuroyebi,” “kumayebi,”

etc.

15

This species closely resembles / monodon (P. semistilcatus) and is often confounded with it, but differs from the latter by the shorter flagellae of the first antennae and also in the minute structure of the

petasma, color, etc.

PENAEUS MONODON

Geen)

FPenacus monodon, Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst. (1798); M-Edw., lnlist, Neti, Cans, (1827)

Lenacus semisulcatus, de Haan, Fauna Japon. Crust. (1849); Miers, PiOcEZO0l SOC, ps 299 (1378):

The shell thick and polished. The rostrum slightly curved, about 2/3 time as long as the carapace, 7 or 8 dentate above and 3 dentate below. The flagellae of the first pair of antennae are as long as the peduncle. The dorsal median carina of the carapace becomes gradually low and less distinct as it approaches the posterior margin of the carapace and disappears before reaching it. Generally the carina is not grooved. When it is groovéd, the eroove is very faint. The lateral grooves are lost near the gastric tooth. The first pair of the pereiopoda is bispinose, the second pair unispinose.

The seminal receptacle (PI. VU, 4 A) is almost the same as that of P. ashiaka, The outline of the thelycum is oval and its central plate is larger than that of の ashaka.

The petasma (PI. VII, 4) closely resembles that of / ashiaka in the general appearance. The distal end of its anterior end is pointed and near that point we find a few minute teeth. But this part is con: cealéd under a soft membrane.

The color of the animal is dark brown or farély. blackish, | Dar ker and lighter shades of color alternaté each other thus giving the

animal the banded appearance.

16

The animal generally attains the length of is 一 2o cm.

This is a rather rare species. I have collected it from the Tokyo Bay and Bay of Ise,

Is known under the names of ‘“ushiyebi” or ‘“ kurokumayebi.”

This species is very intimately allied to P. ashiaka, so that these two species are often. confounded together. The length of the flagel- Jae of the first antennae, length of the rostrum, petasma, color, ete.

distinguish these two species.

PENAEUS AFFINIS. (GEL V1)

Penacus affinis, M-Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust (1837); Sp. Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 5 series viii, pp. 179—180, Pl. XII, fig. 6 (1881).

Penaeus monoceros, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrbuch. Abth. Syst. p. 450 (1890).

The shell for the most part smooth and thick, ‘The carapace and the pleonic segments posterior to the fourth segment have more or less small, irregular grooves in which minute setae are growing. The rostrum nearly straight, but in the female it is a little elevated at the anterior end. It is 80m 9) dentate toothed touts tip) Wheresicns faint kiel at the median longitudinal line of the carapace and also bet- ween the hepatic tooth and the posterior margin of the carapace. The second joint of the first three pairs of pereiopoda is respectively armed with a spine. Males have a blunt tooth on the fourth joint of the fifth pair of pereiopoda. On the peduncle of pleopoda, there is a shallowd groove, occupying about 1/5 of the breadth of the external side of the peduncle. In such a groove, we find short setae. In males the sixth pair of pleopoda has a tubercle on the peduncle. The telson has many, shallow, longitudinal grooves, grown with setae.

The central plate of the thelycum (PI. VII, 5 A). is low and small,

17 has a small pointed tubercle near the anterior margin. ‘The lateral plates are small and flat. The seminal receptacle is divided into two cavities by a median septum (Pl. VH, 5 B). The ostia to these cavities are narrow and are found with difficulty. Moreover, the first joint of the fourth pair of pereiopoda extends towards the median line and borders the anterior margin of the thelycum.

The petasma (Pl. VU, 5) is tube-like. The anterior end of the in- ner lamina is kidney-shaped, while that of the outer lamina is turned outward. The posterior end of the inner lamina is turned inward.

We find a small, flat, somewhat oval spermatophore in the dilated, extreme end of the ductus ejaculatorius. There is no appendage on the spermatophore; but we find a slender white mass of secretion in the dilated portion. This white mass of secretion is often found at- tached to the central plate of the thelycum after copulation (PI. VII, 5 C). Hence this white mass seems to be homologous to the appendage of spermatophores in other species.

The color of the animal is yellowish or pale green with greenish dots. The margin of the rhipidura is rich green.

Pemalessatiamsthe size of 12 )cm., males)o cm. @emales) receive spermatophores from the middle of July. They spawn from August till October.

The shell of young animals is quite naked, till they grow to the length of about 6 cm. As the animal grows old, setae appear in grooves or hollow parts of the shell.

This species inhabits shallow parts of the bay or inlet only, always in the depth of less than 20 metres.

It is rather widely distributed from the Tokyo Bay to Formosa; but as its distribution is restricted to very shallow parts only, its catch is not abundant.

This species is often confounded with other different species such

as Fenacis monoceros, P. velutinus, etc, as the original description is in-

18

complete. This species coincides with Spence Bate’s figures and des- cription of the type specimens of M-Edward, preserved in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes.

There are many closely allied species.

PENAEUS INCGISIPES.

(ML IW, 2)

Penacus incisipes, Sp. Bate, Challenger Rep. Crust. Macrura (1888).

The surface of the shell rough with irregular, shallow and setae- grown grooves. The rostrum nearly straight and generally 8 dentate above. In female specimens, the tip of the rostrum is a little bent upwards. Continuous to the root of the rostrum, there is a little eleva- tion in the median line of the carapace. Besides this, there is a faint elevation between the hepatic tooth and the posterior margin of the carapace. The first pair of pereiopoda bispinose and the second and third pairs unispinose. In males, there is a tooth on the fourth joint of the fifth pereiopoda. In the pleon there is a kiel in the dorsal median line from the first somite to the last; but it is faint in the first- third somites. An incision in the pleuron of the first somite. The incision is marked in males. The peduncle of the pleopoda thickly beset with setae. The sixth pleopoda has a slight protuberance on its peduncle in males. The tail segment is grooved.

The central plate of the thelycum (PI. VI, 6 A) is laterally compress- ed. It is a little expanded at the anterior end. Each lateral plate forms a crescent-shaped ridge at the external margin. The first joint of the fourth pereiopoda is expanded and meets the lateral margin of the central plate of the thelycum. The wall of the seminal receptacle is thick and calcified. The receptacle is divided into two cavities by

a median septum.

19

The anterior end of the inner lamina of the petasma is very large and covers the anterior end of the outer lamina (PI. VII, 6).

The color is light red or light brown in adult animals and greyish green in immature animals.

The animal generally reach maturity when it is about 12 cm. in length. Well grown specimens measure 18 cm. in length.

The spawning season is from summer to autumn.

This species is very widely distributed. It is found from the Tokyo Bay to the southern end of our empire and also along the lower half of the coast of the Japan Sea.

It is known under the names of “yoshiyebi,” ‘“hozoyebi,” ‘“unadori- Well, Ske

This species inhabits the shallow water like / affinis.

P. monoceros (P. cnsts) of de Haan is probably this species; but the author describes that his species is armed with 3 pairs of spines on the tail segment. /? zucesipes, P. affinis, P. monoceros, etc are often

confounded.

PENAEUS JOYNERI.

(Pl. V)

Penaeus Foynert, Miers, On a Coll. of Crust. from the Malayasian Regions, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 5 series v p. 458 (1880).

The shell thin, soft and with irregular setae-grown grooves. The rostrum slightly curved upward at the anterior end, 7 dentate. Its anterior portion remains toothless and the toothless portion is subequal im lateid wo Unt OF ine eye, Aim median kiel in the carapace is continuous to the rostrum and there is moreover a faint ridge between the hepatic tooth and the posterior margin of the carapace as in ク encisipes. The second joint of the first to the third pereiopoda unispinose.

In males, the spine of the third pereiopoda is enormously developed

20

and is provided with a pointed cap at the apex. The spine is longer than the second joint of the same pereiopoda. Males have moreover a tooth on the fourth joint of the fifth pereiopoda. ‘The fourth joint of the fourth pereiopoda is broad and forms a tooth-like projection. In the pleon there is a dorsal median kiel. It is rather faint in the first to the third segments. The pleuron of the first somite has an incision which is more marked in males than in females. The peduncle of the pleopoda nearly naked, leaving a narrow setae-grown groove. In males the sixth pleopoda has a tubercle on its peduncle.

The central and the lateral plates of the thelycum (PI. VI, 7A, 7B) are almost equal in length. The larger part of the central plate is vertical, but it is horizontally expanded at the posterior end. Lateral plates are convex and their inner margin runs along the entire length of the central plate. Hence the ostia to the seminal receptacle are wide and conspicuous. Females receive by copulation a pair of milky white, leafshaped bodies on the thelycum (PI. VU, 7 C). These peculiar bodies have no direct connection with the spermatozoa, but are at- tached to the posterior, broad portion of the central plate by means of a glutinous substance. This species does not form spermatophores, but the spermatozoa in the seminal receptacle form a nearly solid mass.

The petasma (PI. VII, 7) is complicated. The anterior end of its inner lamina long and bent backward.

The vas deferens long and coiled several times. The ductus ejaculatorius is thick walled and its end, next to the external opening is swollen and is divided into three partially separated chambers.

The color of the animal is pale yellow with numerous small green- ish spots. The external margin of the rhipidura greenish.

The animal generally reaches the size of 13 cm. The largest male I examined was 14 cm, the largest female 15 cm. |

The animal copulates from the beginning of June to the end of

September.

Inhabits the shallow sandy bottom, not deeper than 20 metres. In autumn this species is found to form large shoals and migrates in a bay.

Is distributed in the: Pacific coast of our country from the Tokyo Bay to Kutshi.

Feeds chiefly on microscopical algae.

This species is one of the very important prawns. It is known

under the names of “shibayebi,” “ohzoyebi,” etc.

PENAEUS INTERMEDIUS Nov. Spec.

The shell with shallow, irregular and setae-grown grooves. The rostrum is straight, g dentate, toothed to the apex and is equal in

length to the peduncle of the first pair of antennae. Continuous to

the rostrum, there is a low kiel running to the hind margin of the carapace. The first pair of pereiopoda bispinose, the second and third Pairs unispinose. ‘The first joint of the fourth pereiopoda is expanded and meets the lateral sides of the central plate of the thelycum. The tail segment is grooved and is armed with three pairs of leng movable spines.

The thelycum is much like the same organ of P. zzczszpes, but the external ridge of the lateral plate is low and inconspicuous. ‘The cavity of the seminal receptacle is divided into two by a median septum.

Only two female specimens are known from the province of Tosa.

ンジ ンク

dhey, are) 12 ichisinlensthn: This species is closely related to the group of / afines; but dif-

fers from it by the armature of the tail segment.

PENAEUS TENELLUS. (Bie Nile)

FPenacus tenellus, Sp. Bate, Challenger Rep. Crust. Macrura (1888). Penacus crucifer, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrbuch. Abth. Syst. (1890).

The shell smooth and naked. The rostrum shorter than the peduncle of the first pair of antennae, 8 dentate. The gastric tooth wanting. No median kiel in the carapace. From the orbit, a longt tudinal fissure runs towards the posterior margin, but disappears before reaching it. The second joint of the first and second pairs of pereiopoda unispinose. The pleon is carinated from the fourth somite backward. The tail segment has a shallow and narrow channel.

The central plate of the thelycum (PI. VII, 8A) is large, lozenge shaped and is longitudinally grooved. The lateral plates are united into one piece. The seminal receptacle consists of two small entirely separate cavities (Pl. VII, 8 B).

The petasma is thin and broad, has a pair of transverse horns (PIS Vill; 3):

The color is light brown with numerous brown spots which form indistinct bands. The antennae, pleopoda and the margin of the rhipidura are reddish.

The female specimen attains the length of 7.5 cm., while the male is a little smaller. ,

This species is found rather abundantly in the Inland Sea. Rough- ly speaking it is distributed along the lower half of our empire.

Known under the names of “sakurayebi,” ‘‘akazayebi,” ‘“ gaseyebi,”

etc.

ie) Oo

PENAEUS CORNUTUS, Nov. Spec.

The shell smooth and thick. The upper part of the carapace beset with setae. The rostrum nearly straight in males, but in females it is elevated at the apex and is longer than in males. It is nearly equal in length to the scaphocerite. 8 dentate. Continuous to the rostrum, there is a faint kiel on the carapace. From the orbit a longi- tudinal fissure runs about 2 3 the length of the carapace. There is a kiel from the fourth pleonic somite backward. The tail segment is furrowed. The second joint of the first and second pairs of pereiopoda

unispinose. The fifth pereiopoda longest.

The central plate of the thelycum (PI. VII, 9 A) is large and oblong. The lateral plates are coalesced together. The seminal receptacle consists of two quite separate cavities. They are small and their walls are calcareous.

The anterior end of the petasma is divided into two horn-like processes (ER Villine):

The male attains the length of about ircm., the female about 14 Cm.

Found in the Bay of Ariake, Kushi.

PENAEUS CURVIROSTRIS.

(Pl. VI, 4)

Penaeus curvirostrts, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philadelph. p. 113 (1860); Ortmann, Zool. Jahrbuch. Abth. SYSE. De 451 (TSgoR

? Penaeus barbatus, de Haan, Fauna Japon. Crust (1849).

? Penaeus granulatus, Waswell, Proc. Lin. Soc. N. S. Wales iv (1879).

Penacus anchorahs, Sp. Bate, Challenger Rep. Crust. Macrura (1888).

The whole surface of the shell is covered with setae. ‘The rostrum is straight and short in males; but in females it is a little elevated at the apex and is subequal in length to the peduncle of the first anten- nae. Generally 8 dentate. Continuous to the rostrum there is a faint kiel on the carapace. The antero-inferior corner of the carapace is more or less pointed; but it does not forma tooth. The second joint of the first two pairs of pereipoda spined. The pleon is kieled from the second somite backward. The tail segment is grooved and is armed on each margin with three small spines.

The central plate of the thelycum is lozenge-shaped and concave. The lateral plates are short and small, united at the median line (PI. VII, 10 A). The seminal receptacle consists of two membranaceous secs (Pl. VI, 10 B), having narrow slits for the opening. After copula- tion the central plate is covered with an amorphous gum-like substance (Elo Will, Woe).

The’ petasma is" 1) shaped (PE Vil ro))) he vasideterencme slender and has several coils. The ductus ejaculatorius becomes gradually thick towards the genital opening. Smermatozoa are top- shaped. Some fifty or more spermatozoa are grouped in an ellipsoidal sac or spermatophore. In this species a great many such sacs or spermatophores are transferred to females by copulation. Males have ripe spermatozoa whole round a year.

The color is light brown or greyish brown.

The female specimen attains the length of 12.5 cm., the male 10.5

cm. The female reaches maturity when it is 7.5 cm. in length and the

male when it is 5.5 cm.

The spawning season is from the middle of June to August.

This species is found along the Pacific coast of our country, from the Bay of Awomori to Kagoshima. Captured in large quantities and used as food and bait.

P. granulatus Haswell is very closely allied to this species and is most probably synonimous. The male specimen of P. anchorals Sp. Bated is identical with this species; but the female (Pl. XXXV, I”) is not.

Known under the names of ‘ saruyebi,” “ kosakuyebi,” “ atamabuto,”

etc.

PENAEUS LAMELLATUS.

GEIS NAL. <1)

Penacus lamellatus, de Haan, Fauna Japon. Crust. (1849)

The body plump and is covered with setae. The rostrum short, broad and _ straight, equal in length to the eyes. 9—r10 dentate. No dorsal carina on the carapace. The antero-inferior corner of the carapace is toothed. The second and third joints of the first pereiopoda and the second joint of the second pereiopoda unispinose. A pair of spines between the second pair of pereiopoda. The pleon is kieled from the second somite backward. The tail segment so long as the sixth pleopoda, not distinctly furrowed. It is armed on each side with one rigid and three movable spines.

The central plate of the thelycum is provided with a spine, pro- jecting anteriorly from the front margin. At each end of the lateral plate a blunt protuberance is found.

The petasma (Pl. VII, 12) is not bilaterally symmetrical. The left half is longer and its distal portion is broader than that of the right half,

The color of the animal is beautifully variegated. Most ap- pendages are crimson red.

The animal is about 6 cm. in length.

This species is widely distributed from Hokkaido to Kushn, but

it is few in number.

PENAEUS VELUTINUS.

Ge Wal 3)

Penaeus velutinus, Dana, U. S. Exol. Exp: xiit Crust (1852), Sp. Bate, Challenger Rep. Crust. Macrura (1888).

Penacus affinis, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 304 (1878).

The whole surface of the shell is covered with setae. The rostrum is nearly straight or a little elevated near the anterior end. It is a little shorter than the peduncle of the first antennae. 7 or 8 dentate, toothed to the apex. The carapace not carinated. Antero-inferior corner of the carapace pointed and forms a tooth. The second gnathopoda and the first and second pereiopoda have a spine on the second joint. The first pereiopoda has also a spine on the third joint. A pair of long spines between the second pereiopoda. In females the first joint of the fourth pereiopoda has an inward outgrowth. The pleon is kieled from the second somite backward. The sixth somite and the tail segment long. The tail segment and the sixth pleopoda equal in length.

The central plate of the thelycum (PI. VII, 11 A) has an ellipsoidal protuberance. The lateral plates are coalesced. The seminal receptacle consists of two small widely separated cavities (Pl. VII, 11 B).

The petasma (PI. VH, 11) is not symmetrical, the left half is longer and its posterior end is bent towards the right side while its anterior end has many scale like processes.

The color of the animal is pale red or greyish red.

This species attains the size of about ro cm.

There are very closely allied species, but as their specimens are ew in number, | shall omit their description,

This species is known under the name of “akayebi.” It is very abundantly captured in the Inland Sea, Bay of Ise, etc in summer,

TORO, Ayo Al, wOCO,

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Tales VIE

1. Penaeus canaliculatus. (young female)

2, の . (female) Plane

1. Penaeus monodon. (male)

の 5 5 latisulcatus. (female) a] elie

1. Penaeus ashiaka. (male)

2. Fs . (female) Pl Lvs

1. Penaeus affinis. (ripe female)

2% 53 incisipes. (male) li ONE

1. Penaeus Joyneri. (female)

2, a 人 (male) Pi. WAL

1. Penaeus lamellatus. (male)

2, 33 tenellus. (female)

2, s velutinus. (female)

- curvirostris. (female)

凍 WANE

ューr2. Petasma, represented from the dorsal,

ventral and lateral sides.

IA 一 iiB. Thelycum or receptaculum seminis.

A. External appearance. B. The same, seen from the

internal side, after peeling off the crust. C. The same, showing a peculiar body transferred to it by copula- tion. lu, WANE,

ri. Nauplius, shortly after hatching. 2A.

。 ie with 7 appendages. DIE,

3. Metanauplius. 2A.

ats AOC, BIEN,

5. Cephalic portion of a Zoea. 2D.

6. 0 pip Niksiavoea, 218),

7, JMIGiisyzeau。 2/\,

8. Cephalic portion of a young prawn. 2A.

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Jour. Fish. Bureau. Vol. VIII. Pi VIL.

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THBGBWUSPAGROS

K KISHINOUYE—THE JAPANBSE SPECIES OF

IVI AND 3 WOODCUTS_

THE JAPANESE, SPECIES OF THE GENUS PAGRUS.

isyG

KAMAKICHI KISHINOUYE.

WITH PL. Il—VII AND 3 WOODCUTS.

The present paper, dealing with the systematic work, is intended to be the first part of the contributions to the natural history of tai (Pagrus). The tai is the most valued prime wisi in Japan. it 1% con- ~ sidered necessary in the table of the feast, especially in the case of celebration. - The method: of catching the fish is consequently well de- veloped ‘and its supply in the market is constant. The fish is very delicate in taste. We are not satiated with it, even in the case when we take it daily. It has a magnificient form, with large, strong fins, and beautiful coloration. The wide distribution andthe constant supply of the fish are also useful factors in augmenting the importance of the fish. The following table shows the total quantity and value of the tai

taken from our waters, except Formosa, in each of the past six years,

1895—1900.

Weight in Kwan Value in Yen

汗 TS65 AMS AN 5 2) ii OS

1896 cy may) foo ZO YANN ri,

1897 A 252 147 の の ⑥9 の 97 1898 4 445 846 2 695 830 |

1899 A MO 07 1 3 。36 733

1900 . 5 228° S40), 4 Jog 802

bo to

P A 5 R U 8, Cuvier.

Body oblong, laterally compressed, covered with large scales. Head large; preoperculum entire, operculum not armed. Mouth small, ter- minal and low. Anterior teeth in the jaws cardiform, ‘the outer teeth are large and accute,。 while the other teeth are small and slender. Both jaws have generally two rows of molars. Vomer and palatines are generally toothless. Posterior nostril oblong and larger than an- terior. Fins strong, caudal fin forked. Air-bladder simple, pyloric coeca

few, cheeks scaly.

Four species of this genus are described from our waters—/agrus major, P. cardinalis, P. tumifrons and P. ruber. But the presence of the last mentioned species, /. raber Doderlein, is ambiguous. I can not, yet find any specimen, corresponding to Déderlein’s description, though he writes that it is often found in the market of Tokyo. アア cardinals and P. fumfrons differ in dentition from the type of fagrus. Besides. that difference, however, there is no special mark of distinction—in the external characters, viscera, skeleton, etc. Therefore I classify these

two species in the genus Pagrus as the previous authors did.

PAGRUS MAJOR. (Pl. IV)

Chrysophris major, Temm. et Schleg. Fauna Japon. Poiss. p. 71. pl. 35. Pagrus major, Giinther. Catal. Fish. Vol. I. p. 470; Steind. und Doderl. Beitrage z. Kenntn. d. Fisch Japons. II. p. 19; Nystrom. Bih. K. Svensk. Akad. Handl. IV.

Afd. 13 Bd. D. 12/10. A. 3/8. L. lat. 57 クー 6o L. transv. “8—9/16— 17. Height of the body about +/, of the total length, the length of the

head 1/,; the diameter of the eye lis 7/,-of the length of the head

35 Spinous. portion of the dorsal fin is about equal in length to the remain- ing portion and is continuous with each other without marked demarca- tion in height. First and second spines short, seldom exceed in length the diameter of the eye, third or fourth spine longest. Pectoral fin large, its tip reaches the origin of the anal fin or a little more back- ward. Posterior and lower margin of the pectoral is concave. 6—8 rows of scales between the preorbital and the inner ridge of the pre- operculum. Limb of the preoperculum is partly covered with a few scattered scales in many cases. Pyloric coeca 4. Teeth well developed., 2 rows of molars on both jaws (Pl. VI, fig. 1). Vomer and palatines toothless. Frontals coalesced and solid; their surface nearly smooth with fine strize (Pl. VI). Occipital crest thin and triangular, its upper border is a little thicker at the posterior portion. First spurious inter- ‘neural is sickle shaped and very thick (PI. VII, fig. 1, c). Coloration beautiful. Back reddish, generally with greenish lustre and there are many blue spots. Belly silvery. Iris of the eyes brownish with golden lustre. Upper portion of the orbit blue. Upper, posterior margin of the operculum and the root of the pectoral fin dark brown. Lower part of the caudal fin whitish, tinged with blue, while the posterior margin of the fin is generally fringed with black. In old specimens the coloration is dusky and blue spots are not found generally. Largest fish is over one metre in length and about fifteen kilogrammes in weight. Biological minimum size is about 30cm. Spawning season April and May. Geographical distribution. Japan, from the southern part of Hokkai- do to Formosa; Corea; China. Vertical distribution. Depth of 2o 一 2oo metres. In the spawning

season the fish come to shallow waters of the depth of about 20 metres.

./ This. species is known as- tai, madai or odai. It is the common

Su

and largest tai in the market. Average weight of the adult fish in the market is about one and half kilogrammes. ‘The fish about two kilo- grammes in weight is very delicate in taste and very beautiful in colora- tion. Old fish are coarse in taste and dusky in color.

Food of this fish consists of Mollusca (Lamellibranchiata, Opisthobran- chiata, Gasteropoda, Cephalopoda), Crustacea (Decapoda, Stomatopoda, Schizopoda, Cirripedia), Vermes (Polycheta, Gephyrea), Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, Echinoidea), Brachiopoda (Lingula) and Pisces (Clupea, Engraulis, Caranx, Ammodytes, etc.)、 The fish is very voraei- ous. In one case, I found 56 fullsized sardine and anchovy in the stomach of a fish of about 30 cm. in length.

The fish swimm the shallower strata of waters at night than at daytime. In the spawning season the fish come in schools to shallow and quiet waters. Thus the Inland Sea furnishes a very big spawning ground for this species. Millions of the fish come to the sea through the narrow straits between Hondo and Shikoku. In the sea, thousands of the fish are sometimes caught in one haul of a seine.

The fish spawn in daytime. The egg is buoyant, spherical and transparent. Its diameter is about 1 mm. The yolk is simple with one oil globule which is tinged pinkish The diameter of the globule is about 7/, the diameter of the egg. It is very hard to distinguish these eges from others as there are no special characteristics. It is hatched out in 3 一 4 days in nature (ca 15° C.). The hatched out lava is about 1.5 mm. in length. Eggs may be fertilized artificially.

Captured chiefly by hand-and long-lines. Different kinds of nets and seines are also used; but they are worked in the spawning season only, except some gill nets,

This species was caught by the prehistoric people of our country. A piece of the skull of this fish with a broken end of a spear head,

stuck into it, was found from a shell-mound of Shiizuka, Provinee of

35 Hitachi and is now kept in the Anthropological Institute of the Imperial University, Tokyo, The spear head is made of bone, Such implement of the same pattern is found from many shell mounds. Thus anthropo- logists were enabled by that discovery to know the use of the implement. Whe piece of bone is the coalesced frontals. It measures 8 cm. in length, 6 cm. in breadth and 2 cm. in thickness. On comparing this bone with the skeletons of my collection, we find that the bone would

have belonged to a fish about one metre in length, z. e. a fish of the

B

A. Coalesced frontals with a

broken spear head, stuck in them,

found from a shell mound. Natural size,

B. A spear head, made of bone,

quite similar to the broken one,

stuck in the coalesced frontals.

Natural size.

36

maximum growth, At present it is quite imppossible to see a tai of

such size in a depth of water where the fish can be caught with a spear.

PAGRUS CARDINALIS. | (Pl. 1)

Sparus cardinals, Lacepéde.

Chrysophrys cardinalis, Temm, et Schleg. Fauna Japon. Poiss. p. 69. pl. 33.

Pagrus cardinalis, Ginther. Catal. Fish. Vol. I. p. 470; Steind. und Doderl. Reitrage z. Kenntn. d. Fish Japans. II. p. 19; Nystrom. Bih. K. Svensk. Akad.

Hand!. IV. Afd. 13 Bd.

D. 12/10. A. 3/9. L. lat. 51—68. L. transv. 6—7/13—15. Height of the body about ?/。 of the total length, the length of the head 4/,; the diameter of the veye is */, of the length of the meade

First and second spines of the dorsal fin shorter than the diameter of

the eye, third or fourth spine longest. Distal portion of the third and

Za

SSI

QV Wy SSO NIR

に イブ ジン ニニ ニニ テン

SS

ZX SS グ : ——- きこ

ペ 2 ググ WHALES wy ty Wy) iy) Sy \ yes ッ ジ クッ MM 1 ンク クン クン ング //

Head of a male fish. 1/, natural size.

37 fourth spines are slender and flexible. Pectoral fin long and large, the distal end of which reaches the third spine of the anal fin or much more backwards. Posterior and lower margin of the pectoral concave. 5 or 6 rows of scales between the preorbital and the inner ridge of the preoperculum. Limb of the preoperculum entirely naked. Pyloric coeca 4. Teeth weakly developed (PI. VII. fig. 3). Both jaws have 2 rows of small conical teeth. Outer row has no grinding teeth. Only a few grinding teeth in the inner row. 6—15 teeth on the vomer (PI. V. fig. 1). They are conical, slender and grow in a round group.* Frontals separate, porous like a honey comb, Occipital crest long and very thick, thickest near the anterior end (Pl. V. figs. 1—3). First spurious inter- neural slender (Pl. VII. fig. 3, c). Coloration in general resembles that of の major; but it is much brighter. Posterior margin of the operculum dark red. Iris partly brown, partly silver white. Grows to a length of about half a metre. Fish, commonly found in the market is about 30 cm. long and about 1 kilogramme in weight.

Geographical distribution. Japan, Kiushu, southern coast of Shikoku, northwestern and northeastern coasts of Hondo; China; Corea.

Vertical distribution. Depth of 10—150 metres. This species does not come to shallow water in the spawning season.

Profile of the head of this species is different in different sexes. In the male the occipital crest is rectangular, so that the forehead is very prominent. In the female, on the other hand, the occipital crest is triangular and the forehead is beautifully arched.

Food and habitat are about the same as P. major. Caught chiefly by lines.

Known under various names, such as chidai, chikodai, hirekodai, hirenaga, kundai, hanadai, etc,

* Mr. Takashi Nakamura of our bureau collected an extraordinary skull of this species which wants these vomerine teeth at all. This will be the skull of a hybrid between P. major and P. cardinalis.

38

UL PAGRES TUMIFRONS.

Chrysophrys tumifrons, Temm. et Schleg. Fauna Japon. Poiss. p. 70. pl. 34. Pagrus tumifrons, Gunther. Catal. Fish. Vol. I. p. 470; Nystrom. Bih. K. Svensk. Akad. Handl. TV. Afd. 13 Bd.

D. 12/10. A. 3/8—9. L. lat. 46—49. L. transv. 6/12—17.

Height of the body about ?/, of the total length, the length of the head’ 7/,, the‘ diameter of the eye is */, of the length of the” head: First and second spines of the dorsal fin rather long, compared with those of the two preceeding species, and the second spine is longer than the diameter of the eye. Third or fourth spine longest. Lower jaw is very thick in old individuals, especially in the male. Pectoral fin long,

its tip reaches the third spine of the anal or a little more backward:

Head of an old male fish. +/。 natural size.

So Caudal fin small. 5 or 6 rows of scales between the preorbital and the ‘inner ridge of the preoperculum. Limb of the preoperculum covered:with scales. Pyloric coeca 4. Dentition is very: different (PI. VII. fig. 2). No grinding teeth. Only single row of conical teeth of about the same size is found besides granular teeth. Vomer and palatines are destitute of teeth. Premaxillary long, its length is about twice its height. Front- als coalesced and thick, but not solid (Pl. V. figs. 5,6). Their surface presents many small blunt ridges. Occipital crest high, its upper margin thick and pointed behind (Pl. V. figs. 5—7). Anterior end of the crest is united with the crest of the frontals. Frontals and postfrontals do not meet in one continuous line, but leave a large foramen between them (PI. V. fig. 8). First spurious interneural slender (PI. VII. fig. 2, c). Coloration is reddish with golden lustre. Two or three markings of yellowish color are found at the dorsal margin of the body.* Lower portion of the body is silvery white. No blue spot. Membrane forming the posterior margin of the operculum pale blue. Iris reddish. Fish about 30 cm. in length:and about 800 grammes in weight is common. This is the smallest species of Pagrus in Japan. POOR,

Geographical distribution. Japan, Hondo, Shikoku, HOST gr For- mosa. Not known from the Inland Sea, northeastern coast of Hondo and Hokkaido.

Vertical distribution. 100—150 metres. This species does not come to shallow waters and is always found in off-shore waters.

Lives on sandy or muddy bottom and feeds on Crustacea (Chiefly Grapsus), Echinodermata (Chiefly Ophuroidea), Mollusca (Philine), Ver- mes (Choetopoda) and Pisces.

Caught by lines.

Fish, 20 cm. long, is mature.

* Unfortunately these yellow markings were omitted by the arist in the colored plate, as they are not distinct in the adult fish.

ED の

i a ye vy. ; ? Wey ie F ‘ mi Pay”: a i a Oe

40

_ Known under various names, such as kidai, kodai, makod

dai, kinkodai, renkodai, banjiro, mekke, ete. wilt

EXPLANATION OF PLATES,

Bi

Pagrus cardinalis (Lacépéde). Young female. Natural size.

Toe ae ll

Pagrus tumifrons (Schlegel). Young female. Natural size.

BE ely:

Pagrus major (Schlegel). Immature fish. Natural size.

a Wie

Skull of Pagrus cardinalis, Male. Natural size. Mics i.) SUpEnion view. Fig. 2. Lateral view. Fig. 3. Posterior view. Fig. 4. Anterior wall of the brain capsule, seen after removing the

parasphenoid.

Skull of Pagrus tumifrons, Female. Natural size. Fig. 5. Superior view. Fig. 6. Lateral view. Fig. 7. Posterior view. Fig. 8. Anterior wall of the brain capsule, seen after removing the parasphenoid, to show the paired foramina between the

frontals and the postfrontals.

lel AVAG

Skull of Pagrus major. Natural size.

42

to

Go

Superior view. Lateral view.

Posterior view.

[EI WAU

Bones of Pagrus major. Young fish. Natural size. Bones of Pagrus tumifrons. Natural size. Bones of Pagrus cardinalis. Natural size.

a. Intermaxillary.

b. Dentary.

c. ist spurious interneural.

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