John Anthony’s Flora of Sutherland Botanical Society of Edinburgh FIS\107 ANTHONY, J. John Anthony's flora BPSN2 aa ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN EDINBURGH Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh http://archive.org/details/jonnanthonysflorOOanth John Anthony’s Flora of Sutherland =) is ; : : a ni ‘1 i i i ; & : i oa i ; rm L ‘ (by permission of University of St Andrews) John Anthony (foreground) together with left to right Professor R. J. D. Graham, Professor Sir William Wright-Smith, Mr J. L. Smith and Sir George Taylor John Anthony’s Flora of Sutherland EDITED AND COMPILED BY J. B. KENWORTHY BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH © Botanical Society of Edinburgh 1976 Printed in Great Britain at Aberdeen University Press ISBN 0 903077 01 9 FIS\107 ANTHONY, J. John Anthony's flora BPSN2 aa Contents vii Editorial Note ix Acknowledgements 1 The County of Sutherland 4 Geology 7 Soils 10 Climate 13 Botanical Districts 21 Botanical Exploration 26 Vegetation of Sutherland 32 Notes on the Fungal Flora of Sutherland by Roy Watling 34 The influence of Man in Sutherland 38 Bibliography 42 Reference List of Contributors 43 County Flora 177. Index of English Names 189 Index of Latin Names eg as itt tee i ee . | 5c Cony, 4 finwhndine to maitiieady Tea i ” ae is. os i ee ORY Ad Ayan sda A eee oe OO BPSNE 8a, fet nll ae i Scie , . Ss 4 ; . ea ; i % 1 at I er R , 1 i hey i f 7 i} i ih i ¥ on ; " A ; ‘ ri \ i\ 1 ; f Editorial Note John Anthony died in June 1972 at the age of 78 just at a time when his Flora of Sutherland was almost completed. His interest in the Scottish Flora was a long one stemming from student days in Edinburgh, where he read both arts and science. He completed his B.Sc. in 1926 and that same year he became a Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. After some time in Malaya in the late 1920s he returned to Scotland as an assistant lecturer in Botany, first in Dundee then later as lecturer in Forest Botany in the University of Edinburgh. Retirement in 1958 was for John Anthony the stimulus to complete, what was for him both a challenge and a labour of love, the first county flora for Sutherland. He spent nearly twenty years of his life on this project, assisted for much of this time by his wife. I personally recall him as a quiet, modest yet friendly individual, whom I met from time to time in Bettyhill, the centre of his interests in Sutherland. A retired Army Captain from the First World War, holder of the Military Cross, a teacher, a scholar, an expert on wood anatomy, a man widely travelled in both the Far and Middle East and now the author of a county flora, such a combination of attributes is rare especially in our modern specialised way of life. In compiling John Anthony’s Flora, I have edited and added to sections he produced for the original manuscript. The sections concerned with Botanical Districts and Botanical Exploration are close to John Anthony’s original, whereas the bibliography has been extended a good deal. Both the Index of Botanical Names and the Index of Latin Names have been added to the original script. I am particularly grateful to Mr Donald Paterson of the Botany Department of Aberdeen University for his help in this matter. I am responsible for the sections: The County of Sutherland, Climate, Geology, Soils, Vegetation and the Influence of Man. Dr Roy Watling kindly provided a short note on the Fungal Flora of Sutherland. Photographs are acknowledged individually. Throughout I have tried to blend my style with that of John Anthony. The main part of the flora has been edited and checked as far as possible and a list of authorities is to be found at end of the flora. In most cases the records are somewhat detailed being specific to the parish. While I have checked almost all the records with the Atlas of the British Flora, or with my personal experience of the north coast of Sutherland, I think there are very few doubtful records. In fact, I suspect that some of the older records may be confirmed and extended in the light of more extensive surveys especially in the west of the county. Thus any additional information or correction to the contents of the flora would be most appreciated. I am indebted to Professor C. H. Gimingham for his comments upon the script and to Mr R. Mackecknie and Mr J. Grant Roger for similar services. I hope that the members of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh who have sponsored this flora will feel that they have made a positive contribution to Botany in Scotland with its publication. Colour plates for a Flora are very expensive and I am grateful for the opportunity to use Shirley Poole’s paintings. Permission to print the cover was given by Miss Shirley Poole of Middlesborough and by Misses Jean, Christine and Elsie McKay of Tigh-na-craig Bettyhill. The painting is one of many by Miss Poole to be found in several houses in Sutherland. It took John Anthony a considerable time to compile his manuscript and it has taken me a number of years to produce the completed flora. During this time the Botanical Society of Edinburgh have shown immense patience and have always been in every way an encouragement. J. B. Kenworthy June 1976 University of Aberdeen Vili Acknowledgements I wish to thank : Dr D. Radcliffe of the Nature Conservancy for lists of species mainly alpine from the Western Mountains Mr D. McClintock for lists of species from Durness which he had compiled over a long period Mr A. G. Kenneth of Ardrishaig for lists from the northwest which included new localities and species of Hieracia Mr P. Sell who not only named but supplied a record of that genus in Sutherland Mr J. Dandy who supplied a record of Potomageton Dr Yeo who named all my gatherings of Huphrasia Dr Edees who named the Rubi Professor J. R. Matthews who named the Rosa species Dr Ursula Duncan for her contribution of lists from some remote areas I am grateful to Dr Perring and his staff at Monkswood for their constant interest in my researches John Anthony January 1972 Edinburgh 1X The County of Sutherland From the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean the far north of Scotland is an area quite unlike any other in Britain. Sutherland is a countryside apparently compressed by the sky into the great central plain of A’Mhoine, and a coastline torn to pieces by storm seas. A large county, the fifth largest in Scotland, it suffers from an overabundance of peat and rock. This empty landscape has hidden within it evidence of a time of trees and straths crowded with people. Now the population of Sutherland live in sheltered and fertile areas along the coast; isolated houses in scattered crofting communities. The grandeur of the county is expressed in its extensive horizon. In many places a view of 20 miles is not uncommon. The north coast is formed of precipitous cliffs with only a few sandy beaches. From Cape Wrath to Strathy Point the cliffs are for the most part over 400 ft in height but reach 900 ft on Clo Mor. The two Kyles of Durness and Tongue, each with wide sands and set against a backcloth of high mountains, break this flat northern coastline. In contrast, Loch Eriboll with its fiord-like contours has an isolated beauty of its own and is at the same time one of the greatest natural harbours in Britain. Of the northern mountains, Ben Loyal and Ben Hope are the most outstanding, the former with its steep northern face and central castle dominating the countryside for a great distance around. Even Coldbackie Hill (the watch hill), although only 1000 ft, has imposing conglomerate cliffs rising almost vertically from the sea and commanding a view from the Hebrides to the Orkneys. The eastern boundary with Caithness follows a watershed from Drumhollistan in the north to the Ord in the east. From Melvich to Kinbrace along Strath Halladale, the boundary is one of wild moorland and deer forest. Moving further south, Kinbrace is the gateway to the strath of Kildonan, where gold and semi-precious stones are found. Helmsdale, a fishing port of some repute in earlier times, lies at the southern end of the boundary with Caithness. Along the south-east, bounded by the Moray Firth, is a low flat coastline fringed with sand dunes and one large inlet, the land-locked Loch Fleet. Further north, near Loth, another loch with its accompanying swamp was drained during the last century. In this area ample evidence of man’s influence over some considerable time period can be found in the remains of brochs and chambered cairns on the flat coastal areas south of Loth. The south-east of the county from Brora to Bonar Bridge is the most densely populated area in the county, lying as it does on good soils derived 1 from friable sandstones and in an unexposed and warm climatic zone. Around Golspie these conditions result in good agricultural land and extensive woodlands. On its southern boundary, the county is one of contrasts in scenery. From Bonar Bridge westwards up the Shin valley trees dominate the countryside; many of them planted along the Kyle of Sutherland by the Forestry Commission. The boundary then follows the course of the River Oykell, in its broad valley to a source on the slopes of Breabeg (2670 ft) and southwards along the watershed to the Cromalt Hills (1692 ft). The western end of the boundary enters the sea at Loch Kirkaig after traversing Loch Veyatie and Fionn Loch. As well as crossing a great range of geological structures from the new sandstones of the east to the very old Lewisian gneiss of the west, through Durness limestone at Elphin and Inchnadamph, the south of the county contains a wide range of plant habitats due to a variety of climatic conditions. The west coast and higher hills of central Sutherland are extremely exposed, while the east coast and Kyle of Sutherland are comparatively sheltered. The west coast of Scotland is renowned for its beauty although this is associated more with the counties of the south. However, the coastline of Sutherland has tremendous variety and beauty, from the cliffs of Stoer Head and the glorious white sands of Achmelvich to the mountains of Suilven, Cannisp and Quinag. Many sea lochs and bays along the west coast give a long, tortuous coast- line which is, for the most part, rocky but with wide sandy bays at Sand- wood, Scourie, Clashnessie, Stoer, Clachtoll and Achmelvich. Innumerable islands, of which Handa and Oldany are the largest lie off the coast; some are used for grazing but none are inhabited. The topography of this area is most important for plant life, since any place which affords shelter from the westerly winds can reap the benefit from a generally mild climate on the west coast. In the far north-west of the county lies the desolate and extremely exposed coastline of the Parphe, a highly inaccessible area of ereat beauty and interest. The Parphe was mentioned in Blaeu’s Atlas as having many wolves and later Gordon cites the area as one with an abundance of red deer. The geological structure is one of Lewisian gneiss, covered by blanket peat, with scattered outcrops of sandstone and lime- stone while bare quartzite screes occur on Ben Stack and Foinaven. In the interior, Sutherland is a vast plain of peat, broken only by the isolated mountain peaks of Ben Hope, Ben Loyal and Foinaven in the north; Ben Griam More, Ben Griam Beg, Ben Armine and Ben Klibreck in the centre and Ben Stack, Ben More Assynt and the trio of Cannisp, Quinag and Suilven in the west. The county may be divided into three drainage basins. To the north the rivers drain into the Pentland Firth. These are the Dionard into the Kyle of Durness, the Hope from Loch Hope, the Borgie and the Naver into Torrisdale bay, the Strathy from Loch Strathy and the Halladale which enters the sea at Bighouse bay. To the west three large rivers flow into the 2 Atlantic Ocean; the Laxford from Loch Stack, the Inver from Loch Assynt and the Kirkaig from Loch Veyetie. In the third zone the rivers flow into the Moray Firth. These are the Helmsdale, Brora, Golspie, Fleet, Evelix and the Oykell with its tributaries the Cassley and the Shin. There is a very large number of lochs in the county, especially in the west, vary- ing in size from Loch Shin (17 miles) to mere lochans. They provide an interesting and diverse habitat for aquatic plants, from the alkaline lochs of the limestone districts (also famed for their large trout) to the peaty and highly acid lochans scattered throughout the west and over the central plain. Geclogy A short section on the geomorphic pattern of the preglacial landscapes of Sutherland is included in this flora because in many cases the composition of these older rocks has a dominating control over soil formation within the county. Thus geological formations influence the distribution of vegetation types and individual species. The geology of Sutherland is as varied as anywhere in Europe although much of the variation is found in the extreme east and west of the county, the central belt being dominated by Moine Schists. A most important feature of solid geology in Sutherland is the great Moine Thrust plane running SSW from Loch Eriboll, which separates the eastern Moine schists from the complex assemblage of Lewisian, Torri- donian and Cambrian rocks of the west. The oldest rocks of the area are thought to be the Lewisian gneisses which form the basic rock structure of Sutherland. This structure was intensively folded and metamorphosed to give a denuded surface upon which the Torridonian sandstones were laid down during the Pre-Cambrian. Relict hills of sandstone are clearly seen overlying the Lewisian strata around Lochinver. Early geologists likened Suilven, Cannisp, Cul Mor and Cul Beag to Torridonian ships on a Lewisian sea and this description is most apt. The gneiss, with its numerous intrusive dykes of basalt, granite and basic rocks, is intensively ice-worn, giving rise to grey knolls and ridges, polished smooth and bare, which retain their comparative level except towards their eastern boundary where it rises steeply to form the western flanks of Cranstackie, Foinaven, Arkle and Ben Stack. Innumerable hollows have been scooped out by ancient glaciers and these now form hundreds of lochans, which with the large expanses of bare rock, are characteristic of this formation. In the extreme north, near Cape Wrath, Torridonian sandstones form mag- nificent sea cliffs at Clo Mor. The Cambrian strata, including Durness limestone, overlie Torridonian sandstones. Mudstones, quartzites and grits are also included in this period. Quartzite forms a variable layer up to 500 ft thick in places, capping the sandstones on Foinaven in the south, while forming the sea cliffs of Whiten Head in the north. This quartzite breaks up into sharp fragments resulting in large screes which characterise the landscape. Where quartzite predominates the land is barren and devoid of vegetation. In its upper surfaces this old sea bed is fine grained and compact and has, run- ning at right angles, cylinders of the same material caused by the action of sand worms. This gives the name pipe-rock to the quartzite. Above the 4 4X9} oY} Ul pouolyUEUT soureU soR[g ‘puepIoyynYG Jo Ayunog 7 “buy ALAVINOYD 8B SSOY 189|4 Y907 isWOH ueg aibBeu) 7 siuBiey © ul Ipjoouy-” Aeg <5 Auep|O SHHYSeIPPy aipeay| J O17 : aIBBEI Dy 7 edoy tee wens uag 1981S TAS IES . Auyjes} SSANHLIVD : Ue uag ‘S| epuey WlOg Ayjeys ssauuing 19 FAM neiqyadeg pipe-rock is a band of brown calcareous shale, with thin dolomite beds and flaggy grits up to 50 ft thick which are traversed by dark markings, originally attributed to sea-weeds, and thus named fucoid beds. On weathering the shale produces a yellowish clay, which being lime-rich, has marked effects upon the accompanying vegetation. The upper layer of limestone is grey in colour and outcrops from Durness to Assynt. Cambrian limestones of the Durness area are the thickest in Scotland. They are extremely variable in quality, in some places containing large amounts of dolomite, while in others siliceous matter is dominant. Millions of years later the great Caledonian earth movements forced a mass of older metamorphic rocks, the Moine series, westward over the Cambrian series until a narrow wedge of Cambrian rocks was left exposed to the west of the Moine Thrust plane. This process gave rise to the present geological framework of two areas of Pre-Cambrian rocks separated north to south by a band of Cambrian limestone. The rocks of the Moine series are so called from their occurrence in A ’*Mhoine, a tract of peaty moorland which extends east of the Moine Thrust. From a lithological point of view the Moinian rocks are as monotonous as the Lewisian are diversified. Highly siliceous, flaggy granulite is widely distributed within this series together with finer grained peltic rocks and bands with distorted pebbles from original conglomerates. The flattish areas at 900 to 1000 ft are the remains of planation surfaces with Ben Hee and Ben Klibreck as inselbergs (island mountains) of Pre-Cambrian rock rising from a Triassic desert. This wide tract of country, from Whiten Head to the Cromalt Hills, westward to Strath Halladale and Strath Ullie, is covered with deep peat forming rough moorland and bog. From the Dornoch Firth to Helmsdale there lies a belt of Old Red Sandstone some five miles wide. Traces of this formation occur on the summit of Ben Armine and at Strathy and Tongue on the coast. Ben Griam More and Ben Griam Beg form terraced pyramids of conglomerate. Ben Loyal owes its distinctive outline to the massive crystalline syenite of which it is composed. Between the Old Red Sandstone and the Moray Firth, from Golspie to Helmsdale, lies a narrow belt of the newer rocks forming successive layers of sandstone, shale and limestone. These rocks are overlaid with later glacial drifts and boulder clay. More recent still are the peat deposits and the areas of blown sand which form dunes at many places around the coast. worthy) ven vs (J.B Plate 1 Sedum rosea Roseroot (J. B. Kenworthy) Plate 2 Carex rostrata and Equisetum fluviatale Bottle Sedge and Water Horsetail Soils The complex nature of geological structures, extreme conditions for weathering and the glacial outwash process have led to a wide array of soil structures in Sutherland. Modification of these chemical and physical units has taken place since the last glaciation over a period of 10,000 to 15,000 years. High precipitation and low evaporation in northern climates results in a net downward movement of water. In addition, the influence of man in promoting grazing and burning has modified the vegetation thereby affecting soil development. The soils of Sutherland are dominated by the products of older meta- morphic rocks and are generally acid. The reasons are threefold; the soils are derived from a solid geology which is low in bases such as calcium and magnesium; the rocks are not weathered rapidly; and most of Sutherland is in an area in which movement of water in the soil is predominantly downward. Thus a situation arises that any plant nutrients which are released from rocks in the weathering process are quickly rendered un- available to the vegetation. For large parts of Sutherland the main source of plant nutrition is rainwater. In regions with outcrops of limestone, dolomite, calcareous schists, hornblende schists, caleareous sandstone etc., bases, mainly calcium and magnesium, derived from the easily weathered rock structures, replenish the soil with nutrients and ameliorate soil acidity. Tn such areas the effects upon soil and vegetation are most marked. This feature is very striking all along the edge of the Moine thrust, but par- ticularly easily viewed along the shores of Loch Eriboll between Kempie and Heilam, at Durness on the massive outcrops and further south at Inchnadamph. The contrast with more acid soils is apparent in the absence of undecomposed organic remains in these soils. Much of the soil in Sutherland is made up from organic remains of plants accumulating under anaerobic, acid conditions. The major formation is blanket peat developed as a continuous layer of acid organic material, sometimes formed on bare rock but usually over a mineral skeletal soil — always in areas of high rainfall or high humidity. This layer varies in thickness from a few centimetres to over a metre. The upper part of the peat is made from undecomposed vegetation, usually composed of Trichophorum caespitosum, Eriophorum and Sphagnum spp. in the west, whereas on the east and north coasts Calluna vulagaris and Erica spp. are the contributary species. The former give a dark amorphous peat and the latter a browner fibrous peat. In the west this peat formation can often be 7 recognised from a distance as eroded hags with shining west faces made up from the moss Rhacomitrium lanuginosum. In areas where the topography is gently undulating ground ora, flat enclosed basin, water accumulates giving rise to deeper peat sometimes greater than 10 m in depth. Conditions of this type are found throughout Sutherland but predominate in the north and west, especially in the older gneiss landscape. This topogenic peat is made up entirely from plant remains reflecting in the vegetation layers the history of climatic change in the area since the last glaciation. Layer upon layer of partially decomposed plant remains show the beginnings of post-glacial vegetation with sedges and reeds passing through drier periods when trees invaded the area. Some of the tree stumps in this area, birch and pine, remain embedded in the peat. Birch stumps occur throughout a large depth of peat whereas pine stumps occur usually in one layer but some times as two distinct horizons. Above the tree stumps, dark peat formed from Calluna and Eriophorum is present, reflecting a cooler wetter climate. Finally the uppermost peat is mainly composed of Sphagnum spp. Where glacial debris has been deposited in the straths of Sutherland or on rock surfaces with only a slight slope, soils have developed which show a structure involving three basic horizons. The mineral soil consists of an A horizon from which minerals and in some cases small particles have been removed; a B horizon into which minerals are deposited and a C horizon of unaltered parent materials. This is usually capped by organic debris in various stages of decay in which the name of the horizon describes. the organic matter and its state of decay, litter, fermentation and humus. A brown earth soil develops in association with herb rich vegetation, usually bearing birch forest in the north and east with oak in the west, or where trees have been removed, good agricultural grassland. Here the A and B horizons are indistinct and good mixing in the soil maintains a relatively even distribution of minerals within the soil, showing little signs of leaching. If the underlying rocks are poor in minerals and soil develops in an area of high rainfall, above the tree line or where heather has been encouraged by grazing and burning, then a podsol of some type may result. Podsols are characterised by a leached A horizon from which the sesquioxides of iron and aluminium have been removed leaving an ash grey layer. These compounds, together with other nutrients, are deposited at a lower level within the soil giving either a red stained layer of soil, in the case of the iron podsol, or two layers red stained with iron and black stained with humus particles in an iron humus podsol. Throughout central and eastern Sutherland the thin iron pan podsol with a characteristic well defined layer of oxides, 20-30 cm below a cap of raw humus, is widespread. These soils are easily examined in roadside quarries on the A836 and the A897. Richer soils are confined to straths in the north and east whereas the strong influence of Durness limestone is seen in the west. Rendzinas are 8 soils which develop from highly calcareous parent material as shallow soils dark brown in colour and generally with a low clay content. They form a neutral mull-like humus. In Sutherland they support largely grassland and agricultural land having in general a great diversity of species, both higher plants and cryptogams. Rendzinas are found from Balnakiel in the north to Inchnadamph in the south. On high ground in the east as in the west above 2000 ft the soils are thin and skeletal. These mountain tundra soils have poorly developed horizons caused by weak chemical or biological processes. Such soils are formed under very cold conditions and are composed of angular fragments. In patterned mountain tundra soils the fragments are frost sorted to form solifluction terraces usually bounded by vegetation (Crampton, 1912). The Hamada mountain tundra soils have a continuous layer of fragments with frost sorting absent. Among the more infrequent soils, one is particularly important in the coastal vegetation of Sutherland. At Invernaver calcareous sands contain- ing 2-4 per cent CaCO, are blown by coastal winds to a height of 400 ft above the beach. The calcium is derived from shell fragments in the sand. On this sand, which shows little development into horizons, except for banding caused by fresh additions of sand, Dryas octopetala is probably as abundant as anywhere in Britain. Where springs seep through the sand, calcareous flushes develop in which Primula scotica is to be found. Climate The climate of Sutherland shows a wide range of variability. A striking contrast exists between the wetter, milder, climate of the more exposed and rugged west coastal district and that of the drier eastern and northern shores. In the western coastal zone the prevailing winds during the winter and summer months are from the south-west. These bring abundant moisture from the Atlantic Ocean. Rain occurs on more than 200 days each year. The annual average rainfall is 150 cm (60 in.) while the mean annual temperature is 10°C (50°F). The lowlands on the Moray Firth coast lie in the dry belt of eastern Scotland; the average annual rainfall is 77 cm (31 in.). During the spring and early summer cold northerly and north- easterly winds prevail, often bringing sea-fog. The mean annual tem- perature is 6-2°C (45°F). A further difference is in the range of temperature. In the west the January mean is 6-2°C (45°F) and that of July 12-2°C (54°F). The comparative figures for the east are, January 3:3°C (38°F) and July 14°C (57°F). In the north coastal region, as in the east, cold northerly and north-easterly winds blow during the spring and early summer; the average rainfall is 90cm (36in.) and the mean annual temperature 6-2°C (45°F). In all coastal areas snow seldom lies long and the winters are comparatively mild for these latitudes. In the interior, however, the climate is more rigorous. The winters are long and severe, with snow persisting on the hills. Rainfall is high, especially in the western hills, Ben More Assynt 250 cm (100 in.), but declines towards the east. In all areas wind exerts a profound influence, often blowing at gale force, but precise data are not recorded. In these latitudes the amount of daylight differs widely between summer and winter. On the north coast daylight in June approximates 20 hours per day while in January there is scarcely 6 hours. The daily average amount of sunshine in summer is 3 hours and in winter 1 hour. Due to the low elevation of the sun many areas par- ticularly in the valleys receive no sunlight during some of the winter months. On the whole then, the summers have long daylight but winter days are short and in the autumn frosts come early affecting the valleys which are shaded from the sun by high hills. The winters are long, dark, dreary and boisterous. Birse and Dry (1970) have assessed the climate of Scotland on the basis of accumulated temperature above 5-6°C and potential water deficit. Such parameters are thought to contribute to a major control of plant growth in terms of potential growing season and utilisation of available water. 10 Their classification produces approximately eighteen climatic sub-types of which fifteen are present in Sutherland. Of this wide range of sub-types, those described as ‘warm’ have accumulated temperatures of over 1375 day degrees and are absent from Sutherland, while others ranging through ‘fairly warm’ (1100-1375 day degrees) ‘cool’, ‘cold’, ‘very cold’, to ‘extremely cold’ (0-275 day degrees) are present. These units cover the range ‘dry’ to ‘wet’ and occur over a physiographic range from lowland to mountain. However, any assessment of climate for Sutherland suffers from a lack of information; the whole county map being based upon six weather stations. A large part of Sutherland is classified as cool wet foothills and uplands, slightly drier in the east but still rather wet. A coastal zone of fairly warm moist lowland stretches around the west and north coasts in a band, which is never more than 5 miles wide. On the north coast it rapidly merges with a ‘cool’ zone whereas on the west coast the transition may take 10 or 20 miles and traverse warm but increasingly wetter zones. Another climatic feature which dominates the Sutherland scene is exposure. In a second climatic map Birse and Dry (1970) have used exposure and accumulated frosts as a basis for their climatic regions. As the assessment of exposure is based largely upon changes in terrain and this is so variable in Sutherland, the picture produced is extremely com- plex. Most of Sutherland is classified as ‘exposed’, ‘very exposed’ or ‘extremely exposed’, having average wind speeds ranging from 4:4 m/s (8-9 m.p.h.) to greater than 8-9 m/s (18-0 m.p.h.). The only areas classified as sheltered are stretches of country around Bonar Bridge, Strath Oykel, west of Dornoch and a small area near Loch Brora. These have a mean windspeed below 2-6 m/s (5:85 m.p.h.). The ‘moderately exposed’ region having wind speeds between 2-6 and 4-4 m/s is generally absent from the west coast but stretches inland along the straths of the east and north coasts. These areas represent the drainage pattern of the sloping Moine thrust which is normally N.W.-S.E. but is also cut to the north by Strathnaver and Strath Halladale. This area of sheltered to moderately exposed ground covers only 10 per cent of Sutherland but is of considerable importance to the general flora of the area, corresponding to the main limits of natural woodland. Woodland is mainly birch forest but with pine, rowan and hazel and, in some places (Assynt) oak; birch and rowan extend beyond this area into exposed sites as high as 1000 ft on Ben Loyal. The effect of climate on vegetation is very clearly demonstrated, even to the casual observer, on the road from Bonar Bridge to Tongue. Passing along the Kyle of Sutherland the vegetation is largely wooded with some plantations. Stands of birch show a high proportion of Betula pendula interspersed with planted beech and oak. The decrease in tree cover becomes obvious around Lairg or on the high road above the Falls of Shin, where birch is the dominant tree and Betula pubescens ssp odorata the 11 species. There is a marked change in climate to cool, rather wet, moderately exposed with moderate winters. Along Strath Tirry to Crask the climate changes mainly in having a greater exposure. Large stretches of this area, with easy access to the main road, have been planted in the past 15 years, although native trees are few and far between, occurring only in sheltered areas and away from grazing pressure. Beyond Crask there is little planting until one descends into Strath Vagastie. Here isolated trees of birch, hazel and rowan line the river side. The high area between Crask and Altnaharra is classified as cool, wet, exposed with rather severe winters. Altnaharra on the shores of Loch Naver has a much better climate. This area, described as cool, wet, moderately exposed, with moderate winters, has plantations around Altnaharra Lodge and extensive natural birch woods on the northern slopes of Ben Klibreck. Along the shores of Loch Naver on the Bettyhill road, the climate improves rapidly so that even at Syre, some 15 miles from the coast, the climate is classified as fairly warm, rather wet, moderately exposed with moderate winters. Apart from this small area of ameliorated climate, the road to Tongue continues through an area of cool, wet, exposed country with moderate winters until one descends into the Kyle of Tongue where a remarkable change occurs over a short distance on the northern slopes of Ben Loyal. An increasingly large area of land adjacent to this road is being planted with Sitka spruce and Pinus contorta, with a few amenity species on the road-side. It is the change in what is left of natural woodland which is most interesting. Two species of birch form the major tree cover with rowan, hazel and alder occurring irregularly. Although Betula pubescens ssp. odorata occurs wherever trees are present on this 50-mile traverse of Sutherland, Betula pendula is found only in three areas along the road and these coincide with the most moderate climates. At the southern end up to Inveran the species is frequent but absent from Lairg to Tongue, except for a small number at Altnaharra which may have been planted. 12 Botanical Districts In his scheme for the recording of plant distribution in Great Britain, H. C. Watson divided the county of Sutherland into two vice-counties: East Sutherland (v.c. 107) the area drained by rivers flowing south- eastwards into the Moray Firth and West Sutherland (v.c. 108) where the rivers flow west and north into the Atlantic Ocean. Vice-counties are here further subdivided into smaller districts — the parishes. These parishes are based on the river systems and their mutual boundaries are, for the most part, traced along the watersheds. The parishes are as follows: v.c. 107 CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN v.c. 108 ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Creich lies in the south of the county. It is bounded on the west by Assynt, on the north-west by Eddrachillis, on the north-east by Lairg and Rogart, on the east by Dornoch and on the south by Ross and Cromarty from which it is separated by the River Oykell from its source on Ben More until it flows into the Kyle of Sutherland and Dornoch Firth. The parish extends to 173 square miles and comprises the left bank basin of the Oykell river. The underlying rocks are schists of the Moine series and in the north-west Cambrian quartzite on the hill tops. The land is everywhere hilly but mountainous in the north-west where it reaches an elevation of 3273 ft on Ben More Assynt. The greater part of the parish is high bleak moorland. Arable land occurs on the low ground from Invershin to Bonar Bridge, while the lower slopes are planted with pine and oak woods. By the Kyle of Sutherland the marshy meadows are fringed with alder and willows, Tris pseudacorus and Filipendula ulmaria. The Shin vailey is well wooded with birch interspersed with ash, elm, bird cherry and gean. The ground flora includes Anemone nemorosa, Ajuga reptans, Endymion non-scriptus, Lysimachia nemorum, Oxalis acetosella, Trollius europaeus, Viola riviniana, Veronica chamaedrys and the rare Ranunculus auricomus. In the oakwoods are found Juniperus communis, Lathyrus montanus, Lonicera periclymenum, Luzula campestris, L. pilosa, L. sylvatica, Stellaria nemorum, Teucrium scorodonia and T'rientalis europaea. Species of Rubus and Rosa abound on the roadside. More interesting, however, is the considerable range of montane species growing at altitudes up to 3000 ft on Ben More Assynt. In addition to the commoner species such as Alchemilla alpina, Arctous alpinus, Armeria maritima, Carex bigelowit, Cerastium alpinum, Empetrum 13 solepunog ysired YIM soyunoo yusoelpe pue puepleyyNg Jo Ajun0Q = ¢ “hay WWO0/qYy907] yoias9 Su[IYOespp3 ssauing 14 hermaphroditum, Luzula spicata, Trollius europaeus, Silene acaulis there are the rarer Juncus trifidus, J. biglumis, J. castaneus, Draba norvegica, Poa alpina and Deschampsia alpina. Lairg, an inland parish of 194 square miles, is bounded on the north by Farr, on the east by Rogart, on the south by Creich and north-west by Eddrachillis. The parish consists of the broad valley formed by the chain of lochs — Merkland, a’Ghriama, and Shin. The hills along the watershed north and south of the lochs rise to 1000 ft and on the northern boundary to 2864 ft on the shoulder of Ben Hee. The numerous streamlets all drain into the lochs. The underlying rocks are of granite and schists. The whole area is peat covered. At Shinness, at the southern end of Loch Shin, a considerable area has been reclaimed for agriculture. Recently the level of the lochs has been raised by a dam at the south of Loch Shin, while a second dam in the Shin valley below Lairg has formed a new loch eliminating a large marsh. Extensive new forestry plantings have been made in Strath Tirry. Accompanying these changes there has been road reconstruction. The Flora of the parish is of a typical moorland type. Rogart — like Lairg an inland parish — is bounded on the north by Farr, north-east by Clyne, south-east by Golspie, south by Dornoch, south-west by Creich and west by Lairg. Its area is 97 square miles. The northern part of the parish is drained by the upper reaches of the Brora river and the southern part of the Fleet river. The land is hilly with elevations ranging from 600 to 1000 ft on the boundary hills. The rocks are of gneiss and granite, covered with peat, so that the parish is mostly moorland and bog. In Strath Brora and Strath Fleet there are some 2000 acres of arable land. In the vicinity of Rogart village the following species, all very rare in the county, are to be found: Barbarea vulgaris, Equisetum pratense, Helian- themum chamaecistus, Lemna minor, Lepidium heterophyllum, Nuphar pumila, Lythrum portula, Teesdalia nudicaulis and Vulpia myuros. Dornoch parish lies in the south-east of the county. It is bounded on the west by Creich, on the north by Rogart, Golspie and Loch Fleet and on the east and south by the Dornoch Firth. A small parish of some 34 square miles, it has a relatively long coastline (12 miles), which is low and sandy and fringed with dunes and links. Inland the land is hilly and rises gently to 1100 ft in the north-west. The rocks are mainly of sandstone. The soil near the coast is sandy, further inland of a black peaty loam bearing coniferous plantations. The lower slopes of the hills are occupied by crofts. Plants, very rare in Sutherland, occurring at Cuthill Sands are Teesdalia nudicaulis and in a pond Lythrum portula; in a marsh at Dornoch Lemna minor, Ranunculus sceleratus and Typha latifolia grow sparingly — all threatened with extinction due to drainage. An interesting area about 14 miles in extent lies west of Dornoch Point and shows transitions from 15 salt marsh tu links. Characteristic plants here are Armeria maritima, Aster tripolium, Plantago maritima, Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima, Spergularia media, Triglochin maritima. Particularly on areas where turf has been removed are Juncus gerardti, J. balticus, both abundant, and Carex maritima, scarce. On damp grassy places grow Coeloglossum viride, Listera ovata, Dactylorchis incarnata, D. purpurella and Centaurium littorale. On the links Astragalus danicus, Arabis hirsuta, Sedum acre, Juniperus nana, Empetrum nigrum, all plentiful and Draba incana and Antennaria dioica rare. On the sandy shore Cakile maritima, Salsola kali and Atriplex glabriuscula abound. Another interesting area is at Cambus- more. Saxifraga hypnoides (at sea-level) Helianthemum chamaecistus both frequent, and Agrimonia ewpatoria (scarce), while on cliff ledges Sorbus rupicola, Ajuga pyramidalis and Orthilia secunda, all very rare, are to be found. The birch woods here contain T'rientalis europaea, Melica nutans and M. uniflora. In the very wet areas are Carex remota, C. curta and Equisetum palustre. The somewhat brackish areas at the waters edge have Blysmus rufus (plentiful) and Glyceria maxima and Apium inundatum, both in the only localities known in the county, scarce. Golspie parish is bounded on the west by Rogart, on the north and north- west by Clyne, on the south-east by the Dornoch Firth and on the south by the Loch and River Fleet which separate it from Dornoch. It extends to 35 square miles. The coast is low and sandy with dunes and links but north of Golspie village it is low and rocky. On the shore at Golspie is a dense tract of Elymus arenarius with Cakile maritima and Atriplex species. Inland is a large triangular tract of arable land, the best in the county. On the low sandy flats and lower slopes of the hills are coniferous plantations with a ground flora of Vacciniwm myrtillus and Calluna. Interesting plants here are Goodyera repens and Trientalis europaea, both species plentiful, and Pyrola minor, Moneses uniflora and Linnaea borealis all very scarce. The Golspie burn rises in the north and runs through the middle of the parish. In its lower course through Dunrobin Glen its banks are well wooded with alder, birch, ash, elm, oak, gean, bird cherry and goat willow. In the policies of Dunrobin Castle are many exotic trees. On the Mound rock Saxifraga hypnoides, Helianthemum chamaecistus and Ajuga pyramid- alis — very rare. Rosa and Rubus species abound in the hedgerows and roadsides. Clyne parish, in extent 118 square miles, is bounded on the north-west by Farr, on the north-east by Kildonan and Loth, on the south-east by the Moray Firth and on the south-west by Golspie and Rogart. The sea-coast, 32 miles long, is low and sandy. The underlying rocks bordering the coast are of sandstone, shale, limestone and coal; inland of schists. The land is hilly rising in the north-west to the shoulder of Ben Armine on which arise tributary streams which join the Brora river before it enters Loch 16 Brora. The surface is almost all moorland and rough pasture. In the birch woods bordering the loch grow T'rientalis europaea, Corydalis claviculata and on rock ledges the rare Orthilia secunda. Loth, the smallest parish in the county, extends to 29 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Kildonan, on the south-west by Clyne, and on the south-east by the Moray Firth. It comprises the drainage basin of the Loth river with its tributaries and several streamlets all of which reach the sea by deeply cut gorges clothed with birch and willow. The short coast line is sandy with dunes and a few rocky headlands. Inland is a narrow zone of cultivated fields with a fertile soil. In the cornfields Centaurea cyanus is abundant. On the roadside Calystegia sylvatica and Pentaglottis sempervirens are frequent. Rubus species line the hedgerows. Above the road the ground rises steeply. The lower slopes are occupied by crofts. Towards the northern boundary the hills rise to 2000 ft on Bein Uarie. The rocks are of red sandstone and on cliff ledges and screes Sedum rosea, Saxifraga hypnoides, S. steliaris and Chamaepericlymenum suecicum occur. On the moors Alchemilla alpina, Lycopodium selago, L. alpinum (very scarce) and Rubus chamaemorus grow. In Glen Sletdale Lemna minor has recently been recorded. Kildonan parish comprises the drainage basin of the Helmsdale river with its tributaries and extends to 210 square miles. It is bounded on the west and north by Farr, on the east by Caithness, on the south-east by the North Sea and on the south by Loth and Clyne. The coast, scarcely 5 miles long, has a shingle beach from which the ground rises steeply while to the north of Helmsdale it is formed of cliffs rising to 650 ft at the Ord. In the north-west are many large lochs the streams from which unite to form the Helmsdale river which flows through a wide valley and passing through a narrow gap enters the sea at Helmsdale. The hills on the Caithness border range from 900 ft at the Ord to 1900 ft on Creag Scalabsdale. In the north stand the two Ben Griams each over 1900 ft, on the southern border the land rises from Eldrable hill (1338 ft) at Helmsdale to the shoulder of Ben Armine (2338 ft). The underlying rocks are granite, syenite and gneiss. The surface is for the most part, rough pasture and moorland with small areas of arable land at Kinbrace, Kildonan and Helmsdale where land has been reclaimed. In sheltered parts of the valleys scrub birch with willow are widespread. An interesting alpine flora is to be found on the upper slopes of the Ben Griams, which are topped with old red sandstone debris: Alchemilla alpina, A. filicaulis, Arctous alpinus, Asplenium viride, Cardaminopsis petraea, Carex bigelowii, Cerastium alpinum, Draba incana, Dryas octopetala, Empetrum hermaphroditum Epilobium anagallidifolium, Galium sterneri, Loiseleuria procumbens, Luzula spicata, Polystichum lonchitis, Potentilla crantzii, Salix myrsinites, Saussurea alpina, Saxifraga oppositifolia and Sedum rosea. In waste places round Helmsdale are some 17 plants with restricted distribution in the county: Bromus sterilis, Conium maculatum, Hordeum murinum, Malva sylvestris, Senecio viscosus, Torilis japonica, Veronica hederifolia and on the railway sidings Linaria vulgaris. Assynt parish lies in the south-west of the county. It is bounded on the west and north by the sea, on the east it is separated from Creich by high mountains, and on the south by rivers and lochs from Ross and Cromarty. Its area is 183 square miles. The greater part of the parish is composed of Lewisian gneiss forming bare rocky knolls with innumerable lochans in the hollows. From the gneiss rise steep Torridonian hills of red sandstone capped with Cambrian quartzite. At Inchnadamph, Elphin and Knockan are limestone plateaux flanked by cliffs. Here are to be found the most interesting plants. Dryas octopetala is widespread and abundant. Asplenium viride, Agropyron donianum, Arenaria norvegica, Carex rupestris, Epipactis atrorubens, Galium sterneri, Polystichum lonchitis, Rubus saxatilis, Sorbus rupicola, Silene acaulis and Thalictrum alpinum occur. On the hills Arctous alpinus, Armeria maritima, Potentilla crantzii, Carex bigelowii, Lycopodium alpinum, L. selago, Salix myrsinites and Saussurea alpina are frequent. In the lochans Nymphaea alba, Lobelia dortmanna, Potamogeton natans, Sparganium angustifolium and Subularia aquatica abound. T'rollius euro- paeus is common in the fields, Vicia orobus on the roadsides. Notable plants on the sea-shore are Mertensia maritima and Sagina saginioides, both rare. Eddrachillis parish, 226 square miles, is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east by Durness, south-east by Lairg and Creich, and south by Assynt. The coast, much indented by fiord-like lochs, consists of precipitous cliffs interspersed by sandy and shingle bays. Inland the land is hilly, dissected by glens, and rises to 2980 ft on Foinaven and 2863 on Ben Hee. The rocks are mainly of gneiss, bare and hummocky, red sandstone hills and some limestone. Plants of the sea. coast are Silene acaulis, S. maritima, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Sedum anglicum, S. rosea, Plantago maritima, P. coronopus, Armeria maritima, Asplenium marinum, A. adiantum-nigrum, Juniperus communis ssp. nana, Populus tremula and Hedera helix. In lochans are Utricularia minor, U. intermedia, U. neglecta, Sparganium angustifolium, S. minimum, Myrio- phyllum alterniflorum, Nymphaea alba, Lobelia dortmanna, Subularia aquatica. On the hills Arctous alpinus, Acchemilla alpina, Antennaria dioica, Carex bigelowti, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Lowseleuria procumbens, Lycopodium alpinum, L. selago are common. Durness parish, 234 square miles, occupies the north-western corner of the county. On the north-west and north it is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean. on the east by Tongue and Farr, and on the west by Eddrachillis. It is the most sparsely populated parish in Scotland (2-4 persons per square mile). The coast is mainly of precipitous cliffs. There are two inlets, the shallow 18 Kyle of Durness and the longer deep-water Loch Eriboll. To the west of the Kyle is the undulating plateau — the Parphe. The rocks here are of Lewisian gneiss and Torridonian sandstone. The surface is covered with deep peat and accordingly the region is bleak moorland and peat bog. Between the Kyle and Loch Eriboll lies a range of hills attaining an elevation of nearly 3000 ft at Foinaven. The western flank of the hills is formed of gneiss and the eastern slopes of Cambrian quartzite, and so their vegetation is scanty. East of Loch Eriboll the rocks are quartzite and schists of the Moine series, resulting in a desolate moorland to the south of which stands Ben Hope (3040 ft). Forming a triangular tract round Durness village and a narrow zone on the south-western shore of Loch Eriboll are limestone rocks giving rise to good pasture land. At Balnakeil Bay there is a stretch of shell sand, which inland forms a machair. On the cliffs at Cape Wrath and Faraid Head, Silene acaulis and Saxifraga oppositifolia are frequent. Thalictrum alpinum occurs on the shore at Koeldale. On the limestone Dryas octopetala is abundant, Carex rupestris and E'pipactis atrorubens scarce. In a bog over-lying limestone near Durness these species flourish: Pinguicula vulgaris, P. lusitanica, Drosera anglica, D. rotundifolia, Carex flacca, C. echinata, C. pulicaris, Primula scotica and Tofieldia pusilla. Common on all the hills are Alchemilla alpina, Arctous alpinus, Arcto- staphylos uva-ursi, Carex bigelowit, HEmpetrum nigrum, E. hermaphroditum, Juniperus communis ssp. nana, Loiseleuria procumbens, Lycopodium alpinum, L. selago, Polygonum viviparum, Salix herbacea, Saxifraga stellaris, S. oppositifolia, Saussurea alpina, Sedum rosea, Selaginella selaginoides and Thalictrum alpinum. On the western cliffs of Ben Hope are Cardaminopsis petraea, Draba norvegica, Potentilla crantzii, Salix lapponum, S. reticulata, Pyrola rotundifolia (the only locality in the county) and P. minor. On the summit of Foinaven are Armeria maritima, Cardaminopsis petraea, Cherleria sedoides, Juncus trifidus, Silene acaulis, S. maritima, Luzula spicata, while on Meall Horn to the south Aspleniwm viride, Draba incana, D. norvegica, Poa glauca, Polystichum lonchitis, Saxifraga nivalis, are found along with other montane plants. Tongue is bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east and south by Farr, and on the west by Durness. It extends to 136 square miles. The coast consists of precipitous cliffs, some sandy bays and a long shallow inlet, the Kyle of Tongue. To the west of Kyle lies the Moine, an undulating tract of bog and moor in the north of which rises Ben Hutig on which Arctous descends to some 500 ft. On the shores of the Kyle, Tongue woods contain many exotic trees while in the coniferous plantations grow Listera cordata, Goodyera repens and Pyrola minor. The chief river is the Borgie from Loch Loyal. Equisetum telmateia is found on its banks in its upper reaches, the sole locality in v.c. 108. Above Loch Loyal stands the picturesque Ben Loyal. Among the many species are Alchemilla alpina, 19 Draba incana, Chamaepericlymenum suecicum, Epilobium anagallidifolium, £. alsinifolium, Gnaphalium supinum, Poa glauca, but of special interest is the abundance of Betula nana in a bog between this hill and Ben Heil. On the island off Skerray, at Melness and Coldbackie, Radiola linoides occurs. At Tongue Bay Alchemilla alpina and Oxyria digyna descend to the cliff tops. Farr, a very large parish of 417 square miles, is bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east by Caithness, on the south by Kildonan, Clyne, Rogart and Lairg, and on the west by Eddrachiles, Durness and Tongue. The coast consists of cliffs and sandy bays. Near the coast there are many bare rocky outcrops. Inland the land is hilly culminating in the south at Ben Klibreck (3154 ft) and in the south-west in Ben Hee (2864 ft). The rocks are mainly schists of the Moine series, granite in Strath Halladale. The parish is for the most part moorland but there is arable land in Strathnaver, Strath Halladale and at Strathy, Kirtomy and Bettyhill. Characteristic plants of the sea-cliffs are: Armeria maritima, Asplenium marinum, Cochlearia officinalis, Ligusticum scoticum, Plantago maritima, P. coronopus, Sagina maritima, Silene maritima, Sedum rosea, Tripleurospermum maritimum and Vicia sylvatica. Plants, unusual in the north are Ononis repens, a rayless form of Senecio jacobaea and Tragopogon minor on the dunes, while in the cultivated fields Centaurea scabiosa, Knautia arvensis, Huphrasia brevipila and its variety reayensis abound. On the machair above Farr Bay are Antennaria dioica, Arabis hirsuta, Botrychium lunaria, Coeloglossum viride, Campanula rotundifolia, Draba incana, Dryas octopetala, Listera ovata, Oxytropis halleri, Pimpinella saxifraga, Polygonum viviparum, Primula veris and Salix repens. On the cliff tops Primula scotica, Scilla verna and Euphrasia marshallui abound. On cliff ledges and screes from Farr to Kirtomy Sagina saginoides is to be found. An area of particular interest is the hill west of the mouth of the Naver. Here Carex maritima and Dryas octopetala are abundant. On the cliff grow Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, A. ruta-muraria, A. trichomanes, Cystopteris fragilis, Epipactis atrorubens, Saxifraga aizoides and S. oppositi- folia. On Ben Klibreck, in addition to the common alpine species is the rare Athyrium alpestre. In a bog nearby, the very rare sedge Carex chordorrhiza has its only habitat on the mainland of Great Britain. 20 Botanical Exploration Though the County of Sutherland was without roads until the beginning of the nineteenth century, several travellers had already journeyed there and recounted the hardships of travel. Pennant, who with Lightfoot, entered the county at Knockan in 1772 proceeded only a few miles further to Ledmore where he relates ‘the way was impassable for horses three miles further on and that even a foot messenger must avoid the hills by crossing an arm of the sea’. Nevertheless botanical exploration had already begun. J. Robertson (1768) (a pupil of Dr John Hope) discovered Oxytropis halleri at Farr in July in abundance and wrote a detailed description of the plant and its habitat accompanied with an excellent plate. He revisited the area in August to collect seed but was disappointed as only a little was to be found, the scarcity he attributed to the fact that the plants were grazed by cattle. About this time also there existed the Hortus Siccus of Dr John Hope (Professor of Botany at Edinburgh) the species in which are listed by I. B. Balfour (1907). These included many plants from Sutherland which had been gathered over a wide area. ‘At Dunrobin all along the coast is Saxifraga tridactylites; at Culgower, Ajuga pyramidalis; along the north coast, principally at Farr, Centaurea scabiosa (plentiful), Gymnadenia conopsea (frequent ), Oxytropis halleri, Primula scotica and Dryas octopetala; on the north-west coast Draba incana and Scutellaria galericulata (plenti- ful); Saxifraga oppositifolia on the rocks at the sea-side at Tongue; S. aizoides on all the rivulets in the north; on all the high hills Rubus chamaemorus and Loiseleuria procumbens (plentiful); Arctous alpinus on Ben Griam and several other hills; a Carex (nova species) at the mouth of the Naver and Ulmus in Assynt.’ Thomas Pennant (1774) made a tour of Scotland in 1772 bringing with him the Rev. John Lightfoot who was to collect material for a Flora of Scotland. Lightfoot collaborated with many botanists for his Flora Scotica (1777). Here Dr Hope’s Sutherland plants are recorded and in addition Dryas octopetala, Asplenium viride and Polystichum lonchitis which he had seen in Assynt. W. J. Hooker (at this time Professor of Botany at Glasgow) along with W. Borrer visited many places in Scotland for material for his Flora Scotica (1821), in which special mention is made of some Sutherland plants. Of Pinguicula lusitanica he writes ‘nowhere have I seen it so plentiful as in Sutherland upon the wet moors adjoining Cape Wrath. Dryas octopetala 21 is common all along the coast of Sutherland; Oxytropis halleri at the Bay of Farr, Armadale and Invernaver; Primula scotica on pastures by the sea at Bighouse and Armadale Bays; Carex maritima, discovered at the mouth of the Naver by Dr Hope, is on the sands between the Brora and Helmsdale rivers; Draba incana on the heaths on the east coast at Wilkhouse Inn; Mertensia maritima common on the coast of Sutherland’. On a voyage round the coast of Scotland the Rev. John Fleming (1823) - Professor of Natural History at St Andrews - called at Eriboll and noted Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Dryas octopetala, Phyllitis scolopendrium and Sedum rosea while at Faraid Head were Coeloglossum viride, Listera ovata, L. cordata and Thalictrum alpinum. Dr Robert Graham (1826, 1828, 1833) — Professor of Botany at Edin- burgh — on three expeditions added considerably to the Flora. In 1825 on the summit of Foinaven were Luzula arcuata, Deschampsia alpina (vivipara) and Cardaminopsis petraea growing on disjointed quartz. More extensive explorations in 1827 and 1833 added Luzula arcuata, Poa alpina and Deschampsia alpina on Ben More Assynt. On Ben Hope, Draba norvegica, Salix reticulata (sparingly), Potentilla crantzi and Minuartra rubella ‘of which I found a singie plant somewhere on Ben Hope in 1825, but this season (1833) again in tolerable quantity on the point of one cliff.’ At Koeldale he noted, ‘Dryas octopetala, Thalictrum alpinum, Primula scotica and Glaux maritima growing in contact forming a group which can be seen nowhere else in Britain’; Hpipactis atrorubens in abundance at Koeldale and in Assynt on limestone rocks and in the latter place Sorbus aria; Cladium mariscus near Badcall in a marsh, in large quantity but flowering sparingly; Utricularia minor, much less common than U. intermedia, with one colony in flower, in Assynt; Sarothamnus scoparius, common in the east, occurs sparingly in the north in Strathnaver and one patch at Borgie Bridge; Ulex europaeus, likewise common in the east occurs all along the north coast.’ These expeditions are recalled by J. H. Balfour (1865). While the previous accounts stressed the rarer species, more compre- hensive lists were recorded by H. C. Watson (1832) some ninety species noted round Golspie and (1833) about two hundred and eighty species from Farr, Tongue, Eriboll and the hills Bens Armine, Heil, Loyal and Hope. Rare and local species observed were Fumaria capreolata and Draba incana at Eriboll; Atriplex sabulosa, Conium maculatum and Eupatorium cannabinum at Farr. In their Guide to the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, G. and P. Anderson (1834) list plants that are to be seen at the various localities which they describe. Dr A. Murray (1836) of Aberdeen who had accompanied Dr Graham in 1827, produced The Northern Flora wherein are recorded all the known Sutherland plants — six being further records. In the New Statistical Account of Scotland (1845) many of the Parish 22 (J. B. Kenworthy) Plate 3 Carex maritima Curved Sedge y) J.B Kenworth ( Dwarf Cornel 1cum lymenum suec Plate 4 Chamaeperic accounts give some botanical information. This varies considerably according to the botanical knowledge of the compiler. There is an excellent description of the Flora of Durness by Dr Graham (1845) while in that of the parish of Tongue by H. M. McKenzie (1845) we learn of changes that are taking place. Woods have been planted with ash, beech, elm, lime, plane, larch, spruce and scots pine. Whin and broom he records as intro- ductions. Plants such as Lamium album and Silene vulgaris probably also introduced at this time are not present now. Likewise in the parish of Loth at the Ord (since transferred to Kildonan) D. Ross notes Primula scotica, Mertensia maritima and Vaccinium oxycoccus none of which are present now. While most botanists confined their attention mainly to flowering plants, W. (1857) in a wide tour of the county listed the vascular cryptogams which he observed, many being additional species. In 1883 the second edition of Topographical Botany was published and from this the number of species recorded can be seen (Table 1). It is interesting to note that the mountainous western areas (v.c. 108) had received more attention than the more accessible eastern region (v.c. 107). During the next 20 years all of the several botanists who visited Sutherland added many new records besides extending the distribution of known species. James Grant of Wick collected extensively around Golspie and in Strath Halladale recording 120 new species (Bennett, 1882, 1889, 1893). Some of the more exciting ones are from the woodlands near Golspie: Goodyera repens, Pyrola minor, Linnaea borealis and Orthilia secunda. At the Mound he noted Catabrosa aquatica and Apium inundatum which were not re- discovered until recently (1962); on the sea-shore Asplenium marinum, Valeriana olitoria and Zostera marina, species now extinct in this area; casual species likewise extinct are Matricaria recutita, Verbascum thapsus and Chenopodium bonus-henricus. W. F. Miller (1890) collected in the north of Scotland, while at Lairg some forty new species were obtained (Bennett, 1882). Archibald Gray and L. Whinxman (1888) traversed the county in 1886 from Inverkirkaig in the west to Torrisdale in the north, described the terrain and among their collection were seventy-four species new to v.c. 108 (Bennett, 1889). A most notable discovery was Arenaria norvegica on the hills about Inchnadamph and on river shingle at the low elevation of 400 ft. The Alpine Botanical Club visited Sutherland about the same time and recorded comprehensive lists (Craig, 1889) of plants from Ben Loyal, Ben Hope, Invershin, Tongue and Farr. ¥. J. Hanbury made several excursions to Sutherland with H. E. Fox (1885 and 1886), with EK. 8. Marshall (Hanbury, 1887 and Marshall, 1891) and with J. Cosmo Melvill (Hanbury, 1889). Many critical species were recorded from Melvich, Bettyhill and Durness. Along with Marshall he first noted in Sutherland the species of Cochlearia later named scotica. A 23 special interest of his was the genus Hzeraciwm in which he named many new species several of which occur in Sutherland. The Rev. E. 8. Marshall spent a considerable time in the Highlands of Scotland over a long period (1888-1916). His many visits to Sutherland are described (1891, 19801, 1916) and along with W. A. Shoolbred (Marshall, 1897, 1898, 1909). These accounts and his extensive herbarium make a valuable contribution to the Flora of this large county. Like Hanbury he was interested in the genus Hieracium. The northern forms of Huphrasia were another of his interests and a new species £. marshallii was named in his honour. With W. A. Shoolbred (Marshall, 1897) he discovered Carex chordorrhiza in a bog beside Loch Naver — its only locality in Britain. G. C. Druce the author of several county floras visited Sutherland on many occasions, on three of which he wrote accounts: a visit to the lime- stone area at Knockan (1895), to Golspie and Invershin (1903) and in the north (1908). On these and later visits he added many additional records. From Table | it will be seen that few additions were made between the appearances of the first (1905) and second (1929) supplements to Topo- graphical Botany. During this period Crampton (1913) contributed an ecological account of the flora on Ben Armine. This contrasts with the more usual lists of species of former papers. TABLE 1. To show number of species recorded. East West County Sutherland Sutherland of v.c. 107 v.c. 108 Sutherland Topographical Botany 1883 191 307 391 Ist Supplement added 1903 255 167 177 Total 446 474 568 2nd Supplement added 1925 33 34 37 Total 479 508 605 Comital Flora 1932 541 613 676 Present 1966 733 773 883 The Comital Flora (Druce, 1932) shows a great increase in the number of species recorded from the second supplement. This is in part due to variation in the concept of the species and to the recording of introduced species as well as further records. The next account of Sutherland plants was by Wilmott and Campbell (1944) who collected in the hitherto little-worked district round Lochinver. Of the several new records, Catapodium marinum, Diplotaxis muralis, Cephalanthera longifolia, Lythrum salicaria, Oenanthe crocata, Potamogeton berchtoldit and Sisymbrium altissimum have their only Sutherland locations in this area. 24 In the more recent papers stress is laid on ecological factors. An area modified by blown sands is the plateau to the west of the estuary of the River Naver. This was explored by McVean and Berrie (1952) who recount the flora with special reference to the species of Hmpetrum. At Inchnadamph, Raven (1952) made a notable re-discovery of the rare Agropyron donianum which species had previously been found by E. S. Marshall but its true identity had not been determined. The rich limestone flora of this area is more fully described by this author (1959). There are extensive tracts of bog in Sutherland. Pearsall (1956) has described the structure of a blanket bog in the valley of the Strathy river and noted the plants typical of each area. Foinaven — a mountain in the north-west — was visited by Blake (1959) who described the typical flora to be found in the high exposed ridges composed of Cambrian quartzite and Lewisian gneiss. This consists of Cherleria sedoides, Armeria maritima, Silene acaulis, all cushion plants, along with Cardaminopsis petraea, Salix herbacea, Festuca vivipara and Juncus trifidus. The rich flora of Ben Hope was examined by Ferriera (1957, 1958, 1959) who showed that the basiphilous species are confined to a narrow band of hornblende schists on the western side of the hill. Elsewhere in the arid rocks of which the mountain is mainly composed, the flora is poor in species and similar to that found on Ben Loyal. Of special interest are the discoveries of Ratcliffe on Meall Horn (1958), a mountain in the Reay Forest, where he observed Saaifraga nivalis and on Ben More Assynt (1960), a further locality for Saxifraga nivalis with amongst other species Deschampsia alpina, Draba rupestris, Carex saxatilis, Juncus biglumis, J. castaneus and Poa alpina. In 1962 in the south-east of the county he records Potentilla rupestris — a species not previously noted in Scotland. During the past decade — as a result of the advent of the Map Scheme — the activities of many botanists have added some 200 additional species to the total recorded in the Comital Flora (Table 1). 25 Vegetation of Sutherland Peculiarities of the Sutherland flora associated with individual parishes are mentioned in the relevant section of the flora (p. 13). In this section a synopsis of the general vegetation classification is included because in many cases these vegetation types are widespread and not specifically considered under each parish description. The most comprehensive vegetation classification is that of McVean and Ratcliffe (1962) in Plant Communities of the Scottish Highlands and this account is based largely upon the criteria they accept in their classification. The main feature of their classification system is life-form, ranging from forests through heaths to moss heaths. In most instances this agrees with a classification based upon altitudinal zonation: large trees giving way to heaths at higher altitudes and at the highest altitudes dwarf heaths or mossy heaths. This relationship, of vegetation types having specific altitudinal zones, holds for most of Scotland but in the north and north-west, i.e. Sutherland, these zones are compressed and the general altitudinal limits lowered very considerably. Thus species which normally are confined, in central Scotland, to altitudes above 2000 ft are found at sea-level in Sutherland. Species such as Dryas octopetala, mountain avens, Sazxifraga oppositifolia, the purple mountain saxifrage and Hmpetrum hermaphroditum, are all found within 300 ft of sea-level at Invernaver. Such are the vagaries of climate in Sutherland that only 10 miles away on Ben Loyal the tree line reaches 1000 ft. It is apparent that the life-form of plants in any one area reflects the general environmental status and does not follow a strict altitudinal zonation for this county. The vegetation of Sutherland can be classified under eight major head- ings. The most obvious of these being forest and scrub. Natural ashwoods are entirely absent from Sutherland although on some of the base rich soils the ground flora of hazel scrub shows a remarkable similarity with that of ash woods further south. Native pinewood with its ground flora of Vaccinium or Vaccinium plus Calluna is absent from Sutherland although there are pinewoods especially in the south-east of the county which show typical species associated with pinewoods. Steven and Carlisle (1959) comment on the two pinewood sites in Sutherland which might be considered as native. The first, on the islands and shores of Loch Assynt, while on areas which would not be amenable to planting, are of even age, about 100 years old and pine is not mentioned in the area in the statistical accounts. This view is confirmed by John Home’s survey of Assynt (1775) in which a very detailed catalogue of all the woods in the parish of Assynt 26 does not include pine. Secondly in the parish of Creich, on the north of Strath Oykell is a stand over 150 years in age which is considered to be a survivor of eighteenth-century plantings. The oak and birch woodlands of Sutherland are very similar in their ground flora and it appears that birch now occupies much of the low-lying valleys previously occupied by oak. Place names may give an indication of former oakwoods: there is a Baddidarach (Gaelic, Darach — oak) both at Lochinver and near Scourie, and there is evidence of oak woodlands along the west coast and in the south east of the county. In the early eighteenth century oak bark was a valuable commodity in the area, priced at £15 per ton from woodland at Creich. Spinningdale oakwood, Creich is now scheduled as a site of scientific interest even though many of the trees appear to be approximately 130 years old (Pennie, 1966). Oak can replace birch as the dominant species up to 500 ft in the west with little or no change in the ground flora. Where oaks do survive, the associated shrub layer of holly, bird cherry and hazel is generally absent and therefore the oak woods in Sutherland do not appear as a distinct vegetation unit. Of the woodlands to be found in Sutherland, birchwood is the most frequent ranging from the mature woodland of Drumbeg, Assynt to isolated groups of trees on the central plateau. McVean (1964) recognises two woodland types; the Vaccinium-rich birchwoods and the herb-rich birchwoods. The former is recognised by the presence of Vaccinium myrtillus, Pteridium aquilinum and Deschampsia flexuosa; the latter by the presence of Thelypteris oreopteris and a dominance of grass species Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis tenuis. The birchwoods of the north and _ , west have bryophytes as the main component of their ground flora. On low lying glacial drift with deep soils the herb-rich communities dominate the woodland floor, but at higher altitudes, and where boulders form the substrate, there is a luxuriant growth of many moss species. McVean (1964) lists twenty-six species from a birchwood at Loch Stack of which twelve are bryophytes. McVean and Ratcliffe (1962) referring to the same general area record the presence of sixteen tree and herb species and thirty-one bryophyte species. Many of these birchwoods appear moribund, with an even age structure and little sign of regeneration. Other tree species particularly alder and rowan occur as single species stands though only in small areas and infrequently. Alder woodland in an open moribund state occurs at Loch Choire and McVean and Ratcliffe suggest this might be a relic of former climatic fluctuation. Above the treeline and in places of extreme exposure sub-alpine scrub replaces woodland. In Sutherland juniper scrub is found on some islands in lochs as well as exposed situations. The juniper is normally dwarf Juniper, Juniperus communis ssp. nana, and is associated with lichens or bryophytes forming specialised communities at sites on Conamheall, Loch Eriboll, Foinaven and Arkle in the Reay Forest, and Farrmheall, Parphe. Mountain willow scrub is infrequent although the Salix myrsinites scrub 27 of Inchnadamph is worth special note, being restricted to limestone pave- ment. Sahiz aurita and S. atrocinerea are the common species occurring in isolated patches on rock ledges and are in many cases severely wind pruned, as by the road at Coldbackie. Dwarf shrub heath is a widespread vegetation type in the county. In a map compiled for Beekeepers by Wittles (1950), 60-70 per cent of Suther- land is shown as areas of dwarf shrub heath and the dominant species of this heath is Calluna vulgaris. Much of the heath is anthropogenic in origin, a living monument to man’s destructive powers. Dwarf shrubs are usually characteristic of the low alpine zone, but with the retreat of the tree line in Sutherland they have spread to cover large areas. The dry heather moor centred upon the central highlands of Scotland and dominated by Calluna vulgaris is not extensive in Sutherland. It is found only in the south and east of the county to any great degree and occurs in the north and west only on particularly well drained soils. At low altitudes Erica cinerea, Empetrum nigrum and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi are species commonly associated with Calluna; at high altitudes Vaccinium spp, Empetrum hermaphroditum and Arctous alpinus form associations. In addition at high altitudes Calluna vulgaris becomes dwarfed forming a dense mat of prostrate plants only a few inches in height. In central Scotland this peculiar heath form occurs at elevations above 3000 ft whereas in Sutherland it is found in the Reay Forest at the 1000 ft contour and in the extreme north of Caithness, Dunnet Head, as little as 300 ft above sea level. In general a line drawn south from Whiten Head marks the distributional limits of the lichen-rich dwarf heaths to the east and the Rhacomiirium-rich dwarf heaths to the west. In many areas throughout the north Arctous alpinus and Calluna form an association rich in species. One dwarf shrub heath of particular interest in Sutherland is the Dryas heath. Although rare and fragmentary in Scotland, Sutherland has some of the finest Dryas heath in Britain. This heath is quite different to those mentioned previously in two important respects. Firstly, Dryas heaths are extremely rich in species; McVean and Ratcliffe (1962) report 215 different species from twenty lists made on Dryas heaths. Secondly, Dryas is found in areas where the calcium content of the soil is high. Whereas most of the Calluna heaths have soil pHs down to 3-5, Dryas heaths are alkaline and have free calcium carbonate in the soil. This situation results from the Durness limestone in the west and from calcareous shell sands along the coast of Sutherland. In Sutherland this heath occurs from sea- level at Invernaver, Bettyhill, to 1700 ft in the foothills of Ben More Assynt; further south in Scotland it reaches 3000 ft in Glen Clova. It is clear that the communities associated with Dryas in the north are quite different from those further south. Using data in addition to those of McVean and Ratcliffe (1962), these Dryas communities can be divided into three distinct types (Kenworthy, 1969); a Dryas-Carex flacca nodum 28 occurs at low elevations below 300 ft, a Dryas-Carex rupestris nodum over a range from 200-2500 ft and a Dryas-Salix reticulata nodum at the highest altitudes. Although the Dryas communities at Invernaver are very variable and have co-dominants ranging from the dwarf shrubs Sali repens and Hmpetrum nigrum to bracken their association of species separates them from the other Dryas heaths. It would appear that this association of species dominated by Dryas is a unique vegetation unit dependent upon its coastal and altitudinal affinities. Although Calluna vulgaris is a recurring species in the dwarf shrub heaths of Sutherland it is also a constant feature of many vegetation types which may be classified as wet heaths or blanket bog. Dwarf shrub heaths merge into blanket bogs wherever there is restricted drainage or a water table permanently close to the surface, and this applies to a large part of the area dominated by Calluna. Up to an altitude of 1500 ft Trichophorum- Eriophorum bog is predominant forming a typical ‘hummock and hollow’ type vegetation in which Sphagnum spp. play an important part in the process of peat accumulation. In these wetter areas Hrica tetralix replaces Erica cinerea. Many insectivorous plants, such as Drosera anglica, Pinguicula vulgaris, P. lusitanica and Utricularia minor are found. Above 1500 ft Calluna-Eriophorum bog dominates the landscape and in many cases, north and south of Ben Loyal, by Crask Inn and at Strathy Bog, contains appreciable amounts of Betula nana. Also common are Arctous alpinus and Rubus chamaemorus. Where soils are shallow T'richophorum-Calluna bog is found, especially on ground with slopes over 10°. This vegetation type is species-poor and occurs in the western region, containing a higher proportion of lichens than previous types. There are more subtle variations upon this theme of vegetation based upon stagnant water which are not mentioned here but it is worth pointing out that these vegetation types depend almost entirely upon nutrition from rain water. Where bogs have been affected by fire drying out may take place and lead to the spread of Rhacomitrium. McVean and Ratcliffe (1962) point to an excellent example on the south-east end of Loch Meadie. Soligenous mires are variants of the wetter moorland types but are grouped together on the criteria of lateral water movement through the soil, tending, in many cases, to give a richer soil and a larger number of species. They are to be found on the lower slopes of hills where lateral drainage is good. Molinia caerulea, Myrica gale and Carex spp. all form mire type vegetation together with Trichophorum, Eriophorum and Calluna. Closely associated with mires are springs and flushes, sites where there is a strong water flow, sufficient to prevent the development of closed vegeta- tion. The moss Cratoneuron commutatum is a distinctive feature of flushes which are calcareous. Large patches of this rusty-golden moss often associated with Saxifraga aizoides can be seen from a distance against the surrounding moorland. Examples occur on the south side of Coldbackie Hill resulting from drainage water from the rich conglomerates. Saxifraga 29 aizoides also occurs in calcareous flushes with Carex spp. particularly Carex panicea and C. demissa in many parts of Sutherland; Ben Stack, Glendhu, Kylesku, and on the calcareous sands at Bettyhill. In contrast acid flushes give rise to species poor vegetation dominated by Narthecium ossifragum, Sphagnum spp. and the mosses Philonotis fontana and Pohlia gracilis. Grassland is not extensive in Sutherland except where vegetation has been intensively grazed in the south-east, the west and northern coastal fringe and along the west of the Moine Thrust. In a general sense there are three major types of which the first Agrostis- Festuca grassland, the most widespread, is confined to lower altitudes. This ranges from species-rich communities on soils of high base status to species-poor communities on soils of low base status. The richer types include many herbs and other grasses such as Anthoxanthum odoratum, while at the acidic end of the range the grass Nardus stricta and fewer herbs occur. At high altitudes the Agrostis- Festuca grassland gives way to species-poor grassland dominated by mat grass Nardus stricta which occurs on soils of pH 4:2-5-5. Under wetter conditions Deschampsia caespitosa becomes the dominant grass. Included in this section are montane grass heaths usually found at the highest altitudes, unaffected by the influence of man. In Sutherland these communities are found on the highest hills and are characteristically grass and moss mixtures, or sedges and moss. For example, a widespread type is Nardus-Rhacomirium on areas with a long snow lie, generally associated with Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex bigelowii and the lichens Cetraria islandica and Cladonia uncialis. Of those montane grass heaths based upon the presence of Juncus trifidus, the Juncus trifidus — Festuca ovina type occupies much of exposed sites on mountains. The summit plateau of Ben Hope has a good example of this vegetation in which Salix herbacea and Alchemilla alpina are constants. The two remaining units of vegetation are the herb and fern meadow and moss heaths, the latter being only slightly different from the montane grass heaths mentioned previously. Natural herb meadow is rare in Sutherland since grazing is so extensive, but it is recorded from Ben More Assynt and Meall Horn. Of a wide variety of herbs associated with this vegetation Luzula sylvatica, Angelica sylvestris, Geum rivale and Sedum rosea are constant components of the community. This vegetation is found on steep slopes where access to grazing animals is restricted. A dwarf herb meadow is to be found on Ben More Assynt dominated by Alchemilla alpina and Sibbaldia procumbens and containing Silene acaulis, Thymus drucei and Polytrichum alpinum. In addition to the major vegetation types described by McVean and Ratcliffe maritime and submaritime communities are found along the coasts of Sutherland. These plant communities have been described in some detail by Gimingham (1964). Sutherland has a very extensive coastline including cliffs, shingle, sandy foreshores, dunes and saltmarsh. In these habitats sodium chloride from seawater or salt spray has a dominating 30 effect upon the vegetation, except in certain dune systems where calcium carbonate from shell sand seems to be an overriding feature of the environ- ment. Exposed cliffs harbour a large variety of lichens and dense swards of Planiago maritima or Armeria maritima. Also Tripleurospermum maritimum and Ligusticum scoticum are prominent species along the cliffs. On the cliff tops a grassland dominated by Festuca rubra is found some- times associated with Salix repens, Empetrum nigrum or other prostrate shrubs where soil conditions are a little more acid. Many cliffs in northern Sutherland have both Primula scotica and Scilla verna as components of their vegetation. Where colonies of birds disturb the cliff top vegetation the area may be invaded by ruderal species. Shingle beaches are not extensive in Sutherland; Mertensia maritima being a most spectacular species associated with such areas. Foreshore plants seldom if ever occur in densities sufficient to produce a closed community, especially on the northern exposed beaches where communities containing Salsola kali, Cakile maritima, Atriplex hastata and other Atriplex spp. are reduced to a single representative, Honkenya peploides as on exposed beaches at Bettyhill. Sand dunes are perhaps the most obvious feature of coastal vegetation. Due to their continuous state of flux they represent a range of habitats too large to be discussed here. However, the ‘species richness’ of a sand dune system depends to a large extent upon the chemical composition of the underlying sand. Sand derived from shell fragments has two effects. This more alkaline sand allows invasion by a wider spectrum of species and secondly the influence of such sand spreads further inland giving a greater area for colonisation. Whatever the nutrient status of the sand, Marram grass, Ammophila arenaria, is the dominant species in the first phases of dune formation giving rise to dune pasture and/or dune heath of some description. Due to high winds in this area most of the dune systems are in a clearly dynamic state. There are few good salt marshes in Sutherland. They are found as isolated patches at the head of the Kyles or sea lochs. Characteristic species are Armeria maritima, Glaua maritima, Puccinellia maritima and Plantago maritima: Cochlearia officinalis occurs sporadically but is important in many communities. ol Notes on the Fungal Flora of Sutherland by Roy Watling, Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh The fungal flora of Sutherland is poorly known, there being few published records (see Mycologia scotica, Rev. J. Stevenson, 1879) until Dennis reported on the larger fungi of the north-west Highlands of Scotland (Kew Bulletin, 1955). Dennis’ paper compiles his records from Tongue and adjacent areas and with a few collections made by Henderson in the south-west corner of the county; little more was added until recently when collecting and recording has been extended along the line Cape Wrath/Duncansby Head by Watling. Sutherland is of considerable interest to the mycologist for within its boundaries one can study the fungi of northern examples of British Highland birchwood and herbaceous communities on acidic and limestone outcrops. Bettyhill is an extremely fine centre for the study of the higher fungi, particularly with its close proximity to the Strathnaver area. The list of fungi recorded for Sutherland is in some ways little different from that of areas further south, mainly because it includes a large number of species which have been recorded by virtue of their association with the numerous plantings of ‘alien’ trees. It is the details of the species list and their interpretation which are of the greatest interest. However, the introduced fungal flora can indicate trends and in some cases is of particular merit. Thus Borgie forest although being a fairly mature forest is of known and comparatively recent age and therefore most if not all the members of | the rich fungal flora (over 100 species can be collected within the space of a 2 hour period) have colonised since that date. The woods about Tongue House and similar established properties have even richer floras reflecting the diversity of substrata available for colonisation. In contrast the moorlands offer very little, the dominant species being Omphalina ericetorum; the active Sphagnum areas, however, are colonised by a rather specialised and characteristic group of about a dozen species of agaric, the three most common being Galerina paludosa, G. sphagnorum and Hypholoma elongatum. The moorlands, where dissected by small wooded gulleys, are enriched by agarics suspected as mycorrhizal with the birches, e.g. Russula spp. The formerly much wider distribution of this woodland is indicated by the occurrence of agarics such as Nolanea cetrata and Galerina spp. on the slopes of Ben Loyal and neighbouring highlands. On the summits Omphalina luteovitellina has been recorded, a typical mountain fungus associated with the lichen Botrydina vulgaris. The coastal sand-dunes offer a whole range of very characteristic species 32 including Conocybe dunensis (dune brown cone-cap ), Psathyrellaammophila (dune brittle-cap) and Hygrophorus conicoides. Less common species have also been collected associated with the organic crusts and Collema spp. found amongst the Ammophila plants. Undoubtedly in certain areas of the dunes as in other communities mammal dung modifies the fungal flora, i.e. colonisation by Stropharia semiglobata, Panaeolus semiovatus, etc. The coastal grasslands particularly on fixed sand are characterised by several edible species of Agaricus including species clearly related to both the field and horse mushrooms and by the equally edible large puff balls, e.g. Calvatia utriformis. Where the latter grasslands extend to the cliff tops Salix repens invades the turf and although parallel communities are found in many other areas those in Sutherland are particularly rich. These communities within easy reach of Bettyhill, particularly Farr Bay, have been intensively collected over several weeks for several seasons. They are typified by Russula spp. (R. persicina, R. fragilis) and Lactarius spp. (L. lacunarum, L. hysginus) Leccinum salicola, Cortinarius pseudosalor agg., Amanita spp. (A. rubescens, undescribed species) etc. a mycorrhizal group of larger fungi and a probably saprophytic group including Cantharellus cibarius, a phenomenon just as one experiences in a ‘normal’ woodland. Grassland fungi are also intermixed in the community, e.g. Marasmius oreades (fairy ring cham- pignon ), Calocybe carnea and Entoloma madidum. Undoubtedly the most interesting communities of ail in Sutherland are those in the Strathnaver reserve. With its vast assemblage of flowering plants, a parallel and equally uniqye assemblage of higher fungi is found. Boletus luridus is a constant member of the Dryas/Salix repens nodum whereas it normally is associated elsewhere in Britain with oak woodland on base rich soils. The genera Hebeloma and Inocybe are represented by a vast assemblage of species, many of which have still to be determined because of the complexities of taxonomy; however, they are an important integral part of the flora. Even where only a few remaining plants exist the former presence of birch wood on the northern parts of the reserve is reflected by the sudden appearance in the area of woodland fungi, e.g. Lactarius torminosus. The Salix repens communities at Bettyhill are under careful observation by Watling and are being compared with similar communities at Kindrogan, Perthshire, and on Hirta in the St Kilda group. Very close parallelisms have been demonstrated and it is hoped this work will be published in the near future. The grassland communities are frequently on acidic substrates and are fairly heavily grazed. Under these conditions the Hygrophoraceae play a less important part among the fruiting flora than in base-rich grasslands and are replaced by Rhodocybe popinalis, Entoloma prunuloides and EL. radiatum and Lycoperdon foetidum (puff ball). In areas of high activity of sea birds the fungal flora is very depauperate resembling in constituents the area adjacent to zooplethismic grasslands on St Kilda. 33 The Influence of Man in Sutherland The more one examines evidence from Sutherland the more it becomes apparent that Fraser Darling and Morton Boyd in Natural History of the Highlands and Islands (1964) are wrong in their assertion that ‘it is possible that such areas as West Sutherland and the North West corner of Ross-shire did not know man until two or three thousand years ago’. If we accept the evidence of Callander, Cree and Ritchie (1927) that the bone caves at Allt nan Uamh had human occupants prior to the final valley glaciation it is evident that man was in this area eight to ten thousand years ago. Bones of Arctic animals were found, split for the extraction of marrow, sawn antlers of reindeer, stones burned by a fire and charcoal. No traces of domestic animals were found and it appears that man’s first excursion into Sutherland was as Neolithic man, the hunter. With an improving climate there is evidence of domesticated animals. in the Neolithic chambered cairn at Embo excavated in 1960 (Henshall, 1965) where the bones of pig, sheep and small ox were found. This invasion by Mediterranean man brought with it from the ‘golden crescent’ of Europe cultivated crops and a more permanent culture. Several factors influenced the settlement pattern in the area. Firstly, accessibility is important and even a cursory examination shows the settlement patterns of many ages to stem largely from the coast following the sheltered straths, with their glacial soils, or to be confined to areas with an adequately amenable geology, for example, sandstones and limestones, which are easily weathered. Little is known of these stone age peoples who buried their dead in chambered cairns. Most cairns have been pillaged in the past and little evidence of the culture remains. Neolithic peoples were gradually replaced by ‘Beaker People’ who buried their dead in short ‘cists’ or stone coffins. These coffins contained a food vessel or beaker in which have been found early cultivars. Hut circles, the remains of dwellings, seem to be the home of such people and of later bronze age settlers. That changes in the vegeta- tion of Sutherland occurred during this period is evident from pollen analysis of deep peats and the remains of plants and animals associated with chambered cairns. Both the stumps of pine found in peat and bones. of capercallie associated with cairns indicate extensive coniferous forests. Removal of the forest is evident from charcoal remains of conifers, hazel and birch together with small amounts of grain suggesting a primitive cultivation of cleared ground. Very little is known of the bronze age peoples and their effects upon 34 vegetation in Sutherland. It is known that these peoples who lived in an age of standing stones and circles did have at least one distinction, they cremated their dead and this at least suggests that they had some reverence for fire and that they used it extensively. Thus the process of removal of woodland may have continued in this period although there is little evidence to suggest that in Sutherland the bronze age culture was more extensive in its influence than previous cultures. It is also apparent that the tools of the early Neolithic peoples were quite effective in clearing woodland, as demonstrated in modern times in Denmark. There three men cleared 600 square yards of silver birch forest in 4 hours with an authentic axe head which had not been sharpened for four thousand years, demon- strating the potential influence of early man on forests. Approximately 400 B.c. marks the beginning of the iron age. Lasting for some 500 years, this period includes the appearance of hill forts and the less explicit brochs. The latter, round double-walled towers up to 40 ft in height were places of refuge but there still remains much speculation about these structures. 67 brochs are listed for Sutherland but others, how many no one can guess, must have been destroyed with the passage of time. These people, the ‘Caereni’ of Ptolemy’s map, were recognised by the Romans as a pastoral race and such observations are borne out by the presence of ox, sheep, goat and pig bones found associated with the remains of this civilisation. There is also evidence at this time of large herds of red deer. Iron used by these people required smelting and in turn required the destruction of forest, especially oak and birch. Heaps of slag indicating sites of early iron workings have been found in the immediate vicinity of two brochs at Shinness, Lairg. Thus industry, albeit on a small scale, introduced a new factor in the destruction of forest. By this time the climate had changed to such an extent that the forests of Britain were in decline and in most parts of Sutherland removal of trees would be rapidly followed by the encroach- ment of moorland. Man was using a resource which would not replace itself. The scale of such impact is difficult to judge since, unlike other parts of Britain, the written history of Sutherland is particularly sparse until the seventeenth century. An inventory of ancient monuments (H.M.S.O., 1910) lists: a heap of iron slag 30 ft across and 4 ft in height near Achin- duich, Lairg; heaps of slag at Kinbrace, Loch Shin; and iron slag, burnt wood plus charcoal 24in. thick at Skelpick, Bettyhill. Timothy Pont’s map of Strath Navernia (1633) has the legend ‘Heir is yron oare’ on the west of Strathnaver and at the south end of Ben Stumanadh. ‘Loch Isyre or ye wrights loch’ refers on this map to Loch Syre. Gordon (1812) ina work written in 1630 makes reference to the inhabitants of Sutherland who ‘made’ iron from iron ore. Sinclair, in the first Statistical Account (1793), states of Assynt that ‘Iron mines were dug here of old... in different places in this parish’. He also suggests that this was before the Scan- dinavian invasions (c. A.D. 850). The hill above Kirkton Farm, Golspie, is 35 also referred to as the ‘Iron Hill’. Thus from Assynt, to Strathnaver, to the east coast there is evidence of early iron workings and the destruction of forests. Later wood was used in kilns in the production of limestone. In the west, particularly Assynt, there is documented evidence of tree felling for this purpose whereas further east where trees by this time were scarce peat was used in the kilns as at Strathy. Corn drying kilns are to be found in many of the pre-clearance villages and good examples are still to be found at Gruain Mor, Loch Naver and Rossal, Strathnaver. It is not clear whether peat or timber was used in those kilns but presumably where timber was available it was used. However, it can be assumed that over the past two thousand years timber of any size was becoming difficult to obtain. There is little evidence from peat profiles of pine in this period and roof timbers of ‘bog oak’ (pine) were highly sought after by the pre- clearance peoples in many parts of Sutherland. Apparently timbers lying in the peat could be recognised on frosty mornings by the differential frost patterns they formed. So far emphasis has been put upon man’s increasing activity in destroy- ing woodland and the parallel deteriorating climate. But man’s secondary effect is associated with his pastoral and agricultural activities. The latter were very much limited to the immediate surroundings of the village and can be seen in the excellent examples of lazy beds at Rossal and other pre- clearance villages. Grazing animals, especially sheep, goats and deer are known to suppress the regeneration of natural forest and any extension of their numbers by pastoral activities will cause a decrease in tree cover in the area. The first threat of destruction to forests was from Neolithic peoples who turned from hunting to domestication of grazing animals. There has been a general pattern of change throughout Europe which was undoubtedly followed in Sutherland. Closed forest with deer and swine gave rise to an open forest with fewer swine, and deer and cattle increase. This finally led to the virtual absence of trees and a predominance of sheep, goats and to a lesser extent, cattle. While the grazing associated with pre-clearance villages was un- doubtedly of some considerable extent it did include a variety of grazing animals, deer, cattle, ‘kerry’ sheep, goats and horses. Sinclair (1793) noted that in Rogart ‘Some wretched vestiges of very considerable birchwoods are to be seen in different parts; but the shoots from such of the old stocks as have not decayed are annually cropped by cattle in the autumn and winter; and such shoots as may survive to a second summer are sure to be cut by the people to bind their cattle’. So the ‘Caereni’ or pre-clearance peoples for thousands of years would have had some adverse effects upon birch regeneration. John Prebble in The Highland Clearances (1963) tells the fascinating story of the change in land management throughout Sutherland in early years of the eighteen hundreds and its disastrous sociological effects. 36 Whereas previously ‘kerry’ sheep and cattle were kept for a local market the introduction of the long faced voracious Cheviot sheep meant an export of mutton and wool to the south. Land which produced 2d. per acre under cattle now produced twelve times that amount under sheep. Over a period of 50 years the number of sheep in Sutherland built up to about 200,000 in 1857, remaining at approximately the same figure subsequently. Thus the effect of sheep over the past 100 years has been a predominant one. That sheep farming has affected vegetation is clear from several points of view. These hardy sheep graze on the wet moorlands which cover a large part of Sutherland and in order to maintain new growth the areas are burnt. Fire reduces the possibility of natural tree regeneration. Where fire and sheep are absent as on islands in lochs (Cam Loch, Ledmore, Loch Beannach, Assynt, Loch Meadie and Loch Syre are good examples) rowan, birch and in some places oak and pine are present. This is also true of steep rock faces. In addition Pennie (1966) examined the age structure of birch woods in Strath Carnaig, which became part of the Torboll farm grazings in 1812. These birch woods are ageing, with no regeneration. The trees are no younger than 40 years and most are 80 to more than 110 years old. Grazing clearly causes a suppression of tree regeneration. He also quotes the effects of sheep fencing on the shores of Loch Choire where natural regeneration has occurred within the fenced areas. Clearly man has influenced the vegetation of Sutherland both directly and indirectly over a period of perhaps 5000 years. Apart from the planting in the eighteenth century the present day plantings by the Forestry Commission are the first signs of man’s attempts to replace some of the tree cover he has helped to remove. 37 Bibliography ADAM, R. J. 1960 John Home's Survey of Assynt Edinburgh Scottish History Society ANDERSON, G. & P. 1834 Guide to the Highlands and Islands of Scotland ANTHONY, J. 1959 Contribution to the Flora of Sutherland Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 38, 7 BALFOUR, I. B. 1907 A Catalogue of British Plants in Dr. Hope’s Hortus Siccus, 1768 Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 4, 147 BALFOUR, J. 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W. 1948 A Prodromus of British Hieracia J. Linn. Soc. 54 RATCLIFFE, D. A. 1958 Saxifraga nivalis L. in West Sutherland Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 37, 220 RATCLIFFE, D. A. 1960 Montane Plants in Ross-shire and Sutherland Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 39, 107 RATCLIFFE, D. A. 1962 Potentilla rupestris LD. in Sutherland Proc. B.S.B.I. 4, 501 RAVEN, J. E. 1952 Agropyron doniana (f’. B. White) Meld Wats. 2, 180 RAVEN, N. E. & WALTERS, 8. M. 1956 Mountain Flowers London ROBERTSON, J. 1768 Oxytropis halleri Bunge at Farr Scot. Mag. 30, 344 ROGERS, J. M. 1900 Handbook of British Rubi London ROSS, D. 1845 Loth Parish Flora New Stat. Acct. Scot. 15, 196 SALMON, C. E. 1900 Plant Notes from Sutherland J. Bot. Lond. 38, 299 SALMON, C. E. 1915 Polygala oxyptera (as dubia) (Dornoch) J. Bot. Lond. 53, 279 SIMPSON, N. D. 1960 A Bibliographical Index of the British Flora SINCLAIR, J. 1763 edn The Statistical Account of Scotland Edinburgh STABLES, W. 1833 Lycopodium annotinum L. in Sutherland Phytol. 1, 147 STEVEN, H. M. & CARLISLE, A. 1950 The Native Pinewoods of Scotland Edinburgh TIMOTHY PONT’S MAP OF STRATH NAVERNIA 1633 Black’s Atlas TOWNSEND, F. 1904 Galium pumilum (as sylvestra) Sutherland J. Bot. Lond. 42, 240 TRAIL, J. W. H. 1873 Centaurea scabiosa etc. in Sutherland Scot. Nat. II, 175 W. 1857 A Peep at the Ferns of Sutherland Nat. 7, 8, 29, 77 WATSON, H. C. 1832 Plants seen at Golspie Kew Cat. 41 WATSON, H. C. 1833 Plants seen in North Scotland Kew Cat. 39 WATSON, H. C. 1937 New Botanist’s Guide 2, 512 WATSON, H. C. 1883 Topographical Botany 2nd edn London WATSON, W. C. R. 1958 Handbook of the Rubi of Great Britain and Ireland Cambridge WEBSTER, M. McC & MARLER, P. 1952 Plants of the South Parphe Wats. 2, 163 WHITE, I. D. & MOTTERSHEAD, D. N. 1972 Past and Present Vegetation in Relation to Solifluction on Ben Arrkle, Sutherland Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 41, 475-89 WILMOTT, A. J. & CAMPBELL, M. 8. 1946 Autumn Botanising at Lochinver B.E.C. 16, 820 WITTLES, C. L. 1950 Heath areas in Scotland The Scottish Beekeeper, 26 WOLLEY-DOD, A. H. 1930-1 A revision of the British Roses J. Bot. Lond. 68 and 69 YOUNG, D. P. 1959 Erinus alpinus L. at Bettyhill Proc. B.S.B.1. 3, 337 4] Reference List of Contributors Records have been contributed by the following Abell, R. B. R.B.A. Anthony, J. JA. Alexander, I. IA. Blake, E. A. #.A.B. Brown, J. J.B. Campbell, M.S. M.S.C. Campbell, W. H. W.H.C. Cardue, J. W. J.W.C. Carrol, J. J.C. Clarke, C. B. C.B.C. Craig, W. W.C. Crawford, F. C. F.C.C. Cryer, J. J.C. Dandy, J. E. J.H.D. Davis, P. H. P.H.D. Druce, G. C. G.C.D. Duncan, U. K. U.K.D. Exell, A. W. A.W.E. Ferreira, R. E. C. R.E.C.F. Flannigan, B. BF. Foggit, T. J. TSF. Fox, H. E. HEF. Goodway, K. M. K.M.G. Gordon, G. G.G. Graham, R. R.G. Graham, R. A. R.A.G. Grant, J. J.G. Gray, A. A.G. Hall, P. M. P.M.H. Hanbury, F. J. F.S.. Harley, R. M. R.M.H. Harrison, J. W. H-. J.W.H.-H. Harrison, H. H-. H.H.-H. Hedge, I. I... Hood, J. JH Hope, J. J.H. Horn, G. G.H. Johnston, G. GJ. Kenneth, A. G. A.G.K. Lancaster, C. R. C.R.L. Large, K. D. K.D.L. Tey, A. A.L. Linton, E. F. HUFL. Linton, W. R. W.R.L. Lousley, J. E. J.H.L. 42 McClintock, D. D.McC. Macnab, J. J.M. Mackechnie, R. R.Mc. Marler, P. P.M. Marshall, E. 8S. H.S.M. Meinertzhagen, R. RM. Melvill, J. C. J.C.M. Miller, W. F. W.F.M. Milne-Redhead, H. H.M.-R. Morrison, M. M.M. Muirhead, C. W. C.W.M. Oliver, D. D.O. Palmer, R. C. RACaP. Proctor, M. C. F. M.C.F.P. Pugsley, H. W. H.W.P. Ratcliffe, D. A. D.A.R. Raven, J. E. J.E.R. Ribbons, B. W. B.W.R. Riddelsdell, H. A. H.A.R. Ross, D. D.R. Salmon, C. E. C.E.S. Shoolbred, W. A. W.AS. Sinclair, J. JS. Slack, A. A.S. Sprague, T. A. T.AS. Stables, W. A. W.A.S. Standen, R. RS. Stirling, A. McG. A.McG.S. Summerhayes, V. S. VSS. Syme, J. JS. Talbot, J. aff ls Taylor, G. G.T. Tobbit, J. olathe Todd, W. A. W.A.T. Tyacken, A. A.T. Wallace, E. C. E.C.W. Warburg, E. F. LLF.W. Watson, H. C. ALC.W. Webster, M. McC. M.McC.W. West, C. C.W. Wickens, G. E. G.H.W. Williamson, R. H. R.H.W. Wilmott, A. J. A.J.W. Young, D. P. D.P.Y. County Flora The sequence of genera and the nomenclature of the species are as in the List of British Vascular Plants (Dandy, 1958). The species name is followed by the vice-county number or numbers in which the species has been recorded. The common name follows that in the most recent publica- tion on the subject English Names of Wild Flowers (Dony, Perring and Rob, 1974) a B.S.B.I. publication. Where an English common name is not common to Scotland the appropriate Scottish common name is given together with that recommended by the B.S.B.I. An obvious example is that of Harebell and Bluebell. All common names are to be found in Flora of the British Isles (Clapham, Tutin and Warburg, 1962). The next line gives the general habitat and the frequency of occurrence which is stated under: FREQUENCY No. of 10 km squares in which species is recorded Veryrare 1-2 Rare 3-5 Occasional 6-12 Frequent 13-40 Common 41-64 Common, widespread 65 and over The distribution is indicated by mentioning the name of every district in which the species has been observed. The districts in the upper line are those in v.c. 107, those in the lower line of v.c. 108. As an example, when a species has been recorded from every district, its distribution is indicated thus: CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR When a species has not so far been recorded from a district, the name of that district is replaced by an , thus: = St ae DORNOCH === — KILDONAN ASSYNT —— == TONGUE —— No further details of distribution are given except in the case of species of restricted distribution. For these the localities in which they have been 43 observed are indicated along with the date and collector’s name. In such genera as Hieracium and Rubus where there are a large number of species, each with a very limited distribution, only those districts with localities where that particular species has been recorded are mentioned, thus: Hieracium anglicum Fries (107, 108) Dornoch (Cambusmore ) Assynt (Knockan, Inchnadamph) Casual and introduced species of limited distribution are treated likewise. 44 PTERIDOPHYTA LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium L. L. selago L. (107, 108) Fir Clubmoss On moors, heaths and rocky places on hills. Common in the north and west. Descends to sea level on the north coast. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR L. inundatum L. (108) Marsh Clubmoss In a bog. Very rare. ASSYNT Assynt (Canisp, 1905, G.C.D.) No recent record L. annotinum L. (107) Interrupted Clubmoss Stony places on hills. Very rare. CREICH LAIRG Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1835, W.A.S.) Lairg (Ben Hee, 1960, 1.H.) L. clavatum L. (107, 108) Stag’s-horn or Common Clubmoss On moors and heaths. Frequent. a LAIRG ROGART — ——- — _ KILDONAN ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE —— L. alpinum L. (107, 108) Alpine Clubmoss On mountain moorlands. Frequent, mainly on western hills. CREICH LAIRG ROGART LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella Beauv. S. selaginoides (L.) Link. (107, 108) Lesser Clubmoss Damp mossy slopes and rock-ledges. Common. CREICH. LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR ISOETACEAE Tsoetes L. I. lacustris L. (107, 108) Common Quillwort 45 In lochans. Occasional. CREICH ASSYNT Creich (Invershin) Assynt (Stoer, Inchnadamph, Drumbeg) Farr (Syre) —= —— —= == KILDONAN == === FARR I. echinospora Durieu (108) Spring Quillwort In lochans. Rare. ——- TONGUE FARR ASSYNT Assynt (Stoer, Ullapool) Tongue (Talmine, Modsarie ) Farr (Syre) EQUISETACEAE Equisetum L. E. hyemale L. (107, 108) Rough Horsetail or Dutch Rush Wet places on hills. Very rare. —=— —. —— _ KILDONAN ASSYNT DURNESS —— —— Kildonan (Loch na Clar, 1964, A.A.S.) Assynt (Achmore, 1886, A.G.) Durness (Ben Hope, 1958, at 1300 ft, R.E.C.F.) E. variegatum Schleich ex Weber & Mohr (107, 108) Variegated Horsetail Wet banks on hills. Very rare. CREICH ASSYNT Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1969, U.K.D.) Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1909, E.S.M.; Lochinver, 1944, A.J.W.) K. fluviatile L. (107, 108) Water Horsetail In lochs, ponds and ditches. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR E. palustre L. (107, 108) Marsh Horsetail In marshes and bogs. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR E. sylvaticum L. (107, 108) Wood Horsetail 46 Wet woodlands, banks and sandy places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR E. pratense Ehrh. (107, 108) Shady Horsetail On grassy banks. Rare. —- LAIRG ROGART ASSYNT Lairg (Lairg, 1857, W.) Rogart (Tressady, 1957, M.McC.W.) Clyne ( Brora, 1957, M.McC.W.) Assynt (Drumbeg) Durness (Ben Hope, 1970, R.W.M.C.) —— CLYNE —— DURNESS —— SRR TAT K. arvense L. (107, 108) Field Horsetail Waste places, fields, roadsides and dunes. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR E. x litorale Kiihlew ex Rupr. (107) Clyne ( Brora, M.McC.W., 1957) K. telmateia Ehrh. (107, 108) Great Horsetail Muddy banks of streams. Rare. ROGART aaa CLYNE YT TONGUE Rogart ( Tressady, 1957, M.McC.W.) Clyne ( Brora, 1957, M.McC.W.) Tongue ( Borgie, 1959, B. & T.) OSMUNDACEAE Osmunda L. O. regalis L. (107, 108) Royal Fern Boggy places in the north and west. Occasional. LAIRG ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE —— Lairg (Loch na-Caillach, 1870, F.S.F.) HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum Sm. H. wilsonii Hook. (107, 108) Wilson’s Filmy-fern Wet rocks and woods in the west. Occasional. CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KILDONAN KILDONAN 47 DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pteridium Scop. P. aquilinum (L.) Kiihn (107, 108) Bracken Woods, banks, heaths and moors. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR ADIANTACEAE Cryptogramma R. Br. C. crispa (L.) R. Br. ex Hook (108) Parsley Fern Rocky places. Very rare. ae — —— FARR Farr (Ben Klibreck, 1956, E.F.W.) BLECHNACEAE Blechnum L. B. spicant (L.) Roth (107, 108) Hard-fern Woods, banks and rocky places on moors. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR ASPLENIACEAE Phyllitis Hill P. scolopendrium (L.) Newm. (107, 108) Hart’s-tongue Shady rock crevices. Occasional in the north and west, very rare in the east. —_- Ss ——. DORNOCH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Dornoch (Cambusmore, 1962, A.McG.S.) Asplenium L. A. adiantum-nigrum L. (107, 108) Black Spleenwort Rocky places, banks and walls. Frequent. LAIRG GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR A. marinum L. (107, 108) Sea Spleenwort Sea-cliffs and caves on north and west coasts. Occasional. Extinct in east. 48 —— GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Golspie (Strathsteven, 1888, J.G., 1897, H.S.M.) A. trichomanes L. (107, 108) Maidenhair Spleenwort Rock-crevices and walls. Frequent in the west, scarce in the east. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR A. viride Huds. (107, 108) Green Spleenwort On wet basic rocks. Occasional. CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR A. ruta-muraria L. (107, 108) Wall-rue Walls and basic rocks. Occasional in the north and west, rare in east. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR ATHYRIACEAE Athyrium Roth A. filix-femina (L.) Roth (107, 108) Lady Fern Shady woods and banks. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR A. alpestre (Hoppe) Rylands (107, 108) Alpine Lady Fern Mountain screes. Rare. CREICH =o SS FARR Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1891, E.S.M. & F.J.H.) Farr (Ben Klibreck, 1887, E.S.M.) Cystopteris Bernh. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. (107, 108) Brittle Bladder-fern Basic rocks and walls. Frequent. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE -——— LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR ASPIDIACEAE Dryopteris Adans. D. filix-mas (L.) Schott (107, 108) Male Fern 49 Woods and shady places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR D. borreri Newm. (107, 108) Scaly or Golden-scaled Male Fern Damp shady places in woods and amongst rocks. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR D. abbreviata (DC) Newm. (107, 108) Small Male Fern Rocky places on hills. Rare. CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS ©—— ee FARR D. lanceolatocristata (Hoffm.) Alston (108) Narrow Buckler-fern Moist woodlands. Occasional. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray (107, 108) Broad Buckler-fern Shady places in woods and heaths. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE OLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR D. aemula ( Ait.) Kuntze (108) Hay-scented Buckler-fern On rocks in Birchwoods. Very rare. EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS ——— — Eddrachillis (Loch Stack, 1963, D.A.R.) Durness (Loch Eriboll, 1965, D.McC.) D. assimilis S. Walker (107, 108) On cliffs. Very rare. CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— —_— Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1890, F.J.H., 1891, E.S.M.) Assynt (Achmelvich, 1955, J.A.) Eddrachillis ( Ben Stack, 1967, A.G.K.) Durness (Ben Hope, 1966, A.G.K.: Foinaven, 1967, A.G.K.: Carnstackie, 1967, A.G.K.: Loch Eriboll, 1967, D.McC.) Polystichum Roth P. aculeatum (L.) Roth (107, 108) Hard Shield-fern Shady places amongst rocks and in woods. Occasional. 50 —— ———— = DORNOCH —— —— == KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR P. lonchitis (L.) Roth (107, 108) Holly Fern Crevices in basic rocks. Occasional on limestone rocks. CREICH ASSYNT —— DURNESS —— FARR [a KILDONAN THELYPTERIDACEAE Thelypteris Schmidel T. oreopteris (Ehrh.) Slosson (107, 108) Lemon-scented or Mountain Fern Moist places on heaths, banks and mountains. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR T. phegopteris (L.) Slosson (107, 108) Beech Fern Moist rocks and in woods. Frequent in north and west, rare in east. CREICH ROGART DORNOCH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR T. dryopteris (L.) Slosson (107, 108) Oak Fern Screes and rocks on hills and woods. Occasional. CREICH DORNOCH CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR T. robertiana (Hoffm.) Slosson (108) Limestone Fern Limestone screes. Rare. ASSYNT Assynt (Inchnadamph ) POLYPODIACEAE Polypodium L. P. vulgare L. (107, 108) Polypody Woods, banks and walls. Common, widespread. sub sp. vulgare CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR sub sp. prionodes Rothm. CREICH —— —— — _ KILDONAN EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 51 MARSILEACEAE Pilularia L. P. globulifera L. (107) Pillwort Creich (Invershin, 1834, R.G., Plentiful, 1840, W.H.C., Shin Bridge, 1893, A.B.) Now extinct. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Botrychium Sw. B. lunaria (L.) Sw. (107, 108) Moonwort Pastures, dunes and moors. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR — KILDONAN Ophioglossum L. O. vulgatum L. (108) Adder’s-tongue Grassy places. Rare. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— Fae SPERMATOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMAE PINACEAE Pinus L. P. sylvestris L. (107, 108) Scots Pine Widely planted throughout the county. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR CUPRESSACEAE Juniperus L. J. communis L. (107, 108) Juniper On heaths, dunes, moors, sea-cliffs, mountain rocks and woods. Common. Very variable from gnarled prostrate plants to shrubs 4 ft high. Includes sub sp. communis, sub sp. nana and intermediate forms. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 52 ANGIOSPERMAE DICOTYLEDONES RANUNCULACEAE Caltha L. C. palustris L. (107, 108) Marsh Marigold Marshes, ditches and banks of streams. Ascends to 2500 ft on Ben More. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR sub sp. palustris. The Commoner form. sub sp. minor ( Mill.) Clapham. Frequent in the north and on hills. Trollius L. T. europaeus L. (107, 108) Globe-flower In damp pastures, fields and mountains. Common at sea-level in the north and west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART oe CLYNE —— KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Anemone L. A. nemorosa L. (107, 108) Wood Anemone Woodlands. Frequent in the south-east, local elsewhere. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS © —— TONGUE FARR Ranunculus L. R. acris L. (107, 108) Meadow Buttercup Meadows, fields and roadsides. Common, widespread. Ascends to 2500 ft. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS ©=—— TONGUE FARR R. repens L. (107, 108) Creeping Buttercup Fields and waste places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR R. bulbosus L. (107, 108) Bulbous Buttercup Dry grassland and dunes. Occasional in sandy coastal areas in the east and north. 53 CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR R. auricomus L. (107) Goldilocks Buttercup Woodlands. Very rare. CREICH a aT CLYNE —— Creich (Shin Falls, 1960, J.A.) Clyne (Loch Brora, 1957, M.McC.W.) R. flammula L. (107, 108) Lesser Spearwort Marshes, ditches and lochans. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR R. sceleratus L. (107) Celery-leaved Buttercup Muddy bank of stream. Very rare. DORNOCH —— —_ —§ —— Dornoch ( Dornoch, 1955, J.A.) R. hederaceus L. (107, 108) Ivy-leaved Crowfoot Muddy banks of ditches, ponds. Frequent. ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— — FARR R. trichophyllus Chaix (108) Thread-leaved Water-crowfoot sub sp. drouetii (Godr) Clapham Lochans. Rare. ASSYND DURNESS TONGUE FARR R. aquatilis L. (108) Common Water-crowfoot Lochans. Rare. DURNESS —— FARR Durness ( Durness ) Farr (Melvich) R. ficaria L. (107, 108) Lesser Celandine sub sp. ficaria Woods and shady banks. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 54 KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN (J. B. Kenworthy) Plate 5 Rubus chamaemorus Cloudberry Thalictrum L. T. alpinum L. (107, 108) Alpine Meadow-rue Rocky slopes on hills. Frequent on western hills. At sea-level on north coast. CREICH LAIRG ROGART —— —— — — _ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR T. minus L. (107, 108) Lesser Meadow-rue On coastal dunes and limestone rocks. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR sub sp. montanum Wallr. On limestone rocks. Durness ( Durness, 1897, E.S.M., 1950, J.A.) Tongue (Melness, 1900, E.S.M.) sub sp. arenarium (Butcher) Clapham. On coastal dunes. BERBERIDACEAE Berberis L. B. vulgaris L. (108) Barberry Woods. Introduced. Tongue ( Tongue). NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea L. N. alba L. (107, 108) White Water-lily In lochs and lochans. Frequent in the north and west, local in east. CREICH LAIRG ROGART GOLSPIE CLYNE KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Nuphar Sm. N. pumila (Timm) DC. (107) Least Water-lily In a lochan. Very rare. Rogart ( Little Rogart, 1960, M.McC.W. Only locality) PAPAVERACEAE Papaver L. P. rhoeas L. (108) Common or Field Poppy On railway track. Casual. Very rare. Farr ( Forsinard ) 55 P. dubium L. (107, 108) Long-headed Poppy Roadsides and fields. Occasional in the east, rare in north. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. somniferum L. (107) Opium Poppy Garden Escape. CREICH aT ae eareae —— —=—— KILDONAN Creich (Bonar Bridge) Kildonan (Kildonan) Meconopsis Vig. M. cambrica (L.) Vig. (107, 108) Welsh Poppy Introduced. CREICH ASSYNT Creich (Invershin) Assynt (Inchnadamph ) Chelidonium L. C. majus L. (107) Greater Celandine Introduced. Kildonan (Kildonan) FUMARIACEAE Corydalis Medic. C. claviculata (L.) DC. (107, 108) Climbing Corydalis or White Climbing Fumitory Amongst rocks in woods and scrub. Occasional. GOLSPIE CLYNE —— _ KILDONAN DURNESS TONGUE FARR ASSYNT Golspie (Morvich) Clyne (Gordonbush, Strath Brora) Kildonan (Helmsdale ) Assynt (Elphin, Beannach) Tongue ( Rhi-Tongue ) Farr (Grumore) Fumaria L. F. capreolata L. (108) White Ramping Fumitory 56 Fields. Very rare. EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— — Eddrachillis (Kinlochbervie ) Durness (Eriboll) F. bastardii Bor. (107, 108) Tall Ramping Fumitory In cultivated fields. Very rare. GOLSPIE —— —— ASSYNT — — —— Golspie (Golspie) Assynt (Achmelvich ) F. muralis Sond. ex Koch (108) Common Ramping Fumitory sub sp. boraei (Jord.) Pugsl. Fields. Rare —e TONGUE © FARR Tongue ( Tongue ) Farr ( Bettyhill) F. officinalis L. (107, 108) Common Fumitory Fields and waste places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR~ CRUCIFERAE Brassica L. B. napus L. (107, 108) Rape Fields. Introduced. Frequent in east, rare in west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT —- —— FARR B. rapa L. (108) Wild Turnip Fields. Introduced. Assynt ( Lochinver ) Sinapis L. S. arvensis L. (107, 108) Charlock Fields. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. alba L. (107, 108) White Mustard KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN 57 Fields. Introduced. Rare. CREICH - Setar GOLSPIE —— —- —. Se TONGUE FARR Creich (Invershin) Golspie (Golspie ) Tongue ( Tongue) Farr ( Bettyhill) Diplotaxis DC. D. muralis (L.) DC. (108) Annual Wall-rocket Casual. Very rare. Assynt ( Lochinver ) Raphanus L. R. raphanistrum L. var. aureum Wilmott (107, 108) Wild Radish Cultivated fields. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Crambe L. C. maritima L. (107) Sea Kale On foreshore at Dunrobin Gardens. Recorded in 1903 by G. C. Druce with the note that it may be a domestic cabbage which was established on the beach. Cakile Mill. C. maritima Scop. (107, 108) Sea Rocket On sandy seashore. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Lepidium L. L. heterophyllum Benth (L. smithit Hook) (107) Smith’s Pepperwort or Smith’s Cress Roadsides and fields. Rare. eed LAIRG ROGART == KILDONAN L. latifolium L. (107) Dittander Introduced. Recorded 1833 by H. C. Watson without locality. 58 Thlaspi L. T. arvense L. (107) Field Penny-cress Roadsides, waste places and fields on east coast. Rare. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN Teesdalia R. Br. T. nudicaulis (L.) R. Br. Shepherd’s Cress In sandy places. Very rare. ROGART DORNOCH —— —_—> ———- Rogart ( Tressady, 1951, M.McC.W.) Dornoch (Cuthill Sands, 1960, J.A.) Capsella Medic. C. bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. (107, 108) Shepherd’s-purse Waste places, roadsides and fields. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Cochlearia L. C. officinalis L. (107, 108) Common Scurvy-grass Sea-cliffs, shingle shores and salt-marshes. Frequent. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. alpina ( Bab.) H. C. Wats. (107, 108) Alpine Scurvy-grass Rock-ledges on mountains, rare. CREICH DURNESS TONGUE —— Creich (Ben More Assynt) Durness (Ben Hope) Tongue (Ben Loyal) C. scotica Druce (108) Scottish Scurvy-grass Coastal rocks and shingle. Rare. On north and west coasts. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. danica L. (108) Danish Scurvy-grass On sandy sea-shores. Rare. 59 DURNESS TONGUE FARR Tongue (Kyle of Tongue) Farr (Invernaver ) Subularia L. S. aquatica L. (107, 108) Awlwort Sandy margins of lochans. Occasional. Rare in the east. DORNOCH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— — Dornoch (Loch Buidhe) Lunaria L. L. annua L. (107) Honesty Garden escape. Clyne ( Brora, 1949, W.A.T.) Draba L. D. norvegica Gunn. (107, 108) Rock Whitlow-grass Rock-ledges on mountains. Very rare. CREICH DURNESS —— —— Creich (Ben More, 1888, A.G.: 1959, D.A.R.) Durness (Ben Hope, 1833, J.M.; Meall Horn, 1959, D.A.R.) D. incana L. (107, 108) Hoary Whitlow-grass Sandy turf by the sea and rock-ledges on mountains. Frequent. CREICH —— DORNOCH GOLSPIE KILDONAN ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR Erophila DC. E. verna (L.) Chevall. (107, 108) Common or Spring Whitlow-grass On dry banks, grassland and walls. Frequent in east, rare and near sea in north and west. CREICH —-- DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Cardamine L. C. pratensis L. (107, 108) Cuckooflower or Lady’s Smock In damp pastures. Common, widespread. 60 CREICH LAIRG ROGART. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. flexuosa With. (107, 108) Wavy Bitter-cress or Wood Bitter-cress In moist shady places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. hirsuta L. (107, 108) Hairy Bitter-cress Waste places, roadsides, walls. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Barbarea R. Br. B. vulgaris (L.) R. Br. (107, 108) Winter-cress or Yellow Rocket Moist banks. Very rare. ROGART —— —_- —=— er i — FARR Rogart ( Rogart, 1959, M.McC.W.) Farr ( Altnaharra, 1885, F .J.H.) Cardaminopsis (C. A. Mey) Hayek C. petraea (L.) Hiit. (107, 108) Northern Rock-cress Cliffs and quartz screes on hills. Rare. === — KILDONAN DURNESS Kildonan (Ben Griam Beg, 1962, A.McC.S.) Durness ( Foinaven, summit, 1833, J.M., 1957, E.A.B.) var. hispida DC. Durness (Ben Hope, 1833, J.M., 1900; E.S.M., 1914, G.C.D.; 1959, J.A.) Arabis L. A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Hairy Rock-cress On dunes, banks and basic rocks. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Rorippa Scop. R. nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek (107, 108) Water-cress In streams and ditches. Occasional. 61 CREICH LAIRG —— DORNOCH —— CLYNE —— ——= == DURNESS TONGUE FARR R. microphylla (Boenn.) Hyland (107, 108) One-rowed Water-cress In ditches. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN —== —= DURNESS TONGUE FARR Hesperis L. H. matronalis L. (107, 108) Dame’s Violet Shady damp places. Garden escape. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG DORNOCH GOLSPIE OLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT —— a —— -_-— Alliaria Scop. A. petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara et Grande (107) Garlic Mustard or Jack-by-the-Hedge Roadsides. Rare. CREICH == DORNOCH —— = == KILDONAN Sisymbrium L. S. officinale (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Hedge Mustard Waste places. Occasional. CREICH ASSYNT DORNOCH GOLSPIE =— == FARR LOTH KILDONAN S. altissimum L. (108) Tall Rocket Waste places. Casual. Very rare. Assynt (Lochinver, 1944, A.J.W.) Arabidopsis (DC.) Heynh. A. thaliana (L.) Heynh. (107, 108) Thale Cress Roadsides, waste places. Frequent in the east, very rare in west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT oe a FARR Descurainia Webb & Berth D. sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl. (107) Flixweed Waste places. Very rare. 62 —— ——— — DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— ew ae Dornoch ( Dornoch, 1952, J.A.; Poles, 1960, J.A.) Golspie (Golspie, 1898, H.S.M. & W.A.S.) RESEDACEAE Reseda L. R. luteola L. (107) Weld or Dyer’s Rocket On the railway bank. Casual. Creich (Invershin, 1888, W.C.) VIOLACEAE Viola L. V. riviniana Reichb. (107, 108) Common Dog-violet On banks, heaths and woods. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. canina L. (107, 108) Heath Dog-violet KILDONAN On dunes, heaths and dry banks. Frequent in coastal areas in the north and west. iA. — ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. lutea Huds. (108) Mountain Pansy On mountain grassland. Very rare. ASSYNT — TONGUE —— Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1886, A.G.) Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1888, W.C.) V. tricolor L. (107, 108) Wild Pansy sub sp. tricolor. Cultivated ground and waste places. Frequent. sub sp. curtisii (Forst.) Syme. On dunes. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. arvensis Murr. (107, 108) Field Pansy Cultivated fields. Occasional in east, rare in north and west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT —— —— TONGUE FARR KILDONAN KILDONAN 63 POLY GALACEAE Polygala L. P. vulgaris L. (107, 108) Common Milkwort Dry, basic grassland and rocks. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. serpyllifolia Hose (107, 108) Heath Milkwort Heaths and pastures. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR GUTTIFERAE Hypericum L. H. androsaemum L. (108) Tutsan Introduced. Very rare. Assynt (Lochinver, 1944, A.J.W.) H. perforatum L. (107) Perforate or Common St John’s-wort On banks. Very rare. Kildonan (Kinbrace, 1882, J.G.) H. maculatum Crantz (107) Imperforate St John’s-wort sub sp. obtusiusculum (Tourlet ) Hayek On banks. Introduced. Lairg ( Lairg) H. tetrapterum Fr. (107) Square-stalked St. John’s-wort Moist banks. Rare. ROGART —— — —_— - —— H. pulchrum L. (107, 108) Slender St John’s Wort Grassy places and heaths. Common, widespread.. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR CISTACEAE Helianthemum Mill. H. chamaecistus Mill. (107) Common Rockrose On banks and rocks. Rare. 64 KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN === —— ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— === CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene L. S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (107, 108) Bladder Campion Cultivated ground. Rare. — GOLSPIE —— LOTH —— — — — — FARR S. maritima With. (107, 108) Sea Campion Shingle shores and cliffs. Frequent on north and west coast; local in east. DORNOCH GOLSPIE KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. acaulis (L.) Jacq. (107, 108) Moss Campion Rock-ledges and cliffs on hills, on sea-cliffs, on west and north coasts. Frequent. CREICH —— —— — — —- — _ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. dioica (L.) Clairv. (107, 108) Red Campion Sea-cliffs, banks and woodland. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. alba ( Mill.) E. H. L. Krause (107, 108) White Campion Fields, roadsides. Occasional. LAIRG DORNOCH GOLSPIE ———- —— _ KILDONAN ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR Lychnis L. L. flos-cuculi L. (107, 108) Ragged Robin Marshes, common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——— LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Cerastium L. C. arvense L. (107, 108) Field Mouse-ear Sandy places. Occasional. ROGART —— cae ——_ —— _ KILDONAN —_—> —— —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR 65 C. tomentosum L. (107) Snow-in-summer Garden escape. i Kildonan ( Kildonan) C. alpinum L. (107, 108) Alpine Mouse-ear Screes and ledges on mountains. Rare. CREICH — =» ——_ FKILDONAN DURNESS TONGUE —— Creich (Ben More, Rosehall) Kildonan (Ben Griam Mor and Beg) Durness ( Foinhaven, Ben Hope) Tongue (Ben Loyal) C. arcticum Lange (107) Arctic Mouse-ear Rocks on mountains. Very rare. CREICH Creich (Conival, 1908, E.S.M. & F.J.H., 1959, D.A.R.) C. holosteoides Fr. Common Mouse-ear C. fontanum Baumg. sub sp. trivale (Murb.) Jalas (107, 108) Grassy places and waste ground. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR sub sp. scoticum Jalas & P. D. Sell (108) Farr (Strathy) C. glomeratum Thuill. (107, 108) Sticky Mouse-ear Roadsides and cultivated land. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. atrovirens Bab. (107, 108) Sea Mouse-ear or Dark- awe Mouse-ear Sandy places near the sea. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. semidecandrum L. (107, 108) Little Mouse-ear Dry sandy places near the sea. Rare. CREICH GOLSPIE —— —— —— ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE —— 66 Stellaria L. S. media (L.) Vill. (107, 108) Common Chickweed Cultivated ground and waste places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. pallida (Dumort.) Piré (107) Lesser Chickweed Sandy ground by the sea. Rare. GOLSPIE Golspie (Loch Fleet, 1897, H.S.M., 1960, J.A.) S. neglecta Weihe (108) Greater Chickweed Shady places. Rare. ASSYNT Scien se eas Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1890, E.S.M.) Farr ( Bettyhill, 1889, F.1.H., 1960, J.A.) S. holostea L. (107, 108) Greater Stitchwort Woodlands and scrub. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT.. —— DURNESS TONGUE S. graminea L. (107, 108) Lesser Stitchwort Grassy heaths and woodlands. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE S. alsine Grimm (107, 108) Bog Stitchwort Ditches, marshes, woodlands. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE Sagina L. S. apetala Ard. (107, 108) Annual Pearlwort Bare places. Rare. TONGUE Clyne ( Balnacoil, 1957, M.McC.W.) Tongue (Tongue, 1957, M.McC.W.) S. ciliata Fr. (107) Fringed Pearlwort FARR CLYNE FARR CLYNE FARR CLYNE FARR CLYNE LOTH LOTH LOTH KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN 67 Bare ground. Very occasional. LAIRG DORNOCH —— CLYNE —— KILDONAN S. maritima Don (107, 108) Sea Pearlwort Sea-cliffs and salt marshes. Very occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— _ KILDONAN ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. procumbens L. (107, 108) Procumbent Pearlwort Waste places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. saginoides (L.) Karst. (107, 108) Alpine Pearlwort Cliff-ledges on mountains, sea-cliffs, bare gravelly places. From sea-level to 2900 ft. Rare. : Creich (Ben More, 1960, D.A.R.) x Assynt (Stoer, 1959, J.A.) Eddrachillis ( Eylestrome, 1964, J.A.) Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1888, W.C.) Farr (Farr Bay, Swordly, Kirtomy, Strathnaver, Skelpick, 1960, J.A.) S. subulata (Sw.) Presl. (107, 108) Heath or Awl-leaved Pearlwort Dry sandy and gravelly places. At 2000 ft at Ben Hope. Frequent in the north and west. ROGART =—— == == KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. nodosa (L.) Fenzl (107, 108) Knotted Pearlwort On wet sand and dunes by the sea. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— LOTH —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Minuartia L. M. rubella (Wahlenb.) Hiern (108) Mountain or Alpine Sandwort Mountain cliffs. Very rare. Not seen for many years. Durness (Ben Hope, 1833, R.G.) Cherleria L. C. sedoides L. (107, 108) Cyphel On mountain screes to 2900 ft. Frequent on mountains in the north and west. On Ben Griam in the east. 68 CREICH —— —— = Rae, == ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR —E KILDONAN Honkenya Ehrh. H. peploides (L.) Ehrh. (107, 108) Sea Sandwort On coastal sand and shingle. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Moehringia L. M. trinervia (L.) Clairv. (107) Three-nerved Sandwort In woodlands. Rare. ROGART DORNOCH —— —$> Ss ——— Rogart ( Rogart ) Dornoch (Cambusmore ) Arenaria L. A. serpyllifolia L. (107, 108) Thyme-leaved Sandwort On bare ground, dunes and fields. Occasional. sub sp. serpyllifolia CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR sub sp. leptoclados (Reichb.) Nyman. Slender Sandwort — == DURNESS TONGUE —— A. norvegica Gunn. sub sp. norvegica (108) Arctic or Norwegian Sandwort Rocks on hills and river shingle. Very rare. ASSYNT prio Beal ats fia Bi Assynt (Inchnadamph) Spergula L. S. arvensis L. (107, 108) Corn Spurrey Cultivated fields. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH -KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 69: Spergularia (Pers) J. & C. Presl S. rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl (107, 108) Sand Spurrey Bare sandy and gravelly places. Occasional. LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— — EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. media (L.) C. Presl (107, 108) Greater Sea-spurrey Muddy places in salt-marshes. Very occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— ASSYNT —— —— TONGUE FARR S. marina (L.) Griseb. (107, 108) Lesser Sea-spurrey In salt-marshes. Rare. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— ASSYNT —— —— TONGUE FARR ILLECEBRACEAE Scleranthus L. S. annuus L. (107) Annual Knawel Sandy waste ground. Old record. Golspie (Golspie, 1888, J.G.) PORTULACACEAE Montia L. M. fontana L. sub sp. lamprosperma Cham. (107, 108) Blinks In wet places, springs, ditches. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KILDONAN KILDONAN M. perfoliata ( Willd.) Howell (107) Spring Beauty or Perfoliate Purslane Cultivated ground. Rare. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— M. sibirica (L.) Howell (107, 108) Pink Purslane By streams and on damp ground. Introduced. Occasional. LAIRG GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH — a FARR ASSYNT CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium L. C. bonus-henricus L. (107) Good King Henry Golspie (Golspie Tower, 1858, J.G.) Old Record. 70 KILDONAN C. album L. (107, 108) Fat Hen In cultivated ground and waste places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. rubrum L. (108) Red Goosefoot Assynt (Lochinver, 1886, A.G.) Old Record. Atriplex L. A. littoralis L. (107) Grass-leaved Orache or Shore Orache Sea-shore. Rare. —— DORNOCH —— —- so Dornoch ( Ferrytown, 1960, J.A.) A. patula L. (107, 108) Common Orache Cultivated fields and waste places. Occasional. LAIRG DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR a KILDONAN A. hastata L. (107, 108) Hastate Orache or Spear-leaved Orache. Waste places. Occasional. —= GOLSPIE DURNESS TONGUE FARR = KILDONAN ASSYNT A. glabriuscula Edmondst.. (107, 108) Babington’s Orache On sandy and shingly shores. Occasional on all coasts. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR A. laciniata L. (107) Frosted Orache On sandy sea-shores. Rare DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— —— —— FARR Farr (Farr, Bettyhill, 1855, H.C.W.) Suaeda Forsk. ex Scop. S. maritima (L.) Dumort. (107) Annual Seablite On salt-marshes. Rare. DORNOCH GOLSPIE.-——- —— — Dornoch ( Ferrytown, Dornoch, Skelbo) Golspie (Loch Fleet ) 71 Salsola L. S. kali L. (107, 108) Prickly Saltwort On sandy shores. Rare. DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— —— —— EDDRACHILLIS © —— TONGUE FARR Dornoch (Dornoch) Golspie (Golspie) Eddrachillis (Loch Laxford, Sandwood) Tongue (Melness) Farr (Melvich) Salicornia L. S. europaea L. (107, 108) Glasswort Muddy salt-marshes. Rare. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— —— TONGUE Dornoch (Ferrytown, Dornoch, Skelbo; Cambusmore ) Golspie (Loch Fleet) Tongue (Kyle of Tongue) TILIACEAE Tilia L. T. x europaea L. (107, 108) Common Lime Introduced. Widely planted in the south-east, sparse in north-west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— TONGUE FARR MALVACEAE Malva L. M. moschata L. (107, 108) Musk Mallow Grassy banks. Garden escape. Occasional. ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— _ KILDONAN —. TONGUE —— M. sylvestris L. (107) Common Mallow Waste places. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN M. neglecta Wallr. (107) Dwarf Mallow Waste places. Rare. 72 —=— == == == GOLSPIE —— ===> Golspie (Golspie) Kildonan (Helmsdale ) LINACEAE Linum L. L. catharticum L. (107, 108) Fairy Flax or Purging Flax Heaths, moors, pastures, dunes. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Radiola Hill R. linoides Roth (107, 108) All-seed On bare sandy soil. Rare and local. GOLSPIE —— a TONGUE —— Golspie (Golspie, 1957, M.McC.W.) Tongue (Hilean Iosal, 1886, A.G., Eilean nan Ron, 1929, J.T., Achininver & Coldbackie, 1960, J.A.) GERANIACEAE Geranium L. G. pratense L. (107) Meadow Cranesbill Introduced. Rare. aa GOLSPIE —— — G. endressii Gay (107) French Cranesbill On roadsides. Introduced. CREICH DORNOCH —— == — G. dissectum L. (107, 108) Cut-leaved Cranesbill Grassy and waste places. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— a FARR G. molle L. (107, 108) Dove’s-foot Cranesbill Dunes, fields, roadsides, waste places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN 73 G. pusillum L. (107, 108) Small-flowered Cranesbill In grassland. Rare. ROGART —— GOLSPIE —— —— — TONGUE —— Rogart ( Rogart, 1957, M.McC.W.) Golspie (Golspie, 1957, M.McC.W.) Tongue (Rabbit Island, 1962, C.R.L.) G. robertianum L. (107, 108) Herb Robert Shady banks, walls and shingle shores. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Erodium L’Hérit. E. cicutarium (L.) L’Hérit. (107, 108) Common Storksbill sub sp. dunense Andreas Grassy and sandy places. Occasional. DORNOCH —— CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSN — es TONGUE FARR OXALIDACEAE Oxalis L. O. acetosella L. (107, 108) Wood-sorrel In woods and shady places amongst rocks on hills. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens L. I. glandulifera Royle (107) Indian Balsam or Policeman’s Helmet Introduced. Waste places. Golspie (Golspie ) ACERACEAE Acer L. A. pseudoplatanus L. (107, 108) Sycamore Introduced, widely planted throughout the county. HIPPOCASTANACEAE Aesculus L. A. hippocastanum L. (107) Horse-chestnut Commonly planted in eastern areas. 74 . AQUIFOLIACEAE Tlex L. I. aquifolium L. (107, 108) Holly Amongst rocks on hills. Occasional in north and west. Introduced in south and east. CREICH ROGART DORNOCH —— —_—> Ss ——-_-— — —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR LEGUMINOSAE Ulex L. U. europaeus L. (107, 108) Gorse Roadsides, old woodlands, heaths. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR U. gallii Planch. (107, 108) Western Gorse or Dwarf Furze On heaths. Very rare. ASSYNT Kildonan (Kinbrace, 1962, M.McC.W.) Assynt (Lochinver, 1944, A.J.W. & M.S.C.) =—= =—== ae == KILDONAN Sarothamnus Wimm. S. scoparius (L.) Wimmer ex Koch (107, 108) Broom Amongst scrub and on heaths. Common in the east, sparse (introduced ) in north and west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR Ononis L. O. repens L. (107, 108) Common Restharrow On dunes. Rare. — —_ —— ——- GOLSPIE —— ——- —— -——— ee FARR Golspie (Golspie ) Farr ( Bettyhill, Farr) Medicago L. M. sativa L. (108) Lucerne In cultivated fields. Casual. — Farr (Farr Bay, 1957, J.A.) M. lupulina L. (107, 108) Black Medick Fields, dunes and waste places. Occasional. === EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS Melilotus Mill. M. alba Medic. White Melilot In cultivated field. Casual. Farr (Farr Bay, 1958, J.A.) Trifolium L. T. pratense L. (107, 108) Red Clover Fields and pastures. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE T. medium L. (107, 108) Zigzag Clover Pastures. Occasional. ae GOLSPIE —= EDDRACHILLIS ee ar a T. hybridum L. (107, 108) Alsike Clover Fields and roadsides. Occasional. DORNOCH oe EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE T. repens L. (107, 108) White Clover Pastures, dunes and roadsides. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE T. campestre Schreb. (107, 108) Hop Trefoil Grassy places in dunes. Occasional. Sa DURNESS TONGUE T. dubium Sibth. (107, 108) Lesser Trefoil FARR CLYNE FARR FARR FARR CLYNE FARR DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE FARR In grassy places. Frequent except in the interior. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE 76 FARR DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— LOTH LOTH LOTH LOTH KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN Anthyllis L. A. vulneraria L. (107, 108) Kidney Vetch Grassy places, cliffs by the sea, on hills on basic rock. Frequent near sea. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Lotus L. L. corniculatus L. (107, 108) Common Birdsfoot-trefoil Grassy places, dunes, screes and roadsides. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR L. uliginosus Schkuhr. (107, 108) Greater Birdsfoot-trefoil Moist grassland. Occasional. Sas CLYNE —— KILDONAN —— EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Astragalus L. A. danicus Retz. (107) Purple Milk-vetch On sandy turf and dunes. Occasional. —— DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH —— Oxytropis DC. O. halleri Bunge (108) Purple Oxytropis On dunes and sea-cliffs. Rare. FARR Farr (Invernaver, Bettyhill, Farr, Kirtomy, Strathy) Vicia L. V. hirsuta (L.) Gray (107) Hairy Tare Fields and waste places. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN V. tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. (107) Smooth Tare Grassy places. Rare. No recent records. CREICH GOLSPIE —— —— —— 717 Creich (Invershin, 1908, G.C.D.) Golspie (Golspie, 1903, G.C.D.) V. cracca L. (107, 108) Tufted Vetch Hedges and roadsides. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE OLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. orobus DC. (108) Wood Bitter-vetch Rocky places near the sea. Rare. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS Assynt (Lochinver, Achmelvich, Stoer) Eddrachillis ( Laxford, Kinlochbervie ) V. sylvatica L. (108) Wood Vetch Dunes and cliffs near the sea. Occasional. ASSYNT Assynt (Clachtoll) Durness (Kyle of Durness ) Farr ( Betiyhill, Farr, Armadale, Melvich) DURNESS —— FARR V. sepium L. (107, 108) Bush Vetch Roadsides, grassy places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. angustifolia L. (107, 108) Narrow-leaved Vetch Dunes and roadsides. Occasional. CREICH ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN ASSYNT ——_ TONGUE FARR V. sativa L. (107, 108) Common Vetch Fields. Occasional. CREICH DORNOCH ——— CLYNE —— —— ASSYNT —— — TONGUE FARR V. lathyroides L. (107) Spring Vetch — DORNOCH —— — — _ KILDONAN Dornoch (Mound, 1957, M.McC.W.) Kildonan (Kilpheder, 1962, M.McC.W.) 78 Lathyrus L. L. pratensis L. (107, 108) Meadow Vetchling Roadsides and waste places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE L. montanus Bernh. (107, 108) Bitter Vetch Woods, moorland, grassy banks. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE ROSACEAE Spiraea L. CLYNE FARR CLYNE FARR S. salicifolia L. (107) Bridewort or Willow Spiraea Damp places amongst scrub. Escape from cultivation. LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE Filipendula Mill. CLYNE F. ulmaria (L.) Maxim. (107, 108) Meadowsweet Ditches, marshes and wet woods. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE Rubus L. R. chamaemorus L. (107, 108) Cloudberry Wet peaty places on hills. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE R. saxatilis L. (107, 108) Stone Bramble Rocky and stony places. Common in west. CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE R. idaeus L. (107, 108) Raspberry Woods and hedges. Frequent in east, sparse in north and west. CLYNE FARR CLYNE FARR LOTH KILDONAN LOTH KILDONAN Occasional LOTH KILDONAN LOTH | KILDONAN CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KILDONAN 79 Sub-genus Rubus F. & S. Section Suberecti P.J.Muell. R. scissus W.C.R.Wats. (107) Creich ( Rosehall, 1959, J.A.) Dornoch (Dornoch, 1959, J.A.) R. plicatus Weihe & Nees (107) Creich (Rosehall & Invershin, 1896, H.S.M. & F.J.H.) R. fissus Lindl]. (107) Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1897, H.S.M.; Rosehall, 1960, J.A.; Invershin, 1908, G.C.D.) Section Triviales P.J.Muell. R. sublustris Lees (107) Creich (Invershin, 1897, E.S.M.) Dornoch (Mound, 1959, J.A.) Golspie (Golspie, 1903, G.C.D.) R. latifolius Bab. (107) Dornoch (Mound, 1962, M.McC.W.) Clyne ( Brora, 1957, M.McC.W.) R. purpureicaulis W.C.R.Wats. (107) Dornoch (Skelbo Street, 1963, J.A.) Section Sylvatici P.J.Muell. R. nemoralis P.J.Muell. (108) Eddrachillis ( Loch Stack, 1963, J.A.) R. danicus (Focke) Focke (108) Eddrachillis ( Laxford Bridge, 1962, M.McC.W.) Tongue (Tongue, 1597, HSM. & W.AS.) R. villicaulis Koehl] ex Weihe & Ness (107, 108) Abundant in the south and east, local in the north and west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE —— Section Appendiculati (Genev.) Sudre R. mucronulatus Bor. (107) 80 Abundant in south and east. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN R. radula Weihe ex. Boenn. (107) Dornoch ( Dornoch, 1963, J.A.) Golspie (Golspie, 1963, J.A.; 1897, H.S.M. & W.A.S.) Loth (Culgower, 1963, J.A.) Potentilla L. P. palustris (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Marsh Cinquefoil Marshes and bogs. Common in the east, sparse in west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. sterilis (L.) Garcke (108) Barren Strawberry Amongst scrub. Rare. == == DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. rupestris L. (107) Rock Cinquefoil Calcareous cliff ledges. Very rare. DORNOCH —— —S Dornoch (Cambusmore, 1962, D.A.R.) P. anserina L. (107, 108) Silverweed Waste places, dunes, shingle shores. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. crantzii (Crantz) G.Beck ex Fritsch (107, 108) Alpine Cinquefoil Rock-ledges on hills. Very rare. — — — _— KILDONAN ASSYNT DURNESS —— — Kildonan ( Ben Griam) Assynt (Hills round Inchnadamph) Durness (Ben Hope) P. erecta (L.) Rausch (107, 108) Tormentil Heaths, grassland and woods. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 81 P. reptans L. (108) Creeping Cinquefoil Grassy places. Rare. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— — Sibbaldia L. S. procumbens L. (107, 108) Sibbaldia or Lesser Cinquefoil Bare places on mountains. Occasional. CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Fragaria L. F. vesca L. (107, 108) Wild Strawberry Grassy banks and woods. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Geum L. G. urbanum L. (107, 108) Wood Avens Shady places. Occasional in east, sparse in north and west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN — EDDRACHILLIS © —— TONGUE FARR G. rivale L. (107, 108) Water Avens Wet shady places in ditches and woods. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Dryas L. D. octopetala L. (107, 108) Mountain Avens Basic rocks on hills and on coastal turf. Frequent in north and west, very rare in east. — — — — — _ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Kildonan (Ben Griam) Agrimonia L. A. eupatoria L. (107, 108) Agrimony Rocky places amongst scrub. Very rare. DORNOCH — —— —— — FARR 82 Dornoch (Cambusmore ) Farr ( Altnaharra) Alchemilla L. A. alpina L. (107, 108) Alpine Lady’s-mantle Mountain pastures. Descends to sea-level. Frequent in west, rare in east. CREICH LAIRG ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR A. glaucescens Wallr. (108) Calcareous grassland. Very rare. ASSYNT Assynt (Inchnadamph ) A. filicaulis Buser sub sp. vestita (Buser) M.E.Bradshaw (107, 108) Grasslands. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT —— DURNESS —— —— sub sp. filicaulis (107, 108) Mountain grasslands. Frequent. CREICH ee CLYNE —— ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR A. glomerulans Buser (107) On rock-ledges. Rare. CREICH A. glabra Neygent. (107, 108) Grasslands. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR A. wichurae (Buser) Stéfanss (107, 108) Mountain grassland. Occasional. CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— — Aphanes L. A. arvensis L. (107, 108) Parsley Piert KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN 83 Waste places. Occasional. DORNOCH —— —$> Ss) — —— EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR A. microcarpa (Boiss. & Reut.) Rothm. (107, 108) Slender Parsley Piert Fields and wasteplaces. Frequent. : CREICH LAIRG ‘ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS © —— TONGUE FARR Acaena Mutis ex L. A. anserinifolia (J.R. & G.Forst.) Druce (107, 108) Pirri-pirri-bur Garden escape. Dornoch (Cambusmore ) Farr (Melvich) Rosa L. R. pimpinellifolia L. (107, 108) Burnet Rose Dunes and sandy heaths. Frequent in all coastal areas. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR xR. glabra W-Dod (107) Clyne ( Brora, 1898, ES.M. & W.AS.) xR. involuta Sm. (107, 108) Golspie (Golspie, 1903, G.C.D.) Assynt (Lochinver, 1590, H.S.M. & F.J.H.) Durness (Heilam, 1901, E.S.M.) Farr ( Bettyhill, 1910, E.S.M., Armadale & Melvich, 1916, E.S.M.) XR. sabinii Woods (107, 108) Creich (Inveran, 1959, J.A.) Assynt (Loch Assynt & Kylesku, 1890, F.J.H. & ESM.) Farr (Invernaver, 1897, E.S.M. & W.A.S.) R. canina L. var. globularis (Franch.) Dum. (108) Dog Rose Assynt ( Lochinver, 1944, AJ.W. & MSC.) R. dumalis Bechst. (107, 108) Margins of woods, amongst scrub and roadsides. Frequent in east. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 84 The undermentioned forms have been recorded: var. typica W-Dod (107, 108) Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1890, E.S.M., Rosehall & Inveran, 1959, J.A.) Rogart ( Rogart, 1959, J.A.) Dornoch (Clashmore, Dornoch, Torboll, Mound, 1959, J.A.) Golspie (Golspie, 1959, J.A.) Assynt (Lochinver, Inchnadamph, Kylesku, 1890, F.J.H. & E.S.M.) Durness (Ben Hope, 1827, R.G.) Farr ( Bettyhill, 1889, F.J.H. & ES.M., 1908, G.C.D., Farr, 1959, J.A.) var. schlimpertii Hofm. Assynt (Lochinver, 1944, AJ.W. & MSC.) var. aspernata (Desegl.) Briggs. (107) Creich ( Rosehall, 1890, F.J.H. & E.S.M.) var. rueteri (God.) Cott. (107) Lairg ( Lairg, 1960, J.A.) Dornoch (Astle, 1959, J.A.) Golspie (Strath Fleet, 1960, J.A.) var. glaucophylla (Winch) W-Dod (107, 108) Creich (Invershin, 1908, G.C.D., Bonar Bridge, 1960, J.A.) Kildonan (Helmsdale, 1960, J.A.) Assynt (Lochinver, 1944, AJ .W. & MS.C., Inchnadamph & Kylesku, 1890, F.J.H. & ESM.) var. subeanina Chr. (107, 108) Rogart ( Rogart, 1959, J.A.) Golspie (Mound, 1959, J.A.) Farr (Farr Bay, 1959, J.A.) var. watsoni (Baker) W-Dod (108) Assynt (Lochinver, 1890, E.S.M.) var. bakeri (Déségl.) W-Dod (107) Golspie (Loch Fleet, 1897, E.S.M. & W.A.S.) Clyne (Brora, 1897, ESM. & W.AS.) f. setigera W-Dod (108) Assynt (Lochinver & Achmelvich, 1944, AJ.W. & MSC.) var. pruinosa (Baker) W-Dod (108) Assynt (Lochinver, 1897, HSM. & W.A.S.) 85 R. villosa L. (107, 108) Wood margins. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE. —— —— —— ASSYNT —— — — FARR var. mollis Sm. (107, 108) Dornoch (Dornoch, 1903, G.C.D.) Golspie (Golspie, 1903, G.C.D.) Assynt (Traligill Burn, 1886, A.G.) Farr ( Bettyhill, 1897, W.F.M.) f. coerulea Woods (107, 108) Dornoch (Mound, 1959, J.A.) Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1909, E.S.M. & W.AS.) Farr ( Bettyhill, 1889, W.F.M., Melvich, 1916, E.S.M.) xR. schoolbredi W-Dod (107) Dornoch (Cuthill, 1959, J.A.) R. tomentosa Sm. (107, 108) Margins of woods. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG GOLSPIE —— ——- —— ASSYNT —— —— — — var. typica W-Dod (107, 108) Creich (Invershin, 1908, G.C.D.) Lairg ( Lairg, 1908, G.C.D.) Assynt (Achmelvich, 1944, A.J.W., Unapool, 1886, A.G., Kylesku, 1908, E.S.M.) var. scabriuscula Sm. (107) Golspie (Dunrobin, 1903, G.C.D.) R. sherardii Davies (107, 108) Amongst scrub. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE FARR var. typica W-Dod (107, 108) Lairg (Lairg, 1960, J.A.) Dornoch (Astle, Badnanish, 1960, J.A.) Golspie (Dunrobin, 1960, J.A.) Kildonan (Helmsdale, 1960, J.A.) Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1890, E.S.M.) Durness (Drocheid Mor, 1960, J.A.) Farr (Farr Bay, 1959, J.A., Melvich, 1916, E.S.M.) 86 f. submollis (Ley) W-Dod (107, 108) Creich (Bonar Bridge, 1959, J.A.) Dornoch (Clashmore, Camore, 1959, J.A.) Assynt (Kylesku, 1909, H.S.M. & W.AS.) f. pseudomollis (Baker) W-Dod (107, 108) Dornoch (Mound, 1959, J.A.) Clyne ( Dalcharn, 1960, J.A.) Loth ( Loth, 1960, J.A.) Durness (Sangomore, 1960, J.A.) f. uncinata (Lees) W-Dod (107, 108) Creich (Inveran, 1960, J.A.) Dornoch (Dornoch, 1959, J.A.) Tongue (Coldbackie, 1909, H.S.M. & W.A.S.) var. omissa (Déségl.) W-Dod (107, 108) Lairg ( Lairg, 1960, J.A.) Dornoch ( Astle, 1960, J.A.) Farr (Farr Bay, 1959, J.A.) f. resinosoides (Crép.) W-Dod (107, 108) Creich ( Rosehall, 1959, J.A.) Rogart ( Rogart, 1959, J.A.) Dornoch ( Dornoch, 1959, J.A.) Assynt (Lochinver, 1908, E.S.M.) var. woodsiana (Groves) W-Dod (107, 108) Dornoch (EHvelix, 1959, J.A.) Clyne ( Tressady, 1960, J.A.) Farr (Farr Bay, 1959, J.A.) var. suberecta (Ley) W-Dod Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1909, E.S.M., Invershin, 1959, J.A.) Lairg ( Lairg, 1960, J.A.) Rogart ( Rogart, 1960, J.A.) Dornoch (Camore, 1959, J.A.) Assynt (Lochinver, Inchnadamph, Kylesku, 1909, E.S.M. & W.A.S.) Farr (Farr Bay, 1959, J.A., Bettyhill, Armadale, 1909, E.S.M.) f. glabrata Ley (108) Farr ( Bettyhill, 1909, E.S.M.) R. rubiginosa L. (107) Sweet Briar Waste places. Escape from cultivation. Rare. 87 —— —— oe DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— acai Dornoch (Dornoch, 1959, J.A.) Golspie (Golspie, 1903, G.C.D.) Prunus L. P. spinosa L. (107, 108) Blackthorn Amongst scrub and wood margins. Occasional in east, rare in north and west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. domestica L. (107) Wild Plum Introduced. Old record. Creich ( Rosehall, 1890, F.J.H. & E.S.M.) P. avium (L.) L. (107, 108) Wild Cherry or Gean Woodlands. Occasional. Introduced in west and north. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— — FARR P. padus L. (107, 108) Bird Cherry Woodlands. Occasional in east, rare in north and west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT —— — TONGUE FARR Cotoneaster Medic. C. simonsii Bak. (107) Himalayan Cotoneaster Escape from gardens. Dornoch (Cambusmore ) Golspie ( Dunrobin) Clyne ( Brora) Kildonan (Kildonan) C. horizontalis Decne. (107) Wall Cotoneaster Garden escape. Established on links. Dornoch (Dornoch) C. microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. (107) Small-leaved Cotoneaster Garden escape. Dornoch (Cambusmore ) Kildonan (Kildonan) 88 KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN Crataegus L. C. monogyna Jacq. (107, 108) Hawthorn Amongst scrub and in woods. Occasional, probably planted in the north. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Sorbus L. S. aucuparia L. (107, 108) Rowan Woods, scrub, mountain rocks. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. aria (L.) Crantz sensu lato (107) Common Whitebeam Planted. Occasional. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE -—— S. rupicola (Syme) Hedl. (107, 108) Rock Whitebeam On limestone rocks. Very rare. DORNOCH —— —_ Ss —— ASSYNT Dornoch (Cambusmore, 1939, P.M.H., 1962, A.M.G.) Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1826, R.G.) CRASSULACEAE Sedum L. S. rosea (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Roseroot KILDONAN KILDONAN Shingle shores, sea-cliffs and mountain cliffs. Frequent in north and west, rare in east. CREICH = GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR LOTH S. telephium L. (107) Orpine Woods. Very rare. —— —_—~ GOLSPIE —— —— Golspie (Dunrobin) S. anglicum Huds. (107, 108) English Stonecrop Sea-cliffs and shingle beaches. Occasional in west, rare in east. GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KILDONAN 89 S. album L. (107, 108) White Stonecrop Rocks and walls. Introduced, rare. ROGART GOLSPIE —— —— —— ASSYNT —— — — eee S. acre L. (107, 108) Biting Stonecrop or Wall-pepper Dunes, shingle beaches and rocks. Frequent in coastal areas. ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE.LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. forsteranum Sm. (107) Rock Stonecrop Introduced. Rare. Creich (Shin) SAXIFRAGACEAE Saxifraga L. 8. nivalis L. (107, 108) Alpine Saxifrage Mountain cliffs, up to 2700 ft. Very rare. CREICH DURNESS —— —— Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1962, D.A.R.) Durness (Meall Horn, 1959, D.A.R.) S. stellaris L. (107, 108) Starry Saxifrage Wet rocks on mountains. Frequent in north and west. Descends to sea-level. CREICH ——- —— — —— —- LOTH —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. tridactylites L. (107, 108) Rue-leaved Saxifrage Bare sandy places on dunes and on walls. Rare. DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— FARR Dornoch ( Dornoch) Golspie (Golspie ) Farr (Farr Bay) S. hypnoides L. (107, 108) Mossy Saxifrage Wet rock-ledges on mountains. At sea-level in the east. Occasional. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE LOTH = —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. aizoides L. (107, 108) Yellow Saxifrage Stony ground and rock-ledges on mountains. At sea-level in the north and west. Frequent in north and west, absent from east. 90 CREICH —— ——= ——— — ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. oppositifolia L. (107, 108) Purple Saxifrage Rock-ledges on mountains, stony ground, sea-cliffs and shingle. Frequent in the north and west. At sea-level on the north coast. CREICH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Chrysosplenium L. C. oppositifolium L. (107, 108) Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage Wet shady places by ditches and streams. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR PARNASSIACEAE Parnassia L. P. palustris L. (107, 108) Grass-of-Parnassus Marshes, moors and dune-slacks. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE. ——- —— _ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR GROSSULARIACEAE Ribes L. R. sylvestre (Lam.) Mert. & Koch (107, 108) Red Currant Woods. Introduced. Occasional. CREICH ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— —— —— == ee TONGUE FARR R. spicatum Robson (107) Downy Currant or Erect-spiked Red Currant Introduced. Kildonan (Kildonan ) R. nigrum L. (107, 108) Black Currant Woods. Introduced. An escape. Rare. CREICH DORNOCH — —— oe TONGUE FARR R. uva-crispa L. (107, 108) Gooseberry Woods and scrub. Introduced. Occasional. CREICH ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE _—— —— _ KILDONAN ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE —— 91 DROSERACEAE Drosera L. D. rotundifolia L. (107, 108) Round-leaved Sundew Wet peaty places in moors and bogs. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR D. anglica Huds. (107, 108) Great Sundew Wet peaty places on moors and in bogs. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR D. x obovata Mert. & Koch (D. rotundifolia x anglica) (108) Wet peaty places. Occasional. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —== —= FARR. D. intermedia Hayne (108) Oblong-leaved or Long-leaved Sundew Wet peaty places. Occasional, mainly in the north and west. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS' TONGUE FARR LYTHRACEAE Lythrum L. L. portula (L.) D.A.Webb (107) Water Purslane Muddy margins of pools. Very rare. ROGART DORNOCH —— —> Ss —- SS —— Rogart (Rogart, 1957, M.McC.W.) Dornoch (Cuthill, 1958, J.A.) ELAEAGNACEAE Hippophaé L. H. rhamnoides L. (107, 108) Sea-buckthorn Introduced. Occasional. era GOLSPIE —— LOTH == oa ——— — TONGUE FARR ONAGRACEAE Epilobium L. E. parviflorum Schreb. (107) Hoary Willowherb or Small-flowered Hairy Willowherb 92 Ditches and margins of ponds. Rare. CREICH DORNOCH —— — — _ KILDONAN EK. montanum L. (107, 108) Broad-leaved Willowherb Shady damp places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KE. roseum Schreb. (107) Small-flowered or Pale Willowherb Garden weed. Rare. | —— —— CLYNE —— —— E. adnatum Griseb. (107) Square-stalked Willowherb Shady ditches. Rare. — —- —— — _ KILDONAN E. obscurum Schreb. (107, 108) Short-fruited Willowherb Damp shady places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR EK. palustre L. (107, 108) Marsh Willowherb Ditches, marshes, margins of ponds. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR EK. anagallidifolium Lam. (107, 108) Alpine Willowherb Wet places on mountains. Occasional on western hills. CREICH LAIRG ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE —— === KILDONAN E. alsinifolium Vill. (107, 108) Chickweed Willowherb Wet places on western mountains. Very occasional. CREICH LAIRG ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR E. nerterioides Cunn. (108) New Zealand Willowherb Introduced. Tongue (Loch Buidhe) Knocknan rock (Knocknan, 1973, I.A.) 93 Several hybrids have been recorded. Among these are: . alsinifolium x E. anagallidifolium alsinifolium x E. obscurum alsinifolium x E. palustre . anagallidifolium x E. obscurum . anagallidifolium x E. palustre - montanum x E. obscurum . obscurum E. palustre bed bes et ttt Chamaenerion Adans. C. angustifolium (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Rosebay Willowherb Waste places, woodlands, rocks on mountains. Ascends to 1400 ft. Frequent in south and east, occasional in north and west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Circaea L. C. lutetiana L. (108) Enchanter’s-nightshade Shady places in woods. Rare. — ASSYNT DURNESS —— — Assynt (Lochinver, Achmelvich ) Durness ( Durness ) C. intermedia Ehrh. (107, 108) Upland Enchanter’s Nightshade Shady places amongst rocks and in woods. Rare. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT —— — — FARR Dornoch (Cambusmore ) Golspie (Dunrobin ) Assynt (Inchnadamph ) Farr ( Bettyhill) HALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum L. M. spicatum L. (108) Spiked Water-milfoil In streams. Rare. ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE —— M. alterniflorum DC. (107, 108) Alternate Water-milfoil 94 In streams. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE OLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR HIPPURIDACEAE Hippuris L. H. vulgaris L. (107, 108) Mare’s-tail Lochans. Occasional. ROGART DORNOCH —— ——_ —— KILDONAN — EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR CALLITRICHACEAE Callitriche L. C. stagnalis Scop. (107, 108) Common Water-starwort Ditches and ponds. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. platyearpa Kiitz. (108) Various-leaved Water-starwort Ditches. Rare. DURNESS —— FARR ASSYNT C. intermedia Hoffm. (107, 108) Intermediate Water-starwort sub sp. hamulata (Kiitz.) Clapham Ditches, ponds and streams. Occasional. ROGART CLYNE —— —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —= =—= FARR C. hermaphroditica L. (107, 108) Autumnal Water-starwort Streams. Rare. — —— — oS} 1) eI DONAN aaa EDDRACHILLIS == — FARR CORNACEAE Chamaepericlymenum Hill C. suecicum (L.) Aschers. & Graebn. (107, 108) Dwarf Cornel Mountain moors. Frequent in west, rare in east. CREICH LAIRG —— LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 95 ARALIACEAE Hedera L. H. helix L. (107, 108) Ivy Woodlands, hedges, walls, sea-cliffs. Frequent but absent from interior. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE UMBELLIFERAE Hydrocotyle L. H. vulgaris L. (107, 108) Marsh Pennywort Bogs and marshes. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE Sanicula L. S. europaea L. (107, 108) Sanicle Woods. Occasional in west, rare in east. ROGART ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE Anthriscus Pers. A. caucalis Bieb. (107) Bur Chervil Waste places. Casual. —— GOLSPIE Golspie (Golspie ) Kildonan (Helmsdale ) CLYNE LOTH FARR CLYNE LOTH FARR FARR A. sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. (107, 108) Cow Parsley Fields, roadsides, waste places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE Scandix L. S. pecten-veneris L. (108) Shepherd’s-needle Field. Old record. Farr (Melvich, 1886, F.J.H.) 96 CLYNE LOTH FARR KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN Myrrhis Mill. M. odorata (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Sweet Cicely Roadsides and margins of fields. Occasional in east, rare in north and west. CREICH —— ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— —— - KILDONAN ASSYNT —— — TONGUE —— Torilis Adans. T. japonica (Houtt.) DC. (107, 108) Upright Hedge-parsley Waste places and roadsides. Occasional in east, very rare in north. CREICH ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN DURNESS —— == Durness ( Balnakeil, 1964, A.G.K.) Conium L. €. maculatum L. (107, 108) Hemlock Waste places. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN —= === DURNESS FARR Apium L. A. inundatum (L.) Reichb, f. (107) Lesser Marshwort Marshes. Rare. == DORNOCH —— —— ——— == Dornoch (Loch Fleet, 1888, J.G., 1962, V.S.S.) Carum L. €. carvi L. (108) Caraway Introduced. Rare. =a DURNESS TONGUE FARR Conopodium Koch C. majus (Gouan) Loret (107, 108) Pignut Fields, banks and woods. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 97 Pimpinella L. P. saxifraga L. (107, 108) Burnet-saxifrage Dry grassy places and dunes. Occasional on the north coast, rare in east. GOLSPIE CLYNE === —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR Aegopodium L. A. podagraria L. (107, 108) Ground-elder or Goutweed Fields and waste places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Crithmum L. C. maritimum L. (108) Rock Samphire On sea-cliffs. Very rare. —— FARR Farr (Strathy Point, Three plants, 1959, M.McC.W.) Oenanthe L. 0. crocata L. (108) Hemlock Water-dropwort Marshes. Rare. ASSYNT Assynt ( Lochinver, 1944, A.J.W.) Aethusa L. A. cynapium L. (107) Fool’s Parsley Waste places. Casual. Golspie (Golspie) Ligusticum L. L. scoticum L. (108) Scots Lovage Sea-cliffs, shingle. Frequent on north and west coasts. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Angelica L. A. sylvestris L. (107, 108) Wild Angelica 98 Wet woods, damp grassy places and banks, sea-cliffs. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Peucedanum L. P. ostruthium (L.) Koch (107) Masterwort In old garden. Loth ( Loth, 1959, M.McC.W.) Heracleum L. H. sphondylium L. (107, 108) Hogweed or Cow Parsnip Fields, waste places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Daucus L. D. carota L. (108) Wild Carrot Dunes and sandy fields. Frequent on north and west coasts. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR EUPHORBIACEAE Mercurialis L. M. perennis L. (107, 108) Dog’s Mercury Sandy places. Very rare. CREICH — — — —— FARR Euphorbia L. E. helioscopia L. (107, 108) Sun Spurge Cultivated ground. Frequent in north. DORNOCH —— —_ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR E. peplus L. (107, 108) Petty Spurge Cultivated ground. Rare. Z DORNOCH —— SS SSS Tee sr EDDRACHILLIS == == FARR 99 E. cyparissias L. (108) Cypress Spurge Dry grassland. Introduced. Rare. eral Sa = TONGUE FARR POLYGONACEAE Polygonum L. P. aviculare L. sensu lato (107, 108) Knotgrass Fields, roadsides, waste places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. boreale (Lange) Small (107, 108) Golspie (Golspie, 1962, M.McC.W.) Durness (Durness ) P. viviparum L. (107, 108) Alpine Bistort Rocky and grassy places on mountains, coastal pastures, at the north. Frequent in north and west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. amphibium L. (107, 108) Amphibious Bistort In lochs and ponds. Rare. DORNOCH —— CLYENH i ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— P. persicaria L. (107, 108) Redshank or Persicaria Cultivated ground. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. lapathifolium L. (108) Pale Persicaria Cultivated ground. Rare. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— Sor P. hydropiper L. (108) Common Water-pepper Wet places. Rare. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS ——. —- ————— P. convolvulus L. (107, 108) Black-bindweed Cultivated fields. Occasional. 100 KILDONAN sea-level in KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN —— —— ee DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. (107, 108) Japanese Knotweed Garden escape. Creich (Inveran) Assynt ( Lochinver ) Oxyria Hill O. digyna (L.) Hill. (108) Mountain Sorrel Wet rocky places on mountains. At sea-level on north coast. Frequent. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Rumex L. R. acetosella L. sensu lato (107, 108) Sheep’s Sorrel Fields, heaths, waste places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR R. acetosa L. (107, 108) Common Sorrel Grassy places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR R. longifolius DC. (107, 108) Northern Dock or Butter Dock Damp places. Occasional. CREICH ——— GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN FARR Farr ( Bettyhill, 1889, F.J.H.) Old record. R. crispus L. (107, 108) Curled Dock Shingle beaches, dunes, fields, waste places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR R. obtusifolius L. (107, 108) Broad-leaved Dock Fields, waste places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR R. conglomeratus Murr. (107, 108) Clustered Dock or Sharp Dock Damp grassy places. Rare. 101 Aa LAIRG —— — — = (es ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —_—— —— SS URTICACEAE Urtica L. U. urens L. (107, 108) Small Nettle Fields, waste places. Occasional in the east. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR U. dioica L. (107, 108) Common Nettle or Stinging Nettle Fields, waste places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR ULMACEAE Ulmus L. U. glabra Huds. (107, 108) Wych Elm KILDONAN KILDONAN Woodlands. Frequent in the south-east, occasional in north-west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR MYRICACEAE Myrica L. M. gale L. (107, 108) Bog Myrtle Bogs, wet moors. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR BETULACEAE Betula L. B. pendula Roth (107, 108) Silver Birch Woods and heaths on hills. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR B. pubescens Khrh. (107, 108) Downy Birch Woods, heaths in wetter areas. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 102 KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN B. nana L. (107, 108) Dwarf Birch Bogs and wet moors. Occasional. LAIRG -_—-— TONGUE FARR Lairg (Ben Hee) Tongue (Ben Loyal, Ben Tongue) Farr (Ben Klibreck, Strathy Bog) hybrid B. nana x pubescens occurs on Ben Loyal Alnus Mill. A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (107, 108) Alder Margins of lakes and streams. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR CORYLACEAE Carpinus L. C. betulus L. (107, 108) Hornbeam Introduced. Golspie (Dunrobin ) Tongue ( Borgie ) Farr (Melvich) Corylus L. C. avellana L. (107, 108) Hazel Woods, scrub, hedges. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR FAGACEAE Fagus L. F. sylvatica L. (107, 108) Beech KILDONAN KILDONAN Woods. Frequent in south-east, sparse in north and west. Introduced. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Castanea Mill. C. sativa Mill. (107) Sweet Chestnut In woods. Introduced. Rare. KILDONAN 103 CREICH ——W— ——= DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— —== — Quercus L. Q. robur L. (107, 108) Pedunculate Oak In woods. Introduced in north. Occasional. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN ASSYNT —— DURNESS —— FARR Q. petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. (107, 108) Sessile Oak Woods in the south-east, frequent, sparse in the north. Often planted. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR SALICACEAE Populus L. P. tremula L. (107, 108) Aspen Woods, rocky places on heaths and ravines and sea-cliffs. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. alba L. (107, 108) White Poplar Introduced. Golspie (Golspie, Dunrobin) Farr (Altnaharra) P. nigra agg. (107, 108) Black Poplar Introduced. Creich ( Rosehall) Rogart ( Rogart ) Assynt ( Lochinver ) Tongue ( Tongue) Salix L. S. pentandra L. (107, 108) Bay Willow Introduced. Usually near houses. CREICH ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. alba L. (107, 108) White Willow Introduced. Very occasional. GOLSPIE —— —— === — = DURNESS —— —S—= 104 S. fragilis L. (107, 108) Crack Willow Introduced, occasional. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— — —— S. purpurea L. (107, 108) Purple Willow Introduced. Very occasional. CREICH ASSYNT DURNESS —— == S. viminalis L. (107, 108) Osier Wet places. Frequently planted round houses. Absent from interior. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. caprea L. (107, 108) Goat Willow Woods. Occasional in the south-east; sparse in the north. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. cinerea L. Grey Willow or Common Sallow sub sp. atrocinerea (Brot) Silva & Sobrinho (107, 108) Woods and scrub. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. aurita L. (107, 108) Eared Willow Damp woods and moorland. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. nigricans Sm. (107, 108) Dark-leaved Willow Wet places. Rare. EDDRACHILLIS §= —— — —— Eddrachillis (Scourie ) S. phylicifolia L. (107, 108) Tea-leaved Willow Wet rocks on mountains. Rare. ROGART —. i eA — —_—— DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. repens L. (107, 108) Creeping Willow sub sp. repens. Damp and wet heaths. Common. sub sp. argentea (Sm.) G. & A. Camus. Dune slacks and rocky heaths near the sea. Common. 105 CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. lapponum L. (108) Downy Willow Wet rocks on mountains. Rare. ASSYNT —— DURNESS —— FARR S. myrsinites L. (107, 108) Whortle-leaved Willow Basic rocks on mountains. Rare. aaa Sasa SS KILDONAN ASSYNT —— DURNESS -—— == S. herbacea L. (107, 108) Dwarf Willow or Least Willow Bare ground and rock-ledges on mountains. Frequent on higher hills. CREICH LAIRG ROGART KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. reticulata L. (108) Net-leaved or Reticulate Willow Mountain screes. Very rare. DURNESS Durness (Ben Hope, 1833, J.M., 1957, R.E.C.F.) ERICACEAE Loiseleuria Desv. L. procumbens (L.) Desv. (107, 108) Trailing Azalea or Loiseleuria On dry stony places on mountain moors. From 700 ft near the north coast to 2600 ft on Ben Hope. Chiefly in the north and west. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG CLYNE KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Arctostaphylos Adans. A. uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (107, 108) Bearberry Dry rocky places on mountains and heaths. Descends to sea-level on north coast. Common. CREICH LAIRG —— — _ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Arctous (A. Gray) Nied. A. alpinus (L.) Nied. (107, 108) Alpine Bearberry or Black Bearberry On barren mountain tops. Frequent on hills in the north and west. 106 Descends to 400 ft on the north coast. CREICH LAIRG CLYNE —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Calluna Salish. C. vulgaris (L.) Hull (107, 108) Heather On heaths, moors, woods and dunes. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Erica L. K. tetralix L. (107, 108) Cross-leaved Heath Damp heaths, moors and woods. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR K. cinerea L. (107, 108) Bell Heather Dry heaths and moors. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Vaccinium L. V. vitis-idaea L. (107, 108) Cowberry Woods and heaths. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. myrtillus L. (107, 108) Bilberry or Blaeberry Woods, moors and mountains. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. uliginosum L. (107, 108) Bog Bilberry or Bog Whortleberry On high wet moors. Mainly in the north and west. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG ROGART ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. oxycoccus L. (107) Cranberry In bogs. Very rare. CREICH Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1909, E.S.M.) KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN 107 PYROLACEAE Pyrola L. P. minor L. (107, 108) Common Wintergreen Cliff-ledges on hills and in woods. Rare. CREICH GOLSPIE —— —— —— DURNESS TONGUE —— Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1962, D.A.R.) Golspie (Golspie, 1858, J.G., 1959, J.A.) Durness (Ben Hope, 1900, E.S.M.) Tongue ( Rhi-Tongue, 1886, A.G.; Ben Loyal, 1887, J.H.) P. media Sw. (107, 108) Intermediate Wintergreen Rocky places on heaths. Rare. CREICH = == ——= KILDONAN Creich (Invershin, 1887, W.C., 1888, J.G.) Kildonan (Ord, 1959, J.A.) Farr (Strath Vagastie, 1899, W.F.M.) P. rotundifolia L. (108) Round-leaved Wintergreen Cliff-ledges on hills. Very rare. DURNESS. —— — Durness (Ben Hope, 1900, E.S.M., 1959, J.A.) Orthilia Raf. O. secunda (L.) House (107) Serrated Wintergreen Pine-woods and rock-ledges on hills. Rare. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN Dornoch (Cambusmore, 1962, A.McG.S.) Golspie (Ben Braghie, 1888, J.G.) Clyne (Loch Brora, 1962, J.A.) Kildonan (Achentoul, 1962, A.McG.S.) Moneses Salisb. M. uniflora (L.) A. Gray (107) One-flowered Wintergreen In pine woods. Very rare. ———— GOLSPIE —— =a aan Golspie ( Balblair, 1890, F.C.C., 1897, ES.M. & F.J.H., 1923, G.C.D., 1960, J.A.; Mound, 1900, T.J.F.) 108 EMPETRACEAE Empetrum L. E. nigrum L. (107, 108) Crowberry On moors. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KE. hermaphroditum Hagerup (107, 108) Mountain Crowberry Mountain moors, mainly in the north and west, at the highest altitudes. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ——- —— —— CLYNE —— KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR PLUMBAGINACEAE Armeria Willd. A. maritima (Mill.) Willd. (107, 108) Thrift sub sp. maritima Salt-marshes, coastal pastures, sea-cliffs and on mountains. Ascends to 3000 ft. Frequent. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR — = KILDONAN PRIMULACEAE Primula L. P. scotica Hook. (108) Scottish Primrose Pastures by the sea. All along the north coast. Occasional. SS —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. veris L. (107, 108) Cowslip Sandy pastures by the sea, occasional in north, very rare in the east. DORNOCH DURNESS TONGUE FARR ASSYNT P. vulgaris Huds. (107, 108) Primrose Woods and banks. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 109 Lysimachia L. L. nemorum L. (107, 108) Yellow Pimpernel Woods and banks. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR L. vulgaris L. (107) Yellow Loosestrife Near old garden. An escape. Dornoch ( Badnanish) Trientalis L. T. europaea L. (107, 108) Chickweed Wintergreen Woods and moorland. Widely but sparsely distributed. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE OLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR Anagallis L. A. tenella (L.) L. (108) Bog Pimpernel In bogs, marshy area and stream sides. Occasional. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR A. arvensis L. (107) Scarlet Pimpernel In fields. Rare. CREICH Creich ( Rosehall) Clyne ( Brora) Glaux L. G. maritima L. (107, 108) Sea-milkwort Salt marshes, sandy and stony shores. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— ——- —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR OLEACEAE Fraxinus L. F. excelsior L. (107, 108) Ash Woodlands. Frequent in east, sparse (introduced ) in north-west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 110 Ligustrum L. L. vulgare L. (107, 108) Wild Privet Introduced. CREICH ROGART —— GOLSPIE LOTH ASSYNT —— = TONGUE FARR GENTIANACEAE Centaurium Hill C. littorale (D. Turner) Gilmour (107) Seaside Centaury Damp sandy places by the sea. Very rare. == === — == DORNOCH Dornoch (Dornoch Links, south shore of Loch Fleet) Gentianella Moench G. campestris (L.) Borner (107, 108) Field Gentian Grassland and dunes. Frequent by the sea. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR G. amarella (L.) Borner. Autumn Gentian or Felwort Dunes and sandy pastures by the sea. sub sp. druceana Pritchard (107, 108) DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— TONGUE FARR sub sp. septentrionalis (Druce) Pritchard (107, 108) CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR G. pulchra Brummet & Heywood (108) ASSYNT —— —_—— ——= a MENYANTHACEAE Menyanthes L. M. trifoliata L. (107, 108) Bogbean Marshes, bogs and lake-margins. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KILDONAN KILDONAN 111 BORAGINACEAE Symphytum L. S. officinale L. (107, 108) Common Comfrey Wet grassy places and ditches. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— TONGUE FARR S. tuberosum L. (107) Tuberous Comfrey Roadside. Rare. Kildonan (Kinbrace) Pentaglottis Tausch P. sempervirens (L.) Tausch (107, 108) Green Alkanet Hedges and roadsides. Occasional. LAIRG GOLSPIE —— LOTH ASSYNT —— —— TONGUE —— Lycopsis L. L. arvensis L. (107, 108) Bugloss In cultivated fields. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Myosotis L. M. seorpioides L. (107, 108) Water Forget-me-not In wet places, ditches, ponds. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR M. secunda A. Murr. (107, 108) Creeping Forget-me-not In wet peaty places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR M. caespitosa K. F. Schultz (107, 108) Tufted Forget-me-not In marshes and ponds. Frequent but absent from the interior. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 112 KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN M. arvensis (L.) Hill (107, 108) Field Forget-me-not In cultivated fields, dunes and waste places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR M. discolor Pers. (107, 108) Changing Forget-me-not or Yellow and Blue Forget-me-not In dry bare waste places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR M. ramosissima Rochel (107) Early Forget-me-not Waste places. Rare. =e GOLSPIE CLYNE Golspie (Golspie ) Clyne ( Brora) Mertensia Roth M. maritima (L.) Gray (107, 108) Northern Shore-wort or Oyster Plant On coastal shingle. Rare. Decreasing. GOLSPIE —— LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— TONGUE FARR Golspie (Dunrobin, 1903, G.C.D., very scarce, now extinct ) Loth ( Loth, 1965, M.M., one plant) Kildonan (Helmsdale, 1845, D.R., now extinct ) Assynt (Inverkirkaig, 1886, A.G.; Clachtoll, 1956, J.A.) Lddrachillis (Sandwood, 1919, now extinct) Tongue (Skerray, 1956, J.A., two plants) Farr (Kirtomy, 1895, ES.M. & F.J.H., 1954, J.A., now extinct) CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus L. ‘C. arvensis L. (107) Field Bindweed Recorded by H. C. Watson without locality. Calystegia R. Br. C. sepium (L.) R. Br. (107, 108) Hedge Bindweed or Larger Bindweed Hedges and waste places. Occasional. DORNOCH —— ——_ — _ KILDONAN —— — FARR ASSYNT 113 C. silvatica (Kit.) Griseb. (107) Large Bindweed Hedges. Occasional. LAIRG a GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN. C. pulchra Brummitt & Heywood (108) Hairy Bindweed Assynt (Inchnadamph) SOLANACEAE Lycium L. L. chinense Mill. (108) China Teaplant or Duke of Argyll’s Tea-plant On wall at roadside. An escape. Durness ( Balnakiel ) Hyoscyamus L. H. niger L. (107) Henbane In waste ground. Casual. Golspie (Golspie, 1898, H.S.M. & W.A.S.) Solanum L. S. duleamara L. (107, 108) Bittersweet On waste ground. An escape. Creich (Bonar Bridge, 1962, J.A.) Assynt ( Lochinver, 1944) Farr ( Bettyhill, 1897, E.S.M.) SCROPHULARIACEAE Verbascum L. V. thapsus L. (107) Great Mullein or Aaron’s Rod On waste ground. Casual. Golspie (Golspie, 1888, J.G., 1898, HSM. & W.AS.) Limaria Mill. L. vulgaris Mill. (107, 108) Common Toadflax On railway banks. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ———- —— _ KILDONAN FARR Cymbalaria Hill C. muralis Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb. (107, 108) Ivy-leaved Toadfiax On walls. Garden escape. 114 a —_ 1 —§-—— GOLSPIE —— —_- s ——-_—- —— EDDRACHILLIS —— FARR Golspie (Golspie, Litile Ferry) Eddrachillis (Scourte ) Farr (Melvich) Scrophularia L. S. nodosa L. (107, 108) Common Figwort Damp woods, banks and ditches. Occasional in south and east. Very local in north and west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— — FARR Mimulus L. M. guttatus DC. (107, 108) Monkeyflower Banks of streams. Introduced. Established in many localities. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR M. luteus L. (107, 108) Blood-drop-emlets Banks of streams. Introduced. Much less frequent than WM. guttatus. LAIRG LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE FARR M. moschatus Dougl. ex Lindl. (107, 108) Musk Banks of streams and ditches. Introduced. Occasional, near gardens. CREICH LAIRG ROGART GOLSPIE KILDONAN —- DURNESS TONGUE FARR Erinus L. K. alpinus L. (108) Fairy Foxglove Introduced. Farr ( Bettyhill, 1959, D.P.Y.) Digitalis L. D. purpurea L. (107, 108) Foxglove In woods, heaths and banks. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Veronica L. V. beccabunga L. (107, 108) Brooklime 115 In ditches and streams. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR V. anagallis-aquatica L. (108) Blue Water-speedwell In streams. Rare. DURNESS —— —— Durness ( Balnakeil, Eriboll) V. scutellata L. (107, 108) Marsh Speedwell Wet places, ditches, ponds and bogs. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. officinalis L. (107, 108) Heath Speedwell Dunes, heaths and woods. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. chamaedrys L. (107, 108) Germander Speedwell Woods, pastures, dunes and roadsides. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. serpyllifolia L. (107, 108) Thyme-leaved Speedwell sub sp. serpyllifolia Grasslands and waste places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR sub sp. humifusa (Dickson) Syme Damp places on mountains. Occasional. CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. arvensis L. (107, 108) Wall Speedwell Cultivated fields. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. hederifolia L. (107, 108) Ivy-leaved Speedwell In waste places. Occasional. DORNOCH —— —_—- ss ——— ASSYNT —— a —— FARR 116 KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN V. persica Poir. (107, 108) Common Field-speedwell or Buxbaum’s Speedwell In cultivated fields. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. polita Fr. (108) Grey Field-speedwell Waste ground. Rare. —— == DURNESS —— FARR V. agrestis L. (107, 108) Green Field-speedwell Cultivated ground. Occasional. LAIRG DORNOCH —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR V. filiformis Sm. (107, 108) Slender Speedwell At roadsides amongst grass. Casual, rare. DORNOCH ASSYNT —— ee TONGUE FARR Pedicularis L. P. palustris L. (107, 108) Marsh Lousewort or Red-rattle In marshes. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. sylvatica L. (107, 108) Lousewort Damp heaths and moors. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Rhinanthus L. R. serotinus (Sch6nh) Oborny (108) Greater Yellow-rattle Farr ( Bettyhill, 1923, G.C.D.) R. minor L. (107, 108) Yellow-rattle Grassy places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR sub sp. stenophyllus (Schur.) O. Schwarz (107, 108) Damp grassy places. Common. KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN 117 CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR sub sp. monticola (Sterneck) O. Schwarz (107, 108) Grassy places. Common. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— —— ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE FARR sub sp. borealis (Sterneck) Druce. (107, 108) Grassy places on hills, at sea-level on north coast. Occasional. CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KILDONAN Melampyrum L. M. pratense L. (107, 108) Common Cow-wheat sub sp. pratense var hians Druce. Woods and heaths. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Euphrasia L. E. officinalis L. (107, 108) Eyebright Heaths, moors and screes. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR E. micrantha x nemorosa Durness. E. scottica Wettst. (107, 108) On wet moors. Not uncommon in the north and west, rare in the east. Ascends to 2000 ft on Ben More. CREICH LAIRG DORNOCH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KE. frigida Pugsl. (107, 108) Rocky places on mountains. Ascends to 2500 ft on Ben More. Rare. CREICH ASSYNT Creich (Ben More) Assynt (Craig Liath) Durness (Ben Hope) ) ) DURNESS TONGUE FARR Tongue (Ben Loyal Farr (Ben Klibreck E. frigida x micrantha. Ben Loyal E. frigida x scottica. Ben Hope 118 E. foulaensis Townsend ex Wettst. (107, 108) Coastal pastures and salt marshes. Occasional. DORNOCH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Dornoch (Dornoch, Loch Fleet) Eddrachillis (Handa) Durness (Smoo) Tongue (Kyle of Tongue) Farr (Invernaver, Bettyhill, Farr, Strathy & Melvich) E. foulaensis x marshallii. Bettyhill E. foulaensis x nemorosa. Melness E. rotundifolia Pugsl. (108) Grassy sea-cliffs. Very rare. EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Eddrachillis (Sandwood ) Durness ( Balnakeil) Tongue (Scullomie ) Farr (Port Skerra) E. marshallii Pugsl. (108) Grassy places on sea-cliffs. Occasional on north coast, sparse on west. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR K. marshallii x micrantha. Eddrachillis, Durness and Tongue K. marshallii x brevipila. Durness and Farr KE. marshallii x nemorosa. Tongue and Farr E. curta (Fr.) Wettst. (107, 108) Pastures near the sea and on mountain slopes. Occasional. DORNOCH ASSYNT —— —— TONGUE FARR E. curta x brevipila. Tongue and Dornoch EK. nemorosa ( Pers.) Wallr. (107, 108) Pastures, dunes, heaths. Occasional. — DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— —— —— EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR E. nemorosa x brevipila. Farr E. nemorosa x marshallii. Farr 119 EK. confusa Pugsl. (107, 108) Moorland and coastal pastures. Occasional. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— —— ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR E. brevipila Burnat & Gremli (107, 108) Pastures, fields and roadsides. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR EK. brevipila x micrantha. Assynt, Eddrachillis, Durness, Farr, Dornoch E. brevipila x curta. Dornoch var. reayensis Pugsl. (108) Pastures. Occasional. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Assynt (Achmelvich) Eddrachillis (Oldshoremore ) Tongue (Melness) Farr (Bettyhill, Farr, Armadale & Port Skerra) E. brevipila var. reayensis x marshallii. Assynt and Farr E. brevipila var. reayensis x micrantha. Assynt E. brevipila var. reayensis x nemorosa. Farr and Tongue Odontites Ludw. O. verna (Bellardi) Dumort sub sp. verna (107, 108) Red Bartsia Cultivated fields and roadsides in coastal areas. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR OROBANCHACEAE Orobanche L O. alba Steph. ex Willd. (108) Thyme Broomrape or Red Broomrape On sea cliffs. Very rare. Eddrachillis (Oldshoremore ) LENTIBULARIACEAE Pinguicula L. P. lusitanica L. (107, 108) Pale Butterwort In bogs. Frequent in the west. 120 CREICH LAIRG —— = — aap KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. vulgaris L. (107, 108) Common Butterwort Bogs, wet heaths. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Ultricularia L. U. neglecta Lehm. (108) Greater Bladderwort In lochans. Rare. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS — Assynt (Little Assynt, 1939, P.M.H., Stoer, 1944, A.J.W.) Eddrachillis (Sandwood, 1952, M.McC.W.) Durness ( Farrmheal, 1960, D.A.R.) U. intermedia Hayne (108) Intermediate Bladderwort In lochs and lochans. Frequent in the north and west. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR U. minor L. (108) Lesser Bladderwort In lochans. Rare. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS — sas Assynt (1833, R.G., Achumore, 1886, A.G.) Eddrachillis (Scourie, 1939, P.M.H. & E.C.W.) LABIATAE Mentha L. M. arvensis L. (107, 108) Corn Mint In cultivated fields. Rare. LAIRG =—= === — == KILDONAN om aas == — > TONGUE FARR M. x verticillata L. (108) Near gardens. Local. Tongue ( Tongue) M. x gentilis L. (108) Sides of ditches. Local. Assynt (Stoer, 1944, A.J.W.) 121 M. aquatica L. (107, 108) Water Mint Ditches, marshes, streams and lakes. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR M. x piperita L. (108) Peppermint var. piperita Sides of ditches. Local. Tongue ( Tongue) Farr ( Bettyhill, Melvich) M. spicata L. (107, 108) Spear Mint Damp places. An escape. ROGART DORNOCH —— CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR M. x cordifolia Opiz (107) Damp places. Local. Kildonan ( Helmsdale ) M. xniliaca Jussex Jacq. (107, 108) Damp places. Local. Clyne (Strath Brora, 1948, W.A.T.) Assynt (Lochinver, 1944, A.J.W.) Farr (Melvich) Lycopus L. L. europaeus L. (107, 108) Gipsywort Damp places. Rare. reanESae aaa eS LOTH == EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— == Thymus L. T. drucei Ronn. (107, 108) Wild Thyme Dry grassland, dunes, heaths and screes. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Acinos Mill A. arvensis (Lam.) Dandy (107) Basil Thyme 122 KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN On railway-bank. Casual. Oreich (Invershin, 1890, ES.M. & F.J.H.) Prunella L. P. vulgaris L. (107, 108) Selfheal Grassy places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Stachys L. S. arvensis (L.) L. (107, 108) Field Woundwort In cultivated fields. Rare. EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Kildonan (Helmsdale, 1889, W.R.L.) Eddrachillis (Kinlochbervie, 1952, M.McC.W.) Durness (Durness, 1887, E.S.M.) Tongue (Tongue, 1835, H.C.W.) Farr ( Bettyhill, 1890, W.F.M.) S. palustris L. (107, 108) Marsh Woundwort Ditches, marshes. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. sylvatica L. (107, 108) Hedge Woundwort Woods and damp shady places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. x ambigua Sm. (S. palustris x sylvatica) (107, 108) Ditches. Occasional. LAIRG —— DORNOCH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Lamium L. L. amplexicaule L. (107, 108) Henbit Dead-netile Cultivated fields. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR L. molucellifolium Fr. (107, 108) Northern Dead-nettle KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN 123 Cultivated fields. Occasional. LAIRG —— CLYNE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR L. hybridum Vill. (108) Cut-leaved Dead-nettle In cultivated field. Rare. Sa FARR L. purpureum L. (107, 108) Red Dead-nettle Cultivated fields and waste places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR L. album L. (108) White Dead-nettle Waste places. Casual. EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE —— Eddrachillis (Kinlochbervie, 1952, M.McC.W.) Durness (Durness) Tongue (Tongue, 1845, H.M.McK., 1888, A.G.) Galeopsis L. G. tetrahit L. (107, 108) Common Hemp-nettle Fields and waste places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DORNOCH TONGUE FARR G. bifida Boenn. (107, 108) Hemp-nettle Fields and waste places. Occasional. CREICH = —> DURNESS —— FARR G. speciosa Mill. (108) Large-flowered Hemp-nettle Fields and waste places. Rare. = EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— — Glechoma L. G. hederacea L. (107, 108) Ground Ivy Woods. Occasional. CREICH ROGART GOLSPIE CLYNE — DURNESS —— —— 124 LOTH LOTH LOTH KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN Scutellaria L. S. galericulata L. (107, 108) Skullcap Wet grassy places. Occasional. CREICH ROGART ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE Teucrium L. T. scorodonia L. (107, 108) Wood Sage Woods, dry heaths, dunes and screes. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Ajuga L. A. reptans L. (107, 108) Bugle Damp woods and banks. Ascends to 1400 ft on Ben Griam. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR A. pyramidalis L. (107, 108) Pyramidal Bugle Ledges on basic rocks. Occasional. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago L. P. major L. (107, 108) Greater Plantain Fields, roadsides and waste places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. lanceolata L. (107, 108) Ribwort Plantain Grassy places, dunes, roadsides and waste places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. maritima L. (107, 108) Sea Plantain Salt marshes, sea-cliffs, dunes, rocks and pastures on mountains. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 125 P. coronopus L. (107, 108) Buck’s-horn Plantain Sandy and stony places and cliffs by the sea. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— _ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Littorella Berg. L. uniflora (L.) Aschers. (107, 108) Shoreweed Sandy and gravelly shores of lakes. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG GOLSPIE CLYNE —— KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR CAMPANULACEAE Campanula L. C. latifolia L. (107) Giant Bellflower Woods. Rare. Golspie ( Dunrobin) C. rapunculoides L. (107) Creeping Campunula or Creeping Bellflower Near gardens. Escape. Dornoch ( Ferrytown ) Kildonan (Kildonan) C. rotundifolia L. (107, 108) Bluebell or Harebell Pastures, banks, dunes, heaths. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Lobelia L. L. dortmanna L. (107, 108) Water Lobelia Gravelly margins of lakes. Common. LAIRG ROGART —— CLYNE —— KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR RUBIACEAE Sherardia L. S. arvensis L. (107, 108) Field Madder Fields. Occasional. CREICH ROGART —— —— CLYNE —— KILDONAN ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE —— 126 Galium L. G. odoratum (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Woodruff Woods and shady banks. Occasional. ROGART DORNOCH —— —_—- Ss —— ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR G. boreale L. (107, 108) Northern Bedstraw Banks of streams. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— ee G. mollugo L. sub sp. mollugo (107) Great Hedge Bedstraw Roadsides. Introduced. Rare. ae LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH —— —_ —s/- ——— sub sp. erectum Syme. (107) Erect Hedge Bedstraw Golspie (Golspie, 1903, G.C.D.) G. verum L. (107, 108) Lady’s Bedstraw Dry grassy places and dunes. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR G. saxatile L. (107, 108) Heath Bedstraw Grassy places and heaths. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN G. sterneri Ehrend. (107, 108) Limestone Bedstraw or Slender Bedstraw On calcareous grassland on hills. Occasional. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR G. palustre L. (107, 108) Common Marsh-bedstraw Marshes and ditches. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR G. aparine L. (107, 108) Cleavers or Goosegrass Roadsides, waste places, shingle beaches. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN 127 CAPRIFOLIACEAE Sambucus L. S. ebulus L. (107) Dwarf Elder or Danewort At roadside. Introduced. Rare. Golspie (Golspie, 1962, M.McC.W.) 8. nigra L. (107, 108) Elder Amongst scrub, roadsides and waste places. Always near houses. Very sparse in the north and west. Introduced. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Viburnum L. V. opulus L. (107, 108) Guelder Rose Amongst scrub. Rare. CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— ee Creich ( Rosehall) Assynt (Inchnadamph) Eddrachillis (Glendhu) Durness (Koeldale ) Symphoricarpos Duham S. rivularis Suksd. (107, 108) Snowberry Garden escape. Kildonan (Suisgill ) Tongue ( Tongue) Linnaea L. L. borealis L. (107) Twinflower or Linnaea In coniferous woods. Very rare. GOLSPIE —— === Golspie (Golspie, 1888, J.G., 1960, J.A.) Lonicera L. L. periclymenum L. (107, 108) Honeysuckle Woods, hedges. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 128 KILDONAN KILDONAN ADOXACEAE Adoxa L. A. moschatellina L. (108) Moschatel or Townhall Clock Assynt (Knockan, 1895, G.S.D.) No recent record. VALERIANACEAE Valerianella Mill. V. locusta (L.) Betcke (107, 108) Common Cornsalad or Lamb’s Lettuce Dunes and fields. Rare. _—— GOLSPIE EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— Golspie (Strathsteven, 1588, J.G..) Valeriana L. V. officinalis L. (107, 108) Common Valerian Ditches and amongst scrub. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE DIPSACACEAE Knautia L. K. arvensis (L.) Coult. (108) Field Scabious Fields and dunes. Occasional. ee we. FararT DURNESS TONGUE Succisa Haller CLYNE FARR FARR 8. pratensis Moench (107, 108) Devil’s-bit Scabious Damp pastures, heaths. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE COMPOSITAE Senecio L. S. jacobaea L. (107, 108) Common Ragwort CLYNE FARR Pastures, dunes, waste places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE var. discoideus Koch. On the north coast. CLYNE FARR LOTH LOTH LOTH KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN 129 S. aquaticus Hill (107, 108) Marsh Ragwort Marshes, ditches, banks of streams. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. sylvaticus L. (107, 108) Heath or Wood Groundsel KILDONAN Open grassy places. Frequent in the east, sparse in north and west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT —— DURNESS —— FARR S. viscosus L. (107) Sticky Groundsel or Stinking Groundsel Waste places. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— S. vulgaris L. (107, 108) Groundsel Waste ground, gardens, cultivated fields. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Tussilago L. T. farfara L. (107, 108) Colt’s-foot Waste places, screes, dunes, banks, shingle. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Petasites Mill. P. albus (L.) Gaertn. (107) White Butterbur On roadside. Garden escape. Dornoch ( Dornoch) Filago L. F. germanica (L.) L. (107) Common Cudweed Dry heaths. Very rare. Clyne ( Brora) KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN F. minima (Sm.) Pers. (107) Slender Cudweed or Small Cudweed Sandy heaths and fields. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— 130 KILDONAN Gnaphalium L. G. sylvaticum L. (107, 108) Heath or Wood Cudweed Heaths and woods. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR G. supinum L. (107, 108) Dwarf Cudweed Bare places on mountain tops. Frequent. CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR G. uliginosum L. (107, 108) Marsh Cudweed Damp fields and heaths. Occasional. == === —s KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS ==> TONGUE FARR Antennaria Gaertn. A. dioica (L.) Gaertn. (107, 108) Mountain Everlasting or Cat’s-foot Dry pastures, heaths, dunes and on mountains. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Solidago L. 8. virgaurea L. (107, 108) Goldenrod Dunes, pastures, banks and rocks. From sea-level to 3000 ft. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Aster L. A. tripolium L. (107, 108) Sea Aster Salt-marshes. Occasional. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE ———- —— KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Bellis L. B. perennis L. (107, 108) Daisy Grasslands, roadsides. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 131 Eupatorium L. E. cannabinum L. (108) Hemp-agrimony Farr ( Bettyhill, 1833, H.C.W.) Anthemis L. A. tinctoria L. (107) Yellow Chamomile On railway bank. Casual. Creich (Invershin, 1890, ES... & F.J.H.) Achillea L. A. millefolium L. (107, 108) Yarrow Fields, roadsides, dunes. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR A. ptarmica L. (107, 108) Sneezewort Damp meadows, ditches. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Tripleurospermum Schultz Bip. T. maritimum (L.) Koch (107, 108) Scentless Mayweed sub sp. maritimum Dunes, shingle beaches and sea-cliffs. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR sub sp. inodorum (L.) Hyland. ex Vaarama Fields and waste places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH a DURNESS TONGUE FARR Matricaria L. M. recutita L. (107) Scented Mayweed or Wild Chamomile Railway bank. Casual. Golspie (Golspie, 1888, J.G.) M. matricarioides (Less.) Porter (107, 108) Pineapple weed or Rayless Mayweed Waysides, waste places, fields. Common. 132 KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Chrysanthemum L. C. segetum L. (107, 108) Corn Marigold In cultivated fields. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. leucanthemum L. (107, 108) Oxeye Daisy Fields, waysides, dunes. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. parthenium (L.) Bernh. (107, 108) Feverfew Roadsides, walls. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. vulgare (L.) Bernh. (107, 108) Tansy Waste places, near gardens. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Artemisia L. A. vulgaris L. (107, 108) Mugwort Fields and waste places near the sea. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR A. absinthium L. (108) Wormwood In old neglected garden. Assynt (Achmelvich) Arctium L. A. minus Bernh. Lesser Burdock sub sp. nemorosum (Lejeune) Syme (107, 108) Waste places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN 133 Carduus L. C. tenuiflorus Curt. (107) Slender Thistle Waste places near the sea. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——— —— _ KILDONAN C. nutans L. (108) Musk Thistle Casual (one plant) Assynt ( Lochinver ) Cirsium Mill. C. vulgare (Savi) Ten. (107, 108) Spear Thistle Waste places, roadsides. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. palustre (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Marsh Thistle Marshes, ditches, wet woods. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. arvense (L.) Scop. (107, 108) Creeping Thistle Fields, waste places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. heterophyllum (L.) Hill (107, 108) Melancholy Thistle Wet places by streams, on banks and hills. Frequent. CREICH ROGART CLYNE —— —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Saussurea DC. S. alpina (L.) DC. (107, 108) Alpine Saw-wort or Alpine Saussurea Mountain rocks and cliffs. Descends to 400 ft. Occasional. CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KILDONAN Centaurea L. C. scabiosa L. (108) Greater Knapweed Fields and dunes. Occasional on north coast. = EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 134 C. cyanus L. (107, 108) Cornflower Cornfields. Rare. Extinct in v.c. 108. GOLSPIE —— LOTH ASSYNT os —- FARR Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1899, G.ES.) Farr ( Bettyhill, 1888, W.C.) C. nigra L. sub sp. nigra (107, 108) Common Knapweed or Lesser Knapweed Waysides, fields. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Lapsana L. L. communis L. (107, 108) Nipplewort Waysides, waste places and fields. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Hypochoeris L. H. radicata L. (107, 108) Cat’s-ear Pastures, dunes, roadsides. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Leontodon L. L. autumnalis L. (107, 108) Autumn Hawkbit Pastures, dunes, roadsides. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR var. autumnalis. Roadsides and walls mainly in the east. var. pratensis. Pastures in the north and west. var. simplex. Short coastal turf on the north coast. L. hispidus L. (107) Rough Hawkbit Pastures. Rare. ROGART —— — ——— ——— Rogart ( Rogart) Kildonan ( Helmsdale ) KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN 135 L. taraxacoides (Vill) Mérat (108) Hairy Hawkbit or Lesser Hawkbit On sandy ground. Rare. Eddrachillis (Sheigra, 1966, A.G.K.) Tragopogon L. T. pratensis L. sub sp. minor ( Mill.) Wahlenb. (108) Goat’s-beard Dunes. Occasional. —= EDDRACHILLIS == TONGUE FARR Mycelis Cass. M. muralis (L.) Dumort. (107) Wall Lettuce Roadside. Casual. Dornoch (Dornoch, 1966, J.A.) Sonchus L. S. arvensis L. (107, 108) Field Milk-Thistle or Perennial Sow-thistle Cultivated fields, wet sandy shores. Occasional. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- ——_ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. oleraceus L. (107, 108) Smooth Sow-Thistle Cultivated fields and waste places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR . S. asper (L.) Hill (107, 108) Prickly Sow-thistle Cultivated fields, waste places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Hieracium L. Sub-genus Pilosella ( Hill.) S. F. Gray Section Pilosellina Pugsl. H. pilosella L. (107, 108) Mouse-ear Hawkweed Grassy places, banks, walls, heaths. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR var. concinnatum F. J. Hanb. (108) 136 Assynt (Knockan, 1958, M.McC.W., Inchnadamph, 1959, C.W.., Culkein—Drumbeg, 1964, A.G.K.) Eddrachillis (Oldshoremore, 1964, A.G.K.) Durness ( Balnakeil, 1959, C.W.) Farr (Farr Bay, 1959, C.W.) var. tricholepium (Neag & Petes) Pugsl. (108) Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1959, C.W., Culkein—Drumbeg, 1964, A.G.K.) Sub-genus Hieracium Section Alpina Fries H. holosericeum Backh. (107, 108) Grassy slopes and rock-ledges at an altitude of 2500 ft or more. Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1827, R.G.) Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1900, T.J.F., Glass Beinn, 1960, A.G.K.) Durness (Ben Hope, 1888, J.C.M.) H. eximium Backh. var. tenellum Backh. (Druce) (108) On rocky ledges over 2000 ft. Farr (Ben Klibreck, 1897, E.S.M.) H. gracilentum Backh. (108) On rocky ledges or grassy slopes usually over 2500 ft. Assynt (Canisp, 1890, E.S.M.) Eddrachillis (Craig Riabbach and An Grianan, 1964, A.G.K.) H. globosiflorum Pugsl. var. globosiflorum Pugsl. (108) On rocky ledges and grassy slopes usually over 2500 ft. Assynt (Canisp, 1890, E.S.M.) Durness (Ben Hope, 1900, E.S.M.) H. marginatum P. D. Sell & C. West (108) On rocky ledges usually over 2500 ft. Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1897, E.S.M.) Farr (Ben Klibreck, 1897, E.S.M.) H. pseudocurvatum (Zahn) Pugsl. (108) On rocky ledges or grassy slopes usually over 2500 ft. Durness (Ben Hope, 1590, E.F.L.) Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1897, H.S.M.) Section Subalpina Pugsl. H. lingulatum Backh. ex Hook e Arnott (108) 137 Rocky ledges and stream sides over 2500 ft. Assynt (Hills round Inchnadamph, 1908, E.S.M., 1957, R.C.P.) Durness (Ben Hope, 1888, F.J.H., Foinaven and Carnstackie, 1964, A.G.K.) Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1897, E.S.M., 1953, C.W.) H. hyparcticoides Pugsl. (108) Rocky banks by streams. Assynt (Hills and streams round Inchnadamph, 1890 & 1908, E.S.M., 1957, C.W.) H. callistophyllum F. J. Hanb. (107) On stream sides and rocky ledges. Creich (Oykell Bridge and Lubcroy, 1908, E.S.M.) Section Cerinthoidea Fries H. anglicum Fries (107, 108) Rocky ledges, grassy banks and stream sides. Dornoch (Cambusmore, 1962, M.McC.W.) Assynt (Knockan, Inchnadamph, 1908, E.S.M.) Durness (Koeldale, Ben Hope, 1953, M.C.F.P. & K.M.G.) Tongue (Ben Loyal) Farr (Farr Bay, 1951, C.W.) H. hebridense Pugsl. (108) Rocky streams, grassy banks and cliff-ledges. Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1899, C.E.S., 1908, E.S.M., 1950, C.W.) Durness (Ben Hope, H.W.P.) H. ampliatum (W. R. Linton) A. Ley (108) Cliff-ledges and rocky streams. Assynt ( Lochinver, 1890, E.S.M., Inchnadamph, 1908, E.S.M.) Eddrachillis (Craig Riabbach, 1964, A.G.K.) Durness (Ben Hope, Loch Eriboll, 1964, A.G.K.) Tongue (Tongue Bay, 1897, E.S.M.) Farr (Ben Klibreck, 1897, E.S.M.) H. langwellense F. J. Hanb. (107, 108) Rocky banks of streams. Creich (Streams round Oykell Bridge, 1908, E.S.M., 1953, C.W.) Lairg ( Lairg, H.W.P.) Kildonan ( Torrish, 1957, M.McC.W., Helmsdale, 1888, E.F.L.) Assynt (Streams round Inchnadamph, 1908, E.S.M.) Durness ( Ben Hope) 138 H. shoolbredii E. S. Marshall (108) Rock-ledges and rocky banks of streams. Assynt (Knockan, 1923, R.H.W., Elphin, Inchnadamph, 1899, C.E.S., 1908, E.S.M., 1950, C.W., 1956, R.A.G., Kylesku, 1890, F.J.H.) Eddrachillis (Sandwood, 1957, M.McC.W., Craig Riabbach, 1964, A.G.K.) Durness (Kearvaig & Koeldale, 1964, A.G.K., Durness, 1951, C.W., Smoo, 1923, R.H.W., 1951, C.W., Foinaven, 1964, C.W., Ben Hope, 1953, M.C.F.P.) Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1897, H.S.M. & W.A.S., 1953, C.W.) Farr (Invernaver, 1886, E.S.M., Bettyhill, 1888, H.F.L., 1955, M.McC.W., Farr Bay, 1915, E.S.M., 1951, C.W.) H. iricum Fries (107, 108) Rock-ledges, rocky banks of streams and grassy slopes. Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1953, C.W.) Assynt (Knockan, Lochinver, Skiag Bridge, Stoer, I =p capa 1956, R.A.G. & R.M.H.) Durness (Durness, 1856, D.O., 1887, E.S.M., Balnakeil) Tongue (Coldbackie ) Farr (Invernaver, 1891, E.S.M., Farr Bay, 1953, M.McC.W., Melvich, 1952, C.W. &J.WC.) Section Oreadea Zahn. H. schmidtii Tausch (108) Eddrachillis (Sandwood, 1960, A.G.K.) Farr (Invernaver, 1886, E.S.M., Bettyhill, 1888, E.F.L., Farr Bay, 1952, C.W., Melvich, 1952, C.W.) H. nitidum Backh. (107, 108) Rocky ledges. Kildonan (Ben Griam, 1900, E.S.M.) Assynt (Unapool, 1908, E.S.M., Inchnadamph, 1908, E.S.M., Culkein—Drumbeg, 1964, A.G.K.) Eddrachillis ( Badcall, 1585, F.J.H., Oldshoremore & Rhiconich, 1964, A.G.K.) Durness (Ben Hope, 1900, E.S.M., 1888, F.J.H., Fashven, 1964, A.G.K.) Tongue (Tongue, 1901, E.S.M). Farr (Invernaver, 1897, ES.M. & W.A.S., Farr Bay, 1915, E.S.M., 1915, C.W., Melvich, 15897, E.S.M.) H. argenteum Fries (107, 108) Rocky ledges, stream sides, grassy slopes and sand dunes. Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1908, E.S.M.) Golspie (Strathsteven, 1888, J.G., Golspie) 139 Clyne ( Brora, 1897, E.S.M.) Assynt (Knockan, 1894, G.C.D., Inchnadamph, 1897, E.S.M., Quinag, 1962, A.G.K.) Eddrachillis (Sandwood, 1962, A.G.K.) Durness (Ben Hope, 1888, F.J.H., Loch Hope, 1900, E.S.M., Durness,' 1946, C.W.M.) Tongue ( Talmine, 1897, E.S.M., Tongue, 1897, H.S.M., Scullomie, 1900, E.S.M., Coldbackie, 1897, H.S.M., Skerray, 1900, E.S.M.) Farr (Altnaharra, 1885 & 1915, H.S.M., Bettyhill, 1888, W.R.L., 1899, ES.M., Farr Bay, 1951, C.W., Armadale, 1915, E.S.M., Kirtomy, Melvich, 1951, C.W., Strathy, 1956, J.A.) H. scoticum F. J. Hanb. (108) Rocky ledges and grassy banks. Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1908, W.A.S.) Tongue (Skerray, 1900, W.A.S.) Farr (Farr Bay, 1897, W.R.L., 1951, C.W., Kirtomy, 1897, E.S.M., Armadale, 1888, W.R.L., Strathy, 1888, J.C.M., 1915, E.S.M., Melvich, 1915, F.J.H., 1951, C.W.) Section Suboreadea Pugs. H. jovimontis (Zahn) Roffey (108) Rocky ledges and banks. Eddrachillis (Oldshoremore, 1964, A.G.K.) Durness (Heilam Ferry, F.J.H.) Farr (Altnaharra & Bettyhill, T.J.F.) H. saxorum (F. J. Hanb.) Sell & West (107, 108) Rocky ledges and stream sides. Dornoch (Mound, 1962, M.McC.W.) Tongue (Kinloch, 1897, E.S.M.) H. dicella Sell & West (107, 108) Limestone rocks. Dornoch (Cambusmore, 1962, M.McC.W.) Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1956, R.A.G. & R.M.H.) Durness ( Durness, 1956, J.A., Smoo, 1951, C.W.) H. sarcophylloides Dahlst. (108) Limestone cliffs. Durness (Smoo, 1900, E.S.M., Seamraig, 1964, A.G.K.) Farr (Alinaharra, 1888, J.C.) Section Vulgata F. N. Williams 140 H. prolixum Noorlin (108) Rocky ledges and sandhills. Durness (Ben Hope, 1900, H.S.M.) Tongue (Achininver, 1897, E.S.M.) H. subtenue (W. R. Linton) Roffey (107, 108) Rocky ledges and stream sides. Creich (Streams round Oykell Bridge, 1908, W.A.S.) Eddrachillis (Craig Riabbach, 1964, A.G.K.) Assynt (Stoer, 1956, R.A.G., Canisp, 1899, C.E.S., Inchnadamph, 1908, E.S.M.) Durness (Ben Hope, 1900, E.S.M., Fashven, 1964, A.G.K.) Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1900, E.S.M.) H. aggregatum Backh. (108) Rocky ledges. Tongue (Skerray, E.S.M.) fide Pugsl. H. camptopetalum (F. J. Hanb.) Sell & West (108) Rocky stream sides and cliffs. Assynt (Kylesku, 1908, E.S.M., Inchnadamph, 1908, E.S.M., 1951, C.W.) Durness (Streams by Ben Hope, 1888, J.C.M., 1952, C.W.) H. duriceps F. J. Hanb. (107, 108) Rocky cliffs, stream sides and grassy banks. Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1952, C.W.) Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1890, E.S.M.) Farr (Altnaharra, 1888, F.J.H., Ben Klibreck, 1897, E.S.M., Bettyhill & Farr Bay, 1910, E.S.M.) H. pollinarium F. J. Hanb. (108) Rocky ledges. Farr (Strathnaver, 1888, J.C.M., Invernaver, 1886, F.J.H., Farr Bay, 1915, E.S.M.) H. pictorum E. F. Linton (107, 108) Rocky cliffs and stream sides. Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1908, E.S.M.) Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1900, E.S.M.) H. pollinarioides Pugsl. (108) Limestone rocks. Assynt (Inverkirkaig, 1944, A.J.W., Lochinver, 1890, E.S.M., 1944, A.J.W., Stoer, 1956, R.A.G., Clashnessie, 1956, R.A.G.) Eddrachillis (Oldshoremore, 1964, A.G.K.) 141 Durness (Smoo, 1923, R.H.W., 1958, U.K.D., Balnakeil, 1959, C.W., Durness, 1900, E.S.M.) Farr ( Bettyhill, 1953, M.McC.W.) H. variicolor var. piligerum Pugsl. (108) Rocky cliffs and stream sides. Assynt (Culag, 1956, R.A.G., Inchnadamph, E.S.M.) Durness (Ben Hope, 1900, H.S.M.) H. dipteroides Dahlst. (108 ) Rocky cliffs and stream sides. Assynt ( Beinn Garbh, 1908, W.A.S.) H. rivale F. J. Hanb. (107, 108) Rocky cliffs and stream sides. Kildonan (Ben Griam Mor, 1963, M.McC.W.) Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1890, F.J.H., 1908, E.S.M.) Eddrachillis (Craig Riabbach, 1964, A.G.K.) Durness (Carnstackie & Beinn Spionnaidh, 1964, A.G.K.) H. euprepes F. J. Hanb. (108) Rocky places, sand dunes and grassy banks. Assynt (Stoer, 1956, R.A.G.) Eddrachillis (Cnoc na Glaic Torsain, 1964, A.G.K.) Durness ( Balnakeil, 1953, M.C.F.P., Carnstackie & Farrmheal, 1964, A.G.K.) Tongue (Tongue Ferry, 1897, H.S.M. & W.AS., 1900, H.S.M.) Farr (Invernaver, 1888, W.R.L., Armadale, 1915, E.S.M., Melwvich, 1897, E.S.M., Bettyhill, 1897, W.A.S.) H. vennicontium Pugsl. (108) Rocky stream sides. Assynt (Ben Garbh, 1908, E.S.M.) H. caesiomurorum Lindeb. (108) Grassy banks and rocky stream sides. Creich (1908, E.S.M.) Assynt (Clachtoll, 1952, D.McC., Inchnadamph, 1900, C.E.S.) Durness (Smoo, 1964, A.G.K.) Tongue (Tongue & Ben Loyal, 1900, E.S.M.) Farr (Forsinard, 1964, A.G.K.) H. rubiginosum F. J. Hanb. (108) Rocky stream sides. Eddrachillis (Craig Ribbach & Rhiconich, 1962, A.G.K.) 142 H. cravoniense (F. J. Hanb.) Roffey (107, 108) Grassy and rocky places. Creich (Oykell Bridge, F.J.H.) Dornoch ( Torboll, 1955, J.A.) Tongue (Ardskinid, 1900, E.S.M.) Farr (Farr Bay, 1951, C.W.) H. fulvocaesium Pugsl. (108) Grassy banks. Farr ( Bettyhill, 1887, E.S.M., 1953, J.E.R.) H. proximium F. J. Hanb. (108) Sandhills. Tongue (Melness, 1897, HSM. & W.AS.) H. caledonicum F. J. Hanb. (108) On rocky ledges and stream sides. Assynt (Lochinver & Canisp, 1890, E.S.M., Inchnadamph, 1887, E.S.M., 1908, H.S.M. & W.A.S., 1951, C.W.) Durness ( Balnakeil, 1948, M.McC.W., Fashven, Inshore, Kearvaig, 1964, A.G.K.) Tongue (Ben Loyal, Melness, Tongue, 1897, E.S.M., Coldbackie, 1900, E.S.M.) Farr (Altnaharra, 1888, F.J.H., Strathnaver, 1888, J.C_.M., Bettyhill, Kirtomy, Melvich, 1897, E.S.M., Farr Bay, 1915, E.S.M., Strathy, 1915, E.S.M.) H. vulgatum Fries (107, 108) On rocks, grassy places, walls and dunes. Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1952, C.W. & J.W.C.) Golspie (Golspie, 1950, C.W.) Clyne ( Brora, 1950, C.W. & J.W.C.) Kildonan (Ord, 1960, J.A.) Assynt (Inchnadamph & Kylesku, 1908, E.S.M., Knockan, 1958, M.McC.W., Lochinver, Stoer & Clashnessie, 1956, R.A.G. & R.M.H., Loch Assynt, 1953, P.F.Y., Achmelvich, 1955, J.A., 1943, A.J.W.) Tongue (Melness, 1897, E.S.M.) Farr ( Bettyhill, 1886, H.S.M., 1953, C.W. & J.W.C.) H. angustisquamum (Pugsl.) Pugsl. (108) On limestone. Assynt (Ledmore, 1964, A.G.K.) Section Alpestria Fries 143 H. dovrense Fries (108) Rocky ledges. Eddrachillis ( Rhiconich, 1964, A.G.K.) Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1897, E.S.M., 1953, J.L.R.) Section Tridentata Fries H. sparsifolium Lindeb. (107, 108) Grassy banks and rocky places. Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1890, E.S.M., 1956, C.W.) Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1923, R.H.W.) Eddrachillis (Laxford Bridge) Durness (Kearvaig, 1964, A.G.K.) Tongue (Tongue, 1955, M.McC.W.) Section Foliosa Pugsl. H. latobrigorum (Zahn) Roffey (107, 108) Grassy banks and rocks. Creich (Bonar Bridge, H.W.P., Oykell Bridge, 1953, C.W.) Clyne (Strath Brora, 1897, W.A.S.) Durness (Koeldale, 1964, A.G.K.) Tongue (Tongue, H.W.P.) Farr (Altnaharra, 1887, E.S.M., Strathnaver, 1957, J.A., Bettyhill, 1952, C.W., Farr, 1856, D.O., Armadale, Strathy, 1953, C.W., Melvich, 1953, C.W.) H. subcrocatum (E. F. Linton) Roffey (107, 108) Grassy places and banks of streams. Clyne (Brora, 1957, M.McC.W.) Assynt (Inverkirkaig, Achmelvich, 1944, AJ.W. & MSC.) Farr ( Bettyhill, 1954, J.E.R.) H. strictiforme (Zahn) Roffey (108) Grassy places and banks of streams. Assynt (Inverkirkaig, 1944, AJ.W. & M.S.C., Inchnadamph, 1953, C.W.) Durness (Inshore, Geodha Sligeach, 1964, A.G.K.) Tongue (Melness, Tongue, Coldbackie, 1897, E.S.M.) Farr (Altnaharra, 1889, W.F.M., 1897, E.S.M.) H. reticulatum Lindeb. (107, 108) Rocky banks of streams and grassy places. Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1953, C.W.) Tongue (Tongue, 1897, E.S.M., Skerray, 1959, C.W.) Farr (Altnaharra, 1887, E.S.M., Bettyhill, 1951, C.W., Strathy, 1915, E.S.M., 1951, C.W.) 144 H. maritimum (F. J. Hanb.) F. J. Hanb. (108) Grassy banks and sandy places. Tongue (Skerray, 1900, E.S.M.) Farr (Melwich, 1887, H.S.M., 1951, C.W.) Section Umbellata F. N. Williams H. umbellatum L. (108) sub sp. umbellatum Grassy and sandy places. Farr (Farr Bay, 1827, R.G.) Crepis L. €. capillaris (L.) Wallr. (107, 108) Smooth Hawk’s-beard Pastures, dunes, waste places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR €. paludosa (L.) Moench (107, 108) Marsh Hawk’s-beard Wet grassy places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Taraxacum Weber T. officinale Weber. (107, 108) Common Dandelion Fields, waste places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR T. palustre (Lyons) DC. (107, 108) Narrow-leaved Marsh Dandelion Marshes. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG —— DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN —_>—— —— a TONGUE FARR T. spectabile Dahlst. (107, 108) Broad-leaved Marsh Dandelion Bogs. Frequent. — === oe == KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR T. laevigatum ( Willd.) DC. (107, 108) Lesser Dandelion Heaths and sandy ground. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 145 MONOCOTYLEDONES J UNCAGINACEAE Triglochin L. T. palustris L. (107, 108) Marsh Arrowgrass Marshes and wet meadows. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR T. maritima L. (107, 108) Sea Arrowgrass Salt marshes. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— == ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR ZOSTERACEAE Zostera L. Z. marina L. (107, 108) Eelgrass In the sea near low water. Very rare. GOLSPIE —— —— ASSYNT —— — —— — Golspie (Loch Fleet, 1888, J.G.) Assynt (Oldany, 1955, B.F.) KILDONAN KILDONAN Z. angustifolia (Hornem.) Reichb. (107, 108) Narrow-leaved Eelgrass Muddy estuaries. Very rare. GOLSPIE ——- ae TONGUE FARR Golspie (Loch Fleet, 1897, E.S.M., 1888, J.G.) Tongue (Kyle of Tongue, 1900, E.S.M.) Z. noltii Hornem. (107) Dwarf Eelgrass Muddy estuaries. Very rare. GOLSPIE —— —S Golspie (Loch Fleet, 1897, E.S.M. & W.AS.) POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton L. P. natans L. (107, 108) Broad-leaved Pondweed Lochs and lochans. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 146 KILDONAN P. polygonifolius Pourr. (107, 108) Bog Pondweed Peaty pools in bogs and moors. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. lucens L. (108) Shining Pondweed Assynt (Recorded by A. Gray, 1886) P. gramineus L. (108) Various-leaved Pondweed Lochs and lochans. Occasional. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Assynt (Loch Awe, 1886, A.G., 1890, E.S.M., Stoer, 1944, AJ.W. & MSC.) Durness (Durness, 1881, W.£.M.) Tongue (Lochs Modsarie, Craisg, Hakel & Dubh, 1948, G.T.) Farr (Loch Naver, 1888, F.J.H. & J.C.M.) P. xnitens Weber (108) Lochs and lochans. Rare. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS © —— TONGUE —— Assynt (Lochinver, 1886, A.G., Loch an Aigeil, 1944, AJ.W. & MSC.) Eddrachillis (Scourie, 1885, H.H.F. & F.J.H.) Tongue (Loch Modsarie, 1948, G.T.) P. alpinus Balb. (108) Red Pondweed Lochans. Rare. ASSYNT —— TONGUE —— Assynt (Loch an Aigeal, 1948, A.J .W. & MSC.) Tongue ( Loch Slaim, 1945, G.T.) P. praelongus Wulf. (108) Long-stalked Pondweed In lochs. Rare. CREICH —— —$> ss ——-— —— —— ASSYNT DURNESS —— —_—— Creich (Loch Sail, 1969, U.K.D.) Assynt (Loch Maol a Choire, 1936, J.E.L., Gillaroo Loch, 1890, E.S.M.) Durness (Loch Borralie, 1948, G.T.) P. perfoliatus L. (107, 108) Perfoliate Pondweed In lochs. Occasional. 147 CREICH ——- —— —— — —S> —— ; ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE —— Creich (Bonar Bridge, 1842, J.S., Loch Sail, 1969, U.K.D.) Assynt (Loch Awe, 1886, A.G., 1890, F.J.H. & E.S.M., Loch Borralan, 1886, A.G., Loch an Ordain & Loch Bad na Muirichinn, 1944, A.J.W. & M.S.C.) Durness (Loch Croispol & Borralie, 1948, G.T., 1881, W.F.M.) Tongue (Lochs Modsarie & Craisg, 1948, G.T.) P. x cognatus Aschers. & Graebn. (108) Lochs. Very rare. DURNESS —— — Durness (Loch Borralie, 1948, G.T.) P. berchtoldii Fieb. (108) Small Pondweed In lochs. Rare. ASSYNT Assynt (Loch an Aigeil, 1944, AJ.W. & MSC.) P. crispus L. (108) Curled Pondweed Lochs. Rare. —— EDDRACHILLIS —— — —— Eddrachillis (Sandwood ) P. filiformis Pers. (108) Slender-leaved Pondweed In lochs. Rare. ASSYNT DURNESS Assynt (Loch Urigill, 1886, W.F.M., Loch an Aigeil, 1944, A.J.W. & M.S.C.) Durness ( Loch Caladail, 1885, H.E.F. & F.J.H., Loch Borralie, 1948, G.T.) P. pectinatus L. (108) Fennel Pondweed In lochs. Rare. DURNESS ——— — Durness (Loch Borralie, 1948, G.T.) 148 RUPPIACEAE Ruppia L. R. maritima L. (107) Beaked Tasselweed or Tassel Pondweed In salt-marsh. Very rare. —— GOLSPIE —— — Golspie ( Little Ferry, 1962, M.McC.W.) LILIACEAE Tofieldia Huds. T. pusilla (Michx.) Pers. (108) Scottish Asphodel Marshes and by springs on hills. Rare. DURNESS —— =a ASSYNT Assynt (Inchnadamph ) Durness (Durness, Ben Hope) Narthecium Huds. N. ossifragum (L.) Huds. (107, 108) Bog Asphodel Bogs and wet heaths. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Ornithogalum L. O. umbellatum L. (107) Star-of-Bethlehem Introduced. Clyne ( Brora) Scilla L. S. verna Huds. (108) Spring Squill Grassy turf near the sea. Occasional on the north coast. == EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Endymion Dumort. KILDONAN E. non-scriptus (L.) Garcke (107, 108) Bluebell or Wild Hyacinth In woods and amongst scrub. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR KILDONAN 149 TRILLIACEAE Paris L. P. quadrifolia L. (108) Herb-Paris Assynt (Islet in Loch Awe, 1895, G.C.D.) JUNCACEAE Juncus L. J. squarrosus L. (107, 108) Heath Rush Heaths and moors. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR J. tenuis Willd. (108) Slender Rush Bare place by paths. Rare. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— —— Assynt ( Lochinver ) Eddrachillis (Kylesku) Durness (Durness ) J. gerardii Lois. (107, 108) Saltmarsh Rush or Mud Rush Salt-marshes. Frequent. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR J. trifidus L. (107, 108) Three-leaved Rush KILDONAN KILDONAN Rock-ledges and stony places on many western hills. Ascends to 3000 ft. Occasional. CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR J. bufonius L. (107, 108) Toad Rush Roadsides, paths, muddy places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR J. effusus L. (107, 108) Soft Rush Wet pastures, bogs. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR J. conglomeratus L. (107, 108) Compact Rush Wet pastures, bogs. Common, widespread. 150 KILDONAN KILDONAN CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR J. balticus Willd. (107, 108) Baltic Rush Dune slacks. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE — EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR J. acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. (107, 108) Sharp-flowered Rush Wet meadows, moors and woods. Frequent. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— _ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR J. articulatus L. (107, 108) Jomted Rush Marshes, wet meadows. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR J. alpinoarticulatus Chaix (108) Alpine Rush ‘Marshy places on mountains. Rare. ASSYNT TONGUE —— Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1887, E.S.M.) Tongue (Ben Loyal, R.M.) J. bulbosus L. (107, 108) Bulbous Rush Wet bare places in heaths and woods. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR | J. kochii F. W. Schultz (107, 108) Wet heathy places. Ascends to 2000 ft. Occasional in west. LAIRG ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR J. castaneus Sm. (107) Chestnut Rush Marshes and springs. 2500 ft. Very rare. CREICH Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1960, D.A.R.) J. bighumis L. (107) Two-flowered Rush Stony places on hills at 2500 ft. Very rare. CREICH 151 Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1960, D.A.R.) J. triglumis L. (107, 108) Three-flowered Rush Wet rock-ledges on mountains. Occasional. CREICH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— — Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1827, R.G., 1959, D.A.R.) Assynt (Conival, 1886, A.G., 1890, H.S.M.) Durness (Ben Hope, 1957, R.E.C.F.) Luzula DC. L. pilosa (L.) Willd. (107, 108) Hairy Wood-rush Woods. Frequent in east, sparse in west. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR L. sylvatica (Huds.) Gaudin. (107, 108) Great Wood-rush Woods, shady rocky places by streams. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR L. spicata (L.) DC. (107, 108) Spiked Wood-rush Rocky ledges on many western hills. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Creich (Ben More Assynt) Lairg (Ben Hee) Kildonan ( Ben Griam) L. arcuata Sw. (107, 108) Curved Wood-rush Stony ground on mountains, about 3000 ft. Very rare. CREICH DURNESS ——— —— Creich (Ben More Assynt, 15824, R.G., 1899, C.E.S.) Durness (Foinaven, summit, 1824, R.G.) L. campestris (L.) DC. (107, 108) Field Wood-rush Grassy places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR L. multiflora (Retz.) Lejeune (107, 108) Heath Wood-rush or Many-headed Wood-rush Heaths, woodland. Common, widespread. 152 KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR AMARYLLIDACEAE Allium L. A. ursinum L. (107, 108) Ramsons or Garlic Damp woods, shady places. Occasional. LAIRG ROGART GOLSPIE —— —— — ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR IRIDACEAE Tris L. I. pseudacorus L. (107, 108) Yellow Iris or Yellow Flag Marshes, swamps, stream sides. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Crocosmia Planch. C. x crocosmiflora (Lemoine) N. E. Br. (107, 108) Montbretia Introduced. Occasional. ————— GOLSPIE. CLYNE —— KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —= == FARR ORCHIDACEAE Cephalanthera Rich. C. longifolia (L.) Fritsch (108) Narrow-leaved or Long-leaved Helleborine Woods. Rare. ASSYNT Assynt (Inverkirkaig & Lochinver ) Epipactis Sw. KE. helleborine (L.) Crantz. (108) Broad-leaved Helleborine Woods. Rare. ASSYNT oe TONGUE —— Assynt (Achmelvich) Tongue (Melness & Tongue) K. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Schult. (108) Dark-red Helleborine 153 Limestone rocks and screes. Occasional. ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE FARR Assynt (Inchnadamph) Durness (Koeldale & Smoo) Tongue (Melness ) Farr (Invernaver ) Listera R. Br. L. ovata (L.) R. Br. (107, 108) Common Twayblade Damp sandy pastures. Frequent. CREICH —— DORNOCH —— —_ — _ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR L. cordata (L.) R. Br. (107, 108) Lesser Twayblade Pine woods and moorland under heather. Sparsely but widely distributed. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Goodyera R. Br. G. repens (L.) R: Br. (107, 108) Creeping Lady’s-tresses Pine woods. Occasional. CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— —— —— = —— oe TONGUE —— Hammarbya Kuntze H. paludosa (L.) Kuntze (107, 108) Bog Orchid In wet moss on moors and in bogs. Rare. CREICH LAIRG ——- — _ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE —— Creich (Oykell Bridge, 1833, R.G., Shin Bridge, 1945, A.T.) Lairg (Lairg, 1957, 1.1.) Kildonan ( Torrish, 1962, M.McC.W.) Assynt (Lochinver, 1890, E.S.M.) Eddrachillis (Kylesku, LSS, A.T., Loch Stack, 1964, D.A.R.) Durness (Eriboltl) Tongue (Scullomie, 1890, E.S.M., Ben Loyal, 1943, A.T.) Coeloglossum Hartm. C. viride (L.) Hartm. (107, 108) Frog Orchid 154 Sandy pastures by the sea. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Gymnadenia R. Br. G. conopsea (L.) R. Br. (107, 108) Fragrant Orchid sub sp. conopsea Grassland and heaths. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——— LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Leucorchis E. Mey L. albida (L.) E. Mey. ex schur (107, 108) Small white Orchid Pastures. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Platanthera Rich. P. chlorantha (Custer) Reichb. (107, 108) Greater Butterfly-orchid Wet pastures. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. bifolia (L.) Rich (107, 108) Lesser Butterfly-orchid Wet pastures. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Orchis L. O. mascula (L.) L. (107, 108) Early-purple Orchid Pastures. Frequent. ROGART DORNOCH —— CLYNE —— —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Dactylorchis (Klinge) Vermeul. D. fuchsii (Druce) Vermeul. (107, 108) Common Spotted-orchid Damp meadows. Frequent. ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— ——- —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR 155 D. maculata (L.) Vermeul. (107, 108) Heath Spotted-orchid Damp heaths and moors. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT HDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR D. incarnata (L.) Vermeul. (107, 108) Meadow Orchid or Early Marsh-orchid Marshes, damp pastures near the sea. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR D. purpurella (T. & T. A. Stephenson) Vermeul. (107, 108) Northern Marsh-orchid or Dwarf Purple Orchid Wet grassy places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR D. kerryensis (Wilmott) P. F. Hunt & Summerhayes Irish Marsh-orchid sub sp. occidentalis (Pugsl.) P. F. Hunt & Summerhayes (108) Marshes. Rare. — —— FARR Farr (Melvich) LEMNACEAE Lemna L. L. minor L. (107) Common Duckweed In ponds. Rare. ROGART DORNOCH —— —— LOTH —— Rogart ( Rogart, 1959, M.McC.W.) Dornoch ( Dornoch, 1955, J.A.) Loth (Glen Sletdale, 1962, V.S.S.) SPARGANIACEAE Sparganium L. 8. erectum L. (107, 108) Branched Bur-reed Lochans. Occasional. ROGART —— GOLSPIE —— = KILDONAN ee Sa DURNESS FARR S. emersum Rehm. (108).Unbranched Bur-reed 156 Lochans. Rare. ASSYNT —_— a FARR S. angustifolium Michx. (107, 108) Floating Bur-reed Lochs. Occasional. ROGART DORNOCH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. minimum Wallr. (107, 108) Least Bur-reed or Small Bur-reed Lochans. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG ROGART —— —— ——- — _ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR TYPHACEAE Typha L. T. latifolia L. (107) Bulrush or Great Reedmace In a pond. Rare. === DORNOCH —— =—> — = ——= Dornoch ( Dornoch, 1955, J.A.) CYPERACEAE Eriophorum L. E. angustifolium Honck. (107, 108) Common Cottongrass Bog pools. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR E. latifolium Hoppe (107, 108) Broad-leaved Cottongrass Wet places on basic soil. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG DORNOCH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— TONGUE —— E. vaginatum L. (107, 108) Hare’s-tail Cottongrass Wet places on heaths and moors. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH | KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Scirpus L. S. caespitosus L. (107, 108) Deergrass Wet heaths. Common, widespread. 157 CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR S. lacustris L. (107, 108) Common Club-rush or Bulrush Lochs. Occasional. CREICH ———— — CLYNE —— }#KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS =— TONGUE FARR S. setaceus L. (107, 108) Bristle Club-rush Damp bare places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE OLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— TONGUE FARR S. fluitans L. (108) Floating Club-rush or Floating Spike-rush Marshes and lochans. Frequent near north and west coasts.. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Eleocharis R. Br. E. quinqueflora (F. X. Hartmann.) Schwarz (107, 108) Few-flowered Spike-rush Damp peaty places on moors. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE —— _ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR E. multicaulis (Sm.) Sm. (107, 108) Many-stalked Spike-rush Wet peaty places in bogs. Occasional. CREICH LAIRG ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR E. palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. (107, 108) Common Spike-rush Margins of lochs. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR E. uniglumis (Link) Schult. (107, 108) Slender Spike-rush Marshes near the sea. Rare. DORNOCH —— —S> ss —_--— — —— TONGUE FARR ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS Assynt (Inverkirkaig, Lochinver ) Eddrachillis ( Laxford Bridge) Tongue (Melness) Farr (Invernaver, Altnaharra, Melvich) 158 Blysmus Panz. B. rufus (Huds.) Link (107, 108) Narrow Blysmus or Saltmarsh Flat-sedge Grassy salt marshes. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— ——- —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Schoenus L. S. nigricans L. (107, 108) Black Bog-rush Damp peaty places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE OCLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Rhynchospora Vahl R. alba (L.) Vahl (107, 108) White Beak-sedge Wet peaty places. Occasional. CREICH — — _ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Cladium Browne C. mariscus (L.) Pohl (108) Great Fen-sedge or Saw Sedge In a peaty pool. Rare. EDDRACHILLIS Eddrachillis (between Kylestrome & Badcall) Carex L. C. laevigata Sm. (107, 108) Smooth-stalked Sedge Marshes. Rare. —— = — — + —— _~—sOKILDONAN EDDRACHILLIS © —— — —— Eddrachillis (Loch Laxford, 1955, A.S., Handa Is., 1953, H.H.) Kildonan (Kildonan, 1956, Torrish, 1962, M.McC.W.) C. distans L. (108) Distant Sedge Marshes near the sea. Rare. EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR Eddrachillis (Kinlochbervie, Sheigra, 1948, M.McC.W.) Durness ( Balnakeil, 1948, M.McC.W.) 159 Farr (Invernaver, 1954, J.A.) C. hostiana DC. (107, 108) Tawny Sedge Marshes, wet pastures and moors. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. binervis Sm. (107, 108) Green-ribbed Sedge Heaths and moors. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. lepidocarpa Tausch (107, 108) Long-stalked Yellow Bedee Wet heaths. Frequent. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. demissa Hornem (107, 108) Common Yellow Sedge Stony places and grassland. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. scandinavica E. W. Davies (108) Northern Yellow Sedge Rocky places. Rare. EDDRACHILLIS KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN Eddrachillis (Sheigra & Sandwood, 1951, M.McC.W., Rhiconich, 1963, A.G.K.) C. serotina Mérat (107, 108) Small-fruited Yellow Sedge or Dwarf Yellow Sedge Damp sandy places. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. extensa Gooden. (107, 108) Long-bracted Sedge Grassy salt marshes. Occasional. DORNOCH —— —S> ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. sylvatica Huds. (107, 108) Wood Sedge Woods. Rare. LAIRG ROGART —— — —$> ss ——— EDDRACHILLIS —— = — Lairg (Loch Shin) 160 KILDONAN Rogart (Strath Fleet ) Eddrachillis (Kylesku) €. capillaris L. (107, 108) Hair Sedge Jet grassy places on basic soil. Mainly on north and west coast. Frequent. ee a —— KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR €. rostrata Stokes (107, 108) Bottle Sedge Margins of lochans and marshes. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. vesicaria L. (107) Bladder Sedge Margins of lochs. Rare. <== —_ CLYNE —— KILDONAN Clyne (Loch Brora, 1957, W.A.T.) Kildonan (Kildonan, 1957, M.McC.W.) C. saxatilis L. (107, 108) Russet Sedge Mountain bogs. Rare. CREICH — — —_—.> Ss ——--——s —— FARR Creich (Ben More Assynt at 2700 ft, 1960, D.A.R.) Farr (Ben Klibreck, 1952, J.R.) C. pallescens L. (107, 108) Pale Sedge Wet woods. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR €. panicea L. (107, 108) Carnation Sedge Wet grassy places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. vaginata Tausch (108) Sheathed Sedge Wet rocky places. Rare. EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— ae Eddrachillis (Oldshoremore, 1833, W.H.C.) Durness ( Foinaven, 1957, E.A.B.) 161 C. limosa L. (107, 108) Bog Sedge or Mud Sedge Muddy margins of lochans. Occasional. CREICH ROGART ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. flacca Schreb. (107, 108) Glaucous Sedge or Carnation grass Calcareous grassland. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. lasiocarpa Ehr. (107, 108) Slender Sedge Swamps and loch margins. Occasional. CREICH ROGART ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. pilulifera L. (107, 108) Pill Sedge Grassy and heathy places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. caryophyllea Latourr. (108) Spring Sedge Calcareous pastures. Occasional. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— FARR Assynt (Hills round Inchnadamph ) Eddrachillis (Scourie, Rhiconich) Farr (Invernaver ) C. acuta L. (108) Slender Tufted Sedge In bog. Very rare. —— —— FARR Farr (Altnaharra, 1963, C.R.L.) C. aquatilis Wahlenb. (108) Water Sedge or Straight-leaved Sedge Margins of streams. Rare. — — FARR Farr (Altnaharra, 1882, H.E.F. & F.J.H., 1897, ES.M. & W.AS., 1900, E.S.M., 1907 & 1915, G.C.D.) C. recta Boott (107) Estuarine Sedge On silt. Very rare. Dornoch (Loch Fleet) 162 €. nigra (L.) Reichard (107, 108) Common Sedge Wet grassy places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. bigelowii Torr. ex Schwein. (107, 108) Stiff Sedge Damp stony places on the higher hills. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG — —— _~_ KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. paniculata L. (108) Greater Tussock Sedge or Panicled Sedge Wet grass. Rare. EDDRACHILLIS === =o Eddrachillis (Sandwood, 1948, M.McC.W., Handa, 1962, B.S.B., Eriboll, 1964, A.G.K.) C. diandra Schrank (107) Lesser Tussock Sedge or Lesser Fox Sedge In bog. Rare. ROGART —— — —_—_- Ss ——-- —— —— Rogart ( Rogart, 1950, M.McC.W.) C. disticha Huds. (107, 108) Brown Sedge In wet grass. Rare. CREICH DURNESS —— ae Creich (Invershin, 1907, G.C.D.) Durness ( Durness) C. arenaria L. (107, 108) Sand Sedge Sandy sea-shores. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE .CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. chordorrhiza L. f. (108) String Sedge In sphagnum bogs. Very rare. —— —— —- FARR Farr ( Alinaharra, 1897, E.S.M. & W.AS., Mudale, 1907, G.C.D.) C. maritima Gunn (107, 108).Curved Sedpet On sandy sea-shores. Occasional. DORNOCH —— ~CLYNE. —— 39 =—— — — DURNESS TONGUE FARR 163 Dornoch (Dornoch) Clyne ( Brora) Durness ( Koeldale ) Tongue (Scullomia, Melness) Farr (Invernaver ) C. echinata Murr. (107, 108) Star Sedge Moors and bogs. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE C. remota L. (107, 108) Remote Sedge Wet shady places. Rare. DORNOCH —— ASSYNT — —— Dornoch (Cambusmore, 1960, J.A.) Clyne ( Brora, 1958, M.McC.W.) Kildonan (Suisgill, 1958, M.McC.W.) Assynt (Lochinver, Stoer, 1944, A.J.W.) C. curta Gooden. (107, 108) White Sedge Bogs and marshes. Frequent. ROGART DORNOCH —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE C. ovalis Gooden. (107, 108) Oval Sedge Rough grassy and waste places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE C. rupestris All. (108) Rock Sedge CLYNE FARR CLYNE CLYNE FARR CLYNE FARR LOTH LOTH KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN Ledges on limestone rocks. From 50 ft on sea-cliffs to 1500 ft on hills round Inchnadamph. Rare. ASSYNT DURNESS Assynt (Inchnadamph, 1890, E.S.M., Knockan, 1895, G.C.D., 1960, J.A.) Durness ( Durness, 1865, I.B., Heilam Ferry & Smoo, 1960, D.A.R.) C. pauciflora Lightf. (107, 108) Few-flowered Sedge In bogs. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG —— — — ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. pulicaris L. (107, 108) Flea Sedge In damp places. Common, widespread. 164 KILDONAN CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT .EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR C. dioica L. (107, 108) Dioecious Sedge On moors and bogs. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR GRAMINEAE Phragmites Adans. P. communis Trin. (107, 108) Common Reed In swamps. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Molinia Schrank M. caerulea (L.) Moench (107, 108) Purple Moor-grass Wet places on heaths and mountains. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Sieglingia Bernh. S. decumbens (L.) Bernh. (107, 108) Heath-grass On peaty and sandy soils. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH XKILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Glyceria R. Br. G. fluitans (L.) R. Br. (107, 108) Floating Sweet-grass or Flote-grass In shallow water, ditches, ponds. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR G. plicata Fr. (107, 108) Plicate Sweet-grass In ditches. Rare. — — — ——- — _ KILDONAN EDDRACHILLIS § —— woe —— Kildonan (Helmsdale ) Eddrachillis (Handa) G. declinata Bréb. (107) Small Sweet-grass or Glaucous Sweet-grass 165 In muddy pools. Rare. — — —— — — LOTH —— Loth ( Portgower ) G. maxima (Hartm.) Holmberg. (107) Reed Sweet-grass Margins of streams. Rare. DORNOCH —— —S> o———- Dornoch (Cambusmore ) Festuca L. F. pratensis Huds. (107) Meadow Fescue Damp meadows. Rare. CREICH <> Se CLYNE —— KILDONAN F. arundinacea Schreb. (107, 108) Tall Fescue Grassy places near the sea. Rare. DORNOCH ——— —_ sar——-- sos > ne — —— a FARR F. rubra L. (107, 108) Red Fescue or Creeping Fescue Grassland, heaths, dunes, salt-marshes. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR F. ovina L. (107, 108) Sheep’s-fescue Grassy places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR F. tenuifolia Sibth. (107, 108) Fine-leaved Sheep’s-fescue Grassy places. Common. CREICH LAIRG — —— CLYNE —— _ KILDONAN ASSYNT —— — TONGUE FARR F. vivipara (L.) Sm. (107, 108) Viviparous Fescue Pastures on mountains. At sea-level on north coast. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Lolium L. L. perenne L. (107, 108) Perennial Rye-grass 166 Grassy and waste places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR L. multiflorum Lam. (107, 108) Italian Rye-grass Fields and waysides. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Vulpia C. C. Gmel. V. bromoides (L.) Gray (107, 108) Barren Fescue or Squirreltail Fescue Waste places, heaths. Occasional. CREICH ASSYNT —— —— TONGUE FARR V. myuros (L.) C. C. Gmel. (107) Rat’s-tail Fescue Casual. Rogart ( Rogart, 1961, M.McC.W.) Puccinellia Parl. P. maritima ( Huds.) Parl. (107, 108) Common Saltmarsh-grass or Sea Poa Salt-marshes. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ———- —— —— oe —— DURNESS —— FARR P. distans (L.) Parl. (108) Reflexed Poa or Reflexed Saltmarsh-grass Salt marsh. Rare. DURNESS —— FARR Durness ( Durness, D.McC., 1966) Catapodium Link C. marinum (L.) C. E. Hubbard (108) Darnel Poa or Sea Fern-grass Sea-shore. Rare. ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— — —_—— Assynt (Clachtoll, 1944, A.J.W., 1966, M.McC.W.) Eddrachillis ( Pollin, 1956, M.McC.W.) Poa L. P. annua L. (107, 108) Annual Meadow-grass M DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— —— KILDONAN 167 Fields, roadsides, waste places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. alpina L. (107) Alpine Meadow-grass Stony places on mountains at 2500 ft. Rare. CREICH Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1826, R.G., 1959, D.A.R.) P. nemoralis L. (107, 108) Wood Meadow-grass Woodlands. Occasional. ; CREICH DORNOCH GOLSPIE ——- LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT —— — —— —- P. glauca Vahl (108) Glaucous Meadow-grass Damp rock ledges on hill to 2000 ft. Rare. ASSYNT DURNESS TONGUE —— Assynt (Canisp, 1900, C.E.S.) Durness (Meall Horn, 1958, D.A.R.) Tongue (Ben Loyal, 1959, R.H.C.F.) P. pratensis L. (107, 108) Smooth Meadow-grass Pastures, roadsides, waste places. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH KILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. subcaerulea Sm. (107, 108) Spreading Meadow-grass Damp coastal sand. Frequent. —— DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR P. trivialis L. (107, 108) Rough Meadow-grass Grassy places and waste land. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH XKILDONAN ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR j Catabrosa Beauv. C. aquatica (L.) Beauv. (107, 108) Whorl-grass or Water Whorl-grass In shallow water. Rare. DORNOCH —— —$> s—a—--S— —- ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS —— FARR Dornoch (Mound, 1888, J.G., 1962, A.McG.S.) 168 Assynt (Clachtoll, 1886, A.G., 1957, B.F.) Eddrachillis (Scourie, 1938, J.W.H.-H. & H.H.-H.) Farr (Melvich) Dactylis L. D. glomerata L. (107, 108) Cock’s-foot Pastures, rough grassland, roadsides. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Cynosurus L. C. cristatus L. (107, 108) Crested Dog’s-tail Grasslands. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Briza L. B. media L. (107, 108) Quaking-grass Grasslands. Rare. — — GOLSPIE —— —— DURNESS —— — ASSYNT Golspie (Dunrobin) Assynt ( Lochinver, Inchnadamph ) Durness ( Durness ) Melica L. M. uniflora Retz. (107) Wood Melick Damp woods. Rare. DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— == Dornoch (Cambusmore ) Golspie (Golspie ) M. nutans L. (107, 108) Mountain Melick Woods. Rare. CREICH a DORNOCH GOLSPIE ———- —— ASSYNT oe ee — Creich (Invershin) Dornoch (Cambusmore ) Golspie (Golspie ) Assynt (Lochinver, Inchnadamph ) KILDONAN KILDONAN 169 Bromus L. B. ramosus Huds. (107, 108) Hairy Brome Woods. Occasional. a —- GOLSPIE —— ASSYNT Golspie (Dunrobin) Assynt (Lochinver, Inchnadamph) B. sterilis L. (107, 108) Barren Brome Waste places. Rare. ee GOLSPIE —— ASSYNT —— —— —_—- —— Golspie (Dunrobin) Kildonan (Helmsdale) Assynt (Inchnadamph) B. mollis L. (107, 108) Lop-grass or Soft Brome Fields, dunes, roadsides and waste places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR B. thominii Hardouin. (107, 108) Lesser Soft Brome Roadsides and waste places. Occasional. LAIRG DORNOCH CLYNE —— TONGUE —— Lairg ( Lairg) Dornoch (Loch Fleet) Clyne ( Brora) Kildonan ( Borrobal) Tongue (Melness, Scullomie ) B. lepidus Holmberg. (107, 108) Slender Soft Brome Fields and roadsides. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE a EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR B. commutatus Schrad. (107, 108) Meadow Brome Grassland. Rare. CREICH cone se GOLSPIE —— ASSYNT —— _—— —— —— Creich (Bonar Bridge) Golspie (Golspie ) Assynt (Knockan) 170 LOTH LOTH KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN Brachypodium Beauv. B. sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv. (107, 108) False Brome Woods. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Agropyron Gaertn. A. caninum (L.) Beauv. (107, 108) Bearded Couch Damp woods. Rare. DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— ASSYNT —— DURNESS TONGUE FARR A. donianum F. B. White (107, 108) Don’s Twitch or Don’s Limestone rocks. Very rare. DORNOCH —— —— ASSYNT Dornoch (Cambusmore ) Assynt (Inchnadamph ) A. repens (L.) Beauv. (107, 108) Common Couch Cultivated fields and waste places. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR LOTH Couch KILDONAN A. junceiforme (A. & D. Live) A. & D. Léve (107, 108) Sand Couch On sandy shores and dunes. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Elymus L. E. arenarius L. (107, 108) Lyme-grass Seaward side of dunes. Occasional. DORNOCH GOLSPIE —— ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Hordeum L. H. murinum L. (107) Wall Barley Waste places. Very rare. Kildonan (Helmsdale ) KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN 171 Koeleria Pers. K. cristata (L.) Pers. (107, 108) Crested Hair-grass Coastal pastures. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS -DURNESS TONGUE FARR Trisetum Pers. T. flavescens (L.) Beauv. (107, 108) Yellow Oat-grass Grassy places. Rare. i —— CLYNE —— ASSYNT —— —— FARR Assynt (Lochinver, 1886, A.G.) Clyne ( Brora, 1962, M.McC.W.) Farr ( Bettyhill, 1973, K.D.L.) Avena L. A. fatua L. (107, 108) Wild-oat Fields. Rare. ROGART —— —— a a TONGUE 4———— Rogart ( Rogart, 1957, M.McC.W.) Tongue (Coldbackie, 1901, E.S.M.) A. strigosa Schreb. (107) Bristle Oat or Black Oat Creich (Bonar Bridge, 1836, A. Murray) Helictotrichon Bess. H. pratense (L.) Pilg. (107, 108) Meadow Oat-grass Coastal turf. Rare. a GOLSPIE —— —— —— EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS —— —— H. pubescens (Huds.) Pilg. (107, 108) Downy Oat-grass or Hairy Oat-grass Rough grassland. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Arrhenatherum Beauv. KILDONAN ——E KILDONAN KILDONAN A. elatius (L.) Beauv. ex J. & C. Presl. (107, 108) False Oat-grass 172 Roadsides and waste ground. Frequent. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Holeus L. H. lanatus L. (107, 108) Yorkshire Fog Rough grassland, waste places. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR H. mollis L. (107, 108) Creeping Soft-grass Open woodlands. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Deschampsia Beauv. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. (107, 108) Tufted Hair-grass Marshy fields, moors and woods. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR D. alpina (L.) Roem. & Schult. (107, 108) Alpine Hair-grass Stony places on mountains from 2000 to 3000 ft. Rare. CREICH DURNESS —— SEk Sa KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN KILDONAN Creich (Ben More Assynt, 1824, R.G., 1897, E.S.M., 1962, D.A.R.) Durness ( Foinaven, summit, 1824, R.G.) D. flexuosa (L.) Trin. (107, 108) Wavy Hair-grass Heaths and moors. To 3000 ft. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR D. setacea (Huds.) Hack. (107, 108) Bog Hair-grass Margins of peaty pools. Rare. CREICH EDDRACHILLIS © —— TONGUE FARR Creich (Invershin) Eddrachillis (Sandwood ) Tongue (Tongue) Farr (Altnaharra, Invernaver, Melvich) KILDONAN 173 Aira L. A. praecox L. (107, 108) Early Hair-grass On dry bare sandy and rocky slopes. Common, widespread. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR A. caryophyllea L. (107, 108) Silver Hair-grass Dry sandy soil on heaths and fields. Common. CREICH LAIRG ROGART DORNOCH GOLSPIE OLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR Ammophila Host A. arenaria (L.) Link (107, 108) Marram Grass Coastal dunes. Frequent. DORNOCH GOLSPIE CLYNE LOTH ASSYNT EDDRACHILLIS DURNESS TONGUE FARR x Ammocalamagrostis P. Fourn.